This article aims to outline main tasks when translating poetry of the Great Kobzar into Japanese. Analytical, biographical, contextual-descriptive and comparative methods were used in the study. In particular, the analytical method is applied when examining the Japanese works related to a poetic heritage of T. Shevchenko and its translations, biographical – when considering some facts from life of the Japanese slavists, which contributed to their interest in works of the Ukrainian poet. The contextual-descriptive and comparative methods are used in analyzing translated collections of the Great Kobzar's poetry in Japanese and problems of the Ukrainian-Japanese literary translation. Poetry of Taras Shevchenko found its readers in Japan thanks to translation efforts of Taisuke Shibuya, Takayuki Murai, Gаchiro Tazawa, Takashi Juge, Shosuke Komatsu, Kazuo Nakai, Takao Hino, Takao Okamoto and Etsuko Fujii. Three main problems of translation mastership can be distinguished in the Japanese slavistics. First, expediency of translating the Kobzar's poems not from the Ukrainian original, but from the Russian and English translations. This issue was brought up by Kazuo Nakai, who noted that this practice of using the Russian or English texts continued until the end of 1990s. Secondly, significant problems in case of the Ukrainian-Japanese literary translation are associated with untranslatables for designation of certain cultural, socio-historical and other phenomena. Third, selection of the modern or obsolete language for translation: Takashi Juge used obsolete words, while Etsuko Fujii chooses the modern Japanese language, so that young people could also read the poems of Kobzar. Thus, the Japanese slavists still have a lot of problems in the field of the Ukrainian-Japanese literary translation, to overcome which each of them uses its own approach. Further study of the Japanese translation of the Ukrainian literary works seem to have potential for deepening cultural and literary relations between two countries.


New technologies in use today like Couc Surfing.com are allowing people to create planned encounters, en masse, between other strangers. These 'technologies of hospitality' are producing new rules of engagement, and new relationships that blur the boundaries between friend, acquaintance, stranger and enemy – boundaries that are yet to be defined. This article will show that while mobility inevitably causes strangers to collide and interact, certain technologies of hospitality in use today create conditions for strangers to meet one another and engage in acts of hospitality – moments of intimacy, closeness or mutual understanding. This article outlines the process by which two strangers become close using one such technology: CouchSurfing.org. While such encounters foster trust, mutual learning and 'personal growth', closeness is not always altruistic and technologies of hospitality also allow people involved to exert their status and power during interaction, creating moments of tension, awkwardness or distrust. Using multi-method ethnography, this article provides an in-depth account of these technologies of hospitality, focusing on the relationships being created as well as the problems that arise for the way in which we define friendship and closeness today. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.


According to filed geological survey,we summed up a set of method using MapGIS correction geological maps and setting the GPS parameter of a region and the link.This method is advantageous to the accurate mapping and synthetic study,and affectively improving the geological survey of mineral resources evaluation of the quality and the efficiency.The method has stronger maneuverability.


Although various observations (1-5) have failed to relate serum antibody to resistance against tuberculosis, these findings need not preclude a role for humorM factors in an as yet indeterminate and possibly rather complex pattern of resistance. The participation of humoral factors in resistance to tubercle bacilli was indicated by the observation that the sera of animals immunized with the BCG strain of tubercle bacillus contained a substance which protected the monocytes of these immunized animals against the necrotizing action of virulent tubercle bacilli (6). While the protective substance was found in immune and not in normal sera, its activity was seemingly non-specific in nature, for the immune sera of animals immunized with antigens totally unrelated to the tubercle bacillus (Salmonella, Brucdla, ovalbumin) proved equally effective in protecting the monocytes of BCG-immunized animals against virulent tubercle bacilli (7, 8). I t was also found that these immune sera protected the monocytes of the BCG-immunized animal but failed to afford similar protection to normal monocytes (6). Studies of cellular resistance showed that it was also not entirely specific, since, in the presence of immune sera, the monocytes of animals immunized with either Mycobacterium or Brucdla proved partially or completely resistant to heterologous as well as homologous infection (8). Despite the seeming lack of specificity suggested by the cross-immunity between the cells of animals immunized with Brucella and Mycobacterium some selectivity of action was demonstrable in cells; thus, while both anti-Brucdla and anti-Salmonella sera contained a substance which protected the cells of BCG-immunized animals against virulent tubercle bacilli, the monocytes of the Brucellaand Salmonellaimmunized animals behaved quite differently in that the cells of the Salmonellaimmunized animal proved completely susceptible to virulent tubercle bacilli (7).


Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) has advanced dramatically since its inception in 1986. Progress in EUV research has required an interdisciplinary approach involving partnerships of scientists and engineers within both industry and academics. Contributions from the fields of physics, optics, computer science, business, materials science, and chemistry have been critical to all phases of EUV technical advances.

One of the most important components of EUVL is the technological advancement of photoresists. Although EUV photoresist performance has made dramatic advances over the years, resist requirements are extremely demanding. Since the first edition of this book came out in 2008, several technical challenges have been met in all areas of technology to advance EUVL for use in high-volume manufacturing (HVM) fabs. Most notable have been the improvements in source power, reliability and uptime of sources, defect-free masks, and the development and sale of full-field exposure tools. For details, readers are referred to other chapters in this edition of the book that cover these developments. Equally remarkable has been the development of photoresists for use in EUVL.

This review starts by describing the history of the first resists imaged by EUV light, skips several of the important resist accomplishments from 1995 to 2008 since they are well covered in the first edition of this book, and focuses on the accomplishments of resist chemists from 2008 to 2017. The development of photoresists has occurred through the successful collaboration of industry and academia. Typically, the best-performing resists come from industry; however, most industrial research is proprietary, so technical details are generally not publicly disclosed. Fortunately, the role played by academics lends balance to the industry by advancing and evaluating new chemical approaches and publishing the results. This review will cover contributions from both industry and academia, but will primarily emphasize publications that reveal the most information available during each period of research.


Celiac disease (CD) occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who demonstrate a permanent intolerance to gluten, found in wheat, barley, and rye. This leads to the development of an autoimmune enteropathy, resulting in the malabsorption of critical vitamins, minerals, and calories. Signs and symptoms of the disease classically include diarrhea, short stature, iron-deficient anemia, and chronic abdominal pain. However, patients may present with another autoimmune disease (such as type I diabetes) or a family history of the disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms. Serum antibodies can be used to screen for CD. However, the keys to confirming the diagnosis remain a small intestinal biopsy and the patient's clinical response to a gluten-free diet. Clinicians in the United States must maintain a high index of suspicion for CD, because it is significantly underdiagnosed in this country.


Experiments were initiated at MARDI Bertam Rice Research Station in Penang in the dry season of 2004 and main season 2004/2005 to study the effect of different water regimes on diversity of weed species. Plots receiving continuous flooded treatment (T1) and flooding up to panicle initiation (T2) significantly suppressed weed population to approximately 18 - 58% and reduced weed biomass to 14 - 57% as compared to the highest values in continuous field capacity treatment (T5) at all sampling dates (30, 60 and 90 DAS) in both planting seasons. Across water regime treatments the weed composition comprised of 11 weed species in the dry season and 10 weed species in the main season. Broadleaved weeds, especially Monochoria vaginalis and Limnocharis flava were the most dominant weeds in most water regime treatments. The SDR values of broadleaved weeds in the dry season were 48.7, 46.4, 44.2, 40.7 and 35.8% for T2, T1, T3 (flooding for the first month), T5 and T4 (continuous saturation), respectively. In the main season, the SDR values for the broadleaved weeds increased to 79.5, 68.2, 62.4, 62.2, and 50.57% for T2, T1, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Fimbristylis miliacea and Cyperus iria were dominant in the dry season with SDR values of more than 34% in all water regime treatments, but decreased to less than 23% in the main season. For grasses, comprising of mostly Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona and Leptochloa chinensis, SDR values of more than 20% were recorded in T4 and T5 in the dry season, while in the main season SDR values of between 21 - 34% were observed in treatments T1, T3 and T5.


The Cloth was an innovative creative collective formed by David Band, Brian Bolger, Helen Manning and Fraser Taylor for their Royal College of Art (RCA) degree show in 1983. The group was an overnight success due to their collaborative and painterly approaches which different from industry practice at the time. The Cloth created fashion textiles for numerous clients including Betty Jackson, Paul Smith, Fenn Wright & Mason, Yves Saint Laurent, Bill Blass, Nicole Miller and Calvin Klein. Under The Cloth label, the collective created printed textiles and clothing, available through exclusive retail outlets such as Liberty of London, Corniche in Edinburgh, The Warehouse Glasgow, Barneys New York and Isetan Toyko. All members of The Cloth studied printed textiles, however, throughout the collective's four-year existence, they worked across a plethora of creative disciplines. Prior to attending the RCA, Bolger studied at Duncan of Jordanstone and Manning at Middlesex, whereas Band and Taylor went to Glasgow School of Art (GSA). At this time, GSA's printed textiles department was known for its contemporary approaches, established by Robert Stewart and continued by Jimmy Cosgrove. This paper utilises archives and oral histories to examine the pedagogic experiences which influenced The Cloth's approaches to creating textiles. In particular, how were textile skills and approaches communicated and transmitted? What was the role of artist teacher or designer educator in sharing textile understanding and skills? What inspired emphasis on collaboration and cross-disciplinary working? This paper is part of a wider project funded by The Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship.


