The objective of this paper is to design a controller which is able to control the output angle for an upper limb of a robotic arm, for precision motion and high speed response.  The aim is to optimize the best controller for an upper limb robotic arm system for precision motion, in which improper motion will results in injuries/ fatality and loss of production in manufacturing system. In this research, a robotic arm prototype with a 1 degree-of-freedom (DOF) was designed and fabricated, in which the DC geared motor was implemented.  Studies are carried out based on previous research to investigate the suitable type of controller. PID controller and fuzzy logic controller are chosen and compared in terms of their performances such as the steady-state error, settling time, rise time and overshoot. The equipment's used are Micro-Box 2000/2000C, Cytron DC geared motor, motor driver circuit. Micro-Box module acts as the interface between hardware component and MATLAB R2009a. Open-loop simulations are carried out to obtain the transfer function of the motor and substituted into the system for further simulation analysis. Simulation for the uncompensated system is carried out to observe the close-loop system characteristic without the controller. After that, the close-loop point-to-point (PTP) trajectory control for simulations & experiments are carried out for the compensated systems using PID controller based on the Ziegler-Nichols frequency response method. Analyses are made based on the results obtained and the best type of controller is chosen for achieving precise motion control for the upper limb robotic arm. In this paper, the PID controller shows better performances compared to the Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) with the steady state error of less than 0.01 0 and settling time of 0.5s; for the input reference of 15 0 respectively.


Double‐peak subauroral ion drifts (DSAIDs), characterized by two high‐speed flow channels, is a newly identified flow structure in the subauroral ionosphere. He et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069133) proposed that two region 2 field‐aligned currents (R2 FACs) might cause the DSAIDs. However, the underlying physical process that drives the double R2 FACs is unknown. This study reports a DSAIDs event and reveals its magnetospheric drivers. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 satellite observed DSAIDs in the duskside subauroral region, which corresponded well to two low‐density troughs and two R2 FACs. The Van Allen Probe B demonstrated that intense substorm ion injections recurrently occurred prior to the formation of DSAIDs, suggesting a potential magnetospheric driver of DSAIDs. Simulation confirms that recurrent ion injections intensify the partial ring current and create double pressure peaks in the near‐Earth dusk‐to‐midnight region, leading two R2 FACs to flow into the ionosphere. The two R2 FACs are thus responsible for the DSAIDs formation. This study unveils the generation mechanism of DSAIDs and deepens the knowledge of the complex magnetosphere‐ionosphere system.


The linear Euler – Bernoullibeam model is employed for the studies on the interactions between a flexible plate and incoming flow. The flow field was simulated by the immersed-boundary method. It is shown that the plate was inhibited at a relative low Reynolds number. When the Reynolds increases, the plate begins to flap and its amplitude increases with the increasing of Reynolds number. The amplitude is small with a large stiffness coefficient. When the mass ratio becomes large, the inertial effect enhances, and the amplitude of the plate is large. With the same material parameters, different initial trailing edge inclination lead to different flapping amplitudes.


Abstract : This review was conducted to determine the current state of the art in watershed water quality modeling. Several available watershed water quality models were reviewed and rated with regard to their potential in being utilized as the building block for the development of a Corps of Engineers watershed water quality model. Watershed water quality models are currently being implemented for predicting watershed runoff water quality as influenced by land use change, development, watershed improvement strategies, best management practices, and in the determination of total daily maiiimum loads. The model selected as a building block for the Corps of Engineers model will be implemented into the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station's Watershed Modeling System (WMS). The WMS can be used currently in the application of watershed models for both preprocessing and postprocessing. Current models contained in the WMS do not have water quality capabilities. Thus, the implementation of the selected watershed water quality model into the system will extend the capabilities of the system to include watershed water quality modeling.


Student Number : 0112584H -
MSc research project -
School of Mining Engineering -
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment


The article is a review of the perspective methods and approaches to the design of fuzzy decision support systems (DSS) with the application of discrete fuzzy inference engine. The authors also developed a two-stage method for fuzzy rule base (RB) correction in the case of changing the structure of the input vector. In addition, the fuzzy DSS with a hierarchical structure for the best selection of the marine delivery company was developed. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of fuzzy DSS structure with variable input coordinates vector, in particular, in marine practice.


Literary studies highlight the importance of studying works of art in connection with their location and socio-historical settings, yet what must also be considered is the impact the work has on the consciousness of the reader or audience. The local and the global must be considered in terms of consciousness, together with the possibility of these consciousnesses being changed or augmented, a concept that encourages the possibility of human evolution towards a "higher" level of interaction with the global population as well as with the natural environment. The concept of transnationalism-which implicates the connection between individual and collective consciousnessalready emphasizes the placement of identity being defined as beyond and independent of boundaries of nation or race. According to postcolonial theory, the present is always embedded in the re-memory of the past: new worlds cannot be created unless incorporating a telling knowledge of the old. Thus, we remember the future. While being based on an informed and critical memory of the past, Utopias in the imagination are also necessary for providing upcoming hope. They are crucial as critical points of opposition to oppression. New worlds, brave or not, must be created as parallel realities to address and challenge current creations of self and other, subject and object, friend and alien. As Lyman Tower Sargent postulates: "dissatisfaction is the beginning of utopianism, and ultimately, utopianism is about the transformation of everyday life" (2010:49).This chapter addresses issues of new Otherness and argues that we need to look more closely at how the shifting concepts of "human kind" (with both biological and ethical dimensions) are constructed in the contexts of both literature and life. Feminists throughout the twentieth century developed interests in the possibility of apocalyptic endings to the current known civilizations of the world, and project possible future disasters, either through war or devastating pandemics. The notion of consciousness must be asserted as not merely negotiable within that future, but crucial if there is to be a survival of our world. Margaret Atwood-despite claiming that '"human", however, does not necessarily mean 'wonderful'" (1994: 132)-provides a challenging new map of humanity and contributes to the crucial debate on what it means to be human in a post-human world.Margaret Atwood and the problematic search for new worldsThe Canadian author Margaret Atwood's novels have formed a central core of the exploration of women's consciousness in twentieth and twenty-first century literature. They challenge gendered roles in western culture through an unleashing of female consciousness as a weapon for social change. Her novel, Alias Grace, for example accesses factual records of historical characters to problematise the ambiguities of deciphering history and truth, through the medium of "female" language. While being a novel that tries to deconstruct the notion of a woman's madness, Alias Grace continues to formulate a feminist aesthetic based on alternatives to "logical" male order. Even from the multi-optional viewpoints of one woman's life, new possibilities of analysing consciousness seem to be involved in this model. New language opens up the possibility for dynamic rewriting of reality. The language of female writers, such as Margaret Atwood, often reflects a profound intuitive insight-one that goes beyond the normal surface level of words-to tap into a more subtle level of knowledge that augments the reader's receptive experience.This chapter examines three of Margaret Atwood's works, Surfacing (1972) and the first two novels of her "Maddaddam" trilogy, Oryx and Crake (2003) and The Year of the Flood (2009). These novels form a trajectory in many ways, since the concerns and themes relate to contemporary issues of female agency, colonialism and neo-colonialism; control and conflict; and the impact of all of these on humankind's impact on the environment. …


An experiment on a 50 ha center pivot field was conducted to determine the Vegetation Indices (VI's) that were helpful in assessing the in-season performance of wheat crop treated with graded levels of irrigation water and fertilizers. The irrigation levels were at 100, 90, 80 and 70% evapotranspiration (ETc); however, the fertilizer levels of N: P: K kg-1ha included 300:150:200 (low); 400:250:300 (medium) and 500:300:300 (High). The crop was sown on January 1st and harvested on May 9th, 2012. Temporal data on biophysical parameters and reflectance of the crop in hyper spectral bands (350-2500 nm) were collected at booting and ripening growth stages (February 17th and April 5th, 2012). Results of the study revealed that many of the tested spectral indices showed significant response to irrigation levels. Out of those, only two spectral indices (Plant Senescence Reflectance Index 'PSRI' and Photochemical Reflectance Index 'PRI') also exhibited significant response to fertilizer levels. The Middle Infrared-Based Vegetation Index (MIVI) showed a significant response to the irrigation levels for both sampling dates. Among the tested spectral indices, Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) and Normalized Difference Nitrogen Index (NDNI) exhibited the highest correlation to crop Leaf Area Index (LAI). Five indices showed the most response to wheat grain yield. These indices included Near Infrared band (NIR), Water Band Index (WBI), Normalized Water Index-1 (NWI-1), Normalized Water Index-3 (NWI-3) and Normalized Water Index-4 (NWI-4).


