We examine the influence of halide counteranions on the efficiencies of solution-processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) containing cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) electron injection layers (EILs). The parent CPE used in these studies is poly[9,9-bis[6′-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl]fluorene-alt-co-1,4-phenylene] bromide. Dialysis was used for exchanging counteranions, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides a convenient technique for evaluating the final polymer composition. The luminous efficiencies of PLEDs with a poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) emissive layer decrease in the order F− > Cl− > Br− > I−. Oxidation of the halide counteranions is likely to occur at the MEH-PPV/CPE interface when the oxidation potential of the counteranion is aligned with the highest occupied molecular orbital of MEH-PPV, that is, Br− and I−. For these heavier halide counteranions, we find that pulsed bias measurements reduce ion migration to t...


57 ABSTRACT A process for producing polycarbonate from a polycar bonate oligomer and a phenol compound, comprising introducing the oligomer, caustic alkali and the phenol compound in the first reaction zone where polymeriza tion is carried out to produce polycarbonate having a viscosity average molecular weight of 3,000 to 15,000, and then introducing the reaction mixture containing the above polycarbonate into the second reaction zone where polymerization is carried out while controlling the alkali concentration to the range of 0.05 to 0.7N by regulating caustic alkali supplied.


The present study investigates the absorption of CO2, into novel bis(3-aminopropyl)amine (APA)-activated aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), using a wetted-wall column absorber. The physicochemical and transport properties of these solvents were measured over a temperature (T) range of 298–323 K and a partial pressure (pCO2) range of 5–15 kPa. APA is used as an activator with molar concentration varying from 0 to 1.1 kmol m−3 while maintaining the total (APA + AMP) concentration to 3.0 kmol m−3. Details on uncertainty analysis of property measurements are provided in order to analyse the kinetics data. The effect of thermodynamic properties on liquid–liquid interactions are discussed and assessed. Following the reaction mechanism of primary and secondary amines with CO2, the reaction mechanism of aqueous APA was described by the zwitterion mechanism. Based on this mechanism, the overall reaction scheme for (APA + AMP + H2O)–CO2 system was established. According to the pseudo-first-order condition, the reaction rate parameters were estimated for the (APA + AMP + H2O)–CO2 system from the kinetics measurement. A substantial enhancement of the reaction rate in comparison to the single AMP solution was observed upon the addition of a small amount of APA to the blend. Furthermore, it was prominent from the parity plot that the model fitted and experimental rate data were in close agreement with each other.


Despite the notoriety of Edwards' as scholar, preacher, and writer in Northampton, history can argue that Edwards enjoyed his greatest successes as a pastor in Stockbridge, not Northampton. This essay argues that the reason for Edwards' greater successes in Stockbridge is because Edwards shifted his pastoral leadership from being centered on the pulpit (as it was in Northampton) to being centered among the people. This change from pulpit-centered to people-centered pastoring can be felt in several significant ways, including his approachability, his changing view and treatment of people, and the adaptation of his preaching to meet the cultural and spiritual dynamics of his congregation.  Therefore, while his evangelistic involvement in the Great Awakening is rightly celebrated, it is his pastoral accomplishments in Stockbridge that provides an effective model for today's pastor.


RESPECT THE INVENTION ENGINE SUPERCHARGED COMBUSTION 1 BY AN AIR TURBO 7, 8 A EXHAUST repressing BY CONDUIT JUNCTION 13, DEBIT A DERIVATIVE COMPRESSED AIR IN THE EXHAUST GAS LINE 12 FEEDING THE TURBINE 8. EC FLOW DERIVED FROM COMPRESSED AIR IS HEATED BY MEANS OF HEAT EXCHANGER 14 sandwiched IN THE bYPASS LINE AND CROSS 13 BY 15 eXHAUST GAS TURBINE 8 AND FLOW DERIVED FROM WARM AIR TABLET IS iNJECTED IN UPSTREAM END EXHAUST 4 MOTOR COLLECTOR. APPLICABLE TO THE iNVENTION IS DIESEL supercharged LOW COMPRESSION RATIO AND COMPOUND ENGINES .


We explore in this paper traditional art products purchase as an indispensable part in campus and institutions. There are existing problems of Yunnan traditional art product purchase management such as unclear accounts and product hoarding etc. We examine the use of J. Art collaborative development platform, which is integrated to the campus CRP, Computer Replacement Program, information management platform, to produce and implement a purchase examination and approval system for traditional art products.


Introduction Our group has previously described investigational pathways that occur in patients with diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Currently, there is a paucity of work undertaken in either primary or secondary evaluating patients with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C).This study evaluates the population prevalence of IBS-C, determining also the investigational pathways that occur in these patients. Methods We prospectively collected data from 3 groups of patients between April 2005 and November 2012. Group 1 (n = 1002) were healthy volunteers, Group 2 (n = 64) were patients fulfilling Rome III criteria for IBS-C, with Group 3 (n = 403) being patients fulfilling Rome III criteria for IBS-D. In Group 1 the prevalence of IBS and its differing subtypes (IBS-D, IBS-C, mixed IBS (IBS-M) and unspecified IBS) were determined using the Rome III Diagnostic Questionnaire. In groups 2 and 3, demographic data and diagnostic yield of any investigations undertaken as part of the diagnostic workup were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) with Fisher's exact test used to compare categorical data, and an unpaired T-test used to compare continuous data Results IBS prevalence in healthy volunteers (Group 1) was 6% (60/1002), with 80% being female (p < 0.0001).Mixed IBS was the most common IBS subtype (Table 1), with IBS-C patients being significantly older than other patients with IBS (mean age 45 vs 30 years, p = 0.027). When comparing Groups 2 and 3, patients with IBS-C underwent a total of 56 additional investigations (including radiological, endoscopic investigations, breath tests, SeHCAT scan, faecal pancreatic elastase), significantly lower than the number of investigations undertaken in the IBS-D group of 885 (p < 0.001). Whilst further investigations in Group 3 identified an alternative diagnosis to IBS-D in 25%, the 56 additional tests undertaken in Group 2 did not help establish an alternative diagnosis to IBS-C in any of the patients. Abstract PTU-134 Table 1 Prevalence rates of differing types of IBS in Group 1 (n = 1002) Subytype of IBS Number of Patients Prevalence (%) Sex (F:M) Mean Age Standard Deviation IBS-D 14 1.4 7:7 32 18 IBS-C 7 0.7 6:1 45 21 IBS-M 27 2.7 24:3 32 15 Unspecified IBS 12 1.2 11:1 25 7 Conclusion This is the first study to evaluate the population prevalence of differing IBS subtypes within a UK population. Whilst, further investigation of IBS-D patients may lead to an alternative diagnoses and instigation of an appropriate management strategy, the merits of further investigation in IBS-C patients is to be questioned. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Between 1789 and 1813, over 3,000 men received medical instruction in Philadelphia from physician and educator Benjamin Rush. Despite the fact that on average students remained for only 1.4 years of formal education, this cohort of American doctors formulated a national and professional identity grounded in shared experiences and fostered through interpersonal networks. This essay argues that a networked approach to studying early American doctors will provide more robust information about the development of a distinctive American medical profession in the nineteenth century. Using large data sets gleaned from manuscript sources this project uncovers patterns of migration and communication for otherwise invisible American medical men.


Rock martins (Hirundo fuligula) are regular summer-breeding visitors to the Braamfontein campus of the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). The diversity of architectural styles of buildings on the campus offers a range of suitable sites for the nesting needs of birds like the rock martins. The nest is constructed of sand/clay pellets, used as a form of adobe, stuck together to form a 'half-cup' with sides adhering to a vertical wall or rock face. A number of the building facades provide the overhang structure necessary to protect against rain and nest predators.


In order to master the current situation of the hawkers of large city events,this paper takes the hawkers of the Canton Fair as research object,to comprehensively investigate their types,their motives and records to the Canton Fair,the types and price of commodities and their income,etc.through on-site inventory,observation and semi-structured interviews on 38 people.So the discussion about the impact of large events on the hawkers can be proposed.And it can lay a foundation for deeper research on the social value of the business activities in the city.According to the research,there exists the fact that many hawkers are attracted by the large number of businessmen in the Canton Fair,and for its international business quality and cyclicity,the hawkers of the Canton Fair have their unique characteristics and the major feature lies on their business quality.The various types of hawkers during the Canton Fair are professional flowing pedlars,amateurish hawkers,exhibition worms and representatives of companies and workshops.The motives of the hawkers mainly include retail,publicity and wholesale.And representatives of companies and workshops pay great attention to the business people.Their motives and publicity are intended to attract businessmen.The development of the Canton Fair in more than 50 years has cultivated a lot of faithful hawkers.


Richard Moat and Andreas Birnikand argue that business complexity is directly linked to the degree of segmentation implemented by a company. They propose an approach to map business activities at the segment level to make sure that complexity is only introduced when it really matters to customers.


An image sensor according to the embodiment may include a semiconductor substrate including the device isolation film and a light-receiving element; Is formed on the semiconductor substrate, the insulating film including the barrier; The insulating film is formed on the metal interconnection layer comprising a trench is formed on the side wall protection film pattern; And a photosensitive material is formed on the metal wiring layer such that the trench is filled. An image sensor manufacturing method according to the embodiment includes forming an insulating film including a barrier on a semiconductor substrate including the device isolation film and a light-receiving element; Forming a metal wiring layer trench is formed on the insulating film; Forming a protective film on the metal wiring layer including the trench; Forming a first protective film pattern by removing the protective film formed on the bottom surface of the trench; Forming a photosensitive material on the metal wiring layer such that the trench is buried; And proceeds to the flattening process on the semiconductor substrate on which the photosensitive material is formed, comprises the step of embedding the photosensitive material in the trench the second protection film pattern is formed. Image Sensor


Conversion of land from forest to other usage is a threat to land-use sustenance and contributes negatively to climate change. Land-use/cover changes have caused a significant release of CO 2 to the atmosphere from the terrestrial biota and soils. Soil is a major source of atmospheric CO 2 , In the event of growing threats of global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions , reducing CO 2 emission by sequestering C in the soil is of prime importance. Adoption of C sequestration measures in the soil can considerably reduce the rise in atmospheric CO 2 level. Practices such as improved crop productivity and conservation tillage may be warranted to mitigate their carbon sequestration benefits. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of measured rates of soil respiration from land-use/cover change to define the annual global CO 2 flux.