A large number of motorists who produced cause criminality also has increased. The motorcycle manufacturer relies solely on key contacts, key lock and safety for stang's motorcycle from theft. The conventional method is still very easy to hacked.
The final assignment is made of design Applications Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Reed Switches as microcontroller-based motorcycle safety. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a method that provides a high level of security by using the means of the RFID reader RFID tags, identification was done with radio waves. RFID lock serves as a key to be able to enable CDI (electronic ignition systems on motorcycles), so when the active RFID keys key contacts on a motorcycle can be ON, and motorcycle engines will be live when the stater. The application of RFID, used as a safety key . In addition, there is a Reed Switch as a safety motorcycle parts are easily exploited as in the head section of the motor, motor, or upholstery is also part of the Battery of the motor. As for the output of this application is in the form of an alarm from the motorcycle.
Keywords : Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Reed Switch, CDI


As one of the top ranks in the pain-producing procedure, spinal surgery requires adequate perioperative pain management to improve outcomes. Likewise, perioperative pain management in cirrhotic hepatic patients with thrombocytopenia is quite challenging. Modified TLIP block can be an option for perioperative pain management in the lumbar decompression surgery for a cirrhotic hepatic patient with thrombocytopenia.

 A man, 67 years old, who suffered from cirrhosis hepatic with thrombocytopenia underwent endoscopic spinal decompression with laminotomy and flavectomy of L4-L5. After induction of general anesthesia with midazolam 1,5 mg, fentanyl 150 mcg, propofol 100 mg, and rocuronium 1mg/kg, patient was intubated. The lungs were ventilated with a pressure control mode with tidal volume 8 ml/kg BW, respiratory rate 12/min, and PEEP 5 cmH2O with FiO2 50%. and 1% sevoflurane. Modified TLIP block was performed at L3 level. Twenty ml of bupivacaine 0,5% was administered between the longissimus and iliocostalis muscles on both sides.

 Intraoperative, modified TLIP block provide adequate analgesia with stable hemodynamics. The visual Analog Scale (VAS) of pain was 1-2 in 24h postoperative. No additional opioid was required within 24 hours postoperatively. There were no neurological complications or bleeding due to modified TLIP block found in this patient.

 Modified TLIP block can be an effective and safe analgesic technique for hepatic cirrhosis patients with thrombocytopenia. However, further research is needed to determine the safety limits of modified TLIP block in patients with coagulation disorder or anticoagulant use.


Introduction: Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) was introduced in the 1970s to control major bleeding after prostate surgery. The procedure was noticed to improve the lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in 2010, PAE was first investigated as an alternative treatment for BPH. A rapid health technology assessment (HTA) was carried out to inform our hospital's decision on introducing this procedure. Methods: The rapid HTA investigated the safety and clinical effectiveness of PAE for patients with BPH. The PICO elements were: Population- Patients with symptomatic BPH; Intervention- PAE; Comparator- Conventional management; Outcomes- Adverse effects, clinical outcomes. The NHS Centre for Reviews & Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PubMed (MEDLINE) were searched for systematic reviews and HTA reports. Results: Eight systematic reviews from the most recent two years were found. The primary evidence base consists of two randomized controlled studies of PAE versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), one matched pair analysis of PAE versus open prostatectomy in patients with large prostates, and several non-comparative studies. The comparative studies showed patients had better International Prostate Symptom score, quality of life and reduced prostate volume with TURP and open prostatectomy from 1 to 24 months. With respect to adverse events, embolized patients had more adverse events than controls, particularly acute urinary retention and post-embolization syndrome. However, controls had more abnormal ejaculation; and adverse effects from surgery naturally only occurred in controls. Conclusions: PAE appears to be a promising technology lacking long term outcomes. It has potential for patients who are not fit or not keen on surgery, or who may have large prostates, but who are still vascularly suitable for embolization. It would be suitable to carry out under clinical research conditions to clarify the incremental benefits of the technology and which patient groups are best served by the procedure.


Soft robots are intrinsically safe for use near humans and adaptable when operated in unstructured environments, thereby offering capabilities beyond traditional robots based on rigid components. Soft actuators are key components of soft robots; recently developed hydraulically amplified self‐healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators provide a versatile framework to create high‐speed actuators with excellent all‐around performance. Peano‐HASEL actuators linearly contract upon application of voltage, closely mimicking the behavior of muscle. Peano‐HASEL actuators, however, produce a maximum strain of ≈15%, while skeletal muscles achieve ≈20% on average. Here, a new type of HASEL is introduced, termed high‐strain Peano‐HASEL (HS‐Peano‐HASEL) actuator, that achieves linear contraction up to ≈24%. A wide range of performance metrics are investigated, and the maximum strain of multiunit HS‐Peano‐HASEL actuators is optimized by varying materials and geometry. Furthermore, an artificial circular muscle (ACM) based on the HS‐Peano‐HASEL acts as a tubular pump, resembling the primordial heart of an ascidian. Additionally, a strain‐amplifying pulley system is introduced to increase the maximum strain of an HS‐Peano‐HASEL to 42%. The muscle‐like maximum actuation strain and excellent demonstrated all‐around performance of HS‐Peano‐HASEL actuators make them promising candidates for use in artificial organs, life‐like robotic faces, and a variety of other robotic systems.


: Health issues and the production of differentiated foods influence the consumers' decisions and lead them to opt for products with particular organoleptic characteristics. The objective of this research was to estimate the preferences and willingness to pay for antibiotic-free pork in the municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico


This paper proposes a novel dual‐band printed inverted‐F antenna, and a constructed prototype suitable for applications in the WLAN (2400–2484 MHz) and HIPERLAN (5150–5350 MHz) systems is presented. The antenna consists of two stacked inverted‐F strips printed on a dielectric substrate, and sharing a common shorting pin which short circuits the two strips to the ground plane on the other side of the dielectric substrate. The proposed antenna can easily be fed by a 50 Ω microstrip line printed on the same substrate. Details of the proposed antenna and experimental results of the constructed prototype are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 353–355, 2001.


This investigation aimed to evaluate the biostrong, probiotic or pungent substance as natural feed additives instead of antibiotics (zinc bacteriacin) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, bone measurements, some blood metabolites and economic efficiency of broiler chicks. One hundred and fifty unsexed one day old age Hubbard chicks were weighed and randomly allocated for four dietary treatment groups. The 1 st group was fed the basal diets without supplementation (control), while the 2 nd , (T1) the 3 rd (T2), the 4 th (T3), and 5 th (T4) groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with biostrong, probiotic, pungent substance and zinc bacteriacin at the level of 150g, 1000g, 500g and 500g/ton, respectively. Diets and water were provided ad lib. throughout the experimental period (1-32 days of age). The results indicated that:1Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion for the broiler chicks fed basal diets supplemented with pungent substance (T3) were significantly differences than those fed control diets at 18 days of age. However at 32 days of age there were insignificant differences among treatments in body weight gain, but numerically pungent treatment (T3) represented the highest body weight gain and significant lowest feed intake and significant improved feed conversion. 2Total edible parts were significantly higher for the treatments received probiotic (T2) or pungent substance (T3) than those fed on control diets. 3Bone measurements (wet tibia weight, Tibia length, Tibia width and tibia seedor Index) showed that insignificant figures when broiler chicks fed different dietary treatments. 4Blood parameters showed insignificant figures in most parameters. However uric acid and ALP activity have significant difference (P0.05) for dietary treatments.


In response to tissue injury acute inflammatory reactions occur that aim to restore homeostasis (Medzhitov, 2008). However, hampered resolution of inflammation can result in chronic inflammation and/or pathologic wound repair (Nathan and Ding, 2010). These conditions can result from excessive oxidative and inflammatory and/or overwhelmed adaptive response systems. They may also be triggered by a variety of other conditions including diabetes, infections, or aging. Targeted up-regulation of cytoprotective systems may be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate exacerbation of injury and prevent pathologic wound repair, fibrosis and/or cancer (Nathan, 2002). Such protective systems include various anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic molecules and also transporters or channels. In this Frontiers research topic various concepts how specific mechanisms can determine tissue damage or protection and their therapeutic potential in a number of pathological conditions and diseases are discussed.


A method for synthesizing a protocol converter with a High Level Petri Net (HLPN) model will be presented in this paper. The services provided by the underlying protocols will first be converted, and then the protocol converter will be derived from the service converter and the specifications of the protocols by Petri net transformation. The advantages of the method will be discussed.


While we have talked a great deal about peer review in the UK in recent years, general practitioners in other countries have actually been doing it, as this book shows. It is the collected experiences of a team from the Nijmegen University Department of General Practice who have been running a large scale experiment in peer review since 1982. It is intended as a source of advice for doctors who wish to undertake peer review in small groups, and in this respect is ahead of any similar reports from the UK. It includes perceptive hints on running an audit group successfully and how to negotiate agreed standards that will be adhered to. The consultation is dissected and comprehensive criteria and checklists provided, together with 24 clinical protocols in a detailed but flexible format. The book achieves its aim of being a guide to peer review in group settings, and can be firmly recommended to anyone running such a group. However, it should be noted that the definitions of criteria and standards are confused, and that there is little discussion of video-recording since audio taping and sittingin seem to be the preferred Dutch methods for observing consultations.


