In his ground-breaking work on civil–military relations Samuel P. Huntington summed up the changes in the pattern of the relationship between political leaders and professional military commanders. According to his analysis, the Korean War broke the previous pattern which had been based on the separation of powers, that is to say a dichotomy between the two echelons that left politics exclusively to the politicians. But the Korean War 'aroused public interest in, and indignation over, foreign policy; it stimulated opposition, partisan and otherwise, in Congress; it exhausted the political influence of the Joint Chiefs . . . It was also the first time that public resentment of the conduct of a war contributed to the ousting of the party in power'. The same could be said about the Six Day War and civil–military relations in Israel with two big differences. First, the political involvement of military commanders on the one hand, and political influence and public pressure on strategic decision-making on the other occurred during the crisis that preceded the war. Even the change of power took place before the first bullet was fired. Prime Minister Levi Eshkol had no political choice but to relinquish his post as defence minister to Moshe Dayan, who at that time was one of the leaders of Rafi, an opposition party, and to give two cabinet seats to opposition leader Menachem Begin and Joseph Sapir, chairman of the Liberal Party. This article analyzes the crisis in civil–military relations before the war and its influence on the setting of war targets and on the conduct of the war, the greatest military victory in Israel's history.


In the thirty years since it appeared, Charles Mungoshi's Waiting for the Rain has continued to justify its early recognition as an important literary text addressing African and post-colonial cruxes.1 Hence it is notable that in many respects the novel is fairly conventional technically and almost indistinguishable from texts from Western 'centres.' The third-person narrative, omniscient but in the main non-intrusive, is so familiar one hardly notices it. Characterisation is conventional too.


Abstract: The present study was undertaken to find out the attitude related to ICT among secondary school students of Arunachal Pradesh. Students' attitudes were evaluated summatively and with respect to gender, race and type of school management. The total sample for the study comprises of 1290 students from 24 secondary schools of Papum Pare, Lower Subansiri and Upper Subansiri districts. Attitude scale was developed for secondary school students to collect the data. The data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test. The finding revealed that students have favourable attitude towards ICT. The significant difference of attitude was found between government and private secondary school students towards ICT. Moreover, this study revealed that there is no significant difference of students' attitudes towards ICT was found with respect of gender and race. Hence, the students should be made more aware of the potential benefits of ICT integration in education by promoting innovative programme related to ICT in school. So that they would be encourage to utilize the ICT for learning effectively.


This paper first introduce the function of the agent of network management,then deals with the general methods of adding network management function to CATV devices,finally presents a new way of realizing the agent of network management by use of network enabler,and its design of the hardware and software.


This paper concerns the emergence of a specifically 'economic' way of governing poverty at the start of this century, an event which is to be accounted for, though by no means exhaustively, by the discovery of 'unemployment'. The latter will make it possible to relate the nineteenth-century 'problem of the unemployed' to an object domain that is primarily economic, rather than cultural or moral. A new object of regulation will emerge from this economic problematization of the 'social question': the labour market. The paper pays particular attention to the national labour exchange system, the political technology that will visibilize the labour market in new ways. Together with unemployment insurance, it will suggest new ways of governing poverty and a new course for social policy.


Chip high-frequency noise-filtering components have a most important advantage,which is the high insertion loss in a small size.There are several different types,such as LC filters,RC filters,Pi-filters,T-filters, and high-performance filtering components etc.In this paper,we will discuss the structures,specifications,and applications of these filtering components in two sections.And this is the Second section.


When hybrid mice are injected with spleen cells from one of the parent strains, they develop symptoms leading to death. Animals dying from this "homologous disease" frequently have enlarged adrenal glands. The possibility that this disease results from adrenal hyperactivity is explored by investigating two of its features—thymic involution and reactions of peripheral lymphoid tissue.


Although well servicing expenditures for 1982 did not reach 1981's record level, totals are still impressive. Results from the well servicing survey found that 1982 expenditures dropped 12% from the $4.013 billion spent in 1981. In all, operators spent more than $3.5 billion to service and workover 834,872 U.S. oil and gas wells. The projected well servicing budget for 1983 is slightly more than $3.6 billion. Operators projected a total 1982 well servicing budget of $4.5 billion, but ended up spending only 78% of that money. Chances are operators will not spend their entire budgets in 1983 either, particularly with the natural gas surplus. Total well servicing expenditures are projected to be about the same as they were for 1979 and 1980. However, considering that oil field inflation persisted during the interim and that total U.S. well population grew by ca 100,000 wells between the end of 1980 and the beginning of 1983, operators will require less service work per well than in previous years. The survey is broken down into 11 geographic regions. Completion, workover, servicing totals, and regional well servicing activity are summarized in tabular form.


The method for communicating with by related wireless communication safety messages for other devices in the group by the device, device, and computer program product are provided. In one example, receives attribute information from one or more UE in a group of UE, generates a group attribute information based on the received attribute information, and broadcasts the group attribute information for a group of UE a communication device is equipped for. In the said embodiment, the communication device is a member of a group of UE, and is a leader of a group of UE. In another example, the UE, and transmits the attribute information to the reader UE group of UE, and the communication device is equipped to prohibit the broadcasting at least a portion of the attribute information. In the said embodiment, the communication device is a member of the group of the UE.


The presence of English language is highly noticeable on every level of  Indian reality; from instructions on  exam sheets, government ordinances to  ads billboards or menu written on a wall of a roadside canteen. English can be found everywhere, everywhere where – according to the language policy of the Indian government from 1950s – should not appear at all. The shift in Indian attitude towards English has its own complex history. Essentially it is a narrative about former British colony redefying its own socio-cultural "content" after gaining the independence. Into the fourth decade of 20th century India entered as a dependant colony with the starving appetite for freedom which was too long denied, whereas the 1950s was the fi rst full decade of the deeply desired independence. Unfortunately, the new order revealed chaos caused by too rapid cultural diffusion and colonial exploitation, but hopes and expectations were great. The newly formed Republic of India was a country of huge aspirations and matching potential – social and economic. At that point of time India was considered to be a leader of the region, a path-setter for other young Asian countries. This article is an attempt to depict history of the shift in Indian attitude towards the language of the former colonists. The aim of this work is to show motives and circumstances of that attitude transformation process from negation – through ambivalence – to commercialisation.


The working group on magnetospheric research covered a variety of science issues in solar wind - magnetosphere- ionosphere coupling, with emphasis on geospace storms. The papers were presented in three oral sessions and a poster session, and were summarized for other working groups in two plenary sessions, which also served as forums for discussing cross- disciplinary issues. Among the plenary talks at the workshop at least six were on topics directly related to the magnetosphere. The panel discussion on future collaborations also featured many areas involving studies of the magnetosphere.


Dynamic inference is an emerging technique that reduces the computational cost of deep neural network under resource-constrained scenarios, such as inference on mobile devices. One way to achieve dynamic inference is to leverage multi-branch neural networks that apply different computation on input data by following different branches. Conventional research on multi-branch neural networks mainly targeted at improving the accuracy of each branch, and use manually designed rules to decide which input follows which branch of the network. Furthermore, these networks often provide a small number of exits, limiting their ability to adapt to external changes. In this paper, we investigate the problem of designing a flexible multi-branch network and early-exiting policies that can adapt to the resource consumption to individual inference request without impacting the inference accuracy. We propose a lightweight branch structure that also provides fine-grained flexibility for early-exiting and leverage Markov decision process (MDP) to automatically learn the early-exiting policies. Our proposed model, EPNet, was effective in reducing inference cost without impacting accuracy by choosing the most suitable branch exit. We also observe that EPNet achieved 3% higher accuracy with an inference budget, compared to state-of-the-art approaches.


Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Andy Read for his advice and guidance-sorry about getting the van towed; Steve Roady for legal and life advice and always knowing about Oklahoma football; Scott Schleibe and Susanne Miller at FWS-Alaska office for answering more question about polar bears than anyone should have to; Kassie Seigal at Center for Biological Diversity for her enthusiasm; and lastly thank you to my family: for constantly listening to the fact that polar bears have fur between their toes and more importantly for all the love and support. ABSTRACT: On December 27, 2006 the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) announced their support for listing the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The polar bear met two of the five listing criteria: (1) decline of the population throughout all or part of its range; and (2) lack of adequate regulatory mechanisms. The notice identified global climate change as the primary cause for population decline. FWS concluded that current laws are adequate to protect the polar bear from short-term direct impacts, but the listing under the ESA is needed to address impacts from climate change; a long-term, indirect threat. The polar bear is the first proposed listing with such diffuse and poorly defined harms. Given the nature of this threat, can the ESA protect the polar bear from global climate change? To answer this question I examined case studies of other species listed, past implementation of the ESA, and the establishment of proximate causation. I also reviewed how Section seven of the ESA might be implemented to address global climate change. The ESA is successful when 'takers' can be readily identified, and when the harms are easily managed. 'Takes' due to global warming are difficult to identify due to the number of emitters and differentiating between natural and anthropogenic sources. Additionally, it will be difficult to establish the proximate causation needed to assess harms. I conclude that it is unlikely that the listing alone will be able to save the polar bear.


