PD-1 inhibitors were approved for locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in 2019.1 The identification of tumor characteristics that predict potential responders to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) is an area of ongoing research. Here we present a series of consecutive patients with locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic CSCC treated with PD-1 inhibitors and analyze tumor and blood genomics as well as PD-L1 expression with the aim of correlating with treatment response.We analyzed cases of CSCC treated with single agent PD-1 inhibitors in the last 2 years at Wake Forest. Demographic and outcome data were collected. Tumor tissue, whenever available, was tested for PD-L1, TMB, MSI, and genetic mutations. Blood was tested for circulating tumor at the beginning of treatment and at the time of maximum response.Fourteen patients with CSCC treated with PD-1 ICI were included in this study. Six had locally advanced disease, seven had recurrent locally advanced disease, and one had metastatic disease. Four patients received treatment for >12 months and all had complete response (CR). Five patients had 6–12 months of treatment and all had near CR (pending imaging studies and ctDNA to confirm). Three patients had <6 months of treatment and had partial response (PR). Two of the patients had progressive disease, although one with possible pseudoprogression based on review of post-treatment surgical pathology specimen. Treatment was well tolerated with no immune related side-effects except one case of grade I hypothyroidism. Eleven patients had sufficient tumor tissue for genomic and PD-L1 testing. Initial blood genomic testing was performed in 12 of 13 patients and in follow up in patients who achieved maximum response. Patients with CR had PD-L1 of at least 30%. The additional tested patients had PD-L1 above 10%. The most frequently mutated gene was TP53 present in tumor in all tested patients and in blood in 6 patients, followed by NOTCH1/2 detected in the tumor of 10 of 11 patients tested. TMB was intermediate/high in tested patients except in the only patient who presented clear tumor progression.Treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic CSCC with ICI led to a dramatic change in the management and prognosis of CSCC. Our series of patients with CSCC had a higher than reported rate of response. This corresponded with high TP53 alterations, NOTCH 1/2 alterations, high/intermediate TMB, and high level of expression of PD-L1. PD-L1 rates were higher than previously published.1 2The study was approved by Wake Forest University Institution's Ethics Board, approval number IRB00056249.Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, Guminski A, Hauschild A, Lewis KD, et al. PD-1 blockade with cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:341–51.Garcia-Pedrero JM, Martinez-Camblor P, Diaz-Coto S, et al. Tumor programmed cell death ligand 1 expression correlates with nodal metastasis in patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;77(3):527–533.


Self-assembled complexes consisting of thin multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and DNA-oligonucleotides which are able to a cooperative binding to complementary oligonucleotides have been investigated. It was establised a high-performance charge transport in nanostructured Langmuir-Blodgett complexes thin MWCNTs/DNA. A method to electrochemically detect DNA hybridization on the self-organized structures has been proposed.


Abstract The past decade has seen a dramatic shift toward public sector financing of large hotels in the United States. This dialectic analysis examines trends in public participation in hotel development and examines why governments are investing in these projects. It looks at the different types of public participation and considers the market implications of these subsidies on private sector hotel development. The case is made that there is a need for accountability and more thorough review of these public investments. The paper proposes various ways that this can be achieved and discusses barriers to such reforms.


CORSIKA (COsmic Ray SImulations for Kascade) has various features in the creation of the extensive air showers with several characteristics where the users can configure the input card to achieve the desired result. ECUT is a parameter defined as the low energy cutoff of the particle kinetic energy for hadrons, muons, electrons, and photons. We investigate the effect of the different ECUT values on the detected particles in 107 – 5 × 108 GeV primary particle energy range where π–π0 decay channel chosen with 5 km shower development length. The selected ECUT values in this study are 0.05 and 0.1 GeV for both hadrons and muons and 0.05 GeV for electrons and photons. The effect of the reducing by half on the energy cutoff value is studied for the detector array located on an inclined plane, which is planned for upward τ detection.


iii
ABSTRACT
Nurhayati, Diah. 2011. The Effectiveness of Using Hand Puppet to Improve Students'
Speaking Skills in Performing Adjacency Pairs (an Experimental Study of
Seventh Graders of SMP 11 Semarang in the Academic Year of
2011/2012). Final Project. English Department. S1 Degree of English
Education. Advisors: I. Novia Trisanti, S.Pd., M.Pd., II. Drs. Hartoyo,
M.A., Ph.D.
Keywords: Hand Puppet, Speaking Skill, Adjacency Pair, Seventh Graders of Junior
High School, Experimental Study.
This final project was a study to examine the effectiveness of using hand puppet as
the media in teaching adjacency pair dialogue. The objective of this study was to find
whether there was any significant difference in learning achievement of speaking
skill between the students who were taught by using hand puppet and those who were
taught by using conventional technique.
The population of the study was seventh graders of SMP 11 Semarang in the
academic year of 2011/2012. The number of the population was 224 students divided
into seven classes, each class was 32. I used two classes, 7D for the experimental
group and 7A for the control group. I used purposive sample method in choosing the
sample. I took 20 students in each class. The experimental group was taught by using
hand puppet and picture and the control group was taught by using conventional
teaching with picture. I also conducted try-out test to get the validity and reliability.
The research design which I used was an experimental study with Pre-test Post-test
Nonequivalent-Group Design. The research instruments used were try-out, tests and
observation journal. At last, the result of the test was analyzed using t-test formula.
The t-test or t-value obtained is (2.62177). Since t-test is higher that t-table
(2.02), so the hypothesis is accepted. It means that there is any significant difference
in learning achievement between students who were taught speaking by using hand
puppet and those who were taught by using conventional technique.
Based on the result above, hand puppet was more effective for teaching
speaking, especially to perform the dialogue of adjacency pairs compared to the use
of the conventional teaching for the seventh graders of Junior High School Students
and hand puppet positively contributed to the improvement of the students' ability in
speaking. Then, I suggest the teacher to use hand puppet as the media in teaching
speaking and to improve students' motivation to speak English.


This paper presents mobile robot based down-scale mineral resources exploration test system for the USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) based exploration. The system emulates the actual exploration environment. Underneath the metal free test plate, a metal object is attached. A magneto-meter mounted mobile robot runs around on the plate to find the metal. The measured magneto-meter values are transferred to the host PC via wireless network. The system enables to improve the reliability of simulation as well as to help efficient exploration system design. Metal-detecting experiments were carried out to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed system.


This article tries to disentangle the financial consequences of the drainage of Hatfield Chase by Sir Cornelius Vermuyden and a group of Dutch investors. Recently discovered documents in the Noord-Holland Archives at Haarlem throw a new light on this enterprise. They show that losses incurred by the investors were not just caused by the actions of disgruntled commoners, but also by Vermuyden's chaotic financial management. These losses may have been more limited than has commonly been assumed in the past, because the costs of drainage were relatively low compared with projects in the Netherlands. It is argued that only those investors who had not sold their land before the outbreak of the Civil War incurred heavy losses.


The purpose of the study is to analyze the ressentiment in the theoretical and specific historical aspects of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war.

Research methodology. The methods of the study are theoretical analysis and synthesis, sociological conceptualization of the phenomenon of hatred during the war.

Results. The result of the study is a generalization from the standpoint of sociology of hatred during the war. The article analyzes hatred towards the enemy during the war.

In sociological discourse, hatred is considered a component of ressentiment in the context of Max Scheler's interpretation of this phenomenon. It is commonly believed that hatred towards the invading enemy, who is trying to destroy the country, is a manifestation of high morality and an additional motive for resistance. Hatred from the invader and aggressor is a manifestation of immorality and a low spiritual level. Ressentiment is self-poisoning of the soul. The press spreads ressentiment to strengthen the psychological component of war. Hatred irradiates all sides of the relationship. Everything that represents the hatred subject (clothes, speech, and anything else that is associated with this subject) also causes hatred.

The ressentiment type looks for reasons for aggression in everything. Revenge and hatred lead to the devaluation of existence and the world. What is more, hatred is not caused by the object's properties but by the very negation and devaluation of existence and the essence of the relationship's object.

Under the influence of ressentiment, a destructive position is formed. That is, reconciliation is impossible when there is ressentiment. The very fact of the enemy's existence causes a desire to destroy them.

Russians have a radically erroneous picture of the world, which they do not want to change but are maniacally eager to follow. Their actions are influenced by an erroneous definition of the situation, which is realistic in its disastrous consequences.

Novelty. The article analyzes the ressentiment in the theoretical and specific historical aspects of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war.

The practical significance of the study is in the use of the formulated provisions to develop a concept of the ideological and political component of Russia's war against Ukraine.

Key words: war, Ukraine, Russia, hatred, ressentiment, Max Scheler, social madness.


The pragmatic failure of Chinese learners of English in some typical speech acts,including addressing,greeting,farewell and thanking,are analyzed.It also explores the differences in language and culture between English and Chinese in order to enhance people's cultural awareness and make successful cross-cultural communication.


