The main purpose of this paper is to study the saturated magnetization and demagnetization characteristics of NdFeB permanent magnets (PMs) in pulsed magnetic field, in order to provide experimental data support for the post-assembly magnetization of PM motor. For this purpose, we designed and fabricated a pulsed magnet, which had a bore of 80 mm and maximum field of 7 T. the pulsed magnet was energized by a 1 MJ capacitor bank, which can realize the switching of pulsed magnetization and AC demagnetization respectively. The residual magnetization of the PM blocks was measured by a Helmholtz coil. Finally, the experimental results indicate that the saturated magnetization field of a non-magnetized N38SH NdFeB PM block is 2.65 T. But after AC demagnetization, the saturated magnetization field increased to 3.18 T. Thermal demagnetization can bring the PM block to the initial state, and 2.55 T is enough for saturated magnetization.


The paper discusses the role of basic sciences in the development of technology. This is then tied up with the broader issue of the importance of scientific and technological knowledge in the socio-economic development of a country. Physics forms the basis for most of the natural and applied sciences and technology. The state of physics in Africa is reviewed. The need for regional and international cooperation in physics education and research in Africa is stressed.


s submitted, at our national meetings has remained remarkably stable, with an average of 146 abstracts per year in the 41 years for which these data are available, with the exception of a few unusually high years. These exceptions have occurred on special occasions, such as our 50th Anniversary meeting in 1975, *Presidential address: 86th Annual Meeting, American Society of Parasitologists, 3 June 2011, Sheraton Anchorage Hotel and Spa, Anchorage, Alaska. DOI: 10.1645/GE-2980.1 FIGURE 1. Contrast between American Society of Parasitologist (ASP) membership and meeting participation (based on abstracts submitted) for years for which these data are available since the Society's founding in 1924. *Abstract numbers are not available for years of ASP's joint meetings with the International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA). Inset details membership over last 10 yr. J. Parasitol., 97(6), 2011, pp. 967–973 F American Society of Parasitologists 2011


First part of this thesis was focused on determination of antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in 4 selected herbs ? nettle, mint, linden and elderberry. For determination, ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays were used. The three metods, ABTS, DPPH and FRAP were used for this purpose. The metods ABTS and DPPH are based on the radical scavenging activity, the FRAP assay is based on ability polyphenols to reduced ferric complex. The antioxidant capacity of herbal tea bags, tea leaves and collected herbs was determined using these optimized methods.
HPLC separation of phenolic compounds in selected herbs was optimized. For separation of polyphenols the Ascentis Express column was chosen and gradient elution methanol/water (v/v) with addition of formic acid was used. The final part of thesis is focused on identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in selected herbs using optimized HPLC method coupled with UV detection.


In situations where granules flocculated with polymeric binders were compressed, the applicability of the theoretical compression equation, which was previously derived considering the granule volume as the real starting point of the bed compression, was tested. The experimental results and the theoretical compression equation showed good agreement over the whole range of experimental conditions; variation of the type of binder, granule size, size distribution, ratio and compression rate and the compression constant was shown to be the same value as granule porosity.


2582 Background: Veliparib (V) is a potent PARP inhibitor that delays repair of DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents. In metastatic breast cancer pts, we evaluated V with doxorubicin (A) and cyclophosphamide (C) given both on day 1 with V at 100 mg po BID for 7 days post-chemotherapy every 21 days, to increase DNA damage. We report use of γH2AX, (phosphorylated histone protein), a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to assess DNA damage. We evaluated number of CTCs and percentage of γH2AX-positive CTCs pre- and post-treatment. Methods: Eligibility included prior A ≤ 300 mg/m2 and EF ≥ 50%. Further A was omitted after a cumulative dose of 420 mg/m2. Primary objective was to assess DNA damage response to treatment by measuring γH2AX-positive CTCs during cycle 1 on days 1 (pre-treatment), 2, 7, and 14. Cell Search System was used to enumerate CTCs. γH2AX was quantitated using a validated assay. Results: Eleven pts enrolled. Median age was 53 (34 – 73); median ECOG P...


Software Development Methodologies have survived a never ending evolving era, ever since it first came in horizon. Amongst the several methodologies, only Object–Oriented Methodology has been able to see the dawn of the day. Object–Oriented Methodology survived all the critics as well as the rapid changes in the software development industry. But is it braced for the future yet? The paper is oriented towards the existing Object– Oriented Software Development Methodologies. A brief discussion involving their origin and focus of the methodologies is given followed by a review of UML. We discuss the various approaches taken up by various methodologies. The discussion facilitates for the key notes for the survival of Object Oriented Methodologies.


The flow and performance characteristics of a S-shaped diffusing duct having an area ratio of 1.9, length of 300 mm and turning angle of 22.5°/22.5° have been experimentally investigated to establish the effect of swirl. The static pressure, total pressure, velocity and turbulence intensity are measured using a calibrated five-hole probe and constant-temperature hot-wire probe. The performance parameters are evaluated based on the mass-averaged quantities. A significant improvement in the pressure recovery coefficient is observed for swirl flow from 0.36 to 0.54. The improvement is observed for both, clockwise and anti-clockwise swirl, the improvement being higher for clockwise swirl. Flow uniformity at the exit is more uniform for clockwise swirl at the inlet.


In the second session of the first NPC,Deng Zihui,the vice premier at that time,gave a governament work report entitled"The Report of Comprehensive Planning on Permanently Harnessing Yellow River and Developing Yellow Water Conservancy",which not only made a planning and exposition of the necessity,possibility and the fundamental policy of harnessing Yellow river,but also made a detailed discussion of the basic framework of Sanmenxia Multipurpose Dam Project.However,in this"Comprehensive Planning Report"which had a context of times of left premature advance and which effected a decisive influence on the decision-making process of Sanmenxia Multipurpose Dam Project,existed some serious mistakes.


The exposure to UVA and UVB radiation is responsible for damaging the skin's natural defence, having mechanism various adverse effects, from sunburns to skin cancer. The skin application of cosmetic products that possess photo protective activity raises some concerns associated with the toxicity of the synthetic organic UV filters used on market today. Thus, it is necessary to develop new photo protective products based on safe to use UV filters. The objective of study was to encapsulate several non-toxic benzimidazole derivatives, which absorb in the UVA and UVB domains, into lipid nanostructures in order to improve their photo protective action. The developed lipid nanostructures were embedded into topical cosmetic emulsions and the obtained preparations were evaluated in vitro for their sun protection factor (SPF).


The article deals with study of system of medical care of population of Novokuybyshevsk, the forth city by its population size in the Samara oblast in 2006-2010. The natural loss of population continue to persist against the background of stabilization of indicators of morbidity. The stable medical support ofpopulation of city by main types of medical care is noted. One of the modern organizational approaches is implemented through the pilot project of enhancement of quality of medical services in health care organized on the base of Novokuybyshevsk central municipal hospital. The corporate territorial medical center can be approved as a resource-saving technology. The center is a complex of independent curative preventive institutions of Novokuybyshevsk and three of adjacent rural municipal regions which are mutually associated both functionally and organizationally.


We report the simulation of photonic crystals by holographic interference. In this article, different parameters such as azimuth angle, polarization angle, incident angle and phase degree are discussed, and the influences of them to interference patterns are studied. For 3 + 1 beams, the incidence angle influent the structure period, the phase degree doesn't influent interference structure, the azimuth angle and polarization can change the structure. The azimuth angle change makes triangle claw structure elongate and intercourse and the polarization makes the contrast change. The simulation result paves a way for the optimized fabrication of structures by holographic lithography.


Diphenhydramine HCl, benzonatate, guaifenesin and phenylephrine HCl are coformulated together in Bronchofree TM capsule in the ratio of 2.5:10:10:1 respectively. Literature review showed only one reported HPLC method for this mixture. Simultaneous chemometricassisted spectrophotometric analysis of the multi-component dosage form has been carried out using two chemometric methods. These methods includes partial least squares (PLS-1) and PLS-1 proceeded by genetic algorithm (GA-PLS). Results demonstrated the efficiency of the two methods as quantitative tool of analysis of the four components without any interference of the excipient added, that eliminates the need for preliminary extraction of analytes from the pharmaceutical formulation. The four analytes were determined precisely using the afore-mentioned methods in an independent data set as well as in dosage form after optimization of the experimental conditions.Both methods are robust,accurate and precise in addition to their remarkable simplicity in comparison to other sophisticated techniques such as HPLC.


Reaction of tert-Butyl 3,5-diaminobenzoate with cyanuric chloride gives triazine-based macrocycle 1 in 44.3% yield, which was characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometery and el...


Review(s) of: MacDonald, Margaret Read, Twenty tellable tales: audience participation folktales for the beginning Ssoryteller. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. 240p, $US28.00, soft cover ISBN 0838908934.


Polishing system disclosed herein and methods for removing conductive material from microelectronic substrates (e.g., precious metals) used. The method comprises several embodiments in an aperture formed in the substrate material, the conductive material is disposed on the substrate material and the aperture, and a filling material disposed on the conductive material. The filler material at least partially filling the aperture. Then polishing the substrate material to remove at least a portion of said conductive material and said filler material in said aperture outside, during which the filler material is substantially prevented from polishing the conductive material in the substrate material during the applicator into the aperture.