Different sit-up techniques with and without special devices are practiced in fitness studios and rehabilitation clinics in order to strengthen the trunk muscles and to increase the stability of the trunk. Partial and oblique sit-ups with and without devices are applied for esthetic and therapeutic purposes. The aim of this study was to compare the neuromuscular innervation pattern of the trunk's muscles (m. rectus abdominis, m. obliquu externus, m. erector spinae), m. rectus femoris and the m. sterocleidomastoideus of two sit-up exercises, the partial and cross crunch sit-up, with and without the use of a roller. Six male with mean age of 22,3 + 4,3 years, body mass 75,16 + 9,6 kg and body height of 1.72 + 0.04 m, performed 2 series with 20 repetitions of each exercise. The EMG signals were measured by bipolar surface electrodes. Ten contractions of each muscle were choice to be analyzed to each abdominal exercise. To save, filter and rectify the collected data used The DasyLab 5.0 software. The beginning and end of each innervation for the m. rectus femoris, m. obliquu externus and m. rectus abdominis was determined by the intensity of the signal's noise during rest period. The activity of m. sterocleidomastoideus e m. erector spinae was not interrupted by a rest period which made it, concentric and eccentric phases were distinguished by the duration (frequency) of each movement cycle. The data normalization was calculated by the average of the subject's RMS and PA within each muscle group. There aren't differences of innervation patterns of partial sit-up and cross crunch sit-up if they are executed with or without ab roller. Significant differences could only be identified between cross crunch sit-up with and without ab roller concerning the peak innervation of m. sternocleidomastoideus and m. obliquu externus.


OBJECTIVE
We evaluated associations between emotional exhaustion (EE), a measure of burnout, among medical school faculty and: demographic and professional characteristics, workplace stressors, coping skills, resilience, sufficient personal time, and depressive symptoms. Respondents completed surveys in November 2017.

METHODS
We conducted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression and recycled predictions models to estimate associations between characteristics and probability of EE.

RESULTS
Of 1,401 respondents, 42% endorsed EE. Faculty with more clinical effort, more workplace stress, less resilience, less personal time, and more depressive symptoms reported statistically significantly higher probabilities of EE compared to their counterparts. Female gender, mid-career stage, and coping skills were no longer associated with EE, after accounting for stress, resilience, personal time, and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
Coping skills may not mitigate physician EE when coupled with substantial time and mental health burdens.


With increasingly serious environmental problems caused by the improvement in people's living standards, the number of cars has increased sharply in recent years, which directly leads to the continuous increase in the concentration of NO2 in the air. NO2 is a common toxic and irritant gas, which is harmful to both the human body and the environment. Therefore, this research focuses on NO2 detection and is committed to developing high-performance, low detection limit NO2 sensors. In this study, flower-like Au-loaded In2O3 was successfully fabricated using the hydrothermal method and the wet impregnation method. The morphological features and chemical compositions of the as-prepared samples were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS. A variety of sensors were fabricated and the gas-sensing properties of sensors were investigated. The results indicate that the sensor based on 0.5 mol% Au/In2O3 shows a response value of 1624 to 1 ppm NO2 at 100 °C, which is 14 times that based on pure In2O3. Meanwhile, the detection limit of the sensor based on 0.5 mol% Au/In2O3 for NO2 is 10 ppb, and the response value is 10.4. In addition, the sensor based on 0.5 mol% Au/In2O3 also has high selectivity to NO2 among CO, CO2, H2, CH4, NH3, SO2 and H2S. Finally, the sensitization mechanism of Au/In2O3 was discussed, and the reasons for improving the performance of the sensor were analyzed. The above results and analysis demonstrate that the gas-sensing attributes of the sensor based on 0.5 mol% Au/In2O3 to NO2 improved remarkably; at the same time, it has been proved that the composite material has extensive potential in practical applications.


Emotional aperture refers to an individual's ability to perceive patterns of collective emotions in groups. This research assesses how leaders' emotional aperture is an essential antecedent of transformational leadership behavior. Additionally, we assess different types of errors leaders can make in judging the prevalence of different collective emotions displayed in a group. We focus specifically on overestimations of collective positive emotion and underestimations of collective negative emotion, and offer novel theoretical insights and supporting empirical evidence for how these errors are consequential for transformational leadership success. A study of 91 global executives reveals lower transformational leadership for managers who tend to overestimate the prevalence of positive emotional reactions. Further, managers high in extraversion who tend to underestimate the prevalence of negative reactions exhibit lower transformational leadership. These findings suggest significant implications for group le...


The multivariate study investigated whether Social Support, premarital Counselling, Level of Average Income and Education mediate the relationship between Family Pressure, Attraction and Peer Pressure. Data collected from 300 respondents (married and divorced men and women) from the Sunyani Municipality in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana were analysed using logistic regression (and chi-square) analytical techniques. Among the study findings was that Social Support was significantly related to Marital Status and that as Social Support increases, sustenance of marriages also increases even when the effects of family pressure, attraction and peer pressure are held constant. Thus Social Support is sustenance of marriage far more than Family Pressure, Attraction and Peer Pressure. The study also investigated the relationship between Premarital Counselling, Level of Education and Level of Income on one side and marital status on the other, using chi-square test. The study found that Premarital Counselling tested for significance while Level of Education and Level of Income did not. The findings of the study have serious implications for guidance and counselling personnel and were recommended that the services of the clergy, Immams, experienced men and women in society and government-trained professional guidance and counselling coordinators are very much needed in the area of Premarital Counselling. Also, marriage is not for everyone. Family members and friends should recognise this fact and desist from pressurising anyone who has chosen the simple life into getting married. 


From the application of the creative graphics in basic visual communication, the paper introduces the innovation and makes it play an important role in visual communication design. At the same time, the paper does a full discussion about the advantages which the application of the creative graphic design shows in visual communication design, such as logo design, poster design, booking binding design, the packaging design and so on. With the continuous development of society and progress of high technology, different ages put forward new requirements on visual communication design. Outstanding designers must continually update and improve their design ideas based on these factors. And to give their works infinite vitality, they must use creative graphics boldly.


We are writing with great concern about the consequences of applying drug related regulations to allogeneic islets (allo-islets). Currently, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) is reviewing a Biologics License Application (BLA) for the isolation of allogenic islets which, if approved, will effectively confer marketing rights to a private, for-profit company.1.


Vela X is a large, 3°×2°, radio-emitting pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by the Vela pulsar in the Vela supernova remnant. Using Suzaku/XIS observations, we find hard X-ray emission extending outside the Vela X region. The spectral and spatial properties of the hard X-ray emission suggest that it is associated with the Vela PWN. The larger X-ray extension found in this work strongly suggests that distinct populations relativistic electrons form the X-ray PWN and Vela X. We also notice diffuse hard X-ray emission in the other direction. More Suzaku/XIS observations are strongly desired to reveal the entire morphology of the Vela PWN.


In this essay, I argue that the mathematization of logic toward the end of the nineteenth century led to a clear case of what the sociologist of science Oliver Dimbath has called Vergessenmachen. Several pioneers of the mathematical tradition deemed their approach far superior to the earlier Aristotelian (and especially medieval) tradition in logic. They attempted to push this earlier work into oblivion by treating it with (often extreme) hostility. Due to this process of scholarly forgetting, certain new steps in logical research—which required bringing together elements from the Aristotelian and mathematical approaches—were taken at a very slow pace, and often only after being instigated or catalyzed by disciplinary outsiders, for whom the earlier Aristotelian tradition had not fallen into oblivion. I will show how the mathematical logicians' hostility can be understood in light of (i) the Kantian myth that logic had made no progress since Aristotle and (ii) the drastic changes in the relationship between logic and its broader cultural-religious context. By identifying this case of Vergessenmachen, the essay illustrates the need for a more inclusive and integrative historiography of logic.


The paper presents results of the radon survey carried out in preschool and school institutions in Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan. Radon concentration was measured using solid state nuclear track detectors Radtrak2. Track detectors were exposed for 3 months during the heating and warm seasons of the year in the same premises. In total, the measurements were performed in 200 premises of 14 kindergartens and 36 schools. The radon equilibrium equivalent concentration during the heating and warm seasons and the annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration were calculated. Annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in surveyed buildings ranged from 42 to 331 Bq/m3 with the mean value of 98 Bq/m3 on the first floor and 56 Bq/m3 on the second floor. It was shown that both seasonal values and annual average value of radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in the premises on the second floor are lower than in the premises on the first floor. The annual average effective dose to children from exposure to radon and its progeny in the premises of schools and kindergartens in Dushanbe ranged from 0,64 to 1,64 mSv. The limit value of annual average radon equilibrium equivalent concentration in dwellings and public buildings is set to 100 Bq/m3 for newly built buildings and 200 Bq/m3 for existing buildings in the Radiation safety norms (NRB-06) of the Republic of Tajikistan. This limit was exceeded only on the first floors in one kindergarten during the heating season, in three schools during the warm season and in eight schools during the heating season. When comparing the results of measurements of radon equilibrium equivalent concentration with data on the geological structure of underlying rocks at the locations of the surveyed buildings, no regularity was found. Additional detailed measurements in the buildings, including basements, will help to identify the source of radon entry into the indoor air and to develop recommendations for implementing radon remediation actions separately for each building. The survey results were also used to develop a radon map of Dushanbe.


