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18 Meetup Groups match "PHP Application Development" near Mountain View, CA
There are no upcoming Meetups.
There are a number of PHP Developers in the Santa Cruz Area with varying skill levels from experts to novice. It would be great to come together and share knowledge, advance the skill of those wanting to learn more and generally explore concepts beyond what our current knowledge may lend.
There are no upcoming Meetups.
This meetup is to network and connect local talented and skilled web developers who like to work on side projects (on nights and weekend basis from home) and make a few extra bucks, with companies and startups in need of talents that can get things done for and willing to work on their own hours for a slightly reduced rate. So you are welcome to join if: 1) You are a sharp/seasoned web developer with any of the following skills: - PHP - Python - HTML/CSS/Javascript/JQuery - Web Design - Etc …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
A place for SugarCRM developers to hack, integrate, develop and socialize. If you have an integration you want to show off, a hack you want to implement, or just want a chance to talk to other people developing on SugarCRM including the SugarCRM development team, this is the place for you.
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Many analysts have predicted 2011 will be a pivotal year for Connected TV. As business models adapt and the market matures, new opportunities will arise to redefine how we experience and consume media. Lean Back, is an event focused on bringing together developers, platform owners, partners and advertisers interested in Connected-TV. For more information, please go to http://adRise.com.
This meetup is for anyone interested in modern development on the webs and apps. Group will host talks and workshops focused on both front end and back end development on the web, and every related to mobile app development. Anyone with a passion for the web is welcome!
Advocate the use of MediaWiki technology and create a forum to talk about technology that improves and enhances the availability of well organized, community generated freely available information.
Collaboration Alley is a group building a place where freelancer's and entrepreneurs can come together, work on projects together, and hopefully garner larger contracts together.
These are not your typical software engineering events. BASE is focused on emerging technologies and creating events around topics that have never been attempted. Events may be around such topics as Big Data, Machine Learning, Robotics, Nanotechnology, 3D Printing, Synthetic Biology, Artificial Intelligence, Computer History, Computer Vision, Augmented Reality (AR), and using software to create art. BASE creates events only possible in San Francisco and the Bay area with experts from all walks …
This meetup is focused on hands-on coding for Cloud platforms. The goal is ultimately for members to share best practices and innovate. This meetup is about sharing code and building applications that run in the cloud. Although I work for Microsoft as a developer evangelist, I welcome all developers from all cloud platforms. Initially, the meetings will be focused on the Windows Azure Platform (Azure). Azure is new and initial meetings will be designed to get developers up and running and workin …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Get together with the Couchbase meetup group to learn more about this NoSQL document database for web and mobile applications. Couchbase is particularly well suited for interactive applications, providing easy scalability, consistent high performance, 24x365 availability, and a flexible data model for ease of development.
There are no upcoming Meetups.
The San Francisco Symfony Meetup is a forum for open discussion, networking and learning about the best PHP framework out there. The people there generally have an above-average grasp of symfony so it's a great place to get your questions answered. Join the club on Sensio Labs Connect! Symfony website: http://www.symfony.com/ | http://www.symfony-project.org/ Brought to you by: Sensio Labs & ServerGrove Potential Topics: How to get started with Symfony What's new for Symfony? How to build yo …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
These are not your typical Atlassian User Group events. Atlassian Enterprise Bay Area User Group is focused on Atlassian emerging trends, products, integration technologies and creating events around topics that have never been attempted. Events may also touch on application development, software engineering, OO, cloud, mobile, enterprise, business intelligence, HTML5, Hadoop, Python, Eclipse, JavaScript, JAVA, HBASE, MapReduce, Erlang, jQuery, MongoDB, NoSQL, PHP, Agile, Ruby on Rails (RoR), Fr …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
We're a community for anyone interested in developing and deploying web applications with HTML, CSS, PHP, Ruby on Rails, MySQL, OOP, MVC, jQuery, AJAX, Cloud Server, and Agile. We meet once or twice a month for discussion, collaboration, and networking with other like-minded people. We have a terrific group of people from varying technical backgrounds. All are welcome! For more information about us, and what we do, visit us at CodingDojo.co
About Hacking 4 Health The launch of Community Health Data Initiative by HHS and Institute of Medicine is exciting news for programmers interested in the development of health applications. Under this initiative, HHS and other government agencies are releasing vast amounts of health data developers can use to create applications that will help individuals and communities. HealthTap, in collaboration with Health 2.0, is thrilled to announce a Hackathon where developers can learn more about this …
There are no upcoming Meetups.
Meet other local users of the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP / Perl / Python) platform, a very popular combination for developing OpenSource web applications and the most widely used web development platform.
There are no upcoming Meetups.
This group's focus is to explore the LAMP stack. However, we will not strictly be looking at LAMP (Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP), instead we will look at a plethora of compatible, complimentary, and sometimes competing technologies...based upon industry trends and speaker availability. The organizer, Tish Wood, has been programming web applications professionally since 2002, began using LAMP in the last few days of that year, and is a veteran of the Silicon Valley Startup Industry. He has taught a var …
Come out and join us. Our group focuses on ColdFusion and related technologies like AJAX, Flex and AIR. We meet every third Tuesday of the month at the Adobe Offices at 601 Townsend in San Francisco. Meetings are from 6:00pm to 8:30 pm. Our speakers are drawn from the ColdFusion community. If you are interested in presenting please let me know. All levels of topics from beginner to advanced are welcome.
Connect, Inform and Empower People in Startup Ecosystem Startup Socials is a global entrepreneurs community built by entrepreneurs who are passionate to connect, inform and empower people in Startup Ecosystem. We host social events where you can network with other members of the startup community and create new relationships. You can see photos from previous Startup Socials in San Francisco, New York, Moscow, Tel-Aviv, Vilnius on our Facebook page. LEARN MORE ABOUT STARTUPSOCIALS StartupSocial …
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Called to serve: The diaconate formation class of 2012
Friday, 08 June 2012 00:00
On June 9, Archbishop José H. Gómez will ordain 14 men to the Sacred Order of Deacon at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels.
Archbishop: Protecting religious liberty is focus of 'Fortnight'
Friday, 08 June 2012 00:00
The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has called on all dioceses, parishes and other Catholic institutions to participate in a "Fortnight for Freedom," June 21-July 4, a two-week period of prayer, education and action by American Catholics in support of religious freedom.
'Vision to Learn' comes to Catholic schools
Friday, 08 June 2012 00:00
Program aims to improve the lives of needy children one pair of eyeglasses at a time.
St. John Vianney fire: An arrest, but what about forgiveness?
Friday, 01 June 2012 00:00
On October 2, 2006, and the days and weeks following, the Amish set a modern-day gold standard for forgiveness.
New priests: 'Blessed to have been called to this vocation'
Friday, 01 June 2012 00:00
Four men will be ordained June 2 as priests for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.
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Prayer of the Month
Papal intentions for November: That priests who experience difficulties may find comfort in their suffering, support in their doubts, and confirmation in their fidelity. That as fruit of the continental mission, Latin American Churches may send missionaries to other Churches.Papal intentions for December: That children who are victims of abandonment or violence may find the love and protection they need. That Christians, enlightened by the Word incarnate, may prepare humanity for the Savior's coming.

subset: commoncrawl


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I am running into problems with my comp, and I can't tell for sure what it is, but I think it is hardware. Either something conflicting with another piece of hardware, or something with the software. I doubt it is th software though, because I have changed operating systems several times and still have the same errors. I have the following hardware, and I am wondering if anyone sees any glaring conflicts or has some suggestions:
Micronics MB... I think it is Ali chipset
NEC Ram
ATI Xpert2000 32 meg vid card
Seagate 6.4 gig and WD 30.7 gig
Toshiba 12x-40x DVD Rom
Plexor 8x-4x-32x CR-RW
Soundblaster Live! value
Generic 10-base T ethernet card
If anyone can see anything that might be wrong with this, please let me know, otherwise I am thinking of just getting another MB, and if so, does anyone have some good suggestions for Socket 7 motherboards? Thanks..