[Objective] Considering the local weather,soil,disease and other factors of Shaoguan City and to assess whether these species could be promoted in the region,investigated the adaptability,yield,resistance and other agronomic traits of the eleven new rice species.[Methods] With reference to Jinyou207,did a random repeat field trial for the eleven new hybrid early rice species to investigate the resistance,yield and other agronomic traits and used the LSD method to test the difference statistically significant.[Result] The results showed that Hyou159,Yinfengyou9008,Tianyou9802,Jinchangyou196,Wufengyou9802,T215you602 had higher yield than the control group.Moreover,Hyou159,T215you602,Jiyouhuazhan and Quanfengyou2155 got better resistance than the control group.[Conclusion] Hyou159,T215you602 were suitable for further field trial and promotional cultivation,however,Minyou2629 was not appropriate for cultivation in the district,and other species need more tests.


In Scientific Writing, the writer will discuss the difficulties in the process of calculating the field rental and preparing reports on a futsal field rental place that still use manual way, and solve the problem by making an application that can simplify the operator in his work and to reduce the human error factor that can disadvantage to the owner of the futsal field. This rental application creation using the ERD, normalization, flowchart program menu structure, and structure of the database. In scientific writing, the writer will use one of the database management program is Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Microsoft Access 2003 as the database.


Purpose: To evaluate a convolution and Monte Carlo based non‐transmission portal dosimetry method used to reconstruct a 3D dose distribution. Method and Materials: Raw images acquired by an amorphous siliconelectronic portal imaging device(EPID) were deconvolved with a scatter kernel to determine a 2D primary energy fluence distribution. The scatter kernel was characterized by two components: a Monte Carlo simulated dose deposition kernel scored in the scintillation screen, and an iteratively optimized optical photon‐spreading (or "glare") kernel initialized by the tail of a measured in‐air fluence profile. The derived primary energy fluence was converted into a phase space file and used as a source input for the Electron Gamma Shower (EGS) user code DOSXYZnrc for Monte Carlo calculation. The reconstructed 3D dose distribution was verified by comparison with a measured beam profile and PDD data. Results: The glare kernel was determined to be the dominating component of the scatter kernel, while the dose kernel correction exhibited longer‐range radial extent from the central axis of the beamlet. The derived primary energy fluence demonstrated a similar trend as the in‐air fluence measurement, and was in good agreement with the penumbra tails. The reconstructed beam profile and PDD for a 10×10 cm2 open‐field were in excellent agreement with photodiode and ionization chamber measurements. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential for pretreatment IMRT verification using the primary fluence extracted from an EPID to reconstruct a Monte Carlo calculated 3D dose distribution in a patient's planning CT‐scan. Future work will include dose normalization and a more comprehensive validation measurement scheme before moving to a comparison of a 3D dose volume between treatment planning system and EPID reconstruction.


A general machinery for constructing flows from approximate flows has recently been introduced in the work "Flows driven by rough paths", where it was used to give a simple approach to the core results on rough differential equations. This framework is wider though, and allows to extend the standard theory of stochastic flows beyond the setting of ItôStratonovich integration theory. This requires to introduce a setting in which (random) velocity fields are lifted to enriched objects, in the same spirit as rough paths theory. The integration theory of these objects is simple in the above-mentioned setting of approximate flows and shares the same benefits as Lyons' theory : the continuity of the solution map. This continuity result is the key step to get a quick access to interesting homognization results for fast-slow dynamics, by lifting these systems into the setting of rough flows, and by combining deterministic and probabilistic arguments.


It uses the finite element method and experiments in square ram of TX6916 CNC milling machine to carry out the analysis of dynamic characteristics.It uses FEA software ANSYS to do the modal analysis on square ram which establish a finite element model of modal analysis based on the three-dimensional solid model,then studies the undam ped free vibration.The ten step natural frequencies and its corresponding vibration modes are obtained.Comparing test data and the results of finite element analysis,the result verify the reasonableness of finite element model.Then it discusses the reasons for the error and provides the important basis for dynamic design and optimal design of the milling machine.


In this paper the definition of electromagnetic compatibility in the context of testing vehicle components and complete vehicles was presented. Potential threats resulting from particular EMC phenomena in vehicles were presented. Analysis of the areas identified in obligatory and non-obligatory normative documents was made. The areas which, in the opinion of the authors, should be incorporated into the obligatory normative documents were indicated. The substantive justification for the need to conduct EMC tests and analysis at the design, prototyping stage, before implementation, and periodically during operation (for justified cases) was presented. Good engineering practices in the field of eliminating the negative effects of EMC phenomena were indicated. Authors described how the change in the approach to EMC issues increases the vehicles safety.


Da Costa Lima et al.1 examined factors related to childhood infection in relation to adolescent asthma in Brazil and highlighted a weak increased risk for breastfeeding as being of particular interest. We note that there are several factors that might contribute to a spurious positive association.

One issue is confounding. Of the large number of early-life factors examined, the authors found the strongest association with number of people sharing a bedroom, but the authors did not adjust the breastfeeding associations presented in Table 3 for this variable. Although they report a lack of confounding of the breastfeeding associations by "crowding" in the text, they do not specify which crowding variable, nor their criteria for determining confounding. It would be useful for the reader to see the breastfeeding associations adjusted for both crowding variables along with the other potential confounders.

Selection bias may have occurred. Five percent of the original cohort had died before the follow-up in 2000. If, as has been reported in Brazil,2 breastfeeding reduced mortality from respiratory infection (a risk factor for future asthma), the selective loss of asthma-prone children with less breastfeeding could introduce a spurious positive association. The lower follow-up rate among the poorest children could produce the same effect, because low income was protective for asthma in these data and longer duration of breastfeeding was recently reported to be more common among low-income women in this cohort.3 Showing the relevant data on subjects without follow-up would be useful.

Differential exposure misclassification may also have occurred, because higher-income women in this cohort have been reported to overestimate breastfeeding duration and their children have a higher prevalence of asthma.4 Looking at income as an effect modifier would help.

Some mothers may delay weaning because of early respiratory infection, a risk factor for later asthma. The authors could present data to address this possible bias away from the null, because the original questionnaire included information on early asthma/wheeze.

The message that breastfeeding may cause asthma later in life could discourage the practice in some women, despite disclaimers that the breast is still best. Given the potential public health impact of these results, we would like to see more information that would allow evaluation of the likelihood and possible magnitude of bias.


The purpose of this paper is to explore business opportunity for the Fast Food Corporation by determining the frequency of consumption of fast food by customers and preferences of the customers regarding the offerings of this firm for the city of Dhaka. A survey has been carried out among prospective customers and their preferences regarding type of burger, flavour, spiciness etc has been determined. Also, the price they are ready to pay for the same has been ascertained. The results suggest that most customers prefer spicy food, BBQ, grill and masala flavours and chicken and beef are favourites. The value of this paper lies in the fact that by determining customer behavior regarding fast food consumption, it will help the firm to offer a menu which is to the liking of the local people in Dhaka and also within the price range that the customers are prepared to pay.


Scholars and practitioners agree that parents' words and actions can affect media's impact on their children, both positively and negatively (Roberts, 1981; Robertson, 1979; Vandewater, Park, Huang, & Wartella, 2005). Grounded in a firm theoretical foundation with substantial attention to instrument development, a case has been made for the existence of three distinct styles of parental mediation (Valkenburg, Krcmar, Peeters, & Marseille, 1999). The three styles, labeled in slightly different ways by various researchers, are instructive mediation, restrictive mediation, and social coviewing. Instructive mediation can be defined as parental guidance and explanation of television so that children can better understand the formal and informal features of this medium and its content. Such mediation can be overt or subtle. Examples include parents describing the persuasive nature of cereal commercials or offering comments that suggest either approval or disapproval of a character's depicted behaviors. While this mediation style is thought to be the least often used, it is the most influential in providing children with solid critical viewing skills (Nathanson, 2002). It has been shown that this type of active mediation is associated with various positive outcomes among children, including an awareness that violent television content can have a negative effect on viewers (Nathanson, 2001), higher levels of skepticism regarding news media (Austin, 1993), a better understanding of television plots (Desmond, Singer, Singer, Calam, & Colimore, 1985), and reducing the effects of advertising (Buijzen & Valkenburg, 2005). In fact, most media education curricula focus on this approach to teach youth about the production, business, and substance of television (Corder-Bolz, 1982; Dorr, Graves, & Phelps, 1980). Restrictive mediation involves explicit rule making and/or employs technological devices to control what and when children watch. Parents use this mediation style when they limit the number of hours per week or restrict the channels and programs watched. For example, when parents forbid their children from watching television until their homework is completed, it is restrictive mediation. Two-thirds of parents of very young children (ages 0 to 6) indicate that they have rules about television time and eighty-eight percent report rules about specific programming (Vandewater et al., 2005). It is possible to alter children's media use by employing forms of restrictive mediation; a recent and successful media reduction intervention had parents installed a TV allowanceH on the household TV sets, electronically limiting the third and fourth graders' weekly viewing times (Robinson & Borzekowski, 2006). The use of restrictive mediation is not always positive; Dutch researchers have found that restrictive mediation is not associated with


In this study, the optimum conditions for different process parameters were determined for solvent extraction of copper ions from wastewater using reverse micelles. The process parameters viz. copper ion concentration, sodium bis-2-ethyl hexyl sulphosuccinate (AOT) concentration, solution pH, organic to aqueous phase volume ratio, and NaCl concentration were taken into consideration in response surface methodology, ranging from 30-150 mg/l, 0.04-0.2 [M], 3-11, 0.2-1.0, 0-4 g/100 ml respectively and their effect on percentage removal of copper ions were studied. A regression model was developed by conducting response surface methodology for the analysis of percentage removal of copper ions from wastewater. As many as fifty four experiments were procured from the design of experiments for the percentage removal of copper ions. The developed model was employed to optimize the process parameters being considered to maximize the response. The optimum conditions were found to be 30 mg/l copper ion concentration, 0.20 [M] AOT concentration, 3.12 pH, 0.57 organic to aqueous phase volume ratio, and 0.134 g/100 ml NaCl concentration. The obtained model was validated with experimental data and found to be best fitted within the tolerance limit. The effect of cross-interaction among the process parameters on the percentage removal of copper ions were also investigated. In this study, the copper ion concentration was analyzed by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).