IN A.D. 22 C. Junius Silanus was accused of extortion in Asia and—to discourage possible advocates, Tacitus tells us—of maiestas. By far the most important of the accusers was Mam. Aemilius Scaurus, who had probably been consul in the previous year. It was a most unpopular thing ('infamis opera') for a senior statesman to do: even in Cicero's day, long before the emergence of the delator as the bete noire of the aristocracy, the prosecution of senators had, on the whole, brought discredit upon the prosecutor, unless he was a younger man furthering his own career. Naturally enough, Scaurus had to find good precedents. He cited three: 'L. Cottam a Scipione Africano, Seruium Galbam a Gatone censorio, P. Rutilium a M. Scauro accusatos.' Tacitus bitterly remarks that those great men were not involved in that kind of case (referring, no doubt, to the added maiestas charge); but how good were the precedents in all other respects ? The first two were well-known repetundae cases. That of Galba—one of Cato's most celebrated cases—belongs to 149 B.C. and offers no difficulty. (See O.R.F., pp. 79 f.) Gotta is slightly more puzzling. Cicero calls him ueterator, and his life was a disgraceful example of prodigality and insolvency. He was prosecuted repetundarum by Scipio Aemilianus in 138 B.C. and acquitted (it seems) through jealousy of his prosecutor's power. Unfortunately we are not told the scene of his depredations. The prosecution comes too late to be referred to events that had taken place in his praetorship and must refer to those of his consulship in 144 (and subsequent proconsulship, if any). In that year Scipio had already shown his hostility to Cotta by preventing his going to Spain; but it is clear from his bon mot on that occasion that Cotta, unlike his colleague Galba, had at that time not yet had a repetundae case in his reprehensible past. In 142 (-141) B.C. Scipio was censor, and we know that he took his task very seriously. In 140 he had to defend himself against a charge brought by a disgruntled tribune, Ti. Claudius Asellus; and straight after this—as far as we can tell—he was sent to the East as the head of a Senatorial commission with an extensive itinerary. It is not surprising, therefore, that it was only in 138 that his case against Cotta came to trial. If, however, the charge did refer to his consulship, it is difficult to find a province to which he may have been sent. We have seen that it was not Spain; and Spain, as far as we know, was at this time the only part of the Empire that needed a consular governor for major warfare. Consuls, at this time, were not normally sent to perfectly peaceful provinces. And if Cotta had had a war to fight, whether in Macedonia (where there was intermittent


An Information technology has many advantages to support service, job,
and performance of librarian. One of example is a revolution to conventional
become digital. It wiil be development an administration of library because
everything to be easy within an application of digital.Therefore, library's digital
system will appear in operational of library look like Yogyakarta's library system.
In this research, The technology inforamation system of Yogyakarta City
Library is the object of the research that use one aspect of McCall's Quality Teory
" Product Operation". Usibilty factor is a factor to find the quality of usability in a
software with two metrics those are operability and training.
Based on this research,the percentage of Library Information System
based on the theory of Quality Factors McCalls are percentage of Operability is
found 74, 17778%, and have the standard deviation of 15,88556%. Whereas for
the percentage of Training is 3,43 sec and have the standard deviation of
1,291014 sec. This research shows that Library Information System have a good
quality score usability.


Pyrrole and hexane-2,b-dione react in glacial acetic acid containing zinc acetate to give 4,7-dimethylindole, 5,8-dimethylindolizine, 1,4,6,8-tetramethyl-carbazole and a more highly condensed product which has been assigned the structure 1,4-bis(4,7-dimethylindol-2-yl)-1,4,5,8-ethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole.


Does financial sector foreign direct investment (FSFDI) trigger general capital inflows and foreign trade? Do these inflows to New EU Member States (NMS) provide positive signals (Spence, 1973) towards economic development or 'crowd out' investment and trade? While the direct impact of financial deepening has received much attention (Hasan, Wachtel, Zhou, 2006; Detragiache, Tressel, Gupta, 2006), indirect effects have received less consideration. To fill this gap, we review the literature on possible links and provide descriptive data for NMS. We apply regression analysis and find coherence between FSFDI and non-financial FDI and trade in Bulgaria and Croatia, but there are various directions in which developmental repercussions can go and the impact on trade is not as significant as the effect on nonfinancial FDI. We argue that the relative impact of FSFDI, real sector FDI and trade needs to be taken into consideration in shaping economic policies conducive to economic development.


The color of vertebrate-dispersed fruits has been a source of inquiry for over 150 years, yet the ecological and evolutionary processes responsible for fruit color diversity remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that fruit color varies temporally, to maximize conspicuousness against seasonal changes in foliage coloration, in a bird-dispersed plant community in western North America. Field observations showed that while red fruits predominate during summer periods of green foliage coloration, black fruits are produced during flushes of red-orange foliage coloration in autumn. Although two species did not conform to this pattern, one produced its own contrasting background color, via colored bracts. We conducted experimental manipulations of both fruit color and the color of artificial backgrounds to test whether both factors had a synergistic effect on fruit removal rates. Interactions between fruit and background color explained most of the variation in experimental fruit removal rates. Although red fruits were removed rapidly on green backgrounds, preference for black fruits on red-orange backgrounds was less pronounced. Consequently, the temporal pattern in fruit color appears to result from elevated fruit conspicuousness against seasonal changes in foliage coloration. Support for this hypothesis suggests a temporal connection between fruit color diversity, foliage color contrasts and avian color preferences.


In order to increase the precision of flatness pattern recognition,the flatness pattern recognition method with the linear,quadratic,cubic and biquadratic flatness Legendre orthogonal polynomial as basic patterns was proposed on the basis of the traditional linear,quadratic and biquadratic flatness patterns.According to the analysis of the flatness data calculated by theory model and the measured flatness data,it is indicated that the method increases the precision of flatness pattern recognition,makes the recognition result more self-contained and details the target of flatness control,which is in favor of increasing the precision of flatness control.


Dear Editor, The study by Wood et al.1 has several shortcomings that prevent the validation and extrapolation of their results and that can be specifically summarized as follows: 1. The authors concluded that at 1 month after the first injection of aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY), central subfield foveal thickness (CSFT) decreased significantly from 421 μm to 325 μm.1 Importantly, these values are more than the cutoff (315.2 μm) for the upper level of normal foveal thickness (270.2 μm ± 22.5 μm)2 +2 standard deviations. We believe that persistence of high CSFT values highlights unresolved macular edema and indicates that the disease process is still active and progressive, requiring further treatment with anti-angiogenic agents. 2. There were no data on the anatomical types of macular edema (subretinal fluid/cystic changes), nor were there details regarding vitreoretinal interface abnormalities (vitreomacular adhesion/traction, epiretinal membrane) before and after conversion to aflibercept. Nothing was stated referring to the duration of diabetes or diabetic macular edema (DME). 3. There were three eyes (eyes 2,10, and 13) with CSFT under the cutoff for the upper level of normal foveal thickness2 (eg, 290 μm, 299 μm, and 277 μm, respectively) before aflibercept injection. We wondered why they had to be converted to aflibercept. 4. The number of bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA)/ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) injections was between three and 15, with most (78.5%) being six or fewer (11 eyes). This number of injections was too small to label the eyes as incomplete responders/ nonresponders requiring conversion to aflibercept. 5. The presumed pharmacological advantages of aflibercept over bevacizumab or ranibizumab — namely, a higher binding affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and activity against VEGF-B and placental-derived growth factor3,4 — were not confirmed by the poor results of this series. Thus, there was persistent macular edema (CSFT ≥ 320 μm) in seven eyes (50%) (eyes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 with CSFT values of 343 μm, 341 μm, 551 μm, 378 μm, 424 μm, 378 μm, and 324 μm, respectively) and a loss in visual acuity (one line) in three eyes (eyes 6, 12, and 13) after aflibercept injection. Altogether, regardless of the anti-VEGF agents used (bevacizumab/ranibizumab/aflibercept), the efficacy of therapy depends primarily on the precociousness of the therapy after DME diagnosis. Therefore, therapy with anti-angiogenic agents has to be promptly applied as soon as possible after DME onset. Every delay of therapy adversely influences the deterioration of visual functions, which is difficult to restore even with subsequent treatment. Dan Călugăru, MD, PhD Mihai Călugăru, MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania


A critique on the criterion used and a different interpretation are given for the low-field magnetization measurements of Carnegie and Claus on $\mathrm{Pd}\mathrm{FeMn}$. Additional evidence is presented to connect these experiments with the typical behavior of concentrated spin glasses and not that of a normal ferromagnet.


This paper presents a systematic analysis of the characteristics of the inverter system under rectifier load with the model proposed in [9]. The dynamic response of the system is derived by the nonlinear control theory, which reveals that the system can be simplified as if it shifts between two different steady states periodically. The distortion mechanism of the inverter output waveform under rectifier load is then studied through the analysis of these two steady state responses. The system stability is analyzed using the phase plane plot of the nonlinear control theory. Based on these analyses, design principle is proposed. A design example is presented with the experimental results.


Women's diseases are types of the common problems that patients are seeking for treatment that imposes a lot of economic burdens on health systems. Many Persian medicine reference books mentioned various practical methods for the adjunctive treatment of the gynecological problems. In the Persian medicine resources, "Dalk" therapeutic method is the most appropriate word for massage. Many clinical studies have been conducted on applied massage in women's diseases which confirms the effects of "Dalk"in this regard. The purpose of this study is to investigate "Dalk"'s applications on women's diseases.


The invention belongs to the technical field of biology and relates to a single domain heavy chain antibody based immunoaffinity material, in particular to an immunoaffinity material for aflatoxin. The immunoaffinity material comprises a carrier and a ligand carried on the carrier and is characterized in that the material takes a single domain heavy chain antibody for specifically recognizing the aflatoxin as the ligand, and the single domain heavy chain antibody for specifically recognizing the aflatoxin has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.1. The antibody has the characteristics of acid-base resistance, high-temperature resistance, easiness in production and the like and has important practical value on a low-cost and reusable immunological detection method of the aflatoxin.