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Appalachian Regional Healthcare (ARH) is a not-for-profit health system serving 350,000 residents across Eastern Kentucky and Southern West Virginia. Operating ten hospitals, multi-specialty physician practices, home health agencies, HomeCare Stores and retail pharmacies, ARH is the largest provider of care and single largest employer in southeastern Kentucky and the third largest private employer in southern West Virginia.
The ARH system employs nearly 5,000 employees and has a network of more than 600 active and courtesy medical staff members representing various specialties. Consistently recognized for its medical excellence, the ARH system is one of two Kentucky health systems to be named to the 2012 IMS Top 100 Integrated Healthcare Networks list of the most highly integrated healthcare networks in the nation, and was selected as the 2010 Outstanding Rural Health Organization in the nation by the National Rural Health Association (NRHA). Most recently, the Harlan ARH Hospital was named one of the nation's 100 Top Hospitals® by Thomson Reuters, a leading provider of information and solutions to improve the cost and quality of healthcare.
Middlesboro ARH Home Health today announced that it has been named to the Top 500 of the 2013 HomeCare Elite™, a recognition of the top-performing home health agencies in the United States. Read More
Two ARH hospitals have been named Top Performer on Key Quality Measures® by The Joint Commission, the leading accreditor of health care organizations in America. Both Harlan ARH and Middlesboro ARH hospitals were recognized by The Joint Commission for exemplary performance in using evidence-based clinical processes that are shown to improve care for certain conditions. The clinical processes focus on care for heart attack, pneumonia, surgery, children's asthma, stroke and venous thromboembolism, as well as inpatient psychiatric services. New this year is a category for immunization for pneumonia and influenza. Read More


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Nemanja Vidic, Patrice Evra, Chris Smalling and Marouane Fellaini all sat out Manchester United training on Monday.
Patrice Evra says Manchester United's critics should only evaluate the team at the end of the season.
Didier Deschamps has again stressed that he is happy to have Patrice Evra in the French squad.
Patrice Evra believes Manchester United will only be 'back in business' once they have won 10 games in a row.
Patrice Evra insists the Capital One Cup remains an important competition for Manchester United.
Defender Patrice Evra has denied rumours that he wants to quit Manchester United in the summer.
The French Football Federation has confirmed defender Patrice Evra will not be punished for his outspoken attack.
David Moyes has come to the defence of Patrice Evra, saying he is a 'great figure' in the Manchester United squad.
Patrice Evra has hinted to Telefoot that he may decide to leave Manchester United at the end of his current contract.
Patrice Evra has been asked by the French Football Federation to explain comments he made about Bixente Lizarazu.
David Moyes says the reason why some players have only had limited roles so far is their international commitments.
Patrice Evra has accused Chelsea of playing for a draw following their stalemate with Manchester United.
Manchester United full-back Patrice Evra has praised Danny Welbeck after the striker netted twice in the win at Swansea.
Didier Deschamps has confirmed he plans to sit down with Samir Nasri after recalling him to the France squad.
Sir Alex Ferguson laid down a challenge as he addressed supporters at the start of Manchester United's trophy parade.
Manchester United's Patrice Evra was disappointed with the reception given to Robin van Persie at the Emirates Stadium.
Patrice Evra believes Manchester United have done more than enough to silence the critics this season.
Patrice Evra does not expect Manchester United to be given much credit for the character they have shown this season.
Patrice Evra says Manchester United are determined to claim the Premier League title with a new record points haul.
Patrice Evra says he will not be copying Robin van Persie's antics when he scores his next Manchester United goal.
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This is a nice little album cover for a small scrapbook. You don't need dozens of photos or all kinds of paper and accessories.


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(15 reviews)
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Re.Lennie's dresses
By Roza
from Winnipeg
Nice style but I would like to see diferent fabric no more just polyester , something more cozy special for our Canadian winter, maybe thicker jersey. I have couple of Lennies dresses but this one is the last one. Fabric is too thin.
( 2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Love these dresses!!!
By Sandra
from Scarborough
I bought two of these dresses, one in raisen and one in python, these fit like a glove just the way the sizes are. They are true to size. I had to get the blue print as well, just to say how well they fit. I am 5ft 8ins and they drop at my knees. I have no regret buying 3 of them. My husband even said they looked good on me. And its at a awesome price too, can't go wrong with this purchase. Also the necklace beauitful, I am giving one as a gift. The material of the dresses are very good quality.
Lovely Multi!
By Marnie
from DARTMOUTH
The multi color dress is a little bit dark but actually it is quite striking with the different colors of raisin, navy, purple, brown and black.The lilac and the gold coppery color adds that bit of brightness-and you can wear those color scarves to match!Also, with these dresses, you can pull up the dress around the midsection to make more "folds" and this makes the dress a bit shorter in length.This dress and the other colors are so comfy to wear!!!!
Really Wearable Blue and Brown Dresses!!
I cannot understand why this dress has not sold out yet!Are we tired of faux wrap dresses??!!!Or are the colors kinda dark??!! (NO,NO)I have gotten every color in the OTHER 3/4 sleeve faux wrap dress and I am delighted with IT!!So the lovely sale price of this dress made me want to try this long sleeve version and I am ecstatic!The blue dress is a medium teal blue-the stripes are black but also navy with purple streaks-making it nice and colorful and not so dark!! This is the best color of the lot!!The python is a beige (not so cream) and brown pattern so making it a bit darker than shown on the video.But the pattern is really nice and I wear it with a little brown jacket or beige bolero.I need something not too clingy so to my surprisethe fit of these dresses is on the big or "roomy" side!!But not too big-it slides over the body really nice-but if you want something to fit rather "snugly"-then go down a size!!!Mind you, you can pull it closer to the body with the ties at the waist or loosen it as well.The length for this dress is past the knees!I am just comparing it to the other 3/4 sleeve faux wrap dress which is pictured right next to this one. That dress fit more snugly to the body than this one and is shorter-around the knees.The material has a nice weight to it and is soft!The sleeves are kinda long but pulling them up is easy to do!!Also the sleeves are not tight in the arms!!I really really like these dresses-they camouflage,can be worn for any occasion day or evening and are very comfortable to wear.And it's on sale!!!!I am getting every color!!!!!!And so should you, girls!!!!
( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Very Feminine
By Rosa
from Thornhill
It is perfect size and the fabric is very lovely. I bought the arisen and thinking to have another one. I liked the chain very much. The ring is wonderful. It is well feminine dress.
so so
By Forthy
from Kitchener Ontario
I was somewhat disappointed when I received this dress yesterday. The stitching in the shoulders seemed off and it did not tie properly at the waist. Perhaps if I was 5'5 not 5'3 and not high waisted it would have fallen better. Needless to say it is going back tomorrow. Definitely not the best figure fitting dress for me but others may fare better.
Great Dress!!!
By Heather
from Crossfield, Alberta
Bought 3 of these dresses. Ordered them in a size smaller than my normal size and glad I did as you can tie it as tight or as loose as you like. And the sleeves roll up so can be worn in summer or winter. The necklace is nice. Found out I had the matching earrings so gave the set to my daughter. Sadly though, one of the dresses did not come with the necklace, oversight I guess :( Luckily love the dresses with or without the necklaces.
( 4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Not for me
By Gilush
from Ontario
I ordered my usual size large, but this dress did not successfully hide what needed to be hidden. My bodyshaper helped, but the mirror was brutally honest about this dress, and it told me NO.
Cute dress
By Navaro
from Pohenegamook Qc
Beautiful dress. I bought this in black and python. Size is perfect and great fabric. Just throw it in the wash (gentle cycle) and I lay mine flat to dry (no ironing required
So comfortable
By Kat
from Hamilton, Ontario
Such nice material and nice colors. Bought this in the python and it is amazing. Shows some not so nice ripples but im working on it..lol