Multilayers of 9-cyanoanthracene (CNA) mixed with stearic acid (SA) have been incorporated in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films. The surface pressure–area isotherms in the mixed systems in different mole fractions, form stable floating compressible layers on the water subphase. The low area per molecule at high concentration of CNA in the mixed systems indicates multilayer or aggregate formation of CNA molecules in the film within the SA matrix. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic studies reveal that CNA forms aggregates in LB films at room temperature. Presence of nascent trans- and cis- excimeric sites in these aggregates has been confirmed by the two excimeric emissions observed in the LB film at 77 K. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the presence of such aggregates in the LB films.


This paper focuses on the application of moment invariants as pixel-level characterization features. An innovative machine learning paradigm used to automatically learn information fusion models is briefly presented.


Potted trial and lab analysis were used o study effect of the different proportion of phosphate fertilizer as basal manure and top dressing on growing and yield of eggplant.The results showed,when proportion of phosphate fertilizer as basal manure and top dressing was 6∶4,the growing and yield of eggplant were best.


abstract:This essay focuses on the empowerment of families headed by solo moms in the United States and argues that the so-called "breakup of the family"—whether through divorce, chosen solo parenthood, or non-heterosexual families—is not the primary problem Christian ethicists should be concerned about. Instead, our attention should be directed towards a neoliberal political economic system that does not consider the rearing of children as a public responsibility and does not prioritize support to families of any type. This essay critiques the traditional Christian framing of family and view of the "family crisis" by drawing on the work of Black queer scholars who offer a more inclusive and interdependent understanding of family that challenges the White heteronormative nuclear family ideal. It concludes with an argument for structural change that prioritizes the rearing of children as a public good and not simply the responsibility of individual households and offers support for the flourishing of all families with attention to particularities of race, class, and gender justice.


Rimonabant is an antiobesity drug which is CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Its main avenue of effect is reduction in appetite. So far only HPLC methods of analysis exist for the routine examination of drug. An attempt is hereby made to develop a simple spectrophotometric method for determination of drug from tablet dosage form. Rimonabant shows a maximum absorbance at 230 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-25 µg/ml. The method was validated statistically and recovery studies carried out.


Computer vision involves image edge detection which is crucial in outline capturing systems for decomposing and describing an object. This paper presents a scalable parallel algorithm skeleton for outline capturing and object recognition based on first order difference chain encoding. UNIX based Intel Xeon 2-Quadra-Core system is used for the implementation of the parallel algorithm. The algorithm complexity of the averaging process is independent of the size of image and, the speedup of the proposed parallel algorithm is observed to be near linear. The parallel processing approach presented here can be extended to solve similar problems such as, image representation, restoration, compression, matching etc.


Dame Ethel Smyth (1858–1944) was a pathbreaking composer of immense importance to the revitalisation of British traditions of music composition in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Boatswain's Mate is one of six operas she wrote between the 1890s and 1920s, which collectively stand at the pinnacle of a sizeable output that also includes her Mass in D, double concerto for violin and horn, her oratorio The Prison, and other orchestral, chamber, and vocal works. In later years she increasingly struggled with deafness, leading her to develop a 'second string' as an author of several books of memoirs, biographical sketches, and polemics on the music profession.


Liver transplantation often faces fairness challenges across subgroups defined by sensitive attributes like age group, gender, and race/ethnicity. Machine learning models for outcome prediction can introduce additional biases. To address these, we introduce Fairness through the Equitable Rate of Improvement in Multitask Learning (FERI) algorithm for fair predictions of graft failure risk in liver transplant patients. FERI constrains subgroup loss by balancing learning rates and preventing subgroup dominance in the training process. Our experiments show that FERI maintains high predictive accuracy with AUROC and AUPRC comparable to baseline models. More importantly, FERI demonstrates an ability to improve fairness without sacrificing accuracy. Specifically, for gender, FERI reduces the demographic parity disparity by 71.74%, and for the age group, it decreases the equalized odds disparity by 40.46%. Therefore, the FERI algorithm advances fairness-aware predictive modeling in healthcare and provides an invaluable tool for equitable healthcare systems.


Of the many criticisms surrounding the current Trump administration, one of the most unsettling is blatant conflicts of interest (CoIs). Numerous cases of the potential for profiteering by Trump officials and their families have sparked public outcry. These incidents include US government renting of Trump Tower space for an estimated US $3M of taxpayer money per year (1), Donald Trump entertaining foreign dignitaries at his Mar-a-Lago resort (2), First Daughter Ivanka Trump receiving Chinese trademarks (3), Education Secretary Betsy DeVos retaining substantial investments in a company that produces Attention Deficit Disorder therapies for children (4), and Jared Kushner's sister flashing her ties in the White House to potential investors (5). While a cloud of secrecy remains over the names of many Trump deregulation appointees (we wonder why...), at least 28 of those identified have lobbied the agencies for which they now work, have former employers who will profit from deregulation, or stand to personally profit from deregulation (6). These and other routine CoIs emerging from the government is thus causing widespread international concern that CoIs will be normalized in the Trump era. Alarmed at this possibility, we here discuss how this kind of behavior can impact public health nutrition.


We exhibit a nice Frobenius splitting σ on G× b where b is the Lie algebra of the Borel group B of upper triangular matrices in the general linear group G = Gln. What is nice about it, is that it descends along familiar maps and specializes to familiar subvarieties in a manner that is useful for the study of the singularities of closures of conjugacy classes of nilpotent n by n matrices. In particular, we show that these closures are simultaneously Frobenius split, are normal, and have rational singularities. The result on rational singularities is derived from a general vanishing theorem that will be proved in our paper [15]. Note that normality has already been proved by Donkin in [3]. His method uses a lot of representation theory and employs resolutions of the closures of conjugacy classes invented by Kraft and Procesi. An alternative approach to these singularities has been given by G. Lusztig. In [11] he showed that the same singularities occur in Schubert varieties for Kac-Moody groups of affine Weyl groups. Now Schubert varieties for such infinite dimensional groups are mastered in Mathieu's book [12], where Mathieu shows they are normal and have rational singularities. In contrast with this, our work remains in finite dimensions. It relies on explicit formulas. Indeed the formula for our splitting σ is given by a product of principal minors and the specialization of the splitting to subvarieties is based on an inspection of what happens to the determinants. To descend σ to the Lie algebra g of G, (along the natural map G×b → g, cf. Grothendieck's "simultaneous resolution" [2]), we use a Galois theoretic argument. We find that above the generic point of g the action of the Weyl group on σ is trivial. As preparation for that computation we first spell out trivializations of the canonical bundles of G× b and G× t.


Local modification at the nanometre scale of the electrical (I–V) and electron field emission (FE) properties of boron-doped hydrogenated diamond are reported. These are achieved by the application of a voltage pulse between the hydrogenated diamond surface and the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope under UHV conditions. The area affected by the voltage pulse (2–4 nm in diameter) shows a drastic reduction in tunnelling current (by 2 orders of magnitude) and a concomitant decrease in field emission. The tunnelling current and field emission properties gradually recover on a time scale of about 1 hour under UHV conditions. These surface modifications are thought to be due to hydrogen removal that is caused by the voltage pulse. The observed recovery appears to be due to H replenishment which restores the surface conductivity and negative electron affinity of the surface. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


A process for production of kerosene and diesel fuels from a said cutting light cracked naphtha, which may be added in any amount of LPG section, and a rich aromatic sectional BTX, using an oligomerization step d olefins and alkylation of olefins to aromatics.


The invention is directed to the modification of synthetic, silicatic fillers with water insoluble sulfur containing organosilicon compounds. For this purpose, the fillers are converted into an aqueous suspension and treated with the organosilicon compounds, optionally in the presence of an emulsifier. The thus modified filler in vulcanized rubber mixtures results in a clear improvement in the industrial properties of the rubber.


: Computer security is a matter of great interest. In the last decade there have been numerous cases of cybercrime based on the exploitation of software vulnerabilities. This fact has generated a great social concern and a greater importance of computer security as a discipline. In this work, the most important vulnerabilities of recent years are identified, classified, and categorized individually. A measure of the impact of each vulnerability is used to carry out this classification, considering the number of products affected by each vulnerability, as well as its severity. In addition, the categories of vulnerabilities that have the greatest presence are identified. Based on the results obtained in this study, we can understand the consequences of the most common vulnerabilities, which software products are affected, how to counteract these vulnerabilities, and what their current trend is.


In this work, we have applied a new technique which is a union o f multiplier and Ibragimov's nonlocal conservation method for constructing the local conservation laws of nonlinear e volution equations. One can conclude that the higher order s olutions of adjoint equation can be obtained by the multiplier function s. The Lax equation and generalized Hirota-Satsuma coupled KdV system are chosen to illustrate the effectiveness of the method. Th us, we have obtained a plenty of local (some of them are the hig her order) conservation laws. The combined method presents a wider app lic bility for handling the conservation laws of nonlinear wave equations.


In order to examine the effectiveness of Static Magnetic Fields (SMF) for pain, we measured the tail skin temperature and behaviours of chronic Adjuvant-Induced Arthrits (C. A. A.) in rats. After continuous exposure of SMF in C. A. A rats, the tail skin temperature as well as the movement could increase significantlycompared with control group.These results suggest that SMF plays an important role in C. A. A rats as an inhibitor of inflammation.