The objective of this paper was to study and analyze the expertise effects in the criminal cases. To that end, we quantified information on the concept, subject and importance of the accounting expertise, tried to map out the distinction between the accounting expertise and the traditional audit, brought into discussion and dealt with the phenomenon of "White Collar Criminality", referring to the role the chartered accountants have in such cases, as well as the competences they need to carry out their work. We also approached issues related to access to the profession of chartered accountant in Romania, but also in other countries, highlighting the importance and contribution of professional accounting bodies.


Transient elastography is an ultrasonic imaging method primarily applied in medical imaging. Through correlation of echography images it reconstructs the particle velocities and displacements of the transversal wave-field inside a medium of interest. Elastography measurements are therefore not limited to an acquisition surface. We present developments in processing and experimental design that broaden the application horizon for elastography imaging. First, we propose a multiple source-array for shear wave beamforming that adaptively recovers the impulse response of the medium through time-reversal. This allows for targeted shear wave focusing and thus significantly enhances the SNR compared to single source elastography. Due to the time-reversal robustness the focusing holds true for transmission through a rigid barrier as well, which we show by applying the method to a human skull model. Second, we present a geophysical laboratory experiment. Combining a friction test-bed with ultrasound elastography enables us to recover the effect of rupture dynamics on shear wave propagation. Albeit the use of hydro-gels our densely sampled wave-field perfectly illuminates typical rupture phenomena. These include super-shear fronts, sub-Rayleigh ruptures, and stick-slip behavior. In the future, passive elastography, an equivalent to seismic coda correlation, could be used for monitoring local elasticity during the rupture.Transient elastography is an ultrasonic imaging method primarily applied in medical imaging. Through correlation of echography images it reconstructs the particle velocities and displacements of the transversal wave-field inside a medium of interest. Elastography measurements are therefore not limited to an acquisition surface. We present developments in processing and experimental design that broaden the application horizon for elastography imaging. First, we propose a multiple source-array for shear wave beamforming that adaptively recovers the impulse response of the medium through time-reversal. This allows for targeted shear wave focusing and thus significantly enhances the SNR compared to single source elastography. Due to the time-reversal robustness the focusing holds true for transmission through a rigid barrier as well, which we show by applying the method to a human skull model. Second, we present a geophysical laboratory experiment. Combining a friction test-bed with ultrasound elastography en...


The article analyzes the role of the Muslim minority in Delhipaying special attention to its role in the political process. The current capital of India has always played an extremely important role for the Muslim community in South Asia. After the partition of British India in 1947, Delhi became the capital of the Indian Union. At the end of the XXth century, Muslims in Delhi had to buildcomplex relationships with various ethnic and religious groups. The situation in Delhi deserves attention not only as an Indian problem, but also as an exampleof the position of a religious minority in the modern megalopolis


An object of the present invention is to input with high accuracy in a wide variety of quick small area instructions for the object. A program, in a portable terminal having a touch panel having a first region and a second region, and the command information storage unit that stores instruction information indicating a correspondence between the object to be instruction and subject to the instruction , the instruction selecting unit and the positional information storage unit which stores position information indicating a display position of each object in the second region, based on the condition being operated by the first finger in the first region, selects an instruction If, on the basis of the command information and the position information, of the second region, the region corresponding to the display position of the object of interest of the selected instructions, and a region defining section for an admissible region of operation, the in one region in a state where the operation by the first finger is continued by the operation of the second finger in admissible area, the instruction to which the operation is selected for the object corresponding to the region made and the instruction execution unit to be executed, to realize. .FIELD 7A


Obviously there is no more serious lesion than closure of the only passage leading to the stomach. Fortunately nature has guarded the œsophagus so that its freedom from disease is noteworthy, and its most frequent lesions are the result of external causes, neoplasms, or due to diseases of contiguous tissues. So rare and surely fatal have strictures of this passage been that until within recent years but little has been done in attempting permanent relief. The gravity and urgency of the symptoms have possibly prompted equally grave and heroic remedies, such as divulsion, cutting, gas-trotomy, etc., until now it seems needful to call attention to more conservative methods of treatment. In striving for the brilliant, possibly the safer and more simple plans have been neglected. Neoplasms of the passage itself, or of adjacent structures, may cause stenosis, but I wish now to consider only cicatricial strictures of the œsophagus. These


While the use of nonaqueous solvents in redox flow batteries (RFBs) offers the promise of higher cell voltages than can typically be obtained in aqueous electrolytes, suitable compounds that are sufficiently soluble and stable to permit extended operation has proven challenging. Viologen anolytes have been successfully employed in aqueous systems, but their first reduction occurs at very modest potentials, thus limiting their advantage in nonaqueous systems. We have previously reported flow battery chemistry employing a series of extended bis(pyridinium) species with reduction potentials ca. 300-400 mV more negative than viologens and very long-lived, durable reduced states. However, these materials were difficult to access via common synthetic routes and often exhibited limited solubility.
 In this presentation, we describe an extension of those studies to new pyridinium compounds that provide still more negative reduction potentials (ca. -1.6 to -1.7 V vs Fc/Fc+). Moreover, these compounds are readily synthesized in good yield from inexpensive raw materials, are highly soluble, display excellent electrochemical kinetics, and are extremely persistent in the reduced state. The synthesis and electrochemical characterization of compounds incorporating these groups will be presented, along with preliminary RFB cycling results.


Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles are promising dual mode near-infrared (NIR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) bioimaging agents. In this communication we report the utility of NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles with a functional poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) coating, as a biocompatible multimodal formulation for neuronal cell imaging.


The truth about health care policy lies between two exaggerated views: a market view in which individuals purchase their own health care from profit maximizing health-care firms and a control view in which costs are controlled by regulations limiting which treatments health insurance will pay for. This essay suggests a way to avoid on the one hand the suffering, unfairness, and abandonment of solidarity entailed by the market view and, on the other hand, to diminish the inflexibility and inefficiency of the control view. It suggests that the way to mitigate these problems is to recognize the malleability of motivation and the range of factors, in addition to financial incentives, that may influence the behavior of patients and especially physicians.


Advanced research into non destructive control of industrial pipe works provides several acoustical methods for inspection of their structural integrity. The use of guided waves is one possible solution to detect and identify different flaws. In this paper, we are studying the propagation of guided waves in a tube and the correlation of these last by defects of surface. The dispersion curves of symmetrical modes (longitudinal and torsion) and asymmetrical mode (inflection) have been established. The mode chosen to generate it the second longitudinal mode, for this mode the radial element of displacement is very weak in front of the axial element in the point produced frequency thickness equal to 0.99 MHz.mm where from a weak attenuation, according to our experimental results the L (0, 2) mode is sensitive to the depth variation and the defect circumference. Keyword: Guided waves Hollow cylindre NDT. ∗3rd International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure2009


It is becoming increasingly clear that T cell responses against many antigens are dominated by public α/β T cell receptors (TCRs) with restricted heterogeneity. Because expression of public TCRs may be related to resistance, or predisposition to diseases, it is relevant to measure their frequencies. Although staining with tetrameric peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules gives information about specificity, it does not give information about the TCR composition of the individual T cells that stain. Moreover, next‐generation sequencing of TCR does not yield information on pairing of α‐ and β‐chains in single T cells. In an effort to overcome these limitations, we have here investigated the possibility of raising a monoclonal antibody (moAb) that recognizes a public TCR. As a model system, we have used T cells responding to the 91–101 CDR3 peptide of an Ig L‐chain (λ2315), presented by the MHC class II molecule I‐Ed. The CD4+ T cell responses against this pMHC are dominated by a receptor composed of Vα3Jα1;Vβ6DβJβ1.1. Even the V(D)J junctions are to a large extent shared between T cell clones derived from different BALB/c mice. We here describe a murine moAb (AB10) of B10.D2 origin that recognizes this public TCR, while binding to peripheral T cells is negligible. Binding of the moAb is abrogated by introduction of two Gly residues in the D‐J junction of the CDR3 of the β‐chain. A model for the public TCR determinant is presented.


Objective To study the characteristics of elderly esophageal cancer and perioperative treatment. Methods Retrospective analysis of 184 cases of esophageal cancer patients over the age of 65 surgical treatment of clinical cases of information. Results 184 cases of patients are given surgery, surgical resection rate was 100%, but the preoperative cardiopulmonary reserve is poor, with many diseases. High incidence of postoperative complications 20.7% (38/184). Conclusion Surgical resection is the information on elderly patients with esophageal cancer the best way to deal reasonably with the coexistence of disease, strengthening the perioperative management, and effective prevention and treatment of complications is to improve the efficacy of the key.


The Bi_ 0.5 (Na_ 0.85 K_ 0.15 )_ 0.5 TiO_3 powders were prepared by sol-gel method. The stable sol was obtained and the powders with the sime of about 100nm were synthesized at 750℃. The Bi_ 0.5 (Na_ 0.85 K_ 0.15 )_ 0.5 TiO_3 ceramics were sintered at 1175℃ by using these powders. The properties of Bi_ 0.5 (Na_ 0.85 K_ 0.15 )_ 0.5 TiO_3 are relatively good: d_ 33 =100pC/N,Q_m=193.


of the Bible. Whereas Gale had translated a more literary version of Ch'unhyang ka, Yi Hae-jo's Okchunghwa (published in Seoul in 1911), Rutt is the first translator to work from the Wanp'an xylograph, a version closer to the original performance style ofp'ansori. Rutt's translation is necessarily far removed from the histrionic art of the kwangdae, through whose one-man tour de force the p'ansori text is vivified and without which it is only an excellent script. Although it is quite impossible to inject the person of the kwangdae into a printed—let alone translated—version, it should be possible to convey more of the style of p'ansori by translating as verse what is actually verse in the original. P'ansori are roughly half verse (sung) and half prose (spoken), the prose serving to bridge and introduce the verse passages. Since the sung passages take longer to deliver, their dominance is overwhelming in actual performance. Although always accurate—and often inspired—Rutt's translation treats as verse only the clearly interpolated poetry and songs, leaving Ch'unhyang ka (literally, "Song of Ch'unhyang") basically a prose novel. There is a tradition for this: many Korean versions, calling the story Ch'unhyang chon ( "Tale of Ch'unhyang"), have printed the text as paragraphed prose. But even then, there is still the flavor and color of the original language to sustain the piece. Perhaps the English translator has an obligation to compensate for the treasons of translation by doing justice to the kasa verse in which half of a p'ansori work is written. Virtuous Women is a major new contribution to the field of Korean studies. Not only is it a text needed by students of the literature; it is also important collateral reading in the areas of Korean social, cultural, and institutional history. It is a source of insight that will help the reader develop the intuitive capacity to better understand traditional Korea.