The most common way for small companies in Sweden to finance themselves is through loans from various credit institutions. In recent years, financial crises have affected the regulation of credit a ...


Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai university has launched the Community Service Project to provide medical laboratory test, physical therapy, occupational therapy and medical radiology services to the public. Determinations of fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, uric acid levels as well as blood group check and thalassemia screen by the One-Tube Osmotic Fragility Test (OFT) are provided in the medical laboratory test services. This report aimed to determine the incidence of thalassemia, by using OFT results, among the population in several communities of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lam Phun and Lampang provinces who received the services of the project. High incidence of positive OFT was observed in all areas surveyed (16.8%-47.6%), except Doi Wawee, Mae Suay, Chiang Rai that possess the lowest incidence of positive OFT (7.4%). Although anemia from iron deficiency and other causes were not ruled out, the finding of this survey emphasized the thalassemia as being one of the health problems in the northern Thailand, particularly in the communities of the level ground. In addition, this study has demonstrated the potential of the Community Service Project, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences in providing good health promotion to the public. The finding of high thalassemia incidence of this survey could pave the way to the epidemiologic study, the results of which would be of great values to the prevention and control scheme of the thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in these regions. Bull Chiang Mai Assoc Med Sci 2008; 41: 89-93.


A self-made polyimide was used as the humidity sensitive material to obtain humidity sensitive capacity under appropriate imidization conditions by electrode preparation method.A series of properties including response time,sensitivity,temperature coefficient,wet hysteresis,nonlinearity error,humidity range and long-term stability were studied.The results showed that the humidity sensitive capacity had good performances and could be used in the field of humidity sensors.


TiO2 films pre-coated with Lanthanum Salt-doping were prepared on the glass by sol-gel method(540℃,4 h) using Ti(OC4H9)4 as precursors.The effects of lanthanum salt-doping on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in solution,phase structure and crystallite size of the TiO2 films were investigated.The mechanism of the effects of lanthanum salt-doping on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films was discussed by correlating the crystal structure to its photocatalytic activity.The results show that 0.3% lanthanum salt-doping can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films.Its degradable percent is 94.56%.The presence of lanthanm salt-doping in TiO2 can inhibit the phase transformation from anatase to rutile and reduce the TiO2 grain size,which can enhance the photoactivity.


New governance arrangements, including an operational board Chief executive's update on recent progress Requirement on vets to disclose convictions These were among matters discussed by the RCVS Council at its meeting on March 7. The RCVS President, Jacqui Molyneux, chaired the meeting, which was held at Belgravia House, London SW1P.


Finding Faith in Development: Religious Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Argentina and Zimbabwe Erica Bornstein, The Spirit of Development: Protestant NGOs, Morality, and Economics in Zimbabwe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005. 213 pp. Laurie A. Occhipinti, Acting on Faith: Religious Development Organizations in Northwestern Argentina. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005.211 pp. International development-both an ideology and set of practices aimed at promoting social change to eliminate "poverty" in the global south-has in recent decades increasingly shifted from a government project to a private one. No longer are states and their agencies assumed to be the best or most desirable purveyors of development. Instead, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become important channels for development flows, a reality reflected by an "explosion" in the number of development NGOs worldwide and an intensification in the amount of money flowing through them (Riddell and Robinson 1995:26-32). Accordingly, analysis of NGOs working to design and deliver international development has become a mainstay of development studies (Bebbington and Thiele 1993; Carroll 1992; Farrington and Bebbington 1993; Fisher 1997; Lewis and Wallace 2000). The development studies literature, in general, has engaged in a number of lively debates about NGOs: e.g., the relative strengths of NGOs vis-a-vis state-led development (Edwards and Hulme 1996; Riddell and Robinson 1995; Zaidi 1999); the degree to which NGOs are particularly efficient, participatory, or "local" purveyors of development (Lister 2000; Lorgen 1998; Tvedt 2001; Unnithan and Srivastava 1997); the extent to which NGOs might operate outside development's conventional and bureaucratic spheres of power, politics, and discourses (Farrington and Bebbington 1993; Gardner and Lewis 1996; Grillo 1997). Still, one particular type of NGO has been largely ignored in most discussions: the religiously-driven or "faith-based1" NGO2 (as exceptions, see Belshaw, Calderisi, and Sugden 2001; Clarke 2005; Mayotte 1998; Hefferan 2007; Tripp 1999; Tyndale 2006). Faith-based development NGOs route significant financial flows from the "developed" to the "developing" world, marshal the collective resources of "the faithful," and link together co-religious (and potential co-religious) in transnational relationships (Clarke 2005). Yet, faith-based NGOs-like religion and faith more broadly (Ver Beek 2000:36; see also Selinger 2004)-remain largely ignored in the development studies literature. As such, several fundamental gaps exist in our understanding of these particular types of development NGOs, including a grounded understanding of what exactly "faith-based" development is and how the faith orientation of an organization affects its mission and programming. Answering such questions is complicated because the label "faithbased NGO" covers such a wide array of organizations, with vastly different belief systems, funding channels, programming, and the like. Nonetheless, two recently published works, while acknowledging and reflecting such complexities, also provide a number of answers. Erica Bornstein 's The Spirit of Development: Protestant NGOs, Morality, and Economics in Zimbabwe is an engaging and sophisticated analysis of Protestant NGOs World Vision and Christian Care and their attempts to evangelize Zimbabweans through development. Laurie A. Occhipinti's Acting on Faith: Religious Development Organizations in Northwestern Argentina is an absorbing examination of two local Catholic NGOs-Fundapaz and Obra Claretiano de Desarrollo (OCLADE)-working in pursuit of "social justice" for indigenous populations in Northwestern Argentina. Both works situate themselves within a post/development studies literature that considers equally the meaning and practice of faith-based development. The Meaning of Faith-based Development While "faith-based development NGO" is a term encompassing a wide range of institutions that link religion (whether Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, or others) with development, both Bornstein and Occhipinti focus specifically on "Christian" forms to argue that faithbased NGOs employ ideological frameworks that are different from conventional, secular development organizations. …


A new fragile logo watermarking scheme is proposed for public authentication and integrity verification of images. The security of the proposed block-wise scheme relies on a public encryption algorithm and a hash function. The encoding and decoding methods can provide public detection capabilities even in the absence of the image indices and the original logos. Furthermore, the detector automatically authenticates input images and extracts possible multiple logos and image indices, which can be used not only to localise tampered regions, but also to identify the original source of images used to generate counterfeit images. Results are reported to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


We investigate the possibilities of employing dictionary learning to address the requirements of most anomaly detection applications, such as absence of supervision, online formulations, low false positive rates. We present new results of our recent semi-supervised online algorithm, TODDLeR, on a anti-money laundering application. We also introduce a novel unsupervised method of using the performance of the learning algorithm as indication of the nature of the samples.


Abstract 1892 [][1]

Patients with advanced hematological malignancies remain at high risk for eventual disease progression following reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We hypothesized that vaccination with whole leukemia cells during the critical period of immune reconstitution early after transplant may enhance antitumor immunity and facilitate expansion of leukemia-reactive T cell responses. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective clinical trial, in which patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) received up to 6 vaccine doses initiated between day 30–45 following RIC allo-HSCT. Each vaccine consisted of 1×107 irradiated autologous tumor cells admixed with 1×107 irradiated K562 bystander cells secreting GM-CSF (GM-K562). All patients received tacrolimus and mini-methotrexate as graft-versus-disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. Tacrolimus was maintained at therapeutic levels during the vaccination period without taper.

Twenty-two patients were enrolled, all with advanced disease (median number of prior therapies 3; range 2–11). Many of the leukemias expressed markers associated with aggressive disease (e.g. unmutated IgVH - 68%) and displayed high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities (sole del(11q) - 41%; sole del(17p) - 23%; del(11q and 17p) - 18%). Greater than 50% (n=13) of patients had persistent marrow involvement (≥10%) at time of allo-HSCT. Eighteen of 22 subjects were vaccinated after allo-HSCT and received a median of 6 (range 1–6) vaccines. The remaining 4 patients were precluded from vaccination due to development of acute GvHD before day 45. Vaccines were generally well tolerated, but mild, transient injection site erythema was common. Only one grade 4 event (neutropenia) with a possible attribution to treatment occurred. We observed a similar incidence of grade II-IV aGvHD at 1 year in the 18 vaccinated patients (39%; 95% CI: 17–61%) and 42 control CLL patients that underwent RIC allo-HSCT at our institution from 2004–2009 (31%; 95%CI: 18–46%). At a median follow-up of 2.9 (range 1–4) years, the estimated 2-year rates of progression-free survival and overall survival of vaccinated study participants were 80% (95% CI: 54–92%) and 84% (95% CI: 58–95%).

