Within the Great Lakes of Africa there exist the world's most diverse communities of freshwater fishes (Fryer and Iles 1972, Greenwood 1974, Ribbink et al. 1983). In particular, the nearshore waters of Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika contain flocks of species, mostly members of the family Cichlidae, which may attain densities of up to 22 species and >500 individuals in a 50-M2 area (Ribbink et al. 1983). While many of these cichlid species are very similar in general body morphology, there is high interspecific diversity in neurocranial morphology and dentition (Fryer and Iles 1972, Reinthal 1990a). This morphological diversity suggests that interspecific differences in feeding strategies may play an important role in reducing interspecific competition and maintaining high species diversity (Fryer and Iles 1972, Reinthal 1990a). Yet the results of studies investigating feeding habits of cichlids have been equivocal. Initial studies of the stomach contents of rock-dwelling fishes (Fryer 1959, Ribbink et al. 1983) showed little or no evidence of food partitioning. This, along with laboratory studies (Liem 1984), suggested that herbivorous cichlids, while being facultative specialists, are generally nondiscriminatory feeders. In reviewing the available literature on cichlid feeding habits, Greenwood (1981:71) concluded that "there is apparently complete interspecific overlap in environmental requirement." If this is true, then partitioning may occur only during periods of low food supply (McKaye and Marsh 1983). More recent research (Van Oijen 1982, Reinthal 1990b) has found significant variation of stomach contents among cichlid species. However, because stomach contents represent food consumed over a small time period and within a small area, these results do not conclusively demonstrate whether food partitioning is the exception or the rule. Other disadvantages of stomach content analyses include difficulty of identification and uncertainty over whether all observed stomach contents are assimilated to the same degree, or if some components, such as cyanobacteria, are indigestible (Fryer 1959, Ribbink et al. 1983, Reinthal 1990b). In this note we present evidence for food resource partitioning among fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa, by comparing the stable isotope composition (b13C and b15N) of a number of nearshore fish species and their potential food sources. Because a fish's isotopic composition represents a spatio-temporal integration of the composition of assimilated food, this approach circumvents many of the problems in stomach analyses noted above.


Excerpt There can be little question of the diagnostic value of roentgen visualization of the size, shape and position of the liver and spleen. A number of methods have been described previously fo...


Objective To explore the influential factors of completing the treatment for tuberculosis(TB) patients who had transferred out in Gansu province.Methods Selected 22 counties with high TB prevalence rate and with large amount of patients who had transferred out in Gansu province.The investigators were responsible for conducting the survey and filling out the querastionnaires.Results The treatment completion rate was significantly higher among the following groups than their counter parts: patients who had been given with the medications(OR = 13.281,95% CI:5.557~31.739);patients who had informed information about going out to their physicians.(OR = 5.025,95% CI:2.520~10.020);the patients who had spent ≥500 RMB for treatments(OR = 2.554,95% CI:1.087~5.999);the patients who had received health education on TB before infection(OR = 2.200,95% CI:1.112~4.352).Conclusion To locate patients who intended to shift at an early stage,we should be alert and pay more attention to strengthen the communication between physicians and patients,especially among the high risk groups.It is important to strengthen health education and to improve treatment completion rate when patients were initially diagnosed with TB.Prepare a certain amount of medications for the patients who insisted on shifting to ensure uninterrupted treatment.


This work studies the impact of drive cycles on the power semiconductor temperature, and consequently on the reliability figures. The paper quantifies the reliability errors stemming from the use of standard mission profiles by comparing them to data sets using real-life high-resolution mission profiles. It is found that standard drive cycles underestimate the stress on the power semiconductors. The paper thus proposes a new and more realistic Drive Cycle for Reliability Assessment (DCRA) to be used for lifetime estimation of power electronic components.


By correlation and regression analysis, this paper analyzed yield and its components of 40 kinds of maize varieties, which were introduced from the North of Chinat, oevaluate the differences on yield components of maize varieties with different yield potential.As a result, there were significant differences among the yields of the maize varieties tested in this experiment. The regression relationship was significant between the maize yield per plant and seed number per ear and thousand seed weight. The correlatipm cpeffocient between yield and seed number per ear was quite significant, and also the ear length also correlated significantly with the yield per ear of maize. Comparing with low-yield varieties, the seed per ear and thousand seed weight of the high-yield varieties was higher, their growth period was longer, and their plant was more luxuriant and more tolerant to drought.


The world has been threatened due to the ongoing global warming and climate change due to the bulk discharge of anthropogenic green house gases into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels, automobile exhaust gases, flue gas from the thermal power plant and other industries and forest fire caused by the natural and manmade factors. Combating the global warming and climate change by sequestering carbon through micro algae has now become the matter of great interest and a ray of hope. Micro algae utilizes carbon in the presence of sunlight to undergo photosynthesis and accumulate huge biomass in short period of time compared to terrestrial vegetation along with yielding diverse byproducts of domestic and industrial importance. Utilizing micro algae efficiently for carbon sequestration would be a mile stone towards an environmental ethics which could bond a better relationship between the man and environment in a sustainable way.


The concentrated leakage passage in fissured rock is studied with dummy heat source method. The temperature of reservoir water at the bottom is commonly low,whereas the temperature of bedrock increases with depth,so there will be reservoir water leakage around the temperature abnormal area at the dam site. There will be thermal exchange between the leakage and around strata. The leakage water with low temperature will absorb heat from strata;and on the other hand,the strata will discharge heat. According to the theory of energy conservation,these qualities of heat mentioned above are equal. The concentrated leakage passage can be regarded as a dummy heat source;moreover,the temperature distribution in stratum out of the passage is only influenced by the surface layer of passage and not relative to the inner temperature distribution of the passage,namely,the inner temperature distribution of passage is caused by water and the outside temperature distribution is shaped by heat conduction. Then,based on the theory of heat conduction and energy conservation,the temperature distribution in strata can be determined,which can be used to locate the leakage area. A dummy heat source model is proposed to calculate the quantity of leakage water. As an example,a reservoir leakage is analyzed quantitatively.


Significance In mammals, the germline is set aside early in development for the later production of the gametes, either eggs or sperm. It remains unknown when, and how, the precursor cells (termed primordial germ cells [PGCs]) become committed to produce only gametes, and no other cell type. We identify an embryonic transition occurring late in development, after PGCs colonize the nascent gonad, that serves to commit these cells to produce only gametes. Our findings have broad implications for the origin of germ cell tumors in humans, and for the stepwise commitment of the germline in mammals and other vertebrates. Mammalian primordial germ cells (PGCs) are induced in the embryonic epiblast, before migrating to the nascent gonads. In fish, frogs, and birds, the germline segregates even earlier, through the action of maternally inherited germ plasm. Across vertebrates, migrating PGCs retain a broad developmental potential, regardless of whether they were induced or maternally segregated. In mammals, this potential is indicated by expression of pluripotency factors, and the ability to generate teratomas and pluripotent cell lines. How the germline loses this developmental potential remains unknown. Our genome-wide analyses of embryonic human and mouse germlines reveal a conserved transcriptional program, initiated in PGCs after gonadal colonization, that differentiates germ cells from their germline precursors and from somatic lineages. Through genetic studies in mice and pigs, we demonstrate that one such gonad-induced factor, the RNA-binding protein DAZL, is necessary in vivo to restrict the developmental potential of the germline; DAZL's absence prolongs expression of a Nanog pluripotency reporter, facilitates derivation of pluripotent cell lines, and causes spontaneous gonadal teratomas. Based on these observations in humans, mice, and pigs, we propose that germ cells are determined after gonadal colonization in mammals. We suggest that germ cell determination was induced late in embryogenesis—after organogenesis has begun—in the common ancestor of all vertebrates, as in modern mammals, where this transition is induced by somatic cells of the gonad. We suggest that failure of this process of germ cell determination likely accounts for the origin of human testis cancer.


Weikard et al. (Diversity and Distributions, 12, 215–217) show that the taxonomic diversity measure proposed by Ricotta (2004) violates 'weak species monotonicity'. This condition requires that the addition of a species to a given species set should always increase diversity if abundances change only marginally. They further propose a new taxonomic diversity index that overcomes this drawback. In this paper, some statistical properties of this new diversity index are briefly analysed.


This paper presents a promising and novel onset detection algorithm. Instead of traditional musical signal processing methods based on orthogonal transform such as Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform, we focused on sparse representation with learned dictionary by K-SVD. We discussed the theorem and the methods of K-SVD for onset detection. The experimental results indicted that the proposed approach was theoretically feasible and practically effective.


Humberside Fire and Rescue Service offer the opportunity for up to 30 students to undertake a Short course BTEC in Fire & Rescue Services in the Community. The course provides a qualification developed in partnership with the Fire Services You...


Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) affects children and can impair vision if the cornea becomes involved. Immunosuppressives (ste roids and cyclosporin A) are required but can have side effects, and novel immunotherapeutic approaches are needed. 1 The aim of this study was to investigate the contributions of LTB4 and complement C5 in a model of allergic eye disease (experimental allergy conjuncti -vitis, EAC). 2 Previous studies have demonstrated that nomacopan, a bifunctional recombinant biologic derived from blood- feeding ticks, has anti- inflammatory properties by capturing LTB4 and preventing it from interacting with its two known G protein- coupled cell surface receptors (GPCR BLT1 and BLT2). Simultaneously, nomacopan inhib ited C5 end terminal complement activation, thereby preventing for mation of C5b- 9 and C5a. 3 These two pathways have evolutionary connections as phylogenetic analysis showed that tick saliva started as an LTB4 inhibitor, and subsequently acquired the ability to inhibit C5. It has been shown in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis that C5a production resulted in the release of LTB4 to promote fur ther neutrophil migration to the interstitium. 4 We conclude that IL- 9 was up- regulated during VKC and EAC. Nomacopan significantly suppressed EAC severity, accompanied by a decrease in IL- 9- producing Th2 cells, Th2 cells and to a lesser extent, Th9 cells, suggesting a key pro- inflammatory role for IL- 9-secreting CD4 + T cells in allergic eye disease. Our findings support nomacopan as a potential treatment for al lergic eye disease due to its ability to down- regulate LTB4/C5 path ways in EAC.


Abstrac t—Th e performance of hydrokinetic turbines of Savonius using a Tandem Blade Savonius (TBS) rotor was studied. These were three types of TBS: Overlap (Type I), Symmetrically (Type II) and Convergence (Type III). Through a comprehensive bibliographical research, it is possible to identify the influenced parameters, and to show that the optimum efficiency of the Savonius rotor can be particularly improved their partition space between blade and tandem. This simulation shows the way of the flow characteristic and pressure distribution pattern in and around of the blade swept area. The results show that the convergence TBS (Type III) have a higher gap pressure between upstream and downstream, or they have best performance than other types.


This chapter describes how the overall configuration of the aircraft is decided from the many options available to the designers. From a brief historical perspective the chapter then looks at the unconventional layouts that have been considered in the recent past. Although these have not yet found favor with designers it is worth keeping them in mind as conditions and constraints may change in the future. Such changes could make current layouts less attractive or even not feasible. New designers should start a new project with a completely open mind and this means a careful consideration of all configurations particularly in a historical context.


The rotational bands in nuclei with Z approximate to 100 are investigated systematically by using a cranked shell model (CSM) with the pairing correlations treated by a particle-number conserving (PNC) method, in which the blocking effects are taken into account exactly. By fitting the experimental single-particle spectra in these nuclei, a new set of Nilsson parameters (kappa and mu) and deformation parameters (epsilon(2) and epsilon(4)) are proposed. The experimental kinematic moments of inertia for the rotational bands in even-even, odd-A, and odd-odd nuclei, and the band-head energies of the one-quasiparticle bands in odd-A nuclei, are reproduced quite well by the PNC-CSM calculations. By analyzing the omega dependence of the occupation probability of each cranked Nilsson orbital near the Fermi surface and the contributions of valence orbitals in each major shell to the angular momentum alignment, the upbending mechanism in this region is understood clearly.


Response to the ATR Debate Proposition: 'It is important and necessary to make clear distinctions between (irregular) migrants, refugees and trafficked persons.'
The international community has recently taken steps to agree two intergovernmental compacts, which together are intended to revitalise the global governance of migration and asylum. The Global Compact on Refugees seeks to strengthen international cooperation on the refugee regime, while the Global Compact for Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration aims to establish principles, commitments and understandings among Member States regarding international migration in all its dimensions. The compacts have been brought into existence against a backdrop of widespread and increasingly systematic human rights violations committed against migrants by state officials, traffickers and other criminals, and leading to what has been called 'one of the greatest human tragedies of our time'. At the same time, the very bifurcation of the compacts into two 'separate, distinct and independent' agreements rests on a set of assumptions that could distort rather than illuminate the complex issue of contemporary human mobility.


The C7N aminocyclitol family is a relatively new class of natural products that is increasingly gaining recognition due to their significant biomedical and agricultural uses.These secondary metabolites are exclusively produced by microorganisms,particularly soil bacteria of the order of Actinomycetes.Their chemical structures most commonly contain an unsaturated aminocyclitol moiety,valienamine,which is known to be responsible for their biological activities.Among the C7N aminocyclitol family,most members act as α-glucosidase/amylase inhibitors.This review covers the discovery,structure determinations,and biological properties of α-glucosidase/amylase inhibitors classified in the family of C7N aminocyclitols,including the researches performed by the author of this article.


We aim at the construction of dark energy models without exotic matter but with a phantomlike equation of state (an effective phantom phase). The first model we consider is decaying vacuum cosmology where the fluctuations of the vacuum are taken into account. In this case, the phantom cosmology (with an effective, observational $\ensuremath{\omega}$ being less than $\ensuremath{-}1$ ) emerges even for the case of a real dark energy with a physical equation of state parameter $\ensuremath{\omega}$ larger than $\ensuremath{-}1$. The second proposal is a generalized holographic model, which is produced by the presence of an infrared cutoff. It also leads to an effective phantom phase, which is not a transient one as in the first model. However, we show that quantum effects are able to prevent its evolution towards a big rip singularity.


ABSTRACT DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis requires substantial high-quality DNA. We demonstrated that, despite extraction treatments that might be expected to inactivate this organism, M. tuberculosis remained viable during this process. These data suggest that the extraction of M. tuberculosis DNA should be performed within containment until complete.


The analysis provided in this article aims to explain and disclose the processes that have influenced the education system in Mexico since the Aztec Empire, until the presidency of Enrique Pena Nieto. One of the issues presented in this paper is relation established by political party PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) who rules Mexico for more than 70 years and institutions responsible for education, leading to centralization. The consequence of these processes is the attempt to introduce education reform by the government Enrique Pena Nieto. Without a doubt, the most important question asked in this article is "why education reform causes so many emotions among the teachers, especially members of the union and their associating organizations?".


Summary This paper investigates the role of Wavelet Packet transform (WPT) versus the Wavelet Transform (WT) in providing a watermarking technique with higher performance in resisting common signal processing attacks. The same embedding strategy is used for both cases of WPT-based watermarking and WTbased watermarking. Experimental results show the superiority of the WPT-based watermarking in resisting the investigated attacks especially for the case of histogram equalization attack.


It's the presentation of the computer–aided system of calculation and designing of details (axial guide apparatus, untwisting appliance and displacer) of direct–flow cyclone with the intermediate selection of dust. The system permits to decrease the labour-consume of machining of data because of the computer–aided geometric making sections of details of cyclone, to reduce terms of designing and to send for printing prepared sketches.


Tracing its etymology to Greek mythology and the legend of Odysseus asking his old friend Mentor to take responsibility for guiding his son Telemachus while he was engaged in the Trojan War, the notion of mentoring emerged in the popular literature in the 1970s, coincident to the movement to advance women and minorities into positions of influence in almost every professional field. Ehrich and Hansford (1999) have suggested that two publications focused attention on the term and introduced it to the popular literature: The Seasons of a Man's Life, by Levinson, Darrow, Klein, Levinson, and McKee (1978), and Men and Women of the Corporation, by Kanter (1977). Both cited mentoring as critical to advancement. Since that time, mentoring has become a veritable growth industry—in the lay and professional literature and in the research and writing in almost every discipline. Perusing the books available about mentoring from Amazon, one finds more than 1,000 currently available, and a search through Google yields more than 18 million results in response to the term "mentoring articles," and almost 4 million in response to "research papers about mentoring." Indeed, there is hardly a slice of people or business or professional group that has been excluded from the literature on mentoring, and while the literature on mentoring in academe is less voluminous, it is nonetheless robust. Into this profusion of written materials comes Athena Vongalis-Macros' book, Career Moves: Mentoring for Women Advancing their Career and Leadership in Academia. It is a compilation of essays by "successful women currently working in higher education" (p. xiii). In the words of the editor, success is defined as having "achieved a level of career progress and. . .working at progressing to the next level" (p. xiii). According to the editor, the book is a continuation of discussions begun at an Oxford University conference, which brought together 40 women from a variety of countries and disciplines in higher education. The authors of the nine chapters in the book (excluding the introductory chapter) represent


Objective:  To compare the frequency and severity of dyslipidemia between subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and non‐diabetic obese group (OB) subjects, followed in a pediatric subspecialty clinic.


The author describes activist medical students in terms of their core values—humanitarianism, moral integrity, and the desire for meaningful communication—and their primary psychological tasks—achieving cultural continuity and integration of their personalities. He discusses the conflicts they experience with their school administrations and the methods used to resolve them, and concludes that the roles of activist and student-physician are compatible.


Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death all over the world. Researchers have been extensively working on methods for early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, with the goal of decreasing these death tolls. In Electrocardiographic Imaging (ECGI), the electrical activity of the heart is estimated from electrocardiographic measurements obtained from the body surface, using densely distributed electrodes, and a mathematical model of the body. This technique has advantages over classical electrocardiography (ECG) since it provides detailed information about the cardiac electrical activity without invasively recording measurements from the heart. From a mathematical point of view, this estimation problem is called the "inverse problem of ECG." However, this problem is ill-posed, and a priori information should be used to regularize the solutions. This paper presents an overview of several regularization methods with emphasis on statistical estimation methods such as Bayesian Estimation and Kalman Filtering. These techniques are advantageous over traditional methods due to their flexibility in incorporating the spatial and temporal information of the heart potentials for solving the inverse ECG problem, and yielding confidence intervals that help assess the accuracy of the solutions.