Cyclin D1 has been implicated in G1 cell cycle progression and is frequently amplified, overtranscribed, and oversynthesized in human tumors, including esophageal carcinomas. To further address the role of cyclin D1 in cell cycle control and tumorigenesis, we have stably transfected the human cyclin D1 in the nontumorigenic esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A. These transfected cells, which express increased amounts of cyclin D1, have enhanced colony-forming efficiency and saturation density and are resistant to growth inhibition by TGF-beta 1 compared with the parental cell line or a control vector cell clone. The clones which express increased amounts of cyclin D1 exhibited a decrease in the amount of TGF-beta type II receptor, indicating a plausible mechanism for their diminished response to TGF-beta 1. Therefore, deregulated expression of the cyclin D1 gene can modulate the negative growth factor pathway of TGF-beta 1 and may disturb the control of epithelial cell proliferation in esophageal carcinogenesis.


Background. Health care associated infection (HAI) is one of the most frequent adverse events in health care. Hand hygiene is an important measure to reduce HAI. Patient empowerment is recognized as an important method to improve hand hygiene adherence. In this study, we instituted a new patient empowerment program where patients and families were educated to use a Patient Empowerment Tool (PET) to remind health care providers to perform hand hygiene. See figure. We performed a survey of pediatric patients' parents as well as adult patients to understand their attitudes and comfort level using the PET.


This article mainly discusses stability problem of switched positive nonlinear systems (SPNSs) with partial unstable modes. By utilizing max-separable Lyapunov function method, stability criteria in terms of average dwell time (ADT) switching are delivered, which include some recent results as special ones. We also draw a general conclusion for time-varying switched systems with the aid of comparison theorem. Finally, the theoretical results are supported by an appropriate example.


. This paper discusses the results of the analysis and experimental characterization of a narrow bandpass optical filter based on the Fabry – Perot interferometer configuration with a variable spacing between the mirrors allowing for a relatively wide spectral tunability. Such a filter, with a high-throughput bandpass and sufficiently large aperture and acceptance angle, is of practical interest for a high-resolution spectrometry and remote sensing in the visible and infrared spectral regions. The Fabry – Perot filter (FPF) can be designed in a compact single-assembly architecture that can be accommodated within existing instruments and should provide a stable performance under variable thermal and mechanical conditions, including space and airborne platforms. Possible applications of the filter include high-resolution multi-spectral imaging, terrain mapping, atmosphere and surface parameters measurements, and detection of chemical and biological agents.


Abstract : The first experimental lot (Lot 1) of HTS glass roving was received during this period and is presently being evaluated. This lot showed an approximate 10% increase in ultimate tensile strength (strand test) over the control lot. The weight per yard and the ignition loss were well within the specification range. All test specimens have been fabricated from this lot and are awaiting tests. This material has been sent to the vendor for controlled impregnation. (Author)


There are five discernible phases in the evolution of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in Malaysia, namely: 1) Initial phase; 2) Intensification phase; 3) Crisis phase; 4) Disaster phase; and 5) IPM phase. This outline enables an understanding of the genesis of a farmer first approach to IPM. All five phases will be discussed and weaknesses of dominant approaches at each stage will be highlighted. As the evolution of a season long programme emerges, the similarity in development of IPM in other crops in the wet tropics will be discussed. Of particular interest to many national programmes are the similarities and differences between the two current approaches to implementing integrated diamondback moth management – one based on top down classroom lectures and messages and the other based on helping farmers understand ecology and getting farmers to make better pest management decisions. In support of a scientific approach, suggestions on bringing concepts of plant compensation (crop physiology), parasitism and predation to farmers are discussed. Concepts that are familiar to farmers, such as life cycle and microbial control are revisited. Experiences in Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam have shown that a season long training of trainers is an important prerequisite to work with farmers. Farmers who learn about biological control of the diamondback moth are less likely to spray insecticides on cabbages in order to conserve the effective parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum.


Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency that has affected health professionals around the world, causing physical and mental exhaustion with a greater probability of developing mental disorders in professionals who provide healthcare. Objective: The objective of this study was to know the psychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the nursing professionals working for the Rioja Health Service. Methods: We conducted an observational and descriptive cross-sectional study. The nursing staff at the Rioja Health Service were invited to respond to a self-administered questionnaire between June and August 2020. Results: A total of 605 health professionals participated in the questionnaire; 91.9% were women, 63.14% were registered nurses, and 36.28% were auxiliary nurses. Risk factors for mental health professionals were identified in more than 90% of nurses (p = 0.009), affecting their psychological state with feelings of exhaustion, emotional overload (p = 0.002), and less use of coping strategies among women. Younger professionals with less experience had higher levels of stress compared to those with more than five years of experience, who showed a progressive reduction in the impact of stressors (p < 0.001). Professionals with dependent family members presented higher levels of emotional overload and coping problems (p = 0.009). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant psychological impact on health professionals in terms of stress, emotional well-being, and the use of coping strategies. Female health professionals with dependents, a temporary contract, and less work experience have been more psychologically affected.


Cenozoic fluviatile and lacustrine(?) sedimentary deposits in Hindu Canyon and Lost Manrs Canyon near Peach Springs, Arizona, are of interest for their possible bearing on the history of the Colorado River in the southwestern part of the Colorado Plateau. The sediments blanket the Paleozoic bedrock in the lower parts of the canyon, and oc cur as isolated outcrops along the walls. Hindu Canyon and Lost Mants Canyon represent a segment of a former drainage system that has been disrupted; possibly, it may rep resent an early course of the Colorado River. In this paper the Hindu Canyon formation and the Buck and Doe conglomerate are defined as formations in the Hindu Canyon area. Certain conclusions may be drawn as to the geological history of the canyon. It was formed during Cenozoic time, possibly after the first movement on the Hurricane fault, and then filled with Cenozoic deposits.


Abstract : An optical dispersion curve is determined by a double instrument. A monochromator selects a wavelength and a refractometer determines the refractive index at this wavelength. A method is developed that carries out this procedure automatically. Its application to the specific case of the Rehovoth monochromator-refractometer is outlined. (Author)


PURPOSE:To improve the operation of an operator and the production efficiency, by displaying machined sections, and unmachined sections as well as sections under machining in an organically connected manner, in an apparatus for monitoring cutting situation of a numerically controlled tool machine. CONSTITUTION:The automatically programmed tool machine consists of an operator panel 10, an NC apparatus 20 that outputs numerical signals, a driving apparatus section 30 that receives said signals for driving said NC tool machine, and a tool machine section 40 that receives the driving force from the driving apparatus for machining a work. This monitoring apparatus displays, according to the situation of the machining, the situation of course of the machining of all of the machined sections, the sections to be machined, the section where machining is started, and the sections that have been already machined. Accordingly, in case a plurality of sections are to be machined at random, the operator can know the situation of the course of the machining with respect to the all. Thus, the operation of the operator and the production efficiency can be improved.


The island rule suggests that, when mainland animals are isolated on islands, large animals tend to become smaller, while small animals tend to become larger. A small frog in eastern Brazil, Phyllodytes luteolus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824), is widely distributed in association with bromeliads. At the end of the last glaciation, parts of the mainland became islands due to rising sea levels, thereby isolating frog populations on these islands. If the island rule holds, we predicted that frogs on islands would tend to be larger than frogs on the mainland. We compared sizes (weight and length) of 30 randomly selected male frogs from the mainland with 30 from an island in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. We also sampled population density on the island and mainland because concurrent with changing sizes, depending on the causal relationship, density may also change. As predicted, island frogs tended to be larger (both in snout-vent length and weight) and were much more abundant. While not specifically addressed in this study, the absence of predators and interspecific competitors may explain both of these trends.


This paper optimizes the pilot assignment and pilot transmit powers to mitigate pilot contamination in Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems. While prior works have treated pilot assignment as a combinatorial problem, we achieve a more tractable problem formulation by directly optimizing the pilot sequences. To this end, we compute a lower bound on the uplink (UL) spectral efficiency (SE), for Rayleigh fading channels with maximum ratio (MR) detection and arbitrary pilot sequences. We optimize the max-min SE with respect to the pilot sequences and pilot powers, under power budget constraints. This becomes an NP-hard signomial problem, but we propose an efficient algorithm to obtain a local optimum with polynomial complexity. Numerical results manifest the near optimality of the proposed algorithm and show significant gains over existing suboptimal algorithms.