The phase-field model is applied to describe phase transitions which occur in a finite or unbounded region rather than at a sharp surface. The order parameter, or phase field φ, is then allowed to vary smoothly within the pertinent region between two extreme values: φ = 0, the less ordered phase, and φ = 1, the more ordered one. The literature on the subject shows how the phase field–model is widely applied in different contexts (for instance, see [1-4] and references therein). The order parameter can be regarded quite naturally as an internal variable which is governed by an evolution equation to be characterized within the whole set of constitutive assumptions and the thermodynamic restrictions. This viewpoint was successfully applied to a general model of phase transition including both first and second order transitions, as like as solid-fluid transition in water and conducting-superconducting state transition in metals [5]. Depending on the temperature, heat conduction in solids may be well modelled as a stationary phenomenon, through the Fourier law


Synopsis The occurrence of a mode of general spalling, in which a concrete wall panel or floor slab may be completely destroyed shortly alier the start of a fire test, is examined. Examples are given to suggest that this may be a form of compression failure, caused by strain softening, which has much in common with behaviour observed in a standard compression test. A method of analysis for the structural behaviour of a plain concrete panel is formulated in general terms. This analysis demonstrates the effects of strain softening, suggests that there are two possible modes of instability causing compression failure and shows that instability is not possible under conditions of high axial and flexural restraint. These conclusions are independent of the precise form of the stress-strain relationship but are primarily a direct consequence of the existence of a descending branch in the stress-strain curve of concrete in compression.


As a common immune disease, food allergy has become a difficult problem for public health organizations. Food allergies are often accompanied by skin reactions, allergic rhinitis, gastrointestinal diseases, and other complications which can induce anaphylactic shock and even death.
 However, mechanisms underlying food allergies are not fully understood. Therefore, exploring the mechanism of induction of food allergy is a critical first step toward discovering a future treatment. Here we constructed a quercetin–chitosan nanoplasmid (QT–CS NPs), which can regulate
 the balance of Th1/Th2 cells, and used it to treat ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergies in mice. The results suggest that compared to natural quercetin, the cytotoxicity of QT–CS NPs was weakened. QT–CS NPs also increased the expression of the Th1 cytokine INF-γ, reduced
 the secretion of Th2 cytokine IL-4, regulated the balance drift of Th1/Th2 cells in allergic mice, and demonstrated an excellent immunomodulatory effect. Therefore, QT-CS NPs can provide new treatment ideas for the prevention and treatment of food allergy, and this study can lay an experimental
 foundation for the clinical application of QT-CS NPs.


Due to the transition of the electronics industry to lead-free solders, the issue of tin (Sn) whisker has become one of the most imperative issues that need to be resolved. Moreover, with the increasing demand for electronics miniaturization, Sn whisker growth is a severe threat to the reliability of microelectronic devices. Sn whisker is a conductive tin structure that grows spontaneously from tin finished surfaces, which can lead to well-documented system failures in electronics industries. Assessment of the Sn whisker growth is difficult because of the slow and unpredictable nature of the Sn whisker formation. This paper presents the results of morphology analysis of Sn whisker growth in terms of Sn whiskers shape, average density and maximum length of Sn whisker on Sn-Cu solder finished using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micro-indentation test was used to accelerate the growth of Sn whisker at room temperature storage.


The article presents the results of studying the influence of a weak vibration effect on the extraction of plant raw materials, obtained as a continuation of the previous study [1].The article describes the option of intensification extraction process from the Echinacea purpurea L. and Valeriana officinalis L. The influence of acoustic action (tensile-pulse modulation) on an increase in the yield of extractive substances when using water, 40% and 70% ethanol is discussed. The influence of the frequency and amplitude of the action during the generation of a signal in the form of a meander has been studied. Solvents are selected taking into account the use in existing pharmaceutical factories. The extraction results were evaluated by the solid residue, the optical density of the solution after extraction of Echinacea and by GLC and GLC-MS after extraction of Valeriana. The greatest effect is achieved when using water. The explanation of the results is based on the effect of vibration on the rotation of solvent clusters. Cluster sizes decrease from water to 70% ethanol.


An embodiment of the invention relates to the technical field of wireless communication and especially relates to a method, system and equipment for determining subframe. The invention is used for solving a problem that a downlink measurement mechanism in a dynamic TDD system may intensify user equipment processing complexity and increase user equipment power consumption in the prior art. According to the invention, aiming at a downlink CSI measurement subframe set, the user equipment determines a downlink A-CSI reference subframe number of the CSI measurement subframe set according to a predetermined rule and determines ta downlink A-CSI reference subframe according to the determined downlink A-CSI reference subframe number, so that the user equipment can determine the downlink CSI measurement subframe set requiring A-CSI feedback in each A-CSI feedback subframe and find the corresponding A-CSI measurement reference subframe. Therefore, user equipment processing complexity can be reduced and user equipment power consumption can be decreased.


On 15 March, the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit finally published the Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. As Prime Minister Tony Blair observes in a foreword, concern about alcohol use is being fuelled not only (or, indeed, primarily) by the health harms associated with chronic drinking, but also by growing alarm about the links between binge drinking and crime and anti-social behaviour in town and city centres. Bluntly, as Tristam Hunt commented in The Sunday Times, "if you have ever picked your way through Newcastle, Blackpool or Bradford after 11pm on a Saturday and witnessed the unedifying weekly ritual of vomiting, brawling, screaming and falling, you will have instinctive sympathy with the Home Secretary's latest crack down".


Abstract : In March 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined NATO. Of these three new members of the Atlantic Alliance, only Poland enhances Allied military capabilities. Poles are currently participating in Allied operations on the ground. The 18th Air Assault Battalion is serving with the U.S.-led multinational brigade in eastern Kosovo. In part, Poland's potential reflects its stability, which can be attributed to a remarkable transformation in civil-military institutions. More than any other former member of the Warsaw Pact, the Polish Republic has been able to adapt to the NATO model for modern Western forces.


Introduction Social network addicts may differ significantly from non-addicts in terms of personality traits, such as agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Addicts may be prone to negative emotions and unpleasant experiences, which may be associated with a higher level of neuroticism. Addicts often fail to cope in the real world, often experience negative emotions, quickly give up their goals, see themselves and others in a negative light, and escape into virtual reality. The virtual world is devoid of the anxiety that an individual faces in real life interactions, hence the tendency for addiction among people with higher levels of neuroticism. The primary cause of Internet Addiction may be innate temperamental traits (i.e., impulsiveness of behavior and impulsiveness of decisions) that influence the susceptibility to functional and chemical addictions. According to the concept of addictive personality, people who have this problem are prone to addiction as such, regardless of what they are addicted to. Objectives The purpose of this study was to generally assess the degree of women's dependence on social networking sites on the example of Facebook, taking into account personality traits according to the five-factor model of personality, the so-called Big Five by Costa and McCrae Methods The study included 556 women. This survey-based study was carried out using the questionnaire technique. The following research tools were used to analyze behavioral addictions in adult women: the Bergen Face- book Addiction Scale (BFAS), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) and the author's questionnaire. Results Among the surveyed women, 69.6% were average Facebook users, of whom 16.4% had scores indicating possible Facebook addiction, and 14.0% had scores indicating addiction. The higher the neuroticism, the more serious the Facebook addiction (r = 0.26; p < 0.001; R2 = 6.7%). A weak negative correlation was obtained for the agreeableness subscale e (r = -0.08; p < 0.05; R2 = 7.2%). A weak negative correlation was also obtained for the subscale of conscientiousness (r = -0.16; p < 0.001; R2 = 2.6%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the log10 score obtained on the BFAS and the score on the NEO-FFI subscales of extraversion (r = 0.04; p = 0.40) and openness to experience (r = 0.04; p = 0.30). Conclusions The personality types of the studied women indicated relationships in terms of behavioral addictions. Women characterized by neuroticism showed stronger addiction to Facebook. Women characterized by high conscientiousness were at lower risk of behavioral addictions, while agreeableness as a personality trait significantly protected the surveyed women against Facebook addiction. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


The purposes of this study were twofold: (1) to examine existent tuition and fee policy in South Carolina in order to determine why these charges are high, and (2) to consider whether the practice of escrowing tuition results in undesirable consequences. The study includes close definition of the terms "tuition" and "fees" and an analysis of the uses of tuition and required fees by peer group institutions to determine whether South Carolina's relatively high charges are due to the use of such funds for debt service and capital expenditures for facilities. Comparative information is also given on the allocation of required tuition and fees to the other two uses of these funds: (1) auxiliaries, and (2) education and general categories. The analysis found that more South Carolina colleges and universities required tuition and fees to service debt service and capital expenditures for facilities than did peer institutions though the differentials were not substantial enough to explain the high tuitions and fees in South Carolina. In addition the analysis found that South Carolina schools allocate somewhat less tuition and fee revenues to auxiliary expenses, and substantially more of these funds to education and general categories than do peer institutions. The study concludes that the high level of required tuition and fees is due to heavy reliance on these funds for education and general operations. (JB) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** AN ANAYLSIS OF TUITION AND REQUIRED FEES SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND PEER INSTITUTIONS John C. Sutusky, Ph.D. South Carolina Commission on Higher Education U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION °Rice of Educationai Research and Improvement ED ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction duality Points of view or opinions slatedm this docu. ment do not necessarily represent official OERI posiban or policy October 1992 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY John C. Sutusky S.C. Commission on BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 Higher Education TO THE EDUCATIL, L RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" Introduction Concerns are more and more frequently raised across South Carolina that the cost to the student to attend our senior public colleges and universities has gotten so high that our cherished goal of access is threatened. Comparative data from across the southeast clearly reflect that student tuition and fees in our State are among the highest. Table I displays required tuition and fees for each of our Peer Group I and II institutions as well as the average for each such grouping of South Carolina public institutions. Purpose The major purposes of this study are twofold: to dxamine existent tuition and fee policy in South Carolina to determine why our tuition and fees are at such high levels; and, to consider whether the practice of escrowing tuition results in undesirable consequences. A particular focus of the investigation will be on the uses of tuition and fees and especially "tuition", as defined in South Carolina, for physical facilities debt service and capital expenditures. This study will address the question of whether South Carolina's relatively high tuition and fee structure if. caused, as conventional wisdom often has it, by the use of such fees for debt service and capital improvements for facilities. In course, oomph live information will be presented on required tuition and fees and their uses within the public sector of higher education in South Carolina and our peer group institutions within the southeast region. With respect to potential undesirable consequences of escrowing tuition, we will give consideration to the desirability of


