The American barbecue has a legacy beyond the backyard summer soirée, the pulled-pork sandwich joint, and the Fourth of July get-together. Barbecue is a method of food preparation and a cultural activity that spans centuries and continents from South African braai to South American barbacoa and good oldfashioned North American barbecue. Slow cooking meat is, as editors Veteto and Maclin state, "one of the most ancient ways of food preparation known to human beings" (p. 1). Through the myriad traditions of slow-cooking meat over open fire, identities are formed, communities are contested and modernity is both catalyzed and called into question. Barbecue, like so many other foodways, is a window into the world. As a result, one would think that barbecue would be a subject of much study. Yet, until picking up The Slaw and the Slow Cooked, I had given scant regard to the matter and had barely come across a serious review of barbecue in any scholarly discipline, including food studies. Thus, editors James R. Veteto and Edward M. Maclin set out to fill the void of barbecue studies with "snapshots of Mid-South barbecue from Middle Tennessee and Mississippi to central and southern Arkansas, and even into the Piney Woods of northernmost Louisiana" (p. 2). Drawing upon oral history, ethnography and historical review from scholars, food writers, journalists and community members, they manage to draw upon the academic traditions of Levi-Strauss (the title is a play on the seminal The Raw and the Cooked) and emerging interdisciplinary studies of food culture and politics. They merge these traditions to paint a portrait of the social life of barbecue in the US South. Maclin and Veteto's goal for the volume is to incite a dialogue that will begin to fill the "absence of serious anthropological scholarship on Southern Barbecue" (p. 3). They set out to compile the volume in such a way that both the scholar and the casual reader would find it intriguing and accessible. Although the book is mostly ethnographic, the editors make very clear that it is a "hybrid" collection of academic work and submissions from more mainstream disciplines like food writing and journalism. They manage to curate a series of vignettes that weave together the diverse topography of history, race, geography, modernity and economy into the landscape of Southern barbecue. The editors have separated the book into two parts: (1) Traditional and Contemporary Landscapes of Mid-South Barbecue and (2) Old/New Barbecue Moving Forward. Part 1 includes a historical overview of barbecue culture in the Mid-South region by Robert F. Moss and a personal narrative by author and


In recent years, a new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides labeled MXenes, have greatly attracted the attention of researchers. Due to unusual hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, flexibility, and pseudo capacitance, MXenes have great potential application in energy storage, water desalination, catalysis, electromagnetic interference shielding, transparent conductive films and so on. However, MXenes perform poor stability especially under oxygen-containing condition because of the structural defects, active transition metals and termination groups. These greatly destroy the sheet structure and decrease their conductivity and therefore restrain their application fields. In this review, we focus on current researches of the stability of MXenes including oxidation and thermal stability under various conditions. The mechanism is also discussed. Based on this, the improvement methods are proposed, aiming to expand the application scope. Firstly, the structure and synthesis methods of MXenes are briefly introduced. Secondly, the oxidation process and mechanism of MXenes in different environments are introduced, including gaseous, liquid, solid, UV irradiation, hydrothermal, anodic oxidation and so on. Thirdly, the thermal stability of MXenes in oxygen-containing atmosphere, neutral atmosphere or reducing atmosphere at different temperature, is also introduced. Finally, the methods of improving the stability of MXenes including controlling storage environment, improving the synthesis method, regulating functional terminations, chemical edge capping methods and physical packaging methods are further discussed.


Automated exploration has many important applications for testing and analysis of games. Techniques for automated exploration require the capability of identifying the set of available user actions at a given game state, then performing the action selected by the exploration logic. This has been traditionally supported by having the game developer provide an API for this purpose or randomly guessing inputs. In this paper we develop a program analysis based technique for performing an automated analysis of the input-handling logic of the game code, then using this information to provide the set of player actions available at a game state (as well as the device inputs that should be simulated to perform a chosen action). We focus on developing such a technique for games built with the Unity game engine. We implemented an automatic exploration tool based on our technique and evaluated its state exploration performance for six open-source Unity games. We found that our approach is competitive with manually specified actions and is fast enough to play the games in real time.


After World War II,contemporary thought of medical humanity spring up in United States of America.This article will review the background of medical humanity thoughts,which includes socio-political environment,medical technology advances and the development of humanistic ideas.On this basis,clarify emerge opportunities of the medical humanity thoughts,that is,effort on making medical education humane,the tendency of medical problems socialization and the related disciplines of medical humanity change.Finally,discuss the rise of bioethics movement,which is practical carrier of medical humanity thoughts,in order to clarify the context of its early development.


Will you be Airline Ready? By Jacqui Suren Is your dream to be a Commercial Pilot? If so, the quality of your training is vital. Just passing everything may not be enough.We have been told by airlines they are noticing deterioration in the knowledge levels of newly qualified commercial pilots. No one wants to be…


The author applied the U. S. P. X yeast test to various commercial silver preparations and classification was made according to this test. The minimum dose required to inhibit yeast growth was determined and these doses compared with the phenol coefficients and germicidal values of the preparations in question. Results show that the inhibition of yeast growth measures only approximate silver-ion concentration and gives no indication of the germicidal value of these preparations.


ABSTRACT The identification of the sex and sexual maturity of geoducks (Panopea japonica) is difficult because the outer shape of the males and females is indistinguishable. Moreover, depending on their size or age, the annual maturation cycle can vary. Vitellogenin (VTG) is a precursor protein of egg yolk. It has been studied as a biomarker for sex identification in geoducks. This article reports on the cDNA cloning of the P. japonica VTG gene for the VTG fragment. It was found to exhibit homology to known VTGs isolated from other marine molluscs, with more than 50% homology with oyster VTG. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitatively detect the VTG level in geoducks. The VTG polyclonal antibody could recognize the extracted VTG in females, but the level of VTG in males was undetectable, providing a basis for an immunological assay for the identification of the sex and female maturational status of geoducks. Thus, this study established a simple and quantitative technique for the rapid identification of sex and/or maturation of females by using VTG in the hemolymph as a biomarker for the sampled geoducks without dissection or seriously injuring them.


Let [Formula: see text] be the set of un-oriented and rational links with crossing number [Formula: see text], a precise formula for [Formula: see text] was obtained by Ernst and Sumners in 1987. In this paper, we study the enumeration problem of oriented rational links. Let [Formula: see text] be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number [Formula: see text] and let [Formula: see text] be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and deficiency [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we derive precise formulas for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for any given [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and show that [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the [Formula: see text]th convolution of the convolved Fibonacci sequences.


Photosynthetic temperature acclimation is a commonly observed process that is increasingly being incorporated into Earth System Models (ESMs). While short‐term acclimation has been shown to increase carbon storage in the future, it is uncertain whether acclimation will directly influence simulated future climate through biophysical mechanisms. Here, we used coupled atmosphere‐biosphere simulations using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) to assess how acclimation‐induced changes in photosynthesis influence global climate under present‐day and future (RCP 8.5) conditions. We ran four 30 year simulations that differed only in sea surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 (present or future) and whether a mechanism for photosynthetic temperature acclimation was included (yes or no). Acclimation increased future photosynthesis and, consequently, the proportion of energy returned to the atmosphere as latent heat, resulting in reduced surface air temperatures in areas and seasons where acclimation caused the biggest increase in photosynthesis. However, this was partially offset by temperature increases elsewhere, resulting in a small, but significant, global cooling of 0.05°C in the future, similar to that expected from acclimation‐induced increases in future land carbon storage found in previous studies. In the present‐day simulations, the photosynthetic response was not as strong and cooling in highly vegetated regions was less than warming elsewhere, leading to a net global increase in temperatures of 0.04°C. Precipitation responses were variable and rates did not change globally in either time period. These results, combined with carbon‐cycle effects, suggest that models without acclimation may be overestimating positive feedbacks between climate and the land surface in the future.


A relentless rise in undertreated or untreated substance use disorders highlights the magnitude of the challenge the society is facing and a critical need to identify evidence-based, practical approaches in order to effectively screen people at high risk for unhealthy alcohol use, tobacco and drug use, increase early detection of substance use disorders, and offer the proper care they need. The Family CAGE (an acronym of four questions on alcohol use) is a brief questionnaire adapted from the original CAGE questionnaire devised by Frank et al1 and studied by Basu et al2, in this issue under a format encompassing drug use (AID=Adapted to Include Drugs). The study examines the validity and associated characteristics of the questionnaire for the diagnosis of alcohol and other substance use disorders as well as the inter-rater reliability between one family member and the substance user. The results were drawn from a cross-sectional analysis of two samples: treatment seeking substance-using patients, and individuals receiving outpatient psychiatric treatment while not pursuing treatment for substance use disorders. In both groups, the scores of the Family CAGE-AID and the traditional CAGE-AID questionnaires were significantly correlated. In the psychiatric sample, a correlation between the scores of the questionnaire and ICD-10 symptom score was observed, along with a moderate but significant agreement between the scores of substance users and family members. Family CAGE-AID was found to be sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of substance dependence formulated using ICD-10 criteria2. There are a few points to consider. Because of the design of the study, family members'acceptance of the questions about other members' alcohol and drug use problems is unknown, which needs further study. The authors acknowledged that a limited range of substance use diagnoses and disease severity in the study sample limited the generalizability of study findings, and that psychiatric evaluation was not performed to control for the quality of responses among participating relatives. However, the findings demonstrate the practicality and potential utility of a family screen instrument for alcohol and drug use problems. Among future applications, the involvement of multiple family members in the interview, and confirmation studies in large samples at the primary care level and within different age ranges should be considered. Following evaluation, data gathered on interventions outcome and follow up assessment will be of interest.