Use of oral contraceptives with estrogen and hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or testosterone are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, whether endogenous estradiol and testosterone concentrations are also associated with risk of VTE is unknown.


Introduction : In Iran, cancer is the third leading cause of death. Obtaining basic data about knowledge of general population regarding cancer is necessary to program a proper primary cancer prevention plan. The previously collected data in Iran about cancer knowledge was not based on a comprehensive, standard questionnaire. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare an appropriate questionnaire to fill this gap. Methods : The Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer (ABC) questionnaire was chosen as the ideal tool for data collection. The questionnaire was translated, back translated and modified based on the comments of experts. The clarity and appropriateness of the translated version of ABC was tested by interviewing a select population of 30 Iranian individuals. Results : We developed a Farsi version of the ABC questionnaire containing 47 main questions corresponding to the original ABC. Slight modification and additions were applied. Conclusion : The Farsi version of the ABC questionnaire is an appropriate tool for the evaluation of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the Iranian population regarding cancer prevention.


Consider a communication system in which a filtered and quantized signal is sent over a channel with erasures and (potentially) additive noise. Linear MMSE estimation is achieved in such a system by Kalman filtering. Allowing any Markov erasure process and any Markov-state jump linear signal generation model, it is shown that the estimation performance at the receiver can be computed as a deterministic optimization with linear matrix inequality (LMl) constraints rather than a pseudorandom simulation. Furthermore, in contrast to the case without erasures, the filtering in the transmitter should not necessarily be MMSE prediction (whitening); a procedure is given to find a locally optimal prefilter. The main tools are recent LMI characterizations of asymptotic state estimation error covariance and output estimation error variance for discrete-time jump linear systems in which the discrete portion of the system state is a Markov chain. As another application of this framework, a novel analysis and optimization of a "streaming" version of multiple description coding based on subsampling is outlined.


This paper considers the layout problem for the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-borne multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar system in the situation of signal integration to improve the detection probability and radar effective coverage area (ECA). Because of the coherent constraints between UAV node echo signals, the signals can only be integrated coherently when the distances between nodes are relatively short; otherwise, the signals must be integrated incoherently. Thus, we propose a system model of the clustered UAV MIMO radar based on hybrid integration for the varying distances between the nodes. The model groups the system's nodes into clusters, where the distance between nodes within the same cluster is small and the distance between nodes from different clusters is larger. A clustering criterion and an approximation of the ECA solution calculation are also included in the model. Then, we propose an optimization solution for radar node placement based on Cuckoo search-particle swarm optimization (CS-PSO). Finally, compared to CS-based, PSO-based, and random deployment methods, the simulation results examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.


Distance learning (online) is currently a learning tool that plays an important role during this pandemic, one of which is affected, namely in the field of education at Muhammadiyah Innovative Elementary School Pujotomo Magelang. The difficulty experienced by teachers and students is in the online learning system which uses a lot of media platforms such as Quizziz, Google Classroom, Youtube etc. so that material data, assignments and grades for each subject will be easily mixed and lost. This makes it difficult for students to find material data and past assignments, while teachers find it difficult to find data on assignments that have been collected and quiz scores that have been done by students because there is no copy of the data. E-learning is a learning media that really helps teachers and students in carrying out the teaching and learning process. The asynchronous e-learning method is a means for teachers and students to interact such as giving materials, assignments, quizzes, attendance and giving grades so that teachers and students can easily find data according to their subjects. The results of the asynchronous e-learning test using blackbox testing went well, did not experience any errors. Subsequent testing using UAT with several users, namely admin with 97%, teachers 91%, and grade 1 students 93% it can be concluded that the user's needs have been met.


We have developed two redundant daytime star cameras to provide the fine pointing solution for the balloon-borne submillimeter telescope, BLAST. The cameras are capable of providing a reconstructed pointing solution with an absolute accuracy < 5". They are sensitive to stars down to magnitudes ~ 9 in daytime float conditions. Each camera combines a 1 megapixel CCD with a 200mm f/2 lens to image a 2° × 2.5° field of the sky. The instruments are autonomous. An internal computer controls the temperature, adjusts the focus, and determines a real-time pointing solution at 1 Hz. The mechanical details and flight performance of these instruments are presented.


In the context of global warming, agriculture faces severe challenges such as water scarcity and soil erosion. Key to achieving soil sustainability is the choice of farming practices, the consequences of which are generally site-specific. In this study, the ability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Electro Magnetic Induction (EMI) methods were assessed for monitoring the effects of conventional (CONV) and conservation (CONS) agricultural practices. The aim is to highlight differences in soil water distribution caused by both short- and long-term effects of the two different practices. Results demonstrated that both ERT and EMI provided sufficient information to distinguish between the effects of CONV and CONS, while traditional direct measurements, being punctual techniques, lacked sufficient spatial resolution. The ERT transects showed that the soil was much more homogeneous as a result of CONS practices, resulting in a higher sensitivity to changes in the water content. Conversely, due to the heterogeneous soil structure under CONV, water distribution was more irregular and difficult to predict. Similar patterns were also observed with the EMI surveys, with a strong link to spatial variability. Finally, we conclude that for CONV soil, the accessible water for the plant is clearly controlled by the soil heterogeneities rather than by the forcing atmospheric conditions. This study is a first step towards paving the way for more refined hydrology models to identify which soil parameters are key to controlling spatial and temporal changes in soil water content.


Organic horticulture is one of the advanced directions for the development of the agro-industrial sector in Russia. The aim of the work is to develop a set of measures to optimize agroecological and biotechnological techniques that guarantee the preservation of the crop and the quality of apple products without toxicological effects on the environment and humans. To achieve the stated goal, the tasks were solved to ensure microbiological control of the phytosanitary state of the soil, to use grape seed meal for reducing of harmful toxic substances, to improve the soil structure and nutrition of apple trees, to use biological products for processing fruits and to use low frequency electromagnetic fields to reduce fruit contamination. Agrochemical indicators, the activity of microbiological processes, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiota of the arable horizon of the apple orchard agroecosystem are studied. It has been established that lower levels of humus and gross nitrogen in the garden soil are combined with low values of the total microbial pool and ammonifying microorganisms. A comparative assessment of the morphological characteristics of apples, the prevalence of apple scab and the yield of the garden with two options for applied treatment: chemical and integrated. An improved technology is proposed for storing the harvest of ecofriendly apples through the use of a complex including spraying with a phytopreparation and the effect of a low frequency electromagnetic field. The possibility of influencing the activity of microbiome of the fruit surface using the low frequency electromagnetic field in the range from 18 Hz to 100 Hz is determined. A software has been developed and registered that can be used directly for analytics and forecasting the quality of long-term storage of products. Keywords—organic garden, apples, biosorbent, microflora, biological protection.


SUMMARY We present a comparison of the vertical displacement monitored by independent techniques at the geodetic observatory of Grasse (France). Both Satellite Laser Ranging and Global Positioning System (GPS) vertical position time-series over the period 1998‐2003 show a prominent annual signal with a magnitude of 5‐6 mm and reaching a maximum every year in July. Results from 14 absolute gravity measurements are also discussed. We investigate the possible origin of the observed signal by comparing it with predictions from various local and regional contributions. GPS results from a local network indicate that the periodic annual elastic deformation of the ∼1270 m high karstic plateau due to local water storage loading does not exceed 1‐2 mm. In contrast, a combination of global model prediction for atmospheric and hydrological loading explains more than 70 per cent of the annual and semi-annual observed signals.


Fieldwork completed as part of this study resulted in the first measured stratigraphic section of the Eocene rocks and the first detailed geologic map of a portion of Elsmere Canyon, east of Newhall, northern Los Angeles County, Southern California. The first Eocene megafossils known from this area are documented. They are in a thin interval in the lower part of a 520-m-thick section that is incomplete because the base is concealed and the top is eroded. The tropical to subtropical assemblage consists of 44 species of marine invertebrates (22 gastropods, 21 bivalves, and 1 crab) and is of late early Eocene age. One of the gastropods is a new species of the solariellid genus Solariella Wood that is described herein. The synonymy for the gastropod Homalopoma wattsi (Dickerson) is updated. The megafossils are scarce and underwent postmortem transport via turbidity currents from shallow- marine waters into deeper water associated with the middle-fan part of a submarine-fan environment. These middle-fan turbidites are overlain by inner (upper) fan turbidites, which are overlain by younger middle-fan deposits. The study area Eocene rocks are assigned to the upper portion of the upper lower Eocene Juncal Formation based on their similarity to submarine-fan facies in this formation in the ''narrows'' of lower Piru Creek in the Whitaker Peak area, eastern Ventura County. It is highly likely that the San Gabriel Fault offset the Juncal Formation that was once contiguous in these two areas.


The hemeroby assessment was carried out in some famous scenic areas,such as the garden of world mourning cypress king botanical,forest park of Sejila mountain,scenic spot of Cuogao lake and so on.Eight factors that disturb the ecological environment in the area were selected,they were graded,evaluated,and weighted by the combination of Delphi and AHP.The indices of disturbance in the area calculated.The results showed that the hemeroby index in Sejila mountain,garden of world mourning cypress king botanical and Cuogao lake is 0.84,0.91 and 0.72.The first two belong to moderate disturbance,and the last is in the mild disturbance.Countermeasures were put forward.