Receipt results have a practical value for creation perspective nanocomposition on the basis of poli-e-kaprolakton with the beforehand set operating descriptions. Worked out optimal metods of receipt of polymeric nanocomposition on the basis of poli-e-kaprolakton and montmorillonit


The author examines four problems surrounding technical communication in Europe: (1) lack of trained technical communicators; (2) lack of allotted time necessary to do the job well; (3) translatability issues; and (4) poorly articulated and written front-end documents, such as user requirements, proposals, functional specifications, and design specifications. For solutions the author suggests (1) incorporating a technical communicator early on in a project to assess technical documentation needs, as well as aiding the engineers in writing engineering documents and relieving the project manager/leader of the more onerous written tasks; (2) involving European technical communicators more in professional societies, such as IEEE-Professional Communication, ACM-SIGPC, and the Society for Technical Communication; and (3) developing more training programs in Europe.<<ETX>>


This research investigated about adjacency pairs in conversation of the Black Panther movie from five main characters in the movie. This research used qualitative research by applied content analysis as a research design. The data obtained from transcript of Black Panther movie which has 134 minutes duration. The researchers transcribed the data in written form and analyzed by using theory of adjacency pairs. The researchers found 71 data of the conversation five main characters in the movie. Based on the research, there are 71 data of conversation that consist of thirteen types of adjacency pairs. From 71 data of conversation, there are 2 pairs of greeting-greeting sequence, 2 pairs of summons-answer sequence, 2 pairs of apology-minimization sequence, 24 pairs of question-answer sequence, 2 pairs of request-acceptance/refusal sequence, 4 pairs of offer-acceptance/refusal sequence, 2 pairs of blame-admission/denial sequence, 3 pairs of invitation-acceptance/refusal sequence, 8 pairs of  assessment-agreement/disagreement sequence, 11 pairs of commands-compliance/incompliance sequence, 2 pairs of suggestion-acceptance/refusal sequence, 3 pairs of assertion-agreement/disagreement sequence and 6 pairs of announcement-acknowledgement sequence. From the research finding it can be concluded that question-answer was mostly-appeared type of adjacency pairs in the conversation by five main characters in the movie


Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a significant component of carbon and nutrient cycling in fluvial ecosys- tems. Natural wetlands, as important DOC sources for river and ocean ecosystems, have experienced extensive natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change, hy- drological variations and land use change in recent years. The DOC characteristics in surface ponds from contrasting wet- lands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeastern China were inves- tigated. Surface ponds at seven sites (two natural phialiform wetlands, three natural riparian wetlands, one degraded wet- land and one artificial wetland, i.e., rice paddy) were moni- tored during the growing seasons of 2009 and 2010. The re- sults show that the surface ponds at the five natural wetland sites exhibited a wide range of DOC concentrations (10.06- 48.73 mg L 1 ) during the study period. The DOC concentra- tions showed no annual differences (P > 0.05) at all the wet- land sites, except one of the phialiform wetland sites. The two phialiform wetlands exhibited higher DOC concentra- tions than the three riparian wetlands (P < 0.05). The DOC concentration in the surface pond at the artificial wetland site was relatively low (P < 0.05) compared to that at the de- graded wetland site. The C/C ratios (the color per carbon unit ratio, Abs 400 /DOC concentration) showed inconsistent vari- ations among these seven wetland sites, while the E4/E6 ra- tio (Abs 465 /Abs 665 , fulvic acid/humic acid) from the surface pond in the rice paddy land exerted 42.07-55.36 % reduc- tions (P < 0.05), compared to those at the five natural wet- land sites. Furthermore, the E4/E6 ratio in the surface pond at the rice paddy site was significantly lower compared to that at the degraded wetland site (P < 0.05), which indicated that disturbance to wetland DOC in surface ponds might be stronger when natural wetlands were converted to rice paddies in comparison with wetland degradation. This study could not only provide insightful points for understanding the aquatic DOC dynamics from different wetland ecosys- tems, but also support data information for incorporating the aquatic DOC into the model for regional carbon budgets in the future.


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#### Clinical Question

Can we reduce delays in correctly assigning a diagnosis of monogenic diabetes?

A GP will often be the first health professional involved in making a diagnosis of diabetes. For adults who do not need immediate insulin treatment, a default diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is the most common outcome, but a small proportion of patients will actually have maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY; a type of monogenic diabetes).

MODY is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and estimated to account for 1–2% of all diabetes.1 MODY is most commonly caused by mutations in genes encoding the transcription factors HNF1A , HNF4A , and HNF1B , and the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase ( GCK ).1

Making a correct molecular diagnosis is crucial, as this allows optimal treatment and therefore the best long-term outcome. It is estimated that around 80% of MODY patients are misdiagnosed as type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM),1 and a delay of >10 years from presentation of diabetes to molecular diagnosis is frequently reported.2 Two cases where genetic referral for MODY was arranged at presentation of diabetes are described.

#### Case 1

An 18-year-old female presented to her GP with 2 kg weight loss, mild polydipsia, and polyuria but otherwise well. Her fasting blood glucose of 12 mmol/L was diagnostic of diabetes (normal range 3.9–5.5 mmol/L). Her mother had been diagnosed with T1DM at age 15 years and treated with insulin. Her paternal grandfather had diabetes diagnosed in his forties and was treated successfully with an oral agent for four decades.

Referral to the monogenic diabetes clinic was made for investigation. Her BMI was 17 kg/m2 with no signs of …


Memory is not something given or fixed, it is specific process which includes various definitions and re-definitions, interpretations and re-interpretations. Cultural memory could change through time and space; production of cultural memory depends also on various social actors. Starting from such position we wish to present main discourses and types of changes in interpretations of 102 years long history of Croatian football club Hajduk from the city of Split. Rogic (2000) divided contemporary Croatian history in three most important phases – 'primitive capitalist modernization' (from 1868. To 1945.), 'totalitarian socialist modernization' (from 1945. to 1990.) and 'transition' (from 1990. till today). In similar manner, we should divide history of Hajduk in three key phases: from 1911. when the club was founded to the end of the WW2. Second phase is marked by the Yugoslav period, from 1945. to 1990. The third phase starts with the independent Croatian state and the foundation of Croatian football league (1992). The presidents of the club and whole management, in all three periods, belonged to the local and national political/economical elite. Political elites were most influential social actors, shaping and changing interpretations of the past, in this case it means shaping relation to symbols and history of the club itself. The direction of those changes is linked to dominant discourses of particular social periods. While emphasis on Croatian identity of the club was silenced in the Yugoslav period, in the recent period of Croatian state, the anti-fascist component of the identity of the club is mostly forgotten or denied. Our thesis is based on the qualitative analyses of official books and monographs on the history of the club, with our focus on permitted and forbidden stories.


Beyond Regulation: The Informal Economy in Latin America. VICTOR E. TOKMAN (editor). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992. viii + 295 pp. $38.00 (cloth). ISBN 1–55587–318–9.

Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America. CATHY A. RAKOWSKI (editor). Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. xi + 336 pp. $21.95 (paper), $64.00 (cloth). ISBN-0-7914-1906-1, ISBN 0-7914-1905-3.


Oxidation resistant aluminized layers on the TZM Mo-based superalloy surface were prepared by pack cementation technique at 1 050℃for 12 h.The microstructure,phase composition and element distribution of the layers were analyzed by means of SEM,EDS and XRD.The hardness and high temperuture oxidation resistance of the layer were discussed.The results show that the phase composition of the layers were Al_5Mo,Al_3Mo and Al_4Mo.The layer with double layer structure was uniform and compact,whose thichness was 130μm and had a good metallurgical bonding with the substrate.The hardness of the aluminized layer with granular surface was 8 000 MPa. The pack cementation aluminized layer had good oxidation resistance after oxidizing at 800℃for 80 h.


Conventional petroleum jet and diesel fuels, as well as alternative Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels and hydrotreated renewable jet (HRJ) fuels, contain high molecular weight lightly branched alkanes (i.e., methylalkanes) and straight chain alkanes (n-alkanes). Improving the combustion of these fuels in practical applications requires a fundamental understanding of large hydrocarbon combustion chemistry. This research project presents a detailed and reduced chemical kinetic mechanism for singly methylated iso-alkanes (i.e., 2-methylalkanes) ranging from C{sub 8} to C{sub 20}. The mechanism also includes an updated version of our previously published C{sub 8} to C{sub 16} n-alkanes model. The complete detailed mechanism contains approximately 7,200 species 31,400 reactions. The proposed model is validated against new experimental data from a variety of fundamental combustion devices including premixed and nonpremixed flames, perfectly stirred reactors and shock tubes. This new model is used to show how the presence of a methyl branch affects important combustion properties such as laminar flame propagation, ignition, and species formation.


Comprehensive theoretical and experimental studies are performed to discover a new way of synthesis of HfTaC coatings. Here, an evolutionary search for stable crystal structures in the ternary HfTaC system with subsequent selective large‐scale experimental synthesis of coatings using a unique plasma dynamic experimental setup is performed. Optimization of the experimental process allows us to perform selective synthesis of coatings made of hafnium–tantalum carbides with predefined stoichiometry, crystal structure, and properties. Along with more than 70 compounds, the HfTaC system belongs to ternary and quaternary carbides of group IV and V transition metals, and this study opens the door to synthesis of a large number of functional coatings composed of other carbides including high‐entropy carbides.