In the case of the electrical push-button switch, the contact rocker (9) consists of a body which is in the form of a plate, is arranged on edge in the pivoting plane and is supported by means of a pivoting pin (13) which runs at right angles to the plane of the body which is in the form of a plate. Said pivoting pin (13) is stamped out of the material of a rocker support (10) by extrusion moulding and engages through a recess (12), of square cross-section on the longitudinal centre of the contact rocker (9). The toggle spring (17), which engages in a notch (16) on the circumferential edge of the contact rocker (9), is a wire spring clip. Said wire spring clip has clip arms (20) which extend symmetrically with respect to both sides of the contact rocker and whose ends are held in the base (1) on both sides of a switch connecting terminal (25) which extends into the intermediate space between the clip arms. This space-saving construction results in a small overall height of the switch, and two contact rockers can be arranged inside one switch, said contact rockers having the associated rocker support and toggle spring side-by-side with sufficient space between them for a possible additional illumination device.


The magnetic and optical properties of nanomaterials play a significant role in the selection of the materials to be used for contrast enhancement in different biological and cell imaging techniques. These nanoparticles can also be used as drug delivery agents. The calculation of absorption efficiency and surface plasmon resonance wavelength has been performed using Mie theory and MATLAB programs. The study of spectrum calculated indicates the dependence of several optical properties such as resonance and absorption efficiency peak on ratio of core radius to the thickness of shell. A systematic study on the effect of nanoparticle dimension has been presented which clearly indicates that the optical properties can be modulated across the visible and near infrared range by changing these parameters. These properties of nanomaterials make them suitable for their application as multimodal imaging agents as they are also magnetically active and biocompatible.


Despite being spoken by a large percentage of the world, many Indic languages have escaped research and development in the realm of text-input. There exist languages with poor or no support for typing. Soft keyboards, because of their ease of installation and lack of reliance on specific hardware, are a promising solution as an input device for many languages. Developing an acceptable soft keyboard requires frequency analysis of characters in order to design a layout that minimizes text-input time. This paper proposes using various development techniques, layout variations, and evaluation methods for soft keyboard creation for Brahmic scripts. We propose that using optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms to develop multi-layer and/or gesture keyboards will increase the speed at which text can be entered.


Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder of hematopoiesis characterized by the accumulation of immature myeloid cells accompanied by impaired normal hematopoiesis. Given the need to improve outcome in AML, multiple studies aimed at genetic characterization of AML have been performed in the hopes of furthering our understanding of AML pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic approaches. To this end, a number of targeted sequencing, exome sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing studies have been performed in AML patients in the last 5 to 10 years. From these studies, a number of recurrently mutated genes have been identified and, interestingly, many of the newly identified recurrently mutated genes encode proteins that normally function in the epigenetic regulation of transcription. Although the definition of the term epigenetics has been a matter of debate, in this review, we refer to epigenetics as any process that directly affects modifications of DNA cytosine residues or posttranslational modifications of histones. This includes frequent mutations in the genes DNMT3A (DNA nucleotide methyltransferase 3A), TET2 (teneleven translocation 2), IDH1/2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2), and ASXL1 (the addition of sex combs like 1) in AML patients (mutations and translocations in MLL1 will be discussed in another accompanying review in this series) (Table 1). Although prior DNA methylation profiling studies in AML have identified the presence of a profoundly abnormal epigenome in this disease, the identification of mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes now provides a link between the altered epigenome in AML and somatic genetic alterations in this disorder. From the studies of these genes in different AML cohorts, several common themes have already emerged. First, mutations in recently identified epigenetic modifiers are enriched in adults with AML (ages 16 years old and above) compared with pediatric AML patients. Indeed, the frequency of mutations in epigenetic modifiers correlates with increasing age of AML patients. Second, from studies evaluating the impact of these mutations in the hematopoietic system of genetically engineered mice, it appears that mutations in several of these genes affect hematopoietic self-renewal and/or differentiation without being sufficient for leukemogenesis on their own. Consistent with this notion, somatic mutations in TET2 andDNMT3A have been described in the hematopoietic system of elderly individuals before the occurrence of clinically apparent myeloid malignancy. Lastly, a number of studies integrating mutational analysis with clinical outcome in the setting of prospective clinical trials in AML have identified mutations as markers of prognostic risk stratification in AML. In addition to the prognostic importance of mutations in epigenetic modifiers, there may be important therapeutic implications of specific mutations in epigenetic pathways. In this review, we describe the clinical, biological, and therapeutic implications of mutations in genes encoding epigenetic modifiers which have been identified to be mutated in .5% of patients with AML.


Procedure for evaluation and control of the degree of vascularization in human body parts and device for implementing this procedure. The method comprises installing conductive electrodes in parts of human body comprising the region whose vascularization is desired to evaluate; passing a high frequency current between the electrodes, measuring and recording the intensity values of the electric current and compare the current values recorded pass contrast values to allow assessment of the vascularization. The device comprises two electrodes connected to a high frequency generator, they are applied to a measuring apparatus where the reading level of vascularization appear and be provided with a milliammeter that will measure the electric current passing.


This study examines the effects of internet usage on the business sustainability of small technology based rural business. It adopts the quantitative study methodology using self –administered survey method. The findings of this study shows that internet usage has positive and significant effects on the business sustainability of small rural businesses in this study. This study utilized IBM SEM AMOS 21 in analyzing the effects of internet usage on business sustainability of small technology based rural business in Malaysia. This study has contributed to the literature of small business entrepreneurship by adding perspective of internet usage among the technology-based rural business and its effects on business sustainability.


Starting with the recuperation requirements of special service personnel,the article introduced the recuperate necessity for special service personnel with analysis on the recuperation situation.In order to overcome exhaustion,restore physical strength,enhance health,solidify and boost combat effectiveness,the author proposed that special service personnel must participate in planned convalescence.The sanatorium should strengthen the construction and research of the special service convalescences,explore new management pattern for the special service personnel,and put forward theoretical foundations for the construction and the reform for the convalescence of special service personnel.


Background: Cereal based cropping systems are predominantly followed in south Asia because of higher productivity and profitability and ensuring food security. Rice is grown once a year in rotation mainly with wheat. Continuous cultivation of rice results in the formation of a hard pan below the ploughing layer, which may act as a barrier to normal root growth of the subsequent wheat crop. Consequently, soil bulk density is increased and hydraulic conductivity is reduced thus leading to non-conducive soil physical characteristics for the subsequent wheat crop. To reduce these ill effects, FYM is used as organic source. But live stock population is not increasing in the ratio as it is required to meet the FYM demand. Organic source requirement cannot meet through use of FYM in rice-wheat system, which is vital for food security point of view. There is need of alternate cost effective source of FYM which could enhance the soil health as well as productivity of rice-wheat system. The present study aimed to see the efficacy of growing green manure crop (Sesbania aculeata) as an alternative of FYM in the rice-wheat rotation. Methods: In this experiment conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 in on-going long term permanent manorial trial since 1984 at research farm (Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India), twelve treatments were taken under RBD in four replications. Observations and analysis were carried out by following the standard procedures. Result: The present investigation showed that combination of inorganic fertilizer and Sesbania aculeata helped in increasing yield as well as improving soil health. Sesbania aculeata can be used as a viable and cost effective alternative through partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers to enhance the soil health and productivity of rice-wheat system.


A search for a charge asymmetry in the interactions of cosmic ray muons in iron has been made using the Durham spectrograph MARS. The measurements cover the range of muon energy 6-200 GeV and refer to interaction secondaries varying in number from one to about 20. The ratio of the interaction probability for positive muons to that for negative muons is 1.08+or-0.06 for interactions having two or more secondaries. This value is less than that found in some previous experiments and does not give support to the existence of a charge asymmetry.


associated with a significant rise in serum CA 125 (Pittaway & Feyez 1987; Mastropaolo et al. 1986; Jacobs et al. 1988). Was this taken into consideration? Finally the age range of these normal women was 25-75 years with a mean of 55 years. Haga et al. (1986) have shown that women under 49 years of age tend to have higher serum CA 125 than those over 49 years of age, and have suggested that separate reference levels should be set. If these points had been considered the results of Paavonen et al. might have been different. Laurie M. Irvine R. W. Shaw The Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology The Royal Free Hospital Pond Street Hampstead London Nw3


A new electrification and discharge model was developed based on a two‐moment bin microphysical scheme coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Based on the electrical model, the role of the noninductive charging mechanism associated with the melting processes of both snow and graupel (rimed particles) in the charge structure formation in the stratiform region of an organized convective system was examined. Our results showed that the snow melting charging mechanism forms a substantial positive charge layer near and below 0°C isotherm in the stratiform region of a squall line. It was also found that the graupel melting charging process mostly enhanced the positive charge layer in the convective region with little impact in the stratiform region. The in situ charging of noninductive collisional and melting processes and the charge transportation from the convective core all contribute to the charge structure formation in the stratiform region of a squall line.


Convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protected persons, including diplomatic agents. New York, 14 december 1973 [united nations, treaty series, vol. 1035, i-15410.]


Given the considerable number of persons migrating to Britain, in many instances from countries experiencing considerable tensions and upheaval, including an increased incidence of unaccompanied minors arriving in this country, it seems timely to review the power of criminal courts to recommend to the Secretary of State that an offender should be deported, identifying some of the ambiguities that can be encountered, particularly in respect of younger offenders.


Currently available Life Cycle Inventory ( LCI) pesticide emission models and Life Cycle Impact Assessment ( LCIA) human toxicity and ( eco) -toxicity characterization models were typically designed and parameterized based on temperate conditions. Taking pesticide emissions and their toxicity impacts on environment and human health into account in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies is important in tropical regions, because large quantities of pesticides are used to increase crop yields and ensure food security. The objective of our study was to identify the characteristics that determine pesticide emissions and their impacts in tropical conditions, and to assess to what extent current LCI and LCIA models need to be adapted to better account for these conditions. We investigated existing models and conducted a systematic review of the characteristics that drive pesticide emission patterns and related toxicological impacts in the tropics. Our results indicate that high temperatures, high rainfall, soil characteristics (low organic carbon content, and often low pH) and cropping systems (e.g. mulching, application techniques) are important drivers of pesticide- related emissions in tropical conditions; and should be accounted for in existing LCI and LCIA models. However, as these processes are not as well understood as in temperate regions, and fewer measurements are available, further research is urgently required.


From the Publisher:
Data Structures and the Java Collections Framework by William Collins is designed for a course in data structures where the implementation language is Java. This student-friendly book focuses on teaching students how to apply the concepts presented and so includes many applications and examples throughout the book. Additionally,he provides programming projects,which get students thinking deeper.
Collins teaches students how to use the data structures provided in the Java Collections Framework,as well as teaching them how to build the code themselves. His goal is give students an excellent background in creating data structures themselves,as well as make them comfortable using the standard library. Using the Java Collections Framework gives students the opportunity to work with excellent fully tested code. Further,since this is a standard library of classes,students will be able to continue to use it for other courses and as they move into industry.
Another feature of this text is that labs are provided with the book. These labs can be used as open-labs,closed labs,or homework assignments and are designed to give students hands-on experience in programming. These optional labs provide excellent practice and additional material for the students.


In this paper, we propose a new interest-centric and no-IP-based technique using the Radnet protocol to hide and protect communication among servers and network appliances. In particular, we carry out experiments considering log servers protection, which contains one of the most valuable assets for both network administrators and attackers, since the former can audit and learn about the attacks, and the latter can cover their actions during an attack. Using graphical analysis, we demonstrate that our approach does not have a significant impact on the performance of applications in a real datacenter environment.


In comparison with engineering, engineering technology is more practical and purposeful. The engineering technology education programs in Taiwan have been mainly offered in 56 universities/colleges of technology (UTs/CTs) and are anticipated to continuously improve their performance to prepare quality engineering technologists. However, it is necessary to construct well- structured and up-to-date performance indicators for the programs. The authors completed a literature review and identified 22 key performance indicators (KPIs), which are outcome-based and compatible with ABET' s accreditation criteria. Then a questionnaire including the KPIs was mailed to 160 randomly sampled engineering technology department chairs in the UTs/CTs in Taiwan to solicit their opinions. This paper presents the background, process and results of this research study. 1 ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IS HIGHLY EXPECTED TO PERFORM


The Versatile Experimental Data Acquisition Buoy System (VEDABS) has been the primary acoustic measurement system for ASW Environmental Acoustic Support (AEAS) program. The self-recording nature of VEDABS has enabled AEAS to make long-term ambient noise measurements as well as single-ship propagation measurements. The primary component of VEDABS which allows long-term storage of the time series data is a very low speed magnetic tape recorder. The characteristics of the recorder which allow long record time create problems during processing and limit the flexibility of the system. With the introduction of helical scan magnetic recorders, it became possible to design a VEDABS-like system based on digital filtering and recording with none of the drawbacks associated with analog direct recording. In addition to eliminating the drawback in processing, the development of a digital recording has allowed an increase in the number of channels recorded. This increase in flexibility, dynamic range and in number of channels will provide PIS the equipment to collect very different data sets. This paper will present the merits of the new digital recording system with emphasis on system flexibility.


Objective To explore the effects of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine(DAC) on the state and expression of transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2(TMEFF2) in colon cancer cell. Methods Caco-2 cells was treated with demethylation agent DAC,and then measured the cell death rates by caspase 3 / 7 detection kit,and determined the expression changes of TMEFF2 using Real-time RT-PCR. Results The treatment with DAC led to enhance the cell apoptosis and could potentially inhibit the Caco-2 cell growth in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. The Caco-2 cells treated with DAC could have increased TMEFF2 m RNA expression level as compared with control. Conclusion Methylation in the promoter region of some of the cancer-related genes could suppress the m RNA expression and release the tumor cells from apoptosis or promote the tumor initiation and progression.


Amplitude, phase and polarization are essential parameters of an optical field. In the past decade, with the enhancement of techniques in manipulating phase and polarization states in complex optical fields, optical vortices and vector beams are investigated in a closely coupled fashion in terms of efficient beam generation and manipulation, stable transmission and novel detection aimed at various applications. In this special issue 6 invited papers demonstrate a number of typical topics in the field, with emphasis on the vectorial beam generation and optical communication systems utilising orbital angular momentum (OAM).


Semiconductor–insulator interfaces play an important role in the reliability of integrated devices; however, the impact of these interfaces on the physical mechanisms related to single-event effects has not been previously reported. We present experimental data that demonstrate that single-event charge collection can be impacted by changes in interface quality. The experimental data, combined with simulations, show that single-event response may depend on surface recombination at interface defects. The effect depends on strike location and increases with increasing linear energy transfer (LET). Surface recombination can affect single-event charge collection for interfaces with a surface recombination velocity (SRV) of 1000 cm/s and is a dominant charge collection mechanism with SRV $> 10^{5}$ cm/s.


. In the past, non-muscle proteins in meat products were used mainly for technological or economic reasons. The addition of milk proteins to canned sausages or the use of blood plasma are good examples of the use of non-muscle proteins to give products the desired processing properties. In addition, non-muscle proteins are generally cheaper than muscle proteins, which provides higher incomes for producers of meat and meat products. In addition to technological and economic reasons, environmental factors and the predicted shortage of animal proteins have also been mentioned in the last two decades. All this increases the need for meat substitutes in food products and the search for alternative sources of protein. Along with the use of known animal and plant proteins, other sources of protein, such as insects and microorganisms, are also being discussed, as well as new ways to produce muscle proteins using stem cells or in vitro culture of meat. The purpose of this review is to describe existing and potential sources of protein that can be used as meat analogues/substitutes or additives in meat products.


— Stock price fluctuations often bring opportunities to investors. Predicting the trend of stock price fluctuation effectively can bring effective and feasible suggestions to investors. This paper uses the real data of the stock market as the data set, and adopts the fusion model based on 1D-CNN model and LightGBM model to predict the stock fluctuations. We first preprocess the original data and extract the important information in the data. Then we train the model and the prediction results are obtained. Experimental results show that the prediction performance of 1D-CNN and LightGBM fusion model is better than that of naive Bayes model and single XGBoost and LightGBM model.


To explore the possibility that saline wastewaters may be used to grow commercially acceptable floriculture crops, a study was initiated to determine the effects of salinity on two pollen-free cultivars of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). 'Moonbright' and 'Sunbeam' were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with waters prepared to simulate wastewaters commonly present in two inland valley regions of California: 1) San Joaquin Valley (SJV) where saline-sodic drainage waters are dominated by sodium (Na+) and sulfate (SO 2− 4 ) and 2) Coachella Valley (CV) where major ions in tailwaters are Na+, chloride (Cl−), SO 2− 4 , magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), predominating in that order. Ten-day-old seedlings were subjected to five salinity treatments of each water composition, each replicated three times. Electrical conductivities (EC) of the irrigation waters were 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS·m−1. Flowering stems were harvested when about 75% of the ray flowers were nearly horizontal. Stem length and fresh weight, flower and stem diameter were measured. Mineral ion concentrations in upper and lower stems, upper and lower leaves were determined. Sodium was excluded from the young tissues in the upper portions of the shoot and retained in the basal stem tissue. Inasmuch as sunflower is also a strong potassium (K)-accumulator, K+/Na+ selectivity coefficients were unusually high in the younger shoot organs. Despite a five-fold increase in substrate Ca2+ in both solutions, shoot-Ca decreased as salinity increased and this cation was retained in the older leaves. A few of the lower leaves of plants irrigated with ICV waters at EC = 10 dS·m−1 and higher, exhibited necrotic margins which were undoubtedly caused by high concentrations of Cl− in the tissues. Flowering stems produced in all treatments met florist quality standards in terms of diameters for stems (0.5 to 1.5 cm) and blooms (8 to 15 cm). Across treatments, stem lengths ranged from 60 to 175 cm. Both ornamental sunflower cultivars proved to be good candidates for production of marketable flowering stems using moderately saline wastewaters.


