Participation and attendance in food safety negotiations such as Codex meetings are of critical importance. Common problems have existed throughout history in the area of food safety standards and their formulation regulations. One, there is a lack of interest by the public. Two, the public becomes interested only after a food safety crisis. Consequences are two-fold: with lack of public interest, governments often do not allocate enough budget and resources. Then, the government turns to face the problem with a sudden spike in public interest, it is often too late. The situation becomes more of a crisis management, rather than a risk prevention mechanism. For this reason, participation and attendance in forums such as Codex meetings are of critical importance. Yet, despite their importance, countries have shown drastically different attendance and participation rates in history. This paper aims to take a distinctive view by leaping from Codex meetings into food safety negotiations within the Belt and Road Initiative. Doing so brings much value in reflecting upon lessons for comparative regionalism in the area of food safety law. While the paper proposes some technical considerations to encourage participation in the Belt and Road Initiative, it also does not accuse developing countries of the lack of interest in building a safe food environment for their own people. In fact, it aims to do just the opposite: raise questions on how much room we have left for the developing countries to contribute in negotiating possible food safety standards. In the long run, it is my hope that this will also contribute to the development of the comparative regionalism studies and institutions in law.


This study applies the theoretical framework of the sociology of the heart to the elective affinity between shamanism and survivalism in the age of neoliberalism in South Korean society. It analyzes the transformation of Korea's ethico-culturalism after the financial crisis of 1997, tracing movement from authenticity to survivalism, with the most important value being the survival of the individual. On the premise that the religious origin for this survivalism is Korean shamanism, the shamanic ethic is analyzed according to three factors: eudemonism, pragmatism, and kratophany. A theoretical sketch of the sociology of the heart summarizes the formation, origin, and structure of the "the heart of the times." Findings show the triangular structure of the dominant center of neoliberalized Korean society, meaning the constellation constituting of a regime of the social (neo-liberalism), a regime of the heart (survivalism), and its religious origin (shamanism).


Concrete is the most widely used composite in the world. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the most commonly used binding material but the energy required for its production is large and its production leads to release of green house gases in the atmosphere therefore, the need for supplementary cementitious material is real. The utilization of Fly Ash (FA), Silica Fume (SF),Metakaolin (MK) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), as a pozzolanic material for concrete has received considerable attention in the recent years. This interest is a part of the widely spread attention directed towards the utilization of wastes and industrial byproducts in order to minimize the Portland cement consumption, the manufacture of which is being environment damaging. The paper reviews were carried out on the use of FA, SF, MK and GGBS as partial pozzolanic replacement for cement in concrete. The literature demonstrates that GGBS was found to increase the mechanical and durability properties at later age depending upon replacement level. Silica fume concrete performed better than OPC concrete even at early period for production of high strength concrete and high performance concrete. Fly ash increases the later age strength due to slow rate of pozzlanic reaction. Metakaolin was found to improve early age strength as well as long term strength but had poor workability.


The cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, provides a fascinating opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of camouflage as it rapidly changes its body patterns in response to the visual environment. We investigated how edge information determines camouflage responses through the use of spatially high-pass filtered 'objects' and of isolated edges. We then investigated how the body pattern responds to objects defined by texture (second-order information) compared with those defined by luminance. We found that (i) edge information alone is sufficient to elicit the body pattern known as Disruptive, which is the camouflage response given when a whole object is present, and furthermore, isolated edges cause the same response; and (ii) cuttlefish can distinguish and respond to objects of the same mean luminance as the background. These observations emphasize the importance of discrete objects (bounded by edges) in the cuttlefish's choice of camouflage, and more generally imply that figure–ground segregation by cuttlefish is similar to that in vertebrates, as might be predicted by their need to produce effective camouflage against vertebrate predators.


Abstract The structure of nickel and molybdenum in silica-supported NiMo catalyst precursors, modified by the addition of various chelating ligands, was studied by means of X-ray, Raman, and UV–VIS spectroscopy. Thiophene hydrodesulfurization tests showed that a wide variety of ligands have a beneficial effect on the performance of the sulfided catalysts. The activity of catalysts prepared with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediamine (EN) was measured as a function of the ligand to Ni ratio in the catalyst precursors as well. EN gradually causes an improvement of the catalytic activity when the EN/Ni molar ratio increases from 0 to 4, while the best result for NTA is obtained when the NTA/Ni ratio is 1.5. UV–VIS spectra of NiMoEN impregnation solutions and dried catalysts showed that some EN is removed from the first coordination sphere of Ni during the drying procedure. Ni K -edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) proved the presence of a Ni–Si shell and, thus, of Ni–SiO 2 interactions in the catalyst precursors prepared without ligands. These interactions disappeared gradually with increasing amounts of the ligand. Raman spectroscopy and Mo K -edge EXAFS showed that Mo is present on the support as a mixture of MoO 4 2− and polymolybdate clusters. Raman spectroscopy also suggested that these polymolybdate clusters interact with the support. Mo K -edge EXAFS spectra showed that EN has very little effect on Mo, whereas at NTA concentrations higher than 1 the [MoO 3 (NTA)] 3− complex is formed. The increase in activity obtained with EN and NTA is attributed to the elimination of Ni–SiO 2 interactions and to the presence of the ligands in the Ni coordination sphere, whereas the decrease in activity observed in catalysts with NTA/Ni ratios above 2 is explained by the formation of [MoO 3 (NTA)] 3− .


Objective: Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are frequently seen among adult patients and are thought to be premalignant. The prevalence of these lesions among children is not well known. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in children. Material and and Methods: Children with gastrointestinal symptoms admitted to our clinic were evaluated. The data about urea breath test, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy macroscopical findings and histopathological evaluation with modified Sydney classification were evaluated retrospectively from patient records. Results: A total of 357 children underwent upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy. Histopathological evaluation revealed no gastric atrophy but intestinal metaplasia in 2 children. Both of the children had positive urea breath test, gastritis and were positive for Helicobacter pylori histologically. One of these children also had a peptic ulcer. The children underwent endoscopy again after H.pylori eradication therapy, and intestinal metaplasia was not seen on the biopsy materials. Conclusion: Precancerous lesions are very rarely reported among children. These are particularly seen together with H. pylori infection and around 10-years of age. Our results show that intestinal metaplasia is seen in H.pylori positive children and the incidence is very low. The reason of low prevalence is suggested to be depending on the host, microorganism and the pathologists.


The presidential elections of 25 April resulted in a victory for the incumbent, Faure Gnassingbe. Thus, he secured his third five-year term, strengthening the autocratic grip of the Gnassingbe-clan, which had been in power since 1967. The institutional and constitutional reforms that would have been required for free and fair elections and which the opposition parties, civil society and international donors demanded, were postponed indefinitely. Nevertheless, the international community declared the elections free and fair, given their security interests in the region. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% p.a., although economic growth rates were not inclusive and benefitted the few. The business climate improved considerably.


Abstract Two new isostructural minerals radekškodaite-(La) (CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 and radekškodaite-(Ce) (CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 were discovered in polymineralic nodules from the Mochalin Log REE deposit, South Urals, Russia. Radekškodaite-(La) is associated with allanite-(Ce), allanite-(La), bastnäsite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(La), ferriallanite-(Ce), ferriallanite-(La), ferriperbøeite-(La), fluorbritholite-(Ce), törnebohmite-(Ce) and törnebohmite-(La). Radekškodaite-(Ce) is associated with ancylite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(La), lanthanite-(La), perbøeite-(Ce) and törnebohmite-(Ce). The new minerals form isolated anhedral grains up to 0.35 × 0.75 mm [radekškodaite-(La)] and 1 mm × 2 mm [radekškodaite-(Ce)]. Both minerals are greenish-brown with vitreous lustre. Dcalc = 4.644 [radekškodaite-(La)] and 4.651 [radekškodaite-(Ce)] g cm–3. Both minerals are optically biaxial (+); radekškodaite-(La): α = 1.790(7), β = 1.798(5), γ = 1.825(8) and 2Vmeas = 60(10)°; radekškodaite-(Ce): α = 1.798(6), β = 1.806(6), γ = 1.833(8) and 2Vmeas = 65(10)°. Chemical data [wt.%, electron-microprobe; FeO:Fe2O3 by charge balance; H2O by stochiometry; radekškodaite-(La)/radekškodaite-(Ce)] are: CaO 3.40/2.74, La2O3 27.68/22.23, Ce2O3 20.39/24.30, Pr2O3 0.94/1.48, Nd2O3 1.71/3.18, ThO2 0.23/0.24, MgO 0.85/1.04, Al2O3 10.35/10.84, MnO 0.64/0.69, FeO 2.55/2.76, Fe2O3 3.12/2.57, TiO2 0.13/0.04, SiO2 26.03/26.10, F 0.10/0.09, H2O 1.62/1.63, –O=F –0.04/–0.04, total 99.70/99.89. The empirical formulae based on O28(OH,F)3 are: radekškodaite-(La): (Ca0.98Th0.01La2.75Ce2.01Nd0.16Pr0.09)Σ6.00(Al3.28Fe3+0.63Fe2+0.57Mg0.34Mn0.15Ti0.03)Σ5.00Si7.00O28[(OH)2.91F0.09]; radekškodaite-(Ce): (Ca0.79Mn0.16Th0.01Ce2.39La2.20Nd0.30Pr0.14)Σ5.99(Al3.43Fe2+0.62Fe3+0.52Mg0.42Ti0.01)Σ5.00Si7.00O28[(OH)2.92F0.08]. Both minerals are monoclinic, P21/m; the unit-cell parameters [radekškodaite-(La)/radekškodaite-(Ce)] are: a = 8.9604(3)/8.9702(4), b = 5.7268(2)/5.7044(2), c = 25.1128(10)/25.1642(13) Å, β = 116.627(5)/116.766(6)°, V = 1151.98(7)/1149.68(11) Å3 and Z = 2/2. The crystal structures are solved based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data; R = 0.0554 [radekškodaite-(La)] and 0.0769 [radekškodaite-(Ce)]. Both minerals belong to the epidote–törnebohmite polysomatic series and represent first members of ET2-type: their structure consists of regular alternating modules, one slab of the epidote (E) structure and two slabs of törnebohmite (T). The rootname radekškodaite is given in honor of the Czech mineralogist Radek Škoda (born 1979), Associate Professor at Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. The suffix-modifier -(La) or -(Ce) indicates the predominance of La or Ce among REE in the mineral.