Computer simulated noise performance of the symbol synchronizer loop (SSL) in the Block 5 receiver is compared with the theoretical noise performance. Good agreement is seen at the higher loop SNR's (SNR(sub L)'s), with gradual degradation as the SNR(sub L) is decreased. For the different cases simulated, cycle slipping is observed (within the simulation time of 10(exp 4) seconds) at SNR(sub L)'s below different thresholds, ranging from 6 to 8.5 dB, comparable to that of a classical phase-locked loop. An important point, however, is that to achieve the desired loop SNR above the seemingly low threshold to avoid cycle slipping, a large data-to-loop-noise power ratio, P(sub D)/(N(sub 0)B(sub L)), is necessary (at least 13 dB larger than the desired SNR(sub L) in the optimum case and larger otherwise). This is due to the large squaring loss (greater than or equal to 13 dB) inherent in the SSL. For the special case of symbol rates approximately equaling the loop update rate, a more accurate equivalent model accounting for an extra loop update period delay (characteristic of the SSL phase detector design) is derived. This model results in a more accurate estimation of the noise-equivalent bandwidth of the loop.


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The research compared students' summary writing ability before and after they were taught through blog, a new medium or tool for written communication and interaction in many different languages around the world. The research design is a kind of one group pretest posttest. Participants were 33 first-year students who studied EN 011 course (English in Action) in the first semester of the academic year 2012 at Bangkok University. They were divided into six groups. Five or six students in each group created a blog; www.blogger.com, and they worked together for fourteen weeks to produce six pieces of summary written work. Each member in the group worked through providing comments, editing and revising on the blog until the group got a final summary paper and submitted that to the teacher for grading. The instruments used in this study were (1) two summary writing tests (2) a questionnaire surveying students' attitude toward learning through blogs, and (3) postings on blogs to reflect their learning experience. The results revealed that after the students worked together on weblogs, their English summary writing mean score of the posttest was higher than that of the pretest, and they had positive attitudes towards using weblogs in learning. Regarding cooperative learning experiences through using weblogs, most students thought that it was interesting, a new experience to work with their friends on the weblogs.


Vector control for permanent-magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) drived by a fault-tolerant inverter was discussed.The operating principle of the fault-tolerant inverter was analysed.For PMSM without the middle wire,three phase currents can be controlled by controlling two phase currents of them randomly.A vector control scheme was proposed to drive PMSM based on the fault-tolerant inverter.Simulation results show the validity and the affectivity of the strategy,which is feasible and simple.


Introduction: American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), or kala azar, is a serious chronic disease caused by Leishmania spp. It is an infectious and non-contagious disease that affects both humans and several species of wild and domestic animals, presenting the clinical forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and diffuse cutaneous. ATL is classified as a generalized zoonotic disease that has a global impact. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is considered a serious public health problem. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of cases found in Montes Claros-MG. Methodology: An epidemiological assessment was performed based on secondary data from SINAN/MS from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: From 2010 to 2015, 286 cases of ATL were registered, with the majority of cases occurring in children under 19 years of age (31.81%) and patients over 59 years (17.83%) had a lower percentage of disease involvement. The first choice drug used by patients was Glucantime (87.06%). The most affected gender was male (52.44%) and most patients had no comorbidities (76.96%). Conclusion: In Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, ATL presented high cases during the research period. In this sense, this study guides the development of new researches that address and monitor the spread of the disease by monitoring urban areas concomitantly with the capture of animals for the presence of the parasite, thus assisting in public health decision-making in controlling the disease.


Abstract Much larger dielectric constants and spontaneous polarizations are evaluated in the smectic-C phase of p-alkoxybenzylidene-p'-amino-2-chloropropyl-cinnamate (HOBACPC, OOBACPC and DOBACPC) which have dipole moments at the chiral part compared with those of p-alkoxybenzylidene-p'-amino-2-methylbutyl-cinnamate. In the mixture of D-DOBAMBC and L-DOBACPC with inverse chirality, the pitch of the helical structure is longer compared with those of original compounds. On the other hand, the dielectric constant and the spontaneous polarization of the compounds are nearly linearly dependent on the concentration of L-DOBACPC. The phase transition temperature from smectic-A to chiral smectic-C phases in DOBAMBC decreases remarkably with the mixing of organic molecules (PAA, eicosane, etc.) but increases with applied pressure. The threshold field of electro-optical effects (transmission increase, colour switching, memory effects) in DOBACPC and HOBACPC etc. is lower than that in DOBAMBC etc. in accordance with...


A study was conducted to investigate the frequency and cause of failures of fiber-optic transmitters, waveguides, receivers, connectors, and splices. To accomplish this, quantitative and qualitative data were collected and evaluated to determine why and when failures occurred and to identify design options which can be made to avoid these failure conditions. An understanding of fiber-optic device failure modes and mechanisms is critical to insuring unit reliability, improving the manufacturing process, and allowing design flexibility of the overall fiber-optic system. The author summarizes the specific failure modes uncovered for typical items such as transmitters, receivers, fiber, cable, connectors, and splices. He also discusses fiber-optic performance criteria, design considerations, failure rate data, and failure mode information.<<ETX>>


This paper presents computational results relating to solution of convex multicommodity network flow problems by using several recently developed optimization algorithms. These algorithms are based on the ideas of Gallager's method for distributed optimization of delay in data communication networks [1], and gradient projection ideas from nonlinear programming [2], [3]. They can be used both with and without a line search. An important common feature of the algorithms which distinguishes them from other existing methods is that they utilize second derivatives and are geared towards approximating a constrained version of Newton's method. The computational results confirm that the algorithms tend to employ good search directions as well as automatically generate a satisfactory stepsize regardless of the level and pattern of traffic input to the network. This latter advantage is of crucial importance when the algorithms are used for distributed routing of flow in data communication networks where the use of line search is nearly impossible.


The construction of western Hubei eco-cultural circle is a strategic decision to develop tourism in Hubei province.And the development of tourism in western Hubei eco-cultural circle is very important to that of Hubei province.It is full of ecological and cultural resources,and its ecological and cultural competitiveness are the two big tourism core competitiveness.This article analyzes the ecological value and ecological potential of the western Hubei eco-cultural circle,and excavates the tourism value included in ecological value,provide the scientific basis and path for the enhancement of eco-competitiveness in western Hubei eco-cultural circle,so as to facilitate the development of the tourism industry in Hubei province.


These are exciting times in neonatology. During the past decade, treatment with exogenous surfactant has improved survival among infants with very low birth weight and respiratory distress syndrome...


This paper describes a method for the case study of financial incentives in health care systems. This approach is for applying a conceptual framework that describes funding changes -- and their transformation into "financial incentives" that change behaviour -- as a communication process rather than as a behavioural conditioning exercise. The "cases" in question were changes in health system funding. The two initial research questions were: given a funding change, 1) what policy making process produced the payment policy, and what were its features, and, 2) how did affected organizations interpret this financial "signal" and respond in ways that might give insight into its "incentive" properties? Empirical study was divided into several phases, including I) the description of the funding policy; II) investigation into the origin of the policy; III) identification of affected stakeholders and investigation of their interpretations of and responses to the funding change. Data sources primarily consisted of documents and interviews. Analysis focused on: 1) describing the case, its evolution, and its policy interest; 2) describing any concrete consequences of the funding change; 3) generating analytic categories such as stakeholder coalitions and themes in their interpretation of the policy messages carried by the funding change. We used several methods of triangulation to verify both the "facts" and the conclusions drawn from them, including data source triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, methodological triangulation, and member-checking.


In the field of requirement document quality assessment, existing methods mainly focused on textual patterns of requirements. Actually, the cognitive process that experts read and qualitatively measure a requirement document is from outward appearance to inner essence. Inspired by this intuition, this paper proposed a Multimodal Requirement Document Quality Analyzer (MRDQA), a neural model which combines the textual content with the visual rendering of requirement documents for quality assessing. MRDQA can capture implicit quality indicators which do not exist in requirement text, such as tables, diagrams, and visual layout. We evaluated MRDQA on the requirement documents collected from ZTE and achieved 81.3% accuracy in classifying their quality into three levels (high, medium, and low). We have successfully applied MRDQA as a pre-filter in ZTE's requirement review system. It identifies low and medium quality requirements, thereby allows review experts to focus only on high-quality requirements. With this mechanism, the workload can be greatly reduced and the requirement review process can be accelerated.


The section editors note that the last decade has witnessed a rapid expansion in service-learning and community engagement worldwide, as is evident in the establishment of university community and citizen engagement centers and programs, the emergence of new international networks and the growth in international conferences. The purpose of the International section of IJRSLCE is to provide a vital venue for scholars around the world to share theory and research findings about these initiatives, discuss common issues and examine practice and add their work to the growing knowledge base in service-learning and community engagement. The section editors introduce four aritcles on international service-learning and community engagement in Australia, Chile, Mexico and Pakistan.