The possibilities of e-Learning in meeting the challenges of professional socialization and personal accumulation of social capital are discussed. It is shown that social networks are powerful, and not yet fully used resource for the decision of these tasks.


Abstract. Poultry farming makes a significant contribution to the country's economy, to the stability of the food market and ensures food security. The increase in the rate of poultry production directly depends on the feeding and maintenance of poultry. Various domestic manufacturers offer a large number of different feed additives with improved feed conversion. At the same time, some additives provoke an exacerbation of reactions to stress factors and a decrease in immunity in poultry. Therefore, one of the main tasks in the development of poultry farming is the use of feed additives with the least negative impact on the body, increasing the safety of livestock and ensuring maximum productivity. One of these is a feed additive based on humic acids. The scientific novelty lies in obtaining new data on micromorphometric indicators and microbiocenosis of the intestines of broilers when using the Reasil® Humic Health feed additive. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of a feed additive based on humic acids on micromorphometric parameters and microbiome of the digestive canal organs. Materials and methods. The production experience was carried out at the poultry farm of "Vremya-91". According to the principle of analogues, 2 groups were formed: a control and an experienced one of Cobb 500 cross broilers with 18,000 heads each. Results. The analysis of the results showed that in the broilers of the experimental group, in comparison with the intact one, there was an increase in the thickness of the mucous membrane and submucosal base in the glandular stomach by 319 and 378 microns, and in the muscular one - the mucous and muscular membranes by 844 and 481 microns, respectively. In the small intestine, an increase in the size of villi by 702 microns and their number was observed. The thickness of the mucous membrane in the colon was greater by 733 microns. When using a feed additive, the amount of conditionally pathogenic microflora did not exceed the norm, while the number of lactobacilli increased by 103 CFU/g.


Abstract
 This chapter discusses approaches to predicting breeding values and presents an outline of the steps that are required to obtain the most appropriate breeding values for any species. This process of predicting breeding values is often termed genetic evaluation.


Objective To analyze MRI features of lung cancer,and explore the application value of MRI in lung cancer diagnosis and TNM staging. Methods From May 2011 to January 2014,MRI data of 28 cases of lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed to explore the value of MRI in the diagnosis of lung cancer and TNM staging. All cases were diagnosed in our hospital and confirmed by pathological examination. Results ①The tumor location,size,and the involvement status of bronchi above lobe can be accurately shown by MRI. ②Tumor,atelectasis and obstructive pneumonia could be easily distinguished by MRI. ③ Tumor invasion to pleura,chest walls,mediastinum and diaphragmatic muscles could be easily detected by MRI. ④The relationship between the tumor and peripheral blood vessels,and the situation of blood vessels in the tumor could be illustrated in MRI easily. ⑤Syndrome pancoastand mediastinum-typed lung cancer, and tumors on the edges of lung or near the diaphragm,which have special behaviors can be explored by MRI clearly. ⑥The infiltration and metastasis of mediastinum and lung hilus lymph node could be found; ⑦The distant metastasis of lung cancer could be found easily as well. Conclusion MRI attaches great importance to detecting lung cancer TNM staging of the lesion,thus can be used as a powerful tool of effective inspection.


Phase equilibria of the reciprocal quaternary system Li+,Mg2+//SO2-4,B4O2-7-H2O at 288K were studied by isothermal solution equilibrium method.Solubilities and densities of the reciprocal quaternary system were determined experimentally.According to the experimental data,the equilibrium phase diagram and water content diagram of the quaternary system were plotted,respectively.The experimental results show that the quaternary system at 288 K has two invariant points F1 and F2,five univariant curves E1F1,E2F2,E3F1,E4F2,and F1F2,and four fields of crystallization corresponding to Li2B4O7 · 3H2O,Li2SO4 · H2O,MgB4O7 · 9H2O and MgSO4 · 7H2O.


Nowadays, automobile thefts are increasing at an alarming rate all over the world. Security of their vehicle has always been a concern to people. We are developing secured vehicle tracking and control system. In this system the user will be able to control his vehicle through an android based Smartphone. A secured mode of communication between Smartphone and vehicle is established via GSM network. Using his/her Smartphone, the owner will be able to lock/unlock the vehicle and track the vehicle in case of theft. If the GSM network is not available momentarily, a secured Bluetooth channel will be used instead. The project will be helpful in digitization of documents of Regional Transport Office. General Terms Regional Transport Office (RTO).


Inspired by the Croot-Lev-Pach breakthrough, Jordan Ellenberg and Dion Gijswijt have recently amazed the combinatorial world by proving that the largest size of a subset of $F_3^n$ with no 3-term arithmetic progressions is exponentially less than the size, $3^n$ of $F_3^n$ (and, more generally, $q^n$ for $F_q^n$). Here we give a motivated, top-down, rendition of their beautiful proof, that aims to make it appreciated by a wider audience.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to focus on alternative accounting treatments over time to assess their impact on the level of conservatism in a comparison between Italian local accounting standards and USA generally accepted accounting principles. Design/methodology/approach - – A case study approach is adopted to investigate the accounting adjustments applied to net income and shareholders' equity as included in the Form 20-F reconciliations reported by all Italian firms that were listed on a US market over the period 1999-2008. The methodology first introduced by Gray (1980) and frequently applied over 30 years to several international accounting comparisons is adapted to recognise a multi-period dimension of the accounting choice. In particular, the paper focuses on the temporal dimension of such adjustments in order to capture their attitude to reverse or become permanent over time. Findings - – The results show that the level of conservatism is visible in the measurement of net assets and is shaped by the prevailing directional effect of accounting adjustments that become permanent as their cumulative reversal is persistently delayed. Such a phenomenon arises and intensifies when the accounting differences relate to recurring operations and/or to long-term assets and liabilities. Amongst them those violating the clean surplus relation are the most controversial as they not only generate a permanent effect in the measurement of net assets, but also an opposite permanent effect in the measurement of earnings. Research limitations/implications - – Future empirical research confirming the finding in different contexts might overcome the limitations of a relatively poor number of observations in the case study. Practical implications - – Identifying the duration of alternative accounting treatments is relevant to assess their potential influence on stakeholders decision-making process as this may steadily influence the future of a firm. Originality/value - – The propositions express a sequence of the timing effects of alternative accounting treatments that highlight the primary role of permanent differences in persistently shaping the value of net assets and help to provide a less erratic interpretation of the level of conservatism.


In this paper, a new fuzzy logic-based edge detection technique is proposed. The drawbacks of the conventional gradient-based techniques are efficiently overcome in the proposed technique. Using the relation between the probability partition and the fuzzy 2-partition of the image gradient, the best gradient-threshold is automatically and efficiently selected based on the condition of minimum entropy. The objective is to find the best compact edge representation. The excellent performance of the proposed technique is illustrated by the simulation results. It is shown that the extracted and purified edges provide an efficient presentation of images.


There are multiple parameters in the storm intensity formula, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is an effective method for parameter optimization. Traditional particle swarm algorithm has simple operation, high precision, but fast convergence speed, and is easy in local optimum. Based on its advantages and disadvantages, this paper mixed it with genetic algorithms (GA), for the purpose of combining both of their advantages and avoiding both of their disadvantages, and proposed an improved PSO-GA employing crossover operation (IPGC). IPGC was applied to optimize the parameters of storm intensity formula of different repeat periods in Beijing suburban, the application results show that the newly improved algorithm is both practical and efficient.


NAND gate response in a mesoscopic ring threaded with a magnetic flux ϕ is investigated by using Green's function formalism. The ring is attached symmetrically to two semi-infinite one-dimensional metallic electrodes and two gate voltages, namely, Va and Vb, are applied in one arm of the ring, these are treated as the two inputs of the NAND gate. We use a simple tight-binding model to describe the system and numerically compute the conductance–energy and current–voltage characteristics as functions of the gate voltages, ring-to-electrode coupling strength and magnetic flux. Our theoretical study shows that, for ϕ=ϕ0/2 (ϕ0=ch/e, the elementary flux quantum) a high output current (1) (in the logical sense) appears if one or both the inputs to the gate are low (0), while if both the inputs to the gate are high (1), a low output current (0) appears. It clearly exhibits the NAND gate behavior and this feature may be utilized in designing an electronic logic gate.


The structure of the electric power system has been shifting with penetration of renewable resources, and large loads like crypto mining facilities and hydrogen production facilities. Due to this changing dynamic, this very system is prone to more stability issues and thus, the significance of load modeling is becoming more evident. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for detailed load modeling and the proper parameter estimation by utilizing both frequency domain analysis and transient simulation studies. Need for accurate load modeling is further substantiated by transient studies on a 2,500 MW islanded system consisting of renewable generators and a hydrogen production facility. In addition to investigating the effects of load modeling in transient studies, this paper aims to emphasize the importance of load modeling in controller tuning using small signal analysis. An automated procedure for tuning the response for multiple grid-forming inverters (GFM) is also presented.


In this paper,the existence of positive periodic solution of a predator-prey model with stage structure for predator and ratio functional response is studied by using Prolongation Theorem of Coincidence Degree Theory.A set of sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of periodic solution are obtained,which improve some known relevant results.