With these promising clinical results, we next focused on gaining insight into the mechanism that generated the observed clinical graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) responses. To delineate the specific contribution of vaccination to the overall GvL effect, we performed T cell assays to detect CLL-specific reactivity in serial pre- and post-HSCT samples obtained from vaccinated patients (n=9) who received median of 6 vaccines (range 3–6). In comparison, we examined T cell responses in study subjects (n=4) that developed aGvHD at a median of 44.5 days (range 26–56) after HSCT; and control CLL patients (n=4; no vaccine, no GvHD in the early post-transplant period) that were not enrolled in the study. Although early post-transplant vaccination had no impact on recovering absolute T cell numbers, reactivity of CD8+ T cells from the vaccinated patients was consistently directed against autologous tumor cells but not alloantigen bearing-recipient cells (PHA T cell blasts and fibroblasts) in IFNγ ELISpot assays. A peak response against autologous tumor cells was reached at day 60 after allo-HSCT (average 221 SFC/5×105 cells vs. 29 and 33 average SFC/5×105cells for PHA blasts and fibroblasts, respectively). CD8+ T cell clones were isolated from 4 vaccinated study subjects by limiting dilution and 17% (range 13–33%) reacted solely against CLL-associated antigens. In contrast, broad CD8+ T cell reactivity indicating an alloantigen response was observed in GvHD patients, while no increase in T cell reactivity against tumor-associated or alloantigens was seen in control patients. Tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells isolated from vaccinated patients secreted a broad profile of effector cytokines (GM-CSF, TNFα and IP10). Moreover, the amount of cytokines secreted by these CLL-specific CD8+ T cells steadily increased following early post-transplant vaccination, but not after allo-HSCT alone or in relation to GvHD.

Our studies reveal that vaccination with autologous whole CLL/GM-K562 cells between days 30–100 after allo-HSCT is associated with induction of immunity against recipient CLL cells, and suggest that this is an effective strategy for promoting GvL following RIC allo-HSCT.

Disclosures: Brown: Genzyme, Celgene: Research Funding; Calistoga, Celgene, Genentech, Pharmacyclics, Novartis, Avila: Consultancy. Cutler: Pfizer, inc: Research Funding; Astellas, Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding.

 [1]: #fn-2


This presentation provides an overview over the studies so far done in knowledge acquisition for the GITEWS (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System) project. Research has been focused on the implementation of a decision support environment. For this, flowcharts from the operative tsunami warning system for the pacific ocean were analysed. This was done using expert system toolkits. From the experience gained so far, a bottom up knowledge modelling process of the GITEWS sensor systems is perceived as optimal. In parallel, the know-how and best practices of experienced Officers on Duty needs to be mapped in knowledge bases.


The issue of router buffer sizing is an important research problem and is still open though researchers have debated this for many years. The research method can be classified into two kinds: one is based on queuing theory, the other uses TCP as model. From the point of TCP model, many researchers concluded that buffer size can be significantly reduced. It's desirable that the buffers are so small that fast memory technology and all-optical buffering can be used. But queuing model with self-similar incoming traffic suggested that extremely large buffers are needed to achieve acceptable packet loss rate. In this paper, we will first exam the performance of non-TCP and self-similar traffic with small router buffers, and then address the question how to improve the packet loss rate performance for self-similar traffic. Through a combination of simulation and analysis, we found that packet arrivals' burstiness has a significant influence on loss rate performance. We further point out a simple and effective approach, which smoothes the packet injections to the network, to improve the performance of small buffers at Internet core router for self-similar traffic.


The high-resolution spectrum of the ν4 band of NH3D+ has been measured by difference frequency IR laser spectroscopy in a multipass hollow cathode discharge cell. From the set of molecular constants obtained from the analysis of the spectrum, a value of 262817 ± 6 MHz (±3σ) has been derived for the frequency of the 10–00 rotational transition. This value supports the assignment to NH3D+ of lines at 262816.7 MHz recorded in radio astronomy observations in Orion-IRc2 and the cold prestellar core B1-bS.


The degeneration of native bluestem prairies of eastern Nebraska occurs slowly under moderate grazing or slight overgrazing but within two to five years where overgrazing is pronounced. Although the changes in the plant populations are continuous until the soil is finally almost bare, for convenience of study they have been grouped into several more or less distinct stages (Weaver and Harmon, 1935). An intermediate stage in deterioration is indicated by a great increase in the abundance of bluegrass (Poa pratensis), blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis), or buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), the latter especially on low ground. Under long continued grazing and trampling, the native bluestems and most other prairie grasses disappear. This stage is characteristic of the bluegrass or short-grass pastures or a mixture of these. The purposes of this investigation were to ascertain the decrease in yield accompanying close grazing of virgin prairie, and to determine the relative yields of various types of prairie and of native pastures which replace them. The clip quadrat method was employed, a total of 190 meter quadrats being used at six stations. Yield per unit area was determined at various intervals or at the end of the growing season. Height growth was used as a criterion of favorableness of environmental conditions, especially water content of soil and temperature, as well as an indicator of the effects of overgrazing. Dry weight of plants is one of the best quantitative characteristics of vegetation (Hanson, 1938), and increase in dry weight is the best measure of growth (West, Briggs, and Kidd, 1920). The clip quadrat has been widely used by numerous American investigators (Sarvis, 1923; Taylor and Loftfield, 1924; Aldous, 1930; Black, et al., 1937) and has been found to be the most suitable form of the percentage production method on the grassveld in South Africa (West, 1936). Although clipping studies serve as a valuable supplement to grazina experiments, they differ in several respects from actual grazing. The chief differences as observed by Culley, Campbell, and Canfield (1933) and others have been summarized by Weaver and Clements (1938) and the fact pointed out that clip quadrats are widely used. In the early spring of 1933, typical experimental plots were selected in the several types of prairie and pasture at Lincoln, Nebraska. Exclosures were established and groups of meter quadrats laid out before the grasses resumed growth. The position in which the quadrats were placed was given careful consideration. The areas selected after years of acquaintance with the vegeta-


We describe a recent large scale survey of the Submillimeter Galaxy (SMG) population by AzTEC, a 144 element bolometer camera, on the 15m diameter James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. From November 2005 to February 2006, over 400 hours of telescope time were spent imaging over 1 square degree of sky with an area weighted target sensitivity of 0.7 mJy rms. Several fields with large multi-wavelength data sets were mapped including the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey field, the Lockmann Hole, GOODS-N, and a subset of the COSMOS field. In addition we mapped fields spanning a wide range of environments including several regions with known mass over-density. Together this represents the largest/deepest survey of the SMG population. Herein we report on the technical details of the surveys, describe the reduction pipeline, and show preliminary results from a subsection of the survey fields.


A digital core obtained without damage and contact can provide intuitive and quantitative analysis data for sandstone pore structure analysis. However, pore analysis results based on digital cores are quite different from experimental results due to limitations of scanning resolution, quality, pore extraction method, and experimental errors. In this research, the influence of pore geometry on pore analysis is studied from pore angles and pore resolution. First, sharp angles are extracted by image processing, and the influence of angles on pore radius distribution is analyzed. Then, by up–down sampling, high- and low-resolution digital cores are reconstructed, and the effects of resolution on pore connectivity and throat structure are discussed.


The invention belongs to the technical field of the jet printing of a spray head, and particularly relates to a high-precision jet printing circulation ignition method of a multi-nozzle spray head. The invention relates to a jet printing circulation ignition method of a three-row staggered spray head. The circulation ignition method is as follows: three rows of nozzles are grouped by rows and are subjected to circulation ignition for jet printing in order or according to reversed order. Through the technical scheme of the invention, the ink dot injected by the nozzles which are arranged on the different lines can be printed on the same line, and the jet printing precision of related patterns is improved.


Recent studies have questioned the reliability of spotlighting to detect certain species of arboreal marsupial or to provide an index of population size. This study assesses the reliability of transect spotlighting to detect the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) by comparison with grid trapping. Trapping was conducted for 3–4 nights, approximately every second month during 2001. Spotlighting was conducted monthly along four transects through the grid. The two techniques combined showed that at least 7–11 gliders were present during most of 2001 in the spotlit area. Trapping detected 1–4 individuals per census within this area. Only one was detected during 4 of 6 census periods. Spotlighting detected 2–4 individuals during 9 of 12 census periods. We estimate that spotlighting surveys detected an average of 25% of the squirrel gliders present; trapping surveys detected an average of 21% of gliders. We conclude that spotlighting under suitable conditions by experienced personnel was equally effective as trapping in detecting and providing a population index of squirrel gliders at our site. The generality of this finding must be tested at other sites. A review of published studies involving transect spotlighting of arboreal marsupials found that most incorporated repeat traverses of transects to improve detection, and standardised abundance or density for comparing site categories. Thus, the conclusions of these studies should not be affected by recognition that spotlighting detects only a proportion of the actual population size of a given species. We recommend further studies to assess detection of arboreal marsupials by spotlighting surveys.


The invention discloses a locking device used for locking a first component and a second component of an electronic device shell. The locking device comprises a locking piece and at least one elastic positioning piece, wherein the locking piece is glidingly arranged on the first component and can move on the first component between a first position and a second position; when the locking piece moves from the first position to the second position, the locking piece locks the first component and the second component; when the locking piece moves from the second position to the first position, the locking piece releases locking of the first component and the second component; and the at least one elastic positioning piece is used for elastically positioning the locking piece when the locking piece moves to the second position. The invention also provides an electronic device using the locking device.


