A mid-level labor preparation having the qualification and competency appropriate with working world needs is a task from vocational secondary school (VSS). Now days, VSS become an attention by wide community, as a result of the existence of government policy which is trying to empowering vocational secondary education. The policy taken is by performing the revitalization of vocational school which has the aim to improve the quality of labor competitiveness. One of the programs is teacher quality improvement through various teacher training. However, relating to this case, it is suspected that the previous vocational school teacher training is less effective, so that it needs to be conducted the analysis about the teacher training implementation. Therefore, this article will be elaborated the ways needed to be conducted in improving the educational quality and vocational school teacher development training. The ways should be considered when it is planned and implemented the effective training program, such as: determining the needs, setting the goal, determining the content of learning, selecting the participants, determining the best schedule, selecting the appropriate facilities, selecting the proper instructor, selecting and preparing the audiovisual equipment, coordinating the program and evaluating the program.


Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. One of the manifestations of the change in a society type from consumer to information one is the understanding of the importance of ecology and a healthy lifestyle. This is evident, inter alia, in the inventiveness and involvement of the society in the start-up and solutions referred to as the Smart City. One example is the development of e-bike rental and local investments in the development of the bicycle network. The selection of optimal locations for renting equipment in network equipment rentals can be difficult without research based on real measurements. The following article presents the preliminary concept of urban space analysis in terms of its use in bicycle transport. Gdansk agglomeration was chosen as the research area.


Geotechnical engineers are often confronted with sites where the existing soil is prone to settlement or where there are subsurface utilities sensitive to additional load. If relocation or realignment aren't options for the project, there are many resources in the geotechnical engineer's toolbox that have traditionally been used to address these issues


David Edgerton is lecturer in the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester, England. His works include "Science and Technology in British Business History," Business History (1987) and England and the Aeroplane: An Essay on a Technological and Militant Nation (1991). He is currently working on a book on the relations of science, technology, industry, and war in twentiethcentury Britain.


We developed a desktop-type bulk magnet system using a Stirling refrigerator and used it to study how to improve the trapped field by pulsed field magnetization (PFM). Although PFM has the advantage that the bulk is activated in a few seconds using an ordinary inexpensive equipment, the amplitude of a trapped field is low as compared with the maximum performance of the material. This paper aims to improve the trapped field by changing the size of soft-iron yoke, which are generally used to extend the pulse width. When a ϕ60-mm GdBCO bulk was magnetized using ϕ64-mm and ϕ80-mm yokes, the maximum flux density and total magnetic flux of large yoke were 13% and 23% higher than those of small one, respectively. Moreover, improvement of trapped field by multi PFM was investigated. When a magnetic field of 5.8 T was applied twice, the maximum trapped field of 1.46 T and the total magnetic flux of 1.86 mWb were achieved.


The present paper deals with rheological properties of Gussasphalt by investigating individual components, namely matrix, mastic and Gussasphalt, from a concept that (1) Gussasphalt is a mixture of coarse aggregate and mastic, voids in the coarse aggregate being filled with mastic, (2) mastic is a mixture of sand and matrix with excess matrix, voids in the sand being filled with matrix and (3) matrix is a mixture of dust (mineral particles finer than 74μ) and bituminous binder with excess binder, voids in the dust being filled with bituminous binder.Thirteen different kinds of dust were taken up, and the relation between viscosity of matrix gained with a sliding plate microviscometer at 45°C and effective volume concentration (Ce)=0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 was found in a narrow limit, by applying B. S. 812 procedure to determine the void of the dust.The relation between viscosity of mastic and Ce, and between softening point of the mastic and viscosity, and an influence of addition of Trinidad Epure on the viscosity of the mastic and values of viscosity of the mastic as related to the amount of excess matrix were examined at temperatures 15, 40 and 45°C, where sea sand, river sand and lime stone crushed sand were incorporated. Bending and compressive strength of the mastic was also determined at 15°C and loading speeds of 5.0 and 50.8mm per minute.Values of DIN U61 indentation test, compressive and bending tests were run for the Gussasphalt of excess mastic, (30, 35 and 40 percent) and the relation between stiffness of Gussasphalt and that of bituminous binder were found.The purpose of the research work is to make clear the properties of mastic and Gussasphalt and to develop design method of them. The research work is now underway.


The Lacanian approach can be described as "ethological" because its hypotheses never start from what happens "inside" the head of human beings, on the contrary, at the beginning there is always the outside, there is the signifier. This, in fact, is the "material" face of the sign, the only one measurable with scientific instruments. The signifier is there, it is a material entity (in the case of the verbal signifier it is a vibration of the air) that precisely because it is a "thing" can enter the human body, in this case through the ear.


The resource discovery process discovers appropriate computing resources (e.g., shared memory) in infrastructure as a service (IaaS) cloud systems according to user requirements. Since fuzzy systems use intelligent procedures based on humanistic experiences, they can be used in cloud computing to increase the number of completed jobs and improves the success rate. This paper proposes a double-controller fuzzy scheme for intelligent resource discovery in IaaS cloud systems, called DOCFIR. This scheme applies two fuzzy controllers to perform the intelligent resource discovery across the network. The first controller determines the number of virtual machines in the deployment phase based on the most important characteristics of the physical machines. The second controller discovers the appropriate computing resources for the user's job in the service phase based on characteristics of the physical machines and user requirements. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme surpasses some of the existing related works in terms of the number of completed jobs and success rate.


Looking back on the history of usage of water in Wangqiao Village,we can know that rural foundational organizations have dropped out of the providing,organizing and coordination of water conservancy slowly;and at the same time,Wangqiao Village has presented a water crisis.To solve the problem,we need not only to enhance the construction of water conservancy,but also to make the grassroots organizations enhance construction.We have ignored the social and organizational foundation,which is the focus emphasized in this paper.Wangqiao Village's current situation of foundational organizations can't satisfy the needs of rural water conservancy,so we need to look back the foundational organizations,enhance the leadership of the party and give directions in the work of foundational governance.Besides,we should also resume the position of team leader among the villagers and intensify financial diversion defray.


An online ratification subsystem of MIS based on B/S structure is developed for a coal mine enterprise.With digital signature ensuring its security,the subsystem realizes online application,ratification and query,thus greatly increasing work efficiency of the coal mine.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS affects approximately 1,000,000 people between 17 and 65 years old worldwide [1]. The etiology is believed to have both genetic and environmental components [2]. Actually, MS is an autoimmune disease directed against self-neural antigens [2]. Several clinical and epidemiologic observations pointed to the involvement of an infectious process in MS and several studies implicated members of the Herpesviridae family in the pathogenesis of MS [3]. Main characteristic of these viruses is that they have periods of latency and exacerbations within their biological target, the CNS. The Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) and human herpes virus 7 (HHV-7) are the members that are most studied as being possible triggers of MS [3]. According to evidence in the literature it is unlikely that they are the only components responsible for development of MS [4]. Results from different studies are, however, conflicting and for detecting the viral etiology of MS it is necessary to interpret the HHV-6 findings with great caution. Infection of HHV-6 usually occurs early in childhood, causing exanthema subitum [5]. The primary infection is followed by lifelong latency. HHV-6 is also neurotrophic and primary infection occasionally results in meningitis, encephalitis, and febrile seizures [6]. It can achieve latency in the CNS and can reactivate during periods of stress [7]. Viral infection can also lead to induction of an autoimmune response by molecular mimicry or bystander activation [8]. In the molecular mimicry model, shared antigenic determinants between putative infectious pathogens and myelin antigens in a genetically susceptible individual lead to the development of auto reactivity and ultimately autoimmune demyelization [5]. In the bystander activation model, microbial infections lead to significant activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells. These activated APCs could potentially activate pre-primed autoreactive T cells, which can then initiate autoimmune disease [7]. Possible role and the evidence for and against a role for HHV-6 in MS is investigated in the present study.


The present invention is generally directed toward a method for attaching a self-contained keyhole weld fitting and apparatus. More specifically, the present invention provides an improved fitting andmethod of use providing a branch outlet which can be physically and sealably secured to an underground pipe while causing less disturbance to the earth above the pipe than using a traditional fittingand excavation.


Spring 1968 - The coming of spring was greatly anticipated, for it meant not only sunshine, but the return of the wildlife - the birds, the penguins, the seals and the opportunity to use the dogs. Springtime in Antarctica is absolutely beautiful. The return of the sun and its shining on the winter's layer of pristine snow, defies description. It has to be experienced to be understood.


1. I support the general approach taken to the cost of carbon; the arguments for primarily reliance on marginal abatement costs are persuasive, and stated well in the draft. Estimates of the social cost of carbon are sufficiently problematical and incomplete that they should play little or no role in policy appraisal. The determination of overall targets for greenhouse gas reduction should be, and often is in practice, based on a precautionary response to catastrophic worst-case risks, not calculations of the social cost of carbon.


In recent years, deep learning based methods have achieved excellent performance in standard object detection. However, these methods lack sufficient capabilities to handle underwater object detection due to these challenges: (1) underwater images have color shift and low contrast, and (2) various noises (sediments, bubbles, etc.) would cause blurring in underwater images. To address these problems, our work investigates optimization policies to detect low-contrast and blurred mine. We propose a bounding box repairing algorithm based on Intersection over Union (IoU) optimization. The algorithm mainly optimizes Mask Scoring R-CNN network. Firstly, we use the Mask Scoring R-CNN model to generate the coarse-grained detection results of mines. Secondly, we perform IoU between the coarse-grained boxes and the annotated boxes in the dataset to obtain the best matching area. Finally, we use the best matching area to repair the coarse-grained boxes. Experimental results show that our method achieves promising object detection and localization performance in underwater environment.