The response of lifeline systems was good, but there were component failures. Communication inadequacies did have a significant impact on the emergency response system. The dysfunction of lifelines, primarily power, communication, and natural gas systems put an added burden on the emergency response system and was the source of most fires. Damage and dysfunction included the frequently observed failure of ceramic elements on high voltage substation equipment, damage to large liquid storage tanks, and the saturation of the telephone system, including emergency response networks, with inappropriate calls. These hold the potential for compounding impacts after larger, more damaging earthquakes. The need to change operating procedures of some lifelines and to update emergency response public information is indicated.


This article deals with the Charmosyna or "the Festival of Rejoicing" in the light of Greek papyri uncovered from Graeco-Roman Egypt and other textual evidence. It discusses the different associations of the Charmosyna with the Apis of Memphis, the god Osiris, the god Serapis, and the goddess Isis. During the Late Period, the Charmosyna is first confirmed in Herodotus" Histories in connection with the birth of a new Apis at Memphis. In the late Hellenistic Period, textual evidence from Kios (Bithynia, Asia Minor) associated the Charmosyna with the goddess Isis, suggesting that the festival was more than a local Egyptian celebration. In the early second century AD, Plutarch associated the Charmosyna with the god Serapis, who was a fusion of Osiris-Apis. In the mid-second century AD, the Festival of Rejoicing is last mentioned in the festival calendar of Soknopaiou Nesos, which gives eight days from the 16th to the 23rd of Phaophi (Julian: 13th-20th of October) for the festival.


This research incorporates the theoretical framework of procedural justice into the user participation paradigm to further identify and clarify salient psychological factors influencing the relationship between participation and specific outcomes. In this experiment, 216 student subjects took part in improving accounting software. Subjects were promised 3 increasing levels of participation crossed with 2 levels of participation expectations (i.e., expected and actual participation were congruent or expected exceeded actual participation). When expected and actual participation were congruent, higher participation levels resulted in correspondingly increased user attitudes (procedural justice, control, satisfaction, and task commitment) and performance. Conversely, when expected exceeded actual participation, increased participation led to decreased user attitudes and performance. Results show that user participation can be either functional or dysfunctional. The strong attitudinal and behavioral findings of this study compliment and extend prior procedural justice research, and study results encourage the integration of procedural justice theory into AIS participation research.


The relative yield of photoinduced desorption from NO‐exposed Si(111)7×7 has been measured as a function of photon power, wavelength, polarization, incident angle, and coverage of coadsorbed potassium. The results are analyzed in terms of two possible mechanisms: direct photoelectronic excitation of the NO‐surface complex and interaction of hot carriers photogenerated in the substrate with the NO‐surface complex. The substrate‐mediated mechanism is found to be principally responsible for the photoreactions.


Today, as in the rest of the world, our country needs to use waste as secondary raw material. Of course, this is due to the growing demographics and the declining supply of ore-rich raw materials. In this era of trends, finding helpful solutions for the use of phosphogypsum and its introduction into the industry is always relevant. Here are some results of this problem and discuss the possibilities of using world experience. фосфогипс,


Objectives: To determine the ability of preoperative computed tomography (CT) to predict the variable surgical anatomy of the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) based on endoscopic tympanotomy. Study Design: Retrospective case review. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients: We identified 192 ears of 162 patients who underwent transcanal endoscopic ear surgery from August 2013 to June 2018. Patients with middle ear malformations, revision surgeries, myringoplasty, and cholesteatoma involving the CTN were excluded. Intervention(s): An intraoperative endoscopic image depicting the chorda tympani was selected for each patient and classified into one of five types. Preoperative CT images were analyzed to match the pictorial classification. Main Outcome Measure(s): The visible tympanic segment of the chorda tympani was classified into the following five types: external auditory canal (EAC), detached, attached long, attached short, and ultrashort. Results: A total of 128 ears from 101 patients ranging in age from 2 to 81 years were enrolled. The EAC, detached, attached long, attached short, and ultrashort types of CTN were found in 7 (5.5%), 6 (4.7%), 84 (65.6%), 18 (14.0%), and 13 (10.2%) patients, respectively. The presence of the EAC type could be predicted by preoperative CT while the other four types could be predicted by binning into two groups, with a sensitivity of 0.61 and specificity of 0.72. Conclusion: The variable anatomy of the chorda tympani nerve can be classified into five major groups based on endoscopic tympanotomy.


We consider the problem of partitioning an array of n items into p intervals so that the maximum weight of the intervals is minimized. The currently best known bound for this problem is O(n+p 1+) HNC92] for any xed < 1. In this paper, we present an algorithm that runs in time O(n log n); this is the fastest known algorithm for arbitrary p. We consider the natural generalization of this partitioning to two dimensions , where an nn array of items is to be partitioned into p 2 blocks by partitioning the rows and columns into p intervals each and considering the blocks induced by this partition. The problem is to nd that partition which minimizes the maximum weight among the resulting blocks. This problem is known to be NP-hard GM96]. Independently, Charikar et. al. have given a simple proof that shows that the problem is in fact NP-hard to approximate within a factor of two. Here we provide a polynomial time algorithm that determines a solution at most O(1) times the optimum; the previously best approximation ratio was O(p p) HM96]. Both the results above are proved for the case when the weight of an interval or block is the sum of the elements in it. These problems arise in load balancing for parallel machines and data partitioning in parallel languages. Applications in motion estimation by block matching in video and image compression give rise to the dual problem, that of minimizing the number of dividers p so that the maximum weight of a block is at most. We give an O(log n) approximation algorithm for this problem. All our results for two dimensional array partitioning extend to any higher xed dimension.


The volatile and semi-volatile compounds in yellow rice wine were extracted by HS-SPME. Sixty-three compounds were detected and identified by GC-MS. 32 of them were firstly reported. Esters (the maximum varieties) and aromatic compounds (the highest content) were the main compounds in yellow rice wine. The results indicated that HS-SPME combined with GC-MS was a good technique for analyzing volatile and semi-volatile compounds in yellow rice wine. Compared with traditional methods, such technique was simple to operate and better effects could be achieved.


This research focused on analyzing the process and results of pre-course needs analysis focusing in the target needs for an academic English subject (Bahasa Inggris) for students of Bunda Mulia University. The data comprised the target situation analysis conducted before the course, which was collected from interviews with the head or secretary of each department at Bunda Mulia University as the users. Another is gained from questionnaires, which were delivered to the lecturers who were teaching the subject. The other data is collected by studying relevant university documents. The target situation was analyzed during that pre-course needs analysis. The result of this research will hopefully be used as the basis in devising a syllabus for Bahasa Inggris subject at Bunda Mulia University


This research aims to introduce teaching media based on technology using digital wordless picture books to improve students' narrative writing abilities. This teaching media is presented in the form of PDF and e-books. The research design in this research used quasi-experimental. The instrument in this research used writing test. The subject in this research are the eighth-grade students of SMP Islam As-Shofa Pekanbaru. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the sample. The result of normality test indicate the data is normal distribution and the homogeneity test is homogeneous.  The calculation of the Independent Sample T-test shows that the p-value for the posttest data of the experimental group and the control group is  p = 0,002 < 0,05. The result of the Independent Sample T-test indicate a that the Digital Wordless Picture Books media is effectively used in improving students' ability in writing narrative text to the eighth-grade students of SMP Islam As-Shofa Pekanbaru.


: Organizations are moving sensitive and regulated data into the cloud by which access the data is kept secure. Data can take many forms. For example, the cloud based application development includes the application programs, scripts, and configuration settings, along with the development tools. For deployed applications includes record and other content created or used by the cloud applications. The access controls are to keep data away from unauthorized users; encryption is another method to protect data from unauthorized access. The access controls are typically identity-based, which makes authentication of the user's identity an important issue in cloud computing. The "Data-Base" environments are used in cloud computing can vary significantly. For example, some environments are supporting a multi-instance model, while others supporting a multi-tenant model. In our research work propose a new approach named as "Orthogonal handshaking authentication mechanism (OHSAM)" in order to secure the cloud data storage in effective as well as efficient manner.


Generations of children have been captivated by the hair-raising adventures and misadventures of Brer Rabbit. Come along as he sneaks into Mr. Man's garden, persuades Brer Wolf to be burned in a hollow log, and kicks Brer Fox's Tar Baby. Jerry Pinkney's lively and humorous illustrations are a perfect match for Julius Lester's contemporary approach, which expertly introduces a modern sense of humor to these forty-eight tales while paying homage to their roots as traditional American folklore.


The development of kinds of additives,such as organic,inorganic and mixture of them,applied in aluminum anodizing at wide temperature is simply summarized.The function of additives is characterized by broadening temperature of anodizing,enhancing hardness and corrosion resistance of oxidation film,and so on.And the tendency of additives in aluminum anodizing in the future can be forecasted.


when I woke up this mornin' I couldn't get out of bed I was twisted in the covers cat was sleepin' on my head the clock was reading 8:15 my clinic starts at 8 my husband turned off the clock alarm I'm gonna be so late I got those


From two aspects of the collection of data materials and the determination of the design scheme of database system, this paper probes into the construction of Ji'an's local literature database.