The effect of HPM on the intracellular calcium of sperm cells was determined using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The abnormality,micronucleus frequency,livability, numbers and the acrosin reaction of the sperm cells were studied at the same time.The experiments indicate that there are no visible damaging effects on the abnormality and micronucleus frequency of the sperm cells after HPM irradiation,but the acrosin reaction of the rat sperm cells was restrained significantly after 4×10~5 pulses irradiation. The function of the sperm cells was probably induced by changing the intracytoplasmic calcium concentration of the rat sperm cells.


Gnutella is a typical model of unstructured P2P model,and Freenet is a typical system of P2P storage system.This paper analyzes and studies them in three aspects: files storage,search file,and user information anonymity.OMNeT++ is a new simulation tool which refers to distributed network systems.The paper simulates Gnutella and Freenet in search reply time,search success rate,and search return number.The simulation results show that OMNeT++ can accurately analyze P2P network property and behavior.


According to recent studies (Amin et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 060503), the effect of a thermal bath may improve the performance of a quantum adiabatic search algorithm. In this paper, we compare the effects of such a thermal environment on the algorithm performance with those of a structured environment similar to the one encountered in systems coupled to an electromagnetic field that exists within a photonic crystal. Whereas for all the parameter regimes explored here, the algorithm performance is worsened by contact with a thermal environment, the picture appears to be different when one considers a structured environment. In this case we show that by tuning the environment parameters to certain regimes, the algorithm performance can actually be improved with respect to the closed system case. Additionally, the relevance of considering the dissipation rates as complex quantities is discussed in both cases. More specifically, we find that the imaginary part of the rates cannot be neglected with the usual argument that it simply amounts to an energy shift and in fact influences crucially the system dynamics.


A drought identification model which is based on water deficit consisting of industrial、 agricultural、 domestic and ecological water demands by the principle of water budget is proposed, and a drought disaster identification index is also suggested in this paper. This methodology is applied to the Jinjiang water-supply area, Fujian Province. The droughts identified by the proposed method are concurrent with the realized droughts of the observed runoff series, thus proving the viability and applicability of the model in the identification of drought disaster.


The so-called Markov continuous-time Q-processes are considered in the paper as a generalization of Q-processes. The asymptotic behavior of transition probabilities is studied for Markov Q-processes.


Objective To strengthen the surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and to consolidate the achievements of Polio-free status. Methods The operation of AFP surveillance system in Yunnan in 2003 was analyzed. 225 AFP cases were reported and the reporting rate is 2.09/100 thousand. The surveillance indicators attained the WHO standards except the positive poliovirus isolated specimen of in time reported cases (64.28%). Conclusion We have investigated the work in this areas and provided guidance for the stuffs.


This article examines how Chinese intellectuals understand mass nationalism in China. Understanding their perspective is useful when analyzing the meaning and repercussions of nationalist trends throughout the 1990s , as well as its future course. While playing a major role in its revival Chinese intellectuals actually have a very pragmatic view of nationalism based on China's goal of building a prosperous and powerful nation. They also play a role in influencing public opinion and the government's policy-making process. In the short to mid term, the public expression of anti-U.S. or anti-Japanese sentiments through nationalism is not likely to become extreme, as this would run counter to China's current development strategies and goals.


Aboriginal historiographies challenge conventional interpreting of societies and cultures' histories which are often linear, singular, and excluding of other than dominant narratives. But alternative solutions to conventional history are often binarized as minority or oppositional groups and simply "accommodated" in what continues as the dominant story. The work of Japanese scholar Minoru Hokari from his time with Gurindji people, an Aboriginal Australian group from the Kalkaringi region in northern Australia, is discussed here as an innovative way of re-framing how we think outside such dichotomies. Following Hokari's lead the author's own cross-culture positioning is then used to explore Aboriginal construction of knowledge and history amongst the Ganai/Kurnai, the Aboriginal people originating from the region of Gippsland in southern Australia. This broadens the argument for valuing multiple alternative histories that such lived experience offers for majority and Indigenous peoples alike.


www.jogh.org • doi: 10.7189/jogh.09.020301 1 December 2019 • Vol. 9 No. 2 • 020301 Disease epidemiology has a deeper relationship with the dynamic nature of culture [1]. Health behaviors in general are largely shaped by the cultural norms and customs in a society. A mere identification of a behavior could be only a layer on the outer sphere of a particular disease epidemiology and the interventional efforts to counteract such behaviors through for example public health measures could be futile and volatile, unless the deeper cultural factors are addressed [2].


In hemodialysis patients, seasonal variations and changes in dialysis prescription affect laboratory data, blood pressure, and body weight. We examined whether these fluctuations were due to seasonal variations or other causes. Although there are some reports on seasonal changes in hemodialysis patients, there are few reports on observations over multiple years in the same stable patients.

 We studied 65 patients on hemodialysis (36 males and 29 females; average age, 67.7 years; average duration of HD therapy, 13.8 years). The observation period was three years from January 2016 to December 2018; laboratory data and dialysis-related indicators, blood pressure, dry weight, and interdialysis weight gain were examined retrospectively. We excluded cases with dialysis time less than 4 h and patients who were hospitalized during the observation period. Differences in statistical analysis were tested with repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman test.

 Factors that showed an influence on the laboratory parameters in hemodialysis patients more than twice in the same season in the three-year observation period were serum urea nitrogen (UN), serum creatinine (Cr), serum potassium (K), serum inorganic phosphorus (IP), and serum total bilirubin (T-Bil), serum creatine kinase (CPK), serum glycoalbumin (GA), normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), % creatinine production rate (% CGR), systolic blood pressure (sBP), diastolic blood pressure (dBP), and inter-dialytic weight gain (p<0.05). In contrast, the serum albumin concentration (Alb), serum magnesium (Mg), serum parathyroid hormone-INTACT (iPTH), and standardized dialysis amount of urea (KT/Vurea) exhibited gradual changes during the observation period (p<0.05).

 There were indeed seasonal variations with UN, Cr, K, IP, T-Bil, CPK, GA, nPCR, %CGR, sBP, dBP, and inter-dialytic weight gain. However, Alb, Mg, iPTH, KT/Vurea changed owing to dialysis prescription and medicines.


We have used optical second-harmonic generation to study surface molecular order in a liquid-crystal (4′-n-octyl-4-cyano-biphenyl, or 8CB) on shear-deposited polymer films. The films are highly oriented layers of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE), with a surface topology of uniaxially aligned nanoscale ridges and grooves, which are used as versatile substrates for oriented growth and alignment of other materials. In nematic 8CB cells made with either polymer, the surface monolayers of 8CB were aligned along the polymer orientation axis, and showed C2ν symmetry. In the isotropic phase, the surface monolayer alignment in these cells was lost. Monolayers of 8CB evaporated onto either polymer showed little or no alignment. These data indicate that the PTFE and HDPE films do not produce the strong epitaxylike alignment seen on some cloth-rubbed polymer surfaces. Instead, alignment appears to be primarily caused by surface ridges through an elastic, bulk-mediated mechanism.


The invention discloses a method for preparing a hydroxyapatite coat/surface activated titanium-based composite coat. The method comprises the following steps: 1) performing surface biological activation treatment on titanium or titanium alloy serving as a base material to form a titanium gel layer, and cleaning and drying the titanium base material; 2) preserving the heat of the titanium base material at a high temperature to form an oxidized titanium film; 3) synthesizing hydroxyapatite by using a wet method, and sintering, crushing and sieving the hydroxyapatite to obtain powder; 4) preparing a thin hydroxyapatite coat on the oxidized titanium film by using plasma spraying technology; and 5) putting the hydroxyapatite coat product in a container, and drying the treated product by usingwater vapor to obtain the hydroxyapatite coat/surface activated titanium-based composite coat. The process is simple; when an obtained coat compound implanted material is implanted to the human body,the material plays a role in bone bridge connection of the hydroxyapatite at the early stage, provides rich calcium and phosphorus elements for bone growth, accelerates the growth of a new bone, and shortens an operation healing stage; and when the hydroxyapatite coat is basically degraded, the bone texture and the metal surface form a direct chemical bond combination.


Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) provide essential pilotage and fire control imagery information for pilots. To maintain system integrity and readiness, there is a need to develop an image quality evaluation system for HMDs. In earlier work, a framework was proposed for an HMD system called the integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS), used with the U.S. Army's Apache helicopter. This paper describes prototype development and interface design and summarizes bench test findings using three IHADSS helmet display units (HDUs). The prototype consists of hardware (cameras, sensors, image capture/data acquisition cards, battery pack, HDU holder, moveable rack and handle, and computer) and software algorithms for image capture and analysis. Two cameras with different-size apertures are mounted in parallel on a rack facing an HDU holder. A handle allows users to position the HDU in front of the two cameras. The HMD test pattern is then captured. Sensors detect the position of the holder and whether the HDU is angled correctly in relation to the camera. Algorithms detect HDU features captured by the two cameras, including focus, orientation, displacement, field-of-view, and number of grayshades. Bench testing of three field-quality HDUs indicates that the image analysis algorithms are robust and able to detect the desired image features. Suggested future directions include development of a learning algorithm to automatically develop or revise feature specifications as the number of inspection samples increases.


IntroductionThis essay has been titled 'The Myth of TINA', TINA being an acronym for There Is No Alternative, a famous remark made by Margaret Thatcher when she and her US counterpart Ronald Reagan defended economic restructuring in their respective countries along neoliberal lines. Free market is the way of nature. State interference is not. Consumer choice is paramount and should not be inhibited by states. Competition leads to efficiency enhancing and therefore welfare-improving outcomes. This is what neoliberal advocates contend. Interestingly, 'neoliberalism' is a term used mostly by its critics, regardless of their specific orientation. The term is almost never used by its proponents, like Monbiot suggests. For those arguing along his lines, the term 'neoliberalism' has come to represent all that is evil or wrong with the world today. From increasing social and economic inequality in Africa and Asia to the global financial crisis of 2008, they argue that it is neoliberal ideology which is at work.However, it seems to persist despite such fervent opposition from diverse groups such as academics, NGOs, advocacy groups, and so on. Before we embark upon a process of how to understand this persistence of 'neoliberalism', it is important to us to identify the core principles of this ideology, the different key actors and advocates who propound such policies in present times. This will then help us in delineating the underlying raison d'etre for its continued persistence and relevance. The essay argues that it's a myth propagated by the proponents of neoliberalism that there is no alternative to free market. This inevitability has been constructed by governments owing to domestic and external pressures emanating from international institutions such as IMF and World Bank as well as MNCs. It also argues that the need to come up with a viable alternative strategy is more urgent than ever.Free Market is 'Natural'Hagen Schultz-Forberg (2013) traces the origins of neoliberalism in the inter-war period and shows how the present-day version of neoliberalism took off only in the late seventies and early eighties (what are popularly termed today as 'Reaganomics' and 'Thatcherism'). The neoliberal ideology is not unitary. Nor are the processes of neoliberalization uniform. 'By the early 1980s, enabled by the apparent failure and delegitimation of extant alternatives, a transnational repertoire of neoliberal strategies had been established as a package of putatively all-purpose responses to the crisis of international Keynesianism' (Brenner et al 2010). Yet, there are certain commonalities which need to be identified in terms of core propositions or principles and also in terms of the actors involved.Neoliberal advocates believe that the market is natural. It functions according to laws of nature and is therefore scientific. As it is dictated by natural laws, any human intervention amounts to a distortion of its efficient functioning, for humans are flawed. Humans have limited capabilities and understandings. 'Citizens are redefined as consumers whose democratic choices are exercised by buying/selling in the 'free market'' (Monbiot 2016). As a result, they cannot devise something that is perfect. Only nature can. Therefore, it is unwise for governments to intervene in the market, however noble their intentions might be.Given that markets follow the rules of nature, any inequality that subsequently arises is individualized. As you sow, so you reap. You get what you deserve. No actor or institution deliberately creates these inequalities. People who work harder get more. With this these fundamental axiomatic principles in place, neoliberals argue that the only function of the state, in fact the only rationale for the state to exist, is the maintenance of law and order. This is because markets cannot function in the midst of chaos. A well-ordered society is essential for markets to function efficiently and allocate resources. …


Mean-field and renormalisation group theories are used to study the diagrams of anisotropic n-component d-dimensional magnetic systems with a uniaxially random magnetic field along the easy axis. For strong anisotropy only the longitudinal phase exists. The transition into this phase exhibits a tricritical point. When the anisotropy is decreased, a 'transverse' or 'spin-flopped' phase appears for low temperatures and large values of the random field. This phase is separated from the longitudinal one by a spin-flop first-order line, ending at a critical end-point. For very weak anisotropy, a bicritical point appears in the phase diagram. For a certain value of the anisotropy the critical end-point, the bicritical point and the tricritical point all coincide defining a new multicritical point.


Rearrangement-based nonprehensile manipulation still remains as a challenging problem due to the high-dimensional problem space and the complex physical uncertainties it entails. We formulate this class of problems as a coupled problem of local rearrangement and global action optimization by incorporating free-space transit motions between constrained rearranging actions. We propose a forest-based kinodynamic planning framework to concurrently search in multiple problem regions, so as to enable global exploration of the most task-relevant subspaces, while facilitating effective switches between local rearranging actions. By interleaving dynamic horizon planning and action execution, our framework can adaptively handle real-world uncertainties. With extensive experiments, we show that our framework significantly improves the planning efficiency and manipulation effectiveness while being robust against various uncertainties.


Rate control for multimedia streaming has been the subject of many recent research activities and is crucial for peer-to-peer networks, where controlling the rate at the source is ineffective. In this paper we propose a two-stage procedure for rate control. In particular, the first stage, based on Integer Linear Programming and a distortion model, optimally labels packets with a suitable priority level. This stage can be performed only once at the encoder. In a second stage, we derive an optimal strategy to choose prioritized packets for transmission, according to the available rate. This stage can be implemented at the transport level and autonomously by each peer. The techniques are specialized and used to control the rate of a standard H.264/SVC stream. We show by means of experiments that the proposed approach outperforms uncontrolled transmission, and that the proposed optimal priority selection gives substantial advantages over other simplified procedures.


A smart phone camera based indoor guidance system to aid the visually impaired is presented. Most proposed systems for aiding the visually impaired with indoor navigation are not feasible for widespread use due to cost, usability, or portability. A smart phone vision- based indoor guidance system that is simple, accessible, inexpensive, and discrete is developed to aid the visually impaired to navigate unfamiliar environments such as public buildings. The system consists of a smart phone and a server. The smart phone captures and transmits pictures of the user's surroundings to the server. The server processes the images and matches them to a database of stored images of the building. After matching features, the location and orientation of the person is calculated using 3D location correspondence data stored for features of each image. Positional information is then transmitted back to the smart phone and communicated to the user via text-to-speech. This paper focuses on developing the vision technology for this unique application rather than building the complete system. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the system to quickly and accurately determine the pose of the user in a university building.


The strongly reducing nature of treatment materials may lead to gas production in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), potentially resulting in the formation of gas bubbles and ebullition. Dissolved gas data were collected at the Nickel Rim Mine organic carbon PRB near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, during July 2003. Concentrations of dissolved Ar, CH 4 , CO 2 , H 2 , H 2 S, N 2 , and O 2 were determined on-site using gas chromatography and a headspace technique. Within the barrier, elevated CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations were observed, while Ar and N 2 concentrations were depleted in comparison to atmospheric levels, indicating that degassing is occurring within the barrier. Gas bubble formation can be used to help delineate the processes occurring in PRB systems. Analysis of dissolved gas data provides additional information to determine dominant terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs), to delineate rates of microbially mediated sulfate reduction, and to identify zones of preferential flow.


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Each of the four neutral beam lines on the TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) contains 368 type-E thermocouples used too monitor the temperature of the various water cooled surfaces that can receive beam power. The surfaces include the calorimeters, ion dumps, magnets and the scrapers. Currently, these temperatures must be checked manually by the operator any time the accel grid voltage changes by more than 10 kV. A thermocouple scanning system which automates the checking of these thermocouples during beam pulsing and provides monitoring for excessively cold water temperatures during periods when the cryogenic system is operating unattended is described. This system automatically activates the appropriate alarms, indicates out-of-limit thermocouples and, in the case of excessive temperatures, inhibits subsequent beam pulsing. The system consists of five VME-based microcomputer systems: one attached to each beam line for data acquisition and processing, and a central unit for monitoring, display interlocks, and alarms.<<ETX>>


The main purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons for refusal of repeated prosthetics on implants of patients with removed implants. The analysis of the causes of such failures was carried out in 118 patients with removed implants with a period of 5—20 years of previous use of prostheses on implants. For 46 patients with repeated prosthetics were shown covered dentures on implants, 14 — fixed dentures with complete absence of teeth, 58 — fixed dentures with partial absence of teeth. To analyze the reasons for refusal of prosthetics on implants, a questionnaire of 16 questions was developed and used.
As a result of the study, it was found that the main rea sons for the refusal of patients from re-implantation are the insufficient period of functioning of prostheses on implants due to the development of chronic inflammation around the implants, the high cost of prosthetics on implants and insufficient good health, constraining the decision on surgical interventions and complex prosthetics are a problem.
Significant factors for refusing implantation were also noted: the duration of the prosthetics process on implants, the reluctance of additional bone-plastic surgery, insufficient esthetics of fixed prostheses on implants.
More than half of the refusals from implantation in the complete absence of teeth are due to the impossibility of non-removable prosthetics.