Given a scheme over a complete discrete valuation ring of mixed characteristic with perfect residue field, the Greenberg transform produces a new scheme over the residue field thicker than the special fiber. In this paper, we will generalize this transform to the case of imperfect residue field. We will then construct a certain kind of cycle class map defined on this generalized Greenberg transform applied to the Neron model of a semi-abelian variety, which takes values in the relatively perfect nearby cycle functor defined by Kato and the second author.


AbstractDuring the boreal summer, satellite-based precipitation estimates indicate a distinct maximum in rainfall off the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Also occurring during...


There are numerous sick reservoirs in China and many of them have leakage problems caused by concrete cracks.How to seal these cracks is an important content to the reinforcement of the sick reservoirs.On the basis of successful experience of construction of Shenwo Reservoir,Dahuofang Reservoir and Jiangya Dam,the application and construction method of water-soluble polyurethane is introduced used for the seal of concrete leakage cracks in sickly reservoir.


Devastating events have become commonplace today, debilitating organizations and society the world over. Given the number of emergency workers who must respond during a mass disaster, coordination of communications is essential. However, because forensic workers and other secondary responders are not always equipped with communication devices, a method other than an inefficient telephone chain link is needed to alert emergency workers. In light of this need for a universal alerting system during times of crisis management, the Forensic Disaster Team of the Suffolk County (NY) Medical Examiner has started using a Web-based, real-time, multi-modality alert system for forensic workers and other secondary responders. This article will look at the reasons for choosing this system and the benefits derived from it.


I am pleased to introduce you to the six articles in this issue of the Journal of Experiential Education. Collectively, these articles examine service learning, community-engaged learning, youth wilderness expeditions, and science education in new ways. Two of these articles focus on service learning, a critical aspect of experiential education. In Garwood, Peltier, Ciullo, Wissinger, McKenna, Giangreco, and Kervick, the authors present a systematic review of the experiences of K-12 students with disabilities who participated in service learning opportunities. The authors conclude, "[F]avorable evidence in support of service learning participation for students with disabilities exists in the available qualitative and mixed methods research, but evidence from quantitative research is lacking." They further note, "The activity-based, often motivating opportunities to learn and apply a wide range of academic and functional life skills are abundant in service learning." They cite the importance of these opportunities for students with disabilities who critically need educational experiences which provide for active civic engagement. The second of the service learning articles, by Faulconer and Kam, is a review of the research on service learning opportunities embedded in undergraduate general chemistry courses. The authors define service learning as including "... integrated learning, high-quality service, collaboration, student voice, civic responsibility, reflection, and evaluation." They note, "[L]earning occurs through both the service and the reflection, with students achieving real-world objectives within a specific community, demonstrating mastery of course learning objectives, and polishing key transferable skills." Their review highlights the important ways service learning has been incorporated into undergraduate chemistry courses, but also finds significant gaps in the existing literature in this area. This issue of the Journal of Experiential Education also includes two articles which examine community engagement as a component of experiential education. In Hudson and Brandenberger, the authors "sought to identify the college experiences, including six types of community engagement, associated with moral and prosocial developmental outcomes." The authors highlight the important link between civic engagement and moral development in college students, pointing to a critical role for colleges and universities to play in these linkages. After surveying 675 college students, the authors determined that "[S]tudents' existing attitudes and orientations to moral and prosocial concerns may determine which types of community engagement experiences they are Editorial


Agricultural production used approximately 8.5 billion gallons of liquified fuel in 1978. This was up from the nearly 8 billion gallons in 1974. Fuel oil and liquified petroleum (LP) gas usage remained relatively constant between 1974 and 1978. The most dramatic changes were in diesel and gasoline usage. Gasoline use dropped about 0.2 billion gallons and diesel fuel use increased almost 0.7 billion gallons, accounting for the net 0.5 billion gallon increase in liquid fuel usage. On farm business use of natural gas and electricity showed virtually no change between 1974 and 1978.


It presents a Montgomery multiplier for secure RSA security circuit from differential power analysis attacks. Montgomery multiplier according to the present invention, as the first and second input signals being in an asynchronous double line represent the input methods, a first filtering means for selectively outputting the second input signal in accordance with a logical value of the first input signal, the previously calculated a carry signal sum signal, the first filtering means the first carry retention adder, the first third input signal to the logical value of the least significant sum value of Cary retention adder for outputting a sum and carry by summing the output signals of the modules encountered in the process by the calculation factor to the fourth input signal to, the second filtering means, the first sum and the carry and the sum of the carry, sum value, and the output value of the second filtering means to be output from the carry retention adder to filter the 4 input signal generating a second carry retention adder, a second carry for storing the carry and sum generated from the carry retention adder, respectively, and the total storage means, Summing the data stored in Li and the total storage means includes an operation termination detection means for determining whether the operation end by the carry propagation adder, and the output signal of the second carry retention adder for calculating the final results. According to the invention it is possible to prevent hacking damage to differential power analysis attacks, the effective area may constitute a circuit.


Based on the theory of Xieyin(叶音) by Zhu Xi(朱熹) which is not to change the pronunciations at random to rhyme the ancient rhymes, the thesis has further studied that the purport of Xieyin(叶音) by Zhu Xi(朱熹) and those who lived in the Song Dynasty(宋) is to explain rhymes, not to change the pronunciations, and so the real intention of his Xie Mouyin(叶某音) is to make the poems harmonious by selecting one pronunciation of several pronunciations of polyphones, which tallies with the rule of polyphones used interchangeably in the Song Dynasty(宋).


THE patient, a male, aged 37, states that about four years ago, he noticed some small lumps on the right side of the left ankle. About two years later the local practitioner who first saw the condition, considering it to be syphilitic, sent the patient to hospital, where a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides was made. The disease by this time had spread considerably, the patient being extensively affected on the trunk and limbs. He was treated with X-rays, and following that treatment the eruption completely disappeared. Three subsequent relapses have occurred, the condition as seen at present being more extensive and severe than any of the others. It was formerly possible to remove the eruption with comparatively small doses of X-rays, but the lesions, especially the tumour formations which are represented here and there, are now much more resistant, requiring a full pastille dose. Repeated blood-counts have been made, but despite the very extensive application of X-rays to the skin surface, no degree of anemia has as yet become evident. There is a slight leucocytosis.


This paper provides an insight into the entire process of developing an indie game by means of Unity framework. Special attention will be devoted to core game mechanics, such as colliders, physics components, and ray casting. With an aim to determine to what extent introduced indie game has met particular dimensions of quality, an empirical study was carried out. Data was gathered from the representative sample of gamers using post-use questionnaire. Outcomes of data analysis are presented and discussed.


The emergence of large amount of industrial clusters in coastal and harbor cities has become popular economic phenomena. This paper analyzes the formation of advantages of industrial clusters in harbor areas. From the viewpoint of supply, the determinants of the formation of industrial clusters are mainly due to the increase of the logistic efficiency, mobility and accumulation of economic factors, classifiable technology and differentiated elements. On the other hand, from the angle of demand, industrial clustering results from particular location advantage, demand differentiation and dynamics.


The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between achievement motivation and ambiguity tolerance with entrepreneurship and to compare it between students in Hormozgan University. The study population included all students; therefore 357 individuals (143 male students and 214 female students) were selected using random sampling with proper attribution from the community of Hormozgan University students. Measurement tools were achievement motivation questionnaire, ambiguity tolerance analysis questionnaire and entrepreneurship questionnaire. Research design was descriptive, of correlational type. Pearson correlation and multiple simultaneous and stepwise regressions were also used for the data analysis. Results at P<0.001 levelshowed that achievement motivation and ambiguity tolerance are predictors of entrepreneurial among male and female students and the adjusted coefficient of determination is equal to 0.22. In other words 22% of variances of the entrepreneurship criterion variable are explained by the predictor variables.


Fieldwork is anthropology's primary data-gathering device, providing a boundary marker from related disciplines. Since data obtained through fieldwork form the bases of anthropological theory, it is crucial that their truth value be analyzed. The paper discusses reasons for both the relative lack of epistemological concern in anthropology until recent times and its current vogue. The empirical foundations of fieldwork are examined and a grid is presented for judging the philosophical position of fieldworkers. Application of the methods suggested is illustrated by a case study of missionary/anthropologist field interaction. Finally, an argument is outlined against both rationalism and phenomenology as being antiscientific. These last two positions are seen as the logical result of anthropology's neglect of epistemology. [epistemology, fieldwork, methodology, recurrent relationships, empiricism]


Described is algorithm of determining basic thermochemical reaction components for the purpose of bottom-hole zone treatment aimed at enhanced oil recovery from formations featured by low formation temperature, highly viscous oil, asphalt-resin-paraffin depositions (ARPD), etc. The work accounts for operating conditions of JV «Vietsovpetro».


then \mu is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure on \bm{T} . Some forty years later, Helson and Lowdenslager generalized this theorem to compact Abelian groups with ordered dual ([5]). Since then a number of related results have been obtained under more general settings ([1], [2], [4], [6], [10], [15], [17] ) . In his papers [13] and [14] Sarason showed that H^{\infty}(\bm{T})+C(\bm{T}) is a closed subalgebra of L^{\infty}(\bm{T}) , and that H^{\infty}(\bm{R})+C_{u}(\bm{R}) is a closed subalgebra of L^{\infty}(\bm{R}) . Subsequently, Rudin [12] and Yamaguchi [16] investigated spaces of type H^{\infty}+C on locally compact Abelian groups with ordered dual. Meanwhile, Hewitt, Koshi, and the author recently presented simple proofs for results in [1], [2], and [17] and recognized that the embedding theorem of a locally compact Abelian group into a locally compact divisible Abelian group is useful in dealing with more general subsemigroups instead of orders ([7]). In the present paper we continue to use the embedding theorem and study the relation between the F. and M. Riesz theorem and spaces of type H^{\infty}+C . In section 2 we describe our notation and state main theorem which gives a generalization of a theorem of Yamaguchi ([16]]). In fact our result supplies more information on the relation between the F. and M. Riesz theorem and spaces of type H^{\infty}+C . Some preliminary lemmas are proved in section 3. We give the proof of our main theorem in section 4.