Populus euphratica is the predominant tree species forming natural woodlands in the Ejina basin of northwest China. Changes in P. euphratica woodlands represent significant changes in the basin's ecology. The growth and development of these woodlands relies on groundwater recharged by flows in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. In recent years reduced flow in the Ejina basin, because of increase of water consumption, has endangered woodland ecology, environmental quality and social development. In order to maintain ecological stability and ecological restoration in the Ejina basin, a certain volume of water should be transported downstream, at the same time P. euphratica should be artificially cultivated. Therefore determining the contribution of the current groundwater to the soil moisture in the root zone of P. euphratica is required for making ecological restoration plans in the Ejina basin. A HYDRUS-1D model is used to determine the required groundwater and soil moisture conditions during the growing period from 1 May to 31 October for P. euphratica woodlands. The results of this study suggest the contribution of groundwater to root-zone soil moisture is 442 mm.


The genome compression algorithm based on the Hilbert space- filling curve is proposed in this paper. In order to utilize the correlations among the bases in the genome sequence, our algorithm firstly use the Hilbert space filling curve to map the genome sequence into a new 2-D image. Then the image obtained is encoded by the context weighting modeling technology. For context weighting, the values of weights are corresponding to the description length of the context model which is corresponding to their weights respectively. When the receiver obtain the mapping image, the reverse Hilbert space filling matrix is used to help the decoding procedure. The experiments results indicate that the final compression results by our algorithm are better than the results by other similar algorithms, although the useless area which will lead to the reduce of the compression efficiency is resulted in the mapping image by our algorithm.


Abstract A case is made in this paper for making students aware of their own particular learning styles, and also for making teachers aware of their individual teaching styles. The first section of the review examines the importance of 'process' in learning as well as the role of awareness in the learning process. The next section looks at variations in the way individuals approach learning due to the differences in their individual cognitive learning styles. The specific focus is on the cognitive styles of field‐dependence and field‐independence, which are thought to be most relevant for foreign language learning, particularly for 'ab initio' classes. It is shown how a group of students can be made aware of their own learning styles by being asked to submit themselves to the Group Embedded Figures Test, which is a measure of field‐dependence/independence. Some educational implications of being aware of one's style preference are then discussed.


We used Caco-2 cells cultured on the membrane of transwell to observe the insulin transcellular transportation; ELISA and HPLC to determine the insulin in the cell lysate and medium; fluorescence labeled dextron to study the mechanism. Liposomes, especially chitosan coated liposomes enhanced the transcellular transportation of insulin. Liposomes and chitosan coated liposomes openned the light junction of Caco-2 cells. But the transcellular transportation was markedly through intracellular. Chitosan coated insulin liposomes increase the uptake of insulin by Caco-2 cell, through intracellular pathway.


Abstract : "Strategic Implications of Global Health" responds to a request from the Undersecretary of State for Democratization and Global Affairs for an intelligence assessment on the connections between health and U.S. national interests. This study builds on a 2000 NIE, "The Global Infectious Disease Threat and its Implications for the United States," a pioneering Intelligence Community effort to identify infectious disease as an intelligence issue. This study diverges from that paper, however, in that it expands the field of inquiry to fully encompass all aspects of global health, including maternal mortality, malnutrition, chronic diseases, and other relevant noninfectious health issues. While these may not represent direct threats to U.S. interests in the way that acute infections do, these health determinants can also have wide-ranging -- if more slow-moving and subtle -- impacts on the global scene. This study places a greater focus on the strategic impacts of global health, with minimal discussion of disease pathologies. This discussion is based in part on case studies of countries in the developing, communist, and post-communist worlds that illustrate the nexus between health and other strategic issues. Many of the phenomena examined herein are occurring now, but are frequently unrecognized or unacknowledged outside the health community. Current WHO data indicate that three-quarters of all deaths by 2030 will be due to noncommunicable factors (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and traffic accidents), while deaths due to major infections such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria will decline sharply even in the poorest countries. Although this is in a way a good news story -- indicative of economic development worldwide -- it also requires new ways of thinking about both global health and its strategic implications. Case studies of Afghanistan, Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Nigeria, North Korea, Russia, and South Africa are included.


'Congenital rubella syndrome is a transplasental infection that may cause serious devastating damage in the fetus. In developed countries, where the rubella vaccination is in routine program, the disease is almost never observed. It still persists as a crucial problem in developing and underdeveloped countries because of economical reasons and insufficient health system organization. The most frequently encountered findings in congenital rubella syndrome are intrauterine growth retardation, unilateral or bilateral cataracts, microphtalmia, patent ductus arteriosus, 'Blue berry muffin' dermal lesions, sensorineural hearing loss, microcephaly, chronic encephalitis, intracranial calcification, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, anemia and hepatitis. A prematurely born infant at 32 weeks' gestation who presented with intrauterine growth retardation, microphtalmia, cataract, patent ductus arteriosus, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia and skin eruptions, underwent whole blood exchange transfusion due to severe hyperbilirubinemia developing in the first 24 hours, and finally was diagnosed to have congenital rubella syndrome is presented and discussed in this paper.'


A low temperature co-fired ceramic board is provided to adjust an inner resistance value by parallel connecting a basic resistor and a sub resistor. A low temperature co-fired ceramic board includes a basic resistor(21), a sub resistor(22) and a connecting unit(33). The basic resistor(21) is printed on a predetermined green sheet(10). The sub resistor(22) is printed to be arranged parallel to the basic resistor(21). The connecting unit(33) connects the sub resistor(22) parallel to the basic resistor(21) when the adjustment of an inner resistance value determined by the basic resistor(21) is required. The basic resistor(21) and the sub resistor(22) are connected through the connecting unit(33), an inner pattern(31) and a via(32).


This paper elaborates on the necessity and urgency of the danger removal and dam reinforcement engineering of Yuecheng reservoir and points out that the danger removal and dam reinforcement engineering measure is to build a second flood road.The paper carries out a survey and analysis of taking over land and resettlement of this project and it also analyses and studies its payment policies and payment schemes.


Background and Purpose
 The Harris Infant Neuromotor Test (HINT) is a screening tool designed to identify neuromotor or cognitive/behavioral concerns in infants who are healthy or at high risk between the ages of 3 and 12 months. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the HINT could distinguish between infants at high risk and infants at low risk for neuromotor delays.
 Subjects and Methods
 Following HINT administration by trained health care professionals, scores were compared for 54 high-risk infants and 412 low-risk infants with a t test.
 Results
 Mean HINT scores for infants at low risk were lower than mean scores for infants at high risk, as would be expected in that higher scores indicate higher risk. Significant differences were found at 4, 5, 7, and 8 months. At 6 months, there were no significant differences. There were not enough high-risk infants in other subgroups for reliable comparison.
 Discussion and Conclusion
 The HINT appears to discriminate effectively between infants who are at low risk and infants who are at high risk for neuromotor delays, supporting the use of the HINT as a screening tool for infants in the first year of life.


An oscillator externally biased beyond cut-off which may be used as a binary memory device is studied. The analysis of the device is presented for a Colpitts oscillator only, even though the same principle is more widely applicable. The two-state property of the oscillator is achieved by so arranging the feedback that the oscillator which is normally quiescent continues to oscillate once started. It is shown that with this device resolution time about ten times smaller than that with a conventional device, using the same tube, may be obtained.


The optical transition energies E and E of single walled carbon nanotubes SWNTs sus pended in air have been investigated for species by photoluminescence and excitation spectro scopies We have studied the environmental e ects in photoluminescence by comparing our results with those for the SWNTs wrapped by sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS as reported by Weisman et al The energy di erences between air suspended and SDS wrapped SWNTs Eii E air ii E ii depends on the chiral vector n m speci cally on the chiral angle and type of SWNT type I or type II The E and E mostly blueshifted with the exception of the E of some type II SWNTs that have a small chiral angle which redshifted With an increase in the chiral an gle the E increased in type I SWNTs and decreased in type II SWNTs In contrast the E demonstrated opposite dependence on the chiral angle The di erences in E and E between type I and type II disappeared in the SWNTs with chiral angles close to near armchair The n m dependence of the environmental e ect on the transition energies can be explained by the di erence in the e ective mass which contributes to the energy of Coulomb interactions between carriers


The invention relates to an active electrical component (1), in particular a switching element such as a relay (2) or a contactor. An object of the invention is to provide an active electrical component (1) which can be readily fitted in a reliable manner to a counter-element and which is suitable in particular for high currents. According to the invention, this is achieved with an active electrical component (1), in particular a switching element such as a relay (2) or a contactor having at least one contact (6) which is accessible from the outer side for connection in an insertion direction (S) to a counter-contact of a counter- element and having at least one force transmission structure (9) which extends to the contact (6) in a continuous manner from a side (10) of the component (1) opposite the contact (6).


The aim of this paper is to develop a software which allows to determine the run-down of the rope in boom systems of portal cranes instead of the existing graph analytic methods in order to profile the crane trunk to ensure the movement of the cargo only along the horizontal path when the boom system departure changes. The universal analytical dependencies to determine the rope run-down were obtained, lines of equal run-down of the rope for hinged boom systems were stated. Due to the results of the calculations which were carried out with the help of the developed software, it became possible to obtain nomograms that allow designers to determine the necessary parameters of the boom system taking into account the rope run-down.


We use panel data to analyze the determinants of speaking fluency and wages of immigrants. Our model takes account of two problems that may bias OLS estimates of the impact of speaking fluency on earnings. First, subjective variables on an ordinal discrete scale, such as self-reported language ability, can suffer from misclassification errors. The model decomposes misclassification errors into a time-persistent and a time-varying component. Second, the model accounts for correlated unobserved heterogeneity in language and earnings equation. The main finding is that these two generalizations of the standard model both lead to substantial changes in the estimated effect of speaking fluency on earnings.