Field experiments were conducted on sand and sandy loam from 2000-2002 to determine how timing of ridging affects potato tuber yield and quality depending on soil type and the use of catch crops. On sand, ridging in winter increased nitrogen availability in the 0-50 cm soil layer in spring by 19% from 5.7 to 6.8 mg N/kg soil compared with ridging in autumn (P<0.001) and by 8% from 6.3 to 6.8 mg N/kg soil compared with ploughing in spring (P<0.05). With a total and marketable yield of 27,9 t/ha and 14,2 t/ha respectively, ridging in winter resulted in higher tuber yield than both ridging in autumn and ridging in autumn combined with tilting and re-establishment of ridges in winter. These yield results were comparable to spring ploughing, but because of the ability to perform direct potato planting in the winter ridges on sand workload was significantly reduced. Ridging in autumn slightly improved tuber quality but reduced yields.
On sandy loam there was no effect of timing of ridging. Ridging in winter resulted in similar levels of soil inorganic nitrogen and similar tuber yields as ploughing in autumn, but because ridges had to be rotovated in spring before planting to create a sufficiently loose soil, workload was not reduced. It is concluded that ridging in winter in combination with a ryegrass catch crop represents a potent alternative for organic potato production on sand but not on sandy loam.


Background and objectives: Dorema ammoniacum D. Don (Apiaceae) is a monocarpic plant endemic to central Iran. The gum resin of this species is a known therapeutic agent in Iranian, Indian and Western traditional medicines. The aim of the present study was to investigate essential oil constituents and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oils and extracts of D. ammoniacum aerial parts and roots. Methods: Essential oils were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The oils together with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the plant samples were subjected to antioxidant evaluation by DPPH and FRAP assays and antibacterial screening using disk diffusion and micro-well dilution methods. Results: Thirty-four compounds were identified in the aerial parts oil, among them β-himachalene (9.3%) and β-chamigrene (8.7%) were the main constituents. Thirty-five compounds were also characterized in the roots oil, of which βbisabolene (15.1%) and hexadecanal (13.2%) were the main components. Ethyl acetate extract of the roots showed the highest antioxidant activity in both DPPH (IC50 21.3 ± 2.7 μg/mL) and FRAP (112.7 ± 8.1 mmol FeSO4.7H2O equivalent/g) assays. In antibacterial assay, the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of the roots exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Essential oils were also found to be active against Shigella dysenteriae. Conclusion: Considerable antioxidant and antibacterial activities of D. ammoniacum make it an appropriate candidate for further studies and identification of its bioactive principles.


Background: Aloxan tetrahyd micee causes free radicals and higher reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, being able to lead to reduce insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells and receptor sensitivity in insulin-receptor cells resulting in hyperglycemia conditions. Bean extract ethanol can reduce oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to determine bean's ethanol extract effectiveness in lowering blood sugar levels and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. Subjects and Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study. The samples were mice ( Micetus norvegicus ) of wistar strains randomized in five groups: P1-negative control, positive P2-control, P-3 ethanol extract group of 200mg / kgBW, P4-group 400mg / kgBW, P5-group 600 mg / kgBW. Dependent variables are blood sugar (mg/ dL) and superoxide dismutase enzymes. The independent variable is the bean extract of ethanol. Differences in blood sugar levels and superoxide enzyme levels of intergroup dismutase were tested by Anova test, followed by post hoc test, to determine the effectiveness of bean extract ethanol. Results: This study showed a statistically significant decrease in blood glucose levels after ethanol extract of green beans 600 mg / kg BW from day 14 to day 28 (p 0.05). Giving ethanol extract of green beans did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme (p = 0.830). Conclusion: Giving ethanol extract of green beans 600 mg / kgBW effectively decrease blood sugar in male wistar mice ( Micetus norvegicus ) from day 14 to day 28. Giving ethanol extract of green beans 200 mg/ kgBW, 400 mg / kgBW, and 600 mg / kgBW, is not effective to increase the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Keywords: Phaseolus Vulgaris L., blood sugar level, superoxide dismutase enzyme Correspondence:  Ade Putra Fratama Sinaga. Masters Program on Biomedics, Faculty of Medicine, North Sumatra University. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2017), 2(2): 139-145 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2017.02.02.08


This paper analyzes the existent problems and the countermeasures to solve problems in the adult education in army from three aspects:individual learning,team learning and organ learning.


An important part of financial planning in product development is considering whether the capital expenditures meet volume and cost goals. A good business plan should provide investors with the implications of process selection on the company's bottom line. It is estimated that there are least 1000 manufacturing processes and sub-processes. Considering the number of process choices and quantity of cost data, an economic analysis for process selection may pose a challenge for decision makers. This paper provides an insight to Ashby's cost modeling method for generating an estimate of unit product cost. The cost model provides a broad indicator for competing processes for shaping a product at the early stage of product development. This model takes into account the cost of resources associated with manufacturing a component. Using the Cambridge Engineering Selector software the impact of various cost factors on process selection is investigated. Introduction With advancement of technology in recent decades and increasing level of sophistication and variety in manufacturing processes, facility planners and engineers may face a nontrivial task of process selection. The implication of manufacturing process selection on a company's management is it may indirectly influence widely varying aspects such as company policy, availability of facilities and trained personnel [1]. The selection of a process for shaping a component is not an isolated task. It requires considering several factors among which the type of material, shape and cost of component are the most significant ones. Figure 1 depicts the interaction among major factors involved in material and process selection. It is estimated that there are between 40,000 and 80,000 materials available today and at least 1000 different ways to process them [2]. Considering such variety of materials and processes, the economic analysis for selecting a process may require handling a large amount of data and performing calculations. The use of conventional data sources, e.g., handbooks, datasheets, is not sufficient to manage the growing volume of data for materials and manufacturing process selection purpose. While numerious experimental academic papers have been published in recent years [3][4], only a few commericial online and CD-ROM based material and process selectors have emerged. One of the most widely publicized CD ROM systems known as Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES), developed by Ashby [5] Proceedings of The 2008 IAJC-IJME International Conference ISBN 978-1-60643-379-9 Product D esign R equirem ents: Shape & Function -configuration -connections -com ponents P roduct P rocess C hoice of S ingle Process M ateria l C hoice of S ingle M ateria l B usiness/M anagem ent Im plications Cost: m ateria l/process, e tc. Environm eta l im pact Facility im pact M arket dem and Figure 1. Integrated process, material and product design and commercialized by Granta Design Limited. Originally conceived as an educational tool, CES's evolution into a user-friendly software system, combined with the quantity of technical data it offers, allows its application to any industrial situation [6]. It also provides graphical selection and ranking methods as well as an in-depth analysis tool for research and education. CES offers several capabilities including a) material property data for metals, polymers, ceramic and composites, b) material selection using multiple attributes, and c) a process selector module. The process selection module of CES is perhaps the only available commercial software for such purpose. The module offers a cost modeling function for economic analysis of various material shaping processes which is the focus of this paper. Manufacturing Process Selection In general, a manufacturing process selection identifies feasible processes by screening and eliminating those which do not satisfy certain constraints. Often such process selection is prerequisite to equipment selection which traditionally has been accomplished using the general knowledge and expertise of engineering staff. However, with growing number of processes and sub-processes, an elaborated and systematic selection method is needed to take into account the various factors such as material, product design and environmental constraints, while meeting capital and operating cost limits. Figure 2 shows a sequence of typical steps involved in a manufacturing process selection. The sequence incorporates the following attributes for search and screening of processes: Material Class: Includes the type of material to be used from metal, polymers, ceramics or composites categories. Physical constraint: Includes the mass of a product. Proceedings of The 2008 IAJC-IJME International Conference ISBN 978-1-60643-379-9 No Shape Constraints: Include a component's section thickness and its overall geometry, e.g. circular, non-circular, hollow, or solid. Process Characteristics: A decision must be made whether the process should be a primary process such as casting or forging or a secondary process such as machining. It is also necessary to determine whether the process should be a discrete or continuous one. Environmental Constraints: Environmental concerns regarding a manufacturing process may include gases, fumes, heat and noises generated by the process. The amount of energy required for processing a material may also be considered in the selection process. Economic Constraints: Include capital equipment cost, tooling cost, economic batch size and so forth. The economic constraints will be discussed in more detail in the next section. All Processes Material Classs? Physical Constraints? Shape Constraints? Final Selection (s) Process Characteristics? Environ. Constraints? Economic Constraints? 1


The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of spillover effects of regional regeneration projects. This finds that the effects are positively determined by population sizes of regions and degree of industrial specialization of regeneration related industries. In particular, the improv...


WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging) is used to enable low-cost manufacturing and a high performance featuring low I/O density. Such a solution provides a solder interconnection directly between the die and motherboard. This paper aims at presenting the specificities of this new assembly by describing the most common thermo-mechanical failures encountered and by proposing some containment solutions and ways of improvement. Despite its advantages, this solution raises particular thermo-mechanical failures. Cracking of passivation or under layers, humidity penetration and/or delamination from the die edge are some of the main issues generally observed. Moreover, we need to pay extra attention to the die edge since this region is particularly sensitive. Indeed, for Fan-In configuration, the die is exposed to the atmosphere (no molding compound surrounding the die), leading to chemical contamination and cracks. Numerous causes are involved: e.g. non-optimized sawing process and weakness of the seal ring structure (i.e. metal pattern surrounding the die and providing mechanical and chemical shields). Furthermore, due to the bump and passivation layer proximities, some interactions may exist with the BEoL stack itself. FEM (Finite Element Method) is carried out, with a particular focus on the Fan-In package. Typical stress fields are provided, giving clues on WLCSP package specificities to mitigate mechanical hazard. Then, following the previously depicted failures, both the die and the passivation edges are comprehensively studied. It is shown that a stress peak is induced by the passivation edge, providing requirements on the deposit strategy (direct or pyramidal) and the edge location. Additionally, it is shown that the residual stress and the thickness of the BEoL passivation layer have also to be reduced and increased respectively.