The latest Gaia Data Release 3 provides an opportunity to expand the census of Galactic open clusters harboring classical Cepheid variables, thereby bolstering the cosmic distance scale. A comprehensive analysis yielded a total of 50 classical Cepheids associated with 45 open clusters, of which 39 open cluster-classical Cepheid pairs are considered probable, with the remaining 11 pairs considered improbable but worth following up. Two previously identified clusters by us possibly host classical Cepheids (OC-0125/V1788 Cyg and OC-0675/OGLE-BLG-CEP-114). In addition, we identify 38 new open cluster candidates within the Galactic disk.


In this paper,the high speed milling tests were carried out by TiAlN coated cemented carbide tool on die mold and this tool's cutting properties were studied.The miller wear experiments were used to analyze the wear mechanism of miller under the conditions of water-oil mixture and cooled air.The results show that comparing with other media,the dry air can reduce the miller wear greatly,increase the tool life and restrain the chip adhesion.


Deck pavement is the direct carrying of the wheel, its roles are to protect the bridge deck,to improve the durability and service life of bridge deck,to distribute vehicle axle load.For the aim of studying the various diseases of Qianwei Minjiang river bridge deck pavement,the diseases were delected and positioned,the causes were analyzed,and a series of control measures of construction about the maintenance of deck pavement were proposed,with a view to counterparts to be used for reference.


Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) induces remission and mucosal healing in patients with Crohn's disease, but the mechanism of action remains unknown.


This study00aims to empirically analyze the moderating role of the board of commissioners by under effects of profitability, liquidity, and leverage on corporate social responsibility disclosure. Data analysis using multiple linear regression method with 128 samples of a manufacturing company from 2016-2018 and listing at BEI Jakarta. This study showed that real earning management, profitability, and liquidity positively impact corporate social responsibility disclosure, while leverage has a negative impact on corporate social00responsibility disclosure. In addition, that board of commissioners has been strengthened by the effect of real earning management and liquidity on corporate social responsibility disclosure. That board00of commissioner has not been strengthened by the effects of profitability and liquidity on corporate social responsibility disclosure. On the other hand, it also to showed that the board of commissioners had not been weakened by the effect of leverage on corporate social responsibility disclosure


Data regarding the incidence, etiology and outcome of bloodstream infections taken on a broad European basis is scarce. We collected such information (ESGNI-001 and ESGNI-002 studies) and compared the situation in EU and non-EU European countries. A total of 122 hospitals from 28 countries participated in one or both studies. The global rate of blood cultures per 1,000 admissions was 242.4, being significantly higher among EU countries (255.9) than in non-EU countries (192.8). Globally, 14.4% of all blood extractions grew one or more microorganisms. The rate of positivity was significantly greater in non-EU countries (19.1%) than in EU countries (13.4%) ( p The five most commonly isolated microorganisms were: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, S. epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococci, S. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, 11% of the episodes were polymicrobial (12.7% in EU countries versus 6% in non-EU countries; p =0.13). Gram-positive bacteria represented 52.9% of all isolates, whereas Gram-negative bacteria were 41.2%. Fungi and anaerobes were 4.6% and 1.3% respectively. The acquisition of bloodstream infections was nosocomial in 72.8% of cases (68.3% in EU countries versus 86.5% in non-EU countries, p =0.003). According to the severity of underlying disease, 10.5% of the patients with significant bacteremia had rapidly fatal diseases, 38% had ultimately fatal diseases and 51% had diseases considered as non-fatal according to the McCabe classification. Regarding the severity score of sepsis, 76% were classified as plain sepsis, 14% as severe sepsis, 5.3% developed septic shock and 4.9% went on to have multiorganic failure. When EU and non-EU countries were compared there were no significant differences in the clinical data, reported between both groups. Overall, 22.6% of patients did not receive treatment or treatment was considered inadequate. The mortality rate was 19.0% with a mortality attributable to bacteremia of 7.1%. Again, there were no differences between EU and non-EU countries. The multivariable analysis showed that the factors remaining independent predictors of mortality were: age (OR 1.02–1.09; p =0.0002), severity of underlying diseases and severity of sepsis score.


Having the multi-channel and multi-media era with the appearance of cable TV, behind the advantage that the contents are becoming more diversified and specialized, the competition among channels becomes increasingly keen. Accordingly, each medium of broadcasting has become much concerned with the establishment of strategy to promote the channel image that is so simple that the viewers can remember for a long time. Importance of the station ID, the core of such strategy, has appeared to be growing stronger. And the station ID plays the most important role to create the image of broadcasting station through which the viewers can remember the broadcasting station and become to remember the broadcasting station"s good image. At the initial stage when the design of station ID was produced, furthermore, its framework was so simple only to show a still card on the screen indicating the broadcasting station"s name, but it has been changed gradually and developed to the method by which the dynamic visual elements were arranged on the screen and, on these days, it is being completed to the image where the diversified computer graphic and animation technology are mobilized. This study, based on such background, intends to make a significance in presenting the effectiveness of animation technology to produce the station ID design which has been being developed gradually on these days as well as to understand the station ID design, and in presenting the effective design plan and development aim complying with the purpose and feature of channels.


The Objective of this research was to know the effect of laserpuncture on reproduction point of male Mojosari duck on the number of spermatogonium cells and seminiferous tubule diameter of the testes. This research using completely randomized design with eighteen male Mojosari ducks which divided into three group randomly. Group I (P0) without any treatment of laserpuncture, Group II (P1) with 0.2 J dose of laserpuncture, and Group III (P2) with 0.4 J dose of laserpuncture. Laserpuncture shooting was done on reproduction point with three days interval in one month. On the thirty-first day, the duck was dissected so that the testes can be taken then made by the histological slide of testes. The obtained data processed by Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) followed with Duncan. Research result showed that laserpuncture shoot on the reproduction point of five-month-old male Mojosari duck decreases the number of spermatogonium cells and seminiferous tubule diameter of the testes.  Keyword: laserpuncture, Mojosari duck, spermatogonium, seminiferous tubule


The 2013 Pascal Plisson's documentary film Sur le chemin de l'ecole is here the subject of a pedagogical reflection. It is about the twist of four stories set in remote places in Kenya, Morocco, Argentina, India, and having as main characters children associated by their desire to attend school. A strong motivation drives them to deal with incredible itineraries, full of obstacles and hazards, difficulties and strains. Inevitable and appropriate is the comparison between life conditions in which the access/right to education is challenging and others in which even though school attendance is completely guaranteed, it often causes impatience and indifference, due to a variety of reasons. Very different, but not depreciable, are the risks that the growth process encounters in deeply urbanised contexts, where, in order to eliminate the aspect of risk, fundamental experiences of initiative, autonomy, responsibility, mutual support, spontaneity of environmental exploration and human relations are de facto limited. The glimpses of childhood in rhythm with the children's footsteps displayed in the film narration induce in particular to linger on our cities from which the walking of children, by themselves or with friends, has virtually disappeared: an index of life's quality and sustainability, that is also an incomparable vehicle of formation.


We consider the construction and properties of influence functions in the context of functional measurement error models with replicated data. In these models estimates of the parameters can be affected both by the individual observations and the means of replicated observations. We show that influence function of the means of replicates on the estimate of regression coefficients can be only derived under the assumption that the variances of the errors are known, while one for the individual observations can be only derived simultaneously with their influence function on the estimators of the variances of the errors.


In most American jurisdictions, a practitioner of legal services must have a license to practice law. However, history illustrates that economic recessions increase demand to deregulate the legal profession and allow non-lawyers to provide legal services. This article is a defense of licensing requirements for legal services, because the rule of law is too important to a civilized democracy to let it be undermined by quick judgments in the shadows of bad economies. Ultimately, legal services will be governed- by courts, legislatures, a licensed bar, or the free market. However, due to the critical nature of the rule of law in our society, the licensed bar which is bound by ethical duties and minimum competencies, is in the best position to regulate.


FDI inflows could stimulate tax revenue collection through the broadening of the corporate income tax base with the entry of new firms or an increase of new investments from foreign investors. However, the fact that many developing countries often grant too many tax incentives for attracting foreign investors, FDI inflows may not translate into a significant increase into the host country's tax revenue mobilization. – Using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator, this paper estimates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on tax revenue mobilization for 92 developing countries over the period 1990-2015. The estimation results show that in long term, FDI inflows have a positive impact on tax revenue in developing countries except for resource exporting countries for which we observe that the effect of FDI inflows on tax revenue is negative. However, in the short term, the impact of FDI inflows on tax revenue is positive but not statistically significant at the conventional significance level. These results remain qualitatively unchanged when regressions are carried out on sub-samples of developing countries belonging to the same group depending on their incomes level.