According to the nonlinear links between blasting-vibration-induced damage degree and its influencing factors,a rough set-based fuzzy-neural network model is proposed to seek a method that can overcome the limitations in the single-factor case and improve the damage prediction precision.In the proposed prediction model,there are 10 factors to be taken into account,which include particle vibration velocity(PPV),dominant frequency,dominant frequency duration and dynamic characteristics of structures.The prediction model is trained and tested by a series of data from the observations of blasting vibration and damage degree of houses in Tonglushan Copper Mine.The training results are in agreement with the field observations.The rough set-based fuzzy-neural network can reduce data indexes and simplify input variables,and minify the decision table size and accelerate the approach to the minimal rules.The proposed method considering the manifold factors can improve the prediction precision of damage degree induced by blasting vibration.


Introduction: Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are X-linked bleeding disorders characterized by deficiency of coagulation factor VIII and IX respectively. The disorders have traditionally been considered to display identical symptoms. However, recent clinical data suggest that hemophilia B has a less severe phenotype than hemophilia A in patients with similar levels of their deficient factor. There is a distinct lack of laboratory studies comparing the hemostatic potential in patients with the same severity grade of Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B. We assessed fibrin clot quality in Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B patient plasma as a possible explanation to the milder bleeding phenotype in patients with Hemophilia B. To achieve this a liquid permeation technique was used, which has been used to investigate fibrin networks in previous in vitro studies (He et. al. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005). Methods: 20 patients with hemophilia A and 28 with hemophilia B were considered for inclusion in the study. Patients were recruited from centers in Stockholm and Belgrade and were thereafter matched according to their deficient factor level. Hemophilia diagnosis and informed consent formed the basis for study inclusion and exclusion criteria were lack of consent and inability to provide a matched patient from the other group. 17 hemophilia A and 17 hemophilia B patients were included in the study. The patient matching according to factor level was tested with Spearman9s rank-order correlation, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.999 (p In vitro fibrin clots were created from centrifugated patient plasma, CaCl2 and bovine thrombin. They were then permeated with a percolating buffer with a pre-determined viscosity (Tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane, imidazole, NaCl and trasylol) under three different pre-determined hydrostatic pressures. Fibrin clot permeability was calculated in Darcy constants (Ks) using the equation: Ks = (Q x L x h) / (t x A x ΔP). where Q is the elution volume (cm3), t is the buffer percolation time (seconds), h is the viscosity (poise, dyne x s cm-2), L is the fibrin clot length (cm), A is the area of the fibrin clot (cm2) and ΔP is the difference of pressure (dyne cm-2). A high Ks represents high permeability, which is interpreted as porous fibrin clots. In contrast low Ks values represent low permeability, which is interpreted as low porosity. Results: Ks was higher in hemophilia A than in hemophilia B. Mean Ks for hemophilia A was 12.28 ± 5.92 and for hemophilia B 6.16 ± 3.63 (p Conclusion: Fibrin clot structure exhibits less permeability in hemophilia B than hemophilia A, which may be one of the explanations to the milder bleeding symptoms observed in hemophilia B at the same level of deficient factor. This finding is in accordance with clinical studies showing that HB has a less severe bleeding phenotype than HA. Disclosures Antovic:Baxter Healthcare Corporation: Honoraria, Research Funding; Siemens: Honoraria; Stago: Honoraria; Sysmex: Honoraria; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria. Chaireti:Baxalta: Research Funding.


In Mysticism and New Paradigm Psychology John E. Collins describes mysticism as a quaternary process of psychological transformation and shows how this understanding is compatible with the understanding of psychic process being promoted by new paradigm psychology. From an examination of the stories that mystics tell about their own experiences, Collins concludes that mysticism may be understood as stages-awakening, purification, illumination, and transformation. Collins provides a basis for interideological dialogue by demonstrating that this description of mysticism is similar to and compatible with the new scientific explanation of human psychological processes known as new-paradigm psychology (here represented by the work of Arnold Mandell, Karl Pribaram, and Charles Tart), those branches of scientific psychology that attempt to take seriously some of the insights and conclusions of quantum and relativity theories, and thus avoid the materialistic reductionism of most modern scientific theories.


Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of wet cupping as alternative treatment on reducing bone pain and built a model that predicts the level of improvement for patients who suffer from bone pain. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 289 patients referred from specialty clinics to Prophetic Medicine Clinics (PMC) between September 2013 and August 2015. The effectiveness of cupping is assessed on patients with bone pain who were redirected to PMC, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An artificial neural network (ANN) method was used to propose a model that predicts levels of improvement for patients suffering from bone pain. Therefore, a random sample of 90% of the data was used to build the ANN model and tested by the remaining 10%. Inferential statistics were conducted to study relations and compare blood tests before and after treatment. Results: Out of 289 patients suffering from bone pain, more than 11% were completely cured, and 55% improved after wet cupping treatment sessions. The proposed ANN model showed a good performance with more than 72% accuracy. In addition, the statistical analysis showed a significant improvement for most blood tests. Conclusion: Wet cupping has positive effects on reducing bone pain. We recommend the use of an ANN model in PMC to predict whether patients will benefit from the treatment to reduce pain. This is a recommendation for further study not a conclusion.


Even though experience was found to improve decision-making in several tasks, there are instances in which learning is ineffective. The current paper studies one example of the last category, namely the persisting tendency of negotiators in bilateral bargaining under asymmetric information to ignore the decisions of their opponent(s), which can result in negative profits also known as the "winner's curse". Bazerman and his colleagues studied this phenomenon extensively using a task known as the "Acquiring a Company" task. One surprising finding is that even experienced participants showed no adjustment to avoid the winner's curse. The current study suggests that the observed persistence of sub-optimal behavior is largely due to the variability in the environment that leads to an ambiguous feedback. Since participants adjust their behavior adaptively, i.e., they condition their behavior on outcomes of the previous rounds, which have a high variance, it is difficult for them to overcome the winner's curse in this situation. In a series of experiments using the "Acquiring a Company" task we decreased the variance in the payoff. We find that decreasing the variance improves performance, but it does not completely eliminate the winner's curse. However, even when participants were given explicit information about the expected profit of each bid, they still overbid, suggesting that the difficulty to learn to avoid the winner's curse can be partially attributed to the utility participants have from gambling. The results show the importance of giving negotiators noise-free feedback in order to improve negotiation skills.


Polyamides are one of the most widely used thermoplastics in the world due to their strength, toughness, stiffness, abrasion resistance, and retention of physical and mechanical properties over large temperature ranges. They are of extreme importance in a variety of industrial fields such as crude-oil transport in deep water environments, transport of natural gas, automobile applications in fuel lines, etc. Thus, research on the changes in their molecular and mechanical properties during aging in varying environments is important. The research herein examines the aging of two polyamide polymers, PA-11 and PA-12, and the resulting changes in their molecular and performance properties at different temperatures, in anaerobic environments, and neutral pH. The specific objective of this research is to observe the changes in the molecular weight, chain length, during the aging of the two polyamides to form a comparison between general amide bond hydrolysis kinetics for PA-11 vs. PA-12.


Wireless broadband communication has gained attention due to ever growing demands of multimedia and internet services. The major challenges faced by wireless communication are availability of resources like bandwidth and transmission power. Also the wireless channel suffers from impairments like fading. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) based subcarrier Channel impairments must be mitigated at the receiver by using equalization techniques. In these concept BER performance is minimized improvements of SC-FDMA systems using different equalization techniques such as Zero forcing (ZF), Minimum mean 1 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 118 No. 24 2018 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/


BACKGROUND
This study was taken to assess the prevalence of deleterious oral habits among 6-12 year old school going children.

MATERIALS & METHODS
A sample size of 832 children was finalized with simple random sampling technique including 444 males and 388 females. To get the demographic information and presence of harmful oral habits a closed-ended questionnaire was developed. Clinical evaluation was also done using mirror and water tests. Chi-square test was done to compare the prevalence of oral habits among different age groups and gender at p<0.05.

RESULTS
Bruxism (17.3%) was most commonly seen followed by bottle feeding (10.1%), thumb sucking (8.7%), nail biting (5.8%), tongue thrusting (4.9%) and mouth breathing (4.3%). Prevalence of all deleterious habits were more among female children and it also showed significant differences according to age.

CONCLUSION
The data showed high prevalence of these oral habits. This highlighted the need for preventive orthodontic treatment at early age of life so that future occurrence of malocclusion can be avoided. How to cite the article: Garde JB, Suryavanshi RK, Jawale BA, Deshmukh V, Dadhe DP, Suryavanshi MK. An epidemiological study to know the prevalence of deleterious oral habits among 6 to 12 year old children. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(1):39-43.


According to T. J. Huang of Mobil Research and Development Corp. at the 180th ACS National Meeting (Las Vegas 8/24-29/80), Mobil has developed a heterogeneous catalyst, made of ruthenium metal and ZSM-5 intermediate pore zeolites, which converts synthesis gas to high-octane gasoline (octane number 80-104) in a single step, at higher yields, and with simpler and cheaper process design than does by existing technology. Tests of catalysts prepared by three techniques (grinding together and pelleting of ruthenium oxide and ZSM-5; mixing of alumina-supported ruthenium and an equal amount of ZSM-5; and impregnating ZSM-5 with ruthenium from a ruthenium chloride solution) showed that the closer the association of ruthenium and zeolite, the higher the yield of heavy aromatics containing 11 or more carbon atoms. According to B. D. Dombek of Union Carbide Corp., Union Carbide has developed a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst, acetic acid solutions of Ru(CO)/sub 12/, which converts synthesis gas to ethylene glycol at 340 atm or less. According to J. F. Knifton of Texaco Inc., Texaco has developed soluble homogeneous ruthenium catalysts, effective at 200/sup 0/C and 270 atm, which will add three carbon atoms to the chain of a short aliphatic carboxylic acid.