A readily available N,N′-diamidocarbene (I) is found to insert into the P—H bonds of primary and secondary phosphines as well as phosphonate esters.


The concept of 'overdiagnosis' is one of a number of related, normative concepts, such as 'too much medicine',1 ,2 that have emerged recently and which try and describe harms associated with the excessive or undue application of medicine. It is worth considering to what extent the concept of overdiagnosis (and other recent coinages) represents a refinement, an alternative, or a possible successor to the older concept of medicalisation.3 Medicalisation, it has been argued, has been overused, becoming in the process too broad and too nebulous to provide a useful critique of medical practice or organisation.4 In this context, overdiagnosis may be regarded as an attempt to regain this critical edge by focusing on a specific facet of medical practice—diagnosis—and attempting, as Carter et al 5 have done, to delineate a clear set of problems to be addressed.

Critiques, of course, are of their; they are shaped by the perspectives of the communities from which they arise, and the wider social context of the particular problems that they seek to address. While several drivers of overdiagnosis have been identified, it is perhaps most pertinent that the concept has arisen in an …


Up-to date land-use change information is essential for local and regional departments to study the regional planning,city expansion and the sustainable development of social economy.Land-use changes in Xuzhou were detected in this paper.Change detection was performed through a multi-date classification of Landsat TM images obtained in 1987 and 2000.Result demonstrates that the study area experienced a rapid expansion to the east and south parts in the 13 years period between 1987 and 2000.


Soil salinity increases when growers are forced to use higher salinity irrigation waters due to water shortages. It is necessary to estimate the impact of irrigation water on soil properties and conditions for crop growth to manage the effects of salinity on perennial crops. Therefore, in this study, we monitored root zone salinity in five almond and pistachio orchards in eastern and western San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California (CA). Volumetric soil water contents and bulk electrical conductivities were measured at four root-zone depths. Evapotranspiration was measured by eddy covariance along with three other types of data. The first is seasonal precipitation and irrigation patterns, including the temporal distribution of rains, irrigation events, and irrigation water salinity. The second is soil chemistry, including the initial sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil solute electrical conductivity (ECe). The third type is the physical properties, including soil type, hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density. As expected, we found low salinity at the eastern sites and higher salinity at the western sites. The western sites have finer textured soils and lower quality irrigation water; measured actual ET was about 90% of modeled crop ET. Across the three western sites, the annual average apparent leaching fraction ranged from 11 to 28%. At the eastern sites, measured ET almost exactly matched modeled crop ET each year. Apparent leaching fractions in the eastern sites were approximately 20%.


Cook Islands, French Polynesia, and Hawai'i again. Three chapters relate the author's experiences in the institutions where he studied and worked –Yale, the BurkeMuseum and Berkeley – offering his reflections on the joys and pains of academic and institutional adventures. The final chapter, 'Reflections', looks back on five decades of change in the ideas, practices and institutional frameworks of Pacific archaeology, focusing on Anglo-Saxon and North American traditions. While generally positive in tone, the book contains a handful of less enthusiastic evocations of people, theories or places, often expressed in Kirch's trademark colourful biting phrases. I cannot resist citing his description of postmodernism and the danger of hyper-reflexivity, which can only lead 'in ever-tighter and convoluted circles of self-criticism until you fly up your own arse and disappear' (p. 329). Here is a great, rich read, instructive and enjoyable, marked by the author's passion for his work, the Pacific and its people. There is a latent sense of romanticism about some traditional Polynesian societies and about fieldwork, which seems presented in an overly positive light; but this is a personal story and not an objective relation of facts. Kirch's respect and fondness for the islands and their inhabitants colour the entire book, dedicated to the many people who helped him and welcomed him in their communities. This attachment and state of mind has certainly played a central role in Kirch's research, and it is important that he recognises this himself, here and previously where he wrote: 'I sometimes feel that the Pacific is in my blood' (On the Road of the Winds, p. xix).


The necessity of making a new transfer standard was proposed to disseminate of mass scale during or after establishing new definition of kilogram unit. It is worthy to find new material or perfect surface characterization of mass transfer standard. It should be confirmed whether a material is suitable to use as a standard after much chemical or mechanical analysis of its surface. In this presentation, we would like to present the first plan for development project of new transfer standard materials.


Proton NMR spectra of covalently linked tetraphenyl‐ or tetra‐p‐tolyl‐porphyrin dimers of three different types (para‐para, ortho‐para and ortho‐ortho) can be interpreted using a ring current model. For the assignment of the protons of the linking chain a tetraaryl porphyrin monomer has been used, containing this chain at the same position as in the corresponding dimer but without the presence of a second porphyrin group. The porphyin ring current shift of the para‐para dimer was used as a reference for the calculation of the resonance positions of the aromatic propyloxyphenyl protons. Using these NMR results, the dimer conformation in the ground state was determined for the various dimers. From space‐filling models of the dimers in different conformations, the polar coordinates of the various protons of the propyloxyphenyl group of one porphyrin ring with respect to the other ring can be obtained, and the ring current shifts due to the presence of the latter can be calculated for these protons. It emerges that the para‐para dimer exists mainly in a stretched conformation, and that the ortho‐ortho dimer has an exo conformation (unfolded). It is likely that in the ortho‐para dimer, the para‐linked porphyrin group has a rotation around the linking chain axis which is fast on the NMR time scale. The degree of folding of the ortho‐para dimer is shown to be influenced by the solvent polarity.


This research introduces a computational algorithm that uses simulated annealing to optimize three-dimensional component layouts. General component layout problems are characterized by three objectives: achieving high packing density, fitting components into a given container and satisfying spatial constraints on components. This paper focuses on the extension of a simulated annealing packing algorithm to a general layout algorithm through the implementation of a language of spatial constraints that are characteristic of layout problems. These constraints allow the designer to specify desired component proximities or to restrict translation or rotation of components based on a global origin or set of coordinate axes, or relative to other component locations or orientations. The layout of components from a cordless power drill illustrates the algorithm.


[Solution] The present invention comprises materials and methods for providing a vehicle that is useful for providing drug formulations that address the potential shortcomings of known non-aqueous formulations. In particular, the present invention includes non-aqueous media formed using a combination of a polymer and a solvent that yields a media that is miscible in water. Non-aqueous media facilitates the formation of drug formulations that are stable over time, even when stored at or exposed to elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the miscible medium according to the present invention does not form a high viscosity polymer phase when mixed with water, so that part of the distribution conduit contained in the dispensing device used to administer the drug formulation or Allows the preparation of drug formulations that work to reduce the occurrence of complete occlusion.


A 72-year-old female with a history of operated breast cancer, presented with a ten year history of episodic low back pain, an eight month period of typical lower limb neurogenic claudication and subjective sensory blunting in the left lower limb. Th ere was no history of trauma or urinary symptoms. On examination there was no spinal tenderness, neurologic defi cit in the lower limbs, nor root tension signs. MR imaging (Fig. 1)


Among miners working underground on the Rand mines there is a tendency for the erythrocyte count to decrease, as the depth of working increases.

This decrease is probably a physiological acclimatisation to lower altitudes.


This study aims to establish information service financing scheme model with three financing schemes, namely flat fee, usage-based and two-part tariff for Internet Service Providers (ISP) based on heterogeneous consumer satisfaction levels. This modified model was developed by adding the marginal cost and supervisory cost based on the Modified Cobb-Douglas utility function and the Linear utility function to obtain optimal results. The data used in the form of digilib traffic is obtained from a local server in the city of Palembang that is Politeknik Sriwijaya (Polsri) which is divided into busy and non-busy hours. This research is done analytically using differentially. The optimum solution obtained if using the differential method if use the linear utility in the flat fee financing scheme of IDR. 382.687/kbps.


Dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) have been considered one of the promising alternatives to conventional solar cells, because of their low cost, easy fabrication and relatively high energy conversion efficiency. However, although the cell offers reasonable efficiency at least 11%, the use of a liquid electrolyte placed technological challenges for achieving the desired durability and operational stability of the cell. In order to prevent or reduce electrolyte leakage considerable efforts have been made, such as p-type semiconductor or organic hole-transport material that better mechanical properties and simple fabrication processes. In this work, we synthesized solid-state electrolyte containing LiI and KI metal salt with starting materials of poly ethylene oxide to substitute liquid electrolyte enhance the ionic conductivity and solar conversion efficiency. Li+ leads to faster diffusion and higher efficiency and K+ leading to higher ionic conductivity. The efficiency of poly ethylene oxide/LiI system electrolyte is 1.47% and poly ethylene oxide/potassium electrolyte is 1.21%. An efficiency of 3.24% is achieved using solid-state electrolyte containing LiI and KI concentrations. The increased solar conversion efficiency is attributed to decreased crystallinity in the polymer that leads to enhanced charge transfer.


Abstract : This study evaluates sampling procedures and statistical methos for analysis of the fauna assoicated with high-energy sandy beaches. A intensive, one-season sampling of selected physical attributes and fauna of a relatively undistrubed beach site in central Monterey Bay, Calif., was used as a basis for this evaluation. Organisms were sorted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level and numerical abundances were computed. Existing techniques for quantitative sampling of macrofauna in the littoral zone are adequate for quantitative base-line studies, but many samples must be taken to ensure reasonable confidence limits on density estimates. It may not be practical to attempt density estimates of certain macrofaunal species, such as the mole crab which show extreme spatial heterogeneity. A procedure was devised for sampling surf-zone macrofauna using a suction dredge. Surf-zone fauna differs greatly from littoral macro-fauna and appears to be a separate ecological unit. Area sampling the surf zone is difficult due to surge, so a time-of-pumping standardization is recommended. Meiofauna shows distinct intertidal zonation patterns both in density and taxonomical composition. Considerable variation from one beach site to another can occur and this may be related to small changes in physical factors, especially interstitial space.