As important inorganic semiconductor materials, selenide/telluride nanocrystals have shown great prospects in many areas, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, bio-labeling, photothermal therapy and so forth. With the establishment and development of the concepts of "green chemistry" and "green nanoscience", people not only pursuit in the diversities of types, synthesis methods and functions of the nanocrystals, but also concentrate on whether the synthesis process itself is environmentally friendly at the same time. Here, with precursor preparation as the main line, we overview the development of green synthesis methods of selenide/telluride nanocrystals and highlight the oil phase phosphine-free and room-temperature aqueous synthesis methods. We hope this paper will provide a better consideration of the current problem and innovation in green synthesis of selenide/telluride nanocrystals.


Objective To study the changes of skeletal and soft tissue after orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment in severe adult class Ⅲ malocclusion.Methods 11 patients with severe skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion(male 6,female 5).All the patients were all treated with orthodontic and orthognathic surgery.Lateral cephalometric films taken at the beginning and the end of treatment were analyzed using traditional cephalometric anlaysis.Paired t-test was performed to evaluate the significant treatment change.Results ANB angle was obviously increased(P0.05) and class Ⅰ facial form was attained.N'-Sn-Pos angle was increased 7.60°(P0.05),while S-N'-Si and S-N'-Pos angle were discreased(P0.05).Soft tissue profile was improved dramatically.Conclusion Severe adult class Ⅲ malocclusion treated with orthodontic and orthognathic surgery could achieved class Ⅰ skeletal pattern and soft tissue profile could be dramatically improved.


Unifying the essays in the present issue of Signs is a concern with relationships, past, present, and potential, between society and sexuality. Joan Kelly-Gadol offers a theory of sex as a category of historical explanation ard analysis. James A. Brundage examines the laws that the medieval Catholic church constructed to define and to control prostitution. David Tresemer reassesses the influential notion that women as a sex have been molded socially to avoid success. Nancy E. Williamson considers the implications of the American preference for sons over daughters in light of the possibility that parents may soon be able to select the sex of a child. In "Viewpoint," Sandra S. Tangri envisions an ideal population program built on feminist principles. The contrast between the vision she projects and that of the period Brundage describes helps to show the potential for change in the social orderings of sex and


This article proposes a potential scene of the inheritance between Freud and Derrida. Inheritance is understood here not as that which is passed from one legatee to an heir in a passive way and with no objections; rather, on the contrary, inheritance is assumed to be an alteration of that which is inherited. From this philosophical idea of inheritance, defended by Derrida, this idea reveals itself to us as a re-significant, timeless one that is in constant transformation. Nevertheless, as will be seen, it is important not to summarize a probable scene of the inheritance between Freud and Derrida in a sort of dispute or equivalence between the specific concepts of psychoanalysis and deconstruction. The question I ask is: What is the proper name of Freudian heritage beyond the institution of psychoanalysis and what are we talking about when we speak about Freud and his impact on Derrida's work?  Finally, I wonder what is chosen and altered as the inheritance by Derrida? Freud or psychoanalysis?


This thesis employs a multi-level governability approach to explore ways of alleviating uncertainty in fisheries governance outcomes, with particular attention to conservation measures. A system perspective that provides a holistic and comprehensive view of a fisheries system is accompanied by an analysis situated at the people-level which accounts for individual viewpoints. At the system-level, the governability assessment was undertaken to investigate system complexity that confounds governance outcomes. At the individual-level, the study uncovered conservation awareness and inclination of fishery stakeholders to discuss how, their conservation principle relates to illegal fishing practices. The results highlight several areas of governance challenges in the Southeast Arm fishery of Lake Malawi that may limit the success of governance measures, including those aimed at mitigating illegal fishing. Hence, acknowledging and navigating around the limitations would be a step towards achieving a more reliable governance function. Further, potential for achieving fisheries conservation among stakeholders was shown, suggesting individual principle's relevance in achieving conservation governance outcomes.


The purpose of this research is to determine the crossword puzzle learning model on the result of student learning of  Natural Science Subject in 4th grade of 256th State Elementary School, Palembang. The method used in this research is a pre-experimental method with the design of the One Group pretest-posttest design. The sample of this research is 36 students from grade IVA 256th State Elementary School, Palembang which consists of 18 male students and 18 female students. The research instrument used is a written test in the form of multiple choice questions as many as 20 questions. Based on the results of the analysis prerequisite data for pretest and posttest data that the data is normally distributed. Therefore the research hypothesis was tested using the t test . After the research hypothesis was tested by the t test obtained  = 16.56 while from the distribution table t obtained  = 1.690 so that it appears that . Accordingly, it is H0 rejected and Ha accepted. Then, it can be concluded that the crossword puzzle learning model has an effect on the result of student learning of Natural Science Subject in  grade IVA of 256th State Elementary School, Palembang.


Submerged plants play an important role in restoring the ecological environment of waters, and researchers have conducted extensive research on them. On the basis of summarizing the literature, stress factors such as nutrients, light, algae, and sediment were mainly introduced, and the possible future development direction of submerged plants was proposed, in order to provide reference for the research and application of submerged plant community construction.


It is becoming one of the most important topics in the fuel cell field to develop doped / modified carbon materials as non-precious-metal catalysts for oxygen reduction,which will effectively reduce the cost of fuel cell and promote the commercialization of the fuel cells. It has been demonstrated by a lot of researches that the microstructures,compositions and other superficial physicochemical properties can be improved and optimized through the doping modification of carbon materials,thus resulting in oxygen reduction catalysts with excellent catalytic activity,selectivity and stability. A considerable amount of researches have been done in the preparation methods,performance optimization and catalytic mechanism of this type of catalysts. In this paper,the latest research progresses in the doping modification of carbon materials,such as carbon nanotube,graphene,mesoporous carbons,macroporous carbons and carbon microspheres,were reviewed. Based on the results achieved,we proposed their application prospects as catalysts in fuel cell,as well as the developing trend of the doped carbon catalyst in the future.


Schroedinger's equation with scalar and vector potentials is shown to describe "nothing but" hopping of a quantum particle on a lattice; any spatial variation of the hopping amplitudes acts like an external electric and/or magnetic field. The main point of the argument is the superposition principle for state vectors; Lagrangians, path integrals, or classical Hamiltonians are not (!) required. Analogously, the Hamiltonian of the free electromagnetic field is obtained as a twofold continuum limit of unitary hopping in Z(N) link configuration space, if gauge invariance and C and P symmetries are imposed.


This paper addresses the modeling of the static and dynamic parts of the scenario and how to use this information within a real sensor-based navigation system. The contribution in the modeling aspect is a formulation of the Detection and Tracking of Mobile Objects and the Simultaneous Localization and Map Building in such a way that the nature (static/dynamic) of the observations is included in the estimation process. This is achieved by a set of filters tracking the moving objects and a map of the static structure constructed on line. In addition, this paper discusses how this modeling module is integrated in a real sensor-based navigation system taking advantage selectively of the dynamic and static information. The experimental results confirm that the complete navigation system is able to move a vehicle in unknown and dynamic scenarios. Furthermore, the system overcomes many of the limitations of previous systems associated to the ability to distinguish the nature of the parts of the scenario.


In this article the measures and initiatives to be implemented in the city of Bogota, by the business sector and the government, to encourage the use of bicycles as means of transport are analyzed, taking into account the importance of this element reduce road congestion, support sustainable development of the city, improve health and well-being of citizens, and reducing the negative impacts that are caused to the environment.
To do this, the problems and constraints that exist in the city for bicycle transport themselves are analyzed, and the main initiatives that have been developed to promote the use of this means of transport, such as the construction of bike paths are examined. It is based on the notion that cycling helps improve the use and exploitation of public space, and significantly supports improving mobility conditions. Mainly, it is concluded that although the number of bicycle trips continuously increasing in the city, this is not due to good administrative actions to improve road infrastructure and security, but the need for people to be mobilized in a city which has a huge congestion and traffic, so it is recommended to establish appropriate and effective measures to enhance the experience of cycling transport themselves in Bogota actions.


Objectives. We investigated the clinical effects and accuracy of ultrasound-guided cervical nerve root block. Additionally, spinal level and spread of injected solution were confirmed by anatomic dissection of fresh cadavers.


As a new type of treatment for ovarian cancer, the fertility sparing surgery is put forward for patients who has fertility requirements and the surgical indication. But the indications and safety are still controversial at present on the international. The operation is based on the traditional surgery way, the retention of the uterus and at least one side of the ovary, and then the corresponding adjuvant chemotherapy and ovarian protection, and choosing the right pregnancy timing based on individual difference, to the excellent oncologic outcomes and the favorable reproductive outcomes.