If statement' is vectorization inhibiter that is prevents vectorization. But if statement is not parallelization inhibiter that is it allows parallelization. We take a problem in which conditional if statement is applied for addition of numbers of 2 series or arrays after multiplication. We measure time for addition of multiplication of series under certain condition, when ordinary sequential method is applied. Secondly we divide the entire problem into certain number of equal parts (Threads) and perform addition on different cores. Then we compute the speedup and other parameters.


Journal of Oral Medicine (IPOM)

Anuna Laila Mathew

Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Kerala, India.

Editorial Note

I am pleased to introduce International Journal of Oral Medicine (IPOM) which is an open access includes a wide range of fields in its discipline. Scope of the journal includes Oral Medicine, Oral Medical Surgery, Oral Health, Oral and maxillofacial Radiology, Oral diagnosis, Oral Medicine Pathology, Oral Dentistry, Oral rehabilitation, Prosthodontics, Orofacial Dental Surgery, Oral denture care, Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Endodontology. We have been started in year 2008 International Journal of Oral Medicine   is growing continuously. It is our pleasure to announce that during year 2020, all issues of volume 12 were published online on time and the print issues were also brought out and dispatched within 30 days of publishing the issue online.

All published articles of this journal are included in the indexing and abstracting coverage of CAS Source Index (CASSI), Index Copernicus, Google Scholar, Sherpa Romeo, Academic Journals Database, GenamicsJournalSeek, JournalTOCs, CiteFactor, Electronic Journals Library, RefSeek, Hamdard University, EBSCO A-Z, Directory of Abstract Indexing for Journals, World Catalogue of Scientific Journals, OCLC- WorldCat, Scholarsteer, SWB online catalog, Virtual Library of Biology (vifabio), Publons, Dtufindit, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research.

During the calendar year 2020, International Journal of Oral Medicine received a total of 30 papers, out of which 6 articles were rejected in the preliminary screening due to plagiarism or being out of the format and peer review process. During 2020 around 16 articles were subjected for publication after they are accepted in the peer review process. In the 4 issues of Volume 12 published during the year 2020, a total of 16 articles were published (at an average of 3 articles per issue of which, articles were published from authors all around the world. A total of 30 research scientists from all over the world reviewed the 16 articles published in volume 12. Average publication period of an article was further reduced to 14-21 days.

During the calendar year 2020, a total of three Editors, ten Reviewers joined the board of IPOM and contributed their valuable services towards contribution as well as publication of articles, and their valuable reviewer comments will beneficial to publish quality of article in the Journal.

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Editor-in-chief and Associate Editor during the final editing of articles published and bringing out issues of IPOM in time. I would also like to express my gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, the publisher, language editor, honorary editors, the scientific advisory and the editorial board of IPOM, the office bearers for their support in bringing out the new volume (Volume 13) of IPOM for the calendar year 2021 and look forward to their unrelenting support further to release more issues for International Journal of Oral Medicine IPOM in scheduled time


China's accession to the WTO willcontinue to accelerate the pace ofopening up the service industry.The service industry is more and more important in the national economy,and marketing service also has become increasingly prominent.At present,China'sservice marketing stillhas many problems.Therefore,China's service industry should strengthen the idea of marketing ser-vices,cultivate a large number of service marketing personnel,use advanced Internet marketing tools,and take the road of innovation and development.


We consider two species of particles performing random walks in a domain in ℝd with reflecting boundary conditions, which annihilate on contact. In addition, there is a conservation law so that the total number of particles of each type is preserved: When the two particles of different species annihilate each other, particles of each species, chosen at random, give birth. We assume initially equal numbers of each species and show that the system has a diffusive scaling limit in which the densities of the two species are well approximated by the positive and negative parts of the solution of the heat equation normalized to have constant L1 norm. In particular, the higher Neumann eigenfunctions appear as asymptotically stable states at the diffusive time scale.


This short paper reports on the use of browse ranking in southern Zimbabwe. Two types of ranking were conducted. First, a simple scoring of a full list of all available trees in the area was carried out. Next, a more focused matrix ranking explored a few key species against a range of criteria. In combination these ranking exercises provided important information for a local woodland management project.


Aim
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Ultrasonic Coagulation (UC), Bipolar Energy Sealing System (BESS), Intra Operative Nerve Monitoring (IONM) and surgical experience on the complications of thyroid surgery.

Method
The data of 1627 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for various indications in our department between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively and the effects of different technological devices on complications were investigated.

Results
Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy was higher between 2009 and 2013, when IONM was not in routine use (p=0.029). There were no significant differences between two energy devices (UC and BESS) in terms of transient or permanent RLN palsy, bleeding, and transient or permanent hypocalcemia. Multivariate analysis showed that young age (0.006), female gender (0.016), surgery type (p<0.001), and lateral neck dissection (p=0.026) are independent risk factors for transient hypocalcemia.

Conclusion
The results indicate that there is no superior hemostatic device. IONM and specific branching decrease transient RLN palsy. Female gender, young age, completion thyroidectomy, and lateral neck dissection were independent risk factors for the development of transient hypocalcemia.


The bathing cap caught on the teeth of Nettle's comb, flexed, drained its bright red colour in an elastic grin then snapped at Nettle's fingers...


Leakage of sand and water through a diaphragm wall for the Vijzelgracht station of the Amsterdam North South line at a depth of 12m — NAP led to settlements up to 0.15m of the adjacent buildings. These buildings are founded on end bearing piles that were installed with their tip in the first sand layer (at the same depth as the leakage). The leakage led to a local ground loss and decrease in density of the sand underneath the piled foundations. Corrective grouting was performed initially to restore the capacity of the pile foundation. Although the lifting of the building was successful, it appears that for these conditions (loose sand due to ground loss) the efficiency of the corrective grouting process is rather low. Injections of up to 600 litres/m2 led to a heave of only 10mm at maximum. Although the original stiffness of the load bearing sand layer was completely restored, ongoing settlements were found up to at least 5.5 months after finishing the compensation grouting.


There has been long historical interest in digital preservation of morphological features of biological materials, especially because often the preservation of sensitive molecules is critical for evolutionary studies. To this end, we successfully applied the recent advances of the fringe projection profilometry technique, in conjunction with white light and a new phase algorithm, to digitalize the shape of a fossil rodent hemimandible. We were able to generate a cloud of points in an array of data that allowed us to plot a three-dimensional (3-D) digital restoration of the entire fossil sample. The maximum resolution of this system is given by the diffraction l imit (in the order of microns), and we show that this enhanced system can be used with objects in a range of 1-30 mm, minimizing the systematic errors induced by small vibrations or light fluctuations and, consequently, improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered cloud data. This is a useful tool to preserve 3-D images of fossils and other biological objects for which rather detailed morphological information is required, like in research studies for biologists and paleontologists or, as in the present case, when researchers need a morphological replica because the sample will be destroyed for ancient DNA extraction.


Superposition of narrow diffraction peaks and wide bands of the halo type has been observed for large, mixed Ar–Kr clusters (N=(6–9)⋅104 atoms/cluster). Such a superposition shows that a crystalline solution and a phase component with short-range order (liquid-like) coexist. The effect has not been previously observed either for atomic macrosystems or for large atomic clusters. The result obtained could indicate nonclassical properties of large argon clusters doped with krypton.


Type 1 immunity appears to be diminished in healthy Japanese carriers of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I), but type 2 status remains undetermined. To further examine the subclinical effect of HTLV‐I on host immunity, we measured serum antibodies to the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 415 healthy Japanese adults to broadly characterize type 1 status. Levels of the type 2 biomarkers total immunoglobulin E (IgE), soluble CD23 (sCD23), and soluble CD30 (sCD30) were assessed in 167, 142, and 135 of these subjects, respectively. We analyzed the association of HTLV‐I with levels of each serum marker using linear and logistic regression. Altered EBV antibody profiles that are consistent with deficient type 1 immunity were more prevalent in HTLV‐I carriers than non‐carriers (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–5.3). Carriers also had 45% lower total IgE levels (P = 0.04) than non‐carriers. In contrast, HTLV‐I infection was not significantly associated with elevated levels of sCD23 or sCD30. These observations are contrary to our expectation of elevated type 2 biomarkers among carriers. We conclude that in this population, healthy carriers of HTLV‐I may have subclinical deficiencies in both type 1 and type 2 immunity, and that type 1 and type 2 immunity are not necessarily reciprocal in persons with subclinical immune dysregulation. J. Med. Virol. 78:847–852, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Background: Young people, more than any other age group, have been adversely affected by globalization, violence, advances in information and communication technology and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge and epidemiological determinants related to HIV-AIDS among the youth in the urban slum. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Malvani slum area of Mumbai among 540 youth between 15 to 24 years of age. Two stage systematic random sampling method was used with individual household being the sampling unit. Results: Almost everybody had heard of HIV/AIDS. 21.5% participants had comprehensive knowledge about HIV AIDS. There were many misconceptions about how HIV-AIDS can spread. 57% thought that HIV-AIDS could spread by kissing, 22.7% said that HIV-AIDS could spread by sharing belongings. 36.8% thought that HIV- AIDS could spread through urine while 62.6% thought HIV- AIDS to be spread by saliva. 23.9% said that withdrawing penis before ejaculation could prevent HIV-AIDS and that there was no need to use condoms in that case. The predictors for comprehensive knowledge of HIV-AIDS in study participants were religion, education and per capita income. Conclusion: Although almost everybody had heard of HIV/AIDS, only around 21% had correct and comprehensive knowledge about HIV-AIDS. This reflects a massive gap that needs to be bridged, as awareness becomes the first step for initiating the behavior change process.