Objective To investigate the effects of enteral nutrition (EN) on the gut barrier function in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and explore its clinical significance.Methods A total of 40 SAP patients from December 2009 to December 2011 was collected in this study.The 40 cases were divided into total parenteral nutrition (TPN) group (20 cases) and EN group (20 cases).The APACHE Ⅱ score and serum expression of endotoxin and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) were compared between two groups.The serum expression of endotoxin and IFABP was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.Results The APACHE Ⅱ score and serum expression of endotoxin and IFABP were significantly decreased in EN group and TPN group after treatment of 1,7,14,21 d (P <0.05).The APACHE Ⅱ score was lower in EN group than that in TPN group after treatment of 7,14,21 d [(7.03 ±1.86) scores vs.(8.12 ±2.11) scores,(5.32 ± 1.14) scores vs.(6.87 ± 1.35) scores,(3.49 ±0.83) scores vs.(5.15 ± 1.02) scores,P < 0.05].The serum expression of endotoxin was lower in EN group than that in TPN group after treatment of 7,14,21 d [(48.18 ± 15.48) EU/L vs.(60.12 ± 18.16) EU/L,(33.46 ± 12.04) EU/L vs.(51.32 ± 14.66) EU/L,(22.15 ± 7.81) EU/L vs.(35.62 ± 12.53) EU/L,P < 0.05].The serum expression of IFABP was lower in EN group than that in TPN group after treatment of 7,14,21 d [(18.47 ± 3.55) ng/L vs.(22.57 ± 4.14) ng/L,(10.32 ± 2.68) ng/L vs.(18.11 ± 3.62) ng/L,(6.39 ± 2.26)ng/L vs.(12.16 ±3.06) ng/L,P <0.05].The APACHE Ⅱ score was positively correlated with serum expression of endotoxin (r =0.612,P < 0.05) and IFABP (r =0.634,P < 0.05).The serum expression of endotoxin was positively correlated with IFABP (r =0.627,P < 0.05).Conclusions EN treatment shows more effective effect on improving the gut barrier function in SAP patients than TPN treatment.And it is worthy to be popularized in the clinical application.

Key words:
Pancreatitis, acute necrotizing;  Enteral nutrition;  Parenteral nutrition, total; Gut barrier function


Severe haze pollution frequently occurred in China during winter. Mechanisms for the formation and evolution of high PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) episodes, however, remain poorly understood. We characterize two extreme haze episodes in the Yangtze River Delta region of China from 1 to 9 December (Episode I) and 19 to 24 December (Episode II) in 2016 using comprehensive measurements and model analyses. The aqueous sulfur dioxide (SO2) oxidation catalyzed by mineral ions and the heterogeneous uptakes of SO2, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen trioxide (NO3), nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), and nitric acid (HNO3) on mineral aerosols are included in the model to better represent the formation of sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium. The optimized mechanisms substantially improve the simulations of PM2.5 composition, particularly for sulfate and nitrate. The two episodes show different synoptic conditions and evolution stages, with gradual PM2.5 increase under stagnant weather conditions in Episode I (Stage I: Slow Increase Stage, Stage II: Rapid Formation Stage, and Stage III: Dissipation Stage) and with explosive PM2.5 increase mostly associated with cross‐border transport from North China in Episode II (Stage I′: Clean Stage, Stage II′: Fast Transport Stage, and Stage III′: Clear Stage). The concentrations of sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium increased evidently and became the key components of PM2.5 during haze episodes. The heterogeneous conversion from SO2 to sulfate on mineral aerosols is the main reason for sulfate increase, accounting for more than 50% of sulfate production. This study provides a better understanding of the causes for winter haze in China.


We investigate the effect of thermal radiation and oscillatory wall velocity on unsteady convective heat transfer flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate in the presence of heat generating sources. Analytical closed form solutions are obtained for both the momentum and the energy equations using the regular perturbation method. Graphs are used to illustrate the significance of key parameters on the nanofluid velocity and temperature distributions. Keywords: Thermal Radiation, Heat transfer, Nanofluid, Vertical Plate


Objective: To observe the effects of warmer intravenous infusion on prevention from shivering in perioperative patients.Methods: 60 surgical patients were divided randomly into a test group (n=30) and a control group (n=30).Patients in both groups had no difference in operation, anesthesia, ASA physical status, and blood were warmed up to 32℃~36℃ by Hakko blood warmer model HBW-5 before infusion in the test group. In the control group, fluid and blood were infused direct in room temperature. Measured the pharyngonasal temperatures and recorded shivering at preanesthesia, 30, 60, 90, 120 minute after anesthesia, the end of operation, 30, 60 minute of postoperation respectively.Results: Between the two groups, there were significantly difference in the pharyngonasal temperatures (P0.01) and the incidence rate of shivering (P0.01) in each phase.Conclusion: Warm intravenous infusion can prevent from the lowering of body temperature and decreasing the incidence rate of shivering.


Valmiermuiža is situated in the north of Vidzeme and borders with the town of Valmiera. The manor is less known than its other outstanding "sisters", for example, manors of Mazsalaca (Valtenberģi), Cesvaine, Dikļi and others. The most famous person among the owners of Valmiermuiža is Elisabeth von Hallart, who was an initiator of the movement of Brothers' congregations in Vidzeme, which turned into the wakening movement of common people. There were other owners but they were less known than the von Loewensterns who left valuables items. There is little information available on the manor's park, and no research has been conducted regarding the closed garden. There is an urgent need to include the manor buildings in the list of the state protected cultural monuments in order to protect them from wrong building activities and other modifications that are not in accordance with the historical cultural environment and spatial structure of the plan.


The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has recently adopted the pushover analysis as one of the methods for design with high seismicity in the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) guidelines. It has also been prescribed in the new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Seismic Retrofitting Manual as a structural capacity/demand analysis method for the upper level earthquake. These latest developments have made the pushover analysis a necessary capability of all government bridge engineers. A simple and reliable computer program customized for pushover analysis of bridges was developed. This program incorporates four different nonlinear structural stiffness formulation methods, including Bilinear Interaction Axial-Moment, Plastic Hinge Length, Finite Segment-Finite String, and Finite Segment-Moment Curvature methods, covering from the simplest to the most sophisticated stiffness formulation approaches. The program will be provided to bridge designers as a supporting effort in implementing the latest bridge seismic design methodology. Several examples are included in the paper to demonstrate the functions of this program and how it fits into the context of the seismic design and analysis of bridges.


Rescue routes signaling system (100) for objects, with a life-way signs, said rescue way signage is a light band (10), wherein a) a matrix-like arrangement of light emitting diodes (22) or other light sources is provided as the light source of the system, the luminous band (10) in the activated state once illuminable areas alternately on and off, b) represents the luminous band (10) in the activated state variable or pictograms in the escape direction moving dark segments, c) represents the luminous band (10) in the activated state a virtual movement, d) the escape signaling system (100) includes lighting bodies which are composed of a modular system (to be connected to elements 12), said elements (12) are divided into segments and the segments are separately controllable or switchable and a through specific control create virtual movement, and e) a central control system and a bus system are provided, wherein the central control system is connected via the bus system with each element (12).


Following characteristic and application of audio-visual information,this paper presents the designed idea and implementation way of audio-visual resouces digital media management system,discusses on main function of management and application of system.The purpose is strengthened development and exploitation of audio-visual information.


In recent years,diasporic writing and critique has become one of the hot topics in the academic circle.As a true diasporic writer,Ha Jin has provided us with abundant materials for our study of Chinese diasporic literature.His diasporic identity,on the one hand,makes him always have the feeling of vagabondism and guest,but on the other hand,enables him to stand on the margin of the two different cultures and offers him the priority to observe and retrospect the two cultures.His special experience in the army in China left him a deep impression and becomes the source for his literary writing.The identity of a diaspora makes his composition imprinted with strong features: unique narrative mode,colorful materials and skillful design,through which he exposes thoroughly the relationship between human nature and ideology.Meanwhile,his writing on the Great Cultural Revolution further strengthens the Orientalist consciousness of the Western readers.


A quasiclassical trajectory study of the kinetics of the title astrochemical reaction in the range of temperature varying from 5 K to 1000 K (corresponding to both the outer and the inner regions of protostar and the circumstellar envelops) was carried out and a clear dependence of the rate coefficient on the temperature is given, in contrast with the constant value adopted in kinetics astrochemical databases. Levering the massive nature of the performed calculations andthe detailed dynamical investigation of the reactive process, a rationalization of the temperature dependence of the released translational energy as well as of the rovibrational population of the CH and H$_2$ diatomic products is also provided. Furthermore, the effect of the initial rovibrational energy of CH$_2$ on the state-specific rate coefficients and cross sections is analysed in order to single out the role played by the different regions of the potential energy surface on the dynamical outcomes and on the modelling the temperature dependence of the reactive efficiency of the investigated process. This led to a parametrization of the computed rate in terms of the following double Arrhenius expression (in ${\rm \: cm^3 \: s^{-1}}$) $k(T) = 2.50\times10^{-10} \exp(-1.67/T) + 5.98\times10^{-11}\exp(-280.5/T)$ alternative to the piecewise formulation into the three subintervals of temperature in which the overall $5-1000$~K interval can be divided.


As the field of community music scholarship continues to evolve, opening up a dialogue around music making with trauma survivors and implementation of trauma-informed practice is both timely and critical. Whilst there has been an acknowledgement of the presence of trauma connected to
 specific contexts, community music literature has not yet begun to respond to the potential prevalence of trauma within any community music setting. As a field in which music projects will often be operating with groups of vulnerable people, trauma-informed practice is beginning to be acknowledged,
 but without a broad base of research to support training and implementation. As a community musician working with known trauma survivors, it is my assertion that the question of whether pedagogic frameworks should be developed in order to promote safe and appropriate practices needs to be
 addressed, especially where traumatic experience can remain hidden, but still be profoundly impactful. This article explores the origins of trauma-informed practice as well as providing an example framework from the York St John University Prison Partnership Project. A literature review of
 community music scholarship explores the potential benefits of music making for those who have experienced trauma and emerging themes are examined through the lens of trauma-informed practice. This article also suggests that trauma-informed practice could be integrated more widely within community
 music in order to: (1) acknowledge that in any group or context, statistically, a number of participants are likely to have experienced trauma; (2) acknowledge that because trauma is often hidden, having an understanding of manifestations of trauma responses will better equip practitioners;
 (3) understand that trauma-informed practice enables practitioners to work reflexively and responsively within their groups, thereby building solid foundations on which to develop safe and secure environments in which music making can flourish.