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Drink this thick and satisfying homemade tomato juice well chilled. Spiked with fresh lemon juice, celery seed and Tabasco, it's perfectly savory alone, or use it as the ideal base for a fresh Bloody Mary.
Tender grilled rack of lamb pairs perfectly with a smoky grilled fennel mixture brightened with fresh herbs. Make things easy and ask your butcher to french the racks of lamb for you.
Company-worthy roasted lamb is enhanced by the earthy, herbal flavors of caraway and rosemary. Take advantage of the time your lamb roast is resting to make these simple crispy onion rings, no fryer necessary.
Lamb shoulder braised in a simple mixture of chicken broth, lemon zest and juniper berries transforms into a fork-tender roast. The reduced cooking liquid provides a concentrated jus to keep lamb moist and warm and the roasted lemons add a bright note to...
Tucked away in a versatile cake, shredded carrots and parsnips are the secret to keeping this rich treat dense and moist, without being decadent.
Grapes are an unexpected treat when roasted until their juices are warm and concentrated. Here they add a sweet note to a sourdough bread pudding made rich with cream cheese.
This vegan riff on Waldorf salad is deliciously rich and crunchy. Instead of chopping the romaine lettuce, you can also use whole leaves to line a bowl or platter and serve the salad on top.
This easy soup gets wonderful flavor and texture from a mix of cooked and raw mushrooms. If you would like to use portobello mushrooms, first scrape out the dark gills under their caps as they can give the soup a muddy color.
A hidden sliver of Brie bakes up creamy and rich under a spoonful of savory herbed mushrooms in these flaky pastry bites. These easy and impressive hors d'oeuvres promise to be the center of attention at your next cocktail party.
This light salad entrée pairs smoked ham with crisp cabbage, savory green onions and sweet carrots in a salad base of whole grain barley. Mustard and shallots add depth and spice to the fresh vinaigrette dressing.
Cabernet infused with whole herbs, aromatics, mustard and broth imparts a rich flavor to this cut of beef. The steak turns out juicy and delicious when cooked in this rich liquid.
Sautéed apples and sauerkraut bring a sweet and sour flavor to the otherwise savory pan-fried sausages. Most commonly found in the German-speaking area of the Alps, this delicious entrée is often served with a dab of dark, spicy German mustard on the side for...
This tasty breakfast treat is equally wonderful whether eaten off a plate at home or wrapped in parchment paper on the run.
This pressed sandwich is a vegan version of the New Orleans classic that uses mushrooms and pine nuts rather than meat and cheese. The size and hearty texture of portobello mushrooms make them perfect for this sandwich.
Sherry vinegar adds a distinct savory flavor to sweet peppers that pairs well with smoked ham. These sandwiches are quite portable when wrapped tightly, so consider packing them in your lunch box for work or a picnic. Pack a few potato chips to eat along with the...
This combination of fresh crab and seasonal sweet corn and red peppers provides a sweet and savory combination for these light crab cakes with just a touch of bright lemon zest. For a light but satisfying meal, serve them atop a bed of mixed greens dressed with...
This tangy and versatile vegan nut cheese is perfect to use on a sandwich, panini or bagel. It also goes well with roasted vegetables, grilled mushrooms and tomatoes.


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Molly enjoys a shopping spree at the mall after Mike storms off over a disagreement. Photo: Michael Yarish/Warner Bros. ©2013 Warner Bros. Television. All Rights Reserved.


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Fri, Dec 20 5:00pm + 2hr after event
176 people recommend parking here 104 left comments
It was great!!!! Didn't have to clean my car after the game, no traffic to fight and it was just a great all around experience!!!! Double thumbs up....
Perfect, as always!
Convenient, cheap, close to the stadium. Plus that it was indoor
Was a little lost, didn't know the parking garage doors opened when you went up to them. So it appeared closed at first but there were a lot of spaces open and the walk was not bad at all! Overall pleased with it
The price was right. It was safe. The walk was about 15 minutes, but there were lots of Blackhawk fans around us, so I felt safe.
This is a INDOOR Self Park Garage just a few blocks from the United Center providing parking for the worlds best fans.
Vehicle height restriction: 96 inches
This location is a commercial parking garage.
Preferred parking for Union Park, Bottom Lounge, Macello Restaurant, Centered Chef Studios, Transit Nightclub.
West of Halsted Street on Madison Avenue. As you drive west on Madison you will go past Racine, past Throop, and the garage entrance is on the left side of the street flying the Black Hawk/Bulls Flags.


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Your little one can dress up for school in the girls uniform capri pants. Theyre made of a blend of cotton, polyester and spandex and stretch comfortably. These mid-rise pants have front slit pockets for a classic look. Available in standard sizes in khaki or navy. Machine wash and tumble dry.
- Rise: Mid Rise
- Sizing: Kids (4-16) with a Regular Fit
- Garment Construction Belt loops
- Material: 53 %: Cotton, 44 %: Polyester, 3 %: Spandex
- Closure Style: Fly hook and zipper
- Pocket Style: Front slit pocket
- Care and Cleaning Machine wash, cold, Tumble dry, normal, low heat
guest rating


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When autumn arrives, Rolling Acres opens its gates to visitors young and old to enjoy adventures among its various attractions. Birthday parties, field trips, and family outings descend upon the farm throughout the fall to explore the corn maze, which, in the past, has sent groups zigzagging through labyrinths shaped like an elephant, a lion, and a castle. Outside the maize maze, putters earn holes in one or 12 on the mini-golf course, and nearby, jumpers launch skyward on a giant jumping pillow. Aside from manufacturing smiles, Rolling Acres also produces and distributes alternative-fuel products.
The two screens of Tower Theaters host an eclectic cast of characters, from the flying superheroes of summer blockbusters to elaborately costumed opera singers. And 3-D technology propels many of them toward the audience with the vivid clarity of digital projection. The dancers and singers appear as part of a monthly opera and ballet series, which showcases stage productions such as Caravaggio or Die Fledermaus in digital HD. But on the first Saturday of every month, film and live performance combine with midnight showings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, during which a shadow cast poses in front of the screen to mirror the cult classic's plot and catch Tim Curry when he falls out.
Xtreme Paintball's speckled warzone stretches across five playing fields, where marker-toting combatants engage in colorful crossfire during a variety of paintballing matches. A natural canopy blocks the sun from the eyes of snipers throughout the battle zone, and manmade obstacles, such as ditches and sandbag bunkers, conceal sharpshooters and bottles of Wite-Out for healing wounds. A Wild West–themed village situated at the center of Xtreme Paintball's paint-strewn landscape inspires players to reenact their favorite cowboy movies, and a netted viewing area allows parents and friends to peek in on the action at a safe distance.
Since 1962, the experienced and USPA-certified instructors at Connecticut Parachutists, Inc have helped new and experienced skydivers foster a love for skydiving. Two miles above the plush green landing area, the professionals harness themselves to novice divers for tandem jumps, and then leap from the bellies of prop planes as spectators and envious penguins look on from an open landing area. The instructors can also help their students obtain skydiving certification, learn to perform accelerated free falls, and make solo dives.
In addition to training new cloud kickers, Connecticut Parachutists, Inc also accommodates seasoned skydivers with facilities for members. Their turbine Twin Otter elevates members for as many jumps as possible, and a clubhouse helps jumpers wind down with a shower and video debriefing area. The skydiving haven also plays host to special events such as jump nights and Q&As with famous parachutes.
Healthtrax Fitness & Wellness first opened its 35,000-square-foot fitness centers in 1979, and the specialists have since maintained a commitment to helping their members lead healthier lifestyles. They work in partnership with hospitals and medical professionals to stay keen on current research, turning this information into personal-training programs and professional advice for members of all fitness levels. In addition to programs in fitness and recreation, health education, and nutrition, Healthtrax Fitness & Wellness offers more than 60 group fitness classes. Members can shake up their routines with group cycling, yoga, and Pilates sessions, or tune out the surrounding world while burning calories on TV-equipped cardio machines. Member amenities also include basketball courts and an aquatics center in addition to outlets for kids including a youth activities center and babysitting services for kids that are tired of pretending to be their mom's fanny pack as she works out.
Visiting The Zoo in Forest Park and Education Center is a lot like stepping into a nature documentary. On guided tours, a knowledgeable narrator takes small groups on a journey to meet more than 200 creatures from across the world. They stop by the habitats of the black and white ruffed lemur, the western bobcat, and the spotted leopard. Along the way, guests learn a lot: for instance, that the Bennett's wallaby carries its young in a pouch, and that the critically-endangered cotton-top tamarin has lost more than 75% of its native habitat.
But in at least one way, the zoo accomplishes something that David Attenborough never could. Visitors can actually reach out and touch a creature during discovery programs. They can even adopt certain animals, perhaps helping provide tasty grasses and career guidance to a red kangaroo.
These programs exemplify the nonprofit zoo's dedication to wildlife education and awareness, something they hope to instill in their visitors from an early age. In the summer, educators spin "Animal Tales" for rapt young audiences and hold a Zoo Camp, where kids start to learn about diet and animal care. As kids' love of animals grows, the zoo invites them to volunteer as Crew in Training members. Once they hit college, students can become interns working on projects such as field studies of the patas monkey.
Licensed acupuncturist and herbalist Stan Baker draws from extensive experience in Eastern healing methods to adeptly perform numerous Eastern-medicine modalities. Baker's acupuncture and bodywork sessions help to stimulate the body's vital energy channels, working to alleviate such medical ailments as migraines and musculoskeletal pain. A Sun Do mountain yoga instructor with a black belt in aikido, Baker bolsters his understanding of the East by attending weekly chen-tai-chi classes and boycotting three out of four cardinal directions.
A comprehensive guide to attractions and things to do.