The integration of teaching is a real reason for the requirements of advanced vocational education,teaching methods,the concept of "teaching,learning,doing one" vocational thinking.Based on the "Electrical engineering technology" course the real reason to explore the integration of teaching and practice to explain the real reason the integration of teaching knowledge,proposed the "Electrical engineering technology" course the real reason the practice of integrated teaching specific.


outcome3 an intervention that prevents that outcome does not require a placebo control, is not germane to the topic. An editorial cited in our original review5 clarifies the roles of placebo controls in pain therapy clinical trials. Dr. Jordan proposes that studies comparing two active treatment arms for pain are more ethical than placebo-controlled studies.4 The prerequisites for a valid comparison of two active treatment modalities are 1) both need to have been shown effective against placebo; and 2) the comparison of the two needs to have been preceded by studies to determine the optimal dose or method of administration for each. Lacking 1), treatment A may appear better, yet be no better than placebo, because treatment B makes patients worse. Lacking 2), treatment A may appear superior to treatment B because treatment A is applied in an optimal manner, whereas treatment B is applied in a suboptimal manner. In the study cited by Dr. Jordan,4 the investigators utilized in the interspinous arm an apparent subtherapeutic dose, equivalent to 27 to 33% of the dose used currently for this route of administration,6–9 to support a conclusion of superiority for the transforaminal arm. They did not make this explicit. In our opinion, the study's methods do not support its conclusions and we do not perceive it to be a model for ethical superiority.


Cryotherapy is one of the most widely used procedures in the field of dermatology. Since the development of cryotherapy with the use of liquid nitrogen beginning in the 19th century, its use has gradually increased for various dermatologic conditions, including benign conditions, premalignant lesions, and malignancies. Because the therapeutic effects of cryotherapy are diverse, it must be applied specifically for each indication, requiring a thorough understanding of the basic principles and mechanisms of cryotherapy. In addition, both acute and chronic complications can develop, which may possibly leave permanent scars and tissue damage, thus, careful manipulation is required. In conclusion, cryotherapy is a frequently used treatment method but should be performed precisely by well-trained specialists. (Korean J Dermatol 2016;54(8):595∼600)


We provide a comprehensive description and comparison of the various imaging and non-imaging-based techniques used to measure vegetative plant shoot growth and suggest a terminology for growth rates.


This article analyzes the Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Tecnico
e Emprego (PRONATEC) Brasil Sem Miseria, from a study of data obtained
during research for a master's degree. It discusses PRONATEC BSM
as a strategy of insertion and/or rehabilitation of poor and extremely poor
people into the market, through professional qualification. The methodolo-gy used was based on bibliographic, documentary and empirical research of a qualitative nature. The study
was conducted in the city of Fortaleza-CE, with the research subjects being PRONATEC-graduates, who
were referred to the program through the Centro de Qualificacao Profissional (Casa Brasil), from the neighborhood
Granja Portugal, as well as professionals of the Secretaria Municipal de Trabalho, Desenvolvimento
Social e Combate a Fome (SETRA). This study concluded that PRONATEC BSM has not alleviated the
schooling deficiencies of the population for which it was intended, nor has it guaranteed their integration
or reintegration into the formal labor market, especially since there is no effective coordination with other
public policies, especially policies of education and of employment and income. The relevance of this study
lies in its analysis of both the settings of social welfare policy, as in the work in the contemporary scenario,
and its reflection upon the theoretical/ideological foundations that underlie the policies designed to increase
employability in the current time period of Brazilian politics.


The segregation distortion was revealed in a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from cultivated wheat(Chuanyu 12) × synthetic hexaploid wheat(Syn780) by 103 SSR markers.22.3% of the loci were found with segregation distortion,and most of the segregations were found in genome A.Segregation distortion should be concerned while using the RILs for mapping the desired traits of Chuanyu 12 and Syn780.


Background: Liquid soap used in hospitals dispensers can become contaminated bacteria. Many factors have an effect on the contamination of these dispensers. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial contamination in liquid soaps at hospital environment in Khanyounis Governorate. Methods: A total of 82 liquid soap samples (50.0% them from Nasser hospital and 50.0% from European Gaza Hospital) were collected in sterile cups from the same departments of both hospitals. After that, the cups were transported within one hour of collection to the microbiology laboratory. Bacteriological identification was performed. Collected data, and bacteriological identification results were analyzed by SPSS version 18. Results: In Nasser hospital, only one sample were found colonized by staph aureus, and two samples were found colonized by other staph, While, In European Gaza Hospital, 12 samples were colonized by staph aureus, and 13 samples were colonized by other staph. Open dispenser systems and washing of dispensers with water were directly proportional with bacterial growth in liquid soap among study hospitals environments (p-value = 0.033 & 0.000 respectively). In European Gaza Hospital, the departments with the largest number of contaminated soap samples were the pediatric department (n=6), surgery men department (n=4), surgery women department (n=4), Intimal women department (n=4). Conclusions: The contamination of liquid soap in European Gaza Hospital is attributed to high number of open dispenser systems (27 dispensers) that was observed in its departments, in addition to using of water instead of chlorine bleach for washing the dispensers before putting the new liquid soap.


The digital and tech industry of Nigeria woke up to what could be better termed 'nightmare at dawn' in the early hours of Friday 5 February 2021 following the letter from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to all deposit money banks, non-bank financial institutions and other financial institutions in which the CBN referred them to the CBN circular of 12 January 2017 wherein the CBN cautioned all deposit money banks (DMB), non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), other financial institutions (OFIs) and members of the public on the risk associated with transactions in crypto currency.

In the letter, the CBN further to the directive on the circular, called the attention of regulated institutions that dealing in crypto currencies and facilitating payments for cryptocurrency exchanges is prohibited in Nigeria. Flowing from the above, CBN directed regulated institutions listed above to identify persons and or entities transacting in or operating crypto currency exchange within their systems and ensure that such accounts are closed immediately. News of the CBN's decision to prohibit banks from facilitating crypto-related transactions through the banking system has since gotten very harsh reactions on social media, the tech and digital market with many condemning the policy as a deliberate attempt by the government to impoverish young Nigerians who have been able to create wealth for themselves through crypto trading.

Following the outburst on social media, the CBN did a press release on 7 February 2021 therein they stated that they are not an outlier in its decision and further listed countries and prominent investors who share the same opinion on crypto currency. In the press release, the CBN announced that the major reasons backing up their decision on banning transaction on cryptocurrencies are potential risk of loss of investments, money laundering, terrorism financing, illicit fund flows and criminal activities. These reasons are only reasonable as the crypto currency market is not regulated and can be manipulated in many ways.

Some have also noted the lack of policy cooperation between financial regulators in Nigeria due to the fact that the SEC had only a few months ago proposed a new set of rules that will regulate crypto-token or Crypto-coin investments when the character of the investment qualifies as securities transactions. Flowing from this, SEC did a press release clarifying that they are not in any contradiction with CBN and are currently engaged with the CBN and agreed to work together to further analyze, and better understand the identified risks to ensure that appropriate and adequate mitigants are put in place, should such securities be allowed in the future. SEC has also by the press release stated that they have put on hold assessment of all persons (and products) seeking admittance into the SEC Regulatory Incubation Framework who are affected by the CBN letter of 05 February 2021. The entire situation has gotten the attention of the Nigerian Senate who has mandated its Committees on Banking, Insurance and Other Financial Institutions, ICT and Cybercrimes and Capital Market to invite the Governor of CBN as well as the Director General of SEC to brief it on the recent ban on cryptocurrency in the country.

It explained that the information that would emanate from the briefings from the two regulatory bodies would assist the Senate to determine the opportunities and threats of the cryptocurrency on the nation's economy and security.

Crypto exchange, Binance had taken to Twitter to urge their Nigerian customers to "Withdraw your NGN as early as possible to avoid potential channel issues," while also noting that the new CBN law is a "one step back" on crypto adoption in Nigeria.

Cambridge dictionary defined cryptocurrency as a digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography ro make sure payments are sent and received safely. QUARTZ AFRICA listed Nigeria as the second highest market of crypto in the world. This article intends to discuss issues that bother Nigerians as it relates to the CBN circular and cryptocurrency in general such as where trading of crypto currency occurs (whether multi-jurisdictional or jurisdictional), whether cryptocurrency is a property, the outlook of other countries to cryptocurrency, etc.


The article clarifies the notion of syntactic accommodation as a language technique and a main tool in the model of description of simple syntactic groups in connection with the development of a normative grammar of the Bulgarian language. The authors point out the advantages of this approach in descriptions with normative orientation with respect to the derivation of system rules in the language. They go on to study the effect of syntactic accommodation in connecting personal and impersonal verbs with da-constructions as an illustration of the approach. The authors consider the degrees of accommodation in the simple syntactic groups consisting of a personal verb and a da-construction. The mechanism of accommodation is illustrated in more detail by its action in the categories of polarity, person, number and mood in simple syntactic groups with an impersonal verb as a main member and a da-construction as a subordinate member.
Keywords: syntactic accommodation, simple syntactic groups, personal verbs, impersonal verbs, da-constructions, degree of accommodation, Bulgarian language


USAID is proposing for FY 1980 economic assistance to Israel for $785 million Egypt $750 million plus $220 million under P.L. 490 Jordan $60 million Syria $60 million Lebanon 0 (since October 1975 United States provided $107 million only 1/2 of which is expended and is available for housing water health and other urgent requirements) Yemen $14 million. Israel has reduced its balance of payments through cutbacks and budgeting from $4 billion to $2.6 billion between 1975-77. Egypts balance of payments situation was precarious in 1977. Since then massive Arab aid and increased disbursement rates from the United States have reduced Egypts debt. Jordans economic growth averages 11% a year. Syrias funds will be addressed to basic human needs particularly in rural areas. Because of cultural differences U.S. sponsored programs are moving slowly. Lebanons successful training programs will be continued. Yemens per capita GNP is estimated at $390 but the quality of life reveals widespread poverty.