Distributed Denial of service attack(DDoS)is a network security attack and now the attackers intruded into almost every technology such as cloud computing, IoT, and edge computing to make themselves stronger. As per the behaviour of DDoS, all the available resources like memory, cpu or may be the entire network are consumed by the attacker in order to shutdown the victim's machine or server. Though, the plenty of defensive mechanism are proposed, but they are not efficient as the attackers get themselves trained by the newly available automated attacking tools. Therefore, we proposed a classification based machine learning approach for detection of DDoS attack in cloud computing. With the help of three classification machine learning algorithms K Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest and Naive Bayes, the mechanism can detect a DDoS attack with the accuracy of 99.76%.


[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of thyroid cancer cases in Jiangmen city.[Methods]Analysis was made on the data of in-patients with thyroid cancer in Jiangmen Central Hospital during 2006-2010.[Results]During 2006-2010,the total number of in-patients with thyroid cancer was 375,and the annual numbers were 43,65,64,92 and 111 in 2006,2007,2008,2009,and 2010 respectively.Female patients accounted for 80.27% of the overall cases,while the number for male patients was 19.73%.Percentages of age of onset were:5.07% for age 16-20,27.20% for age 21-35,34.40% for age 36-45,and 21.07% for age 46-59.Pathological types were:72.00% for papillary thyroid carcinoma,21.06% for follicular thyroid carcinoma,4.27% for medullary thyroid carcinoma,and 2.67% for anaplastic thyroid cancer.After 1-5 years of treatment,the cure rate was 84.00%,and the improvement rate was 12.26%,the mortality rate was 1.87%,and the uncured rate was 1.87%.[Conclusion]Thyroid cancer shows an increasing trend,and thyroid cancer is more common in females than males.


Data interpretation and theory building are two key skills often taught in health sciences qualitative methods courses. However, little is known about how novice researchers make sense of data, as well as how their thought processes differ from those of expert researchers. In this classroom research project, the author explores how qualitative methods students in a public health graduate program describe their processes of making sense of data and building theory. She then compares these processes with "expert" guidelines to draw implications for how to enhance teaching in a qualitative research class.


Leptin is an important signal in metabolic/endocrine adaptation to prolonged nutritional deprivation. This cross-sectional study was performed to determine alterations associated with protein-energy malnutrition in serum levels of leptin and classical nutritional markers. Forty-two children with protein-energy malnutrition was classified according to Gomez and 21 healthy controls were recruited. Serum leptin, albumin, prealbumin, fibronectin, transferrin, lipoprotein (a) and whole blood hemoglobin concentrations were determined. Leptin levels were significantly lower in undernourished children, declining with degree of malnutrition. Alteration of albumin, hemoglobin and lipoprotein (a) became apparent at late stages of malnutrition. Gomez classification was the only significant contributor to the variations in leptin concentrations among age, weight, presence of infection, breast-feeding duration and age at feeding with complementary foods. This study provides evidence that leptin is sensitive to stages of malnutrition independent of body weight, probably for it's role in metabolic adaptation. Serum prealbumin, transferrin and fibronectin does not offer a sensitive alternative in the background of increased susceptibility to infection.


The purpose of this study is to explain function and position of the forensic doctor in assisting in the clarity of a murder crime so that autopsy is needed in order to know the cause of death, the mechanism of death, and assisting in estimating the time of death and the manner of death. The method used in this study is normative juridical approach that is reviewing decision Number 79/Pid.B/2012/PN.BGR which in the judge's decision does not use the autopsy process. Legal material collected is through literature study approach or with secondary data. The results of the study indicate that the judge in deciding the case against the suspect is not equipped with information on the results of the autopsy and only uses visum et repertum, the results does not explain the cause of the victim death.


In order to improve the operating efficiency of the boiler,the boiler water wall heating surface should purge timely.This article describes the use of PLC control system to achieve a sootblowers,in order to achieve timely automatic soot blowing,can provide a reference for those who use.


Interest in the application of vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) with multiple breaks arises from technical and economic considerations. Based on the introduction of a novel VCB with multiple breaks based on the fiber-controlled vacuum interrupter modules is proposed in this contribution. A fiber-controlled vacuum interrupter module is composed of its own outer insulation, vacuum interrupter, permanent magnetic actuator with its controller and power supply. In order to make a VCB with multiple breaks that can be used in higher voltage grades, the fiber-controlled vaccum interrupter module can be placed in series just like the building blocks. The fiber-controlled technology is used to control the modules at the low voltage area while permanent magnetic actuator operates at the high voltage area. The application of fiber-controlled technology can achieve the aim of separation between high voltage area and low voltage area. The new-style power supply individually provides the energy needed for operating the vacuum interrupter inside the module. The experimental results show that the deviation of operation time in the fiber-controlled module is less than 1ms. Compared with conventional VCBs with multiple breaks, it has a significant reduction in size, weight and cost as well as simpler control and better operating synchronization among its breaks.


The author was approached by the Passionists in the United Kingdom, a Roman Catholic order in which the ecological theologian Thomas Berry had been a priest, to seek an opinion on the continuing significance of his book, Befriending the Earth. Published in 1991, it was written in dialogue with a Jesuit colleague, Thomas Clarke. This article shares that opinion with a wider readership. Parts of it are written in a first-person manner, illustratively journeying on from where Berry left off. Thirty-three years (counted inclusively) is a generous generational span; symbolically, it is equivalent to the life of Christ, a kairos time of transition. Most notably, what has changed over that period is that climate change has landed firmly onto the environmental agenda. Significantly, Berry hardly mentioned it in this work, but in an era of Laudato Si his message of "befriending the Earth" speaks louder than ever, with prophetic poignancy.


A novel dry electroencephalography(EEG) electrode was fabricated for the vigilance analysis based on EEG signal acquisition,which is conventionally acquired by wet electrodes.Flexible substrate MEMS fabrication technique was applied to fabricate the flexible dry micro-needle electrode array,which is chemical stable and bio-compatible.Featuring its cantilever structured micro-needles,the electrode was fabricated by wet etching of Cu sacrificial layer process.The electrodes were then released from substrate by PDMS lift-off process and packaged by polyimide,and finally fabricated a three-dimensional electrode array by multi-layer assembly.Ni was electroplated to fabricate the micro-needles,the wire and the pads of the dry electrode to obtain mechanical strength while Au was electroplated on the surface of micro-needles for bio-compatibility.The performance of the dry electrode was tested by the amplifier of EEG acquisition,Neuroscan.The impedance of dry electrode was approximately 10 kΩ,and the similarity between the performances of dry and wet electrodes was proved by comparison of their time domain and frequency domain signals.With the advantage of high yield,small size,simple assembly,fine shielding,good reliability and mechanical strength,the dry electrode is capable of convenient and painless EEG signal acquisition.


OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship of self-reported physical activity with subsequent depression and psychiatric distress.

METHODS
Physical activity was assessed in medical school and midlife in 973 physicians as part of a prospective observational study. Outcome measures were the incidence of self-reported clinical depression and psychiatric distress on the General Health Questionnaire.

RESULTS
The risk of depression was similar for nonexercisers and exercisers. No relationship was observed between physical activity level and subsequent psychiatric distress.

CONCLUSIONS
This study found no evidence that exercise reduces risk for depression or psychiatric distress.


Based on the data collected by the research group of "the issue of new urban migrants and the countermeasures" in the six cities of Guangzhou,Dongguan,Hangzhou,Shenyang,Chengdu and Zhengzhou(2008-2009),this paper investigates the influences of social economic factors,migrant mobility,and individual family factors on the spatial assimilation of new migrants in coastal and inland cities.Regression analysis shows that the factor of income has yielded conspicuous impacts on new urban migrants' inhabiting environment and residential location in both coastal and inland cities,while the level of education would have greater influence on inland cities.The factor of ageing has a more conspicuous negative effect on new urban migrants' inhabiting condition in coastal cities than that in inland cities while it yields greater positive influence on residential location in inland cities than that in coastal cities.The number of children would have a greater negative effect on new migrants' residential location.And thus a conclusion is drawn that the spatial assimilation modes vary in different areas.


Cavity optomechanical systems are useful to explore fundamental properties of mechanical and optical resonators [1] . Relying on the strong nonlinearities naturally existing in these multitimescale systems, the use of non-trivial excitation reveals to be a key to explore new dynamics regimes. Recently, it has been experimentally demonstrated that accurate quantum thermometry is achievable in a coherently modulated optomechanical resonator in the resolved sideband regime [2] .


Free radicals play major roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including neurologic diseases, making them an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Several free radical scavengers have been developed, and some have progressed to clinical trials for the treatment of ischemic stroke. One such scavenger, edaravone is currently used to treat patients who present within 24 h of an attack. Edaravone can diffuse into many affected organs. Edaravone also exerts protective effects against brain and spinal cord injuries. Beyond its direct free radical scavenging effect, edaravone has anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. Here, we critically review the literature on experimental animal model and clinical studies of edaravone efficacy, and examine whether it should be considered a candidate for worldwide development. Edaravone has proven safe during 10 years of use as a free radical scavenger to treat ischemic stroke. In addition to ischemic stroke treatment, animal data suggest that edaravone may be an effective treatment option for several neurologic diseases, but additional clinical trials are necessary to verify its efficacy.


Learning by gradient descent with derivatives backpropagated through model predictions is an attractive concept; however, in our previous work we showed that when the dynamics are chaotic—a property of nonlinear systems often found in nature—then gradient estimation can become erratic turning the optimization into a random walk. We solved the problem with a new gradient estimation algorithm called total propagation [6], but some work leading up to the final solution was left out of the article. Here, we provide additional illustrations, and discuss an alternative solution of resampling the predictions at each time step from a distribution fitted onto the particles. We show that resampling from a Gaussian stabilizes the gradients, while resampling from a mixture of Gaussians fitted via EM does not. Moreover, we interpolate between fully resampled particles and the original trajectory distribution, and show a gradual transition to ill-behaved gradients. Finally we explain undesirable properties of resampling based methods.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate tooth ultrastructure and mutation of two patients in a family affected with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type IV and dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI).