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You are able to get up to 650F on a conventional oven without any modifications? Is this gas or electric?
Awsome looking! Yum!!! I'm still trying to figure things out, so my question to u is what thickness factor do you use for a pie like that using Lehmann's calculation tool? I've only experimented with NY style but I'd like to try your style pies. Which is called what kind? American? Sorry for the beginner questions.mike


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MARCH 18-20, 2014JAVITS CENTER | New York City, NY
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Through our official housing partner, onPeak, we provide reduced hotel rates and travel discounts for your trip to New York. Book through the simple-to-use reservation website or with helpful and friendly booking agents.


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Usually leaves warehouse in 1 - 2 full bus. days. Details
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The elegantly designed Delta Venetian Toddler Bed comes with guard rails and fits a standard size crib mattress, sitting just low enough to the ground to allow easy access and exit for your child. Its full range of colors (Cherry, White and Natural) compliment a variety of décor, and pair perfectly with the Venetian Toy Box, Rocking Chair, Step Stool, and the case pieces included in the Venetian Infant Collection in matching colorways to complete your childs fully furnished bedroom.
"R"Web#: 735621
Manufacturer #: 7191-604
Product Weight:26.6 pounds
Product Dimensions (in inches):30.4 x 19.6 x 5.5
Shipping Info:
Average Customer Rating:
(based on 13 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Most Helpful Positive Review
Excellent For Price -Especially w/Coupon
We picked up this bed for our almost-2-year-old and so far, it has been pretty great. We were able to use the 20% off coupon on it as well so really can't ...Read complete review
We picked up this bed for our almost-2-year-old and so far, it has been pretty great. We were able to use the 20% off coupon on it as well so really can't argue about price effectiveness!The bed itself is pretty stylish, though I prefer mission style over a sleigh-type bed. It's still inoffensive and is structurally sound. We got the Natural colored wood -- which matches our honey-oak crib fairly decently.Assembly was extremely easy. My husband and I had it put together in under 30 minutes after grabbing an extra allen wrench. The only complaint is the way you have to put the base slats in. It would be difficult to do it alone so I recommend having a buddy to hold one side of the frame up as you position the boards into their appropriate slots.Otherwise, no complaints. Our daughter has jumped up and down on it in sheer joy many times over the past few days and hasn't broken it yet. Delta is a pretty good brand so would definitely buy another one when the time comes.
Most Helpful Critical Review
Beware of purchasing this product
I just spent a nightmarish evening assembling this product, the problems you encounter are so far into the project, you seek to find a way around them, all four issues were with the holes...Read complete review
I just spent a nightmarish evening assembling this product, the problems you encounter are so far into the project, you seek to find a way around them, all four issues were with the holes drilled for the barrel nut, count them four times, so this was not just a happen chance "one minor mistake made" it was four places on three parts. The first issue I encountered, the hold was not drilled deep enough, well, being that my xray vision was turned off today, it took quite a while for me to figure out the hole inside was not meeting up with the bolt, i worked around this by using a screwdriver and hammer, to clean out the hole a bit more, and finally got the connection to work, after the bed was assembled,I commenced to step 13 (the final step). Three of the four holes on the guard rails were drilled too deep, so the barrel nut fell way below where it needed to be. This was an interesting dilemma. Take the assembled bed back and get my money back? Or try to figure a way around this. Well, the only solution was to figure out what I could put in the hole to raise the barrel nut up to where it needed to be. Believe it or not, charmin toilet paper. Yep. Small wad of that, and I was able to make these three connections work. But that was ridiculous on such a small project. I will avoid this manufacturer (Delta) completely in the future.
Reviewed by 13 customers
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Hard to assemble, cheaply made
By SAHM of toddler
from Sacramento, CA
About Me Parent
Comments about DELTA Solutions by Kids R Us Toddler Bed - Cherry:
I just bought this bed for my 23 month old daughter. It took about 1:15 mins to assemble. One slat was warped and did not fit into the slot while the other kept slipping out while I tried to screw the bed together. I have put lots of furniture together but this bed was very tricky. The wood material is very lightweight and cheaply manufactured. However I was able to buy it with a coupon and the price was very reasonable so I decided to give it a try. The bed itself is nice but I wish I splurged a bit more and got something that felt like it could sustain more use. I am considering returning the assembled product for the reasons above.
Comment on this review
great first bed!
By kjd0414
from florida
I bought this bed for my 15 month old and we love it. It was fairly easy to put together, it did take two of us, but we had it built in less than a half hour. It is also sturdy enough for me to lay on it with my little guy. Very happy with this purchase!
My daughter loves her toddler bed!
By MissMarch
from Boston, MA
This bed is lightweight and sturdy. It's exactly what I was expecting. I read the review before I bought it and I have to say, it isn't hard to put together at all. I put it together by myself with my daughter "helping" and it only took me 30 minutes. Definitely worth the money.
My daughter loves her new bed.
By Mom in DC
from Washington DC
The bed took a while to put together, but wasn't difficult. It looks great and seems sturdy considering the price. My daughter loves it!
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
By LizzieB
from Omaha, NE
About Me Parent, Thrifty
By T Johnson
from Roanoke, Va
Love it
By Beth
from Georgia
my 2 yr old daughter sleeps in this bed every night and loves it! she likes the independence i believe. the bed is cute and sturdy. i lay in it at night with her and it hasn't broke yet!
Difficult assembly
By Lizz
from Fort Benning, GA
We bought this in white for my 18 month old after she busted the bottom of her pack n play last week.Most of the assembly was easy once you get past the fact that the drawings aren't to accurate, there are no written directions, and not every thing is labeled correctly.Not all of the slats that support the mattress were the correct size. They were off by a couple centimeters, just enough to make assembly hard.Seems sturdy now that it's all together and she likes it. No tears tonight at bed time!
Great value, easy assembly
By Dad in Idaho
from Meridian, ID
This toddler bed was pretty easy to assemble. I was a little surprised at how small the box was when I picked it up.
Very nice product
By Grandma B
from Northern Kentucky
We bought this toddler bed for when our 3 year old granddaughter spends the night. It was very easy to assemble,took less than an hour - instructions were very clear. Very sturdy and safe, low to the ground. We were actually surprised at the quality of this product since it really was not very expensive. It also looks very nice. Easy enough to move from room to room if needed. We bought the cherry wood and plan to keep it for future grandchildren. I would definitely recommend to others.
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<Insert request for more Boston here>
PSN: Bront20
DLC: lots+RB1+LRB+RB2+ACDC+GDRB (+ RB3)
[ ] Cold
[ ] MOAR The Used
[ ] New Found Glory
[ ] Sevendust
[ ] Saliva
[ ] The Color Morale
RockGamer, Can you try and get more Neonfly please? Thanks!
*Ps. if you get a "Yes" from them, please try for The Messenger!*
The Cure [1]
Queen [28?]
My Chem. [3]
I understand, but we need to get people on that. If I had a license to review, I would do it in a heartbeat. If I had song codes to give out, I would give them out to everyone that reviewed the song.
I will give anyone who peer reviews this song, like, a line in my next song or one of my livers or something.
EDIT: Question, though, how did it get shortened from over 10 minutes?
[] Dizzy Mizz Lizzy [] Dover [] Guano Apes [] More Miley Cyrus
[] The Rasmus [] The Veronicas [] More Volbeat


text:
- Also Known As:
- Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Hotel Chaweng
- Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Hotel
- Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Resort & Spa Koh Samui/Chaweng
Thailand >
Surat Thani Province >
Koh Samui >
Business Centre
Free High-Speed Internet
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Shuttle Bus service
Swimming Pool
#9 Romantic Hotel in Chaweng
#12 On the Beach Hotel in Chaweng
#12 Luxury Hotel in Chaweng
Price Range (Based on Average Rates):
Hotel Class:4 star — Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Resort & Spa 4*
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Combining the finest traditions of Thai architecture with modern European conveniences Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Resort & Spa is the ideal place to escape from it all. Fifty one luxuriously appointed rooms and villas, each with its own Jacuzzi for two have been designed to meet your every need and to allow you to rest and rejuvenate in a tranquil and naturally beautiful setting. From our Award Winning Italian and International restaurant, Olivio Italian cuisine, featuring the finest cuisine along our unspoiled beach to our signature Satira Herbal Spa offering the latest in all-natural therapeutic treatments, your every need will be catered to in legendary Thai style.Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Resort & Spa, a simply unforgettable experience. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Agoda, Cheap Tickets, Otel, Priceline and Tingo so you can book your Baan Haad Ngam Boutique Resort & Spa reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