Key words:
Ovarian neoplasms; Fertility; Therapy; Pregnancy


Over the past 15 years the service provided by our local hospitals has altered dramatically. Juniors are less visible and there are large numbers of new consultants. Mostly these changes have been beneficial. The old diagnosis, ubiquitous in elderly people, of someone with "a bit of heart failure and a chest infection" is less common, and not everyone who has a transient neurological episode has a "TIA." Whereas back then you got the impression that the air around the patient was rarely disturbed by someone with more than three years' clinical experience, now it is definitely a consultant led service.

But these days overspecialisation, too, can be a bit of a bane. It was one of the vanities that the British doctor Richard Asher warned against a generation ago. The legions of new medical consultants, now bunched rather than single, have a tendency to further subsegregate themselves. Charlie now only does "solid organs," so refers on to his colleague who does "tubular organs." Weeks pass. "I saw your referral in the `white matter clinic' but will refer it on to my colleague in the `movement disorder clinic.'"

Is all this really necessary? In surgery I would like my knee replacement done by someone who does lots. But in medicine the patient is usually better served by clinical common sense than by super-specialist knowledge.

There is often a knee-jerk reaction for more specialisation. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence decrees that no one should diagnose or manage Parkinson's except a specialist in Parkinson's. This is because everyone else gets it wrong—as they do with hypertension, heart failure, thyroid disease, and a myriad of other conditions. This is the expert's 50% rule: the rest of us get it wrong 50% of the time—and there are only 50% of the experts necessary for their subject. There is often some truth in the former. But what about the option of better education and integration—as works with diabetes or asthma? Who considers the spiral of on-referrals, or the patients with comorbidities who spend half their lives in multiple outpatient clinics? Excessive medicalisation and fragmentation of care are harmful as well.

Maybe we should ask, to paraphrase the old war slogan: "Is your sub-specialisation really necessary?" Or is it merely vanity?


As representatives of English Romanticism,Wordsworth and Shelly both celebrate birds in "To the Cuckoo" and "Ode to a Skylark".Birds in the two poems have embodied their deep love for nature and profound thought.However,although both poems employ birds as their messengers of spirit,ideas and dreams,what lie under the similar phenomenon are those different romantic views of nature,different artistic styles as well as different themes,which make their poetry bear much uniqueness.


Background Periarticular and systemic osteoporosis is a major feature in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Bone loss in RA is considered to be a result of chronic inflammation, particularly at the early stage of the disease. High Resolution peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT) is an in vivo 3D imaging modality dedicated to peripheral skeleton imaging. Whether a better controlling of the disease inflammation could lead to a preservation of vBMD and microarchitecture is to be determined. Objectives This one-year cohort study in RA patients with early disease (onset <2 years) aimed to compare changes of vBMD and bone microarchitecture indices at the distal radius and tibia between patients who achieved and those who did not achieve disease remission. Methods Forty-seven RA patients (age: 54.5±11.8 years) with disease onset <2 years and with active disease (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28] ≥3.2) were recruited for this one-year study. Disease remission at 12 months was assessed as Simplified Disease Activity Score ≤3.3. HR-pQCT imaging of the distal radius and tibia was performed at baseline and 12 months. Results At 12 months, 20 patients achieved disease remission and 27 patients remained with activity disease. There was no significant difference in baseline DAS28 score (4.93 vs. 4.92, p>0.05) and age between the two groups. In patients who did not achieve disease remission, particularly at the distal radius, there were decreases in cortical and trabecular vBMD, cortical thickness and trabecular number, and increase in trabecular separation (Table 1). Increase in cortical porosity presented as the most prominent deterioration of bone microarchitecture (20%). Only changes in trabecular separation (2.87%) and cortical vBMD (-1.12%) achieve statistical significance. In patients who achieve disease remission, decrease in vBMD and deterioration in bone microarchitecture were in general to a lesser extent than their counterparts. In particular, there appeared to be a decrease in cortical porosity in these patients (-6.62%). However, there was no significant group-wise difference in changes of vBMD and microarchitectural indices (all p>0.05).Table 1. Percentage changes of all HR-pQCT indices between two groups Variables No remission (n=27) Remission (n=20) p-value Radius  Cortical vBMD −0.19±1.76 0.63±3.19 0.269  Trabecular vBMD −2.41±7.30 −3.06±7.22 0.765  Cortical thickness −1.12±4.51 −0.11±3.43 0.407  Cortical pore volume 20.1±105 −6.22±25.8 0.282  Cortical porosity 19.7±95.0 −6.62±25.9 0.236  Trabecular number −2.21±8.34 −0.55±7.31 0.483  Trabecular thickness 0.21±2.28 −0.51±1.50 0.227  Trabecular separation 2.87±8.42 1.21±6.90 0.475 Tibia  Cortical vBMD −1.12±3.07 −0.90±1.58 0.773  Trabecular vBMD −0.13±2.69 0.11±1.57 0.718  Cortical thickness −0.34±3.49 0.39±2.51 0.432  Cortical pore volume 6.27±17.28 5.05±11.6 0.785  Cortical porosity 7.89±18.5 4.95±12.4 0.542  Trabecular number 2.20±7.71 1.72±8.85 0.843  Trabecular thickness −0.58±1.80 −0.24±1.47 0.494  Trabecular separation −1.37±7.29 −0.92±8.89 0.847 RA, rheumatoid arthritis; CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide; MMP-3, matrix metalloproteinase-3; DAS28-CRP, disease activity score 28 with C-reactive protein; mHAQ, modified Health Assessment Questionnaire; GC, glucocorticoid. Conclusions There was a trend towards a preservation of vBMD and bone microarchitecture in RA patients who achieve disease remission. An early and better control of disease activity might reduce the future risk of osteoporosis in RA patients. Disclosure of Interest None declared


In order to better analyze the load resonant characteristic of thrust vector servo mechanism of spacecrafts, multiple DOF mathematical models were established. Combined with the need of simulated actual conditions for ground tests, a comprehensive load simulator containing mechanical and hydraulic load was presented. The simulation results show that, the dynamic characteristics of output load displacement of the simulator is in agreement with the characteristics of actual system. The simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility of this load simulator structure, which could provide design reference for developing equipment of thrust vector control system for ground tests.


From aircraft fuselages and space stations to vacuum cleaners and automobiles, active control of noise and/or vibration has come of age. Determining the number of active control devices (e.g. actuators) to be placed and where they are to be placed is the prototypical location problem. However, unlike typical location problems, where the customer is readily identified and is actively engaged in the assessment of the performance of the chosen locations, the customers that active control devices serve are not so easily identified and their impact on system performance issues may be unclear. For example, consider the problem of where to locate actuators to attenuate cabin noise in a propeller driven aircraft. Clearly, the ultimate customers are the passengers who will travel in these aircraft. But to decide whether one set of actuator locations is better than another it is unlikely we will ask passengers to fly in the aircraft and fill out a questionnaire about noise levels. Instead a set of sensors (pseudo-customers) are placed and the system performance of the actuators, as measured by these sensors, is recorded. Hence, we have yet another location problem. How many sensors should there be and where should they be located? In many instances collocation of sensors and actuators is the answer but in other instances it is not. A variety of approaches have been taken to address these sensor/actuator location problems. With regard to damping vibrations in truss structures (space station prototypes) it was formulated a new noxious location problem and generated high-quality solutions with a combination of LP-relaxations and heuristic search procedures. Other related efforts are summarized the actuator location problem for a single frequency interior noise control problem was examined for an idealized aircraft cabin. A tabu search procedure was shown to generate better locations for the actuators than a modal decomposition approach. The model was extended to include multi-frequency information. The sensor location problem is addressed. In the latter article a reactive tabu search scheme was shown to dominate a static tabu search approach. Our focus here is to determine locations to control and/or sense vibrations on a truss structure. However, instead of using one of the earlier optimization models referenced in the above paragraph we adopt an experimental design approach.


Objective: To determine hyperuricemia as a risk factor for preterm delivery in women with pre-eclampsia. Study Type: Case control study. Duration and Place of Study: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sadiq Abbasi Hospital Bahawalpur from 1st July to 31st December 2019. Material and Methods: One hundred cases of pre-eclamptic and hyperuricemic women admitted for delivery through out-patient and emergency departments were divided in two groups, 50 cases in each group. Results: 70% women had hyperuricemia and pre-eclampsia deliver preterm and 34% women who had hyperuricemia and preeclampsia deliver at term. Conclusion: High serum uric acid concentration increased the chances of preterm delivery in pre-eclamptic women. Keywords: Hyperuricemia, Pre-eclampsia, Gestational hypertension, Uric acid, Pre-term delivery


Writing plays an important role in institutionalized learning environ- ments. However, it has to be monitored in several ways in order to be successful. We developed automated knowledge assessment tools which allow us to produce instant feedback on a text during the writing process in order to promote self-regulated writing skills. The tools may serve as a complement to human tutoring approaches in learning settings in which individual face-to-face coaching is not possible. To generate text feedback, we used natural language oriented knowledge assessment strategies based on mental model theory and graph theory. Different types of text feedback are then automatically created on the basis of graphs and presented to the learner both for reflection and preflection. So far, we have succeeded in imple- menting the crucial parts of the coaching into computer-based technology as well as developing and implementing both static and dynamic feedback. Hence, a study of a text-guided assessment tool is presented and discussed. Finally, limitations on the volitional level of the toolset will have to be addressed in future studies.