A comparative study of attenuation of seismic waves for Chamoli, Kachchh and Koyna regions of India has been evaluated. For this purpose seismic albedo (B0) & extinction length (Le) are computed using Q Qβ & Qc values for Chamoli, Kachchh and Koyna regions. In order to estimate B0 and Le we have used already published attenuation parameters for these regions except Qc for Chamoli region which is estimated in the present study. As a result we found B0 > 0.5 for Chamoli while B0 < 0.5 for Kachchh regions. This represents that scattering attenuation is predominant over intrinsic attenuation for Chamoli while Le varies from 20 to 66 km. The Chamoli area falls in the interplate seismicity regime and highly heterogeneous in nature. For Kachchh region intrinsic attenuation is predominant over scattering attenuation and Le varies from 40 to 70 km. Kachchh area falls in intraplate region corresponding to the higher intrinsic attenuation as compared to scattering attenuation. On the other hand in Koyna region for central frequency 1.5 Hz scattering attenuation is dominant over intrinsic attenuation while for frequency range of 3 to 18 Hz only intrinsic attenuation is responsible for the attenuation of seismic waves. The values obtained in the present study are consistent with geology and tectonic set up of three regions. Due to socio-economic importance of these regions the seismic hazard is very much essential for the structural engineering practices. So these values can be used to estimate the seismic hazard of these regions.


In this paper, a class of discrete-time inhomogeneous bilinear systems whose controllability cannot be checked by the classical results is considered. By using an algebraic technique, it is shown that the systems are never controllable. Near-controllability of the systems is thus studied and, by defining a novel transition operator, an algebraic necessary and sufficient criterion is established, where the control inputs to achieve state transition can also be computed. Furthermore, the established near-controllability result is applied to study nearly controllable subspaces of the discrete-time homogeneous bilinear systems. Although such systems were investigated in the previous work, a new and larger class of nearly controllable subspaces of the homogeneous systems is derived, which cannot be found by the previous work due to different algebraic structures. Finally, an algorithm for solving the control inputs to achieve state transition as well as examples are given to demonstrate the results of this paper.


The Brownian force model (BFM) is the mean-field model for the avalanches of an elastic interface slowly driven in a random medium. It describes the spatio-temporal statistics of the velocity field, and, to some extent is analytically tractable. We extend our previous studies to obtain several observables for the BFM with short range elasticity, related to the local jump sizes $S(x)$ and to the avalanche spatial extension in $d=1$, or the avalanche span in $d>1$. In $d=1$ we consider both driving (i) by an imposed force (ii) by an imposed displacement"at the tip"and obtain in each case the mean spatial shape $\langle S(x) \rangle$ at fixed extension, or at fixed seed to edge distance. We find that near an edge $x_e$, $S(x) \simeq \sigma |x-x_e|^3$ where $\sigma$ has a universal distribution that we obtain. We also obtain the spatiotemporal shape near the edge. In $d>1$ we obtain (i) the mean shape $\langle S(x_1,x_\perp) \rangle$ for a fixed span, which exhibits a non-trivial dependence in the transverse distance to the seed $x_\perp$ (ii) the mean shape around a point which has not moved, $\langle S(x) \rangle_{S(0)=0}$, which vanishes at the center as $|x|^{b_d}$ with non trivial exponents, $b_1=4$, $b_2=2 \sqrt{2}$ and $b_3=\frac{1}{2} (\sqrt{17}-1)$. We obtain the probability distributions in any $d$ for the maximal radius of an avalanche and the minimal distance of approach to a given point, as well as the probability of not hitting a cone in $d=2$. These results equivalently apply to the continuum limit of some branching diffusions, as detailed in a companion paper.


It is rather understandable and quite expectable that people coming from different countries or even different parts of the same country have different ways of communicating and behaving. Culture c ...


A composition for removing a photoresist residue and a poly mer residue remaining on a semiconductor substrate after dry etching and after ashing is provided, the composition contain ing at least one type of fluorine compound, at least one type of organic acid, at least one type of organic amine, and water, the composition having a pH of 4 to 7, and the total content of components other than water being 0.3 to 30 mass % of the entire composition.


Purpose: To assess the effect of using a topical hemostatic powder to prevent bleeding in small vessels versus the use of cautery in anorectal surgery. Methods: In an observer-blinded randomized clinical trial, 60 patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups and received either ChitoHem hemostatic powder or cautery. Blood coagulation time, physician's satisfaction, postoperative pain, and patient's comfort were evaluated by the visual analog scale. Results: The mean value of blood coagulation time was significantly lower in the cautery group compared to the ChitoHem group (p<0.001). Physician's satisfaction and patient's comfort were significantly increased in the ChitoHem group versus cautery group. The mean pain score significantly decreased in ChitoHem group verses and cautery group. (p<0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the present study demonstrated that although blood coagulation time was shorter in cautery compared to ChitoHem, however, pain improvement and both physicians and patients' satisfaction in ChitoHem users were significantly higher. Therefore the use of ChitoHem hemostatic powder is a non-invasive, convenient and repeatable and significantly pain free method. Introduction Anorectal surgery is one of the most frequent operations performed today [1] for hemorrhoid, fistula, or fissure. It can be performed in an outpatient or inpatient setting. The blood supply and innervation of the anorectal area is very rich; therefore, the manipulation of this area is very painful and results in rather heavy bleeding; hence, due to the sensitive nature of this area, it is recommended to use other methods. Methods such as ligasure, cautery, sono seizure or laser probes are used in anorectal surgery. There are different brands of chemical substances such as powders, gels, or liquids, on the market [2]. Laparoscopy is a common approach selected in most large colorectal disorders for patients who require surgery [3]. One of the primary goals in the management of surgery is bleeding control during and after the procedure. Bleeding control can be performed in two ways using chemicals or ligation. Ligation is a physical method and no chemical reaction takes place [4]. Various methods such as cautery, fistula surgery, and hemostatic agents can be used for bleeding control during the operation. Efforts to achieve new methods to control bleeding resulting from surgical operations are a continuing challenge. It should be noted that electronic devices like cautery burn the tissue and wound healing is slow; therefore, these patients have more pain than the users of hemostatic agents [5-7]. The use of hemostatic agents can decrease the patient visit rate and post-surgical analgesic use by the patient when compared to cautery [8]. Hemostatic agents are popular means for reducing postoperative bleeding. ChitoHem is a sterile, absorbable hemostatic powder containing oxidized regenerated cellulose which can be used in all types of bleeding, particularly arterial bleeding. The ChitoHem haemostatic powder is directly poured over the surface of bleeding by an applicator. The surface is completely covered and the bleeding stops within two minutes upon slight pressure by sterile gauze. Hence, attention has been paid to the development of alternative methods to control bleeding, including topical hemostatic dressings [2]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of a hemostatic powder agent to prevent bleeding in small vessels in comparison with cautery in anorectal surgery. Methods and materials The present single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out in Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, from May 2015 to December 2015. In total, 60 cases were selected from patients that were admitted to the hospital for rectal surgery. After explaining the study procedure to the patients and confirming the presence of the inclusion criteria, the patients signed written consent forms. The patients were divided into 2 study groups and in each subgroup, the patients were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups and received either ChitoHem or cautery. Study Correspondence to: Soheila S. Kordestani, 2Medical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3ChitoTech Company, Khaghani Building, Somayeh Avenue, Tehran, Iran. Bahar Mahjoubi, Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of medical science, Tehran, Iran; Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


We present periodicity analyses of recent observations of two x-ray binaries made with the University of Adelaide's gamma-ray telescope at Woomera, South Australia. Vela X-1, which transits close to the zenith at Woomera, is observed with an energy threshold less than 1 TeV, and the results can be compared with other observations in the same energy region. On the other hand, Cygnus X-3 reaches a maximum elevation of 18{degree} and our energy threshold is correspondingly high ({similar to}100 TeV). Our 1989 data have previously been searched for evidence of the 12.6 {ital ms} pulsar reported at TeV energies. We extend this analysis and include data from 1990.


Using clim ate records from 20 weather stations, we investigated the changes in temperature, rainfall, and length of the growing season between 1961 and 1995. To establish a link between changes in climate and tree growth, we analyzed radial increment rates from tree rings over the same period. Our results indicate: (1) no change in precipitation over the period; (2) a highly significant increase (ct=0.01) in average annual temperature (1.13°C), minimum temperature (1.23°C), winter temperature (2.70° C) as well as a significant (a=0.05) increase in the length of the growing season (14 days) since 1961. For the early 1990s, lower radial increment rates as well as a decrease in the temperature related climate parameters are detectable. To understand the importance of climate on tree growth we use the ecosystem model FOREST-BGC and predict the annual net primary production (NPP). The trends in NPP are consistent with observed diameter increment rates determined from 1179 increment cores for Norway spmce from all over Austria.


Fifty healthy female patients scheduled for surgery were randomly allocated into two groups in a double‐blind study. One group received lorazepam 2·5 mg orally at 2200 h on the evening before surgery as night sedation, and again at 0800 h on the morning before surgery as premedication. The second group received diazepam 10 mg orally at the same times.