The interest on Web services has been growing rapidly in these couple of years since their start of use. A web service would be described as a method for exchanging/communicating information between devices over a network. Often, when deciding which service would fit on the architecture design to develop a product, then the question rises which service to use and when? SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and REST (Representational State Transfer) are the two most used protocols to exchange messages, so choosing one over the other has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we have addressed the differences and best practices when to use one over the other.


It goes without saying that the structural position of some abstract morpheme can only be established through indirect means. In one approach to reduplication, it is the insertion of a special kind of Vocabulary Item into the syntax (which we'll refer to as 'RED') which eventually yields reduplicated forms. That approach has been widely adopted in some recent studies on adjectival reduplication in Mandarin Chinese (see Zhang 2015; Lee-Kim 2016, among others). To start with, Chinese gradable adjectives are typically eligible for reduplication.


ABSTRACT From the perspective of study management, research is surprisingly lacking on two of the major challenges for planning and performing content analysis: determining the sample size (i.e. number of objects to code) and the required number of coders to hire. The optimization of both of these numbers will ultimately determine how efficiently available resources are used. This study contributes to the methodological discussion on coding by identifying and conceptualizing the role of learning effects with respect to the coding task and by highlighting the importance of considering the coding process when managing a content analysis. We present empirical evidence for the existence and impact of learning effects on coders' coding speed. Accordingly, study management should take account of learning effects when determining the sample size and number of coders. We also provide an illustrative example of how learning effects can impact the results of pretests.


This paper constitues Chapter 1 of the book. The electronic version of this Chapter is attached, in the form it was finally published. This Chapter, and the whole book, were expected to appear in Dec. 2007, but they were actually published in 2008 (January).


Against a backdrop of the Abbott Government planning widespread changes to the way Australian higher education is funded, the NTEU has been screening 'Ivory Tower' around the country - a film exploring the changes in America's university system that have led to a more marketised model of education.


Single leader-based Consensus protocols are known to stop scaling once the leader reaches its saturation point. On the other hand, establishing Consensus of commands by taking into account only their dependencies (as specified by Generalized Consensus) is appealing because of the potentially higher parallelism and lower latency. However, current solutions have well-known pitfalls due to the higher quorum size, which is required to exploit low-latency fast decisions, and the need for tracking dependency relations. In this paper we briefly introduce M2PAXOS, a new implementation of Generalized Consensus that provides a fast decision of commands by leveraging a classic quorum size, which matches just the majority of nodes deployed. M2PAXOS does not establish command dependencies based on conflicts, rather it associates accessed objects with nodes, so that the delivery decision of commands operating on the same objects is made by a common node. The evaluation study of M2PAXOS confirms its effectiveness by showing an improvement up to 7× over state-of-the-art (Generalized) Consensus protocols.


An introduction is presented in which the author discusses an article in the journal dealing with educational attainment disparities and adult disability, and it mentions American families, disability prevalence in the U.S., and the reduction of poverty in low-educated adults.


Any stock market index represents the general movement in the market. The indices are regularly revised and updated in terms of exclusion of some firms and inclusion of more eligible firms. Previous studies have produced evidence that the market reacts strongly to these additions and deletions. Although these revisions are done according to previously decided and well laid down policies, there is still strong evidence of price pressure present. However our focus in this paper is not to document the evidence of price pressure but to study the impact of the revision process on the different sizes of firms. The total sample has been divided into three portfolios: small, medium and large depending on firm size. The reaction of these portfolios, to inclusion and exclusion from the index, has been studied using the standard event study methodology.


High School Freshman is 39 PORTLAND, Mo.-Harry Popkin, thirty-nine years old, is the oldest freshman at Portland High SchooL He finished grammar school in 1914 and then set out to see the world. Recently he decided to complete his schooling. giving expert supervision to the children enrolled as normal. The innovation also is an opsonic index of the growing dissatisfaction with the too much standardized tests of capacity and intelligence of the child mind. This tendency was emphasized recently by Dr. Ben D. Wood, director of the Bureau Collegiate Research at Columbia University, in an address before the first general meeting of the Educational Records Bureau. In testing the mental capacity of pupils the initials "I, Q.." are employed by the experts without stint, The brain powers are measured as the "Intelligence Quotient:' The pupil with the high "I. Q.,IJ however, somctimes proves to be no great success in life because he lacks the ability to get along well with his fellow human beings. He is mal-adjusted because his. "social quo .. tient,' as Dr. Goldrich puts it, is too low. A student strong on both counts is likely to be happy and well placed in society; one lacking in the "I. Q:' and especially the "S. Q." requires guidance and help in his school days if he is to become useful to himself and the world in his mature years.


Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the natural history of HIV infection has changed dramatically, and with it the epidemiology of HIV-related lymphoma. HIV-related lymphomas have increased as a percentage of first AIDS-defining illness. The most prevalent of the HIV-related lymphomas is diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, followed by Burkitt's lymphoma. Although not considered an AIDS-defining illness, Hodgkin's lymphoma is increasing in incidence in those with HIV infection. Treatment outcome and prognosis has improved significantly over the last decade. Paradigms of therapy have shifted, with approaches aimed at complete remission rather than palliation. This review discusses the biology and changes in epidemiology of HIV-related lymphoma and also reviews other key developments in the management of this disease.


Loosely charged initiating explosive materials was chosen in the actuated device of three-impulse-at-one-spot thruster.Three hypotheses were put forward for sympathetic ignition such as shock ignition,sealing film melting ignition and sealing film shearing ignition.The last hypothesis was proved to be the dominant one for sympathetic ignition through experiments,while the other two were assistant.Different output of thrusters at different sealing films' thickness and diameter were tested,and the thickness of 0.3 mm and the diameter of 3 mm were chosen to be the best.


Oriental cuisine with emphasis on sushi and sashimi has been highlighting globally. In light of these preparations are handled and served raw, there is a great risk of contamination. Thus, establishments must follow a strict quality control. The present study evaluated the hygienic quality of sushi and sashimi sold in japanese restaurants from Balneario Camboriu, Santa Catarina, through a comparative analysis of self service and a la carte. Participated in the survey five establishments. To perform microbiological analysis, samples were collected in sushi and


This study examines the history of water in two small Karoo towns. The main argument of the thesis is that the availability of and access to water has played influential roles in the development of Williston and Prince Albert. The ambitions of this thesis are three-fold: firstly, the approach is socio-environmental history and therefore it provides insight into the environmental as well as the social history of the resource in each region. It consciously reflects on the notion of power and explores the manner in which access to water was racialised by authorities in each town. Secondly, this thesis provides insight into the technological and legislative water supply and development of sanitation at both settlements, which is outlined in a broader national development to contextualise the local trajectories. Thirdly, through personal narratives it offers an ethnographic analysis of mind-sets such as fatalism and hopefulness in the face of extreme climatic conditions are examined. The experiences of the socially marginalised and underrepresented are intended to challenge the whiggish celebration of anthropogenic ascendancy over nature in the historiography. iii Stellenbosch Univeristy http://scholar.sun.ac.za


Pore-scale coupled flow of gas and condensate is believed to be the main mechanism for condensate production in low interfacial tension (IFT) gas condensate reservoirs. While coupling enhances condensate flow due to transport of condensate lenses by the gas, it dramatically reduces gas permeability by introducing capillary resistance against gas flow. In this study, a dynamic wetting approach is used to investigate the effect of viscous resistance, IFT and disjoining pressure on pore-scale coupling of gas and condensate. Disjoining pressure arises from van der Waals interactions between gas and solid through thin liquid films, e.g., condensate films on pore walls. Low values of IFT and small pore diameters, as involved in many gas condensate reservoirs, give rise to importance of disjoining pressure. Calculations show that disjoining pressure postpones gas condensate coupling to higher condensate flow fractions-from about 0.08 for vanishing disjoining effect to more than 0.16 for strong disjoining effect. Results also suggest that strong disjoining effect will result in higher gas relative permeability after coupling. Finally, the positive rate effect on gas permeability is only observed when disjoining effects are weak.


Objective:To study the effects of neferine on gastric carcinoma cell proliferation inhibited and induced apoptosis by vincristine in vitro.Methods:Cytotoxicity assay was tested by MTT and soft agar colony forming assay.The influence of neferine to affect vincristine to induce gastric carcinoma apoptosis was detected by PI staining flow cytometry and AO/EB double fluorescence stain.Results:2.5,5,10μmol/L Nef enhanced vincristine to inhibit the proliferation of SGC7901 cells;10 μmol/L Nef enhanced vincristine(0.1,0.5,2,4μg/ml)to induce SGC7901 cells apoptosis.Conclusion:Nef can enhance vincristine to inhibit the proliferation of gastric carcinoma and induce gastric carcinoma cells apoptosis.It is a kind of low poisonous and high effective chemosensitizers.