Expressions of violence are significantly more common in developing countries than in developed countries. Africa and Latin America have the highest rates of violent deaths in the world. 1 Problems with aggression and behaviour are also seen beginning in childhood in poor countries such as Brazil, 2 Egypt 3 and Colombia. 4-6 We can therefore see the importance of offering violence prevention programs in developing countries. In order to prevent violence, such programs must be effective and sustainable using the resources of these countries, and must be culturally accepted in them.


The present invention relates to a semiconductor device, an electronic device and a semiconductor device manufacturing method. Said semiconductor device comprising: a connecting member, the connecting member comprises a first pad formed on a main surface of the connecting member; semiconductor chip, the semiconductor chip circuit forming surface comprises a second pad formed thereon, the chip is mounted such that the circuit-connecting member formed on a main surface facing the surface; and the solder bumps, the solder bumps and connected to the first pad and the second pad made of metal containing Bi and Sn, wherein the block comprises formed near first interface layer of the second pad, formed near a first solder pad of the second interface layer, a first intermediate region is formed close to either one of the interface layer, and another formed near the interface layer is formed and a second intermediate region adjacent to the first intermediate region; the first intermediate region, Bi Sn concentration higher than the concentration; and the second intermediate zone, Sn concentration higher than the concentration of Bi.


By using SPSS 13.0 software,the relationship between total flavonoid content and growth environment(climate,soil and so on) of Ageratum conyzoides was studied.The results showed that there were significantly positive correlations between the total flavonoid content and annual sunshine hours as well as soil available potassium content,the regressive equations were as follows: the total flavonoid content(mg/g) =-48.311+0.034×annual sunshine hours(h),the total flavonoid content(mg/g) =-5.024+0.172×available potassium content in the soil(mg/kg).So the annual sunshine hours and soil available potassium content in the area of planting Ageratum conyzoides are the major influential factors of the quality of Ageratum conyzoides.


There are trillions of live bacteria, of around 1000 different species, living in human skin which are considered essential for the balance and barrier function of the skin. The gut microbiome has been a subject of extensive research and evidence shows that the gut flora is affected by preservatives and processed foods. In conventional skincare, preservatives are used, and this raises the question of how it affects the skin flora and its balance.


In this study, the Hazard-based model to decide regional oil recovery capacity by using AHP is suggested and regional oil recovery capacity is calculated by applying the model. The simulation for oil recovery capacity by mobilization of regional oil recovery equipments is carried out to verify the availability of the model. The worst oil spill accident in Daesan Taean Pyeongtaek region, which is located in geographically disadvantageous position among the regions that the worst oil spill accident may occur, is supposed for the simulation. As a result of simulation, the quantity of oil that can be recovered for three days on the scene of oil spill accident is worked out as , which can satisfy the goal of national oil recovery capacity for the worst oil spill accident, therefore the model is verified as practicable.


The authors reviewed the design concept and the key technologies of the hybrid photonic IC module for the photonic packet switching system. The applicability was proved successfully through the practical switching performances of the developed SOA gate array module. The hybrid technology should be a key enabler to fabricate a great variety of optical modules for the next generation optical network systems.


We investigate the effect of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) mandatory adoption on audit fees, and how auditor type (Big 4 vs. non-Big 4) could moderate this relationship. Standard setters argue that IFRS adoption has a lot of benefits since it would lead to improving the accounting information quality. However, IFRS adoption has incremental costs also. our findings suggest that auditors charge higher audit fees after IFRS adoption. However, findings reveal that this relationship is more pronounced for non-big 4 audit firms. This study's findings are important to standard setters as they evaluate the benefits and cost of IFRS adoption.


We have derived rotation curves of nearby galaxies, which are almost completely sampled from the inner to outer regions. We used high-resolution position-velocity diagrams in the CO line along the major axes for the inner regions, and HI-line data for the outer regions. We combined the CO and HI data to obtain total rotation curves from the nuclear to outer regions. The rotation curves show a steep nuclear rise within a radius smaller than the resolutions of CO-line observations, indicating a compact massive concentration near the nucleus. We show that the nuclear steep rise is general and universal, and a rigid body-like gentle rise is exceptional.
Keywords: Galaxies: kinematics - Galaxies: rotation - Galaxies: structure - Galaxies: general - ISM: CO emission - ISM: HI gas


Pulse propagation in a dual-core fiber coupler, including the effects of dispersion to second order and self-phase modulation can be described in terms of two linearly-coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations.<<ETX>>


The invention discloses a method for modeling a neural network of optimum working parameters of an intelligent road roller. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: firstly, by aiming at different compaction materials, performing compaction operation by the road roller at different working parameters, and thus obtaining a corresponding compaction effect in real time; secondly, finding a group of working parameters, which correspond to an expected compaction effect, of the road roller; and finally, training to obtain a neural network model which is used for providing working parameters such as optimum vibration efficiency, amplitude and driving speed, achieving the expected compaction effect, of the intelligent road roller. The method has the advantages that: after the water content, maximum dry density, grain composition and an expected target compaction value of the current compaction material are input, a group of optimum working parameters can be quickly and accurately obtained, and the expected compaction effect is achieved.


An iterative predict and match system renders CAD models to reene predictions about detectable features in both optical and range sensor data. Predicted features adapt to a scene speciic interpretation which includes a time-of-day lighting model and reasoning about un-modeled occluding surfaces. During rendering, links between the rendered image and the 3D CAD model are retained to propagate information between object model, scene and sensors coordinate reference frames. Precise geometric matching of objects occluded by as much as 60% is demonstrated.


PurposeWhile job insecurity generally impedes performance, there may be circumstances under which it can prompt performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine a specific situation (reorganization) in which job insecurity may prompt task and contextual performance. The authors propose that performance can represent a job preservation strategy, to which employees may only resort when supervisor-issued ratings of performance are instrumental toward securing one's job. The authors hypothesize that because of this instrumentality, job insecurity will motivate employees' performance only when they have low intrinsic motivation, and only when they perceive high distributive justice.Design/methodology/approachIn a survey study among 103 permanent employees of a company in reorganization, the authors assessed perceived job insecurity, intrinsic motivation and perceived distributive justice. Supervisors rated employees' overall performance (task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors).FindingsMultilevel analyses showed that job insecurity was only positively related to supervisor-rated overall performance among employees with low intrinsic motivation and, unexpectedly, among employees who experienced low distributive justice. Results were cross-validated using employees' self-rated performance, replicating the findings on distributive justice but not the findings on intrinsic motivation.Research limitations/implicationsThe results can inform future research on the specific situations in which job insecurity may prompt job preservation efforts, and call for research to uncover the mechanisms underlying employees' negative and positive responses to job insecurity. The results and associated implications of this study are largely based on conceptual evidence. In addition, the cross-sectional design warrants precaution about drawing causal inferences from the data.Originality/valueBy combining insights from coping responses and threat foci, this study advances the understanding of when and why job insecurity may prompt performance.


Users o f time and polar motion information have requirements f o r data which are somewhat d i f f e r e n t from those u s u a l l y considered f o r astronomical data f i les. Because o f these requirements. it i s necessary t o provide immediate access t o the l a t e s t informat ion on Earth o r i e n t a t i o n and even predictions o f f u t u r e o r i e n t a t i o n . For other applications where data o f the highest accuracy i s required w i t h l i t t l e concern f o r the delay between observations and the determination o f the required i n formation, a more t r a d i t i o n a l approach may be used. To meet a l l of these needs a v e r s a t i l e automated data r e t r i e v a l system i s demanded. The U. S. Naval 0bservator.y i s now implementinq such a system i n the area o f Earth o r i e n t a t i o n information and f o r precise time and time i n t e r v a l applications. Data are a v a i l a b l e through a series of weekly, monthly, and annual reports, as well as throuqh a d i a i t a l communications 1 ink, t o Time Service machine-readable f i l e s .


Hub unit bearing is one of the key parts for automobiles. Several generally applicable principles are presented for the construction of a whole finite element contact model of hub unit bearings. The validity of these principles is testified by constructing the finite element model of a hub unit bearing used in heavy loaded trucks. The calculation results are discussed in detail. These principles,results and analysis are of great value for the design and manufacturing of hub unit bearings.


Since its emergence in the late 1700s, modern capitalism has been the focus of intense controversy. On the one hand, capitalist economic growth has been extraordinary. On the other hand, capitalism has been prone to crisis, and is also associated with a striking degree of inequality. Much of the political controversy is driven by conflict between those who have gained or stand to gain from the rapid economic development of capitalism, and those whose fortunes are threatened by capitalist advance and cyclical crises. On the positive side of the ledger is the extraordinary productive power that modern capitalism has unleashed, combining land, labor, capital, and human capital in ways that have increased output and income at a previously unimaginable pace. Even capitalism's severest critics recognized the great economic advances the system had wrought. As Marx and Engels wrote in the Communist Manifesto, capitalism "has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together." In the process, they wrote, capitalism had "rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life." On the negative side is the undoubted fact that capitalist development can threaten the livelihoods of those who cannot compete with new technologies and new producers. Just as capitalism creates many winners, it also creates losers. Among these have been European craftsmen and farmers, undersold by new factory production and NewWorld farming. The disaffected have also included countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, whose production structures proved poorly suited – at least in the first instance – for international competition. And today there are many workers, small businesses, and others, who fear the market and political power of the large corporations that have come to dominate contemporary capitalism. Another aspect of capitalism that has drawn criticism is its tendency toward periodic crises. This has been a feature of the system since its inception, and


Mixing at the southwestern boundary of the Ulleung Basin (UB) in the Japan/East Sea was examined using combined ship‐based, moored, and quasi‐autonomous observations. These observations revealed strong tidal currents, high‐frequency internal wave packets, and energetic turbulence over the sill connecting the Korea/Tsushima Strait and the UB, especially when a supercritical flow becomes subcritical over the sill. In addition, strong velocity shear associated with the semidiurnal baroclinic tide was found near the bottom, where the bathymetry slope was critical to the semidiurnal tide. Large temperature fluctuations were observed during the subcritical phase of the flow, as hydraulically controlled flow generated internal‐wave packets and energetic turbulence with a turbulent‐kinetic‐energy dissipation rate of ∼ $\sim $ 10−4 Wkg−1, and a diapycnal diffusivity of ∼ $\sim $ 10−2 m2s−1. Our analysis suggests that the sill is a hot spot of mixing, which in turn can play an important role in the Japan/East Sea circulation.