text:
Final Sale
Print-Collar Cotton Shirt
Item# 4523468
Sorry, this item is no longer available!
- As seen in Vogue & InStyle
- Menswear-inspired pinstripe in crisp stretch cotton with dot-print curved collar
- Button front with covered placket for a dressy look
- Besom chest pocket
- Dot-print lined button cuffs
- Bust darts and back shaping dart for a feminine fit
- 68% Cotton/28% Polyester/4% Spandex
- Machine wash.
- Imported
Cute but not true to the color
Very cute casual shirt to wear to work, however I expected a nicer blue color. It apeared to be very pale blue instead of beautiful sky blue. I will keep it anyway
December 7, 2012
Love it
You can dress it up or down, wear it with blue or black. Great fit, Love it
November 11, 2012
Fun and Professional
The black and white miniature polka dots on the collar of this shirt really steps up the look on this piece. The fit is perfect, and the colors make this a very versatile piece. I love it!
November 9, 2012
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DJ Gear
Serious DJs know how important their gear is. Please browse around our categories and brands on the left hand navigation. On any product page you are able to tell us the budget you have for your gear and we will work with you to offer you great savings. We have tons of DJ gear from Allen & Heath to Vestax and everything in between. Buy a single item for your DJ setup, or load up and buy your DJ Gear in bulk.
Pioneer RMX-1000-W - Remix Station (White)
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UOP is an abbreviation for:
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Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"UOP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/217082>.
UOP also stands for:
- U Owe Paul
- UCAR ( University Corporation For Atmospheric Research) Office of Programs
- Ultima Online Portal
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- Underserved Opportunities Program
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Olde Raleigh Apartment Homes - in Raleigh, NC
Olde Raleigh Apartment Homes Apartments Description
Olde Raleigh is situated perfectly in desirable Northwest Raleigh, within walking distance of terrific shopping centers and exciting entertainment. Your new home is also a short drive from the notable Research Triangle Park. Spacious apartments, exceptional service and amenities that you deserve are all at a location that's exactly right for you.
Pet Policy
Cats and Dogs are allowed. Maximum weight of pet(s): 75. Maximum number of pet(s): 2. Restrictions or other terms: Breed restrictions apply. Pet fee of $250 per pet and Monthly pet rent of $15..
- Pool
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Olde Raleigh Apartment Homes
4000 Grand Manor Ct
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DHK Maximus GP 1/8th RTR Nitro 4WD TruckRegular Price: $399.99 Special Price: $349.99 |
Building Tools
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Bondhus Ball Driver Set 1.5-6mm, 7 pieces
Make sure that you have the right tool for the job with this set from Bondhus
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Handles and blade lengths are proportional to allow optimum torque. Handles for metric and inch sizes are color coded and stamped with size for easy identification.
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CHI Silk Infusion
CarinaHairMedium BrownDry HairExemplary But ExpensiveI love this product but not the price. Wal mart over prices their chi so don't get it there. The smell isn't bad or good it's just one to get a bit used to. I just WISH that they would make it cheaper even by one or two dollars becasue I think a lot more people would use it and I would definitely buy more of it! It makes my hair completely new and shiny as well as soft. But of course with good results comes a price and a somewhat expensive one at that but oh well I guess! Other than the price it's a great product!posted Jul 17, 2011Link to this post
KatherineVirginiaHairBlondeFine or Thin HairGreat Stuff!Just a small amount of this on my fine, wavy hair leaves it silky and smooth without weighing it down.posted Jul 16, 2011Link to this post
TinaMissouriHairMedium BrownDry HairCurly HairThick or Coarse HairSo-so ResultsI've used this once, I don't like the smell (it smells like perfume). It made my wavy thick hair feel soft, but didn't straighten my hair any better than other much cheaper products I've tried. For the price I was expecting a much better result.posted Jul 9, 2011Link to this post
KayeHairPlatinum BlondeColor Treated HairFine or Thin HairNo More HaystackI have very blonde hair which looks terrible when it gets too dry. I use Chi before blow drying and a little bit more after styling. It gives my hair a shiny, swingy look. I've been using the product for more than a year. My only complaint is that the bottle leaks during air travel.posted Jun 20, 2011Link to this post
RoxyHairDark BrownDry HairThick or Coarse HairChi+me=love It!I have been loving this product ever since I got it. It worked wonders for me. The scent smelled like men cologne but it goes away when heat is applied to it. When you put it on your hair, it feel soft but not so shiny. If you want it to be shiny, I recommend applying heat to it and it will make it really shiny. I will definitely repurchase this in a bigger size.posted Jun 15, 2011Link to this post
Melissa D.Bronx,New YorkHairBlackDry HairColor Treated HairFine or Thin HairRelaxed HairAwesom!I have fine dry relaxed hair and this makes my hair wonderful. You don't need much,a little goes a long way. After using this on my damp hair,my hair felt so soft. I also had sheen. I highly recommend Silk Infusion. It will leave your hair looking and feeling great.posted Jun 4, 2011Link to this post
LynellChicagoHairBlondeDry HairColor Treated HairThick or Coarse HairGood StuffMy hair is very dry and damaged from coloring, about shoulder length. After experimenting, I discovered my hair needed about a quarters worth of the product for best results. The smell is strong and musky, but it does disipate. It makes my hair softer and smoother, and easier to style.posted May 30, 2011Link to this post
JanicePhiladelphiaHairBlondeOily HairColor Treated HairFine or Thin HairDoes Not Make My Hair GreasyThis product is great. I have fine colored treated hair. I put this in my
hair before blow drying and also in combination with the straight
guard and together it comes out so nice. It also makes my hair
with the Chi flat iron look silky.posted May 30, 2011Link to this post -
EmilyHairDark BrownCurly HairThick or Coarse HairSo Silky Just Like The Name!This stuff leaves my hair so soft,shiny,and smoothe. I use my biosilk almost all the time as a finishing product but it leaves my hair very oily and clumpy. With this my hair is beautiful. I absolutely love it and reccomend it to all:)posted May 27, 2011Link to this post
CourtneyHairDark BrownDry HairColor Treated HairThick or Coarse HairLove It!I have long, thick hair & this product makes my hair feel like silk & smells wonderful...I think most people are using way too much of the product...very small amount goes a long way, it is also wonderful for dry skin!posted May 21, 2011Link to this post
Write Your Own Review
Have you tried this product? Help out by sharing what worked (or didn't)!
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CHI Ceramic Flat Iron (Original 1" CHI)
Achieve professional results. This original CHI 1 inch flat iron will straighten, curl and flip your hair.
Old Price: $149.00New Price: $120.00Free Shipping -
Sedu Anti-Frizz Polishing Treatment with Moroccan Argan Oil
Sedu Anti-Frizz Polishing Treatment with pure Moroccan Argan Oil protects from heat damage, leaves hair incredibly smooth and shiny and controls frizz. . Similar to Moroccanoil, it contains Argan Oil which is produced from the kernels of the argan tree, found in Morocco. Argan Oil is extraordinarily rich in things like natural tocopherols and vitamin E.
New Price: $16.00 - $37.00 -
Solia Tourmaline Ceramic Ion Flat Iron (1-1/4")
The Solia 1-1/4 flat iron features the Dynamic Alignment System to ensure perfect contact between your hair and the plates which gives even heat distribution for true silky straight hair.
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CHI Shine Infusion Thermal Polishing Spray
CHI Shine Infusion Thermal Polishing Spray is an innovative weightless thermal active shine spray that provides an instant polished shine to all hair styles.
New Price: $14.50 -
CHI Infra Texture Dual Action Hair Spray
CHI Infra Texture Dual Action Hair Spray is a fast drying styling and finishing tool that provides instant smooth texture and incredible shine.
New Price: $15.00