This paper presents two meta-heuristic based algorithms, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), to solve network reconfiguration problem in the presence of installing multiple renewable Distributed Generators (DGs). These algorithms are applied to IEEE 33-bus to minimize the real power loss. The results clearly indicate that there is a considerable reduction in the real power loss, reactive power loss, and improvement of the voltage profile.


This paper provides a range of problems and solutions involving the asynchronous interaction between a UUT and a digital test instrument during LRU and SRU test. Agile handling of such asynchronous activity can result in higher test quality, simpler programming, and less debugging. Examples provided herein are compared to the applications workarounds generally required in older, more synchronous apparatus.


Catalyst degradation on both the anode and cathode sides is one of the most critical problems caused by lack of hydrogen in each channel in the active area of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Especially when a fuel cell stack is in a start-up sequence for an automotive fuel-cell system consisting of hundreds of fuel cells, the initial air filling all the anode flow fields should be exchanged with hydrogen as soon as possible to avoid forming a hydrogen-air front on the cell surface, as this front can create a "local cell" within a single cell causing carbon corrosion and platinum dissolution on the catalyst layer in a membrane electrode assembly. This local cell should thus be prevented from forming in any cells of a fuel cell stack. Just as importantly, to avoid the hydrogen-air front in any cell, hydrogen should be distributed between the cells equally even if this gas distribution process is for a transient manifold. Gas distribution in a gas and coolant manifold has been well reported, but usually for the steady state. In this study, to comprehend the flow condition in the anode flow field, especially in a distribution manifold, we performed transient three dimensional numerical analysis on the anode flow field of a fuel cell stack. Without any simplification such as using an equivalent pressure drop model like porous material, the full geometry was directly calculated for flow simulation in the all channels of 200 cells of a fuel cell stack. It was clarified that (1)the flow pattern in the manifold causes a maldistribution between the cells in a transient state, (2)this maldistribution grows arrogant with the increase of initial Rein,0 number and (3)the initial maldistribution in the transient process persists during the start-up process and is never fully obliterated.


The purpose of this study is helping the HRD divison of PT. ADI PERTIWI for managing the human recources to be better and faster. We hope this application can help user to process the data become more accurate and faster, because the system that the company uses now still using manual way. The methods for this study are observation directly to the company, learn about company's documentations then interview with the company to get more complete data, and the database methods are conceptual, logical, and physical study also design the interfaces for the application. The result for this study is a desktop based application to record the employees data faster and also employees' wage payment, attendance, liberty, performance, and sanction in an easier and more accurate way. The resume for this study are this application can help the company for the operational activities, help the HRD Admin to access the employees' data easier and faster, and maximize the employees' performance.


Describes the Irish interlending system and the functions of the (Irish) Library Council. Looks at the future of interlending and the findings of the Working Group of the Committee on Library Co‐operation in Ireland. Details the recommendations for future development accepted by this Committee.


Although it is not unusual for R.M. Gagne's work to be considered in a volume addressing learning theories, his contributions can most appropriately be considered as an "instructional theory." An instructional theory is an integrated set of principles, based upon learning theory, other relevant theories, and sound replicable research, that permits one to predict the effects of specific instructional conditions on a learner's cognitive processing and the resulting learned capabilities. Gagne (1985) described the nature of an instructional theory as an "attempt to relate the external Events of Instruction to the outcomes of learning by showing how these events lead to appropriate support or enhancement of internal learning processes. The province of an instructional theory is to propose a rationally based relationship between instructional events, their effects on learning processes, and the learning outcomes that are produced as a result of these processes" (p. 244).


Objective To observe the curative effect of proportional assist ventilation(PAV) on preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods In a controlled before-after study,18 preterm infants with ARDS who accorded with the inclusive criteria and had been hospitalized in our ward from Aug.2007 to Mar.2009,were treated by PAV of Stephanie 3.3 respirator with uniferm oxygen concentration,while the curative effect of continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) was bad.Mean blood pressure,respiratory rate(RR),heart rate,blood gas analysis were tested and contrasted before and after using PAV one hour.The parameters listed below were set while the preterm infant was treated by PAV,peak end-expiratory pressure(PEEP) was around 0.29-0.59 kPa.In case of the longest time of apnea was 10 s under PAV,backup respiration must be carried out,peak inspiratory pressure(PIP) was around 1.77-2.45 kPa,RR was around 30-50 times·min-1,inspiratory time was around 0.3-0.5 s,and flow rate was around 8-12 L·min-1.The degree of the elastic relief was around 50-150 kPa·L-1,the degree of the resistive relief was around 2.45-7.35 kPa·L-1·s-1;The guarantee on lowest exp-tidal volume in milliliter was 5 times the quality of preterm infant whlie the limit on the largest exp-tidal volume was 10 times,the highest PIP was set to 2.94 kPa,the longest inspiratory duration was set to 0.7 s.Results Mean blood pressure of the 18 pretern infants was not significantly diffe-rent before and after using PAV 1 hour(t=0.78,P0.05).RR,heart rate,pa(O2),pa(CO2),hydrogen ion exponent were significantly improved after 1 hour using PAV(t=11.80,8.80,8.67,6.49,5.46,Pa0.05),and they were gradually normal or normal.Conclusion PAV may be attempted to treat preterm infants with RDS selectively.


As described by Obrecht, Porteous, and Haddock (1998), the impetus for starting the inter-university Case Competition was the desire to generate student interest for both evaluation and the CES. Getting the Competition off the ground in its first year, however, took the enthusiasm of a part-time lecturer to inspire a colleague in another university. As we will describe, the hardest part is often getting started. Once an instructor and his or her students try the Competition, and especially if they reach the finals, there is no stopping. Returning students want to enter again to reach the finals, win, or defend their title, and they will strong-arm their classmates, new students, and coaches as necessary to make this happen. Preparation for the Competition and use of previous cases become incorporated into the evaluation training curriculum. In order to assist and, hopefully, inspire more instructors to get involved in the Case Competition, this article describes how we got started, how we involve and prepare our students, and the rewards of the competition experience for the students, coaches, and university itself.


Circumstantial evidence favouring the broad conjecture that event horizons always form in gravitational collapse is summarized along with the mounting counterevidence to a more restrictive cosmic c...


BOT financing mode has been applied widely around the world at present, and how to analyze, evaluate BOT projects performance scientifically, objectively and comprehensively has become a hot research topic. This paper reviews BOT projects performance on evaluation scope, evaluation index and evaluation method through collecting and contrasting related literatures at home and abroad, points out the deficiencies of existing research and puts forward the future research proposals.


Maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) by TLR ligands induces expression of IFN‐β and autocrine activation of IFN‐inducible Stat1‐dependent genes important for DC function. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of STAT signaling during maturation of human DCs by TNF‐α and PGE2, which induced maturation of human DCs comparably with LPS but did not induce detectable IFN‐β production or Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Consistent with these results, TNF‐α and PGE2 did not induce Stat1 DNA binding to a standard Stat1‐binding oligonucleotide. Instead, TNF‐α and PGE2 increased Stat1 serine phosphorylation and Stat4 tyrosine phosphorylation and activated expression of the NF‐κB and Stat1 target gene IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which contributes to IFN responses. TNF‐α and PGE2 induced a complex that bound an oligonucleotide derived from the IRF1 promoter that contains a STAT‐binding sequence embedded in a larger palindromic sequence, and this complex was recognized by Stat1 antibodies. These results suggest that TNF‐α and PGE2 activate STAT‐mediated components of human DC maturation by alternative pathways to the IFN‐β‐mediated autocrine loop used by TLRs.


The 15th workshop European Collaboration in Higher Education on Radiological and Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Protection was held in Portopalo di Capo Passero, Italy, June 2–52019. Participants from five countrieswerepresenting 20papers, 14 ofwhichhave been collected as selected works to appear in this special issue. This year, we took the opportunity to review 15 years of successful cooperation in the network. The contribution by F. Tondeur et al. reflects that history. Initially, the network CHERNE had started in order to share educational resources to the benefit of all students within the network. The European Commission provided a unique support with ERASMUS (now ERASMUS+) for the exchange of students and staff. Other initiatives could also utilized to pursue the goals of the network:many Intensive Programs (IPs) could be organized, now activities are funded by Strategic Partnership (SP) or Capacity Building programs. Two publications report on educational activities within the network. Cooperation in research projects were added over time, so the majority of the papers shows the multitude of research topics covered by the partners. The number of members has increased over the years with highs and lows, as also the number of activities has kept increasing steadily. We wish the network continued success and look forward to 16th workshop to be organized in Brussels, Belgium, in 2020. The Scientific Committee


the size of each category. Three questionnaires of "Oregon and Kanowski Organizational Citizenship Behavior" (OKOCB), "Fry Spiritual Leadership" (FSL), and researcher - made " Charismatic Leadership " (CL) were utilized to collect the research data. To measure the reliability ra te using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, this item was obtained for all three questionnaires of the OKOCB, FSL and CL behavior (α = 0.92, 0.81 and 0.85) respectively . Collecting the data, they were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and based on the research hypotheses. The results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of SL and organizational citizenship behavior, and also between the CL and the organizational citizenship behavior. The results of structural equation modeling also showed that SL with a path coefficient 0.7 is able to affect overall quality management (t ≥ 1


The fact exists in the ideological and political education course that classroom practice is ignored.Teachers used to inculcate the theories in the classroom teaching period which students accept passively.This impairs the teaching quality seriously.Much attention should be paid to the practice in the course and the activities developed in different forms to make the students more initiative,enthusiastic and creative in learning the course to become qualified creativity-oriented talents.