Sigrid de Jong's Rediscovering Architecture is about several things at once. Most evidently, it is a book about a group of three famous, if not iconic, archaic Greek-Doric temples: Paestum's Temple of Hera I, built around 530 BCE, the oldest and most idiosyncratic of the three, commonly referred to in the eighteenth century as the Basilica because visitors could not believe such a peculiar building had been a temple; the Temple of Athena, constructed ca. 520BCE, the smallest of the three; and the Temple of Hera II, built ca. 460 BCE, the largest and the most conventional. At the time of their rediscovery around the middle of the eighteenth century, these structures were met with a variety of reactions, including vivid and often dismissive descriptions expressing everything from astonishment to distaste. These temples did not resemble any buildings with which eighteenth-century visitors were familiar; Paestum turned accepted ideas of classical architecture upside down. De Jong notes, for instance, that it is known that JohannWolfgang vonGoethe, upon arriving on the site of these porous limestone temples with their rough columns, was at first uncertain whether he was seeing rocks or ruins. And Antoine Vaudoyer, visiting Paestum in the summer of 1787, found the temples "of heavy and clumsy character," with "the form, the grace and subtlety of Hercules" (47). The temples were the subject of captivating drawings and paintings, as in Thomas Hardwick's sketchbooks and William Turner's dramatic watercolors (many of which provide beautiful illustrations for this book), and of lavish publications. BetweenGabrielPierre-Martin Dumont's Suitte [Suite] de plans (ca. 1750) and Paolo Antonio Paoli's Paesti (1784), mid-eighteenth-century authors produced no less than seven monographs on the temples of Paestum. De Jong's book is also about the life of the temples in eighteenth-century architectural thought. Rather than starting from an analysis of built forms, it unfolds from the human responses to them. Paestum generated half a century of controversy, mainly in France, England, and Italy. These debates revolved around the central concerns of eighteenth-century architectural, artistic, and aesthetic thinking, among them ideas about primitivism, the beginnings of civilization, and the origins of architecture. One could argue, and De Jong does convincingly, that Paestum functioned as a testing ground for eighteenth-century architectural discourse. Some themes even originated there, often because preconceptions were overturned in light of Paestum's unusual buildings. De Jong reconstructs the site's preeminent and crucial role in architectural aesthetics and artistic debates by considering visitors who encountered Paestum in very different ways. She offers extended and detailed examinations of a diverse range of sources, including letters, diaries, books, drawings, paintings, and engravings—many of them rarely or never before published and all attractively reproduced here. Through this evidence, she shows how visitors' engagement with Paestum often developed in several stages, marked by the interactions of theory and experience. De Jong's main hypothesis is that the perception of Paestum did not alter as a result of changing architectural ideas; rather, architectural thought evolved alongside and on the basis of the experience of Paestum. The third layer of Rediscovering Architecture concerns architectural experience. De Jong's emphasis on varied encounters with and perceptions of Paestum is what makes this book different from earlier treatments. It is also what makes the book stand out from most other scholarly publications on eighteenth-century architectural discourse; its significance extends far beyond the time period under consideration. Obviously, the book investigates an era in which the direct experience of architecture acquired a central position in architectural theory, as in the ideas and writings of Jacques-François Blondel, Julien-David Le Roy, and Sir John Soane, to name a few. The oeuvre of Giambattista Piranesi, who was also involved with Paestum, would be unthinkable without these developments. The impact of architecture on the beholder became an essential component of the value placed on a building. De Jong's meticulous analysis of this process provides insights that have important implications for architecture well beyond the eighteenth century. Such studies of architectural experience are rare. The structure of the book, which is divided into three parts, each comprising two chapters, reflects the diversity of travelers' responses to Paestum. The first part, "Aesthetic Experiences," analyzes written and visual records of visitors' impressions in light of two prominent aesthetic concepts of the period: the sublime and the picturesque. Many accounts of "sublime"


High frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) is a method of ventilation that was introduced at the beginning of the 1980s. While it was initially destined for the treatment of lung injuries produced by smoke inhalation and burning, later on it was used in pathologies characterized by a serious alteration of gas exchange, where conventional ventilation methods were not decisive. HFPV was introduced in Europe in the second half of the 1990s. In Italy we were the first to use this technique in critical patients. Preliminary results will be presented at the end of this chapter.


LaNiO3 films with various thicknesses were deposited on Si substrates by sputtering. The film thickness dependent strain state, microstructure and electrical properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the films are generally strained with larger lattice constants than the value for bulk LaNiO3, due to a large difference in thermal expansion coefficients between LaNiO3 and Si. However, with increasing film thickness, the internal strain is gradually relaxed with the lattice constant decreased and the crystallinity and electrical properties improved as well. The film thickness dependent resistivity can be quantitatively described by a combined Fuchs–Sondheimer and Mayadas–Shatzkes model, including both the grain boundary scattering and the surface scattering. Further low temperature resistivity measurement shows that the film of 600 nm is semiconducting. The higher activation energy acquired by the small polaron conduction fitting than by the Arrhenius fitting indicates relatively large effective masses for the polarons in the film.


Over the last decade, newspapers have been compelled to introduce a lot more process color to their pages. This coincides with the introduction ofUSA Today, but also with the fact that all forms ofmedia, including television and magazines, have become significantly more colorful. There is considerable market pressure on newspapers to be colorful, as well. Continued audience interest and advertising dollars are at stake. This is not a trivial issue. At the same time, newspapers are being admonished to make sure that, if they do introduce color to their pages, then it should be ofhigh quality. Low quality color is worse than no color at all. During most of this period, traditional, high end scanners comprised the only reasonable option available to address the task ofgenerating color separation films. In recent years, with the improvement ofmicrocomputer based technology, desktop scanning systems have become an option. The quality of the output of these systems has been suspect, however. On the other hand, it is generally acknowledged that these systems are improving. Of all the forms of lithographic printing, newspaper printing (coldset offset lithography on newsprint) is least able to take advantage of all the data that the upstream processes, particularly the color separation process, can provide. It represents the lowest level of reproduction fidelity. It has a shorter density range, requires a lower screening


To develop a convenient and simple low-level alpha contamination monitoring method for large quantities of radioactive wastes, a foil-type electret dosimeter was examined. For the electret material, fluoride polymer was used, and the polymer foils weer charged and polarized by applying a high voltage in air while heating at approx. =150/sup 0/C. The surface charge density of the electret foil before and after irradiation was measured by converting to a piezoelectret signal through use of a polyvinylidene fluoride. In the experiments, using a 2.5 kV/mm electric field in electret foils, an electron avalanche effect was produced, and surface charge decay was multiplied. The maximum multiplication factor obtained was approx. =200. The detection limit of alpha surface contamination was confirmed as 10/sup -6/ ..mu..Ci/cm/sup 2/ (3.7x10/sup 2/ Bq/m/sup 2/) for a 5-h irradiation time.


Target localization is one of the momentous research subjects in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Several methods have been initiated so far for the aim of target (e.g. sniper) localization using the acoustic signals produced, such as muzzle blast and shock wave in WSNs. One of the preeminent available methods is maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm, using time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the target signal received at sensor nodes. Although the MLE algorithm is asymptotically optimum and obtains high level of accuracy in comparison with other methods, nevertheless, using MLE has two major challenges. Firstly, the crucial need of this method to begin with a proper initial guess, and secondly, the possibility of not converging to a global minimum. Moreover, employing WSNs constrains the amount of power consumption that is practically possible. In this paper, to overcome the aforementioned obstacles, a two-step algorithm is proposed which in first step, a fast spherical interpolation (SI) method is utilized to prepare an appropriate initial guess for the MLE algorithm. In the second step, a clustering-based network is described to attain less power consumption across the WSN. Furthermore, to increase the probability of convergence, a cooperative incremental cluster-based estimation strategy is proposed. In addition, major issues that can affect the performance of the proposed method are investigated. Simulation results prove the capability of this method and support the claims.


Although fundamental principles of valuation apply to cross-border analysis, analysts must adjust for differences in accounting and local business practices. Pure financial analysis can be misleading, and failure to understand the local context of a company's operations can result in serious valuation errors. P/E ratios are easily distorted in cross-border analysis, but with certain adjustments, P/E can be a valuable analytical tool.