The kinetics of potassium permanganate oxidation of sugars have been studied in sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction shows first-order dependence on [Glucose] and [OH] and the oxidation process is independent of [MnO4 ] for all the reducing sugars. The reaction is unaffected by ionic strength of the solution, Michaelis-Menten kinetics show the presence of an intermediate complex. Activation parameters have been evaluated and a tentative reaction mechanism has been proposed. A single rate expression 4 [ ] [ ][ ] d Mno k S OH dt     is given. (


This paper addresses the development of a risk-based contingency analysis for planning and operating a transmission system. The primary focus of the paper is on assessing power system performance following the consecutive loss of two bulk transmission elements (n-1-1 contingency analysis). The developed approach can be extended to perform the risk-based analysis of other types of contingencies (n-1, n-2, and n-k) used in planning and operation; this approach can use various types of system adjustments as mitigation measures depending on the types and values of post-contingency limit violations. In this paper, we assume generation rescheduling and/or load curtailment are available for mitigation, and these adjustments are given the highest priority. The suggested approach is a further enhancement of the present deterministic approach used by Idaho Power in performing North Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) compliance studies. Contingency probability, an essential element for risk calculation, was estimated from historical outage data captured and archived by the Idaho Power Generation and Transmission Outage Reporting System (GATOR).


In recent years,Hubei Province made progress on circular economy through enhancing the cooperation between government and enterprises,and developing technology,and getting experiences in pilot project of community.However,there were still some problems.Hubei Province should change the economic growth mode,and build green GDP accounting system and technological innovation system,and strengthen the propaganda of environmental protection,and build market system oriented circulation economy development pattern.


Gleeble1500 thermal simulation machine was used to simulate the hot rolling process of GCr15 bearing steel with the aim to reasonably determine the cooling process after rolling,where the final-pass temperature was 830 ℃.The dynamic CCT curve was therefore given.Optical microscopy and SEM were employed to investigate the influence of cooling rate on the thickness of pearlite lamella and network carbide precipitation,and the results showed that the thickness of pearlite lamella thins with increasing cooling rate within a certain range of cooling rate,while a coarse pearlite-like structure takes place if the cooling rate is too high.When the cooling rate is about 10 ℃/s,the pearlite lamella structure is obtainable and the quantity of network carbide precipitation can be decreased efficiently.


Advancements in application of digital signal processors in measurement and protection relaying schemes has evolved from many decades. New adaptive techniques are being developed for better power system protection. These techniques need to be tested on numerical relay test bench to analyze its accuracy and reliability under real time power system transient behavior. This paper presents generic numerical relay development environment comprising of newly developed relay and computer based hardware-in-the-loop test bench setup. The hardware is designed to accept data in IEEE COMTRADE format. Different power system operating conditions are simulated in MiPower software package and injected to the relay using National Instrument's NI 9263 converter modules and LabVIEW software package. Relaying scheme performance is analyzed in computer by event capture capability of the relay and serial communication with computer. Percentage bias generator differential scheme is implemented and tested in the setup. Results show stable and accurate performance of the hardware.


Abstract  Dendroctonus–fungus symbioses are often considered as the ideal model systems to study the development and maintenance of ectosymbioses, and diverse interactions, including antagonism, commensalism and mutualism, have been documented between these organisms. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a pine‐killing invasive beetle in northern China. Fungi species Ophiostoma minus, Leptographium sinoprocerum, L. terebrantis and L. procerum were associated with this bark beetle. Antagonistic interactions between D. valens and its associated fungi, such as O. minus and L. sinoprocerum, have been demonstrated, but the underlying causes of this phenomenon are unknown. Here, we first found the two tested fungi species retarded the net weight gain of D. valens larvae after completing 3‐day feeding on their media. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence indicating the effect of associated fungi on the immunocompetence of D. valens larvae to explain the documented antagonism. Our results showed that the activity of phenoloxidase and total phenoloxidase in D. valens larvae were significantly upregulated by two strains of associated fungi, O. minus and L. sinoprocerum as compared with the controls. The phenoloxidase ratio increased significantly in the larvae which had fed for 3 days on media inoculated with O. minus. Because insect immune defenses are costly to be deployed, these results could be explored as one of the underlying mechanisms of the documented antagonism.


High trigger voltage (Vt1) characteristic of silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) device has limited its application in electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection of low voltage circuit, especially in advanced CMOS technologies. In this letter, an ultra-low-voltage-triggered SCR (ULVTSCR) is proposed to decrease the trigger voltage of the conventional SCR. The proposed device consists of an external NMOSs-string (ENMOSs-string), an internal NMOS (INMOS) with its gate controlled by the ENMOSs-string, and a main SCR triggered with the INMOS assistance. The ESD current-voltage characteristics of ULVTSCR has been measured with the transmission line pulsing (TLP) tester. The test results indicate that the proposed ULVTSCR possesses much lower Vt1 of ~ 5.03V as well as reduced area consumption compared to the existing optimization methods, making it highly suitable for the ESD protection for 1.2V/1.8V IO ports in CMOS technology. In addition, the impact of various critical dimensions of ULVTSCR have also been evaluated to further improve the ESD characteristics.


The issue of secure data exchange and performing external transactions between robust distributed ledgers has recently been among the most significant in the sphere of designing and implementing decentralized technologies. Several approaches have been proposed to speed up the process of verifying transactions on adjacent blockchains. The problem of search has not been under research yet. The paper contains security evaluation of data exchange between independent robust distributed ledgers inside multidimensional blockchain. Main principles, basic steps of the protocol and major requirements for it are observed: centralized approach, subset principle and robust SVP. An equivalence of centralized approach and ideal search and verification functionality is proven. The probability of successful verification in case of using fully connected network graph or equivalent approach with fully connected graph between parent and child blockchain is shown. The insecurity of approach with one-to-one links between child and parent ledgers or with a subset principle is proven. A robust search and verification protocol for blocks and transactions based on the features of robust distributed ledgers is presented. The probability of attack on this protocol is mostly defined by the probability of attack on verification and not on search. An approach to protection against an attacker with 50% of nodes in the network is given. It is based on combination of various search and verification techniques.


A surprising new method for making stem cells offers scientists an easy alternative to destroying human embryos. But there is a disturbing possibility that the technique may create not stem cells but actual cloned embryos.


A project is characterized by its uniqueness and complexity. Project management methodology has evolved and received much recognition beyond its traditional domain of construction management to cover areas such as product development, information technology, and research and development. Due to the uniqueness, very limited historical data is available for quantitative analysis. Hence project practitioners prefer using their intuition and subjective judgment for analysis, which -according to studies in cognitive psychology- prone to systematic errors (biases). A series of empirical studies (i.e. experiment) were carried out to identify the possible existence of judgmental biases when project practitioners estimated durations of project activities. Results partially confirm past studies that a range of judgmental errors is observable within various contexts for both individual novice and expert respondents. The biases include: accuracy bias and anchoring effect bias. The finding lays groundwork for follow-up studies in biases identification and biases remedy within project contexts.


ABSTRACT This article analyses different ways of perceiving sports based on the study of cinematographic documentary of the first Olympic Games. The aim is to explore the political discourses and aesthetic senses transmitted through images, studying footages from the beginning of the twentieth century until Berlin 1936, when the aestheticization process became analogous to the sportization process, as Norbert Elias pointed out. This 'movement-image'—as Gilles Deleuze named it—shows that a set of documentary Olympics footages, especially those produced since Saint Louis Games in 1904, projected meanings about the individual and collective body. The hypothesis is that historic filmed physical activities intended to educate through not only the gaze but also the gaze itself, to form ways of perceiving bodies and practices. The central focus of this paper argues that the informative cinema teaches through the exhibition of educated bodies, but also forms the sensitivity of the viewer perspective. In other words, it not only transmits ways of doing but also forms an ethos, to form ways of perceiving, to form ways of being sensitive. The aim of this study is to explore the political discourses and aesthetic senses transmitted through the Olympic images, which are often loaded with moralism and patriotism. This paper concludes with a conceptual counterpoint between Jacques Rancière and Walter Benjamin about technical reproducibility and political reproduction, considering the aesthetic-political tension that sports put into play.


Systematic teaching is a transitional phase between basic teaching and clinical practice and its quality has direct impact on the effect of student clerkship.In the current health care environment actively exploring new systematic teaching model is necessary for training high-quality medical talents.new systematic teaching model of obstetrics and gynecology is investigated in this paper.Through highlighting the small-class teaching,simulating clinical practice teaching and model teaching the new teaching model gained students' recognition.