METHODS
Mutations were detected by whole exome and Sanger sequencing. The permanent second molar obtained from the proband (DGI1) and the primary first molar from his affected son (DGI2) were studied for their colour, roughness, mineral density, hardness, elastic modulus, mineral content, and ultrastructure, compared to the controls.

RESULTS
Two novel missense COL1A2 variants, c.752C>T (p.Ser251Phe) and c.758G>T (p.Gly253Val) were identified in both patients. The c.758G>T was predicted to be the causative mutation. Pulp cavities of DGI1 (permanent teeth) were obliterated while those of DGI2 (primary teeth) were wide. The patients' teeth had darker and redder colours; reduced dentin hardness; decreased, disorganised, and scattered dentinal tubules and collagen fibers; and irregular dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), compared to controls. Lacunae-like structures were present in DGI2.

CONCLUSIONS
We reported the novel causative mutation, c.758G>T (p.Gly253Val), in COL1A2 for OI type IV and DGI. The DGI dentin demonstrated inferior mechanical property and ultrastructure, suggesting severe disturbances of dentin formation. These could contribute to fragility and prone to infection of DGI teeth. This study expands phenotypic and genotypic spectra of COL1A2 mutations.


Title of Document: PURELY COINCIDENTAL RESEMBLANCE TO PERSONS LIVING OR DEAD: WORRY AND FICTION IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN LIFE WRITING David B. Eubanks, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Directed By: Professor Susan J. Leonardi Department of English At the end of the twentieth century and the opening of the twenty-first, American life writing remains both an unsettled form and an unsettling practice. This study addresses six representative texts that suggest a critique of life writing as they deploy self-conscious fictionalization, experiment, and suspicion of their own strategies. Three of the works under analysis signal a noteworthy change in contemporary U.S. life writing. As they interrogate the conventions of memoir and biography, they begin to insist on notions of self, history, and agency at odds with the poststructuralisms that shape their approaches to representing selves and histories. These instances of vexed life writing, having recognized and engaged the constructedness of experience, memory, and self, nevertheless struggle to operate as nonfiction. Dave Eggers' A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, Edmund Morris' Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan, and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Fifth Book of Peace are symptomatic instances of panic in contemporary American life writing. In each of these memoirs, the life writer supplements ostensibly nonfiction narratives with metacommentary and fiction but posits neither the fantasy of an authoritative master narrative nor the jouissance of having abandoned the same. Obliged to what each memoirist identifies as his or her local responsibilities, these texts struggle toward representing freighted experiences. I read these texts as uneasy heirs to three predecessors that adopt parallel methods to represent lives but make distinct arguments about life writing. Eggers' memoir echoes the form and epistemology of Mary McCarthy's Memories of a Catholic Girlhood. Morris' experimental presidential biography follows Gore Vidal's Lincoln: A Novel. The Fifth Book of Peace counters Kingston's own family memoir, China Men. As the contemporary examples of life writing adopt the postmodern forfeiture of stable representation, they do so under an anxiousness that McCarthy, Vidal, and the early Kingston evade. The presence of that worry in contemporary American life writing indicates the limits of this category of text and the native tension between postmodern indeterminacy and specifically obliged life writing. PURELY COINCIDENTAL RESEMBLANCE TO PERSONS LIVING OR DEAD: WORRY AND FICTION IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN LIFE WRITING


Objective:To explore the effects of compatibility of cinnamon and halloysite on expression of prostacyclin(PGI_2).Methods:Twelve ICR/B F1 mice were randomly divided into normal control group,cinnamon group,halloysite group,compatibility of cinnamon and halloysite group.Three days after drug administration,the PGI_2 expressions in different tissues were detected by immunohistochemical methods.Results:In the spinal nerve,upper intestine,spleen and thymus,the expressions of PGI_2 were increased in cinnamon group,while the expressions of PGI_2 were inhibited in compatibility of cinnamon and halloysite group.Conclusion:In the aspect of PGI_2 expression,halloysite can inhibit the up-regulation of cinnamon,and they shows "mutual inhibition" in compatibility.


Aim: To describe epidemiological characteristics of a wide cohort of Spanish patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)/ Rendu-Osler-Weber disease.
Methods and Results: Between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2013, 667 Spanish patients with suspected HHT were evaluated in the reference HHT Unit in Hospital Sierrallana and 449 were diagnosed by clinical Curacao criteria and/or genetic test. The diagnostic sensitivity of Curacao clinical criteria in the population studied was 94.59%. Prevalence was 1:5,936 people and lethality rate of 0.16%. Type 2 HHT was the most prevalent and in total 147 different mutations was identified. Epistaxis was the most prevalent symptom (96.88% of cases) while 95.18% of patients showed typical telangiectasias. Pulmonary involvement was present in 28.25% of patients (by computed tomography) mainly in women and HHT1 cases while liver infection was more prevalent in HHT2 cases. Brain involvement was disclosed in 28.35% of cases. Telangiectasias in conjuctival mucose were very frequent mainly in HHT1 elderly patients.
Conclusion: This is the first representative series of epidemiological data on a non-previously evaluated population, showing results about prevalence, genetic distribution and organ infection and disclosing new observations that can help guide the diagnostic and screening procedures for these patients.


Have South Korean attitudes toward the United States deteriorated? To answer this question, RAND researchers compiled and analyzed South Korean public opinion data from the past decade. Have South Korean attitudes toward the United States deteriorated? To answer this question, RAND researchers compiled and analyzed public opinion data on those attitudes and examined selected periods in U.S.-South Korean relations to identify the sources of anti-U.S. sentiment. They found evidence of a downturn in favorable sentiment toward the U.S. but also of a more recent recovery. They recommend ways to improve South KoreansO perceptions of the U.S. and address their long-standing grievances.


The discrete Couzin–Vicsek algorithm (CVA), which describes the interactions of individuals among animal societies such as fish schools is considered. In this paper, a kinetic (mean-field) version of the CVA model is proposed and its formal macroscopic limit is provided. The final macroscopic model involves a conservation equation for the density of the individuals and a non-conservative equation for the director of the mean velocity and is proved to be hyperbolic. The derivation is based on the introduction of a non-conventional concept of a collisional invariant of a collision operator.


Simple Summary Patients with head and neck cancer are frequently treated by radiation, which results in a lifelong risk of damage (necrosis) to the jawbones. Some of the irradiated young patients at a later time in life may be interested in orthodontic treatment for esthetic or functional purposes. We undertook this study in order to investigate changes that occur in irradiated jawbones when mild orthodontic force is applied in a rat laboratory model. We found that one low dose of radiation had negatively affected the jawbones and that these changes were visible in X-ray images as well as in microscopic slides. The irradiated bones seemed to be denser in the X-rays and had fewer cells that usually regulate normal bone turnover, compared to non-irradiated bones. However, when orthodontic force was applied after radiation, the changes in the irradiated bones were largely, but not completely, reversed in both X-rays and microscopy to the point that bone properties were approaching those of non-irradiated, orthodontically treated, bones. The findings of this study indicate that orthodontic force may have a beneficial effect on the maintenance of jawbone vitality after radiation, but additional studies using different time-lags between radiation and orthodontic force and higher radiation doses are warranted to support these findings. Abstract Irradiation of facial bones is associated with a lifelong risk of osteonecrosis. In a rat model, maxillae were exposed to a single 5 Gy dose of external beam radiation and orthodontic force was applied for 2 weeks on the first maxillary molar; control rats were treated identically without radiation. Tooth movement in irradiated jaws was 30% less than in controls, representing radiation-related damage. Micro-CT, histological, and molecular outcomes of orthodontic tooth movement were studied. Microstructurally, bone parameters (trabecular thickness, bone volume fraction, bone mineral density) were significantly affected by orthodontic force but not by radiation. Histological parameters were influenced only by orthodontic force, especially by an increase in osteoclasts. A molecular study revealed a differential distribution of cells expressing pre-osteoclast markers (RANK+—majority, CD11b+, CD14+—minority), with changes being influenced by orthodontic force (increased CD11b+ and CD14+ cells) and also by radiation (decreased RANK+ cells). The activation status of osteoclasts (TRAP staining) showed an orthodontic-force-related increase, which probably could not fully compensate for the radiation-associated impairment. The overall balance showed that orthodontic force had elicited a substantial microstructural, histological, and functional normalization process in irradiated maxillae but a radiation-induced impact was still conspicuous. Additional studies are needed to validate these findings.


A comprehensive understanding of the meteorological and microphysical nature of Mediterranean storms requires a combination of in situ data analysis, radar data analysis, and satellite data analysis, effectively integrated with numerical modeling studies at various scales. An important aspect of understanding microphysical controls of severe storms, is first understanding the meteorological controls under which a storm has evolved, and then using that information to help characterize the dominant microphysical processes. For hazardous Mediterranean storms, highlighted by the October 5-6, 1998 Friuli flood event in northern Italy, a comprehensive microphysical interpretation requires an understanding of the multiple phases of storm evolution. This involves intense convective development, Sratiform decay, orographic lifting, and sloped frontal lifting processes, as well as the associated vertical motions and thermodynamical instabilities governing physical processes that effect details of the size distributions and fall rates of the various types of hydrometeors found within the storm environment. This talk overviews the microphysical elements of a severe Mediterranean storm in such a context, investigated with the aid of TRMM satellite and other remote sensing measurements, but guided by a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model simulation of the Friuli flood event. The data analysis for this paper was conducted by my research groups at the Global Hydrology and Climate Center in Huntsville, AL and Florida State University in Tallahassee, and in collaboration with Dr. Alberto Mugnai's research group at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Rome. The numerical modeling was conducted by Professor Oreg Tripoli and Ms. Giulia Panegrossi at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, using Professor Tripoli's nonhydrostatic modeling system (NMS). This is a scalable, fully nested mesoscale model capable of resolving nonhydrostatic circulations from regional scale down to cloud scale and below.