Since the "Law on Farmers' Cooperatives in People's Republic of China" has been promulgated and implemented,farmers' cooperatives have been established,constructed and developed towards the legal system.Based on farmers' degree of satisfaction,we have investigated Gaoyou farmers' cooperatives in Qingyuan County,Hebei Province.The research result shows that although there are estantial differences between Gaoyou farmers' cooperatives and international normative farmers' cooperatives,Gaoyou farmers' cooperatives also possess vitality under the situation of China.Therefore,we have analyzed its organizational system and administrant policy,which can be used for reference to the future farmers' cooperatives.


Introduction Traditionally baby resuscitation teaching in hospital has been reserved for families leaving NICU/SCBU, or following attendance for a brief resolved unexplained event. The baby resuscitation course is open to parents/caregivers in North West London, providing education regarding emergency situations and improving parental understanding of healthcare pathways. Practice Parents/caregivers register via the Imperial Connecting Care for Children website to once-monthly free education sessions, at St Mary's Hospital, London. Parents may be signposted to the course by health visitors, GPs, children's centres and medical teams following ED attendances. An integrated healthcare team host the classes, which follow the 4-stage teaching structure directed by the UK Resuscitation Council, led by a NLS instructor. Parents observe the neonatal basic life support and choking algorithms, then split into small groups for individual guided practice. These groups are facilitated by faculty members, including Foundation Doctors through to Senior Registrars and Paediatric Nurses. Parents are then invited to ask questions and are offered additional teaching about general acute paediatric problems including head injuries, fever, febrile convulsions, respiratory illnesses and burns first aid. Aim The course intends to increase parental confidence around initiating management of acute conditions and to introduce them to the appropriate healthcare pathways in urgency. Therefore, these classes aim to (1) teach parents/caregivers basic life support skills and management of choking and (2) to create an open and informal platform of communication with parents around "common acute paediatric health issues" in the home setting. Targeted population Parents and caregivers in North West London are the intended recipients of this course with the overarching aim to improve paediatric outcomes in the region. Timeline  The course began in 2016 and is ongoing due to continuous demand, as demonstrated by the waiting list.  Highlights/Conclusions Over 350 parents/caregivers have attended the class, with 321 feedback forms collected since 2016. Data from 69 recent forms reveals that 96% of participants would recommend this course to a friend. 90% of attendees report feeling 'much better equipped' to manage a child who is choking or who requires CPR (using 52 applicable forms). Key question themes identified include allergies, asthma, colds, fever and general first aid, including injuries and burns. Sustainability and transferability Improving parental knowledge about management of paediatric conditions may lead to reduced healthcare costs by avoiding unnecessary healthcare attendances. The course requires a qualified instructor to lead the classes as well as faculty support. Some classes have been held in a community setting, indicating that providing appropriate staff and equipment are available, the course can be delivered in different settings. Discussion/Lessons Learned The continuous flow of parents/caregivers registering for this course indicates that these education sessions are welcomed by the community. Parents/caregivers feel positively towards the class and the great majority state that these courses increased their 'readiness' to manage acute scenarios for their children. We have seen that when parents know what to do in an emergency, it frees them up to start learning how to manage common acute illnesses – a 'hidden benefit' of the classes.


Background: Sleep disturbance is a growing medical and public health concern with insomnia increasing worldwide. In addition to exacerbating health problems, insomnia may increase psychological vulnerability and proneness to accidents this is a mini narrative review as to the evidence regarding the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in the treatment of sleep disturbances such as insomnia in clinical populations.
Method: A search of medical, health, and psychological databases was conducted for mindfulnessbased therapies and intervention variants thereof in the treatment of terms that included: mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), mindfulness therapies or treatments AND sleep disturbance, insomnia, poor sleep quality, or sleep disorder.
Results: Standard protocol mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) interventions and the specific mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia (MBT-I) have been investigated as potential nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia and sleep disturbance in clinical populations. Additionally, randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted in this area to determine efficacy of such mindfulness treatment strategies.
Conclusion: Accumulating data indicate that mindfulness treatment protocols produce significant sleep outcome benefits with long-term follow-up duration.


A primary concern in determining internal dose from inhalation of radioactive material is the half-time of the material within the human body. Inhalation classes have been established by the ICRP for radioactive materials with half-times of a few days (Class D), several weeks (Class W), or periods up to one year (Class Y). Bioassay data at a facility using large quantities of depleted uranium have been collected for several years. These data have been analyzed to estimate the first order decay constant. From the decay constant, the half-time for retention (biological half-life) is determined. This half-time is used to identify the inhalation class for depleted uranium and its oxides. The data presented demonstrate that the retention half-time for depleted uranium and its oxides ranges from about 7 d to about 6 wk, depending on the quantity of material inhaled and the subject`s metabolism. This shows that the correct inhalation class for depleted uranium is Class W.


Energy metabolism is closely coupled to functional activity in most tissues, including those of the CNS. Deoxyglucose labeled with carbon 14 can be used to measure rates of glucose use in all anatomic and functional components of the CNS. Using radioautography of serial sections of the brain, pictorial representation of the relative rates of glucose use are obtained. These radioautographs are like a stain for functional activity in nervous tissue and can be used to identify regions with altered functional activity in varying physiological, pharmacological, and pathological states. The most dramatic demonstrations of the ability of the deoxyglucose method to map functional activity in the CNS have been in the primary visual cortex of the monkey. In this species, as in all animals with binocular vision, the visual pathways are approximately 50% crossed at the optic chiasma. The projections from the two retinas remain segregated and terminate in six well-defined


With the coming of the full speed development of economy and new urbanization in Guizhou Province,to enter the well-off society in an all-round way by 2020,from the view of the whole society,the key point is the development of the rural economy. Furthermore,the development of rural households economy centers on the rural economy. The income of rural labor force transfer has become the main income source and accounted for more than half of rural households income,which will play a major role in survival and development of rural households.


Seborrheic dermatitis, a corticosteroid shampoo, in particular propionic acid clobetasol shampoo, by topical application on the scalp of a human subject suffering from it, is valid / safely treated.


The pancreatic epithelium of intact frog has been studied using morphometry, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. A low level of DNA synthesis was shown to be characteristic of pancreatic epithelium of frogs caught in winter. The B/A cell volume ratio is 3.68 +/- 0.16 and 2.55 +/- 0.36 in small and median pancreatic islets, resp. A-, B-, D-cells are found in pancreatic islets, and intermediate acinar A and acinar B cells in intact frog pancreas.


The present invention relates to a method for producing a molded peony coal liner comprising the steps of extruding a billet of copper material, cold forging into a shape of a molded peony coal, and recrystallization; Provide a liner.


With application of strata slice technology of seismic sedimentology combined with drilling data to identify deep-water sublacustrine fan on Qingshankou first section of Yingtaidaan area.The approach is for more complex attitude of stratum,but also compared to the traditional time slice and horizontal section,more reasonable and closer to the isochronal sediment interface.The results show that sublacustrine fan is sensitive to seismic response,in the section it appears as a strong reflected wave,in the plan on seismic plan attributes,also showed strong amplitude characteristics.


Stephan's book is divided into four sections. In the first one, devoted to the poets, Bogdana Carpenter analyses Miiosz's rise to popularity in the U.S. from 1973, when his poems were for the first time translated into English, to 1988, when after receiving the Noble Prize his collected poems and essays on the essence of poetry secured him a position as one of the most influential contemporary poets. Clare Cavanagh's article is devoted to Stanislaw Baranczak's poetic language, embedded in the politics of uprooting, while Frank Kujawinski and Tomasz Tabako analyze the condensed poetic language of Tymoteusz Karpowicz, whose first experience of emigration was leaving Wilno (Vilna) after Poland lost its eastern lands to the Soviet Union. Regina Grol's essay on Anna Frajlich's poetry presents the topos of exile as central to her work. In section two, "The Americanization of the Prose Writers," Thomas S. Gladsky focuses on Jerzy Kosiriski's preoccupation with his identity as a Jew from eastern Europe. Gladsky points out that in the U.S., Kosinski is not read as a Polish writer but rather as a Jew who was a witness to the Holocaust. Ewa Thompson presents Leopold Tyrmand in his failed attempt to influence America's intellectuals through his conservative writings, while Roman Koropeckyi devotes his essay to Marek Hlasko's stay in Los Angeles that resulted in his failure to write much, despite his fascination with American subcultures and California. In part three, devoted to the playwrights, Allen J. Kucharski discusses Jan Kott's contribution to Shakespeare scholarship while Tamara Trojanowska analyses the fleeting success of Janusz Glowacki's plays. Herbert Eagle focuses on the motifs of exile and emigration in the films of Roman Polanski whilst Maria Stalnaker's essay on Agnieszka Holland discusses both Holland's success as well as her intent to remain an outsider who values her independence more than being fashionable. In part four, which concentrates on Polish Jewry, Anna Frajlich focuses on Henryk Grynberg's three major themes: identity, homeland, and heritage, while Madeline Levine presents Eva Hoffman's novels as an attempt at reconciliation between the Poles and the Jews. The last section of the book focuses on less-known Polish-American writings— although some of the authors are distinguished, such as Zbigniew Brzezinski, whose loyalty is divided between Poland and U.S.—or on those who, like Ewa Kuryluk, are not preoccupied with the issue of the national identity. This last article, by George Gasyna, also discusses the only four Polish literary journals published in the U.S. today, The Polish Review, The Sarmatian Revieiu, 2B: A Journal of Ideas, and Periphery. Stephan's book sheds light on an issue of vital importance to Polish postwar culture, that is, the role of emigration on the work of a Polish artist in America. It suggests that the image of Poland and emigration has altered and differs significantly from that created by the nineteenth-century emigre. Today's artists do not idealize the country they left behind, and their longing became transformed into longing for one's youth, associated with the place of birth. As Stephan emphasizes, this was a voluntary emigration and, with the exception of Milosz, none of them decided to come back to Poland. It is ironic that, although they have found the definition of an emigre restricting, they were and they are perceived within the narrow scope of this definition.