We consider a scalar Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) system on a square 2D lattice. The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP-II) equation can be derived by means of multiple scale expansions to describe unidirectional long waves of small amplitude with slowly varying transverse modulations. We show that the KP-II approximation makes correct predictions about the dynamics of the original scalar FPU system. An existing approximation result is extended to an arbitrary direction of wave propagation. The main novelty of this work is the use of Fourier transform in the analysis of the FPU system in strain variables.


The Airy integral is a formula concerning the Fourier transform of a function like sin x3 or cos x3 , and is written, for instance in [2], as for x ≧ 0.


This article considers how key state players in the maritime transport and storage of liquefied natural gas (LNG) face up to the cyber security threats which have sadly become ubiquitous in recent times. The cyber threat for the gas sector, with increasing investment in LNG and current geopolitics, makes the study especially acute.


This paper considers the problem of certifying the reliability of a software system that can be decomposed into a finite number of modules. It uses a Markovian model for the transfer of control between modules in order to develop the system reliability expression in terms of the module reliabilities. A test procedure is considered in which only the individual modules are tested and the system is certified if, and only if, no failures are observed. The minimum number of tests required of each module is determined such that the probability of certifying a system whose reliability falls below a specified value R 0 is less than a specified small fraction β. This sample size determination problem is formulated as a two-stage mathematical program and an algorithm is developed for solving this problem. Two examples from the literature are considered to demonstrate the procedure.


We consider the problem of blocking response-surface and factorial designs when block sizes are prespecified, often rendering standard approaches inapplicable. A generalization of Harville's (1974)...


The utility model provides a medicinal pillow for invigorating-brain and hypnotizing used for long term mental workers, night workers, insomniacs because of excessive mental works and physical works and old insomniacs. The utility model uses smells of fourteen Chinese medicinal materials of heart and mental recovering, emotion tranquilizing, channel opening, function coordinating, fidgetiness relieving and spirit reinforcing. The cerebral function and the sleep effective function of users can be recovered and improved through the absorption of respiratory systems and the stimulation of channel points and skins. The medicinal pillow for invigorating-brain and hypnotizing can also be used for general neurasthenics.


We investigate the entanglement transfer from the two-mode squeezed state (TMS) to
the atomic system by studying the dependence of the negativity on the coupling between
the modes of the waveguides. This study is very important since the entanglement is an
important feature which has no classical counterpart and it is the main resource of quantum
information processing. We use a linear coupler which is composed of two waveguides placed
close enough to allow exchanging energy between them via evanescent waves. Each waveguide
includes a localized atom.


Tailored Polymers from Single-Site Catalysts Advances in 'Traditional' Heterogneous Catalysts Process Requirements and Polymer Particle Growth Aluminoxane Activated Catalysts on Inorganic Oxides Perfluoroaryl Group 13 Activated Catalysts on Inorganic Oxides Catalysts Supported on Magnesium Chloride. Polymerizations with Single-Site Catalysts Entrapped inside the Nanospace of Mesoporous Materials and Clays Supported Superacid Catalysts Olefin Polymerization Catalysts and Cocatalysts to Inorganic Oxides Multi Component Catalytic Systems Polymer Supported Catalysts Self-Immobilizing Catalysts and Co-catalysts


This is an exploratory study and its main objective was to evaluate strategies adopted in the Brazilian health care sector. It was developed under a quantitative sample based on application of a structured questionnaire with questions determined on a Likert model. Based on a probabilistic sample selected among people that have health care plans in Sao Paulo city the research had the objective to identify competitive advantages that usually have more influence in the chosen process of Health Maintenance companies by consumers. Multivariate and descriptive statistics techniques were used and the study concluded that Agility, Attendance, Brand, Pioneers and Size of the company would be the most important factors. This article discusses the theory about strategy, competitive advantage, sources of competitive advantage and sustainability of the competitive advantages. It also includes the methodology procedures, the results and the limitations and recommendations for future studies. Considering the new rules for health care business and how these modifications are reflecting on the competitive scenario this study have discussed strategic questions that should be reevaluated in the future.


Bearing the various shortcomings in mind, we are better prepared to ponder the impact of OR/MS on cities. What we see at once is a coincidence or correlation between widespread utilization of the techniques and spreading fiscal disorder and disarray. While I do not presume to ascribe causality, I might venture the observation that preoccupation with, and unrealistic expectations about, the "powerful tools of technology" may have diverted effort from other activities that could have proved more valuable.

Contrary to the conventional cliches about resistance to innovations in the public sector, I find that there has been enormous hospitality toward OR/MS. We have been persuaded that we can somehow "manage" our way out of the morass of fiscal messes. Perhaps this is because the notions have an aura, however spurious, of being "scientific" and "rational" and thus are accorded high credibility as part of our dominant paradigm.


In light of persistent inflation dispersion and high debt levels in the EMU, this paper investigates budget-neutral fiscal policy rules to counteract inflation differentials. The paper employs a two-country DSGE model of a monetary union with traded and non-traded goods. National fiscal authorities are able to reduce welfare losses arising from asymmetric shocks by following a Taylor-type rule for consumption taxes while labour income taxes adjust to balance their budgets. Under technology and government spending shocks, the welfare loss of business cycle fluctuations can be reduced by up to 15%.


Task-oriented translation teaching model provides a new way of cultivating compound translation talents.It has incomparable advantages over traditional teaching method and its core characteristics are employing student-centered learning approach,focusing primarily on meaning,performing authentic tasks with defined outcomes and using language pragmatically for successful communication,which facilitate promoting students' interests and interaction and cultivate students' autonomous learning ability,application ability and creative ability.


Abstract The semantic differential technique was used to evaluate what children thought about teaching machines and the program used in them. It was found that children thought of teaching machines in terms of evaluation, potency, activity, novelty and speed. Children thought that the program was more demanding and forceful than the machine, although the machine was thought of as a novel device. Girls considered that programmed instruction was more useful than did boys, and children in a less well organised school thought the machine to be more useful than did children in a well organised school.


Chemical engineering is being rapidly transformed by the tools of data science. On the horizon, artificial intelligence (AI) applications will impact a huge swath of our work, ranging from the discovery and design of new molecules to operations and manufacturing and many areas in between. Early adoption of data science, machine learning, and early examples of AI in chemical engineering has been rich with examples of molecular data science-the application tools for molecular discovery and property optimization at the atomic scale. We summarize key advances in this nascent subfield while introducing molecular data science for a broad chemical engineering readership. We introduce the field through the concept of a molecular data science life cycle and discuss relevant aspects of five distinct phases of this process: creation of curated data sets, molecular representations, data-driven property prediction, generation of new molecules, and feasibility and synthesizability considerations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Development of a Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Shear Measurement System Gina DeBenedictis Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dana Dabiri Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals as a shear force measurement system offer many advantages over conventional single-point measurement systems. They are non-intrusive while offering ideal 2-dimensional mapping of shear stresses across a surface. Furthermore, the inclusion of the liquid crystals within a polymer matrix allows for a reversible sensor that is selfadherent to testing surfaces. Previous testing has examined small-scale surface mapping and clear samples through which light may pass. This paper examines the expansion of polymerdispersed liquid crystals to larger area mapping as well as reflective measurements, with measurements taken in multiple shear force configurations, confirming the validity of the reflective data.