"I thought you would get a Swedish friend" – A qualitative study about a mentorship project called "Girl to girl". [Translated title]

During the last couple of years, integration has become a central part of Swedish society. Studies show two ways to look at the integration process. One refers to the immigrants' responsibility to adapt to the majority population. The other approach argues that integration is a mutual process, demanding participation from both the minority and the majority populations. Authorities have been criticized for establishing an integration policy resulting in segregation. Because of the growing segregation, integration has become an important issue for Non Governmental Organisations. This paper examines an integration project hosted by a local Save the Children organisation in Sweden. The idea behind the project is to give newly arrived immigrants the opportunity to meet a Swedish mentor and develop a relationship. The purpose of this study was to explore the participants' understanding of the purpose behind the project, and to analyse how it affects their relationship. Based on a qualitative method, semi- structured interviews were conducted with four immigrants and five mentors. The broad perspective of Rational Choice and Role theory was used to analyze our empirical material. The results showed that the different groups each had a distinct view regarding the relationship. Where the immigrants saw a mutual relationship, instead the majority of the mentors described an unequal relationship. Whilst the mentors perceived their main role as being supportive and helpful, the immigrants expected a friendship. This resulted in a role- conflict for the mentors, where two of them adjusted to the immigrants' wishes and developed a mutual relationship. However, three of the mentors still refer to their relationship as being unequal, maintaining a structure where the immigrants are segregated.


T has been known for some time that there are differences in the radiationI induced chromosomal aberrations observed at metaphase, according to the stage of the cell cycle the cells were in at the time of irradiation (SWANSON 1957). The observed differences are not only quantitative (changes in frequency per cell), but are also qualitative in that, depending on the stage and the chromosomal stmctural unit involved, three different classes of aberrations can be induced. In the pre-DNA-synthesis stage (GI) of interphase, chromosome aberrations are induced. These involve the single, pre-split chromosome. During the DNA-synthesis (S) and post-DNA-synthesis (G,) periods of interphase, chromatid aberrations are induced. These aberrations involve the double, post-split chromosomes. During prophase subchromatid aberrations that presumably involve half-chromatids are formed. In addition to these, two different groups of aberrations (one-break and two-break) are observed; these vary with respect to the kinetics of their induction. With sparsely ionizing radiations, one-break aberrations result from single ionizing clusters and show a linear increase with dose, whereas two-break aberrations involve the interaction of breaks that are produced by two independent ionizations (or clusters) and increase approximately as the square of the dose (see reviews by WOLFF 1961; EVANS 1962). In the GI cells the chromosome has been found to exhibit constant sensitivity to radiation-induced breakage (see SAX 1938), whereas as the cell approaches metaphase the sensitivity changes and the frequency of chromatid aberrations increases (see SWANSON and SCHWARTZ 1953). Very close to metaphase the sensitivity drops (WOLFF and LUIPPOLD 1960). EVANS and SAVAGE (1963) and EVANS and SCOTT (1964) have attempted to find the relationship between the changes in sensitivity that occur when chromatid aberrations are induced and the stage of the cell cycle. They have shown that at the onset of S the sensitivity of the chromosome to breakage doubles and then increases slightly through S until G,, when another increase in sensitivity is observed. Since the aberrations induced during S and subsequently scored at metaphase are chromatid aberrations, they have suggested that the apparent gradual increase in sensitivity through S is probably caused by an increase in the number of doubled chromosomes produced as S progresses, and not to an actual increase in the sensitivity of the chromosome material during this period.


SUBTITLE: INVESTMENT IN, AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF, THOSE FACILITIES WHICH SPECIALISE IN THE HANDLING OF FOREST PRODUCTS IS MORE WIDESPREAD THAN MANY IMAGINE, AS SID CASS DISCOVERED WHEN VISITING A RANDOM SELECTION OF TERMINALS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.


Future engineering of structures and equipment on the lunar surface requires significant understanding of particle characteristics of the lunar regolith. Nearly all sediment characteristics are influenced by particle shape; therefore a method of quantifying particle shape is useful both in lunar and terrestrial applications. We have created a method to quantify particle shape, specifically for lunar regolith, using image processing. Photomicrographs of thin sections of lunar core material were obtained under reflected light. Three photomicrographs were analyzed using ImageJ and MATLAB. From the image analysis measurements for area, perimeter, Feret diameter, orthogonal Feret diameter, Heywood factor, aspect ratio, sieve diameter, and sieve number were recorded. Probability distribution functions were created from the measurements of Heywood factor and aspect ratio.


To introduce general situation of research and development of methanol flexible fuel vehicles in China.To analyze the methanol fuel production,its application,policy environment and market condition.To predict the future development of methanol fuel.Some related problems are also put forward.


An autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred haemodialysis vascular access but successful creation is hampered by high rates of AVF failure. This study aimed to evaluate patient and surgical factors associated with AVF failure to improve vascular access selection and outcomes.

 This is a post-hoc analysis of all participants of FAVOURED, a multi-centre, double-blind, multinational, randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of fish oil and/or aspirin in preventing AVF failure in patients receiving haemodialysis. The primary outcome of AVF failure was a composite of fistula thrombosis and/or abandonment and/or cannulation failure at 12 months post AVF creation and secondary outcomes included individual outcome components. Patient data (demographics, comorbidities, medications and laboratory data) and surgical factors (surgical expertise, anaesthetic, intraoperative heparin use) were examined using multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations with AVF failure.

 Of 536 participants, 253 patients (47%) experienced AVF failure during the study period. The mean age was 55 ± 14.4 years, 64% were male, 45% were diabetic and 4% had peripheral vascular disease. Factors associated with AVF failure included female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-2.67), lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP; OR for higher DBP 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99), presence of central venous catheter (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.02-2.20, p=0.04) and aspirin requirement (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.01-2.57).

 Female sex, requirement for aspirin therapy, requiring haemodialysis via a central venous catheter and lower diastolic blood pressure were factors associated with higher odds of AVF failure. These associations have potential implications for vascular access planning and warrant further studies.


14123 Background: Preclinical data show synergism of whole body hyperthermia (HT) of 41.8°C with gemcitabine (G) and carboplatin (CP) in lung head and neck tumor cell lines. Advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease and is associated with high morbidity and a median survival of 8 to 12 months. The role of whole body HT with G and CP in the treatment of pancreatic cancer is unknown.

METHODS
We first show preclinical data to study the effects of combining HT of 37°, 39°, 41.8 and 43°C for 1 h with G and CP on the human pancreas carcinoma cell line DAN-G. We assessed proliferation ratios using crystal-violett assays and cell cycles by flow cytometry. We secondly analyzed the clinical outcome of 13 pts that received whole body HT of 41.8°C with G and CP for advanced pancreatic cancer on a compassionate-use basis at our institution between 2000 to 2004 was assessed for toxicity, response and overall survival.

RESULTS
Preclinical studies showed no effects of HT of 37, 39 and 41.8°C on DAN-G cell proliferation and cell cycle behaviour when used alone without cytostatic drugs. At 43°C cells decompose (in all experiments). Additional G and/or CP at concentrations of IC50 to HT of 37, 39, 41, 8°C did not alter the effects of the drugs alone. Cell cycle anaylsis showed that an increment of temperatures did not effect cycle phases. Analysis of the clinical data of patients whole body HT with G and CP showed partial remissions in 3 pts (23%) and no change situations in 5 pts (38%). Of 13 pts received only 2 cycles because of disease progression (n = 5) or because they refused to further treatment due to minor toxicities. 4 pts received all 4 therapy cycles initially planned. Overall survival was 11.4 months, one year survival for all patients was 38%. Generally the treatment was well tolerated. Grade 3-4 toxicities were thrombocytopenia in one patient and therapy induced anemia and neutropenia in another patient occurring after the forth cycle of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Preclinical and clinical data show that HT plus G and CP is of no benefit in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


Ptychography, a relatively new form of phase retrieval, can reconstruct both intensity and phase images of a sample from a group of diffraction patterns, which are recorded as the sample is translated through a grid of positions1. To recover the phase information lost in the recording of these diffraction patterns, iterative algorithms must optimise an objective function full of local minima, in a huge multidimensional space2. Many such algorithms have been developed, each aiming to converge rapidly whilst avoiding stagnation. Our research aims to compare some of the more popular algorithms, to determine their advantages and disadvantages under a range of different conditions, and hence to suggest guidelines for choosing suitable algorithms for any given data set. We have implemented and tested several well-known phase retrieval algorithms: the 'PIE' family of algorithms3 4, the difference map (DM)5 6, hybrid projection/reflection (HPR)7 and relaxed averaged alternating reflections (RAAR)8. The PIE-type algorithms are based on the stochastic gradient descent concept4, whilst the rests are based on the set projection and reflection concept2, and hence named the 'PR' algorithms in this paper. We began our tests by tuning algorithm parameters using multiple sets of simulated calibration data. Then, these tuned algorithms were tested on simulated data generated from a range of scenarios using either a randomised illumination function or convergent beam illumination, combined with either a weakly- or a strongly-scattering sample. Because ptychographic reconstructions are subject to certain pathological ambiguities, we then used an ambiguity-invariant error measure to evaluate the differences between the resulting images4.