This watchfulness aim is that is first, to detect production part employee work ability in company Malang wheat cigarette. Second, to detect production part employee performance in company Malang wheat cigarette and third, to detect work ability influence towards production part employee performance in company Malang wheat cigarette. Watchfulness use that want achieved especially for company that is upon which contribution for the management company Malang wheat cigarette in determines the wisdom related to employee performance enhanced consideringly work ability at company. Analyzer that used in this watchfulness that is by using scale distance and doubled linear regression. Population in this watchfulness entire production part employees in companies Malang wheat cigarette as much as 1.264 person. in this watchfulness uses technique proportional random sampling that is sample taking technique that done randomly with proportional total in every population. Analysis result knowable that production part employee work ability in company Malang wheat cigarette enter in good category. Production part employee performance in company Malang wheat cigarette enters in tall category. based on regression analysis result inferential that found influence significant between work ability towards production part employee performance in company Malang wheat cigarette that with regression coefficient value.


This paper proposed for a novel hash algorithm called XTINGS 160 Hash. Existing hash algorithm that is commonly used such as MD5 and SHA-1 are no longer safe to use and is vulnerable to brute force attacks. The proposed novel hash algorithm produces a 160-bit message digest having six rounds of calculation on the right half 64 bit of plaintext. The paper also illustrates how the final design of algorithm was achieved. The first two designs produce an 80 bit message digest and had contributed into attaining the XTINGS Hash algorithm which is the final design. Findings revealed that the Novel Hash Algorithm was able to meet the avalanche effect minimum expected rate of 50% in just six rounds. The novel hash algorithm is showing significant result that displays the characteristic of cryptographic property of diffusion with a robust hash function.


For each coastal grid point the ten strongest storms of that winter, ranked by the significant wave height (Hs) magnitude, were selected. During these storm periods, the number of hours in which Hs and surges exceeded the 90 th percentile of winter 2013 were evaluated considering what tidal stage they occurred on. The same was done for instances where high Hs and surges occurred simultaneously. The aim is to understand if specific areas were predominantly affected by one of the TWL components and how Hs and surges interacted with the tide. What was the spatial distribution of the waves, surges, and tides during winter 2013? Did extreme Hs and Surges occur more often over specific stages of the tidal cycle? Did they occur simultaneously?


THE equations for the power required to pump water through PVC pipe have been programmed in BASIC and the results presented graphically as the increase power required to use a smaller size pipe. By using these graphs, designers of irrigation systems can quickly compute pump size and costs of alternative designs. INTRODUCTION The optimum size pipe for an irrigation system depends upon the cost of the pipe, the purchase price of the pump and the pumping costs. Pipe prices usually increase as the size increases, but pump power and pumping costs decrease with increases in pipe diameter. Smaller pipes cost less but require larger pumps to deliver the same flow of water. The increased head necessitated by the smaller pipes not only requires a larger pump but also requires additional operational (pumping) costs. The most economical size pipe (including connecting hardware) is the one which results in a minimum cost over the life of the irrigation system. Fixed costs of pipe and pump must be added to annual operating costs to determine the least cost system.


PURPOSE
To determine the computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearances of early advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-seven surgically resected cases of early advanced HCC were studied with CT, CT during arterial portography, CT arteriography, and MR imaging.

RESULTS
The sensitivity of standard CT (unenhanced, early, and late CT combined) for the detection of early advanced HCC was 81%, while that of standard MR imaging (T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging combined) was 83%. A nodule-in-nodule appearance was identified in approximately one-third to one-half of cases. Signal behavior of early and advanced components of early advanced HCC followed the expected behaviors of isolated early HCC and isolated advanced HCC, respectively. Tumor size was accurately estimated with standard CT and standard MR imaging.

CONCLUSION
More research must be performed to ascertain whether any relationship exists between the different types of HCC and the clinical outcome.


We are very pleased to announce that Classical and Quantum Gravity will launch a new Fast Track Communications section from January 2007, after which date Letters to the Editor will no longer be published. Fast Track Communications (FTCs) are short, timely papers presenting only the most important new developments. To reflect their high significance FTCs will be published at the front of the journal and will be freely available online to ensure the widest visibility. As with all articles submitted to Classical and Quantum Gravity, there are no page charges, including online colour reproduction and multi-media attachments. Authors who wish to include colour in the print version of their article will, however, be required to cover the costs. Submissions to the new Fast Track Communications section are very welcome. For details of how to submit an FTC please visit IOP Publishing's webpages http://authors.iop.org, or contact the journal at firstname.lastname@example.com. To facilitate refereeing, authors are asked to submit a short statement accompanying their FTC, outlining why they feel that the article merits high-priority publication. Length restrictions will also be applied such that FTCs should be a maximum of 8 journal pages (5000 words) in length. The section will aim to be a high-quality, high-profile outlet for new and important research of interest to the Classical and Quantum Gravity community. We look forward to seeing it grow and take shape over the next year.


Introduction & Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease of unknown etiology with a variety of extraarticular manifestations including fatigue, subcutaneous nodules, lung involvement, pericarditis, peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, and hematologic abnormalities including anaemia. Anemia in rheumatoid arthritis is common and multifactorial. We studied the prevalence, type of anemia and its correlation with disease activity in Indian patients in a tertiary care hospital. Aims: To diagnose the type of anemia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to correlate it with disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis and medication. Settings and design: It is a cross sectional analytical study carried out at department of pathology and department of medicine. Patient/ Material and Methods: Fifty patients (45 female and 5 males) with recent onset (<5 years) RA were included in the study. The anemic patients were evaluated for the type of anemia. A serum ferritin level of 50 g/l was taken as cut off for defining iron deficiency anemia. Disease activity assessment was done using DAS-28 score and functional disability assessment by using modified health assessment questionnaires (MHAQ) in all the patients. Statistical Analysis: Data was analysed using SPSS (version 20). P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Forty two patients (84%) out of fifty were found to be anemic with 19 patients (45.2%) having iron deficiency anemia and 23 (54.8%) having anemia of chronic disease. None of the patients had megaloblastic anemia. In anemic group DAS-28 score and MHAQ were found to be 4.951.21 and 1.070.58 respectively and in non-anemic group 3.410.60 and 0.400.36 respectively. The disease activity was higher in patients with iron deficiency anemia than those with anemia of chronic disease, but was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Anemia is a common extraarticular manifestation in patients with RA and significantly correlates with higher disease activity. Anemia of chronic disease is the most common type of anemia in these patients. However, further studies including a larger number of patients with long term follow up are needed for conclusive results.


Physiotherapy is the trending medication for curing bones related injuries and pain. In many cases, due to sudden jerks or accidents, the patient might suffer from severe pain. Therefore, it is the miracle medication for curing patients. Our aim here is to build a framework using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for providing users with a digitalized system for physiotherapy. Even though varied computer-aided assessment of physiotherapy rehabilitation exist still recent approaches for computer aided monitoring and performance lack versatility and robustness. In our approach we have come up with proposition of an application which will record user's physiotherapy exercises and also it will provide personalized advice based on user performance for refinement of therapy. By using Open Pose Library our system will detect angle between the joints and depending upon the range of motion it will guide patient in accomplishing physiotherapy at home. It will also suggest patients about different physio-exercises. With the help of Open Pose it is possible to render the patient's images or real-time video. Keyword:Physiotherapy, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Open Pose, Rendering.


The kinetics of solvolysis of the title compounds, leading to the formation of carbocations destabilized by a CCl3 or a CBr3 group, have been studied in various solvents. Destabilization by the CX3 group increases with the electronegativity of the halogen X. Plots of log k vs. YOTs, for the 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2,2-trihalogenoethyl p-toluenesulphonates yield mOTs values which are indicative of some deviation from a pure kc process, probably due to anchimeric assistance by the halogen substituents.


The Bodcau in situ combustion project in Bellevue field, Bossier Parish, Louisiana, has been in progress since 1976. During this fireflood, oil, gas, and water produced at 37 wells were analyzed 5 times to measure changes in the fluids resulting from the fireflood. One analysis was done during the dry burn phase of the project and 4 were done during the simultaneous water-air injection phase. Temperatures as high as 800 C are reached in the burn phase and as high as 550 C in the wet combustion phase. Hydrothermolysis of the crude oil by the fireflood resulted in a lower sulfur content, a shift in the distillation curve toward increased amounts of lighter components and a slight increase in the API gravity and a decrease in viscosity. The methane concentration in the produced gas increased during the fireflood due to coke gasification reactions rather than thermal degradation of the crude oil. 18 references.


Quantum oscillations (QO) describe the periodic variation of physical observables as a function of inverse magnetic field in metals. The Onsager relation connects the basic QO frequencies with the extremal areas of closed Fermi surface pockets, and the theory of magnetic breakdown explains the observation of sums of QO frequencies at high magnetic fields. Here we develop a quantitative theory of {\it difference frequency} QOs in two- and three-dimensional metals with multiple Fermi pockets with parabolic or linearly dispersing excitations. We show that a non-linear interband coupling, e.g. in the form of interband impurity scattering, can give rise to otherwise forbidden QO frequencies which can persist to much higher temperatures compared to the basis frequencies. We discuss the experimental implications of our findings for various material candidates, for example multi-fold fermion systems, and the relation to magneto intersubband oscillations known for coupled two-dimensional electron gases.


Thailand is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. One of the key reasons lies in its notable health and hospitality services. Thailand's spa and massage industry has seen a steady growth in recent years, inspiring spa and massage employees to improve their English ability for higher quality massage and spa services. This study aims to examine the needs of English for spa and massage therapists, receptionists as well as customers in spa and massage shops. Results reveal that that some of the most needed English language functions include asking customers about pain, asking customers to change their posture and greeting customers, respectively. Customers need information concerning pain and massage programs. Interestingly, while the spa and massage employees believed that taking in other topics was not important, the customers had different views, but customers reported that they were more concerned about the quality of the massage services than the massage therapists' English skills. Regardless, customers believed that receiving services from massage therapists with English skills would make their experiences more pleasant. Since the findings of the study were from both spa and massage therapists and foreign customers, the findings from this study was able to better inform program and material developers as well teachers and students about English language functions needed in spa and massage shops.