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Moderators: Butthurt, Killer Karetsu, Moronstudios, Tuefish, IVhorseman, Pwnerade, warman45, Almighty Benny, Blitzen, Silent-sigfig, Dr. X, Arkbrik, Timedude, Tzan, Colette, Overwatch_Elite, Ross_Varn, Natalya, Thesson, BrickSyd, BFenix, Keldoclock, Elmagnifico, Magic Soap, piltogg, 501stCadians, The Shadowscythe, samuelzz10, Warhead, Zahru II, OneEye589
Robot Monkey wrote:
Hoboman wrote:Robot Monkey wrote:
Yours was just an icon, I added the link to the 3109 thread. Not a major issue for you that we include the link I hope.
enders_shadow wrote:can't see them, I don't have a facebook .try uploading them to photobucket or something, then actually embedding the pics, it'll be much appreciated
Silverdream wrote:Rather than posting a link to the image help thread, I'm going to give you a better more helpful link.
*Messed-up link*
Happy fapping!
What Silverdream should have wrote:Here's a website that can help you with your images:
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Cummins Rocky Mountain is the exclusive distributor of Cummins and Cummins Power Generation products for the Rocky Mountain and Southwest Area. Headquartered in Denver, CO with 19 locations throughout Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and Wyoming. The focus remains to provide the BEST products, service and customer support EVERY TIME, EVERY DAY!
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All-New QSM12 Engine with up to 512 HP for Tier 4 Final Revealed by Cummins


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Here is the Sydney Harbour Bridge from a different, and refreshing, prespective. Instead of the more usual SE direction, this has been taken from a SWerly direction (looking toward the NE).
This is my contribution to the Sunday Bridges community. |
This is my contribution to the Walk in the Street community. |