Two dozen other countries recognizing similar problems with government electricity provision have launched ambitious electricity privatization programs. Participating countries include highly developed nations such as Australia, Britain, Canada, and Germany; developing nations such as Argentina, Brazil, Taiwan, and Thailand; and former communist countries such as Hungary and Poland. In 1995 electricity was the largest category of privatization worldwide, with $13 billion in sales volume. Over the past decade over $35 billion of government electricity corporations have been privatized worldwide.


Nature preservation zones management is the continuous emphasised undertaking in the country,yet it's developing fast in these years and we get substantial achievements,the constructing and managing strategy is stepping in primary period with problems and difficulties.the author analysed the problems and difficulties in the construction and management of Nature preservation zones,probed how to carry out joint management,providing the gists on how to construct and manage Nature preservation zones.


Thermally initiated damage mechanisms by short-term local surface heating of a rail or wheel have been examined. A Finite Element (FE) model incorporating phase transformation from near pearlitic steel to austenite, and then to martensite was built to examine developing strength and residual stress fields. The FE model also incorporates thermal contraction on tempering of the martensite by following heat pulses. The material is modeled as isotropic, but with properties varying with phase, temperature and tempering state. Different thermal sequences that could cause crack initiation are examined.


Physical objects with the addition of sensors, actuators and a connection to the internet form devices which can collect, process and communicate data to each other. Devices may not have been designed with connectivity in mind and adding it as an afterthought is problematic. This provides a significant technical challenge concerning securing the devices, as they are all of a sudden open to a wide range of attacks whilst providing more opportunities for malicious users and increases the chances of device compromise. The key aim of this research is to address limitations in current security solutions on mobile devices by defining a novel approach which will sustain future advances in mobile technology. Using combined security techniques our proposed solution will work with existing security technology to create a more effective and successful security implementation that will be suitable for a wide range of mobile devices.


The funeral of Megan Roberts has taken place today (Thursday 13 March 2014). There was a private family funeral at Stonefall Crematorium in Harrogate ...


Background Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody used to prevent skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases from solid tumours. Although antiresorptive treatment reduces the risk of SREs, it also reduces the release of calcium (Ca) from bone into the bloodstream. In September 2014, the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products issued an alert for the risk of severe hypocalcaemia in patients receiving denosumab, recommending that Ca levels be monitored and adequate Ca and vitamin D supplementation be given. Purpose To determine the prevalence of hypocalcaemia induced by denosumab. Material and methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing treatment with denosumab from April 2013 to October 2014 in a general hospital. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from Pharmacy Department records, patient medical histories and laboratory software. Results A total of 28 patients treated with denosumab were included in the study (53.6% male, mean age 62.6 ± 14.2). Hypocalcaemia was observed in 10 patients (35.7%): 3 grade I, 5 grade II, 1 grade III and 1 grade IV (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, v4.0). 3 patients who developed hypocalcaemia had impaired renal function at baseline (GFR Conclusion Hypocalcaemia is a common side effect of denosumab despite adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Despite the small sample size, we recorded less hypocalcaemia in patients taking Ca and vitamin D. Ca levels should be closely monitored during denosumab treatment. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.


We examine the recent results of the MACHO collaboration toward the Large Magellanic Cloud in terms of a halo brown dwarf or white dwarf population. The possibility that most of the microlensing events are due to brown dwarfs is totally excluded by large-scale kinematic properties. The white dwarf scenario is examined in detail in the context of the most recent white dwarf cooling theory which explicitly takes into account the extra energy source that derives from the carbon-oxygen differentiation at crystallization and the subsequent Debye cooling. We show that the observational constraints arising from the luminosity function of high-velocity white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood and from the recent Hubble Space Telescope deep field counts are consistent with a white dwarf contribution to the halo missing mass as large as 50%, provided there is (1) an initial mass function strongly peaked around ~1.7 M☉, and (2) a halo age older than ~18 Gyr.


In Reply.— Dr Sepkowitz seems to have misinterpreted our study. We did not conclude that greater utilization of newborn intensive care was the single cause of the decline in neonatal mortality in Georgia. His assessment of the birth-weight distribution of deaths is incorrect and fails to take into account trends in the birth-weight distribution of births and birth-weight-specific mortality rates. 1 If this is done, approximately 90% of the reduction in neonatal and infant mortality from 1974-1975 to 1980-1981 can be attributed to lower birth-weight-specific mortality rates, and more than half of this improvement is due to better survival of infants with birth weights of less than 2,500 g. The main goal of our study was to determine whether advances in neonatal survival have led to postponement rather than prevention of some infant deaths, and our findings suggested that this has occurred, but to a relatively small extent. To put


In this experiment some microsatellite sequences for geese species were cloned by magnetic beads enriched method and the genetic structure of 4 indigenous geese breeds in Guangdong was studied using 19 developed and 12 searched microsatellite markers with middle polymorphism.According to the allele frequencies of 31 microsatellite sites,mean heterozygosity(H),polymorphism information content(PIC) and genetic distances(DA) were calculated for each breed.The results showed that 25 of 31 microsatellite sites were middle polymorphic,so the 25 microsatellite sites were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationship among geese breeds.As to the mean heterozygosity of the 4 breeds,the highest was in the Wuzeng(0.672 7),and the lowest was in the Yangjiang(0.611 9).The results of the heterozygosity were consistent with that of PIC,which showed that 4 indigenous geese breeds in Guangdong had higher diversity.UPGMA tree was completed through analysis:DA.Shitou goose and Wuzeng goose were the first group,Yangjiang goose and Magang goose were the second group.These results could provide basic molecular data for the research on the characteristics of local breeds in guangdong and scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of those breeds.


Objective To investigate the relationship between chronic gastropathy with intestinal metaplasia (IM) and caudal type homeobox genes 2 (Cdx2),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection.Methods Onehundred and thirty patients underwent gastroscopy were divided into 2 groups by typical pathological type:gastritis group (30 cases) and IM group [100 cases,including mild IM group (30 cases),moderate IM group (35 cases),severe IM group (35 cases)].Hp infection was confirmed.The expressions of Cdx2 and TNF-α protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results The positive expression rates of Cdx2 and TNF-α protein in IM group were significantly higher than those in gastritis group [78.0%(78/100) vs.6.7%(2/30),60.0%(60/100) vs.16.7%(5/30)],and there were statistical differences (P < 0.01).The positive expression rates of Cdx2 and TNF-α protein in positive and negative Hp infection in IM group were significantly higher than those in gastritis group [Cdx2 protein:79.4%(50/63) vs.1/10,75.7%(28/37) vs.5.0%(1/20);TNF-α:74.6%(47/63) vs.4/10,35.1%(13/37)vs.5.0% (1/20)],and there were statistical differences (P < 0.01).The positive expression rate of Cdx2 protein in moderate IM group and severe IM group were significantly higher than those in mild IM group [80.0% (28/35) and 97.1% (34/35) vs.53.3% (16/30)],in severe IM group were significantly higher th.an those in moderate IM group,and there were statistical differences (P <0.05).There were no statistical differences in the positive expression rate of Cdx2 protein of difference Hp infection among the 4 groups (P>0.05).There were no statistical differences in the positive expression rate of TNF-α protein between mile IM group and moderate IM group (P > 0.05).The positive expression rate of TNF-α protein in severe IM group was significantly higher than that in mild IM group and moderate IM group [80.0%(28/35) vs.40.0%(12/30) and 57.1%(20/35)],and there were statistical differences (P < 0.05).The positive expression rate of TNF-α protein of positive Hp infection patients in gastritis group,mild IM group,moderate IM group and severe IM group were significantly higher than those of negative Hp infection patients (4/10 vs.1/20,47/63vs.13/37,10/18 vs.2/12,15/21 vs.5/14,22/24 vs.6/11),and there were statistical differences (P < 0.05).Conclusions The expressions of Cdx2 and TNF-α protein and Hp infection are closely related with IM.Therefore,testing the level of Cdx2 and TNF-α protein expressions can help to judge the degree of IM,which provides a basis for reversing IM.