Much of the literature on Internet use looks at the behavior of users in isolation from institutional factors that also affect how people use the medium. This chapter looks at how decisions at the organizational level influence what people do online and more specifically, how they find their way to information on the Web. Big point-of-entry sites make strategic business decisions about how to organize and present content to users. The results of search engines, the layout of portal sites, the way people are directed from one site to another may all influence what type of content people find and view online. Since big portal sites are driven by a need to make a profit, their decisions on what content to feature are not necessarily based on the quality and relevance of the Web sites they present to users. Companies spend great financial resources on gaining prominent positions on portals and in the results listings of search engines. Thus, exposure seems to be increasingly connected to financial means. What are the implications of this for not-for-profit Web sites? Non-profits have fewer resources to spend on promoting their online presence. After discussing the ways in which financial considerations affect much of what content is easily accessible online, the paper suggests ways in which non-profits can also gain exposure to relevant audiences without large expenditures. * I would like to thank Paul DiMaggio for his insightful comments throughout this project, Stan Katz for his ongoing support, and Peter Day, Carl Page and Doug Schuler for invaluable suggestions. Generous support from the Markle Foundation and the National Science Foundation (grants #SES9819907 and # IIS0086143) is kindly acknowledged. This work has also been supported in part by a grant from the Russell Sage Foundation, and through a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts to the Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Princeton University. I am also grateful to the Dan David Foundation for its support. Eszter Hargittai --Global Communities --Commercial Gatekeeping Online :: 2


A bijective analysis is confirming, the expansion of universal space has never been directly observed, and this assumption is unproven thus far. The measurement of the gravitational redshift, which was confirmed using the Mossbauer experiment, proves only the gravitational redshift and nothing more because there is no causality between the gravitational redshift and hypothetical expansion. Thus, even if the universal space is assumed to expand, the gravitational redshift cannot be assumed to be proof of the expansion. In addition, the Doppler effect was never observed in an expanding space; thus, the claim that the cosmological redshift is partially caused by the Doppler effect, which is caused by the expansion of space, is an unproven assumption. Furthermore, the discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation simply proves that the radiation is emitted by the entire universal space, but does not prove the existence of a recombination period. In evidence-based cosmology, every element in the model has a corresponding element in physical reality that is observed and measured. The evidence-based cosmology model is related to the real universe by a bijective function of set theory. Supermassive black holes in the centre of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. They rotate their local superfluid space which is the physical origin of galactic rotation curves.


Northern Tajikistan creates favorable conditions for growing grapes due to its climate. The choice of method of grape production to ensure a high-quality yield, while reducing the negative effects of such production on the environment, poses a serious challenge to implementation regarding the principles of sustainable production. In addition to the essential techniques associated with grapevine production, such as irrigation, fertilization, and plant protection, a training system plays a significant role. The objective of this research was to evaluate the environmental efficiency of vineyard training systems in northern Tajikistan. The indicators accepted for the evaluation process were the vegetative growth of plants, yield, and environmental pressure of production expressed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The single-factor experiment was conducted in Ghafurov District, and the following training systems were used: (A) multi-arm fan; (B) Umbrella Kniffin; (C) one-side multi-arm, paired planting. Growth parameters, yield, yield quality, and GHG emissions were evaluated. The cultivation of grapes in training system "C" resulted in higher values of parameters such as Practical Bud Fertility coefficient and fruiting shoots pcs and higher yields. The training systems were ranked according to GHG emissions per yield unit in the following order, from lower to higher emissions: C < B < A.


Background:Exclusive Enteral nutrition (EN) therapy can be utilized as a primary treatment for active Crohn's disease (CD) and is considered as the first-line of treatment for CD in children, especially in Europe and Japan. The efficacy of supplementary EN for maintaining remission in patients with inactive CD is unclear. The aim of this work was to systematically identify, review and critically appraise the evidence of the efficacy and safety of EN in maintaining remission for patients with inactive CD. Methods:We searched PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, Wiley) from inception till April 2015 for relevant citations of published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies using individualized search strategies prepared for each database. The primary outcome was relapse rate in patients with inactive CD who have been in medically induced remission and subsequently started or maintained on EN for maintaining remission. Results:Twelve studies, included 1169 patients, fulfilled the inclusion criteria with 3 adult RCTs and 2 pediatric observational studies included. Out of 730 patients who were given supplementary EN to maintain remission, 341 (46.7%) (95% CI 42.4%–49.6%) patients experienced first relapse compared to 281 (64%) (95% CI 59.5%–68.4%) out of 439 patients in the non-EN group (P < 0.01). The adult studies included 1074 patients with inactive Crohn's disease. The crude pooled relapse rate in the EN group was 47% (95% CI 43.3%–50.7%) compared to 64% (95% CI 59.2%–68.8%) in the non-EN group (P < 0.01). Only one high-quality adult RCT was found with a relapse rate of 34.5% in the EN group compared to 64% in the regular diet group (P < 0.01) after a mean duration of follow up of 11.9 months. For the 2 pediatric observational studies, the crude pooled relapse rate in the EN group was 42% (95% CI 27.2%–56.8%) compared to 63.5% (95% CI 49.9%–76.1%) in the non-EN group (P = 0.04). Although lack of compliance with EN intake was documented in few studies, no major adverse events were reported in patients taking EN. Conclusions:Compared to regular diet, the current evidence suggests that EN is safe and effective in maintaining remission for patients with inactive CD. Large properly designed randomized controlled studies are required to confirm the efficacy of supplementary enteral nutrition compared to individual medications such as immunomodulators and biological medications in maintaining remission in CD.


The invention discloses a processing method for rice bran oil. A finished rice bran oil product is obtained by successively subjecting rice bran to puffing, leaching, pretreatment of mixed rice bran crude oil, degumming, decoloring, de-waxing and physical deacidification. In the procedure of leaching, a leaching solvent--isopropanol is added into the rice bran having undergone puffing, and oil yield of the rice bran oil is improved through optimization of the leaching procedure; in the procedure of pretreatment of the mixed rice bran crude oil, the mixed rice bran crude oil is subjected to filtration so as to control impurity content to be less than 0.2%; in the procedure of degumming, the temperature of the rice bran crude oil having undergone removal of impurities is adjusted to 42 to 45 DEG C, 20 to 25% of an aqueous oxalic acid solution is added under stirring, heating is carried out during stirring until the temperature is 62 to 64 DEG C, and the solution is stood for 1 to 2 h so as to obtain oxalic acid degummed oil; and then the oxalic acid degummed oil is subjected to water processing so as to obtain degummed oil. The processing method for the rice bran oil provided by the invention has the advantages of low energy consumption, high oil yield and a good decoloring effect.


The invention relates to a laminated structure comprising a substrate with a solder layer and a hard material layer, and a method for its use.


The growing markets of electronic components in automotive electronics, LCD/LED drivers and TV sets lead to an extensive demand of high-voltage integrated circuits (HVICs), which are normally built by HV-MOSFETs. These HV-MOSFET devices generally occupy large die areas and operate at low speed due to large parasitic capacitance and small transconductance (gm). There are two types of HV-MOSFET devices, namely, thick-gate and thingate oxide devices. Thick-gate oxide devices can sustain a high gate-to-source voltage, VGS, but suffer from a reduced gm, poor threshold voltage VT control in production and higher cost due to the need of extra processing steps. Thin-gate devices have a larger gm, smaller parasitic capacitance, less processing steps and a lower cost. These properties make the thingate HV-MOSFETs attractive, though they face severe limitation on VGS swing. There are two main concerns when thin-gate HV-MOSFETs are used. The first is how to achieve high current driving capability to drive capacitive loads in high-voltage (HV) application, whereas the second is how to protect the thin-gate oxide from HV stress breakdown. For current-driving capability, Bales (Bales, 1997) proposed a class-AB amplifier using bipolar technology which consumes a high quiescent current and is expensive due to a large die area and complicated masking. Lu & Lee (Lu & Lee, 2002) proposed a CMOS class-AB amplifier which can only drive around 6mA and does not meet the driver requirements of large and fast current responses (Hu & Jovanovic, 2008). Mentze et al. (Mentze et al., 2006) proposed a HV driver using pure low-voltage (LV) devices but this architecture requires an expensive silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process to sustain substrate breakdown in HV application. Tzeng & Chen (Tzeng & Chen, 2009) proposed a driver that consumes a large die area with all transistors inside the circuit being HV transistors. On the other hand, transistor reliability becomes a serious issue in HV thin-gate oxide transistor circuits. Chebli et al. (Chebli et al., 2007) proposed the floating gate protection technique. The voltage range under protection will change according to the ratio of capacitors and the HV supply, VDDH. This technique, however, cannot limit the voltage across the nodes of gate and source well when the variation of the supply voltage is large. Riccardo et al. (Riccardo et al., 2001) proposed a method which requires an extra Zener diode to protect the thin-gate oxide transistors, so a special process and higher cost are incurred. Declercq et al. (Declercq et al., 1993) suggested a HV-MOSFET op-amp driver with a clamping circuit to protect the thin-