"In this paper, we study the existence of ground state sign-changing solutions for following $p$-Laplacian Kirchhoff-type problem with logarithmic nonlinearity\begin{equation*} \left\{ \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25} \begin{array}{ll} -(a+ b\int _{\Omega}|\nabla u|^{p}dx)\Delta_p u=|u|^{q-2}u\ln u^2, ~x\in\Omega \\ u=0, ~\ x\in \partial\Omega, \end{array} \right.\end{equation*}where $\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{N}$ is a smooth bounded domain, $a, b>0$ are constant, 4 ≤ 2p p. By using constraint variational method, topological degree theory and the quantitative deformation lemma, we prove the existence of ground state sign-changing solutions with precisely two nodal domains."


Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of essential oil from Chrysanthemi Indici Flos( EOCIF). Method: Totally 60 KM mice were divided into six groups,i. e. the normal group,the model group,the aspirin group( 0. 5 g·kg- 1),EOCIF high,middle and low dose groups( 0. 8,0. 4,0. 2 g·kg- 1). Auricle edema induced by dimethylbenzene,cotton pellet granuloma of the mice and foot edema induced by carrageen were used to detect the anti-inflammatory activity. Acetic acid writhing method and hot-plate method were used to study the analgesic activity. Result: Compared with the normal group,the model group showed notable auricle edema and cotton pellet granuloma and significant increase in writhing frequency,with significant statistical difference( P < 0. 05). Compared with the model group,EOCIF high,middle and low dose groups showed obvious inhibitory effects in dimethylbenzene-induced auricle edema,cotton pellet granuloma and carrageen-induced foot edema and significant decrease in writhing frequency,with significant statistical difference( P < 0. 05). Besides,after the administration,compared with the model group,EOCIF high,middle and low dose groups showed obvious increase in pain threshold in mice( P < 0. 05). Conclusion: The EOCIF Chrysanthemi Indici Flos shows stronger anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.


Photoplethysmography (PPG) provides a non-invasive method to detect heart rate but, due to inherent noise, fails to accurately and reliably capture the true heartbeat waveform and phase needed by many cardiac activity monitoring applications such as measuring heart rate variability and blood pressure. In this work, we contribute 1) a multimodal heart rate and phase sensing device which is capable of capturing data from 17 channels including PPG, Accelerometer and Gyro at a high sampling rate of 500Hz, with a new pressure-sensing channel at 80Hz; and 2) a deep learning model to fuse multi-channel data to derive heart rate (HR) with high accuracy compared to ground truth from a reference electrocardiography (ECG) signal. We showed the sensors', channels' and locations' contribution separately toward heart rate measurement and identified a preferred site for HR detection. We demonstrated the improved HR measurement on 21 healthy participants under three different activities, namely, stationary, walking and running. Our system achieved a stationary average absolute error (AAE) of 0.47bpm, 0.79bpm (walking) and 0.89bpm (running). The respective single heartbeat standard deviations were 28.43ms, 40.3ms and 34.14ms relative to an electrocardiography (ECG) detected R-peak. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to show that attachment pressure changes of a PPG sensor improved measurement accuracy by 8.0ms (25.6%).


Every year, IIPS undertakes many research studies on a number of themes related to population and health at the state and national levels using its own resources. The 'Research Brief Series' is a new initiative by the institute to provide an opportunity to the institute's faculty, Ph.D. students and visiting fellows to quickly disseminate the important finding of their research studies before they are published as a research report or in a scientific journal. The authors of the Research Brief look forward to receive feedback from readers that could be helpful in revising the larger study report.


Genotypic variation in physiological and physicochemical parameters associated with drought resistance was observed between cultivars in Brassica napus and B. campestris. Significant variation in proline accumulation, chlorophyll stability, germination rate and percentage, relative turgidity, growth rates and water use efficiency were found in plants grown under simulated drought conditions in a glasshouse. No variation was detected between cultivars for leaf diffusive resistance or heat tolerance. A yield index for each cultivar was derived from yield performances in nine different field environments. Chlorophyll stability and proline accumulation in leaf tissue and germination percentage in solution equivalent to - 17.5 bars osmotic potential was clearly related to this yield index in B. napus and to a lesser extent in B. campestris. The winter cultivars of B, napus also possessed drought resistance characteristics, and they may be a valuable resource for the development of cultivars for droughted environments. Parameters were measured in a glasshouse, prior to anthesis, and therefore offer potential as ancillary selection criteria for drought resistance in oilseed rape growing in Western Australia.


We demonstrate nano-scale optical analysis of graphene layers by tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy (TERS). In this technique, the spatial resolution ∼30 nm is realized by the near-field probe which acts as a nano-light source. From the intensity change of the Raman band of silicon generated from the near-field probe, we can conveniently estimate the edge boundaries and the number of stacking layers. TERS measurement across the layer edges reveals the nano-scale properties of the material as well as the existence of local defects and edge boundaries. The intensity change of the G-band shows the step-like behavior that follows the layer boundary, whereas the two components in 2D peak show more complex behaviors even inside layers. The peak fluctuation in the 2D band also suggests the local stress distribution due to interlayer interactions. An excess charge effect is observed through the correlation between the peak position and the width of the G-band and their nano-scale distribution within a layer is revealed. Besides the vibrational analysis, we successfully performed the estimation of the number of layers in two-dimensional imaging by the same experimental platform, which allows us high-throughput nondestructive identification of graphene layers critical for the evaluation of this material especially in future device applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The asymmetric cyclization of the diol (I) with respect to the enantioselectivity of the formation of the spiroacetal (III) is investigated.


– Nowadays, women receive a lot of attention and assistance in production and business. They have been support with loans from


The Skolem Problem asks to determine whether a given integer linear recurrence sequence has a zero term. This problem arises across a wide range of topics in computer science, including loop termination, (weighted) automata theory, and the analysis of linear dynamical systems, amongst many others. Decidability of the Skolem Problem is notoriously open. The state of the art is a decision procedure for recurrences of order at most 4: an advance achieved some 40 years ago based on Baker's theorem on linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers. Recently, a new approach to the Skolem Problem was initiated via the notion of a Universal Skolem Set: a set $\mathbf{S}$ of positive integers such that it is decidable whether a given non-degenerate linear recurrence sequence has a zero in $\mathbf{S}$. Clearly, proving decidability of the Skolem Problem is equivalent to showing that $\mathbb{N}$ is a Universal Skolem Set. The main contribution of the present paper is to exhibit a Universal Skolem Set of positive density that moreover has density one subject to the Bateman-Horn conjecture in number theory. The latter is a central unifying hypothesis concerning the frequency of prime numbers among the values of systems of polynomials, and provides a far-reaching generalisation of many classical results and conjectures on the distribution of primes.


AIM
To study the molecular mechanism of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation.

METHODS
DNA synthesis was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Phosphorylation of the 42- and 44-kDa Ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CCDPK) was measured by Western blotting method. The expression of c-myc specific mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization.

RESULTS
PDGF-BB (2 micrograms.L-1) induced DNA synthesis and activated CCDPK in a concentration-dependent manner and a induced a marked c-myc mRNA expression. Egtazic acid (EGTA, 5 mmol.L-1), genistein (400 mumol.L-1) or PD 98059 (50 mumol.L-1) reduced PDGF-BB (2 micrograms.L-1)-induced CCDPK activities and inhibited VSMC [3H]thymidine incorporation (P < 0.05). PD 98059 (50 mumol.L-1) also inhibited PDGF-BB (2 micrograms.L-1)-induced c-myc mRNA expression.

CONCLUSION
PDGF stimulated VSMC proliferation by activation of p44/p42 CCDPK, which is mediated by Ca2+ and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), and up-regulation of c-myc mRNA expression.


With usage of dry kiln the moisture of pelletizing mixture can be effectively controlled, the pelletizing conditions and the quality of green pellet improved, the consumption of bentonite reduced.


The objective of the following study is to define the influence of an Autobiographical Memory and its two main components : the Episodic Memory and the Semantic Memory in the emergence of the notion of "self". I will focus on the functional part of the autobiographical memory rather that on its technical and neuronal aspect. Then I will describe the implementation of an synthetic autobiographical memory in an Humanoid Robot : the iCub. I will show how this synthetic autobiographical memory can participate with the help of several reasoning modules, in the emergence of the self. Concerning the aspect of self, we decided to work about Ulric Neisser's four components of the self described in 1995 : the Ecological Self, the Interpersonal Self, the Conceptual Self and the Temporally Extended Self


Splay trees are one of binary search tree modification that can improve its trees structure by being self adjusting.
In this process, nodes that are frequently accessed are lifted up become the root of modification binary search tree and inactive nodes, on the other hand, move by being self adjusting,
Splay trees give a data structure of binary tree that always change according to requirement of its access node.
Later in this section, however, with using process of amortized analysis can be proved that running time of every shape of splay tree doesnot exceed 0( lg n ).

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Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explained in this paper are flat, hierarchical and location based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, advantages and performance issues of each routing techniques are also described.


Abstract. Scattered light imaging through complex turbid media has significant applications in biomedical and optical research. For the past decade, various approaches have been proposed for rapidly reconstructing full-color, depth-extended images by introducing point spread functions (PSFs). However, because most of these methods consider memory effects (MEs), the PSFs have angular shift invariance over certain ranges of angles. This assumption is valid for only thin turbid media and hinders broader applications of these technologies in thick media. Furthermore, the time-variant characteristics of scattering media determine that the PSF acquisition and image reconstruction times must be less than the speckle decorrelation time, which is usually difficult to achieve. We demonstrate that image reconstruction methods can be applied to time-variant thick turbid media. Using the time-variant characteristics, the PSFs in dynamic turbid media within certain time intervals are recorded, and ergodic scattering regimes are achieved and combined as ensemble point spread functions (ePSFs). The ePSF traverses shift-invariant regions in the turbid media and retrieves objects beyond the ME. Furthermore, our theory and experimental results verify that our approach is applicable to thick turbid media with thickness of 1 cm at visible incident wavelengths.