Key words:
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha;  Helicobacter pylori;  Immunohistochemistry;  Caudal type homeobox genes 2


The present invention relates to a device under test for the positioning of the neutron induced tube support which can be easily installed to the neutron induced tube support according to the position information obtained obtained with the installation position information for installing the neutron induced tube supports. Be measured according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided with one or more control sphere can be adjusted in height and inclination, the base is one or more having the marking portion to indicate a position where the poles of the neutron induced tube support installed and; And a mounting portion coupled to the base; Coupled to the mounting portion to be located on a certain height from the base, the alignment position, alignment, direction, and be configured to include portions to be measured are more than one target provided so as to obtain at least one or more information values of the information value related to the height or inclination can. Present invention by the configuration as described above is installed in the induction pipe stand it may readily obtain the precise conditions, through which to induce tube is to install a neutron induced tube supports to be installed in alignment suitable for the travel path of neutrons and / or core for the installation-line production of the spacing regulator plates are of a plate can be easily performed. Positioning, alignment, inclination, height and spacing controls


Two death-anxiety measures were differentially sensitive to the scenarios for 24 male and 38 female undergraduates. The original Templer scale may be as satisfactory as the Templer/McMordie scale.


Abstract Objective The objective of the present study was to investigate the phenolic compositions, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of four Astragalus species, two of which are endemic to Turkish flora. Methods The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol extracts obtained from four Astragalus species were detected using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Their phenolic compositions were identified by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The antioxidant activity was assayed with phosphomolybdenum, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging, β-carotene bleaching activity, ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) and cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were studied by agar well-diffusion assay. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts on MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell lines) were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) method. Results The extracts exerted moderate antioxidant and reducing activity with low phenolic contents. The main component in the extracts was determined as ferulic acid. The extracts demonstrated no antibacterial activity except P. aeruginosa. A. talasseus showed the highest cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 during 48 h. Conclusion It is believed that the results of this study will contribute to research recently increasing for the use of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds in many industrial fields such as food, pharmacy and medicine.


Compound additives of construction mortar(CACM) and its performance are studied in this paper.Basic idea of CACM is that thickening powder of mortar must be researched and developed in advance.Then air entrainer and thickening powder are combined to get compound effects in construction mortar.Tests results show that CACM can not only overcome the lack volume of mortar with thickening powder,but also be well suited to mortars of different strength grade.The dosage of CACM is only 10 kg/m3,workability,mechanical performance and durability of mortar can be greatly improved.Comparing to the thickening powder and plasticizer of mortar,CACM have more advantages such as better workability and lower cost.


The opioid crisis is growing across Canada, resulting in devastating morbidity and mortality.[1][1] It is vital that awareness be raised within the medical community concerning kratom, a legally obtainable and easily accessible drug with harmful effects and addiction potential comparable to what is


In 2002 the BGH exempted a cartel designed to counter the effects of a dominant market player, arguing that specific market circumstances (in the press sector) could mean that such a cartel may be acceptable if otherwise there would be hardly any development in the market for a long time. This decision was based on § 7 GWB, a general exemption clause introduced in German antitrust law in 1999. Although the decision is highly debatable, the BGH puts forward arguable arguments to justify it. However, with the forthcoming changes and the alignment of German competition law to European competition law, such a decision would probably not be possible in the future. 95) Emmerich, LM H. 12/2002 § 7 GWB Nr. 1.


Background: Forensic entomology has not been acknowledged in Indonesia so far. Indonesian carrion insects are very rarely reported. The aim of this study was to obtain the types of insects on pig carcasses that could be used for the estimation of post-mortem interval. Methods: Four domestic pigs sacrificed with different methods were used as a model. The carcasses were observed twice daily (around 9 a.m and 4 p.m) during 15 days to assess the stages of decomposition and to collect insects, both in mature and immature stages. The immature insects were reared and the mature insects were indentified in the Laboratory of Pests and Plant Diseases, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado. Chrysomya megacephala and C. rufifacies were identified both morphologically and with deoxyribose-nucleic acid (DNA) techniques. Results: Five stages of decomposition (fresh, bloated, active decay, post-decay, and skeletonization) were observed. A total of 11 Diptera and 8 Coleoptera species were found during a 15-days succession study. Chrysomya megacephala , C. rufifacies and Hermetia illucens colonized in all carcasses. Conclusion: Insects found on four different pig carcasses consisted mainly of widespread Diptera and Coleoptera . Chrysomya megacephala , C. rufifacies and Hermetia illucens seemed to be primary candidates for the estimation of the post-mortem interval.


This article aims to provide a simple step-by-step guide highlighting the steps needed to verify a control system with formal verification tools. Starting from a description of the physical system and a control objective in natural language, we design the plant and the controller, we use Simulink for simulation and we employ a reachability analysis tool, SpaceEx, for formal verification.


Objective: Using advanced nursing interventions treat with Leukemia patients under the guidance of self-efficacy theory, to improve their quality of life. Methods: Among patients between January of 2010 and May of 2012, to improve the traditional methods of care under the guidance of clinicians and psychiatrist using the purposive sampling, by gses table of contents, supph evaluation assessment. Discriminating treatment make the patients be aware of the need of challenges and persistence, and the control performance to diseases. Results: According to the the nursing evaluation results to create a new system of measures. The results indicated that the scores of depression was high significantly than the national norm. No significant difference was found between the scores of self- efficacy and that of depression. Negative correlation was found between making decision and somatic disorder(r=-0. 319,P0.05). Positive correlative property was seen between positive attitude and the scorse of depression(r=0.345,P0.05), somatic disorder(r=0.322,P0.05). Conclusion: Evaluation results show that high and professional medical evaluation system, credible.


The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression The refrain, "unemployed through no fault of their own," reverberated throughout the I930s, and echoes down even to present. It shifted the blame away from the victims of hardship, but its repetition over the years to make a political point has dulled historians' sensibilities to the social and economic history of the era. Among the thousands of studies on the I930s, there are few on the social history of unemployment or relief.1 Economists have fitted macroeconomic models to the


Time-Current-Curves are the accepted industry standard for predicting overcurrent device operation and analyzing selective behavior under overload or fault conditions. The cement industry has utilized this interpretation of drawn curves for many years and this method has provided acceptable performance. However, it is not always a correct interpretation. In most cases this overlay interpretation is conservative, while in others it may lead to expectations of selectivity that exceed reality. Recent emphasis on better selectivity while still trying to provide optimal protection increases the demand for more accurate selectivity predictions. Currently, manufacturers are publishing tables and other guidelines to facilitate the selection of optimally coordinated devices by system designers. However, no standard nor single methodology exists for the creation of these tables. The writers shall present analytical methods, confirmed via testing, of device interaction analysis based on peak let-through current, suitable for predicting instantaneous selective behavior of protective devices more accurately than traditional time current curves may indicate. The method may be applied with published information or manufacturer's internal test information. Index Terms -Selectivity, coordination, current-limiting, peak-let-through current, instantaneous overcurrent protection.


Until about 10 years ago it would have been unthinkable for patients or relatives to sue for misiiianagenient of cases of lymphoma or leukaemia. These conditions were regarded as death sentences and treatinentinduced remissions were regarded as unexpected and highly welcome. But as treatment has become more successful, patients' expectations have run ahead of results. When hopes are unfulfilled people sometimes feel cheated and look for possible errors in management. My experience in assessing such cases may be considered under the following headings:


Bias correction is a very important pre-processing step in satellite data assimilation analysis, as data assimilation itself cannot circumvent satellite biases. We introduce a retrieval algorithm-specific and spatially heterogeneous Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) bias correction method for Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present the probabilistic presentation of SMOS soil moisture using retrieval ensembles. We illustrate that retrieval ensembles effectively mitigated the overestimation problem of SMOS soil moisture arising from brightness temperature errors over West Africa in a computationally efficient way (ensemble size: 12, no time-integration). In contrast, the existing method of Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) matching considerably increased the SMOS biases, due to the limitations of relying on the imperfect reference data. From the validation at two semi-arid sites, Benin (moderately wet and vegetated area) and Niger (dry and sandy bare soils), it was shown that the SMOS errors arising from rain and vegetation attenuation were appropriately corrected by ensemble approaches. In Benin, the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) decreased from 0.1248 m3/m3 for CDF matching to 0.0678 m3/m3 for the proposed ensemble approach. In Niger, the RMSEs decreased from 0.14 m3/m3 for CDF matching to 0.045 m3/m3 for the ensemble approach.


ABSTRACT This technical note presents an experimental method for evaluating corrosion behavior of steel-reinforcement bars in cracked concrete members. The method utilizes a small (23.5 cm (9.25 in.) deep x 7.6 cm (3 in.) wide x 81.3 cm (32 in.) long) reinforced concrete beam specimen which is intentionally cracked through application of an eccentric posttensioning force. Because the posttensioning is applied using a threaded rod and turn-of-the-nut tightening, the width of the resulting flexural crack can be adjusted to a desired size. After the concrete is cracked, a chloride solution is introduced to accelerate corrosion, and electrochemical measurements of corrosion can be made. Simplicity of the specimen, adjustability of crack size and ability to create flexural cracks are the primary benefits of the method. Details of an ongoing test program are presented to demonstrate the application of the method. Alternative test methods reported in the literature are also briefly reviewed.