This chapter examines how time and place are shaped in memoirs written by women from Yemen. More specifically, it considers the ways in which the women depict their birthplace and the transition from Yemen to Israel, and how their narratives are influenced by the larger narrative of the Yemenite Jewish community. The focus is on books published in the last thirty years by Yemeni-born women who immigrated to Israel in the 1940s and 1950s. The chapter shows that the Yemenite women's memoirs are an illustration of the so-called biblical chronotope; they often portray Yemen as a garden of Eden and recast Jews of Yemen as biblical Jews. It also discusses the nostalgia applied by memoirists who cast Yemen as a biblical paradise, describing it as subversive nostalgia. Finally, it argues that the memoirs constitute a range of views, motivations, and forces that operate in the field of communal memory.


This work addresses the problem of sharing partial information within social learning strategies. In social learning, agents solve a distributed multiple hypothesis testing problem by performing two operations at each instant: first, agents incorporate information from private observations to form their beliefs over a set of hypotheses; second, agents combine the entirety of their beliefs locally among neighbors. Within a sufficiently informative environment and as long as the connectivity of the network allows information to diffuse across agents, these algorithms enable agents to learn the true hypothesis. Instead of sharing the entirety of their beliefs, this work considers the case in which agents will only share their beliefs regarding one hypothesis of interest, with the purpose of evaluating its validity, and draws conditions under which this policy does not affect truth learning. We propose two approaches for sharing partial information, depending on whether agents behave in a self-aware manner or not. The results show how different learning regimes arise, depending on the approach employed and on the inherent characteristics of the inference problem. Furthermore, the analysis interestingly points to the possibility of deceiving the network, as long as the evaluated hypothesis of interest is close enough to the truth.


Large-scale antenna arrays which provide high beamforming gain are commonly used to combat the serious path-loss in millimeter wave (mmwave) systems. Traditionally, the beamforming is completely implemented at the baseband or the digital domain, which, however, causes high hardware cost and power consumption. The hybrid precoding method which can effectively avoids these problems is, therefore, more attractive. However, the design of hybrid precoder is challenging due to the constant modules of phase shifters. To solve this problem, we propose a novel hybrid precoding approach from the perspective of geometric construction in this paper. The new method can significantly reduce the number of RF chains meanwhile still achieve an almost optimal performance in terms of sum rate. The proposed algorithm is compared with the popular orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm (OMP) via numerical simulations, and shows that our proposal can increase the system spectral efficiency with reduced computational complexity.


Scene classification is a fundamental task in the remote sensing (RS) field, assigning semantic labels to RS images. Multispectral (MS) images play an essential role in scene classification as they contain richer spectral information than red, green, blue (RGB) images. However, MS images are not always available due to the higher cost and complexity of MS sensors compared to RGB sensors. To improve scene classification performance using only RGB images, in this letter, we propose a novel MS-to-RGB knowledge distillation (MS2RGB-KD) framework that transfers MS knowledge from a teacher model to a student model. Specifically, our MS2RGB-KD drives a student model that requires only an RGB image as input to mimic the feature representations of different modalities extracted by the teacher model. Moreover, we introduce novel loss functions that encourage the student model to preserve intramodal and intermodal relationships of the feature representations in the teacher model. Experiments on the EuroSAT dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of MS2RGB-KD compared with other KD baselines.


Introduction: Today, quality of life and its influential factors are among the most important challenges of urban life. Knowing the factors affecting the quality of life and the effort to promote these indices is necessary. In this research, social ecological components have been attempted to address the quality of life of people in Malekan City, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using two questionnaires: the 26-item Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Social Ecological Components Questionnaire developed by the researcher. The multistage sampling method was conducted. In the first stage, the clusters were counted and in the next stage, stratified sampling was performed. Questionnaires were completed in three months. After completing the questionnaires, data were entered into SPSS and statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA.
Results: The results showed that age and gender had no relationship with access to social ecological components. However, they were significantly correlated with occupation and education variables (P =0.0001). Regression analysis revealed that quality of life had a significant relationship between satisfaction with social components and access to these components (P = 0.0001). In other words, more access to social ecological components improved the individuals' quality of life.
Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that higher levels of access to social ecological components enhanced the people's quality of life. The ability to improve socioeconomic components improved the individuals' quality of life.


Twenty three rice varieties and pre-release cultures selected for the experiment from main rice growing tracts of Tamil Nadu were screened for their susceptibility or resistancy to zinc deficiency by sand culture technique. The characters such as germi nation percentage, dry weight of seedlings and vigour index which is a product of gor- mination percentage and dry weight ot seedlings were determined. The varieties were categorised into four groups namely resistant, less susceptible, moderately suscep- tible and highly susceptible based on their performance in vigour index over the Control and the concentrations of nutrient applied. The tissue zinc content of seed and seed- lings was also determined to find out the relationship.


de Leon MJ, ed. 149 pages. New York: Parthenon; 1999. $98.00. ISBN 18507091212. Order phone 800-735-4744. Field of medicine: Neurology and geriatric medicine. Format: Hardcover book. Audience: Physicians and trainees interested in the clinical and pathologic features of Alzheimer disease. Purpose: To provide an overview of Alzheimer disease. Content: The nine chapters of this book provide a concise but thorough and current survey of Alzheimer disease. The rich illustrations that accompany the text add an important dimension. The initial sections cover imaging studies and include positron emission tomographic images of regional cortical dysfunction and detailed in vivo neuroanatomic images obtained by using magnetic resonance imaging. The latter details the specific distribution of regional atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Subsequent sections highlight the histopathologic features of Alzheimer disease, including neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. The biochemistry of tau, a protein that stabilizes the microtubule structure of neurons, and its associated tangle pathology is explained, as are the characteristics of plaques composed of amyloid fragments. The text concludes with discussion of four well-documented molecular loci associated with familial Alzheimer disease: presenilin 1 (on chromosome 14), presenilin 2 (on chromosome 1), apolipoprotein E (on chromosome 19), and the amyloid precursor protein gene (on chromosome 21). Highlights: The text of the book is authoritatively written by world-class experts, and the illustrations (many of which are full color) enhance understanding. Limitations: An overview chapter that ties together all of the elements of Alzheimer disease is lacking. The quality of the chapters is somewhat uneven: Some chapters present relatively original and detailed observations, whereas others review previously published work at a level that is not comparably detailed. Related reading: Several recent texts, including Trojanowski and Clark's Neurodegenerative Dementia: Clinical Features and Pathological Mechanisms (McGraw-Hill, 2000), provide reviews and updates on Alzheimer disease. Reviewer: Murray Grossman, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


The temperature-dependent photoluminescence, dielectric and impedance spectra, as well as crystal structures have been investigated for the iodoplumbate-based hybrid crystal, [C3-Apy][PbI3] (1) (C3-Apy+ = 1-propyl-4-aminopyridinium). Compound 1 in the room temperature (RT) contains [PbI3]∞ chains formed by face-sharing distorted PbI6 octahedral. In the low-temperature (LT) phase, the disordered propyl groups in HT phase are partly ordered. 1 shows novel dielectric relaxation and thermochromic luminescent properties.


OBJECTIVE: We investigated pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes made of biodegradable, absorbable material in an animal model. METHODS: PE tubes, made of poly-bis(ethylanate)phosphazene (PBE) were inserted in 55 ears of 28 Hartley guinea pigs, with survival times of 10, 30, and 60 days after tube insertion. In vivo reactions between the PBE-PE tube and the tympanic membrane (TM) were studied. Tubes, TMs, and middle ears were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. RESULTS: There was neither infection nor an inflammatory reaction to the tube within the middle ear in any animal. At 30 days, 53% of the tubes had disintegrated. At 60 days, tubes were still functioning in the 25% of ears. CONCLUSION: More research must be performed before these new PBE PE tubes can be considered for clinical use. Nonetheless, these tubes are promising. The disintegration rate can be controlled by varying the formulation of the polymer, so treatment can be adjusted to the needs of each patient.


NURSES WITH any knowledge of Iraq are being urged to contact a charity that aims to help reconstruct the country once war is over.


Presence of Salmonella in the field environment might increase risk of contact with produce resulting in contamination. To understand survival of tomato outbreak associated Salmonella serotypes in soil and water, their populations were enumerated over a 40 day period. Differential and non-selective media were used for enumeration purpose to assess growth and to account for cell injury. Based on differences in populations of Salmonella enumerated through dual plating, it was observed that Salmonella serotypes underwent more cell injury during survival in soil than water. No significant differences in population patterns were observed between serotypes. The ability of tomato outbreak associated Salmonella serotypes to produce biofilms was also tested. Cells in the red dry and rough (rdar) colonies are more suited for survival in the environment during transmission between hosts. All serotypes were capable of producing the rdar morphotype. All Salmonella serotypes tested were capable of biofilm based strong attachment on glass coverslips and quartz particles. Differences in rate and quantity of attachment were observed based on material (P<0.0001). Also different patterns of attachment and release of cells were demonstrated between serotypes. The results indicate that Salmonella serotypes associated with tomato outbreaks could be capable of biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and survival in soil and water, Biofilm based attachment to sand particles might serve as a strategy for environmental survival and dispersal of Salmonella.