Ismael Mateus The Angolan media is currently facing the enormous challenge of transforming itself into a force for democratic change and national reconciliation after decades as a weapon in the country's ideological and military conflicts. The importance of the media to political struggle and control can be traced to the colonial period, when the Portuguese authorities and the anti-colonialists of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) transferred their differences to the airwaves. At the time, the programme Angola Combatente, for instance, was broadcast from Congo Brazzaville and secretly listened to in various parts of the country.


Yeast fermentation conditions were studied with the carbon source,biotin,immunization rates,methanol concentration,pH and induction time.Various factors optimal conditions was confirmed by flask-fermentation and found that controlling the concentration of methanol was very important.At the same time,the study was done for a long time methanol-induced fermentation with 30L fermented and found that yield of protein first increase and then decrease,cell growth slowed down,but bacterial wet-weight has been increasing.


Land base models in regional forest resource supply analyses project area changes in forest vegetation and land use. Models of forest vegetation dynamics are classified according to the basic modeling unit (canopy gap and forest); land use dynamics models are classified according to technique (inventory–descriptive, normative, and positive). Relationships among models used in analyzing timber supply are reviewed, including necessary links between models of forest vegetation dynamics and land use dynamics.


Kanetsuna et al. [1] have published an important paper in the American Journal of Pathology, reporting that renal lesions resembling human diabetic nephropathy can be induced in mice made diabetic (with streptozotocin) which genetically lack endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). eNOS is a key enzyme in endothelial cells that produces nitric oxide (NO). In turn, NO has multiple functions in the vasculature, including acting as a vasodilator, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative activities. In this study, diabetic eNOS knockout mice developed both renal functional (proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate) and structural changes consistent with human diabetic nephropathy. Up to now, it has been difficult to develop in mice models of diabetic nephropathy that resemble human disease, so this article represents a breakthrough in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.


Prediction of aerodynamic, thermal and vibrational loadings on a store, which is carried out on an aircraft is an important criterion in the design area having the objective to define flight envelope, release envelope and life cycle of the store. External stores may change maneuverability and flight envelope of the installed flight platform drastically. On the other hand, flight envelope of the aircraft may result in an excessive heating on the electronic equipment of the store and vibration forces may end up with a structural failure. Hence, to predict aerodynamic, thermal and vibrational loadings on an external store during F4 aircraft captive carriage stage, numerical studies are carried out based on simulations and military standards. A CFD based analysis tool is used to predict the pressure variations on the store during different flight regimes of the aircraft. Fully viscous, second order structured finite volume solutions are obtained for subsonic and transonic flight regimes. Change in inner and outer temperature values of the store was determined for certain flight conditions by making the heat transfer analysis of the external store with the help of 2-D and 3-D numerical methods, including radiation, convection, conduction heat transfers and the aerodynamic heating effects. An F4 fighter aircraft is instrumented for collecting the required data to verify the analysis tools and calculated data. The results of numerical predictions are compared and verified with the test data. The comparison graphs between the estimated vibration profiles by MIL-STD 810F and measured profiles are presented.


This paper analyzes the impact of using a series capacitor (SC) on voltage stability issues caused by the high penetration of wind energy in a transmission network. Voltage stability during normal operation, voltage sag characteristics, and low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability, harmonics and flickers produced by fixed-speed wind turbine (FSWT) and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farms with series and shunt compensation are analyzed. The voltage source converter of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), the converter side of a DFIG and a load are considered as harmonics generating sources and are modeled according to IEC standard 61000. The induction machines of the wind farm are modeled with flicker coefficients as defined by IEC standard 61400 and voltage sag analysis is carried out using failure data. Nonlinear modeling and dynamic simulations are carried out in DlgSILENT PowerFactory environment. From the simulation results, it is found that using a SC with wind farm can enhance the system's stability and power quality.


Aims There is a crucial need in grassland study for a vegetation index (VI)-biomass model simulating steppe biomass based on remote sensing. Methods Thematic mapper (TM) images (spatial resolution of 30 m× 30 m) for the research area in 2005 and 1991 were rectified so that geometric errors were less than one pixel, then extracted the image of the research region in the soft of ERDAS. We used five vegetation indexes: RVI (ratio vegetation index), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), SAVI (soil-adjusted vegetation index), MASVI (modified soil-adjusted vegetation index) and RSR (reduced simple ratio index). They were correlated to plant biomass sampled on the ground at the same time as the TM images. We developed four kinds of regression models: linear, logarithm, second-degree polynomial and cubic polynomial. Important findings The correlations between sampled biomass and the five VIs were highly significant, with four (NDVI, SAVI, MSAVI, RSR) being positive and one (RVI) negative. Multiple correlation coefficients (R2) of the 15 regression models were 0.6, indicating that a VI-biomass regression model was a simple method to monitor the biomass of steppe grassland. The R2 of the NDVI-biomass model was the highest, indicating that it was better suited to simulate the biomass of typical steppe than the other VIs. For TM image, all four kinds of models were significant at the 0.01 level, with the cubic polynomial model as the best to simulate the biomass, followed by the second-degree polynomial, linear and logarithm models. Therefore, the cubic polynomial regression model based on NDVI-biomass was the best model, and was used to simulate the biomass of the research region. Simulated biomass was higher in the east than in the west of the research region and higher in the southeast than in the northwest. Simulated biomass was consistent with sampled biomass in 2005.


Clinical evidence that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a role in cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis comes from a study where ganciclovir treatment of heart transplant recipients delayed allograft rejection and the development of allograft arteriosclerosis (1). However, the mechanisms by which CMV enhances cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis are incompletely understood. In an article published in this issue, Streblow et al. have investigated the role of CMV-encoded chemokine receptors in cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis in a rat heart transplant model using a mutant strain of rat CMV (RCMV) that lacks the R33 open reading frame (RCMV R33) (2). The R33 chemokine receptor is a functional homologue of the HCMV encoded chemokine receptor US28. Streblow et al. have previously shown that HCMV infection of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) in vitro induces cellular migration that is mediated by the virally encoded chemokine receptor US28 (3).


Translators who translate from English into French in the field of retailing are fortunate since they can dispose of Jeanne Dancette's and Christophe Rethore's (2000) Dictionnaire analytique de la distribution. Analytical dictionary of retailing, Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal. In this review article we intend to convince the reader of the qualities of this terminological dictionary, the content of which is based on an intelligent analysis of the needs of potential users: translators. We will relate our analysis to the discussion of the similarly remarkable Dictionnaire d'apprentissage du francais des affaires (DAFA) (2000) by Jean Binon, Serge Verlinde, Jan Van Dijck and Ann Bertels, a learner's dictionary aimed at those who want to learn business French.


We investigate spatial correlation functions (SCFs) at kinetic range in the terrestrial magnetosheath because of wide angular distributions of the magnetic field fluctuations and the high Signal‐to‐Noise‐Ratio. We employ four‐point measurements of magnetic fluctuations from the Cluster and MMS concerning a spatiotemporally varying background magnetic field to constitute the two‐dimensional (2‐D) SCFs between ion and electron scales. It is found that two populations exist in the 2‐D SCFs, with the minority elongated along the perpendicular coordinate (S⊥) and the majority of population elongated along the coordinate parallel to average magnetic field (S||). This kind of phenomenon indicates that the distribution of magnetosheath turbulence in the wavenumber space is dominantly transverse to the background magnetic field, simultaneously partly along the field (i.e., k⊥ >> k||). In addition, we find that magnetosheath turbulence is the dominance of shear Alfvénic‐like fluctuations, and is quasi‐monofractal intermittent turbulence at kinetic range for both the Cluster case and the MMS case, indicating that strong spatially anisotropic fluctuations may be universal in the magnetosheath. Our observations pose new challenges to the theoretical modeling of turbulence and dissipation at kinetic range in the collisionless magnetized plasma.


In June 2016, Qandeel Baloch, a 26-year-old Pakistani social media star, was murdered. Her death sparked both public outrage and a policy debate around 'honour killing', digital rights and sex-positive sexuality across Pakistan and its diasporas. Qandeel challenged what constitutes a proper Pakistani woman, an authentic Baloch and a respectable digital citizen. As a national sex symbol, she failed at the gendered workings of respectable heterosexuality, and during her short lifetime she optimised this failure and public fetish as a technologically mediated social currency (clicks, hashtags, comments, likes, reposts) to build a transnational celebrity brand. I centre Qandeel Baloch's life and afterlives to think through the economic entanglements of honour, racialised ethnicity, coloniality, sexual violence and social media at the intersections of globalised anti-Blackness and honourable brownness as a matter of global capital. Within these complex registers of coloniality, Qandeel's life and brutal murder necessitate a rethinking of categories of racialised ethnicity (Baloch), sexual labour (racial capital) and social media (digitality) as vectors of value for capitalism and nationalism. By centring Qandeel, I define honour as a form of racialised property relations. This rereading of honour, as an economic metric of heteropatriarchy, shifts my lens of honour killing from a crime of culture to a crime of property. Women's honour functions as a necrocapitalist technology that constructs female and feminine bodies as the debris of heterosexual empire through racialised, gendered and sexualised property relations. These relations and registers of honour get further complicated by social media currency and discussions around digital rights, privacy and freedom of expression. Honour is, therefore, the economic management of sexual morality produced through race, religion and imperialism.