Abstract: This study examined the relationship between student strategy use and the development of proficiency in a Korean as a Foreign Language classroom. A total of 66 English native speakers learning Korean as a Foreign Language were administered the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), Version 5.1. Findings indicated a low positive correlation between each of the six subscales of the SILL with one exception, a somewhat higher correlation between the subscales and the total SILL score; and again a generally low positive correlation between SILL scores, total SILL, and classroom achievement. Correlations on an overall basis were therefore not so well defined, nor were they of sufficient strength to be used as predictors for achievement. Classroom indications would indicate that an overemphasis on language learning strategies may not be appropriate, and they should be treated as only one among many variables in the language learning process. Key words: Korean, classroom achievement, individual differences, language learning strategies, Strategy Inventory for Language Learning Introduction One of the enduring themes in second language acquisition (SLA) research has revolved around questions of why some learners do so much better and find it easier than others to learn another language, and what separates the good learner from the unsuccessful learner. In recent decades, the research orientation has shifted from a focus on instructor-centered activity to more of an emphasis on student contributions to learning in the classroom, and the importance of student autonomy and selfregulation. One aspect of this reorientation has made it clear that learner individual differences (IDs) have an important role to play in this process (Ehrman, Leaver,& Oxford, 2003). These differences are cognitive, affective, and social in nature, and can include aptitude and intelligence, motivation, learning styles, affect, personality, age, gender, ethnic identity, interaction with the social milieu, and learning strategies, and have been the subject of considerable attention by language learning scholars (Alexander & Murphy, 1999; Bates, Dale, & Thai, 1995; Breen, 2001; Cooper, 2002; Cornwell & Robinson, 2000; Dornyei, 2005; Dornyei & Skehan, 2003; Ellis, 2004; Sawyer & Ranta, 2001; Segalowitz, 1997; Shore, 1995; Skehan, 1991). Dornyei, in particular, has made a strong case for the significance of research into learner variables and has been forceful in expressing his view that IDs in general have been found to be among the most consistent predictors of language learning success, ''yielding multiple correlations with language attainment in instructed settings within the range of 0.50 and above'' (Dornyei, 2005, p. 2). With all that said, however, Dornyei and others have been quick to point out that ID research is not without certain problematic constraints, and that understanding the underlying processes and complex mechanisms of IDs and their relationship to classroom achievement is complicated by the very nature of multiple variations in human behavior. Of all these learner variables or IDs, language learning strategies (LLS) have perhaps been the topic of most discussion and received the greatest research attention. The purpose of this article is to examine how the learning strategies of these students learning Korean as a Foreign Language relate to their classroom achievement, and to determine if the use of learning strategies can function as a predictor for the development of their language proficiency. The following three research questions are addressed: 1. What are the LLS of these students studying Korean as a Foreign Language? 2. What is the correlation between these strategies and their classroom achievement? 3. Is it possible to use these correlations as a predictor for classroom achievement? Learning Strategies in the Second Language Classroom There have been many definitions of LLS. …


The present study examines the correlations among learners' individual differences, learning styles, learning strategies, and learners' fluency by employing statistical procedures. To investigate their relations, a questionnaire on 5 individual variables (the starting point of learning English, the nature of the prior learning, class presentation rates, motivation, and studying hours), learning style survey, and strategy inventory for language learning (SILL) were administered to 67 Korean participants at different speaking-fluency levels. The results show that learning strategy plays a mediating role between individual variables and learners' fluency. Therefore, to be a fluent speaker, learners have to participate in interaction to employ learning strategies more widely and often.


Enterprises such as companies, universities or institutes keep much documents, databases and/or softwares for their own functions. Such data materials should be managed properly. One of the important issues on management of materials is access control. This paper presents a formal model of access control of data materials in an organization that consists of a number of user groups. The model presented here is an extension of ambient calculus. As ambient calculus is introduced to model behavior of mobile systems such as agents accessing firewalls, it assumed that target systems have nested structures. We extend the calculus to represent unnested structures of user groups of materials. An example of user authentication protocol is presented.


The article discusses the current aspects of the digital transformation of the economy and focuses on the issues of choosing the most suitable business ecosystems for the use of business ecosystems. Considering the growing role of digitalization in all areas of business activity, the authors analyze the index of digitalization of economic and social sectors by industry for 2020 and 2021. A scheme for the implementation of electronic interactions of the main subjects of business relations is presented. The additional skills necessary for an entrepreneur in the process of building a configuration of an internal business ecosystem are described, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of their own enterprise. The importance and growing role of the use of business ecosystems in entrepreneurial activity is substantiated. A diagram of the advantages and disadvantages of business digitalization is presented. It is substantiated that entrepreneurs need to more carefully select existing and newly emerging business ecosystems for use. A model is proposed for the expected increase in profitability for an entrepreneur in the process of building the configuration of the internal business ecosystem, taking into account the development of his own enterprise, the likelihood of its successful alignment, as well as the costs of finding and analyzing suitable business ecosystems, the costs of acquiring and maintaining the internal business ecosystem being built. ecosystem, the cost of integrating and pairing existing software products and technologies with business ecosystems on unified digital platforms that are part of the built-in configuration of the internal business ecosystem. The effects of the successful use of the configuration of the internal business ecosystem are described, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of one's own enterprise: an increase in the number of customers, growth in sales and profits, acceleration of business processes, reduction in the cost of finding additional customers, an increase in the speed of obtaining management information to make timely operational decisions on improving business performance. On the basis of the considered model of the expected increase in profitability for an entrepreneur as a result of using the built-up internal business ecosystem, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of one's own enterprise, it is concluded that it is necessary to increase the likelihood of successful implementation of the applied business ecosystems (P), and recommendations are proposed to minimize negative effects from building your own configuration of the internal business ecosystem, taking into account the development priorities of the enterprise.


This paper shows how VL Smith has destroyed his own perfect theory. Smith used utility maximization to prove that the last person must take up the balance of a public construction cost. When the resulting equilibrium quantity is different from the given one, a new average quantity breaks up the original perfect combination of prices.


The effects on herbage intake of changes of herbage mass associated with different stocking rates were studied in Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface) ewes in the autumn. Intake was measured in 5-day periods in late September (PI), late October (P2) and late November (P3) on two established, perennial ryegrass/white clover swards (SI and S2). Both swards had previously been variably stocked to produce areas with a range in herbage masses, some of which were grazed continuously (G) at stocking rates declining from 18 to 6 ewes per ha. Intake was also measured in P2 and P3 on other areas of the swards which were ungrazed for 6 weeks in September and October (C) and then stocked at 18 ewes per ha. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter and digestible organic matter were 16 g, 10 g and 7·5 g/kg live weight, respectively. Organic matter digestibility was 075 in PI and P2 but declined in P3. Differences in herbage intake and digestibility arose largely because of differences between the swards in herbage mass, sward height and sward density. Ewes in condition scores > 3·00 in early September had lower intakes at all times than did thinner ewes. Changes in sward management associated with different strategies of use had little long-term effect on herbage intake. Keywords: digestibility, herbage, sheep, stocking rate.


Background: Studies have shown that exercise and insulin can improve cognitive function. However, little is known about the combined effects of insulin and exercise on memory and learning under stress conditions. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effects of peripheral insulin injection and/or physical exercise on stress-induced memory deficit. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (200 - 220 g) received immobilization stress (2 h/d × 7 d), mild-intensity exercise (30 min/d × 7 d), intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of insulin (1, 6, 12 IU/kg) or saline, insulin-exercise treatment, or no intervention. The animals were assigned on a random basis to 21 experimental groups (N = 10). They were trained and tested in the Morris water maze. Results: Chronic restraint stress impaired spatial performance in the Morris water maze (P < 0.05) and elevated serum corticosterone levels (P < 0.001). Detrimental effects of stress were alleviated by exercise (P < 0.01). The lower dose (1 IU/kg) of insulin protected the animals against the deleterious effects of stress. The combined effects of exercise and insulin (low and moderate doses) prevented stress-induced learning and memory impairment. Conclusions: Insulin and/or exercise can prevent stress-induced memory deficits. The cognitive benefits of exercise continue to evolve after cessation of treatment. Insulin-exercise treatment is as effective as exercise alone and insulin alone for preventing the detrimental effects of stress.


Containership transportation between the Yangtze River and short sea routes has been developed since the 1980's. Results of forecasting the transport demands show that containership transportation for foreign trade in the Yangtze Valley should reach a new scale by the end of this century. Transportation between the inland river and the ocean includes two patterns, river-sea direct transportation and river-sea transhipment. Although river-sea ships will be influenced by seaworthiness considerations resulting in special properties of the ship's form, evaluations still show that the economy of river-sea direct transportation is superior to that of transshipment. The best transport scheme and corresponding optimum ship types and fleet size are obtained from fuzzy mathematical programming on the system of containership fleets between Yangtze River and Japan or Hong Kong.


A main problem encountered in radiometric calibration of satellite image data is correcting for atmospheric effects. Without this correction, an image digital number (ON) cannot be converted to a surface reflectance value. In this paper the accuracy of a calibration procedure, which includes a correction for atmospheric scattering, is tested. Two simple methods, a stand-alone and an in situ sky radiance measurement technique, were used to derive the HAZE ON values for each of the six reflective Thematic Mapper (TM) bands. The ONs of two Landsat TM images of Phoenix, Arizona were converted to surface reflectances. The computed surface reflectance values were compared with the measured surface reflectance values collected at the same time as the Landsat overflights. The average difference between the computed and measured surface reflectance values inside two parking lots were 4.84 and 8.42 percent. For 43 percent of the individual band measurements the accuracy was within 5 percent, even though sub-ON precision was required. Also, the accuracy of the calibration procedure in a temporal sense was good.


Clothing article comprising a foot sole, sealing the collapsible air chamber, the expansion chamber is provided for the support return air chamber has collapsed, wherein the chamber comprises a gas outlet plenum, when collapsed to allow a certain amount of air is discharged ; connected to an upper portion of the sole of the foot cover; active element connected to the upper air is started, the movable member has first and second modes, the movable member is biased in a first mode and in response to the number of air changeover from the first mode to the second mode; communication channel, and an outlet connected to the movable element, for the amount of air from the plenum to the movable member.