Interfacial properties at the boundary between the electrode and electrolyte have important effects on the surface reactivity in electrocatalysis. Ionic additives and electrolyte ions can serve as ...


ABSTRACT This paper discusses the concept of democratic professionalism and argues that it offers a way to frame teacher education so that it can contribute to more productively managing long standing tensions between public schools, minoritized communities, and teacher preparation programs, and to more closely realizing the democratic potential of public education and teacher education. This decolonial approach to teacher education that actively attempts to benefit from the expertise in local minoritized communities seeks to "disrupt" existing power and knowledge hierarchies and create the basis for new alliances between teachers, teacher unions, teacher educators, and community-based social movements in marginalized communities that are seeking an active role in transforming their own communities. The result is a new hybrid structure for teacher education programs that models the emancipatory vision that is often articulated by programs but not practiced.


Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the initial concentration of A and an increase to the formation of other products. The CSTR entering volumetric flow rate influence the volume sizes needed in achieving the maximum selectivity and conversion


The first example of an acyclic aza-[2,3]-Wittig sigmatropic rearrangement is presented, and its application to the synthesis of unnatural amino acids is described.


The invention aims a synthesizer coupled to a transmitter / receiver (TX / RX) of radar signals, comprising a digital signal generator having at least two outputs, each respectively coupled to a first and a second digital / analog converter (DAC1, DAC2) adapted respectively outputting a first and a second pulse signal (S1, S2). The outputs of the first and second digital / analog converter (DAC1, DAC2) are respectively coupled to a first and a second analog processing channel (CH1, CH2) of the first and second pulse signal, in order to develop a signal issuance (SEM) from said first pulse signal, and a local wave signal to the receiver (REC), with said second pulse signal.


Maintenance is an inevitable function in manufacturing plants. Manufacturing plants are exposed to newer and rapidly changing paradigms. Today, a productive maintenance strategy and programs have utmost importance in order to discover the useable but hidden resources in an organization. A well-conceived action plan is a pre-requisite to unearth those potential treasures. This paper presents a brief action plan for implementation of total productive maintenance (TPM). From an empirical study, conducted by these authors, it is revealed that demanding quality in maintenance practices is still a far cry. Lack of understanding of the method and implementation guidelines appear to be the major factors responsible for this state. Therefore, it is strongly felt that TPM deserves more attention both in practices and research.


Pathogenic bacterium was isolated from sick piglets and identified as E.coli by its morphology,culture and biochemical characteristics.The antibiotic sensitivity test demonstrated that the bacterium was highly sensitive to amiklacin,cefoperazone,ceftazidime,cefazolin,mid sensitive to nitrofurantoin,amoxicillin,low sensitive to tetracycline and gentamycin.The bacterium was fatal to mouse.Two vaccines,the normal saline and nutrient broth pathogen liquids,were prepared by using pathogen isolated enrichment culture.The results indicated that the pathogen strain could grow rapidly on the basal medium agar slant,all of the mice inoculated by two vaccines could live,and the immunoprotective rates of the normal saline and nutrient broth pathogen liquid vaccines were 75% and 87.5%,respectively.The results showed that two vaccines are safe and effective.


Poverty alleviation programs -- both short- and long-term -- require data that can help to accurately identify vulnerable groups. During periods of economic shock, such programs may then be able to better target households that will most require temporary income support in order to maintain their current economic status. Policy analysts may also use this data to understand better the conditions under which vulnerability arises in the first place. A case study using panel data for 699 Peruvian households during a particularly volatile economic period (1985-1990) provides some valuable insights for the formulation of poverty alleviation programs. Policy makers should not readily assume that households can escape poverty independently of governmental aid.


eleed, Iss. 7 - In Part 1 of this article we discussed the need for information quality and the systematic management of learning materials and learning arrangements. Digital repositories, often called Learning Object Repositories (LOR), were introduced as a promising answer to this challenge. We also derived technological and pedagogical requirements for LORs from a concretization of information quality criteria for e-learning technology. This second part presents technical solutions that particularly address the demands of open education movements, which aspire to a global reuse and sharing culture. From this viewpoint, we develop core requirements for scalable network architectures for educational content management. We then present edu-sharing, an advanced example of a network of homogeneous repositories for learning resources, and discuss related technology. We conclude with an outlook in terms of emerging developments towards open and networked system architectures in e-learning.


Classicism (neoclassicism) of the end of the 18 century is a tribute of great century of furniture art to antique art forms. In France where new style is called as Louis 16's style, classicism was the last among "royal styles". The principle of a periodization "on kings" carries very conditional character. It is impossible to determine a chronological framework of classicism by the beginning of board and year of death of the king Louis 16 (1774-1789). The similar periodization is even less justified for other countries. She was born because main customers of architecture, an interior and furniture there was a royal family and the court aristocracy, and already further influence of the yard extended and all over the country in general. Despite all talent of masters of rococo, this elaborate and pretentious style I couldn't proceed long therefore from the middle of the century it finds signs of "fatigue", ranks of his adherents quickly thin. In the press, in talk there are appeals to art more rational, sober. The concept "neoclassicism" covers the historical number on the substance of the different phenomena; under this definition get and the most elegant interiors of Europe the French interiors of style an empire style (a subject of our further studying) which more than other styles can apply for being recognized expression of "the highest chic" in house furniture. For all stages of neoclassicism the aspiration to imitate art of the ancient world or to remind of it was uniform. The all-European style deprived of strong national indications which got accustomed in France, England, Italy, Spain, Germany, Russia, Denmark, and also in America became result of it. Transition to new style had also the background.


Two consecutive experiments were conducted over four weeks during winter to investigate the effect of different stand-off pad surface types on dairy cow lying behaviour, cleanness and lameness scores, and urination frequency. In experiment one, 350 Friesian × Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to five treatments for two weeks: fodder beet grazed in situ with no stand-off (control); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCG); harvested fodder beet bulb fed in paddock and cows spent 17 hours on a woodchip stand-off (WCH); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 70 mm round-stone stand-off (S70); fodder beet grazed in situ and cows spent 17 hours on a 50 mm roundstone stand-off (S50). In experiment two, 156 Friesian × Jersey, pregnant non-lactating dairy cows were blocked and assigned to three treatments for two weeks: control and WCG as described in experiment one, and a third geotextile 'carpet' stand-off for 17 hours (GC). In experiment one, surface type had no effect on lying time (average 10.1 hours), cleanness and lameness score, or urination behaviour. In experiment two, lying hours were greater (P=0.01) for cows on carpet (11.6) than for cows on woodchip (10.8). While current results showed a negligible effect of surface type on cow comfort and urination behaviour during winter, a longer study, covering the whole winter season, is required to confirm these results.


In this paper, we study the problem of pricing contingent claims when several constrains exist simultaneously. Then, by the nonlinearity of cost, we prove that the market-maker can obtain arbitrage opportunity as long as he can keep his total sales of contingent claims to have minimum risk.


An effective method of increasing the energy characteristics of high-energy materials (HEMs) is the use of boron and metal borides powders, which have high values of specific energy released during oxidation and combustion. This study investigates powders of amorphous boron and aluminum borides, which are used in compositions of solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, and active fuel-binder.


Heterologous antiserum was made in rabbits against a virus-like particle pellet obtained from a human alveolar cell carcinoma tumor cell line. This antiserum was used for detection of similar antigens in other alveolar cell carcinoma tumor cell lines, original uncultured tumor, and infected "normal" cells. The methods used were immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence. The results indicate that similar antigens are present in original tumors from different patients and in the tumor cell lines derived from these tumors. It is also shown that the same antigen is induced following infection of continuous commercial cell lines (WI-38 and BHK-21).


Education value is a radical problem in study of education philosophy, reflecting the significance of education to human. Through comparison and rethinking of western and Chinese education value, the paper set forward the fact that educational significance is to realize all-round development of human beings.


To search corresponding points fast and accurately, a pair of stereo images must be rectified. A method is presented to rectify stereo pairs for uncalibrated cameras. The sampling of the original images is best preserved by penalizing minification and magnification effects. Experiments of image rectification show that this method can rectify stereo pairs accurately, and bring little image distortion.