1. Introduction: Economic Crises, Political Elites, and Democratic Stability 2. The Outbreak of the Asian Economic Crisis and Its Socioeconomic Consequences 3. Political Circumstances before the Asian Economic Crisis: Elite Configurations in the Five Countries 4. Economic Crisis, Divided Elites and Prospects for an Elite Settlement 5. Economic Crisis, Fragmented Elites and Prospects for Elite Convergence 6. Economic Crisis, Consensual Elites and Prospects for the Further Consensus 7. Conclusions


To assist in the development of methods for identifying potentially hazardous wastes, the authors have conducted studies on the extraction of toxicants from several solid waste samples. The extracts were tested for toxicity in the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cytotoxicity Test and for mutagenic potential in the Salmonella Histidine Reversion Assay. A new technique was also employed which measured the mutagenicity of neat waste samples by coupling Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with the Salmonella Histidine Reversion Assay. The wastes selected for study were coke plant waste, herbicide manufacturing acetone-water effluent, and oil refining waste. Three extraction solvents, ethanol (ETOH), dichloromethane (DCM), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), were chosen based on their solubility and compatibility with bioassay procedures. Each sample was divided into three parts and extracted with each of the three solvents separately. All extracts were tested in the Salmonella assay at five dose levels with five Ames tester strains in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous metabolizing system. DMSO and DCM extracts were utilized for CHO cytotoxicity evaluations. The three neat waste samples and two extracts were assayed with the TLC technique. In addition to the biological assessments, the gross chemical parameters for each sample were determined. Resultsmore » showed that coke plant waste and herbicide mfg. acetone-water were mutagenic to S. typhimurium with the standard plate test. With the TLC technique, the neat coke plant waste was mutagenic and oil refining waste was toxic. Oil refining waste was also toxic to CHO cells.« less


The development of cooperatives is in accordance with the identical development of the people's economy. The welfare of the wider community and together is the basis of the development of Indonesian cooperatives. This research method is a descriptive method, which is an attempt to reveal the actual facts faced by cooperative actors in the North Sumatra region. Cooperatives are developed to realize economic democracy which, among other things, is manifested in the distribution of income in the community through the growth of healthy cooperatives. Cooperatives are driven so that the distribution of ownership of assets (wealth) and business opportunities in society is improved functionally and continuously. Even some experts say that cooperatives are a movement that plays a role in accelerating the process of capital ownership reform.


Huijiabao gold field is one of the type localities in the ore concentration area of Carlin-type gold deposits in Southwestern Guizhou. It is located at the intersection of the southwest margin of Yangtze Para-platform and Youjiang fold belt in the South China fold system(Guo zhenchun, 2002). Huijiabao gold field mainly consists of Shuiyindong super-large gold deposit, Zimudang large gold deposit, Taipingdong large gold deposits some other gold deposits (points).


The basic principles, operation modes and composition of an ultra-wideband short-range radar for an unmanned aerial vehicle are presented. The functional structure of a plasma microwave generator with ultrashort pulses and a relativistic energy level is described.


DOI : 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2018.18007 In this study, with intent to find out novel anti-biofilm and antiviral agents, a series of amide  derivatives were synthesized and their structures were elucidated by FT-IR and 1H-NMR and  13C-NMR and MS methods. And also, their purity were proven by TLC, HPLC and elemental  analyses. And finally, the synthesized compounds were examined for their biofilm formation  and swarming motility inhibitory activities in P. aeruginosa PA01. These compounds were  found to reduce biofilm formation by 8.7-25.6% and swarming motility by 18.3-33.8% in P.  aeruginosa PA01 at a concentration of 200 μM. Besides, all of the compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against influenza A viruses. The plaque inhibition assays indicated  that compound 6 (N-(4-{[5-(ethylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]methyl}phenyl)-4-  fluorobenzamide) has considerable inhibitory effect on influenza A virus plaque formation.


This paper covers unavailability of line-of-sight radio links due to rain. To evaluate the rain effects over a communication system, it is essential to know the temporal and spatial evolution of rainfall rate. Long-term 1-min average rain-rate characteristics necessary for the design of microwave radio links are determined for central Poland. 1-min rain rate distributions are presented. It also describes comparison results of predicted attenuation obtained from ITU-R formula and empirical data at frequencies 11.5 GHz and 18.6 GHz.


To describe a new method for iris fixation of intraocular lens in the absence of capsular support during penetrating keratoplasty. Its a new technique of iris fixation of intraocular lens without capsular support during penetrating keratoplasty. This technique is used in cases with a healthy iris and partial or total absence of capsular support during penetrating keratoplasty. Tied Out Open Sky is a technique easy to perform for iris fixation of intraocular lens during penetrating keratoplasty. The big advantage is being able to tie off the intraocular lens off the eye and fasten it securely.


Economic Transformation Plan (ETP) has acknowledged that the accountancy professions are among the main characters in transforming Malaysia into a high income nation by 2020. However, there is a severe gap between the supply and demand of professional accountants in which Malaysia is required to boost the supply of accountants from 33,000 to 60,000 to meet the projected goal by 2020. The organizational culture in accounting firms is often being perceived as unfavourable which consequently lead to low job satisfaction among accountants. To bridge the deficiency gap, the job satisfaction among professional accountants has become a significant concern in Malaysia as it is the key driver for attraction and retention. Therefore, this experiment attempts to explore different organizational culture effects on the job satisfaction among the professional accountants. This study takes into account of knowledge sharing culture and four categories of culture in Competing Value Framework (CVF) namely clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy culture to address the concern of job satisfaction. Primary data is collected for this research by delivering self-administered questionnaire to a sample of 350 professional accountants in Malaysia accounting firms. The demographic profile of target respondents has been analysed in this study. Besides, the reliability and normality test, inferential analysis through Pearson Correlation test and Multiple Linear Regression analysis will be conducted to analyse the data collected from target respondents. This research attempts to contribute to Ministry of Human Resource Malaysia and Human Resources Management by providing insights into the need for changing the organizational culture in accounting firms to boost the job satisfaction among professional accountants.


Limb amputation causes impact in quality of life and professional aspects. Over the past few years, several progresses have being made in myoelectric control but the rejection rates of robotic prostheses are still high. This study evaluate muscle activation pattern of hand-arm movements. Participated of the study six volunteers (three amputees (AG) and three healthy individuals (CG)). Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect the patterns of muscle activation. Eight channels were placement in stump (AG) and upper limb (CG): four channels were equidistant positioned around the upper arm and the other four channels were equidistant positioned around the forearm. All participants performed two sequences of 18 continuous movements and each channel data was analyzed comparing groups and the complexity of movements. CG presents most channels activated with higher activation in extensor and flexor areas, always in accordance with analyzed movement. The channel activation in AG was not necessarily related to the targeted movements. The data suggest that the modification on muscles disposition, absence of muscle insertion and metabolic chance after amputation can alter the muscle activation in amputee limb during continuous movements.


The different species of Taccas are very spread in the Sambirano region, especially the Tacca leontopetaloides. Bush populations use Kabija starch as a substitute food. Analysis of minerals present as Ca, K, Mg, Na, P were determined. The results of the analysis indicate that the levels in mg / 100mg are 10.19, 45.93, 7.80, 1, 54, 11.99 for samples fresh (FMF) and 33.93, 128.64; 22,90; 4.50; 31,50 for the dry state (FMS) before storage. On the other hand, the mineral values decrease after 6 months of storage, the levels in mg / 100g, either, 5.04; 20.01; 2.99; 0.22; 4.22 for FMF and 13.22; 62; 9.89; 1.56; 13.55 for (FMS). In starch, nutritional values ash, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates are measured in g / 100g rates either, 0.30; 0.14; 0.09; 91.02 for (FMF) and 0.80; 0.15; 0.12; 87.07 for (FMS) before storage; water is present with 7.5% fresh (FMF) and 5.3% dry (FMS). After 6 months of storage, nutrient levels decrease by 0.1 g / 100 g; 0.08 / 100g; 0.05 / 100g; 40 / 100g for (FMF) and 0.5 / 100g; 0.08 / 100g; 0.07 / 100g; 38.89 for (FMS); water also decreased with 4% for (FMF) and 3% for (FMS). But, it is necessary to do the study on anti-nutrients like Polyphenols, Oxalate and Saponins. The levels in starch should be lower than 2.01 mg / 100 g for Phenols, 140 mg / 100 g Oxalates and 60 mg / 100 g Saponins for (FMF) and 3.6 mg / 100 g; 270.8mg / 100g; 23mg / 100g for (FMS). Anti-nutrients levels also decrease after storage. First and foremost, quality control and microbiological analysis before and after storage are very important for food safety.


Abstract Atomistic simulations of the self-trapped hole eauilibrium geometry and migration in a pure corundum crystal have been carried out using the semiempirical method of intermedia te neglect of differential overlap and atom-atom potentials, as implemented in the CASCADE code. The activation energies for three different hole-hopping mechanisms are calculated. It is shown that the 60° reorientations of a self-trapped hole and hopping to the nearest O-atom triangle reauire almost the same activation energy, approximately 0.9 eV, which agrees auite well with the experi-mental value for hole migration of 0.7 eV. A new mechanism of small-polaron motion is suggested.


This paper deals with a new method of synthesizing oxygen carrier——manganese complex using trimethylsilyl anion as ligand. The reversible oxygenation and the thermal s tability of the complex have been investigated. The compound has been identitied by elemental analysis, IR, ~1H NMR and TG spectra.


Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) will be employed in the CMS MTD and ATLAS HGTD upgrades to mitigate the high levels of pile-up events expected in the High Luminosity phase of the LHC. Over the last several years, much attention has been focused on designing radiation-tolerant gain implants to ensure that these sensors survive the expected fluence (>1015 neq/cm2). This work reports several effects observed during our previous studies on two relevant phenomena Single Event Burnout (SEB) and carrier density-induced Gain Suppression (GS). Influence of irradiation level, pad configuration and gain layer depth on SEB are discussed. In this paper, we also extend GS study with a new insight into the spatio-temporal dynamics of charge transport in LGAD, probed with a focused ion beam.


From annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Biophysik; Juelich, Germany (27 Sep 1973). A model investigation was made of the aldehyde dehydrogenase in yeast in order to determine whether the radiation-induced loss of K/sup +/ ions will have different effects on the cell metabolism, depending on the K/sup +/ activation of a reaction. This enzyme is activated by K/sup +/ ions and is inhibited by an excess amount of substrate, with the K/sup +/ activation decreasing with increasing substrate inhibition. This system was chosen as it allows the K/sup +/ content and K/sup +/ activation to be varied within a wide range and therefore lends itself to a more differentiated study of the effects of radiation-induced losses of K/sup +/ ions. Different substrate concentrations and extracellular K/sup +/ concentrations were used for the experiment and it was found that irradiation with 200 kR always results in a loss of K/sup +/ ions of equal order of magnitude, in spite of the variation of parameters. The same amount of last K/sup +/ ions, however, caused various changes in the respiration rate, depending on the substrate concentration. The results show that equal K/ sup +/ losses will have a different effectmore » that depends on the ability of the system under investigation to be activated by K/sup +/ ions. Radiation-induced losses of K/sup +/ ions will have only a minor effect on O/sub 2/ consumption if the system's activation by K/sup +/ ions is weak, whereas in the opposite case, already small losses of K/sup +/ ions will induce considerable changes in O/sub 2/ consumption. (GE)« less


The paper investigates research collaborations where one partner performs R&D at an initial stage whereas the second partner subsequently invests in the success of a joint project. We allow for any degree of uncertainty of the project's success. It is shown that exclusive ownership of one partner necessarily triggers suboptimal initial research even if renegotiation is admitted. Conversely, joint ownership in form of an equity joint venture or a contingent ownership structure (an option-to-buy arrangement) may facilitate an efficient outcome. In equilibrium, the initially chosen governance structure is always renegotiated which conforms well with empirical evidence.


As part of the festival of contemporary art, galerie des petits carreaux's exhibition on the theme of drawing, in which Kivland showed a number of works on paper, of underwear and revolutionary tendencies.


A debtor-friendly bankruptcy regime limits the amount of assets creditors can seize from distressed individuals. In response, creditors may redistribute credit towards richer and more able individuals. We show that increasing the amount of asset protection in bankruptcy (exemptions) leads to higher income inequality in the state. Using geographic variation in banking market structure and variation in capital needs across industries, we show that the increase in income inequality is mediated by a credit market channel. We analyze different population groups and find that the increase in inequality is driven by a growing income gap between unskilled and skilled individuals that affects both self-employed and wage workers. We also find a drop in the employment rate and in the relative wage of unskilled workers. Our results indicate that the redistribution of credit leads to an imbalance in economic opportunities among entrepreneurs that reduces the aggregate demand for unskilled labor.


This study is not intended to be a prescriptive blueprint for any nation or region to fight terrorism, but rather it aims to analyze the development of policies supporting terrorism and their impact on regional as well as international relations. It is an examination of relevant facts, which might hopefully benefit policy makers and practitioners who diligently work on reducing or eliminating terrorist activities.,In order to achieve the objectives of the paper and in light of the pool of the available literature and data, the study adopts the system-analysis method in analyzing the impact of policies supporting terrorism and the countermeasures to apply based on the inputs, outputs and conversions associated with the phenomenon of terrorism.,Policies supporting terrorism differ from a state to another starting from providing safe haven to terrorist groups to providing direct finance and armaments to directly intervening militarily in a targeting country. Or deter such policies. This raised the concerns of many States in the region regarding the domination tendency of Turkey and called for a firm and pragmatic international, regional and Arab stand beyond verbal condemnation to deter Turkey from pursuing such policies.,The importance of the academic study stems from the importance of addressing one of the central issues in the field of regional and international relations, which is the policies some states adopt to support terrorism, not only by financing terrorism but also by incubating terrorism. Most studies on terrorism focus on the concept and situations and not on policies that support terrorism and their impact on regional and international relations and the means of encountering terrorism.


this review the articles addressed. We then extracted relevant data from each of these 45 articles, including details on biopsy protocol(s) used (such as number of cores and prostate regions from which cores were extracted), number and percentage of cancers found, average Gleason score for cancers found, specimen packaging and labeling techniques used, and outcomes of packaging and labeling protocols. We analyzed data from these studies to determine the influence of core number, core location, and saturation technique on CDR, NPV, surgical pathology concordance, and detection of insignificant cancers. We evaluated data regarding specimen processing to determine the influence of location-based labeling of cores on risk stratification, therapeutic planning, and assessment of biopsy adequacy. We then conducted a second comprehensive search of PubMed using the following search terms:


An on-line measuring equipment of shape and flatness for hot rolled strip is introduced. It employs a n ×m matrix laser source which illuminates obliquely on the surface of hot rolled strip, a CCD camera which captures the scattered reflection images from laser spots, a digital image processing system through which the shape information will be extracted, and a computer which computes on-line longitudinal elongations at various locations along strip width. The practical measuring results in Hot Plate Rolling Plant of Panzhihua Iron and Steel Co. prove thatthe technical scheme can meet the requirement of industrial application.


Abstract : Air Force pilots and other operators make crucial mission planning decisions based on weather forecasts; therefore, the ability to forecast the weather accurately is a critical issue to Air Force Weather (AFW) and its customers. The goal of this research is to provide Air Force Weather with a methodology to automate statistical data analysis for the purpose of providing on-demand metrics. A data warehousing methodology is developed and applied to the weather metrics problem in order to present an option that will facilitate on-demand metrics. On-line analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining solutions are also discussed.


In this paper we focus on the process of matching parsed natural language input with tagged video content in a database. The work is being undertaken as part of a new spoken dialogue system, ISIS-NL, a subcomponent of the EPSRC-funded ISIS project (EP/E028640/1), which aims to further safety on public transport through use of a multimodal sensor network. Here we describe the manner in which natural language input to a video retrieval system is parsed using dependency trees, and the way in which the parse is refined to accommodate increasing levels of detail, until finally it can be matched with corresponding database content that can be presented as a viewable video sequence.


Recent developments in power systems to build a smart grid depend critically on communication networks which provide unprecedented advantages for comprehensive system visibility, monitoring, protection, and control. However, it increases the system complexity and vulnerability to cyberattacks that could jeopardize the seamless system operation. The attack must be detected effectively, and then proper measures to mitigate the effect quickly to restore normality. This work implements a reduced-order $H_{\infty }$ filter to simultaneously estimate the state variable and unknown inputs such as noise or attack signals in the automatic generation control (AGC) system. Further, the knowledge of the disturbances is utilized to mitigate the attack by appropriately compensating the sensor readings, such that the control decisions are based on the correct states, not the corrupted signals generated in the attack scenario. The stability criterion is provided based on Lyapunov functions to check the estimation error in the presence of the exogenous disturbance. Further, the proposed $H_{\infty }$ estimator performance is evaluated by comparing it with the Kalman filter to verify its effectiveness. The estimator's performance is validated by developing a cosimulation platform using the server–client architecture of data exchange. Further, the performance is validated in a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) platform used as the power system interacting with an estimator deployed on Raspberry Pi board sensing the attacks.


Osteoarthritis is associated with changes to the matrix composition of subchondral bone. Raman spectroscopy has the potential to detect in vivo the molecular changes in osteoarthritic subchondral bone. The objectives were to determine the levels of mineralisation, carbonate accumulation and bone remodelling in osteoarthritic subchondral bone, which we defined as within 3mm of articular cartilage. This was compared to the proximal-compartment (10mm distal to articular cartilage) and the head-neck junction. Five osteoarthritic (average age: 76 years) and five normal cadaveric femoral heads (average age: 72 years) were scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography and then sectioned coronally. Raman spectroscopy was then used to scan the femoral heads. All scans were done in the plane of the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis. Cores were subsequently extracted and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis performed to determine the levels of homotrimeric collagen. The phosphate-to-amide I ratio, from the Raman spectra, in osteoarthritic subchondral bone was significantly greater than controls (p=0.023). Within osteoarthritic specimens, the phosphate-to-amide I ratio increased proximally. The density in osteoarthritic subchondral bone was 89mg/cm3 higher than controls (p=0.022), and 494mg/cm3 higher than the osteoarthritic proximal-compartment (p


It is seldom appreciated that successful atrioventricular conduction can be
represented by a P-R interval approaching, and even exceeding, 1 s. We
present several examples of unusually long P-R inte


How cell fate is determined following extreme stress is a core question in cell biology. This is particularly important in the brain where neuronal death following ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability. Over the last few years it has emerged that the SUMOylation status of an increasing number of substrate proteins plays a crucial role in cellular responses to environmental and metabolic stress. SUMOylation is a post‐translational modification in which the 97‐residue protein, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin‐related MOdifier) is covalently attached to specific lysine residues in a target protein. Despite being covalent, it is a highly transient modification because of the actions of deSUMOylation enzymes, so SUMO conjugation acts as a rapidly reversible switch that can promote or inhibit protein interactions with the substrate protein. Overall, it appears that increased SUMOylation represents a cellular protective response. Here we discuss recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms, pathways, and roles of SUMOylation during and after severe metabolic stress. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(2):71–77, 2014


In this paper, the design of microstrip patch antenna fed by Halfmode Substrate Integrated Waveguide (HMSIW) is presented. The proposed microstrip patch antenna is placed at an inset in the open end of the HMSIW separated by a narrow slot. The HMSIW is excited to generate dominant TE10HM mode. The amount of inset of the patch in the HMSIW helps to get impedance matching and as a result, the incident wave couples easily from HMSIW to patch antenna. The proposed antenna resonates at 10.5 GHz with the bandwidth of 500 MHz (4.76%) and cross polarization level lower than -21dB.