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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) -- State officials say they terminated the Medicaid prescribing rights of 437 providers who were writing suspicious amounts of prescriptions for painkillers and other drugs under a new system.
State health officials made the announcement Thursday along with Attorney General Pam Bondi in the annual Medicaid fraud report.
The state spent nearly $17 million dollars fighting Medicaid fraud in fiscal year 2011-2012. According to the report, they recouped nearly $50 million dollars.
Florida's Medicaid program is the fourth largest in the nation serving more than 3.3 million recipients.
Bondi says the collaboration with the Agency for Health Care Administration has resulted in tremendous financial recoveries on behalf of taxpayers and promised to ensure that Medicaid dollars go to helping the needy rather than to those who defraud the system.
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"DeLonghi Espresso Machines & Coffee Makers; Innovation that satisfies sophisticated tastes…"
DeLonghi has a centuries-old reputation for innovative and provocative products with unique styling. Its designers continue to be forward thinking in their philosophy and have created a popular line of coffee and espresso machine products. DeLonghi espresso and coffee makers are elegant and graceful in style, while providing the utmost in performance and efficiency. If you have a flair for style and want delicious espresso at a great price, Delonghi espresso machines and coffee makers are for you.
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This product is now past the best-buy date and discounted accordingly. Dolce Gusto Cappuccino Ice is refreshing and cool, be ready to be amazed. Serve this combination of strong espresso and creamy milk over ice for a revitalizing pick-me up. Room temperature water flowing through the capsule under pressure will produce the milky foam expected in Iced Cappuccino. Please note: Nescafé Dolce Gusto capsules are designed for use only with Dolce Gusto single-serve machines. Dolce...
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Related Topics
Introduction (Psychology and Mental Health)
Language is a system of arbitrary symbols that can be combined in conventionalized ways to express ideas, thoughts, and feelings. Language has been typically seen as uniquely human, separating the human species from other animals. Language enables people of all cultures to survive as a group and preserve their culture. The fundamental features of human language make it extremely effective and very economical. Language uses its arbitrary symbols to refer to physical things or nonphysical ideas; to a single item or a whole category; to a fixed state or to a changing process; to existent reality or to nonexistent fiction; to truths or to lies.
Language is systematic and rule-governed. Its four component subsystems are phonology, semantics, grammar, and pragmatics. The phonological system uses phonemes (the smallest speech sound units capable of differentiating meanings) as its building blocks to form syllables and words through phonemic rules. For example, /m/ and /n/ are two different phonemes because they differentiate meaning as in /mĪt/ (meat) versus /nĪt/ (neat), and "meat" has three phonemes of /m/, /Ī/, and /t/ placed in a "lawful" order in English to form one syllable. The semantic system makes language meaningful. It has two levels: Lexical semantics refers to the word meaning, and grammatical semantics to the meaning derived from the combinations of morphemes (the smallest meaning units) into words and...
(The entire section is 531 words.)
Language Acquisition and Development (Psychology and Mental Health)
Views on language acquisition and development are diverse. Some tend to believe that language development follows one universal path, shows qualitatively different, stagelike shifts, proceeds as an independent language faculty, and is propelled by innate factors. Others tend to believe in options for different paths, continuous changes through learning, and cognitive prerequisites for language development.
A Universal Pathway in Language DevelopmentStage theories usually suggest a universal path (an invariant sequence of stages) for language development. A typical child anywhere in the world starts with cooing (playing with the vowel sounds) at two to three months of age, changes into babbling (consonant-vowel combinations) at four to six months, begins to use gestures at nine to ten months, and produces first words by the first birthday. First word combinations, known as telegraphic speech (content word combinations with functional elements left out, such as "Mommy cookie!"), normally appear when children are between 1.5 and 2.5 years. Meanwhile, rapid addition of new words results in a vocabulary spurt. Grammatical rules are being figured out, as seen in young children's application of regular grammatical rules to irregular exceptions (called overregularization, as in "I hurted my finger"). Later on, formal education promotes further vocabulary growth, sentence complexity, and subtle usages....
(The entire section is 683 words.)
Theories of Language Development (Psychology and Mental Health)
With an emphasis on language performance (actual language use in different situations) rather than language competence (knowledge of language rules and structure), learning theories contend that children learn their verbal behavior (a term suggested by the behaviorist B. F. Skinner in 1957 to replace the vague word of "language") primarily through conditioning and imitation, not maturation. Classical conditioning allows the child to make associations between verbal stimuli, internal responses, and situational contexts to understand a word's meaning. It also enables the child to comprehend a word's connotative meaning—whether it is associated with pleasant or unpleasant feelings. Operant conditioning shapes the child's speech through selective reinforcement and punishment. Adults' verbal behaviors serve as the environmental stimuli to elicit the child's verbal responses, as models for the child to imitate, and as the shaping agent (through imitating their children's well-formed speech and recasting or expanding their ill-formed speech).
Nevertheless, learning theories have difficulty explaining many phenomena in language development. Imitation cannot account for children's creative yet logical sayings, such as calling a gardener "plantman," because there are no such models in adult language. Shaping also falls short of an adequate explanation, because adults do not always correct...
(The entire section is 1444 words.)
Language and Cognition (Psychology and Mental Health)
Cognitive theorists generally believe that language is contingent on cognitive development. The referential power in the arbitrary symbols assumes the cognitive prerequisite of understanding the concepts they signify. As a cognitive interactionist, Jean Piaget believed that action-based interaction with the world gave rise to the formation of object concepts, separation of self from the external world, and mental representation of reality by mental images, signs, and symbols (language). Language reflects the degree of cognitive maturity. For example, young children's immature egocentric thought (unable to understand others' perspectives) is revealed in their egocentric speech (talking to self)—children seem to show no realization of the need to connect with others' comments or to ascertain whether one is being understood. Older children's cognitive achievements of logical thinking and perspective-taking lead to the disappearance of egocentric speech and their use of socialized speech for genuine social interaction. Although language as a verbal tool facilitates children's interaction with the world, it is the interaction that contributes to cognitive development. Piaget gave credit to language only in the later development of abstract reasoning by adolescents.
In L. S. Vygotsky's social-functional interactionist view, language and cognition develop...
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Conclusion (Psychology and Mental Health)
As Thomas M. Holtgraves said in 2002, "It is hard to think of a topic that has been of interest to more academic disciplines than language." Language can be analyzed at its pure, abstract, and symbolic structural level, but it should also be studied at biological, psychological, and social levels in interconnected dynamic systems. Continued endeavors in interdisciplinary investigations using multiple approaches will surely lead to further understanding of language.
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Sources for Further Study (Psychology and Mental Health)
Blackwell, Arshavir, and Elizabeth Bates. "Inducing Agrammatic Profiles in Normals: Evidence for the Selective Vulnerability of Morphology Under Cognitive Resource Limitation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (1995): 228-257. Raises caution about the interpretation of agrammatic aphasia as evidence for a grammar module and proposes global resource diminution as an alternative explanation.
Boroditsky, Lera. "Does Language Shape Thought? Mandarin and English Speakers' Conceptions of Time." Cognitive Psychology 43, no. 1 (2001): 1-22. Three empirical studies to test the Whorfian hypothesis of language's ability to shape speakers' abstract conceptions.
Chomsky, Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998. Explains the innate universal grammar and how the transformational grammar works to map the deep structures to surface structures.
__________. "Language from an Internalist Perspective." In The Future of the Cognitive Revolution, edited by David Johnson and Christina E. Erneling. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Explains why the author insists on language being modular.
Daniels, Harry, ed. An Introduction to Vygotsky. 2d ed. New York: Routledge, 2005. A collection of articles about Soviet psychologist Vygotsky's theoretical position on thought and speech.
Gleason, Jean Berko, and...
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Language (Encyclopedia of Science and Religion)
Human mental life includes biologically unprecedented ways of experiencing and understanding the world, from aesthetic experience to spiritual contemplation. Nevertheless, the origins of many of the most distinctive human mental attributes are likely intertwined with the origins of language. Language is without doubt the most distinctive human adaptation. There is almost no realm of human cognition unaffected by it. Yet there is still debate over even the most basic aspects of its nature, including the degree to which linguistic competence can be coaxed from other species (e.g., apes, dolphins, and parrots); what the neural basis for this distinctive capacity is; and when exactly in human ancestry this capacity emerged and matured to its modern level. There is little doubt that some substantial role is played by distinctive aspects of human biology. Both the special adaptations for language and language itself have played important roles in the origins of human moral and spiritual capacities.
The evolution of language ability in humans
The relative contributions of biological versus cultural aspects of language cognition depend on its evolutionary antiquity. If languages have a shallow prehistory (less than one hundred thousand years), we can expect little correlated biological restructuring of cognition as a result, except insofar as required to get this capacity off the ground. In this case, most of its influence will be traced through cultural processes. If languages have a deep pre-history (on the order of a million years), however, then we can expect that human cognitive and emotional systems have been substantially shaped by its ubiquitous presence in all aspects of human social life. This also should correlate with the extent to which human ethical and spiritual sentiments have become a part of human nature, as opposed to mere cultural overlays on ape nature.
Assessing the origins of these abilities is complicated by the fact that no direct consequences of language use are preserved in the fossil record. Paleolithic archeological evidence for symbolic expression that may signal well-developed linguistic and spiritual activities is well known from European cave paintings and carvings and Australian rock paintings, and from evidence of intentional burials (possibly including Neanderthal burials, as well as the burials of anatomically modern humans). Though the creation of icons and burial of the dead are not guarantees of shamanistic or religiouslike activities, they do suggest the existence of sophisticated symbolic reasoning, and this is a crucial correlation. The first sculpted and pictorial forms can be dated to no earlier than about sixty thousand years ago, and the most well known date to within thirty thousand years ago. This is quite recent, considering that hominids have been on a separate evolutionary track from other African apes for at least five million years, that members of species similar enough to be included in the genus Homo have been around for 1.8 million years, and that the human species Homo sapiens is at least two hundred thousand years old. In general, these earliest samples of expressive symbolism must be understood not as evidence for the initial evolution of symbolic abilities but rather for their first expression in durable media. They likely had long been incorporated into conventionalized social activities by that time. The origins of the symbolic traditions that these works express in material form could easily anticipate this data by an order of magnitude.
To get some idea of the possible extremes of this range of possible dates consider the following. The earliest direct archeological evidence of language is, of course, in the form of early forms of writing, which are all less than ten thousand years old, and most considerably more recent (about five thousand years ago). Since not even the most radical theorists among archeologists and paleontologists would date the appearance of modern languages more recently than about fifty thousand years ago, this late externalization of language offers a curious challenge: Why did it take so long for this most important means of communication to exhibit direct external expression? The same question can be asked of the first evidence of pictorial and carved forms, which date back about sixty thousand years in Europe and Australia and possibly earlier in Africa (though this African evidence is currently less well known). Assuming some comparable difficulties in externalizing these different modes of symbolic expression, we might suggest that, most conservatively, the corresponding distinctively human symbolic communication must be at least ten times as old; that is, 5,000 to 50,000 years for modern language, and 50,000 to 500,000 years for some form of language.
At the other end of the spectrum, there is a series of apparently linked paleontological transitions evident between 1.6 and 2.4 million years ago in Africa that suggest that the beginnings of symbolic communications in some form may date to this fossil epoch. The first clear evidence for the regular production of stone choppers, at a site called Gona, can be dated to about 2.4 million years ago. These are associated with fossil species of the genus Australopithecus (possibly A. garhi). Australopithecines exhibited ape-sized brains, relatively large jaws with heavy dentition (evidence of a vegetarian dietary adaptation), relatively modern bipedal locomotion, and also a characteristic sexual dimorphism (males much larger on average than females), which is indicative of male competition over females in a polygynous mating system that is fairly typical of monkeys and great apes. By 1.8 million years ago a number of fossil sites begin to demonstrate hominid species with larger brains and reduced dentition, correlated with extensive stone tool assemblages. These features have prompted paleontologists to cite this as the point where our genus, Homo, begins. By 1.6 million years ago members of our genus, with brains beginning to cross into the low end of the modern range, had left Africa to spread into Asia, Southeast Asia, and possibly throughout more temperate Asian regions as well, taking with them more sophisticated tools. Given these unprecedented features, there can be little doubt that some significant changes in communication and cognition also are contemporaneous with these transitionshe first forms of crude symbolic communicationhough it is likely that the evolution of modern forms of linguistic communication took much longer to develop.