Key words:
Teaching model; Obstetrics and gynecology; Trainees; Systematic teaching


Failure to treat acute compartment syndrome (ACS) early leads to significant morbidity. Current practice depends on using clinical signs and intracompartmental pressure (ICP) monitoring to diagnose the syndrome but there is still debate regarding their accuracy and interpretation. Patients admitted with injuries at risk of ACS underwent intramuscular (IM) pH and ICP monitoring combined with regular clinical assessment. Fasciotomies were performed on those with clinical and/or pressure based evidence of ACS. All patients were subsequently assessed for evidence of a missed ACS at at 6 & 12 months. Of the 62 patients, 51 completed the protocol and were included in the analysis. They were divided into 2 groups: those who had ACS, either initially (fasciotomies; 13), or diagnosed at follow up (no fasciotomies; 7), and those with no evidence of ACS (31). The sensitivity and specificity for the worst values for each variable were calculated and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves generated. The area under the curve for pH was 0.92, 0.73 for absolute pressure and 0.59 for delta pressure. To achieve a sensitivity of 95%, an absolute pressure of >30mmHg was 30% specific, a delta pressure of This study highlights the issues concerning current diagnostic methods for ACS. By comparison, IM pH radically out performed both the highest ICP and the lowest delta pressure, identifying patients early and accurately.


In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes determine the path to the sink to send data. Data transmission may occur straight to the sink node or through the intermediary nodes, depending on the chosen option. Because sensor nodes have a finite amount of energy, it is crucial to establish an effective routing mechanism to extend the network's life. This article introduces Coyote Optimization Algorithm for enhancing connectivity (COAC) in WSN. The network creates a rendezvous zone and develops a tree that is useful for time-sensitive applications since they minimize the delay. This mechanism uses Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) to decide the Mobile Sink (MS) stopping place at a rendezvous zone; thus, it improves the network performance. The MS improves network connectivity and reduces unwanted energy utilization in the WSN. The network simulator NS-2.34 is use to measure the network performance. Experimental results show that the COA based system improves energy efficiency and minimizes the network delay.


The rapid development of the tourism sector has encouraged all regions to highlight the tourism potential in their respective regions. Likewise with Galengdowo Village which has tourism potential, as well as its existence in the world and the natural beauty and activities of its own citizens, gardening in salak gardens, and doing activities on earth which are used as educational tours. Tourism in Galengdowo Village has succeeded in inserting the concept of learning into its tour. Tourists who come not only take pictures and enjoy the natural beauty in the earth's area but can also learn how to milk cows and know the science and benefits of salak fruit. All educational tourism activities in Galengdowo Village cannot be separated from the role of the Tourism Awareness Group (POKDARWIS) which is the main driver of educational tourism managed by the local community itself.


An automated method for determining the internal points of the coordinate grid of the blasted rock mass is described. It is based on the method of determining the nodal points of the coordinate grid of the blasted rock mass, which is based on taking into account the dependencies that connect the initial parameters of the blasting rock mass with the final location of the fixed points of the blasted rock mass. The determining factors are the specific height and width of the collapse, the coefficient of loosening of the rocks. The method of analysis of experimental and industrial mass explosions in quarries, methods of analytical geometry, matrix theory and linear algebra are used. For the first time in mining, an analytical method has been developed for determining the internal points of the coordinate grid of an exploded block. It includes the established functions of the movement of nodal points, components of the vectors of movement of nodal and internal points of the coordinate grid. The established dependencies allow one to determine the displacements of any point inside the coordinate grid of the blasted block from the initial coordinates of the nodal and internal points.


Thank you very much for reading from civil strife to civil society civil and military responsibilities in disrupted states. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this from civil strife to civil society civil and military responsibilities in disrupted states, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer.


Abstract This article explores the interaction between the best interests of the child and the child's right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort. It examines the normative framework governing the scope and functions of the best interests of the child under international law and the nexus between the concept of the best interests of the child and the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort. Using legal developments in the juvenile justice systems in South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the article demonstrates that all these countries have protected both the best interests of the child and detention as a measure of last resort in their national constitutions and, in some instances, legislation. Judges in the three jurisdictions are generally sensitive to the child rights concerned, although South African judges appear to be a step ahead of those in the other two countries. Kenyan courts appear to be following the South African example and have outlawed certain practices. The approach of Zimbabwean judges is not uniform. It is argued that Zimbabwean courts should learn from South Africa and Kenya to ensure the promotion of the best interests of the child offender and protection from arbitrary detention.


This method development study of tin determination in
alloys is divided into three parts, namely visible spectrophotometry,flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry
( FAAS ) and classical methods. Visible spectrophotometry was
chosen as the main technique because atomic absorption spectrophotometry
by the flame mode ( another popular method for tin )
was known to give a lot of problems . However, FAAS using
graphite furnace was also studied in this project since this
appraoch was claimed to give better sensitivity.
The spectrophotometric method of determining tin in alloys
using catechol violet and cetylpyridinium bromide is discussed
in detail.


The invention relates to a parameter detection method for an optical lens and a detecting instrument thereof. The detecting instrument provided by the invention comprises a reference image output displayer, a detected lens installation adjusting device, a camera, a lens parameter analysis measuring and controlling device and a detection conclusion output device, wherein a detected lens is arranged in the appropriate light source projection position between the reference image output displayer and the camera; reference images which are set by the output of the lens parameter analysis measuringand controlling device are used as the reference light source display of the reference image output displayer; video images which are projected on the camera through the detected lens are shot and transmitted to the lens parameter analysis measuring and controlling device; and the image parameters of the video images are compared with the image parameters of the reference images through the lens parameter analysis measuring and controlling device, thereby judging whether the detected lens is qualified or not through comparison and transmitting the detection conclusion of judgment to the detection conclusion output device to be output. The invention can automatically detect and judge the quality of the detected lens through the instrument and has the advantages of small errors and high detection efficiency.


There is mounting research evidence that sexually transmitted diseases are important cofactors in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa. In the African heterosexual population HIV infection has been repeatedly associated with a history of genital ulcers and a positive serologic test result for Treponema pallidum. For example a prospective study of initially seronegative Kenyan prostitutes found HIV seroconversion to be strongly correlated with 1 or more episodes of genital ulcer disease even after covariables such as number of sexual partners duration of prostitution and condom use were controlled. A cytologic study suggested that sexually transmitted diseases that elicit an inflammatory response and increase the number of lymphocytes in the female genital tract may potentiate the risk of HIV infection by increasing the pool of infected cells in a seropositive person or the pool of target cells in a seronegative individual. Studies of genital tract shedding of HIV associated with specific sexually transmitted diseases are needed to assess the relative importance of pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis and Treponema pallidum in HIV transmission. The identification of modifiable cofactors for HIV transmission has important implications for preventive activities.


Mother is a woman who has given birth to her child with difficulty, terrible pain, to risk her life, from the beginning of her pregnancy for nine months, the mother who cares for the baby to be born safely. Certainly it is appropriate that a mother is also able to give exclusive breastfeeding to the baby who was born. Breast milk as the best food for baby no doubt. But lately it is unfortunate many of mothers meyusui forget the benefits of breastfeeding. Therefore, it is very important that a Government Regulation governing the provision of Exclusive Asi and sanctions if one tries to prevent Exclusive Breastfeeding. Key words : Mother, ASI Eksklusif, Government Regulation


Push–pull tests of rolled magnesium alloy AZ31 were performed with a side-notch plate specimen to examine the crack growth behavior under negative mean stress conditions in conditions of high humid...


Web application development demanding user applications to manage users and passwords application system as well indirectly, so as not to be abused by not authorized parties. User account security methods have been tried to solve the problem. Including by implementing authentication service on Single Sign On (SSO) network, applying Server Radius as captive portal authentication, and by building a CAS Server as authentication Center and with each others methods by programming languages variety. This research was conducted by means of experimenting to make a CAS Server as authentication center that built with PHP programming language. Aside from that, this paper also describes how to test the performance of CAS Server by using tools hacking application (Apache Banch). The tools hacking application can run on Linux Ubuntu operating system. Whereas the methods used in this testing is black box methods (functional testing). The results showed that CAS Servers have been built as a authentication center in Single Sign On (SSO) network was able to respond requests maximum for users as much as 4.490.000 request, for a total time of request 5.406,568 ms (5 seconds). Thus CAS Server that has been built is very suitable to handle the user request is less than 4.490.000 request.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to describe the endoscopic combined "transseptal/transnasal" approach with a pedicled nasoseptal flap for pituitary adenoma and skull base reconstruction, especially with respect to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula.

METHOD
Ninety-one consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent the endoscopic combined "transseptal/transnasal" approach by the single team including the otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons. Postoperative complications related to the flap were analyzed.

RESULTS
Intra- and postoperative CSF fistulae were observed in 36 (40%) and 4 (4.4%) patients, respectively. Among the 4 patients, lumbar drainage and bed rest healed the CSF fistula in 3 patients and reoperation for revision was necessary in one patient. Other flap-related complications included nasal bleeding in 3 patients (3.3%).

CONCLUSION
The endoscopic combined "transseptal/transnasal" approach is most suitable for a two-surgeon technique and a pedicled nasoseptal flap is a reliable technique for preventing postoperative CSF fistula in pituitary surgery.