Much as Jefferson urged us to question authority, the scientific method compels its adherents to test (and, even when entirely certain, test yet again). As such, science can be at once unkind to the fervent believer and warmly receptive to doubters and cynics. Rarely does scientific investigation yield "the answer"; more often are revealed intriguing possibilities or, at best, fragments of "the answer." This is true especially for Big Questions. Two such Big Questions: (1) is migraine genetic in origin? (2) if so, what is the molecular basis of that origin? The first question appears simple enough . . . and is one that most subspecialists in the field would be likely to answer in the affirmative. Migraine certainly seems to be familial. If one defines migraine in clinical (ICHD) terms, then about 10% of the general population actively is afflicted by migraine, and roughly half of those individuals report that a first degree relative similarly is afflicted; go directly to those relatives, and the prevalence of migraine rises to around 90%. What of that minority who apparently lack any family history of migraine? It's perhaps most convenient to regard them as "new progenitors"; as a consequence of spontaneous mutations occurring during embryogenesis (so the story is told), they are the Abrahams of migraine, each begetting his or her own new family line. Extensive evidence has emerged to suggest that migraine's familial tendency is indeed genetic in origin. Twin studies consistently have supported a genetic basis for migraine and, interestingly, at least one study indicated a more prominent genetic effect in women. A big step closer to the molecular level, specific genes and susceptibility loci predisposing both to familial hemiplegic migraine and the far more common forms of migraine have been identified. And so over the years I've blithely assured patients, their families, and audiences from my position at the lectern that migraine is indeed genetic; that the precise genetics of the disorder are multifactorial but that the inheritance pattern often suggests an autosomal dominant gene with incomplete penetrance; that instead of any single "migraine gene" there exists a myriad of genetic polymorphisms that can sum up to produce the familiar constellation of symptoms we term "migraine"; and that the female preponderance in migraine simply reflects that gender's tendency regularly to experience frequent and dramatic fluctuations in the levels of sex hormones. I've heard this same tetralogy voiced by many of my colleagues in headache medicine, and while there may be a certain comfort and safety in numbers, science is indifferent to majority rule. That's the problem with such tetralogies; if one accepts the first premise or two to be true, then what follows may fall into line through sheer inertia. In the paper with which this editorial is paired, Wieser et al report that in families not overtly related a susceptibility locus on Xp22 may predispose to a variety of migraine phenotypes. At least as intriguing to me, from their findings one is led to speculate that the gender-related difference in migraine prevalence may have its primary basis not in fluctuations of sex hormones but rather in a high susceptibility X-linked gene. Whatever the implications of this research, it's refreshing and "scientific" to observe a consortium of ISSN 0017-8748 doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01686.x Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Headache © 2010 American Headache Society


The paper reviews how to forecast the effects of new transportation policies as well as new technologies on travel behavior. It predicts that future scenarios will be substantially different from those experiences until now and that future travelers will have far different choices as well as constraints. The paper identifies some possible future options of both policy and supply aspects and discusses the problems associated with predicting behavior. An important part of the study reported in the paper is the consideration of options for manipulation land use to maintain activities while making more efficient use of transportation.


Complete List of Authors: Gretzinger, Taylor; University of Victoria, Biochemistry and Microbiology Tyagi, Monica; University of Victoria, Biochemistry and Microbiology Fontaine, Christine; University of Victoria, Division of Medical Sciences Cheema, Manjinder; University of Victoria, González-Perez, María ; University of Victoria, Biochemistry and Microbiology Freeman, Melissa; Univeristy of Victoria, Biochemistry and Microbiology Christie, Brian; University of Victoria, Division of Medical Sciences Ausio, Juan; University of Victoria


This paper mainly studies how to detect a wide variety of ships from the ship-borne infrared images in order to implement sea monitoring. Different types of ships have significant differences in their appearance. The traditional detection method which uses the global texture features of the object is not suitable to detect varied ships. This paper presents a novel detection algorithm which extracts spatial partial texture features trained by Adaboost to establish the ship model for detection. We first extract all the partial regions of the object through random traversal, and then extract the texture features by using the "Uniform LBP" operator. Compared to the traditional way, we save each partial feature individually as one feature vector, which not only reduces the vector dimension but also highlights the key regions when the partial regions with strong generality are selected by Adaboost at the second step. Finally, the selected partial features are boosted with weights to establish ship model for the ship detection. The proposed approach is efficient and robust in the infrared ship detection.


HIV persists, despite antiviral immune responses and effective antiretroviral therapy, in viral reservoirs that seed rebound viremia if therapy is interrupted. Previously, we showed that the BCL-2 protein contributes to HIV persistence by conferring a survival advantage to reservoir-harboring cells. Here, we demonstrate that many of the BCL-2 family members are overexpressed in HIV-infected CD4+ T-cells, indicating increased tension between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival family members – as well as raising the possibility that the inhibition of pro-survival members may disproportionately affect the survival of HIV-infected cells. Based on these results, we chose to further study BCL2L1 (encoding the protein BCL-XL), due to its consistent overexpression and the availability of selective antagonists. Infection of primary CD4+ T-cells with either a clinical isolate, a CCR5-tropic strain, or a CXCR4-tropic strain of HIV resulted in increased BCL-XL protein expression; and treatment with two selective BCL-XL antagonists, A-1155463 and A-1551852, led to disproportionate cell death compared to uninfected CD4+ T-cells. In a primary cell model of latency, both BCL-XL antagonists drove significant reductions in total HIV DNA and in infectious cell frequencies both alone and in combination with the latency reversing agent bryostatin-1, with little off-target cytotoxicity. However, these antagonists, with or without bryostatin-1, or in combination with the highly potent latency reversing agent combination PMA + ionomycin, failed to reduce total HIV DNA and infectious reservoirs in ex vivo CD4+ T-cells from ART-suppressed donors. Our results add to growing evidence that bonafide reservoir-harboring cells are resistant to multiple "kick and kill" modalities - relative to latency models - and uncover BCL-XL antagonists as a facile approach to probing mechanistic underpinnings. We also interpret our results as encouraging of further exploration of BCL-XL antagonists for cure, where combination approaches may unlock the ability to eliminate ex vivo reservoirs.


An experiment was conducted on day-old and vaccinated 105 broiler chicks to investigate that the feeding of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the meat quality of broilers. In that experiment the treatments were depends upon the levels of turmeric powder (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and control group was served as basal diet. The broilers were divided into 5 groups (21 chicks per group). Meat quality of the birds were analyzed at the end of experiment. The results indicated that addition of turmeric powder caused significant (P<0.05) increase in carcass weight and dressing percentage. The results confirmed the beneficial effects of feeding curcuma longa powder to improve meat quality of broilers.


The UAV network has recently emerged as a capable carrier for ubiquitous wireless intelligent communication in the B5G/6G era. Nevertheless, the separation of dual identity raises challenges from the perspective of communication efficiency and security, including tedious communication feedback and malicious Sybil attacks. Meanwhile, thanks to the emerging integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology, the sensing ability incorporated in communication advances crucial opportunities for accurately and efficiently mapping identity from dual domains. This tutorial discusses the exciting intersection of ISAC and the future intelligent and efficient UAV network. We first describe the motivation scenario and present the framework of the proposed novel ISAC-enabled dual identity solution. The detailed modules of identity production, mapping, management, and authentication are discussed. By endowing UAVs with an advanced capability: opening their eyes when communicating with each other, we detail three typical applications and the advantages of our proposal. Finally, a series of key enabling techniques, open challenges, and potential solutions for ISAC-enabled dual-domain identity are discussed. This tutorial for the intelligent and efficient UAV network brings new insight on providing dual-domain identity via ISAC technology, with an eye on trusted and swift communication research tailored for the 6G UAV network.


An efficient batch plant supplying high quality mixed raw materials is the key to producing high quality glass from the furnace. This article urges manufacturers to look to the batch house as the starting point for improving overall plant performance.


The development of AEMI as an educational Centre of Excellence is recognised as a vitally important step towards the growth and development of the emergency management sector in Australia.


OBJECTIVES
Urinary tract infection is the most common type of bacterial infection in kidney transplant procedures, with adverse effects on graft and patient survival. We aimed to evaluate the risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients and its impact on patient and graft survival.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In a cohort of 1019 patients who were transplanted between 2000 and 2010 at Hamed Al-Essa Organ Transplant Center in Kuwait, 86% developed at least 1 episode of urinary tract infection, with only 6.2% of patients having recurrent infections. We compared patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (group 1) with those who had no recurrence (group 2) regarding their risk factors.

RESULTS
Patients in group 1 were significantly younger than those in group 2 (34.9 ± 23 vs 42.8 ± 16 y; P < .001), with female preponderance (P < .001). The percentage of patients with thymoglobulin induction (21.5%) was significantly higher in group 1. Patients with pretransplant urologic problems experienced significantly more recurrent urinary tract infections (P < .001). Hepatitis C infections were significantly more prevalent among group 1 (10.8% vs 3.8%; P = .008). Long-term graft outcome (functioning and failed) were 78.5% and 21.5% in group 1 versus 85.1% and 13.9% in group 2 (P = .18). Patient outcomes (living and deceased donors) were 98.4% and 1.6% in group 1 versus 95.7% and 4.3% in group 2 (P = .187).

CONCLUSIONS
Adult females, thymoglobulin induction, pretransplant urologic problems, and hepatitis C infection were the risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection among our renal transplant patients. However, recurrence did not adversely affect graft or patient survival.