Objective To analyze the clinical and laboratory abnormalities and genetic defect of inherited thrombocytopenia in a Chinese family. Methods We collected the clinical data and blood samples of a proband and his family members,examined the characteristic morphological features of platelets and leukocytes on blood smears with Wright's-Giemsa staining,observed the ultrastructure of platelet and leukocyte under electron microscope,and detected expression of platelet membrane protein by flow cytometry. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood of the proband and 3 members of his family. All the exons and exon-intron boundaries of the MYH9 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),followed by direct sequencing. Results In the peripheral blood smears,90% of platelet were large platelets,the expressions of platelet membrane glycoproteins (CD41,CD61,CD42a,CD42b) and platelet function were within the normal range. Electron microscope showed no capsule separating the inclusion bodies in neutrophil cytoplasmic. A heterozygous G to A mutation was found in the proband and two members of his family at nucleotide 5521 in exon 38 of MYH9 gene,leading to the encoding of non-myosin heavy chain A (NMMHC2A) No. 1841 of glutamate into lysine. Conclusion MYH9 gene mutation and thrombocytopenia and giant platelets are the main features of Fechtner syndrome.


In this paper,we use VAPS,software of human-machine interface development,to design the display of EFIS,and use the outside data to drive the display unit.So we can provide the design of cockpit human-machine interface with a forepart dynamic validation and an assistant design method.


Limiters that minimize the numerical dissipation of vorticity are considered. It is shown that for a typical vortex the velocity in the direction normal to the vorticity and the gradient of the absolute value of the vorticity reaches a maximum, switching on whatever limiter is being employed, and dissipating the vortex. Based on this insight a local change of coordinates is performed in order to limit differently the velocities in the characteristic directions of the vortical flow. This reduces the dissipation markedly. An example is included that compares the new limiter to existing ones, as well as to results using the usual vorticity confinement options.


Epitaxial Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 [PZT] and (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 [PMN-PT] films, above 2 mum in thickness, were grown on (100)cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). PbTiO3 content (x) dependencies of the crystal structure and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated for these films. The longitudinal electric-field-induced strain Deltax33 and transverse piezoelectric coefficient e31,f for PZT films were also maximum at the almost center mixed phase region, on the other hand, that for PMN-PT films were maximum at larger x edge of rhombohedral (pseudocubic) region. Almost the same order of Deltax33 was observed under applied electric fields up to 100 kV/cm, while larger e31,f was observed in PMN-PT films compared with the case of PZT films. e31,f coefficients of ~-8.9 C/m2 and ~-11.0 C/m2 were calculated for the PZT film with x=0.46 and for the PMN-PT film with x=0.39, respectively.


Discloses a pixel, an organic light emitting display, and a method adapted to drive the pixel using an organic light emitting display, the organic light emitting display capable of displaying an image with uniform brightness. In one embodiment, there is disclosed a method suitable for driving organic light emitting display, wherein the organic light emitting display includes a pixel of the i-th horizontal line, the pixel having the enable current to flow through the OLED the driving transistor, the method comprising providing a gate electrode of the driving transistor to the reference voltage, the threshold voltage of the driving transistor using the second capacitor is charged using a voltage corresponding to the data signal for charging the first capacitor, and providing to the organic light emitting diode corresponding to the first current and voltage and a second capacitor.


Shipping Intelligent Transportation System (SITS) is a large scale and complicated system with various factors and the essential of SITS is to fix on the mapping relationship between logical and physical architecture. SITS consists of two types of elements; one type of elements is the elements with logical attribute which are the functions of SITS and another one is the elements with physical attribute which are the subsystems of SITS. In order to reduce the complexity of the system design, a disassembly method about logical structure based on the fuzzy clustering is introduced. The relationship matrix, relationship intensity matrix and its reachable matrix between the function set and the subsystem set are built in this paper, and then the system structure is established. 10 subsystems and 19 function domains are chosen as the design elements in a case test where physical subsystems are reallocated by principles of SITS structure design and the fuzzy cluster. And a physical subsystem partition which is the foundation for implementation of SITS is obtained in the end.


The so-called Africano marble is a marble used by the Romans from the mid of the I century BC. Blocks taken from inactive mines (nowadays) in antique age, can be seen all over the world especially in Rome. These quarries which are produced brecciated limestones exists near the Sığacık Gulf in Izmir city. There are two quarries at east of the Sığacık Gulf and is one quarry in north-east of Turgut Köyü in Izmir. The research conducted to investigate geological, material properties and durability of Africano Marble is seperate two periods. At first step of this work, geological map of the quarry and its nearby was prepared and determined the stratigraphic position of the geological units and their ranges. Also detailed measurement of discontinuity, situation of discontinuity levels and joint spacing are determined. At secont stage, some laboratory tests on the core samplestaken from the brecciated limestones in Seferihisar, Sığacık Gulf and Turgut Village were conducted. In addition, mineralogical, chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the rock were also determined as well as the durability tests such as strength ratio salt crystallization, wetting-drying and freezing-thawing. Besides, before experiments average pore size distribution of the rock has done and SEM surface views were taken from highly deformed core samples.


The concentration estimation of hydrocarbons not burned emitted in smokes by a boiler during its beginning will be discussed in the present investigation. The objective is to verify if the boiler is conform to European norms; so that a recorded data processing has been achieved with a restoration method based on the use of two regularization parameters resulting in the combination of optimal filtering and deconvolution. The application of this technique to the available data has permitted to verify the boiler conformity to the new European standards.


The structure of picropharmacolite, especially the form and character of water in this structure, is important in the crystal chemistry and genesis of arsenates. However, the problems of water in minerals cannot be solved solely by X-ray methods and chemical analysis. Consequently we utilized IRspectroscopy. The natural arsenates are salts of the arsenic acid, an acid weaker than phosphoric acid. The arsenates, including picropharmacolite, form at very low pressures and ternperatures in the oxidation zone of mineral deposits that contain arsenic. Depending upon the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) and of the pH of the solutions, arsenic acid may dissociate to form (AsOa)3-, (HAsO4),-, or (I{2AsOa)1groups. Indeed, any of these groups may occur in the structure of natural arsenates, depending on the conditions of formation. The knowledge of the type of group that is present in the arsenate is an important aid in determining the genesis of mineral deposits. Picropharmacolite is a poorly known mineral, and the available data are not always reliable. The structure is not known. The unit cell parameters are given by Pierrot (1961, 1964) as a, = 6.74 A, bo = 21.O A, co : 13.5 A and p = 140o. The space group has not been established. One of the most difficult questions in the chemical constitution of this arsenate is the position of the Mg atoms. Furthermore, the placement of this mineral in the subclass of the arsenates with isolated polyhedra is uncertain. Chemical analyses of picropharmacolite (Table 1) have been reported from four different deposits: Saxony, Hessen, Elzats, and Hovou-Aksi. Analyses 1 and 2 in Table 1 give the empirical formula: 4CaO.MgO.2As2O5. 13 Itr O, whereas Analysis 3 yields 5CaO'MgO.2AszO1.12 H2O. Analyses 4 and 5 are similar to Analyses 1 and 2 and give the formula: 4CaO.MgO.2AszOs.l2}I2O. If we consider the formula that is commonly given for picro. pharmacolite-(Ca,Mg)* (AsOr) . 6 HzO-then it is difficult to understand the recurrence of the proportion 4CaO.MgO in analyses l, 2, 4, and 5.


In this paper, we propose an approach to transformation of fundamental frequency (F0) contours for conversational speech synthesis. The figure of F0 in relations to the period of cycles of sound waves is one branch of the rectangular hyperbola. Based on a few symmetry assumptions on the hyperbolic property, we achieve a generalized hyperbolic structure so as to aggressively manipulate F0 contours. The modeling proves an equivalent expression of the resonance mechanism capable for dealing with the interaction of tone and intonation. Also, it is language-independent because no language-dependent hypothesis is necessary. This paper describes two applications of the hyperbolic structures of F0 contours to prosodic information processing. One modulates the baseline F0 contours when fusing additional makeup information onto them without altering the underlying linguistic information. The other separates local rise/fall F0 movements and global scale component from observed F0 contours, both being useful for estimating dynamical F0 variation. Our experimental results are very positive.


Long baseline neutrino experiments have confirmed atmospheric neutrino oscillations and improved the parameter measurement. The unknown θ13 neutrino mixing angle and other neutrino physics will be studied by the current and next generation long baseline neutrino experiments. In this article, a review of the experimental results is presented. I will focus on the MINOS experiment which is currently running to improve the measurements of neutrino oscillations. The future prospects of long baseline neutrino experiments are also described.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the status of implementation of combined interventions to the multidrugresistant orgnisms(MDROs)and put forward the effective prevention and control measures so as to reduce the infection rate.METHODS Taken the respiratory medicine department as the trail spot,the questionnaires of clinical compliance of combined interventions were designed,the real-time monitoring software of nosocomial infections was reviewed,targeted tracing and monitoring of multidrug-resistant bacteria was performed,the execution power of the medical staff about the combined interventions was investigated,and the data were processed with the use of OQSS software.RESULTS A total of 33strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated from the patients with respitatory tract infections from Sep 21,2012through Mar 20,2013,among which 24(72.73%)strains were isolated from ICU,9(27.27%)strains from general ward.As for the implementation rate of the combined interventions,the implementation rate of the doctors′advice was 83.3% in ICU,22.2% general ward;the implementation rate of placing blue bedside card was 83.3%in ICU,11.1%in general ward;the implementation rate of single room isolation was 50.0%in ICU,0in general ward;the implementation rate of placing rapid hand disinfectant at bedside was 100.0%in ICU,11.1%in general ward;the implementation rato of the nursing staff′ awareness of MDROs was 83.3% in ICU,11.1% in general ward;the implementation rate of correctly configuring the disinfectant concentration was 83.3% in ICU,44.4% in general ward;the hand hygiene compliance was 60.0%in ICU,18.8%in general ward.CONCLUSIONThe combined interventions to the MDROs have not been executed by the clinical medical staff,and the implementation rate of the respiratory ICU is higher than that of the general ward,it is necessary to continuously intensify the clinical supervision and implement the prevention measures.