In 2009, NATO adopted the Strategic Communications Concept. In the period when we are acquainting ourselves with this concept in the Republic of Slovenia, adopting the prescribed standards in this field and deciding on the breadth of its use, we also began to regulate the subject-specific terminology. In the theoretical part of the article we thus present some basic premises of terminology as a science and the NATO's Strategic Communications Concept, while the empirical part presents the process of identifying the appropriate Slovenian term for this concept. Key words Strategic communications, strategic communication, terminology, NATO, StratCom.


Objective
To investigate the influences of personalized nursing on blood sugar control and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients.

Methods
A total of 300 cases of GDM were randomly divided into control group and study group, 150 cases in each group. Patients of control group received routine nursing care and patients of study group received personalized nursing intervention. Blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcome were compared.

Results
Effective blood glucose control rate in study group was 86.0%, significantly higher than that in control group (65.3%)(P<0.05). The pregnancy occurrences of hypertension syndrome, fetal distress, cesarean section and polyhydramnios, hypoglycemia, macrosomia and jaundice in study group were significantly less than control group (P<0.05).

Conclusions
Personalized nursing can effectively adjust blood glucose level in patients with GDM and improve the quality of pregnancy which is worthy the clinical promotion.

Key words:
Diabetes mellitus, pregnancy; Pregnancy outcomes; Personalized nursing


Realization of the concept of information of system of public health services of area has allowed to create the uniform medical information field covering all medical institutions of region and all levels of a control system by rendering of medical services in practice. Its basis is the regional distributed complex information system of public health services with a kernel in a data-processing center of the medical information-analytical center located in the city of Penza. The system is based on high-speed communication channels, the powerful server equipment in the regional centers, on full equipment of all automated workplaces in each female consultation of the area, four interdistrict centers and the perinatal center license software products.


When signals from a user (fixed or mobile) are received at multiple antennas, the signals can be arrayed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal. This article describes two maximal ratio combining techniques referred to as full spectrum combining (FSC) and complex symbol combining (CSC), and then compares them in terms of the achievable arraying gain. Although the performance of these techniques is derived for the case of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signalling in an additive white Gaussian noise channel, the analytical techniques here are applicable to other modulations and channels. The paper also addresses the use of symbol SNR degradation and symbol SNR loss as system performance measures. It is shown that degradation and loss are equal at weak signal levels but degradation is a lower bound for loss when the signal is strong. The telemetry arraying techniques described are applicable to any phase modulated signal. We assess the deep space communication channel performance scenario where the weakest signals ever are detected.


We describe the High Performance Language Technologies project (HPLT), a 3-year EU-funded project started in September 2022. HPLT will build a space combining petabytes of natural language data with large-scale model training. It will derive monolingual and bilingual datasets from the Internet Archive and CommonCrawl and build efficient and solid machine translation (MT) as well as large language models (LLMs). HPLT aims at providing free, sustainable and reusable datasets, models and workflows at scale using high-performance computing (HPC).


This article presents a wideband orthogonal-mode dual-antenna pair with a shared radiator for fifth-generation (5G) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) metal-rimmed smartphones. The wideband decoupling property of the dual-antenna pair is realized by the combination of the orthogonal monopole/dipole modes in the lower band and the orthogonal slot/open-slot modes in the higher band. With the orthogonal-mode design scheme, the dual-antenna pair shows a wide impedance bandwidth of 3.3–5.0 GHz and a high isolation of more than 21.0 dB across the entire band without using any external decoupling structures. By arranging four such dual-antenna pairs at two side edges of the smartphone, an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8 \times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MIMO system is fulfilled. Both the simulation and measurement results show that the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8 \times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MIMO system could offer an isolation of better than 12.0 dB and an envelope correlation coefficient of lower than 0.11 between all ports. The measured average antenna efficiencies are 74.7% and 57.8% for the two antenna elements of the dual-antenna pair. We portend that the proposed design scheme, with merits of shared radiator, wide bandwidth, and metal rim compatibility, has the potential for the application of future 5G smartphones.


Abstract:This paper offers a new reading of Sappho's Tithonus Poem as a theory of choreia as (among other things) a distinctive technology of time. It focuses on the way the poem mobilizes animals linked to musical aetiologies to conjure a series of different choral assemblages that enable the dissolution of the individual ego into an impersonal or supra-personal form of immortality or persistence. The evocation of different musical animals (the tortoise of the opening couplet and the dancing fawns of line 6) primes the audience to recognize the likely resonance at the end of Sappho's song of the story that the eternally aging Tithonus became the singing cicada. In the poem's representation, these musical animals are not isolated, but cooperatively entangled with other beings or groups. These ensembles serve, in turn, as models for the conjunction of the aging ego/singer and the chorus of paides addressed, to figure the distinctive ontologies and temporality of the choral collective.


Oscillation for a class of nonlinear impulsive delay partial differential equations of neutral type is studied, some newoscillations criterion of the equation for given boundary condition are obtained.


5s theory refer to smile,speed,sincerity,smart,study,the first letters of which are 's'.This paper presents the center and one basic point of 5s theory,through stating the content of this theory and how the subject librarian should begin to work based on this theory.


Sarah Yizraeli's Politics and Society in Saudi Arabia: The Crucial Years of Development, 1960-1982 is an empirically rich and thorough survey of economic and political transformation in twentieth century Saudi Arabia, yet is founded on some questionable assumptions. Yizraeli's book is one in a flood of recent studies on Saudi Arabia that have helped draw attention to some unrecognized dynamics in the kingdom's modern history. Among these new titles, Politics and Society is most closely aligne...


The present invention provides a toner comprising at least one polyester resin, a colorant, a releasing agent and a fixing aid, which act as a binder resin, wherein the fixing aid comprises a fatty acid amide compound, wherein the fatty acid amide compound is a monovalent or higher amide compound. At least one of a fatty acid amide compound having a bond and a fatty acid amide compound having a monovalent or higher amino group or a hydroxyl group.


Some biological features of the large benthic crustacean red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, an invasive species, were investigated based on the data collected by the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. A high level of illegal crab catching was revealed based on the analysis of limb injuries. The major symbionts and foulers of the red king crab were studied.


The invention discloses an automatic parallel off and parallel control device for sectionalized power supply of a single busbar and an automatic parallel off and parallel control device based automatic parallel off and parallel control method for sectionalized power supply of the single busbar, and the method and the device are applied to the field of transmission line detection and control. The automatic control device comprises a voltage detection unit, a switch state monitoring unit, a single chip microcomputer control unit, a drive unit, a direct-current power supply unit and a network voltage alarm unit. The device and the method are capable of monitoring voltage amplitude and switch state of sectionalized lines of the single busbar in real time and achieving automatic control of parallel off and parallel operation of the sectionalized lines of the single busbar according to monitoring information.


The invention discloses an ofloxacin injection which is prepared by ofloxacin, acetic acid, disodium tetracemate, propylene glycol and water for injection. The invention solves the problem that an ofloxacin injection hydro-acupuncture is easy to crystallize through adopting the acetic acid as cosolvent and improving the dissolvability of ofloxacin by adding the propylene glycol to regulate the polarity of solution. The injection provided by the invention has excellent quality stability, solves the problem of crystallization commonly existed in products of ofloxacin injection hydro-acupuncture, solves the weaknesses of instability and short retention period of injection, reduces the number of insoluble particles in medicine solution, and provides the effective guarantee for the safe use in clinics.


Aimed at the problems of initial weights and thresholds of standard back propagation neural network effecting the network training in the presence of radar jamming effectiveness evaluation model to a great extent, first, this paper puts forward the idea of using GA according to selection, crossover and mutation among the random initialization and regarding the error function between predicted and expected values as the fitness function to optimize initial weights and thresholds of BP neural network to predict data sample better. Then train and predict the BP neural network at last. Compared to the algorithm without GA, the simulation results show that the using genetic algorithm to optimize the BP network has smaller error in evaluation, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two evaluation algorithms are verified.


The title compound [systematic name: (4-dimethylaminophenyl)(4-nitrophenyl)diazene], C14H14N4O2, has trans geometry about the azo linkage and is planar. Although the crystal structure is non-centrosymmetric, the overall net dipole moment is minimized by antiparallel arrangement of chains of molecules related by translation (1 + x, y, 2 + z) and by marked orientational disorder in the azo moiety, through rotation about the C⋯C axis that it bridges. The chains are connected by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between nitro and dimethylamino groups. They lie perpendicular to the (103) plane and form stacks through π–π interaction, propagating along the crystallographic a axis. The stacks interact through a combination of van der Waals interactions and edge-to-face π–π interaction to give a herring-bone appearance in the view along their long axis.


Haptic rendering is the process of computing and generating forces in response to user interactions with virtual objects. Recent efforts by our team at MIT's AI laboratory have resulted in the development of haptic interface devices and algorithms for generating the forces of interaction with virtual objects. This paper focuses on the software techniques needed to generate sensations of contact interaction and material properties. In particular, the techniques we describe are appropriate for use with the Phantom haptic interface, a force generating display device developed in our laboratory. We also briefly describe a technique for representing and rendering the feel of arbitrary polyhedral shapes and address issues related to rendering the feel of non-homogeneous materials. A number of demonstrations of simple haptic tasks which combine our rendering techniques are also described.