A number of medical conditions are still incurable today, some are even auto-immune. When people come down with disease conditions like lupus, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, diabetes, cancer, asthma, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, AIDS and a host of others, they become incapacitated, lose major functions and most just wait until they die. These conditions are usually very cruel to those who suffer them. The lack of cure for these conditions is partly due to the fact that their causative agents are not clearly known or understood. One might be tempted to presume that with the completion of the Human Genome Project, solutions would have been derived for such disease conditions. It is only wise to think that such conditions have so far remained major challenges to medical researchers because they have multiple causes. Ontology, a widely accepted Knowledge Representation (KR) paradigm is therefore proposed as a KR technique to holistically attempt to address the gaps by first identifying all the causative elements, and then being able to proffer viable solutions to such conditions.


$¥{b_{k}¥}_{1}^{¥infty}$ is a nonnegative sequence with infinitely many positive terms. A nontrivial solution $¥{X_{k}¥}_{0}^{¥infty}$ of (1.1) is said to be oscillatory if for every positive integer $N$, there exists $n¥geq N$ such that $¥mathrm{x}_{n}x_{n+1}¥leq 0$, and nonoscillatory otherwise. It is known that if (1.1) has an oscillatory solution then all its nontrivial solutions are oscillatory [2, Theorem 7]. Thus we may classify (1.1) as being oscillatory or nonoscillatory according to whether it has an oscillatory solution or not. We shall derive in this paper a number of oscillation criteria several of which are discrete analogs of those of Nehari [9] and Hille [11]. As we shall see in the following development, some of the ideas behind these analogs are similar to those employed by Nehari, but the details are substantially different due to the discrete nature of our equation (1.1). In section two, we shall give a number of preparatory results, one of which is based on Wirtinger's type theorems obtained by Cheng [2, 3]. A lemma which bridges discrete and continuous functions is also given here. In section


In the preceding paper, Calegari and Dunfield exhibit a sequence of hyperbolic 3‐manifolds which have increasing injectivity radius, and which, subject to some conjectures in number theory, are rational homology spheres. We prove unconditionally that these manifolds are rational homology spheres, and give a sufficient condition for a tower of hyperbolic 3‐manifolds to have first Betti number 0 at each level. The methods involved are purely pro‐p group theoretical. 20E18; 22E40


This learning media development research is aiming to (1) design a system for Si Pontar, learning media based on Android application, which match LCM and GCF for Mathematic course in 4th grade. (2) Knowing the eligibility of Si Pontar to be used as LCM and GCF learning media for Mathematic course in 4th grade. This research use Plomp development model. The eligibility of Si Pontar is based on validation tests by media expert, material expert, and product trials with subject test of 22 students 4th grader in SD Laboratorium UNESA and 27 students 4th grader SDN Geluran 1 Taman. Some tests has been conducted to measure the feasibility of Si Pontar media. Media expert gave 93.75% for Si Pontar media which mean the media's content, UI, and all components inside of Si Pontar is validated without revision. Material expert gave 94.7% meaning the learning material is good enough and validated without revision. Then from experiment in 2 schools mentioned above, got 93.4% which is very high because the subjects likes Si Pontar media a lot. From those results we can conclude that the Si Pontar media can be used as learning media for LCM and GCF lesson matter in Mathematic course for 4th grader.


battalion OCs, and eleven cavalry OCs'. Yet, Roberts struggled to conclude the war as quickly as possible as demanded by Whitehall. One cynical observer of Roberts's staff noted that 'the social rank of most of whom was far above their military capacity or training'. Which brings the book to its concluding insights. While Roberts assumed the mantel of commander-in-chief in 1901, it was a short-lived achievement when the government endorsed the Esher Committee's recommendations, thereby abolishing the post, as well as the Army Council in 1904, and in their place creating in 1906 a general staff to be led by a chief of the general staff, vice a 'commander-inchief'. Yet, notwithstanding these critical reforms, the operation of the army continued unchanged: officers would still meet with the Military Secretary, promotion boards remained central of promotion, and patronage remained the norm. To the fundamental question of whether selection based on performance, as opposed to seniority, produced a more professional army, Beckett argues that the shock of the British defeats in the Boer War was so traumatic to the army that in the end, it benefited the army by placing more emphasis on professional competence. This experience prepared it well for the first world war, while the Royal Navy did not suffer the same transformative jolt until 1915. In the end, Beckett succeeds in his objective of revealing the nature, if the indeed soul, of Victorian military professionalism unhindered by many schools of thought in civil–military relations. As such, the book is a valuable resource to students of contemporary 'armies' and indeed defence institutions. All too often outside analysts; and not a few reform advisers to newly democratised armed forces, ignore the essential importance of the human factor in their work. Beckett's book, through painstaking research of correspondence and diaries, demonstrates the personal struggles of an officer corps on frequent campaigns on the cusp of adopting the elusive goal of professionalisation. The contemporary reader finds oneself relating very easily to these officers and appreciating their professional ambitions.


In our First Report we endeavoured to give a concise account o f the more important work which has been done on the bacteriology of water, and devoted special attention to those investigations which have thrown any light on the vitality of pathogenic bacteria when submerged in aqueous media of various kinds and under various circumstances. We showed what a very large amount of scientific labour has already been bestowed on this comparatively new subject; and we as far as possible sifted this accumulated material, collecting those facts which may be reasonably regarded as definitely proved, and separating them from those which are more or less uncertain, problematical, or contradictory. The results of this critical analysis we embodied in a number of conclusions, to be found on pp. 124-219 of our Report, and to which we would again refer the reader.


With the rapid change of the managerial environment of modern enterprises, the financing concept has been developing rapidly. This paper presents the new concepts being established step by step in the modern enterprises in China at present ,which are the concepts of capital management, cash discharge, financing by network , international financing, financing by target condition, risk financing and financing with environmental protection.


This paper seeks to empirically test the applicability of the export-led model to the economies of the countries belonging to the Andean Community (Comunidad Andina de Naciones – CAN) by verifying the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis, which indicates that gross domestic product (GDP) behavior is based on export (EXP) dynamics. This hypothesis was tested for Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The methodology used was the application of Johansen cointegration and Block Exogeneity Wald tests to identify Granger causality between variables of the natural logarithms of EXP and GDP. The results obtained show that the causal effect of exports on GDP can only be rejected for the Bolivian economy. Lastly, the main conclusion of this study is that the economic policies of the CAN member countries should not assume that the export sectors are the foundations of their respective economies. Therefore, the CAN governments should not introduce economic policies that prioritize the expansion of the export sector.


This article is partly historical and partly theoretical. The first part traces the history of legal professional privilege as applied in the common law and chancery courts from the sixteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. It shows that the manner in which the purpose and role of the privilege were conceptualized had an impact on the evolution of the rule. The many judicial theories identified in the historical account are assessed at the broader level in the second part. Of all the different justifications, the privilege, it is argued, is best seen as a principle of process fairness.


Cells adapt to environmental changes, including fluctuations in oxygen levels, through the induction of specific gene expression programs. However, most transcriptomic studies do not distinguish the relative contribution of transcription, RNA processing and RNA degradation processes to cellular homeostasis. Here we used metabolic labeling followed by massive parallel sequencing of newly transcribed and preexisting RNA fractions to simultaneously analyze RNA synthesis and decay in primary endothelial cells exposed to low oxygen tension. We found that the changes in transcription rates induced by hypoxia are the major determinant of RNA levels. However, degradation rates also had a significant contribution, accounting for 24% of the observed variability in total mRNA. In addition, our results indicated that hypoxia led to a reduction of the overall mRNA stability from a median half-life in normoxia of 8.7 hours, to 5.7 hours in hypoxia. Analysis of RNA content per cell confirmed a decrease of both mRNA and total RNA in hypoxic samples and that this effect was mimicked by forced activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway and prevented by its interference. In summary, our study provides a quantitative analysis of the contribution of RNA synthesis and stability to the transcriptional response to hypoxia and uncovers an unexpected effect on the latter.


Three-dimensional subsurface imaging through the back side of a silicon flip chip is reported with a diffraction-limited lateral resolution of 166nm and an axial performance capable of resolving features only 100nm deep. This performance was achieved by implementing sample-scanned two-photon optical beam induced current microscopy using a silicon solid immersion lens and a peak detection algorithm. The excitation source was a 1530nm erbium:fiber laser, and the lateral optical resolution obtained corresponds to 11% of the free-space wavelength.


We develop a multiscale simulation approach for the study of wind and waves around surface-piercing structures, with an aim of computing wind loads on ships in a realistic marine atmosphere and wave environment. A far field, wind-and-wave coupled simulation is performed. An irregular, broad-banded wave field is simulated using a high-order spectral method based on potential flow theory, and a turbulent wind field is simulated using large-eddy simulation with the subgrid-scale effects dynamically modeled. The wind and wave simulations are dynamically coupled in a wave-phase resolving framework. With the inflow of wind and waves provided by the far-field simulation, a local-scale simulation around a surface-piercing object such as rectangular prism and simplified ship hull and superstructure is carried out. The air and water coupled motions are simulated using a level set method, and the presence of object is modeled using an immersed boundary method. Different aspects of the simulation are validated via a variety of tests. Our simulation results indicate that the waves have an appreciable effect on the wind loads. The method developed in this study has applications in predicting ship motions subject to wave loads together with wind loads.