Abstract : This report documents the results of continued performance evaluation on an experimental high pressure ratio, single stage, centrigufal compressor. A rotating vaneless/vaned diffuser is incorporated. The reduced test data and overall performances of Builds 4, 5 and 6 with revised diffuser configurations are presented.


On 22 and 25 April 1955, as debates take place on the revival of the European idea, two meetings are held at the French Foreign Ministry to examine the areas in which progress might be made with a view to future European cooperation. The discussions focus on energy and transport, including the new fields of atomic energy and aviation as well as the traditional sectors of coal, electricity, gas and oil.


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Although scientific and religious perspectives often give different interpretations of physical phenomena, there are indications of a shared concern for understanding human-environment relations. Biological, social, and behavioral sciences provide constructs for a typology to describe and interpret human-environment relations. Using the typology to analyze recent Catholic papal and episcopal documents concerning human-environment relations suggests overlap as well as differences in the use of scientific constructs. The main difference is the relative absence of two biological constructs in the Catholic documents, carrying capacity and population, that may affect possible convergence of scientific and religious environmental understanding.


1 Please indicate the dissemination level using one of the following codes: • PU = Public • PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) • RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) • CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) • Restreint UE = Classified with the classification level "Restreint UE" according to Commission Decision 2001/844 and amendments • Confidentiel UE = Classified with the mention of the classification level "Confidentiel UE" according to Commission Decision 2001/844 and amendments • Secret UE = Classified with the mention of the classification level "Secret UE" according to Commission Decision 2001/844 and amendments


Objective To analyze the sequences of Cps2J and EF gene of ZJJX2008 strain of Streptococcus suis type 2 isolated in Jiaxing.Methods Total DNA was extracted from SS2 ZJJX2008 strain and amplified by PCR.Cps2J and EF segments of ZJJX2008 strain genome were cloned and sequenced.The sequences were compared with those of other strains of SS2.Results The whole open reading fragments of Cps2J and EF gene of ZJJX2008 strain are 999 bp and 2 532 bp,respectively,encoding 333 and 843 amino acids.The ZJJX2008 strain has high homology with SS2 strains(99.1%-100% for Cps2J segment and 99.8%-99.9% for EF segment at the nucleotide level,99.2%-99.7% for Cps2J segment and 99.3%-99.5% for EF segment at the amino acid level) and low homology with SS1 strain 6 555.Conclusion ZJJX2008 strain is Streptococcus suis type 2.The sequences of complete Cps2J and EF segments are very conservative.


Cooperative learning is a new and effective teaching approach praised highly by educators at present in the world.This paper tries to experiment and analyzes the English teaching effect on the paradigms of cooperative learning in vocational and technical college.The study is intended to attempt whether the cooperative learning teaching method,which takes group work as a main form,can improve the teaching quality of vocational and technical college.


The present field of authorship attribution began with discipline known as stylometry. Stylometry is the study of quantifiable of human language, or the statistical analysis of literary style (Holmes, 1995). This involves attempting to formally capture the creative, unconscious elements of language particular to individual writers and speakers. Although researchers have studied writing for centuries, the discipline of stylometry is fairly recent, and while its origins date back to the late 19 th century, the field as it is now began with work on Federalist Papers in 1968 (Mosteller and Wallace, 1968). Even though the study of stylometry began before the advent of modern computing; this discipline has easily been applied to computers. The principle of stylometry is formalization of writing style into quantifiable features and subsequent comparison of those features. As such, it includes vast calculations perfectly suited to a computer rather than a human.


This paper studies the relationship between the higher education and economy in Tianjin,with both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.It is concluded that the economic growth of Tianjin is closely related to the education.In addition,the paper also poses suggestions for the extant problems in education.


The development of indigenous knowledge (IK) and the associated technology has a logic of its own as also some kind of rough and ready methodology that is not altogether without merit and further that there is much to be learn from the vast structure of such IK as offered by various cultures all over the world. Research on IK and on farmers' experimentation is still in its infancy. Keeping these in view, an attempt has been made to prepare an inventory of IK in healthcare practices of dairy animals. The study was conducted in purposively selected Birbhum district of West Bengal. Multistage stratified sampling was applied for selection of blocks (2) and villages (4). Snow-ball sampling technique was adopted in the selected villages for collection and documentation of IK. Participant observation, unstructured interaction and recording of oral case histories by tape-records were used for preparation of inventory on indigenous healthcare practices of dairy animals. Attempts were made to probe the farmers' rationality towards the IK. Thirty-one IK have been collected, classified and documented with rationality.


Thermalization of laser-ablated atoms (such as Eu or Cr) with a cryogenically cooled He buffer gas has recently been established as an effective technique for loading traps. Here we report preliminary results obtained by applying this technique to a molecule, VO. The work introduces a new approach to measuring high-resolution spectra (due to the low, cryogenic temperatures) of unstable species (prepared by laser ablation). The VO( ) molecules are produced by YAG pulses (20 mJ, 7 ns, 532 nm) impinging on a compacted and thermally processed sample of V O placed in a cryogenic cell ( 1 K) surrounded by a quadrupole magnetic trapping field; the cell is in thermal contact with a dilution refrigerator. Once produced, the VO diffuses through the He buffer gas and undergoes collisional relaxation, both translationally and internally. The VO molecules are detected within the C -X band at 571 nm either by laser absorption or laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The field free spectra were used to determine both the translational and rotational temperatures; these were found to be the same, equal to about 1 K. The spectra were measured at each frequency of the probe laser as a function of time (time profiles). From the spectra taken at different delay times we conclude that the thermalization with the buffer gas occurs within 20 ms after the ablation pulse. The rate at which the VO molecules disappear from the cell is an order of magnitude faster than for the atoms. Among the plausible loss mechanisms seem to be chemical reactions of the VO molecules with other molecules in the trap or sticking of the VO to the "dust." This is consistent with the observation that with the trapping field on, the decay rate of VO remains the same. The inhomogeneous magnetic broadening was largely reduced to the underlying magnetic shift by using a CCD camera to image the spatial distribution of the VO molecules. Considerable information about the factors and hyperfine relaxation can be gathered from this type of spatially resolved Zeeman spectroscopy.


In power systems with high penetration of wind generation, probabilistic scenarios are generated for use in stochastic formulations of day-ahead unit commitment problems. To minimize the expected cost, the wind power scenarios should accurately represent the stochastic process for available wind power. We employ some statistical evaluation metrics to assess whether the scenario set possesses desirable properties that are expected to lead to a lower cost in stochastic unit commitment. A new mass transportation distance rank histogram is developed for assessing the reliability of unequally likely scenarios. Energy scores, rank histograms and Brier scores are applied to alternative sets of scenarios that are generated by two very different methods. The mass transportation distance rank histogram is best able to distinguish between sets of scenarios that are more or less calibrated according to their bias, variability and autocorrelation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A set of models developed to do traffic engineering, i.e., routing, performance analysis, and service problem relief, for data networks that use AT&T's Datakit virtual circuit switch is described. Software tools have been developed based on these methods and integrated into a comprehensive traffic engineering system called traffic administration and management system (TAMS). In addition to the methods, how the capabilities of this traffic engineering system will fit into various key functional areas of network management, such as performance management and network planning, is described.<<ETX>>


This paper probes into the theoretical guidance of categorization view of cognitive linguistics on English vocabulary learning. It points out that we should help the students to learn vocabulary in a scientific and efficient way by laying special emphasis upon basic-level category terms and the prototype meaning of words,following the rules of cognition.


This paper introduces a modeling method of straight gears based on Auto CAD by Autolisp program ,which proves easy to operate and achieves more accuracy.