Objective:To evaluate application effect of skeletal anchorage implant in the treatment of skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion during postpermanent dentition.Method:11 cases of skeletal class Ⅲ malocclusion patients were selected,7 males and 4 females,aged 15 to 29 years old,average 19.5 years old.Molar relationship was class Ⅲ and the profile was concave.Lower jaw could not retreat,ANB angle ≤-1.5 °.Malocclusion abnormalities varied,three-dimensional uncoordinated was obvious.All cases were treated with fixed appliance,all designed mandibular third molar extraction,using skeletal anchorage implants to adduction lower arch.Result:All patients' profile improved significantly after treatment,anterior crossbite was corrected,canine and molar relationship was class Ⅰ.Treatment time was minimum 17-month,up to 35 months,an average of 24 months.Conclusion:Skeletal anchorage implant can achieve sub or full mandibular arch distal movement,to avoid the side effects of type Ⅲ traction,and also applies to Ⅲ malocclusion associated with three-dimensional uncoordinated.


Measurements in vertical upward concurrent slug flows are presented. The experiments, carried with mixtures of air and water and a viscous aqueous solution, were aimed to the characterization of the structures that form the slug flow. Double-wire conductive probes were carefully designed and calibrated to identify and to measure the slug flow and the structures that constitute the so-called slug-cell model. The variables measured were: the frequency of the slug-cell, the length of the liquid slug, the velocity and the length of the elongated bubble, the thickness of the liquid film surrounding the elongated bubble and the void fraction in the liquid slug. Comparisons between these measured quantities and results of correlation frequently adopted in the literature are presented and discussed.


A high-accuracy CMOS interface for differential capacitive sensors using a time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented for high-accuracy ratiometric operation. A capacitance-to-time converter (CTC) is developed based on a switched-capacitor (SC) sample/hold (S/H) circuit and an integrator. The proposed TDC achieves high resolution without using higher frequency clock signals. The Performances of the proposed CMOS interface are simulated by HSPICE. Simulated results have demonstrated that the proposed interface can convert the difference-to-sum ratio of sensor capacitors to digital numbers. The resolutions of 11.3 bits are achieved with calibration. The maximum nonlinear errors are smaller than ± 0.55 LSB. A prototype circuit built using discrete components has confirmed the principles of operation.


Low-carbon economy will be the future trend of the world's development.It will bring new opportunities to new energy,environmental protection and other new industries.The future development will not divorce from energy in China and this is also a prerequisite to a large extent.From the perspective of low-carbon economy,the paper discusses the existed problems of the resources tax system for the development of low-carbon economy,learns from the developed countries's experiences in recources tax system and other related tax system.Then it gives some suggestions on the recources tax system to promote the development of low-carbon economy in China.


A new efficiency optimization method on induction motor control which does not require extra hardware and is insensitive to motor parameters is presented in the paper. The relationship between the stator current minimum and the loss minimum in the vector control system is investigated. A fuzzy logic based search method is implemented by TMS320F2812 fixed-point DSP. Simulation and experimental results are presented in the paper to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach


This paper presents an overview of the Xerox PARC levitating media transport, including initial experimental results. The levitating media transport is a closed-loop MEMS-based motion control system that employs 12 in. x 12 in. arrays of directed air jets to levitate and control the motion of planar objects, such as sheets of paper, without contacting them. An array of 32,000 optical sensors (photodiodes) senses the position of the media in real-time, while 1,152 air jet actuators apply distributed control forces to the object being transported. Initial results have demonstrated closed-loop positioning accuracies on the order of 50 microns. Trajectory tracking accuracies are substantially larger in this very preliminary data, reflecting the primitive controller used for these initial experiments. ∗ Presented at Micromechatronics 2000.


Introduction Health care professionals working in primary and specialized care typically search for medical information from Internet sources. In Finland, Physician's Databases are online portals aimed at professionals seeking medical information. As dosage errors may occur when prescribing medication to children, professionals' need for reliable medical information has increased in public health care centers and hospitals. Influenza continues to be a public health threat, with young children at risk of developing severe illness and easily transmitting the virus. Oseltamivir is used to treat children with influenza. The objective of this study was to compare searches for children's oseltamivir and influenza diagnoses in primary and specialized care, and to determine if the searches could aid detection of influenza outbreaks. Methods We compared searches in Physician's Databases for children's oral suspension of oseltamivir (6 mg/mL) for influenza diagnoses of children under 7 years and laboratory findings of influenza A and B from the National Infectious Disease Register. Searches and diagnoses were assessed in primary and specialized care across Finland by season from 2012–2016. The Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) calculated seasonal starts and ends, and paired differences in the mean compared two indicators. Correlation was tested to compare seasons. Results We found that searches and diagnoses in primary and specialized care showed visually similar patterns annually. The MEM-calculated starting weeks in searches appeared mainly in the same week. Oseltamivir searches in primary care preceded diagnoses by −1.0 weeks (95% CI: −3.0, −0.3; p = 0.132) with very high correlation (τ = 0.913). Specialized care oseltamivir searches and diagnoses correlated moderately (τ = 0.667). Conclusion Health care professionals' searches for children's oseltamivir in online databases linked with the registers of children's influenza diagnoses in primary and specialized care. Therefore, database searches should be considered as supplementary information in disease surveillance when detecting influenza epidemics.


The treaty remains violate after extraneous manufacturer entering the supply chain.A punitive measure,extra benefit for breach of contra ct,collaboration excess return,benefit share coefficient are introduced into the evolutionary game matrices and break-even point and saddle point can be found by evolutionary game method.On this basis,evolution stability of both strateg ies is analyzed under different conditions from the view of the manufacturers in ternal and external the supply chain.Studies show that manufacturers' strategy choice internal and external the supply chain is not only affected by extra ben efit for breach of contract and relative size of collaboration excess return,but also by the other party "default " probability.


The esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol is studied using Sulfonated Porous Carbon (SPC) as catalyst. In compare to the amorphous sugar catalyst and protonated Nafion, the proposed catalyst shows stability and high efficient performance in biodiesel production. The highest initial rate of oleic acid conversion is obtained at catalyst loading of 1 mmol H + and mole ratio of MeOH/Oleic acid of 10. The prepared Sulfonated Porous Carbon reused at least


about the underrepresentation of nonfiction books in the literature that is offered to young readers. My interactions with educators, librarians, and publishers have provided me with many dramatic examples. When I visit schools or give speeches, I am inevitably told that I am the first nonfiction author to visit or to speak. When I survey publishers' catalogues, I routinely count far more fiction books than nonfiction. When I ask teachers in


The formation of Fe- and Mg-rich smectite and zeolite under alkaline conditions, as secondary minerals after the alkaline alteration of bentonite in repositories for radioactive waste, is of major concern. It is crucial for safety assessments to know whether smectite is formed as a secondary mineral after the alkaline alteration of bentonite. In the present paper, Fe- and Mg-rich smectite, which interacted with the hyperalkaline groundwater at Narra in Palawan, Philippines, was used. Mineralogical and geochemical investigation was conducted to understand the formation process of the smectite and the factors determining the formation of secondary mineral species. The results suggest that a certain amount of smectite may be generated under hyperalkaline conditions, by alteration from amorphous or poorly crystalline components such as M-S-H and F-S-H. Therefore, the controlling factor determining whether smectite or zeolite will be generated as secondary minerals after alkaline alteration of bentonite could be whether nuclei of M-S-H and/or F-S-H are formed. Whether such formation takes place may be determined by the presence of dissolved Mg2+ and Fe2+ in the environment. The formation process of smectite under alkaline conditions, suggested by the results here, is analogous to the generally accepted model of smectite formation as it may have occurred on early Mars.


The role of technology in language pedagogy and learning is significant both in EFL and ESL contexts. Educational technology facilitates language teachers to enhance their teaching practices by implementing certain strategies to assist learners to achieve their academic goals successfully. However, the adoption and effective use of technology in EFL classes depends on the positive attitudes of the learners. An attempt was made to explore EFL learners' attitude towards technology-enhanced instructions of reading comprehension at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of 60 male EFL learners, divided into two groups. The research tools used for collecting the data were quantitative approach and an attitude scale questionnaire to explore the learners' attitude towards Active Reading Software (ARS) instruction. The experimental group received four-week treatment in the computer labs using ARS. The analysis of data showed positive attitudes of EFL learners toward Active Reading Software as a learning tool in improving reading comprehension achievement. of the two groups. Findings showed that the experimental group outperformed the participants in the