Network Architecture Issues. Evolution of the public network for high speed services (Keynote address) (J. Mac Farlane). B-ISDN network capabilities and evolution aspects (R. Handel, M.N. Huber). Support of B-ISDN traffic on non-ATM LANs (A. Bricca et al.). Access network for residential customers in an ATM network (J. Maio). Addressing and control issues for movability features in the B-ISDN connectionless service (M. Listanti, R. Winkler). Metropolitan Area Networks. Isochronous service on a DQDB Metropolitan Area Network (G. Horn). MAX: a standard - complaint European MAN (G. Bottura et al.). Distributed ATM-ring based switching architecture for MAN and B-ISDN access networks (H. Kasahara et al.). The Swedish multiG-PTM dual fiber network (B. Pehrson et al.). B-ISDN Signalling. Access signalling architecture based on an object oriented service description (H. Ouibrahim). The separation between call control and connection control (P. Blankers, K. Keskin). Addressing and compatibility checking requirements on B-ISDN signalling (B. Ohlman). Demonstrators. Implementation of type 1 AAL in the RECIBA demonstrator (L. Merayo, A. Alonso). Network performance and its relationship with quality of service in an experimental broadband network (N. Bjorkmen et al.). ATM switching for subscribers (I. Evers). Network Control and Switching. Major performance issues in Broadband ISDN (M.R. Noorchashm, K.C. Glossbrenner). The integration of real-time control with management in broadband networks (A. Lazar). A methodology for cost/performance evaluation of ATM switches (P. Coppo, M. D'Ambrosio, R. Melen). Influence of priorities on the performance of a fast packet switch in the case of bursty traffic (K. Jonas). Services. B-ISDN end to end network delay and requirements for echo control (M.S.M.G. Vlaming). Cell loss resilience for B-ISDN video communications (F. Pereira, C. Salema). An application of broadcast TV for broadband digital networks (L. Alparone et al.). A concept for multiconnection calls (A. De Smedt, R. Theeuws). Traffic Management. A leaky bucket with memory (B. Lague, C. Rosenberg, F. Guillemin). Policing of realistic VBR video traffic - a case study (E. Rathgeb). Traffic management in ATM networks based on a counting mechanism (V.B. Iversen, A.B. Nielsen). The spacer-controller: architecture and first assessments (F. Guillemin, P. Boyer, L. Romoeuf). Tariffing and bandwidth management in ATM networks (K.W. Mackay). Protocols. A new transport protocol for the broadband environment (Invited paper) (A. Danthine). Variable bandwidth connections for a connectionless service on ATM-performance modelling and evaluation (G. Heijenk, I. Niemegeers). XTP-efficient parallel software implementation based on Petri Net specification technique (B. Heinrichs, M. Rupprecht). Evolution of modelling techniques for communication protocols in B-ISDN (R. Guarneri, F. Zizza).


Abstract The local dynamics of dendritic side arms during the growth stage were studied by in-situ radiography observations at high spatial resolution of better than 1 μm. A flat sample of a Ga–In alloy was solidified top-down applying a vertical temperature gradient. The evolving dendritic microstructure was visualized using synchrotron X-ray imaging at the beamline ID19 (ESRF, France). The experimental investigations on the dendrite evolution revealed a transition from a four-fold symmetry to a hyperbranched dendritic morphology. Both the side arm-splitting phenomenon – responsible for this morphological transition – as well as the arm growth dynamics were characterized using image processing.


To the editor:

In coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, depression is highly prevalent (1). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended as first-line antidepressant treatments for this population (2,3). While there is a long-standing notion that SSRIs may improve cardiac prognosis by inhibiting platelet aggregation, SSRI use may also worsen prognosis by increasing bleeding (4), or arrhythmia risk (5).

Only a few small randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with a total of 801 patients have assessed the efficacy of SSRIs in patients with a cardiac condition (6,7). Although no evidence for harm was detected in two meta-analyses, the follow-up periods for adverse cardiac events in these RCTs did not extend beyond six months, and patient samples were highly selected (i.e. only patients not already receiving antidepressant therapy in usual care were included, and patients with comorbid conditions were excluded).

Accordingly, we evaluated, in an observational cohort of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the association of SSRI and non-SSRI second-generation antidepressant use with the occurrence of cardiac events and mortality across a period of 42 months.


Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a hypersensitivity reaction with rash, fever and multiorgan dysfunction potentially lethal in up to 10% of cases. It often affects liver function, but it can also affect kidney, lungs, and heart. Severe gastrointestinal involvement is rare. We present a case of a 31-year-old hispanic woman with pseudomembranous colitis associated with lamotrigine-induced DRESS syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of severe involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and the first to report pseudomembranous colitis in the setting of DRESS syndrome.


Talk about being stuck in the 19th century. Twenty-eight percent of medical practices still don't accept credit cards, according to a survey by SK&A Information Services.


We have studied theoretically the effect of Electrical Magneto-Chiral Anisotropy (eMChA) in $p$-type tellurium crystals. It is shown that the terms $k_i B_j$ in the hole Hamiltonian, linear both in the wave vector ${\mathbf k}$ and the magnetic field ${\mathbf B}$, do not lead to the eMChA and one needs to include the higher-order terms like $k_i^3 B_j$. Two microscopic mechanisms of the effect are considered. In the first one only elastic scattering of holes by impurities or imperfections are taken into consideration only. In the second mechanism, besides the elastic scattering processes the hole gas heating and its energy relaxation are taken into account. It is demonstrated that he both contributions to the magneto-induced rectification are comparable in magnitude. The calculation is performed by using two independent approaches, namely, in the time relaxation approximation and in the limit of of small chiral band parameter $\beta$. A bridge is thrown between the eMChA and magneto-induced photogalvanic effects.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by an imbalance of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) production and degradation, due, in part, to increased cytokine production. It has been demonstrated that the cytokine, Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), is produced by OA articular chondrocytes and plays a prominent role in altering ECM metabolism by targeting the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that degrade the ECM. We are developing a novel, OA therapeutic, Extracellular Matrix Protection Factor‐1 (ECPF‐1) that targets MMP interaction with its ECM substrate. We have demonstrated a reduction in ECM degradation when primary, human OA chondrocyte (HOAC) cultures are treated with ECPF‐1. In this study, HOACs isolated from total knee arthroplasty were reared in three‐dimensional, serum‐free, alginate cultures. The sides of least and greatest pathology of the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus were determined by gross inspection and cells isolated were cultured separately (LP and GP). Chondrocytes were plated at 2.5×106 cells per milliliter of alginate and incubated in serum‐free medium for five days. Cells were released from the alginate and the RNA extracted from the pellet, reverse‐transcribed into cDNA and quantitative, real time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was performed with TaqMan Gene Expression assays for IL‐1β, collagen type I, collagen type II and 18s rRNA. In a previous study, IL‐1β production was detected in the conditioned media of HOAC cultures with the highest concentration of this cytokine present in the cultures established from the region of greatest pathology (GP). In this study, IL‐1β expression was detectable in mRNA produced by LP and GP HOAC cultures. The expression was reduced 2‐fold in LP cultures treated 24 hours with 2.5 uM ECPF‐1 and 1.4 fold in GP cultures. These results demonstrate the ability of ECPF‐1 to alter expression of a molecule involved in the feedback loop of ECM destruction. ECPF‐1 provides a tool with which to further define the cellular mechanisms responsible for OA chondrocyte pathology.


The organization of large-scale sports events can not only promote the development of urban economy but also improve urban image, and enhance urban construction. At the same time, it is of great influence for social and economic development the host place. Relevant industrial economy theories are used to summarize social and economic influence of sports events from economic benefit and social benefit, such as commercial service (e.g. infrastructure, tourism and catering), real estate industry, employment rate, and cultural environment. On this basis, the author introduces the influence coefficient, establishes an influence model, and proposes the quantitative method of influence from the angle of input-output. With a large-scale sports meeting as an example, the author uses actual data in combination to verify the effectiveness of this model. At last, the author discusses social influence of this category of sports events.


Objective To explore the effect of mechanical ventilation(MV) in acute myocardium infarction(AMI) with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS),to improve the understanding and logical application of MV.Methods The effects of MV in AMI patients with ARDS were analyzed.Results 8 cases were cured and 4 died,the mortality was 33.3%.PaO2/FiO2,PaCO2,PH were significantly different 2h and 24h after the MV was used(P0.01).Conclusion It can achieve favorable effect if MV is properly used clinically combined with comprehensive treatment.


The electroreduction of m-hydroxybenzoic acid was examined from both mechanistic and technical points of view, and a practical route to m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol has been developed.