Noise abatement in rail rapid transit is an expensive and complicated undertaking. Cost is minimized by selecting a proper mix of treatments to attain a specified noise objective, or target. Assessments of specific properties and development of an abatement methodology were accomplished in earlier works. In this report the abatement methodology is refined and a number of case studies conducted. This report focuses on changes in the system-wide treatment plan, the program cost, and the net impact due to such factors as: variations in discount rate; changes in abatement target level; introduction of new cars; prohibition of certain treatments, such as resilient wheels and steel el barriers; and specification of certain treatments on a categoric basis. In the course of the studies, it was found that a system average noise level index is rather insensitive to system changes. A measure based upon percent of system exceeding certain noise levels is developed. Programs for in-train abatement were developed for 1976 and 1985 car fleet compositions, and estimated to be comparable in net effect. A program costing in the order of $5.0 million annual cost for in-train abatement was found to have the greatest abatement per unit cost, although additional abatement is achieved with additional money. Effects of changes in the relative importance of different noise sources were studied. Additional studies on in-community abatement are reported herein, as are some ancillary in-train studies.


The invention relates to a system for enhancing vehicle driving safety on a highway. In the system, a GPS (Global Positioning System), a GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) system, a GIS (Geographic Information System) and other technologies are comprehensively utilized, the position and the speed of each vehicle on the whole highway can be precisely measured in real time, each vehicle can be made to learn the information of the vehicle per se and the information of surrounding relevant vehicles in real time, and proper measures can be taken when in necessity. The system is beneficial to not only great reduction of highway accidents but also great increase of highway trafficability in a severe weather.


Single crystals of the ScFe 4 Al 8 intermetallic compound were obtained by the Czochralski method from a levitated melt. The X-ray powder diffraction, Laue and Berg-Barrett reflection topographies exhibit that the obtained single crystals were a good quality. The lattice parameters a = 8.652 ± 0.004 A, c= 5.020 ± 0.003 A were calculated from powder diffraction patterns.


Human beings are using energy from the time of known history. Initially, mankind started using energy by firing wood. With the evolution and development of technology, world moved towards the usage of less carbon dense fuels (Wood  Coal  Liquid Petroleum products like Petrol & Diesel etc  Gases like LPG, Natural Gas etc  Renewable Energy) [1]. As Natural resources are moving towards depletion, world is looking for its alternate in development through renewable energy. With the discovery of Shale Gas (a form of Natural Gas), it can be expected that Natural Gas will act as long-term bridge from petroleum products towards renewable energy. Being ecofriendly through less carbon emission as compared to Petrol, Diesel & LPG, it is positively promoted worldwide to reduce carbon footprint. Natural gas distribution business is expanding at very faster rate in India. Thus, energy saving in this sector will further make it attractive to investor as well to customer through cost reduction.


Objectives. The study aimed to describe the current pattern and outcome of care at a tertiary hospital in Shisong-Cameroon and to compare our experience with that of other published data. Methods. This observational prospective hospital-based study was conducted over the two years of 2018 to 2019. The parameters reviewed include sociodemographic data like the age and sex of the patients, then the indications for the major limb amputation, and the complications.  Results. The study was carried out on 172 files of patients aged 1year to 84years with a mean age of 32± 10.28 years.  There were 124 (72.4%) patients of the male, and 48 (21.6%) patients were of the female gender.  One hundred seventy-two amputations were realized with Lower limb amputations were 99 (57.7%) in the lower extremity, and 73 (42.3%) in the upper extremity.  There were 16 patients (9.30%) with complications, including surgical site infection of the stump wound closely trailed by hematoma. The most significant risk factor for amputation was diabetes (38 patients, 22.09%) followed by ulcer (2 patients, 1.16%), and vascular disease (6 patients, 3.49%). Traumatic gangrene was the most frequently encountered indication for amputation n = 104 (60.47%), followed by diabetic gangrene n = (38 patients, 22.09%). Conclusion. Traumatic gangrene and other trauma-related limb conditions are the leading indications for amputation in this study. Trauma is mostly preventable, and so there is a need for continued intensification of the public campaign on-road use as a means of preventing severe limb injuries and thus reducing the consequent need for amputations.


A survey of the chrysomelid fauna of Bhilai-Durg (Central India) revealed a total of 95 species, belonging to the subfamilies Criocerinae (10 spp.), Clytrinae (6 spp.), Cryptocephalinae (8 spp.), Chlamisinae (1 sp.), Eumolpinae (6 spp.), Chrysomelinae (4 spp.), Galerucinae (15 spp.), Alticinae (23 spp.), Hispinae (4 spp.), and Cassidinae (18 spp.). None of the species is new to science, but some recent synonymisations have been indicated. Host plants and seasonal occurrence have been mentioned.


This paper aims to briefly explain the development and application of project cost's early warning indicator for data and performance analytics via Microsoft Power BI. This Microsoft Power BI acts as both the visualization and analysis platform. It will also briefly discuss the typical analysis being done using these indicators and how that can assist towards better cost control performance in project delivery.


Due that during the adolescent stage youngsters are seeking their identity and developing their personality, it is considered a difficult time. During this stage, parents are very influential in several areas of life such as the moment of choosing friends or in their emotional and psychological development. If during this stage a parent of a teenager is diagnosed with a terminal illness, what happens to the adolescents´ development? Generally, treatment is focused on the patient with terminal illness, but the family is also affected because it belongs to a single system. To form this system, each member of the family, fulfills a role. Every family role helps to maintain balance or homeostasis in the family. When a family member leaves his role, in this case because the diagnosis of terminal illness, then someone should take the role in order to maintain the balance of the family. Sometimes the adolescent has to take and fulfill the family role. This study focuses on the change of family roles in adolescents when they have a parent with a terminal illness. Some changes may go towards adultification; they took a role which is typical of an adult. Another change may shift toward the other end, where the adolescent changes his roles to infantilization, that is to say take a proper role of an infant.


The injection system is designed to get close ideal value in condition of engine. The SFI Sequential multi port Fuel Injection) system calculates the volume of air entering based on signal the intake manifold pressure, that received from the vacum sensor and the engine speed, in which the fuel injection into each cylinder once in two rounds crankshaft. At the same time EFI (Electronic fuel injection) system to ensure the ratio of fuel and air to engine with the fuel injection of the electrical work in accordance with driving conditions. This research of auotmotive in analyzing the performance of the injection system SFI and EFI tested of three cylinder engine of 1000 cc, from the instrument pane chassis dynotest. The result is valve of the request data such as power, torque, fuel use and other to determine the achievement of the machine.


The title complex (systematic name: diaqua{6,6′-dimethoxy-2,2′-[1,2-ethanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenolato}dinitratosamarium(III)copper(II) nitrate), [CuSm(C18H18N2O4)(NO3)2(H2O)2]NO3, is composed of a discrete dinuclear cation with a salen-type Schiff base ligand and one uncoordinated nitrate anion. The copper and samarium are doubly bridged by two phenolate O atoms provided by the Schiff base ligand. There are some classical intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O—H⋯O), and some weak O⋯Cu and N⋯Cu interactions are also observed. These interactions generate a two-dimensional infinite layer.


I n doing research fo r the previous article, I couldn't help but pause and remember personal experiences in audio visual education at my country school in W ebster County during the early 1950s. It was a very typical Iowa one-room school, heated by a cob and coal stove and w ithout running water o r even a well. For our geography preparation, there was the standard globe in the farthest corner of the building and wall maps of our state, nation, and the world rolled to  gether and hanging on reels in the front. These maps had been purchased before W orld W ar II and so, at some point in the late 1940s, a teacher had drawn in the "new" boundaries of the European countries. One Friday, late in the day and possibly in 195 I , we re ceived word from the teacher that during the next week we would experience audio-visual materials.This was a new word in our vocabularies and had a rather futuristic sound. Sure enough, on Monday morning a panel truck arrived from Fort Dodge, the county seat, loaded w ith phonograph records, slides, motion pic tures,filmstrips,and the equipment nec essary to use them. I am not sure if we had a pull-down screen, but most cer tainly there was plenty o f empty wall space for that purpose. It was an excit ing moment fo r me and the other nine students. O ur audio-visual education com menced at the very beginning of that same school day. One of the older boys pulled down dark window shades, black ening the room, and the teacher began the show. I am sure we had breaks for recess, lunch, and the use of the out houses, but w ith this highly unusual event happening, we hurried back to our classroom. We didn't want to miss a mo ment The monotony of our little school existence had been broken with these new words to my ears, "audio-visual education." For a few magical days, there was no reading or writing or arithmetic. Strange voices and sights that we had never heard o r seen before came from records and films. By 4 p.m. we exited Washington #1 rubbing our eyes in the sunlight and antici pating the next day. There was no time to tie anything we were seeing o r hearing to the curriculum. We would have plenty of time to contemplate it all after the images had moved on to the next school. In lives that had yet to experience much television and only occasionally movies at the theater, we felt honored to have this wonderful entertainment brought right to our door. I'm not sure if this was planning (or a lack of it) on the part o f our teacher to receive a year's w orth of audio-visual all at once, o r simply the way the county superintendent of schools had set things up. Perhaps they were trying a method similar to the traveling libraries that brought books to coun try schools: a school would receive different books fo r a few weeks and, after students had had an opportunity to read them, the books would be packed up and sent to the school two miles to the north.W e then received reading books from another school that was two miles south. As fo r stereoscopes and the Lincoln Highway stereo graphs, they never arrived at our school. Evidently they had either not been purchased by our county o r were not in cluded with our materials. If they had, I like to think that our Hawkeye pride at Washington #1 would have ensured that the Iowa views in the series were well worn and admired by the time they were passed on to the next school. ♦>