Objective: To discuss the reasons and strategy of patients with IPPV resisted to mechanical ventilation. Methods: To analyze 57 patients with IPPV resisted to mechanical ventilation retrospectively. Results: There were 57 cases(54.81%)resisted to mechanical ventilation among 104 cases with IPPV, 3 cases(5.26%)died. The causes of resistance were multiple,including 30 cases with airway obstruction, 6 cases with bronchial spasm, 6 cases with insufficient tidal volume, 5 cases with persistant high fever, 4 cases with acute pulmonary edema, 3 cases with single lung ventilation, 2 cases with leakage of ventilator and 1 case with pneumothorax. Conclusion: The causes of resistance are mainly airway obstruction, bronchial spasm, insufficient tidal volume etc. It could be avoided and reduced the ratio of patients with IPPV resisted to mechanical ventilation through enhancing airway management and setting up adequate respiratory mechanical parameter and relieving bronchial spasm.


Behavior of the series of laminar vortex rings with circumferential flow, so-called swirl, were investigated using flow visualization, to evaluate the transport efficiency of the ejected fluid as vortex rings. In this study, the interval time of the vortex ring ejection, the formation number of vortex ring LO/DO (the normalized length of the ejected slug of fluid), and the angular velocity of the ejected fluid  are changed, while the mean ejection velocity is fixed. When vortex rings were generated at a short time interval, independent of LO/DO and , they were broken, and most of the fluid included in them was diffused near the orifice. When the vortex rings with little mutual interference were generated at an appropriate interval time, the breakdown of vortex ring structure is suppressed with moderate swirling flow. In those cases, each vortex ring moves separately for a long distance and the distribution area becomes wider as LO/DO increases.


We measure the IQHE on macroscopic (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm) "quick and dirty" prepared III–V heterostructure samples with van der Pauw and modified Corbino geometries at 1.3 K. We compare our results with (i) data taken on smaller specimens, among them samples with a standard Hall bar geometry, (ii) results of our numerical analysis taking inhomogenities of the 2DEG into account. Our main finding is a confirmation of the expected robustness of the IQHE which favors the development of wide plateaux for small filling factors and very large samples sizes (here with areas 10 000 times larger than in standard arrangements).


The development of science, information and communication technology triggered a growing public awareness of intelligent, critical and realistic demand the rights and involvement in the governance of government that is clean, orderly and trustworthy. This study aims to explore the influence of government governance, risk management and performance accountability system to the detection and prevention of fraud in local government Banten Province. Population Research is working units in the Banten Provincial Government as much as 23 units. The sampling method using purposive sampling, the type of research is quantitative with primary data types. Methods of data collection using a questionnaire distributed directly to the respondents as much as 4-5 questionnaires at each work unit. Respondents are structural official echelon II, III and IV in each unit and the respondents as many as 94 people. The data were processed using SPSS version 22, which is used to test the research hypothesis. Results revealed that the implementation of government governance, risk management and performance accountability system has positive influence on the detection and prevention of fraud in the financial governance of the regional government of Banten Province. Results reinforce the theory that the detection and prevention of fraud need to be committed to implementing government governance, risk management and performance accountability system. Implications The study provides guidelines and principles of governance and financial governance system is orderly, disciplined and trustworthy. Foster awareness of government officials the importance of risk culture within the organization in order to avoid conflict of interest and focus on achieving the main objectives of the government. Encourage synergy among units in order to achieve a system of planning, budgeting, measurement and performance evaluation in an integrated and sustainable. The next study used a qualitative approach in the prevention of fraud.


In this paper, we present an SSD design that is resilient to sudden power-off failures. Modern SSDs use a large number of capacitors that act as energy reserves to persist both host data and SSD metadata in the unforeseen event of a power outage. However, these capacitors take up a large footprint that limits the SSD's density. We present a series of design choices that significantly reduce the SSD's dependence on capacitors, all the while meeting the durability, consistency, and power-on time constraints. We demonstrate that at a modest performance overhead of 11%, the amount of required capacitance is reduced by 97.87%.


Gonadotropin releasing‐hormone‐1 (GnRH‐1) is expressed in mouse incisors during development. In this report, we identify (1) cell type(s) that express GnRH‐1 throughout tooth development, (2) the GnRH‐1 receptor, and (3) the role of GnRH‐1/GnRH‐1 receptor signaling in tooth maturation. Results show that GnRH‐1‐positive cells in dental epithelium differentiate and populate multiple tooth structures including ameloblast and papillary layers that are involved in enamel formation and mineralization. The GnRH‐1 receptor was present, and in vitro a GnRH‐1 antagonist attenuated incisor GnRH‐1 cell expression. In vivo, in mice lacking GnRH‐1 (−/−), the incisors were discolored, longer, and more curved compared to wildtype. Elemental analysis of calcium, phosphorus, and iron revealed changes in −/− incisors consistent with GnRH‐1 affecting movement of minerals into the dental matrix. In sum, in tooth development a signal transduction pathway exists for GnRH‐1 via the GnRH‐1 receptor and disruption of such signaling affects incisor growth and biomineralization. Developmental Dynamics 236:2980–2992, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A game with parameter for substitute public goods provision is constructed by using non-cooperative game methods.This paper deals with the influence of the government strategic selection on individual behaviors,contributors' strategic selection during the voluntary provision of public good,and incentive mechanism for public goods provision.A cooperative game for public goods provision is constructed,in which the core of game are coincident with Lindahl allocation,thus this allocation matches the allocation pattern of individual and collective rationality.


The concrete currently used in the slip-form paving process is a low slump concrete that requires both internal and external vibration in order to achieve satisfactory compaction. The use of vibrator fingers for the internal vibration often leads to trails on the surface of the pavement and to segregation around the trails, which cause durability issues. The objective of this project is to overcome these problems by designing a concrete that would not require the use of internal vibrators. The concrete should be workable enough for machine placement, be compactable with a minimum of energy and hold its shape for the slip-form process. Various mix designs based on the concept of self-consolidated concrete were studied, so as to have some flowability and some compactibility, the challenge being to make them shape-stable. Different fine materials were added in the mix design to make the concrete hold its shape. The fine materials used were different types of clays, fly ash and magnesium oxide. The addition of polypropylene fibers was also studied. The flowability of the concrete was evaluated by using the drop table test, while the shape stability was measured by the green strength. A mini-paver was developed in collaboration with Iowa State University so as to simulate the slip-form paving process and was used to test selected mixes. The fresh and hardened state properties of the selected mixes are examined in this paper.


Physicians and other health care providers want to assure the best possible health outcomes for their patients. However, we do not work in a vacuum and often find ourselves in a conundrum.1–3 Health outcomes are influenced by the political, economic, and organizational environments in which we practice, teach, and do research, as well as by our own knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and the socioeconomic circumstances, health beliefs, and community characteristics of our patients. Disparities in the receipt of health care services by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and gender have all been well described4 and the health risks of impaired access to care have been well documented.5 Federal efforts to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health are drawing attention to the need to move beyond descriptive studies and to identify effective interventions to address these challenges.6 In this issue of JGIM, we announce a new section, Populations at Risk, aimed at enhancing our understanding of these dynamics, and building the evidence base to improve the quality of care delivered to all patients.

In Populations at Risk we will publish original articles, brief reports, and review articles as well as case studies describing efforts—positive and negative—to improve care delivery for "populations at risk," defined broadly. We include groups who are at risk for suboptimal health outcomes by virtue of their sociodemographic characteristics (gender, race, ethnicity, age, income, geographic area of residence, education, or sexual preference), health insurance status, functional status (disability), or diagnosis (HIV infection, mental illness, or substance abuse). JGIM has always published and will continue to publish many articles on these groups in all of its sections. Our objective here is to highlight articles that contribute to understanding and eliminating disparities in access to care, quality of care, and health outcomes among high-risk populations.

The two articles in this issue that launch Populations at Risk ask important questions and set the grounds for future work. Sarver and Baker found that Spanish-speaking patients who did not speak the same language as the emergency department physician who saw them were less likely to have a follow-up appointment recommended, whether or not an interpreter was used during the visit.7 Close to 90% of the interpreters used were "ad hoc" emergency room staff or family members, which raises questions about the quality of interpretation received. However, when a follow-up appointment was recommended, patients with language barriers were equally likely to complete it as those without language barriers.7 Prior analyses of this survey showed that language concordance and interpreter use influenced patients' perceived understanding of their condition8 and satisfaction with the patient–provider relationship.9

Of note, even when a follow-up appointment was recommended, lapses in communication of this information to the patient were evident, independent of language barriers. Overall, 20% of patients were not aware a follow-up appointment had been recommended. This did not vary by language concordance, as Spanish-speaking nurses conducted exit counseling. Knowledge of appointment did vary by type of appointment given, with those who were told to call for the next available appointment in primary care faring the worst. Forty percent of these patients were unaware of this recommendation. Sixty percent of patients completed recommended follow-up visits within 1 month. One wonders how many of the rest encountered difficulty in scheduling a follow-up appointment in the public hospital that was the site of the study.

In a survey of homeless women, an exceedingly vulnerable group, Wenzel and colleagues found that 1 in 8 reported having been raped in the last year.10 Half of these women were raped more than once. The women who reported rape fared worse on every physical and mental health measure used in this study.10 This is consistent with findings that women veterans who reported sexual abuse reported more physical symptoms and medical conditions.11 These women are at risk for HIV infection, sexually transmitted disease, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, 20% of women who reported rape stated that they desired treatment for substance abuse, but were unable to obtain it, highlighting the need to coordinate services.