The talk will focus on the WTO tobacco plain packaging dispute. Plain packaging of tobacco products is a public health measure firstly adopted by Australia in 2011, and entered into force in that country in December 2012. It has then been implemented by other countries such as UK, Ireland and France. The Australian measure has been challenged at the WTO by several developing countries, including Indonesia, Dominican Republic, Honduras and Cuba. These countries claim that it violates several articles of the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention, especially trademark-related provisions. The decision of the WTO Panel is expected in a few months. Indeed, this measure means that trademarks, graphics and logos are removed from packs, except for the brand name, which is displayed in a standard font identical for all brands in the market. Large graphic health-warning images also dominate on the front. A dark colour such as olive green permeates the pack. The aim is to make cigarette boxes unappealing, especially for adolescents, so reducing the prevalence and uptake of smoking. Obviously, tobacco companies – and the countries lobbied by them, including the complainants in the WTO dispute strongly opposes plain packaging. Seen from their perspective, such a legislative move is capable of confusing consumers and is an unacceptable deprivation of their (intellectual) properties, namely their powerful brands, for which they have invested, and are still investing, so much money. In particular, they have claimed that this measure infringes their trademark rights, as it would end up in banning the use of all logos and graphic, fancy and design elements, which are protected by trademark registrations, for which tobacco companies have paid and will keep on paying filing and renewal fees. Alongside this, the industry has argued that standardised packaging will not be effective in reducing the uptake of smoking, and may even have a "boomerang" effect of increasing smoking uptake – without the possibility of adorning their packs, it is argued, tobacco companies would compete only on prices making tobacco cheaper and more affordable. Such arguments – the talk will argue are not convincing. First, tobacco manufacturers are still able to distinguish their products from those of competitors as the measure allows them to display on their packs the brand name, although in a standard font. Second, trademark registrations do not offer their owners a positive right to actually use the protected sign, but just the negative right to prevent counterfeiters from copying it. Indeed, Abstract The WTO Plain Packaging Case – and Beyond Enrico Bonadio 2 enterprises and businessmen are able to use brands regardless of trademark registrations: the simple fact of starting a business allows them to use signs and logos in the course of trade. And the fact that trademark registrations do not offer their owners a positive right to use the trademark allows governments to introduce measures, such as standardised packaging, that prohibit or restrict such use on public interest grounds. This was already found in 2005 by a WTO Panel in a geographical indications related dispute brought against the EU. The WTO Plain Packaging Case – and Beyond Enrico Bonadio 2 enterprises and businessmen are able to use brands regardless of trademark registrations: the simple fact of starting a business allows them to use signs and logos in the course of trade. And the fact that trademark registrations do not offer their owners a positive right to use the trademark allows governments to introduce measures, such as standardised packaging, that prohibit or restrict such use on public interest grounds. This was already found in 2005 by a WTO Panel in a geographical indications related dispute brought against the EU. Third, standardised packaging seems also effective. Australia has justified this measure by relying on convincing scientific evidence. Recent figures show that total consumption of tobacco and cigarettes in Australia is the lowest ever recorded. The number of young people taking up smoking also appears to have fallen. After briefly analysing the WTO dispute, the talk will mention the possible spill-over effects of plain packaging of tobacco. It will in particular highlight how "strong" packaging-appropriation measures may soon be adopted in fields concerning other harmful products and services such as alcohol, unhealthy food and even gambling.


Dear editor,We are excited to see, of late, a widespread renewal of interest in the classic, irreversible, and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (Gillman et al. 2019). They are eff...


The contribution to polarization dynamics from a combination of linear birefringence, anisotropic nonlinear refraction, and a longitudinal magneto-optic effect is discussed. A Hamiltonian formalism is developed using Stokes parameters. It is found that by periodic reversal of the magnetic field, avenues are opened up to exploit Faraday rotation, for example, as an optical isolator, and polarization switching in an integrated optical environment. A practical implementation is discussed that uses semiconductors and a shaped-surface conductor.


for DBER Group Discussion on 2013‐01‐24 Presenter, Department(s): John Osterman Associate Professor School of Biological Sciences Tiffany Heng‐Moss Professor Department of Entomology Title: An Overview of the Life Sciences Curriculum Abstract: The Life Sciences curriculum currently consists of a two semester series of courses and associated laboratories covering the fundamentals of biology. It is intended to serve those students who intend on taking more advanced biology courses. I will review the procedure used in the development of the courses and cover the proposed syllabi for the courses. Undergraduate Life Sciences Curriculum John Osterman and Tiffany Heng‐Moss University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Three proposals • Life Sciences Competencies—This proposal will identify overarching concepts and specific competencies common to undergraduate students in the life sciences at the University (introductory level). • Life Sciences Program—This proposal will identify a framework and the initial set of courses and experiences that will help students achieve the Life Sciences Competencies. • Life Sciences Implementation Plan—This proposed plan will encompass: – preparation & distribution of a report on the Life Sciences teaching facilities; – proposal of a strategy for coordination of the Life Sciences curriculum; and – engagement of the Undergraduate Life Sciences Coordinating Council to coordinate, sustain, and review the undergraduate Life Sciences program which emerges from the process. Expected Features of the Program: • Prepare students for a diverse array of academic and professional careers; • Build on the ACE program; • Responsive to the changing environment of life sciences research and practice; and • Flexibility; provide a portal to multiple majors (e.g., lower division core that allows student movement across Life Sciences majors).


This article investigates the influence of the international criminal tribunals on the conclusions reached by ICRC Customary Study. To engage in such an analysis requires an understanding of the interplay of treaties and customary international law and of the status of the jurisprudence of international tribunals as a source of international law. In relation to the latter, it is noted that the impact of any individual case is strongly linked to the quality of the reasoning it contains. Having thus set the scene, this article then goes on to appraise the ICRC Study's approach to the international criminal tribunals founding documents and case-law. It criticises the Study for not setting out the precise normative status it places on the ICTY, ICTR and Special Court for Sierra Leone's Statutes, and for failing to take a sufficiently nuanced view on the Rome Statute, in particular owing to Article 10 of that Treaty. The piece then moves on to look at some instances where case-law is relied upon by the Study without sufficient discussion of its merits, and where it has placed too much reliance on controversial aspects of the Rome Statute. It concludes by noting the problematic relationship between some of the rules and their commentary, but, despite the criticisms made, also agreeing with many of the conclusions the Study reaches.


Multiple data of experimental observations including ISEE 2, AMPTE/CCE, INTERBALL, and GEOTAIL demonstrated the existence of great velocity fluctuations in the plasma sheet of the magnetosphere of the Earth. These data are compared with experimental observational data on the fluctuations of the electric and magnetic field. The analyzed data demonstrate the existence of high levels of plasma sheet turbulence. The velocity fluctuation amplitudes and their correlation times were used to obtain the values of the diffusion coefficients. Comparison of the values obtained with the values predicted by the theory of the plasma sheet with medium-scale developed turbulence demonstrated rather good agreement. The origin of the observed turbulence, its role in the magnetospheric dynamics, and the creation of the magnetostatic, equilibrium configurations are analyzed. It is shown that the existence of high plasma sheet turbulence can help to explain many well known magnetospheric phenomena and requires the development of new theoretical approaches for describing inner magnetospheric plasma transport and dynamics.


Objective
To investigate the clinical effect and prognostic factors of intraoperative radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with severe cirrhosis.

Methods
The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 188 HCC patients with severe cirrhosis who were admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between January 2009 and December 2013 were collected. According to intraoperative exploration, tumor condition and liver cirrhosis situations, partial hepatectomy combined with intraoperative RFA or single RFA was selected. Observation indicators: (1) operation situations: operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, hepatic inflow occlusion, number of tumors of surgical resection and number of tumors removed by RFA; (2) postoperative recovery situations: postoperative complications and duration of postoperative hospital stay; (3) follow-up; (4) factors analysis affecting tumor-free survival. Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect tumor damage and survival of patients up to March 2016. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as ±s. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The univariate analysis was done by the the Log-rank test, and multivariate analysis was done using the COX regression model.

Results
(1) Operation situations: all the 188 HCC patients underwent successful operations, including 74 undergoing partial hepatectomy with intraoperative RFA and 114 undergoing single RFA. Of 188 patients, 11 were combined with cholecystectomy, 6 with right adrenalectomy and 1 with subtotal gastrectomy, without perioperative death. Operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss in 188 patients were (2.3±1.4)hours and (64±4)mL, without blood transfusion and hepatic inflow occlusion. Numbers of patients with 1 tumor of surgical resection and with 2 tumors of surgical resection and total number of tumors of surgical resection were 61, 13, 87 in 74 patients undergoing partial hepatectomy with intraoperative RFA. Numbers of patients with 1, 2, 3 and 4 tumors removed by RFA and total number of tumors of RFA were 123, 58, 6, 1 and 261 in 114 patients undergoing single RFA. (2) Postoperative recovery situations: of 188 patients, 19 with severe complications were improved by symptomatic treatments, including 7 with massive pleural effusion, 5 with massive intra-abdominal effusion, 3 with intra-abdominal bleeding, 3 with severe local infection and 1 with massive pleural and intra-abdominal effusion. Duration of postoperative hospital stay was (7.61±0.20)days. (3) Follow-up: 182 of 188 patients were followed up for 21-85 months, with a median time of 41 months. Patients received enhanced rescans of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1 month postoperatively, 174 had complete tumor damage, with a tumor damage rate of 92.55%(174/188). During the follow-up, 46 patients died. The overall median survival time, 1-, 2-, 3-year overall survival rates, median tumor-free survival time and 1-, 2-, 3-year tumor-free survival rates were 38 months, 99%, 96%, 86%, 31 months, 92%, 77% and 41%, respectively. (4) Factors analysis affecting tumor-free survival: results of univariate analysis showed that preoperative alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), number of tumors and surgical procedures were relative factors affecting tumor-free survival of HCC patients with severe cirrhosis (χ2=5.623, 4.744, 7.293, P 20 μg/L and partial hepatectomy with intraoperative RFA were independent risk factors affecting tumor-free survival of HCC patients with severe cirrhosis after open RFA (RR=1.523, 1.615, 95% confidence interval: 1.056-2.198, 1.006-2.594, P<0.05).

Conclusions
Intraoperative RFA is safe and feasible in treatment of HCC with severe cirrhosis, with advantages of less postoperative complications and rapid recovery, and it can provide better long-term survival for patients. Preoperative AFP>20 μg/L and partial hepatectomy with intraoperative RFA are independent risk factors affecting tumor-free survival of HCC patients with severe cirrhosis after open RFA.

Key words:
Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Liver cirrhosis; Radiofrequency ablation; Hepatectomy; Prognosis


With the urgent request of fully exploiting information resources,the data warehouse technology rapidly becomes a new advanced research realm worldwide.According to the requirements of a sub production management system in the company data warehouse,a framework that supports the production management system based on the data warehouse technology is presented.The superiority of the system,the key technology used,the establishment process and the system's functions are deeply analyzed.