The Lewis acid catalysed reaITangement of optically activc, deuterium labelled styrene oxide derivatives to aldehydes is studied experimentally and the mechanism is further elucidated by ab initio molecular orbital and density functional calculations. The Lewis acid catalysed rearrangement of styrene oxide derivatives is shown to occur via a carbocation intermediate. Opening of the epoxide ring occurs with rotation of the Lewis acid coordinated either towards or away from the my I group to forIn either the cis or trans carbocation. Calculations indicate that conversion between the cis and trans cations will only occur via closure back to the epoxide. The selectivity for hydride migration is controlled by the preferred geometry of thc carbocation intennediate, specifically whcther the c-o bond prefers to adopt an eclipsed confonnation relative to the adjacent cation substituent or whether the stabilisation of the cation is obtained from hyperconjugation of a tenninal hydrogen to the cation centre. Chapter One contains a review of the relevant literature and the results of previous mechanistic studies into the Lewis acid catalysed rearrangement of epoxides are discussed. In Chapter Two, a methodology is developed to measure the relative amounts of hydrogen or deuterium in each position of the aldehyde produced by hydride or deuteride migration in the rearrangement of a styrene oxide derivative. The aldehyde product is reduced to an alcohol and reacted with a chiral acid chloride. The resulting ester can be analysed by III NMR in the presence of Yb(hfC)3 or Eu(hfc)3 chiral shift reagents so that the full stereochemical course of the hydride migration can be determined. Chapter Three describcs the BF3.OEt2 and LiCI04 catalysed rearrangement of deuterated analogues of optically active p-methylstyrene oxide. It is shown that the rearrangement reaction must proceed at least in part via a carbocation intennediate. The results are analysed by the mcthod of Fujimoto and show that for both the BF3.OEt2 and LiCI04 catalysed reactions, the majority of the reaction occurs by epoxide opcning with rotation of


ABSTRACT The Bulgarian Government has made a commitment to inclusive early childhood education and care (ECEC) systems for children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). High-quality ECEC settings are more inclusive and responsive to children's individual learning needs. In partnership with UNICEF, the Ministry for Education established a pilot project, 'Together from Kindergarten', to enhance quality and support early childhood settings in creating and maintaining quality conditions that support all children's right to access and participate in ECEC. As part of this project, the ECERS-3 was used as a broad measure to explore quality across 40 kindergarten settings. Evidence suggests that despite the positive attitudes of ECEC teachers towards inclusion, the quality of the kindergartens was low, with particular challenges concerning teacher–child interactions and individualised learning supports. The study offers important insights into how ECEC settings in Bulgaria can enhance quality to develop conditions that support children with SEND to participate in mainstream ECEC provision.


Objective To explore the influence of early rehabilitation programme in old-age patients with acute myocardial infarction after direct percutaneous coronary intervention to QTc Interval dispersion.Methods 143 cases with AMI after PCI were randomly divided into two groups with matched clinical data early rehabilitation programme group who administered early rehabilitation treatment and control group who administered traditional rehabilitation therapy,all the patients recorded the synchro 12 leads electrocardiogram and measured the QTcd before taking medicine at the first day after admission,then recorded the synchro 12 leads electrocardiogram at the first day,secondly day,third day and the seventh day and one day before discharging from hospital after PCI.Result There are not significant differences in QTcd between the two groups at the first day,secondly day,third day and the seventh day and the last day before discharging from hospital after PCI(P0.05).Conclusion Early rehabilitation programme in old-age patients with acute myocardial infarction after emergent intervention does not influence the QTcd and myocardial electrical stability,it also does not incresae the incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmia,early rehabilitation programme has the availability and safety and feasibility.


Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to sorghum production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia, in particular. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of 49 sorghum genotypes based on their reaction to S. hermonthica and investigate the relationships among yield and Striga resistance traits, including the Striga emergence count, area under Striga number progress curve, area under Striga severity progress curve, grain yield under infested, grain yield under non-infested conditions and relative yield loss. The genotypes differed significantly in all measured parameters under Striga-infested and non-infested conditions. The genotypes 'Birhan', 'Gubiye', Wolegie, Zegerie, Nechmashila I, Woftel, Tetron and Eyssa were identified as promising ones based on grain yield and Striga-related traits. On the other hand, the genotypes Jamyo, Bobie, Gedido, Mankebar and Zengada had moderate Striga numbers with low relative yield loss as compared with susceptible checks. The most promising variety, Zegerie, Mankebar and Zengada, out yielded the standard resistant checks 'Birhan' and 'Gubiye' under Natural Resources Striga infestation. Ward cluster analysis grouped the 49 sorghum genotypes in to four distinct clusters under Striga-infested conditions. All members of clusters II and III showed the highest yielding group with the lowest to moderate Striga number, while cluster IV supported the lowest yield with the highest Striga number. Significant negative correlations were observed between yield- and Striga-related traits. Highly significant and strong correlations were observed among Striga resistance indices, indicating that any of the Striga resistance parameters can be used as an indicator of resistance. The wide variations in grain yield among genotypes under Striga-infested conditions would be invaluable genetic resources for production in Striga endemic areas of Ethiopia.


Study selection Studies reporting original research into the effect of structured versus brief routine preoperative patient teaching about PCA therapy for patients undergoing surgery were eligible for inclusion. Only studies where patients were allocated to intervention or control groups were included. The structured intervention had to include detailed teaching for patients regarding the use of PCA which could be delivered verbally, in written form and/or audiovisually. Any adult (aged 16 or over) patient group who would require postoperative PCA was eligible. In most included studies, patients underwent various surgical procedures; however for two studies, patients underwent total knee replacement and gynaecological surgery only. Reported patient ages ranged from 16 to 86 years. Studies published before 1992 or with sample sizes of less than 60 were excluded. Included studies were conducted in the UK, USA, Taiwan or Hong Kong.


A terminal is prevented from logically connected to direct external server or the like. A communication management server 11 by executing the key packet transmission AP 21, to the internal network 4, intermittently broadcasts the key packet. Local terminal 15 (remote terminal 16), by executing the key packet received AP 23, receives information broadcast transmitted to the internal network 4, based on the received presence or absence of key packet from the communication management server 11, the receiving setting a flag. Internal Furthermore, the local terminal 15 (remote terminal 16) by executing the connection destination restriction AP25, based on the received flag, determines whether itself is physically connected to the internal network 4, itself If it is determined to be physically connected to the network 4, to the logical connection request, it executes the connection process. .FIELD 1


The characterization of focal plane array infrared cameras is more complex and time consuming than it was for single detector cameras. In the part I of this paper, numerous calibrations have been performed quantifying the improvements of the thermal resolution by time, space and frequency (lock-in) processing. In the present and last part, time and space accumulations and lock-in processing are applied to the improvement of the radiation pattern characterisation of a microwave source using the ElectroMagnetic-InfraRed (EMIR®) technique. The interest of lock-in thermography compared to CW measurements is quantified by the comparison of the sensitivity, the space resolution, the Noise Equivalent Electric Field Difference (NEEFD) - a proposed new parameter - and the maximum dynamic range.


Ceramic carbon electrodes (CCEs) have demonstrated their ability to function as proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes under low relative humidity (RH) conditions. Small quantities of sulfonated silane in the catalyst layer produced electrodes with high surface area, porosity, and water retention which improved catalytic activity and proton conductivity. The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanisms that facilitate enhanced performance of CCE electrodes under different RH conditions. Differences in transport phenomena related to membrane, electrode, and reactant concentration components were measured and compared for standard Nafion-based and CCE cathode catalyst layers using oxygen, air, helox (21% O2 in He), and 4% O2 in N2. Membrane electrode assemblies were characterized via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. CCE cathodes displayed decreased resistance related protonic and electronic transport when relative humidity was lowered, and both types of electrodes suffered limitations due to oxygen transport losses where the oxygen also undergoes reduction in the catalyst layer. Remarkably, at 20% RH there was no change in performance at lower oxygen concentrations or mass transport loss observed for the CCE cathodes, indicating that the overall oxygen transport (through the gas diffusion layer and ionomer) is enhanced using this type of electrode structure. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0841507jes] All rights reserved.


Samples of zooplankton were collected at frequent ~ntervals in the top 30 m of Bedford Basin over one 48 h and two 24 h sampling periods in February, early March and late March, 1986. Measurements of gut pigment content showed that Pseudocalanus sp. and Acartia sp. in early March had bimodal diurnal feeding rhythms, with peaks in activity at around dawn and dusk, while in February and in late March they appeared to be feeding more-or-less continuously. The sampling series covered the period of the algal spring bloom and maximal ambient chlorophyll concentrations measured in the top 30 m increased from 3.5 pg I-' in February to 21.0 pg I-' in early March, decreasing to 12.8 pg I-' in late March. We suggest that the diurnal feeding rhythms found in early March resulted from an imbalance between the ability of copepods to ingest food, which would have incrt,ased rapidly during the early spring bloom as phytoplankton levels increased, and their capacity to digest it. Later on in the bloom period, it seems that ingestion and digestion rates became bdlanced again so that diurnal rhythms were not apparent in late March. Such an effect may have been due to adaptive processes occurring in the digestive physiology of the copepods a s the result of exposure to high food concentrations, or perhaps to changes in the composition of the food itself. Related laboratory experiments showed that hunger and light intensity both affected feechng behavior in vitro in a way consistent with that observed In situ


PURPOSE: A double H-shaped meta electromagnetic wave structure resonator and a low phase noise voltage controlled oscillator using the same are provided to improve the integration of a circuit by decreasing the size of the whole system. CONSTITUTION: A resonator(100) comprises a substrate(101), a strip line(103) and a meta electromagnetic wave structure(105). The strip line is formed on the upper surface of the substrate and forms inductive reactance. The meta electromagnetic wave structure is formed on the lower side of the substrate and forms capacitive reactance and is comprised of a plurality of cells. Each cell has a double H shape.