Notwithstanding limitations, these articles suggest that there is much we can do at the encounter, practice, and organizational level that can potentially serve to improve care for high-risk populations. For example, when seeing a patient whose language we do not speak, we can be cognizant of how this barrier may impact the care delivered, and assess the quality of interpretation used. We can enhance our skills in the bilingual interview and examine any personal biases we may harbor to individuals whose backgrounds differ from our own. When seeing a homeless woman, it seems prudent to ask about a history of sexual assault, as recommended by Wenzel et al.10 We should also become knowledgeable about the range of services available in the community for these women. Nonetheless, these studies highlight how many questions remain unanswered and how much further research is needed to provide solutions. There is especially a need for longitudinal studies that assess outcomes over time and allow us to understand the interplay of multiple factors.

In the public hospital where I practiced for many years, we confronted these challenges daily. Residents of our catchment area came from 110 different countries and spoke over 50 different languages. Half of our patients were uninsured, and many had complex social needs that could not be addressed adequately in an office visit. Our Emergency Department was chronically overcrowded, and there were often long waits for primary care appointments for new patients. In response, we actively recruited a multilingual staff at all levels, provided formal interpreter training, and had an active language bank. We designated emergency follow-up slots in medical and nonmedical subspeciality clinics for use by the Emergency Department and assigned nurse practitioners and physician assistants for primary care follow-up, so that no patient who needed a follow-up appointment would leave the emergency room without one scheduled. We built formal relationships with community-based organizations that offered vital services that we could not provide for our patients. We even changed the color of the clinic card from green to gold so that patients wouldn't have to get anxious when asked for their "green card." We did not have the capacity to formally evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions or to identify which elements could be generalizable to other settings. Growing interest in the need to eliminate health disparities and enhance cultural competence in practice by federal and private funders will likely lead to more opportunities for investigators to study these issues.

No matter how diligent and industrious we are at addressing these concerns at a local level, the ability to accomplish these objectives will be influenced by a number of additional factors. Federal, state, and local health policy, and market forces all influence practice experience. "Nonhealth" policies, such as education, housing, and welfare can all have a significant influence on health. Well-intentioned policies may have unintended consequences when implemented.12 Policy results from political compromise and incremental changes, as well as from analysis of existing evidence. In addition, the interaction between national, state, and local policies may not be predicted easily. Policy inaction can also have adverse consequences, such as the current societal failure to provide access for ever-growing numbers of the uninsured. At a time when physicians are increasingly held accountable for the outcomes of the care they provide, it is critical to understand how these nonclinical factors influence health outcomes. Good research can contribute to our understanding of the interplay between the multiple factors that contribute to health disparities and guide the development of evidence-based interventions to address them.

Clearly, a wide range of subject areas would be of interest for publication in this new section, including the following examples:

♦ Evaluation of clinical or organizational interventions to eliminate disparities

♦ Development and evaluation of measures for assessing cultural competence or racial bias

♦ Quality improvement activities aimed at high-risk populations

♦ Identifying and reducing barriers to access to care

♦ Enhancing patient–provider communication and improving interpersonal quality of care

♦ Improving outcomes among patients with impaired health literacy.

Primary care physicians know all too well the human consequences of the failings of our health system. Readers of JGIM play a critical role in providing care for high-risk populations, as well as designing, implementing, and evaluating strategies to improve their access to care and health outcomes.13 We encourage you to submit to us your best work in these areas. Our Editor noted that it is not sufficient merely to publish these papers, but that we need to think about ways to maximize their impact. We enlist your help and welcome your suggestions in accomplishing this. We hope to stimulate dialogue, debate, and action.


Objective To study the therapeutic effects of immediate breast reconstruction using extended latissimus dorsi (ELD) musculocutaneous flap after skin-sparing or nipple-sparing modified radical mastectomy.Methods The skin-sparing modified radical mastectomy was carried out in 6 patients and the nipple-sparing modified radical mastectomy in 21 patients. The latissimus dorsi muscle and its surface fat and island skin,iliac crest fat,the fate from the front edge to the side chest,and the fat of the scapular region were cut immediately after the surgery. And immediate breast reconstruction was performed with ELD musculocutaneous flap for all patients. Results All patients obtained successful breast reconstruction. The resected tissue volumes of mastectomy were 180-330 ml (mean 215 ml) and the ELD musculocutaneous flap volume for breast reconstruction was 210-380 ml (mean 245 ml). Twenty-four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 5 patients received adjuvant radiation therapy. All the patients were followed up for 6-24 months (mean 12 months),and all the patients survived. No patient had metastasis or recurrence. As for the cosmetic effect of the reconstructed breasts,excellent result was in 17cases,good in 6 cases,fair in 3 cases and poor in 1 case. Conclusion ELD musculocutaneous flap can provide enough tissue for immediate breast reconstruction after skin-sparing and nipple-sparing modified radical mastectomy in patients with breast cancer. The shape of reconstructed breasts is good. Immediate breast reconstruction with ELD musculocutaneous flap does not influence adjuvant therapy and long-term therapeutic effect.


In order to achieve the scientific and rational nutrition matching,a wheat germ yogurt was developed using Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivaricus subsp.thermophilus isolated and purified from a commercial yoghurt branded "Weigang".A product with nice flavor and taste could be obtained by adding 2 ml of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus and 2 ml of Streptococcus salivaricus subsp.thermophilus to a mixture of 6 g of skimmed milk powder,4-5 g of wheat germ powder,6 g of sugar and 100 ml of distilled water for fermentation at 37 ℃ for 7 h.


This  Research  aims  to  analyze  the  influence  of  motivation  and  discipline  of good work simultaneously and partially on the performance of employees in the Religious M artapura. Objects of this study is the Religious Martapura located at Jalan Albasia Banjar Regency.  This research is quantitative research that aims to clarify (Explanatory Research) with  a  saturated  sampling  techniques  in  data  collection.  Data  obtained  by distributing  questionnaires  to  44  civil  servants  at  the  Religious  Martapura, located in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. Data were analyzed by multiple regression with SPSS.  The  results  of  hypothesis  show  that  the  three  proposed  hypotheses  can  be accepted,  so  it  can  be  concluded  that  the  motivation  and  work  discipline significantly affect on employee performance the Religious Courts Martapura either partially or simultaneously.  Keywords :Motivation, Work Discipline, Performance


We adopt a local Fourier transform as a texture representation scheme and derive eight characteristic maps for describing different aspects of cooccurrence relations of image pixels in each channel of the (SVcosH, SVsinH, V) color space. Then we calculate the first and second moments of these maps as a representation of the natural color image pixel distribution, resulting in a 48-dimensional feature vector. The novel low-level feature is named color texture moments (CTM), which can also be regarded as a certain extension to color moments in eight aspects through eight orthogonal templates. Experiments show that this new feature can achieve good retrieval performance for CBIR.


The electric power industry is an important chain in the energy revolution and one of the most important basic industries. At the same time, it is also facing the technology collision and industry innovation brought by various emerging technologies, which constantly promotes the development of the electric power industry in the direction of safety, intelligence and cleanness. Power grid enterprises have a great demand for scientific research and innovation, and the average annual investment in scientific research has exceeded 100 million yuan. With the increasing investment in scientific research and development of power enterprises year by year, the demand for systematic, scientific and efficient management system for scientific and technological projects is becoming increasingly urgent. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional project management mode, this study establishes the corresponding management and evaluation mechanism by combining with the whole life cycle management method of modern project management, realizes the transformation of power enterprise science and technology project management to high efficiency, high quality, specialization and scientization, and promotes the innovation and integration development of traditional technology and emerging technology. The all life-cycle management mode has been widely applied in major power grid projects. By integrating superior resources, breaking through major engineering technology research and development, giving full play to the innovation of projects and avoiding research and development risks, it explores the development direction of science and technology project management in energy industry and improves the industry management level.


Implementations of Scheme are required to be properly tailrecursive and to support an unbounded number of active tail calls. Clinger proposed a formal definition of proper tail recursion based on space efficiency. This definition encompasses systematic tail call optimization, where every tail call is converted to a jump (with an optional trampoline), as well as Baker's implementation of Scheme in the C language with CPS (continuation-passing style) conversion. Baker's implementation is space-efficient, since no new continuation is created on a CPS-converted tail call and garbage is collected even on C's execution stack.
 In our work, we discovered that an abstract machine that runs CPS-converted programs cannot be considered properly tailrecursive according to Clinger's definition if continuation closures are simply created with the lexical environments for all variables. Furthermore, an abstract machine that employs neither explicit environments nor continuations is also improperly tail-recursive.
 This paper discusses the above issue and also proposes new techniques to implement a properly tail-recursive Scheme interpreter in an extended C language by following space-efficiency based definitions of proper tail recursion. In our approach, a program is not converted into CPS. The primary concept is to avoid stack overflow by creating a space-efficient first-class continuation represented as a list containing only the "Frame" objects necessary for the rest of the computation and immediately invoking the continuation. We use a language mechanism called "L-closures" to access the contents of the execution stack as values of legal data structures and variables for implementing garbage collection and capturing continuations.