In recent years,as an important aspect of the research of basin and orogen,inversion tectonics is increasingly significant in the field of oil and gas exploration.The article recommends the study on the basin inversion and sums up the research course of inversion tectonic which is through 80 years,expounds inversion tectonics from the following aspects: concept,identification methods,classification,quantitative study and genetic mechanism.With the applications of new technologies and the accuracy of previous technology improved,the analysis of basin inversion develops increasingly diversification and integration.Recently,the advances of basin inversion focus on inversion tectonic chronology,the application of integration analysis method and the relationship between inversing and basin evolution.The paper summarizes the advances of tectonic inversion researches in orogen and stresses the control of pre-existing tectonic structures on the geometry of inversion tectonics,the importance of correct distinction between thin-skinned tectonics and thick-skinned tectonics.It is commonly acknowledged that the thrusting which occurs in the front of orogen is another main factor leading to foreland basin inversion,the strike-slip inversion and oblique inversion.With a separate discussion on the study of tectonic inversion in sedimentary basins and orogens,this paper proposes the thinking of basin-orogen integration research for inversion tectonics,which is based on the theory of basin-mountain coupling and the role of inversion tectonics in oil and gas pool formation and mineralization.Moreover,the comprehensive application of new methods and technology is an inevitable trend in the research of basin-orogen integration for inversion tectonics.


FIELD: medical engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has elongated tube and elongated member. The tube has closed distal end and outlet openings in lateral tube walls. The openings are available along the whole tube length limiting infusion catheter section. The tube has sizes allowing its introduction into anatomical region. Elongated member is placed in the tube. The member size is selected in a way that ring-shaped gap is formed between the tube and member. The member is made of porous material. The catheter shape allows liquid introduced into proximal tube end passing through outlet openings essentially with the same speed over the whole infusion section. The second version is designed so that the elongated tube has outlet slits spaced along tube length setting boundary to catheter infusion section. The slits are generally oriented in parallel to longitudinal tube axis. The tube has configuration that liquid flows in it through all slits essentially with the same speed over the whole infusion section. The slits grow in size when moving from the proximal to distal tube end of the infusion section. The third version has the tube closed at the distal end. The outlet openings formed in lateral tube wall have size as large that flow restrictor opening is formed by them. EFFECT: simplified technologically effective design. 13 cl, 10 dwg


An ultra wideband optical frequency comb (OFC) generator based on semiconductor Quantum dot F-P cavity is packaged by our group. The free spectral rage (FSR) of the OFC can be tunable from 97GHz to 100GHz and the pulse width of the 100GHz OFC is 1.2ps.The full span of the OFC spectra is 80nm with a Gaussian shaped, and in span of 10nm, the flatness of the OFC can be limited to 1.7dB. The OFC has the advantages of small volume, simple and compact structure, low power dissipation, and has an ultra-wide bandwidth and flat spectrum, which can be used in the field of arbitrary waveform generation, channel information processing, and optical frequency division multiplexing.


In the Memoires de Celeste Mogador1 (1854), Celeste Mogador re veals her feminine libertine experiences, her life as a prostitute and as an actress, and a liaison with a count whom she eventually marries. This "Cinderella story" depicts the Bildung of an "exceptional" nine teenth-century heroine, and provides fertile ground for the study of fe male subjectivity and development. Celeste leaves the brothel thanks to the help of certain clients, and becomes involved in the theatrical world. She frequents the chic bal Mabille, "l'etablissement le plus huppe du monde ou l'on s'amuse" (Clermont-Tonnerre 10). According to Francois Clermont-Tonnerre, "la mode etait aux surnoms exotiques," and it is in a dance competition at the bal Mabille that the protagonist is crowned "Mogador," after the Morrocan city, now called Essaouira (10). Mogador, later the Comtesse de Chabrillan, is much better known to day as a nineteenth-century actress than as a writer, yet she left an ex tensive oeuvre that includes novels, plays, poems and songs. I read the Memoires as Bildungsroman, or novel of development, and focus on the significant events that shape the female protagonist's maturation. As the nature of the Bildungsroman and of autobiography both frequently involve progression, development and identity, there is a great degree of overlapping between the two. Narrative strategies, character portraits, and structural techniques are often similar in both genres. I also compare Celeste's developmental process to the Bildung of her lover Lionel. Typical in women's texts, the protagonist's develop ment is nurtured and shaped by her connection with others; Celeste's self-discovery will be intertwined with the psychological evolution of her lover, who will be introduced in the second half of the story. The embedded male quest for selfhood parallels that of the main character and highlights the gender prejudices of nineteenth-century French soci ety.


The last chapter of Henri Bergson's The Two Sources of Morality and Religion can still today be read as a powerful incentive to reflect upon alternative models of social organization. This article compares Bergson's 'Final Remarks' and P. M.'s Bolo'bolo in order to demonstrate how Bergson's foreseeing economic analysis and plea for peace can concur with more recent radical political criticism and potentially lay the ground for concrete projects. Bolo'bolo can in many ways be interpreted as a response to Bergson's call for cultural change 50 years before. To advocate the implementation of a worldwide network of small communities or 'bolos' is to follow the inspiration of the 'open society' agenda, thus contributing to keeping the utopian spirit alive.


Linyphiid web densities in wheat‐clover bi‐crop systems where winter wheat was grown in an under‐storey of white clover were compared with web densities estimated in conventional wheat‐growing systems. The web densities in the wheat‐clover bi‐crop systems were on average between 200 and 250 webs per square‐metre when the densities peaked, while the estimated average web density peak levels under conventional growing practices were 100–150 webs per square‐metre. Repeated Measure anova tests show significant differences between the estimated mean web density levels of the bi‐crop systems compared to the mean density levels of the conventional growing systems in two consecutive growing seasons. Particularly, Bathyphantes gracilis and Tenuiphantes tenuis took advantage of the more heterogeneous conditions with high secondary vegetation layer density and high food animal supply in the bi‐crop plots compared to the more homogeneous conditions under conventional wheat‐growing practices with low food animal supply. Structural equation modelling with a data set pooled from four different wheat‐growing practices shows that the linyphiid juvenile production is influenced by the number of collembolans accessible as food animals for the adult females. The modelling demonstrates the importance of the detritus food chain, particularly for the juvenile recruitment.


Under complicated environments existing multipath and clutters,clutters affect the detection severely.When multipath especially First Arrival Path(FAP) is not the strongest path,the key to improve the performance of ranging and locating is to detect the FAP of the target correctly.In this paper,the effects of multipath and clutter,as well as the limitation of the traditional algorithm of detection,are considered.And an improved Constant False Alarm Rate(CFAR) algorithm in frequency domain is applied to Linear Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave(LFMCW) radar.In order to suppress the false target and improve the ranging ability,two suppression strategies,range cell constraint method and binary integration,are proposed.The Simulation results indicate that the improved CFAR algorithm in frequency domain bears better detection performance than conventional FAP detection method and unimproved CFAR method.


The extraction of high-level architectural information from existing software systems, or architecture recovery, is a recent research area. This paper presents X-RAY, an approach for recovering distributed software architectures. X-RAY builds on previous work on architecture recovery and more traditional reverse engineering techniques, as well as on notations for architecture description. The key features of the approach are illustrated through the depiction of a step-by-step recovery experiment performed on a small yet non-trivial distributed software system. Initial results from an ongoing experiment involving a larger-scale system are also discussed.


Three wheat cultivars(Triticum aestivum L.) with different vernalization development characteristics were used to investigate the effects of accumulated temperature before wintering on spike differentiation by vernalization treatments and sowing dates experiment,and the effects were expressed by thermal time.The results showed that accumulated temperature before wintering mainly affected single ridge stage and double ridges stage of spike differentiation.The influence of accumulated temperature before wintering on spike differentiation was getting smaller after glume differentiation stage.With decrease of accumulated temperature before wintering,accumulated growing degree days(GDD) in each stage of spike differentiation reduced.Effects of accumulated temperature before wintering on accumulate GDD of spike differentiation varied with vernalization development types of wheat cultivars.Accumulated GDD of winter-spring cultivar is more sensitive to accumulated temperature before wintering than spring cultivar,and accumulated GDD of winter cultivar were most sensitive.Suitable upper limits of temperature in early stages of spike differentiation for spring cultivar and winter-spring cultivars were 14℃ and 12℃,respectively.If accumulated GDD below 14℃ reached 232~243,the differentiation of spikelet primordia of spring cultivar would initiate,and accumulated GDD of 261~277 below 12℃ was essential for initiation of differentiation of spikelet primordia of winter-spring cultivar.It concludes that the differentiation of spikelet primordia requires relatively stable accumulated GDD in specific temperature range in the fields and the requirement for temperature varies with vernalization characteristics of cultivars.


Climate change is increasing variability in precipitation patterns in many parts of the globe. Unpredictable changes in water availability can be particularly challenging for organisms that rely on precipitation-fed water sources for com-pleting their life cycle, such as many amphibian evaluated developmental found response to drying was rare, except in the southernmost population of R. sphenocephala . In this location, tadpoles responded by accelerating development, and frogs with shorter larval periods developed more severe infections following Bd exposure post-metamorphosis, suggesting a trade-off between surviving pond drying and pathogen defense investment. In the three other locations, a lack of accelerated metamorphosis in drying treatments was accompanied by increased mortality, decreased anti- Bd function of the microbiome, and/or greater Bd infection after exposure. Overall, results suggest that faster drying conditions will likely have negative impacts on amphibians with long larval periods, both directly and indirectly via carry-over effects. Because effects of drying exposure were not uniform within a species, our findings suggest that local responses may not be generalizable to other regions of the range. These multifaceted effects of climate change on pathogen defenses are increasingly relevant as emerging infectious diseases threaten global biodiversity.