10515 Withdrawal Notice: Abstract 10151 by Beitsch et al, entitled "Rates of pathogenic variants in common cancer genes among different racial/ethnic groups," was withdrawn by the authors from presentation and publication. As they were preparing for presentation at the meeting, the authors discovered additional data that potentially altered the abstract's conclusions. The abstract was withdrawn on May 13, 2022.


Measurements on atmospheric total aerosol were made at Poona during the summer and winter seasons of 1978–79. An Andersen particle sampler Model 20–810, Mark II (Andersen 2000 Inc. U.S.A.) which samples atmospheric particles with diameters ranging between 0.4 and 10.0 ?m was used for the measurement. The mass distribution of the total aerosol, and separately for the chloride, sodium, ammonium, sulphate and nitrate components were obtained. The mass distribution of the aerosols exhibited a bimodal distribution in the size ranges 0.4–0.6 ?m and 5–6 ?m. The chloride and sodium components exhibited by and large a unimodal distribution. The ammonium and sulphate components exhibited a bimodal distribution during the monsoon and a unimodal distribution during the winter. The nitrate component exhibited a bimodal distribution during the monsoon and winter. The molecular form of this component appears to be ammonium nitrate in the sub-micron range and sodium nitrate in the higher size range (1–10 ?m). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01802.x


Large companies often use a standard system development process tailored for their special needs and that are locally adapted to different development projects. The advantage is that such a standardised project process ensures measurable progress and quality to meet internal requirements as well as external requirements. The local adaptation to projects needs to address aspects of: project size in time and people, distribution of project staff on different locations, combination/integration of hardware/software and incorporation of local experience, standards and regulations. This local adaptation is a highly manual process requiring skill and time and for large companies starting hundreds of new projects every year it is a considerably large part of the yearly development costs. Unfortunately all the gained experience in such local adaptations are difficult to reuse. Today updating the system development process is made manually by staff responsible for the local adaptation and integrate these experience are integrated into the standard process. The recourses for such work are often not sufficient and the result is often local adaptation that have there own life and result in an out of date standard process where gained experience and local improvements do not spread within the organisation. Recently a number of formalised graphical notations to describe enterprise models have emerged. These formalisations of the processes enables analysis and comparison of processes. We propose a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) approach that enables reuse of processes or parts of processes. The CBR method is proposed as an "add on" to existing process development tools such as the MED@X tool (developed at EDT/UAB) and as addition to Rationals RUP (Rationals Unified Processes) when local adaptations and template processes are needed. By proposing a formal graphical notation in which the user can sketch the local development process the CBR matching process can identify and propose reuse of similar processes that are previous local adaptations. Once a new local adaptation has been completed and successfully used it is automatically added to the case library enabling future reuse. The formalised processes also enable validation of the processes. For example, if the requirements are that certain information (documents) should be produced during the project, an automatic analysis of the overall system development process and the individual work flows can determine if these parts are still included after the local adaptation. In the same manner a check that parts from the standard system development process that are not optional are included in the tailoring process can be made. In this paper we analyse the options and investigate related research, outline the MEDAX-CBR approach and propose a three step implementation sketch. Background Large companies often use a standard development process used as framework for all their projects. Such a process reflects the companies experience, their commitment to quality and lead time and reflects the category of projects and the level of skill of the members in projects. In small companies an explicit system development processes is rarely used and a projects success and failure is mostly based on the project leaders and members individual skill and experience. Such skill and experience is expensive to gain if it is in terms of failed projects. More than half of all software projects fail []. Failure often comes as a surprise for management and this after large investments. To reduce this costs large companies invest in a standardised system and product development process used throughout the company, enabling the identification of quality and lead time problems at an early stage by providing clear checkpoints for project members, project leaders and management. As in the case for Ericsson, having tens of thousands of people working in different projects, the savings are believed to be considerable.


The invention discloses a method for preparing lambda-carrageenan oligosaccharide by carrying out bacterial degradation on lambda-carrageenan degrading bacteria. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: firstly, cultivating the lambda-carrageenan degrading bacteria which can generate extracellular lambda-carrageenan degrading enzymes, subsequently directly adding the bacterium liquid into a reaction liquid which contains 0.5-2.0% by weight of the lambda-carrageenan according to a volume ratio of 1:(0.8-1.2), reacting for 1-5 days at 20-30 DEG C under 100-150rpm, centrifuging so as to obtain supernate-containing oligosaccharide, adsorbing the oligosaccharide by using an activated carbon column, desorbing by using 20-40(v)% ethanol, concentrating, freezing and drying so as to obtain the lambda-carrageenan oligosaccharide of which the polymerization degree ranges from 2 to 8. The method has the advantages of being high in preparation process, high in yield, high in stability, and applicable to industrial production, and lambda-carrageenan oligosaccharide of which the polymerization degree ranges from 2 to 8 can be rapidly produced in large scale, so that the method has large application prospects in production of lambda-carrageenan oligosaccharide.


We present a review of cosmological nucleosynthesis (CN) with neutrino oscillations, discussing the dierent eects of oscillations on CN, namely: increase of the eective degrees of freedom during CN, spectrum distortion of the oscillating neutrinos, neutrino number density depletion, and growth of neutrino{antineutrino asymmetry due to active{sterile oscillations. We discuss the importance of these eects for the primordial yield of helium-4. Primordially produced 4 He value is obtained in a selfconsistent study of the nucleons and the oscillating neutrinos. The eects of spectrum distortion, depletion and neutrino{antineutrino asymmetry growth on helium-4 production are explicitly calculated. An update of the cosmological constraints on active{sterile neutrino oscillations parameters is presented, giving the values: m 2 (sin 2 2#) 4 1:5 10 9 eV 2 for m 2 > 0, and jm 2 j < 8:210 10 eV 2 at large mixing angles for m 2 < 0. According to these constraints, besides the active{sterile LMA solution, also the active{sterile LOW solution to the solar neutrino problem is almost totally excluded.


A 1989 all-party motion of parliament called for the elimination of child poverty in Canada by the year 2000. Despite a series of policy initiatives, recent reports suggest that the child poverty rate may now be comparable to that in 1989. The apparent persistence of child poverty in Canada might reflect socioeconomic developments, or something about the way that child poverty is measured. Using micro data covering the period 1986 to 2000 we find little support for these explanations.


This study examines the style of leadership, work environment and compensation in PT. ESGI Boyolali. The purpose of this study is to examine and know (1) the influence of Leadership Style on Employee Performance (2) the influence of Work Environment on Employee Performance (3) The Influence of Competation on Employee Performance (4) The influence of Leadership Style, Work Environment and Compensation simultaneously on Employee Performance. The sample of this research is 100 employees through questionnaire with random sampling sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used are multiple regression analysis, F test, R square and t test. The result of t test analysis shows the partial influence between Leadership Style on Employee Performance, Work Environment on Employee Performance and Compensation to Employee Performance. While F test shows the influence of simultaneously variable of Leadership Style, Work Environment, and Compensation to Employee Performance.


Since the first computer virus was found, scanning detection has been used as a primary method in virus detection systems. As viruses become more complex and sophisticated, the scanning detection method is no longer able to detect the various forms of malicious code effectively. We explore the idea of automatically detecting viruses based on Support Vector Machine ( SVM) and not strictly dependent on certain viruses. By utilizing SVM, the generalizing ability of virus detection systems is still good when the sample size is small. An experiment using the system API function call trace is given to illustrate the performance of this method. Finally,the comparison of detection abilities between the above detection method and others is given. Evidence shows that the sequences of the operating system API function calls executed by the running programs are a good discriminator between benign and malicious PE files,the detection system based on SVM needs less priori knowledge than other methods,and can shorten the training time under the same detection performance condition.


Studying of quality and way of life of inhabitants of Kezhemsky area depending on marital status with use of the questionnaire developed by authors and techniques QALY is spent. Interrelation presence between structure of a family and a number of components of a way of life, such a regularity and quality of a food, bad habits (alcoholism, smoking), physical activity, and also risk of development of depressions is ascertained. Necessity of allocation of target groups for carrying out of schools of health and other preventive influences, including on refusal of bad habits especially among men is established. Importance of studying of quality of life of families in information support of acceptance of administrative decisions in the field of public health services at level of municipal unions is shown.