The paper presents a new algorithm for lossless ECG compression using lifting wavelet transform. The transform is implemented in its integers to integers version, and thus quantization of wavelet coefficients and rounding of errors are avoided. A new adaptation method for the wavelet lifting transform is presented. The efficiency of adaptive lifting transform is compared with DPCM coding and S+P transform.


Introduction The previous HTF workshop and some publications have recognized hypermedia functionality as an evolving approach from which a wide variety of applications may benefit remarkably. Adding this functionality may imply either a set of navigational aspects enriching the application on its own scope, e.g. [Bieber94], [Rossi94], or an external link engine through which the application is recognized and linked in an open hypermedia environment, e.g. [Ashman94], [Arents94]. These approaches may be called respectively as Information System Level Functionality and Operating System Level Functionality [Oinas-Kukkonen94, 95a]. This paper addresses the first one, for which we have found a secondary characterization, composed of automatic link generation and hand-made link creation. The research question for this paper can be expressed as: Should links be generated automatically or created manually in information system applications? Firstly, the key aspects of information system level functionality are outlined, identifying different kind of applications for which they can be added. Secondly, automatic link generation and hand-made link creation are discussed.


ABSTRACT We have electrophoretically deposited a variety of coatings for a number of applications. We have also worked extensively with a process for electrophoretically depositing styrene acrylate polymer coatings. These coatings provide useful corrosion protection and dielectric properties for capacitors and electrical insulation. Dielectric breakdown strengths in the order of 1000 V/micrometer have been observed for capacitors with this coating as the dielectric. Various particles have also been dispersed in the electrolyte; these mixtures yield composite coatings of unusual materials such as fissile uranium in a carbon matrix. The process can also be adapted to form very thin, free-standing styrene acrylate films or pellicles. We have also explored the feasibility of depositing a variety of colloidal inorganic particles from liquid suspensions. Our results show that isopropanol works relatively well as a dispersing medium for a large number of powders. Isopropanol slurries can be used to deposit a num...


Large‐size crystals of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH3NH3PbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) have gained wide attention since their spectacular progress on optoelectronic technologies. Although presenting brilliant semiconducting properties, a serious concern of the toxicity in these lead‐based hybrids has become a stumbling block that limits their wide‐scale applications. Exploring lead‐free hybrid perovskite is thus highly urgent for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. Here, a new lead‐free perovskite hybrid (TMHD)BiBr5 (TMHD = N,N,N,N‐tetramethyl‐1,6‐hexanediammonium) is prepared from facile solution process. Emphatically, inch‐size high‐quality single crystals are successfully grown, the dimensions of which reach up to 32 × 24 × 12 mm3. Furthermore, the planar arrays of photodetectors based on bulk lead‐free (TMHD)BiBr5 single crystals are first fabricated, which shows sizeable on/off current ratios (≈103) and rapid response speed (τrise = 8.9 ms and τdecay = 10.2 ms). The prominent device performance of (TMHD)BiBr5 strongly underscores the lead‐free hybrid perovskite single crystals as promising material candidates for optoelectronic applications.


A Thesis submitted to
The Department on Economics
Presented in Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Degree of Masters
of Science (Resource and Environmental Economics)


water vapor of small droplets from natural draft cooling tower installations would contain water treatment chemicals such that contact with plants,building surfaces and human activity would be hazardous.Prediction of small droplets deposition is generally important.The relevant validation of the flow field near the Chalk point power plant cooling tower as well as its water vapor uplift and diffuse law are carried out which apply the combination of k-e(RNG) turbulence model and Lagrangian discrete phase model(DPM) of a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code STAR-CD,and compared with the predicted results of water vapor uplift and diffuse law of cooling tower which is used of SACTI model and Meroney's calculated results using CFD method in this paper.Based on the validation results,the author take the related research on the impact of the water vapor diffusion respectively of different ambient wind speeds;ambient temperatures;ambient humidity and temperatures on the water vapor emissions from cooling tower.The results show that,ambient wind speed and ambient temperature have a lager impact on the cooling tower′s water vapor diffusion,ambient humidity's impact followed,and the temperature on the water vapor emissions from cooling tower is less affected.Furthermore,with the increases of ambient wind speed and ambient temperature,the concentration of water vapor ground deposition of cooling tower decreases;with the increases of ambient humidity,the concentration of water vapor ground deposition of cooling tower also increases;with the increase of temperature on the water vapor emissions from cooling tower,the concentration of water vapor ground deposition of cooling tower decrease slightly.


Provided is a group communication method in a terminal, including: receiving session information and connection management server information; checking whether there is a connection terminal pre-connected to a session corresponding to the session information on own network; when there is the connection terminal at the check result, accessing to a media server that the pre-connected terminal accesses; when there is no connection terminal at the check result, receiving a media server list by accessing to the connection management server based on the connection management server information; selecting and accessing to a media server in the provided media server list; and performing group communication through the session object on the same session.


The dual-polarmetric variables, ρHV, Zdr and ΦDP, are much more sensitive to the presence of underlying clutter than Z, Vr and SW. The ρHV, Zdr and ΦDP can suffer significant bias even in the case when the clutter echo has much less power than the overlaid weather echo. This makes sense because these variable are differential quantities that measure small differences between large quantities. Therefore small errors in either H or V power and phase can result in substantial errors in ρHV, Zdr and ΦDP . This was demonstrated by Friedrich et al. (2009), who showed that ρHV, Zdr and ΦDP obtain unacceptably large biases at much lower CSR clutter than Z and Vr. The magnitude of the errors incurred were also found to be sensitive to the characteristics of the clutter and the weather echo, consistent with our previous findings (Hubbert et al. 2011). The implication is that there is not a single value of CSR for which the clutter filter should be applied to a given variable. Further, Friedrich et al. (2009) found that ρHV is the most sensitive parameter to low CSR ground clutter. Figure 1, adapted from Fig. 13 of Friedrich et al (2009) summarizes their results. Shown are the minimum values of CSR that result in data that exceed a predetermined variance thresholds that indicate highenough quality measurements. The mean maximum CSR shown in Fig. 1 that results in acceptable ρHV is about -13 dB with a span from -18 to -7 dB.


An Examination of the Professional Challenges, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Leave the Profession of Urban Elementary Special Education Teachers. (August 2011) Brenda F. Meloncon, B.A., Sam Houston State University; M.Ed., Prairie View A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee, Dr. Patricia J. Larke Special education teachers are under tremendous pressure to deliver a personalized educational experience to special needs children while, at the same time, operating within an equal opportunity, politically driven educational system. Urban teachers are under even more constraints since urban public schools do not typically have the resources, materials, and support from parents needed to deliver the best possible educational experience to students. In 2000, Coleman suggested that caseloads followed closely by paperwork are the biggest concerns of special education teachers. This author further suggests that, on average, special education teachers prepare fifty lessons per day for special needs children, and spend one to two days per week managing paperwork. Budgetary constraints in urban schools further place obstacles in front of special education teachers who must make do with materials and training that are incomplete or out of date. Professional challenges may be the reason behind a lack of special education teachers in urban areas, and the fact that the demand for special education teachers was outpacing the number of special education teachers entering the


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the relationships among participation, peer support, self-regulated learning (SRL), course discipline and academic performance in small private open course (SPOC) environments. The study sample comprised of 309 undergraduates who completed SPOCs within the past year and consisted of 53% males (N = 164) and 47% females (N = 145). Multilevel modeling showed that participation, self-regulated learning, and peer support significantly predicted academic performance. Furthermore, findings revealed that emotional support did not have a significant impact on students' academic performance in contrast to informational support. In addition, students within science courses or social and humanity courses accomplish significantly higher academic performance than students within art courses. The findings also highlighted that, compared to students within art courses, the positive effect of participation and informational support on academic performance increased among students within science courses and social and humanity courses.


The perturbative version of the asymptotic expansion method proposed by N. N. Bogoliubov is applied to the derivation of kinetic equations for a system composed of gaseous plasma and radiation field, which is assumed to be non-relativistic and classical. The approximation that ions are uniformly smeared out is used. Bogoliubov's boundary conditions are generalized so as to be applicable to the system including the radiation field. As the result, up to the first order with respect to the interactions, the Vlasov equation with the Lorentz-force drift term is obtained as the kinetic equation for electrons. The collision terms appearing as the second-order terms are of the form similar to those for the Kramers-Chandrasekhar type equation, in which the "diffusion coefficients" and the "frictional drag forces" are functionals of the one-body distribution functions. This is a generalization of the Landau equation, and contains the collision terms due to the interaction with the radiation field. A kinetic equatio...