* 9 d e J u l i o , 2018 S a n F r a n c i s c o C o r d o b a , A r g e n t i n a A variety of pathologic condit ions has been described as potentially capable of al ter ing the complex s t ruc ture of the mitral appa ra tus and causing prolapse of the mitral leaflets. A m o n g t h e m , ischemic hear t disease with papillary muscle dysfunct ion , cardiomyopathies , rheumat ic endocardi t is , and myxomatous degenera t ion of the mitral leaflets have been postula ted . 1 3 O n e should expect the e lect rocardiograms of such a he te rogenous g r o u p of patients to reflect changes due to myocardit is , hype r t rophy , ischemia, and o the r conditions (Fig. 1) d epend ing on the under ly ing disease. Eventually elect rocard iographic changes would have occurred whether or not the mitral appa ra tus was involved. On the o ther h a n d , mid-systolic click or late systolic m u r m u r s or both have been described associated with various pathologic conditions. , ~ F u r t h e r m o r e , the electrocardiographic f indings r epo r t ed in the l i terature may vary according to the criteria employed for the selection of patients. Barlow et al included 90 patients with ei ther a late systolic m u r m u r , a noneject ion click or both regardless of the underlying pathology; patients with rheumat ic and ischemic hear t disease and obstructive cardiomyopathy were also included. In only 28 of the


Along with the development of the age, economy in each country will experience growth. Evenntually, the development will take effect on the behavior and customs of the community of a country.Result generated by the end of the accounting information are the financial reports. Financial information of course is very important for the progress of a company. In order to provide a strategic competitive advantage for the company then a system that sets the accounting information is neededThe purpose of financial statement is to provide the information that connected with financial position, working method and changes in financial position of a company which useful for must user on making economic decision. The financial statement that sets for this purpose is expected can fulfill most of the user need. The financial statement is useful for most user when the information of financial statement can be understood, relevance, reliable and can be compared. However, the financial statement not supplied all information that users need in making economic decision. Generally, financial statement described financial effect of the past, and not requires providing non-financial information. This research examined about utilization of Accurate Accounting Programme, presentation of financial statement, and the function of Accurate Accounting Programme to increase presentation effectivity of financial statement at CV Nuansa Electronic. The purpose of this research is to know how about effects the function of Accurate Accounting Programme to increase presentation effectivity of financial statement. In business field, the use of personal computer has been an absolute needed, like a data entry, inventory, selling, human resources department, production process, and other office administration, also for correspondence only. The popular programmed such as WordStar, Lotus, and Dbase are used for that activity. Although that programmed give such big help, but there still have some problems and only can be used for some tasks. Although it can be used, the procedure is too complicated and data processing takes more time. Even though, financial statement has to prepared fast, correctly and accurately as information for management to take the right decision in financial. To handle the problems, CV Nuansa Electronic decided to use Accurate Accounting Program. The process of this program is very easy and quick in accordance with excel programme. Keywords : Software Accurate, System Information Accounting


In physics experiment teaching, through improving, comparing, analyzing, exploring and designing the experiment, teachers can train students' capability to think differently, analogously, deeply and diversely. This paper mainly discusses the experience on how to train students' innovation capability.


Cultivation of cocoa in Indonesia is dominated by small farmers who have not been well organized, so they usually marginalized in the cocoa agribusiness systems. This study aimed to analyze the role of farmer organizations in an effort to optimize the performance of the cocoa supply chain and value addition in cocoa value chain system. The research was conducted in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi from February to October 2012. The collected data is primary and secondary data by conducting in-depth interviews to farmers/farmer groups, traders and exporters/industry. All of the data and information were analyzed by supply chain approach and added value. The results showed that the condition of farmers' organizations in Kolaka very diverse and can be grouped into four models according to the activity and its role in the supply chain and value addition of cocoa beans. Farmer organizations led by Model A was able to give farmers a better share than others, i.e. 99.43% for fermented cocoa bean and 96.92% for unfermented. Similarly, added value for farmers were IDR509.00/kg for fermented cocoa beans and IDR1,019.00/kg for unfermented. Therefore, farmers' organizations need to be directed to be more efficient on cocoa beans distribution and marketing that create a well performance of supply chain system and provide added value to the farmer.


When the government becomes involved in an issue, interested parties expend resources to influence the policy outcome. Using a common agency model of policymaking, this paper studies the conditions under which conflict over policy implies that it is optimal for a constitution to restrict the government's involvement. When a constitution cannot restrict policies with large transfers relative to their efficiency, conflict over policy can easily lead to worse outcomes than if the government were not involved. Because constitutions cannot be complete contracts, there can be agreement over constitutions even when there is conflict over policy choices. For this reason there are conditions under which constitutional incompleteness enhances welfare and a constitutional stage leads to agreement on restrictions without a veil of ignorance.


The GB code has been developed at the Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear/UFMG to couple the Monte Carlo transport code MCNP (Los Alamos National Laboratory) with the depletion and burnup code ORIGEN2.1(Oak Ridge National Laboratory). A previous version of GB code described the behavior during the burn up to only 25 isotopes. In the new version of GB presented on this paper, named GB5, the goal was to increase the isotope amount considered and to include radiotoxicity and radioactivity in the results. While simulating 75 time steps at 800kw of a Heat Pipe Power System model, we have found that GB5 generates very similar results compared to MCNPX2.6.0. The small difference encountered with the neutron flux parameter is explained by the form that recoverable energy per fission is calculated in GB5.


This article was inspired by the prominent use of metaphors by three noted human resource development (HRD) scholars at the 11th International Conference on HRD Research and Practice Across Europe in Pecs, Hungary, in June 2010. These metaphors provoked two reactions in me: I was grateful, because they made the speaker's ideas more readily accessible to me; on the other hand, Iwondered about the transferability of the metaphors across cultures. This shortessay is my attempt to explore and reflect on those initial feelings in a more formal manner. Descriptions of the metaphors used in Pecs are provided, and therelationship between culture and metaphor is discussed. An example from my context is also given.


We are a testing culture: we test our urine for drugs; we test our sweat for lies. It is not surprising that we should also test our blood for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). But bef...


The offshore eastern Mediterranean region has received increased international interest in the last decade for its hydrocarbon potential in the pre-salt traps. The presence of a heterogeneous Messinian-age salt layer and complex pre-Messinian structures pose very difficult challenges in seismic imaging. In this paper, we provide a detailed workflow for seismic data preconditioning and imaging which resolves the subsurface challenges of the Mediterranean.
 Broadband acquisition was used to collect seismic data, which combines the responses of dual-sensor receivers to remove the effect of the receiver ghost. Adaptive source de-ghosting was then applied to address the source-side ghost. Data was processed using robust multiple attenuation and converted wave attenuation (CWA).
 A high-resolution velocity model building and imaging workflow was designed as follows:
 Diving waves full-waveform inversion (FWI) to capture detailed velocity for the complex overburden, followed by post-salt reflection tomography. Born modeling-based reflection FWI to update the velocity heterogeneities inside the salt body followed by reflection tomography for the deep section. Reverse time migration (RTM) to handle the waveform multi-pathing.
 De-ghosting corrected the wavelet phase and expanded the usable frequency bandwidth, resulting in a broadband dataset for imaging. Robust multiple attenuation and converted wave attenuation (CWA) techniques aided in revealing the true geological dips beneath the salt and facilitated picking accurate residual move-outs during the velocity model building. RTM in conjunction with the high-resolution velocity model significantly improved imaging of complex salt structures and pre-salt reservoirs. At well locations, our workflow resulted in a very good match between the available well data and surface seismic in terms of markers depths and velocity trends.
 This paper presents a novel approach for modelling the velocity heterogeneities inside the complex Messinian-age salt formation using the Born modeling-based reflection FWI. In addition, salt-related strong converted waves were successfully attenuated, whereas previously the presence of this energy misled interpreters and caused anomalous velocity updates in similar geological settings in the Mediterranean.


Context-aware composition of services exhibiting transactional properties poses several challenges. A major challenge is the transactional behavior of candidate services which is subject to perpetual change while the composition is running. Compositions of services displaying transactional properties must be dynamically adapted at run time to cope with context fluctuations. By dynamic adaptation, we refer to the ability to alter the composition behavior in response to changes affecting its execution. We focus on changes impacting the successful commit rate of transactional service composition. This has led us to explore the trail of a flexible homeomorphism between alternative behaviors. We propose a behavioral adaptation approach that adjusts the behavior of transactional compositions of services in a proactive and transparent manner. This strategy is based on the Profiled Task Class concept. A service composition generator has also been developed for the performance evaluation of components implementing the behavioral adaptation strategy in order to identify its impact on the commit rate of CATS compositions.


In the present study I aim to sketch some observations on the concept of filial piety (xiao) one of the central teachings of early Confucianism, as it is presented in the three most ancient and authoritative Confucian texts the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, and the Canon of Filial Piety (Xiaojing). I use the term "early Confucianism" for marking the pre-Qin Confucianism, or the teaching of rujia, the school of scholars, in order to distinguish it from the ideologised and institutionalised Han Confucianism. 1 O f course, the question, to which extent these three texts contain the authentic pre-Han materials, and to which extent they are the compilations of Han scribes, is still unsolved, because no pre-Han manuscripts have survived. However, as integral semiotic phenomena, these texts undoubtedly transmit the essential patterns of the early rujia thinking in both form and content. In all evidence, the concept of filial piety was formed in quite early period of the history of Chinese civilisation on the basis of the traditional tribal way of life which sanctioned the patriarchal and hierarchical relationships in the clan and family, according to which the elders and seniors kept a leading role in the society. The worship of ancestors was a necessary component of the cultivation of filial piety, and it was transferred into the religious cult as early as in the Shang-Yin period. 2 In the early Zhou period, the concept of filial piety had obtained a sacred dimension, and the cultivation of that was considered as the main guarantee for the maintaining of the stability and order in the society. So it was evaluated as a necessary virtue of an ideal king, as we can see in the Ode to Wuwang, the semi-legendary founder of Zhou dynasty, in the Canon of Poetry (Shijing):