If symbolic communication has been around in some form for as much as two million years then we can expect it to have had significant consequences not just for human culture but also for human brain function. The evolutionary biological effect of a behavioral adaptation such as this may be usefully compared to that of dam building in North American beavers. The evolution of this ability has changed the niche in which beavers mature and live, and this has changed the natural selection forces affecting beaver physiology and behavioral propensities in succeeding generations. Thus, beavers exhibit extensive aquatic adaptations as a feed-forward result of beaver behaviors. This evolutionary process has been called niche construction. The effects of human symbolic communication and culture can also be understood as a form of niche construction, though symbolic culture is in many ways a far more all-encompassing niche than a beaver pond. This niche likely favored the evolution of certain cognitive capacities and social predispositions relevant to symbolic learning and communication, but also, as in the case of beavers, there may be many special features of this artificial niche that are idiosyncratic to it. Thus, there is good reason to expect that human brains have been reorganized in response to language, a reorganization that included changes affecting emotional, social, and communicative tendencies, as well as mnemonic, attentional, and motor capacities supportive of symbolic communication. Anatomical hints of this effect are evident in the changes in regional brain proportions (e.g., disproportionately expanded prefrontal cortex), cortical vocal control (unprecedented among mammals), and lowered laryngeal position. Hints from behavior are even more extensive. These include the convergent contributions of many systems to this capacity, its robustness in the face of variations in learning conditions and the effects of early brain damage, its highly predictable developmental progression, the remarkable universality of many of the structural features of languages, and its unprecedented efficiency. These effects need to be understood also with respect to the complex cultural dynamic of language change, which itself is a kind of quasi-evolutionary process. The ways different languages carve up the meaning and reference "space" and the syntactic systems that organize linguistic expression clearly change and evolve over historical time, and probably with respect to these biological predispositions and abilities as background.
Consequences of language ability for religious and spiritual development
The consequences of this unprecedented evolutionary transition for human religious and spiritual development must be understood on many levels as well. There are reasons to believe that the way language refers to thingsymbolic referencerovides the crucial catalyst that initiated the transition from species with no inkling of meaning in life to a species where questions of ultimate meaning have become core organizers of culture and consciousness. Symbolic reference is reference to things and ideas that is mediated by an intervening system of symbol-symbol relationships, as well as conventions of use that allow there to be considerable conceptual "distance" between a sign vehicle and its object of reference. Unlike icons, which refer by means of structural similarities between a sign vehicle and its object, or indices, which refer via their physical contiguity or invariant causal correlation with their object, this conceptual "distance" is an intermediate referential step that allows the form of symbols to be entirely independent of the objects to which they refer. Symbolic reference is thus both arbitrary and capable of providing considerable displacement and abstraction. Displacement refers to the capacity to refer to things distant in space or time, and abstraction refers to the ability to represent only the more spare and skeletal features of things, including their logical features, such as whether they are even ontologically existent. So it is with the evolution of this symbolic capacity that it first becomes possible to represent the possible future, the impossible past, the act that should or shouldn't take place, the experience that is unimaginable even though representable. These capacities are ubiquitous for humans and largely taken for granted when it comes to spiritual and ethical realms, but this is precisely where crucial differences in ability mark the boundary that distinguishes humans from other species.
Consider the ethical dimension of humanness. Though the family cat may gleefully torment a small animal causing its terrifying and painful death, few among us would consider this a moral issue concerning the cat, though whether to intervene may be a moral dilemma for us. Even when a large predator, say dog or bear, happens to maul and kill a human being, efforts to destroy the animal are not accompanied by moral outrage, just a desire to prevent further harm. But the situation is very different in cases where humans perform similar actions. It is not merely that we consider non-human predators to be guiltless because it is in their nature to kill. We hold them guiltless because we believe they lack a critical conception of the consequences of their actions on their victim's experience. This ability to anticipate and to some extent imagine the experience of another are critical ingredients in this moral judgment.
This does not mean that other creatures are merely selfish robots. Selfless behaviors of a sort are not at all uncommon in other species. Care-giving behaviors by parents are nearly ubiquitous in birds and mammals, and what we might call prosocial emotional responses and predispositions that cause individuals to behave in ways conducive to social solidarity are especially widespread among social mammals. However, there need be little or no role played by intersubjective considerations in the generation of these emotions and their associated care-giving, protective, and comforting behaviors. And if that is so, then it may not be appropriate to consider these as moral or ethical, even incipiently.
There is good reason to believe that the capacity to represent the intentions and experiences of others is deeply dependent on human symbolic capacity. This is because it is a difficult cognitive task. It involves generating something like a simulation of oneself in different circumstances (i.e., projected from another individual's point of view), and it must include the emotional experiences this would invoke as well. This representation is perhaps supported by recall of images from analogous past experiences, juxtaposed against the images and emotions of current experience. But the salience of direct experience, especially one's current emotional state, poses a difficult impediment to simultaneously representing the perspective of this other simulated emotional experience. Holding such mutually contradictory representations in mind at once is a difficult task, even when there is little emotion involved, but it becomes deeply challenging when the exclusive states are heavily emotion-laden.
All such cognitive tasks depend critically on the prefrontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. This brain region is essential to any mental process that requires holding the traces of alternative associations and behavioral options in mind to be compared, so that one can act with respect to likely consequences and not merely with respect to their general reinforcement value or their stimulus salience. Reduction of such stimulus drives allows the most effective sampling of options. It is suggested that the prefrontal lobes are disproportionately enlarged in human brains as an evolutionary adaptation to the demands imposed by symbol learning and use. The indirectness of symbolic reference demands a shift of attention away from immediately associated features and to the relational logic behind the symbols, which binds them into a system. So this neuro-anatomical divergence from the ancestral condition likely contributes to the capacity and perhaps even a predisposition to generate the "simulations" required for the representation of others' experiences.
But it is the referential displacement provided by symbols themselves that is probably critical to reducing the differential in salience of competing emotional state representations to make this mental comparison possible. Studies with primates and children have shown, for example, that failures to make optimal choices when highly arousing stimuli (e.g., candy) are presented can be overcome by substituting representations for the actual thing. By a somewhat ironic logic, then, it may be the capacity to use representations to reduce the emotional salience of particular experiences that has enabled the development of intersubjective empathic abilities.
Symbolic reference also provides a critical support for an additional element of ethical cognition: the need to project forward the consequences of different possible alternative actions. Projecting the plausible physical consequences with respect to one's own needs and desires is difficult enough, but simultaneously projecting the likely affect on another's experience is doubly complicated. This is the mental equivalent of running simulations of the effects of simulated actions on simulated emotions, all in conflict with current experiences and emotional states. As the numbers of potentially interfering images and the intensities of the potentially conflicting emotions increase, the importance of symbolic support grows. For this reason, not only do we recognize that young children have difficulty performing anything beyond simple moral assessments, but all cultures actively provide narrative and ritual exemplars for guiding its members in handling ethical matters. The symbolic traditions that constitute cultures almost universally transmit the expectation that one is responsible for considering experiential consequences for others before acting moral imperative. Of course, it is also this capacity for imagining the experiences of others that makes possible the most heinous of human acts, such as extortion and torture. The emergence of good and evil are not, then, just mythically linked. Both are implicit in the symbolic transfiguration of emotional experience and the gift of intersubjectivity that results.
Ultimately, humanness may be most clearly marked by this transformation of the merely physical and physiological into the meaningful and implicitly value-laden by virtue of symbolic reference. Under the influence of the generalizing power of symbols this experience of ethical significance can be extended well beyond the social sphere, to recognize an ethical dimension implicit in all things. This suggests a way to think about two additional features that are characteristic of most spiritual traditions: the ubiquitous assignment of symbolic meaning, purpose, and value to things outside human affairs (e.g., origins, places, natural phenomena, and life and death itself), and the presumption that there is something like intentionality or intelligence behind the way that things are and the unfolding of worldly events.
Both of these nearly universal tendencies reflect a complex interaction between the cognitive predispositions that have evolved to ease the acquisition of symbolic communication and the implicit power of symbols to alter conditions of life in the world. Since a prerequisite to symbolic reference is the "discovery" of the logic of the system of inter-symbolic relationships that supports any individual symbolic reference, there are reasons to believe that the changes in prefrontal proportions contributed not just an ability to sample these non-overt relational features, but also a predisposition to look for them. With symbols, what matters is not surface details, but a hidden logic derived from the complex topologies of semantic relationships that constrain symbol use.
So the neuropsychological propensity to incessantly, spontaneously, and rapidly interpret symbols should express itself quite generally as a predisposition to look beyond surface correlations among things to find some formal systematicity, and thus meaning, behind them, even things that derive from entirely nonhuman sources. Everything is thus a potential symbolrees, mountains, star patterns, coincidental eventsnd if the systematicity and intentionality is not evident it may mean merely that one has not yet discovered it. Symbolic meaning is a function of consciousness and symbols are produced to communicate. So if the world is seen as full of potential symbols, it must implicitly be part of some grand effort of communication, and the product of mind. Whether this projected subjectivity is experienced as different personalities resident in hills, groves of trees, or rivers, or as some single grand infinite mind, this personification also taps into the intersubjective drive that is also fostered by symbolic projection.
In summary, the role of symbolic communication, and especially language, in moral cognition is ubiquitous. It has played a role in the evolution of a brain more capable of the cognitive operations required; it has provided critical tools for easing the implicit cognitive strain of performing these mental operations; and it has made it possible for societies to evolve means for developing these abilities (as well as opening the door for the horrors of their abuse). Moreover, the capacity for spiritual experience itself can be understood as an emergent consequence of the symbolic transfiguration of cognition and emotions. Human predispositions seem inevitably to project this ethical perspective onto the whole world, embedding human consciousness in vast webs of meaning, value, and intersubjective possibilities.
See also SEMIOTICS
Deacon, Terrence. The Symbolic Species: The Coevolution of Language and the Brain. New York: Norton, 1997.
Deacon, Terrence. "How I Gave Up the Ghost and Learned to Love Evolution." In When Worlds Converge: What Science and Religion Tell Us about the Story of the Universe and our Place in it, ed. Clifford Matthews, Mary Evelyn Tucker, and Philp Hefner. Chicago: Open Court, 2002.
Dennett, Daniel. Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life. New York: Touchstone, 1995.
Katz, Leonard, ed. Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. Thorverton, UK: Imprint Academic, 2000.
Langer, Susanne. Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling, Vol. 2. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Wilson, David Sloan. Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Language (Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity)
Practices of genocide and crimes against humanity emerge from and depend upon a language of genocide and crimes against humanity. Language itself is inseparable from power, and language can facilitate the most violent exercise of power against a people. Linguistic violence directed against a people leads to physical violence against a people. In genocide, such linguistic violence is institutionally sanctioned, and the ensuing physical violence is lethal and aims to be total.
The meanings of terms within semiological systems are based upon the oppositions among the signs. A non-linguistic example is the use of red, yellow, and green lights in traffic signals. In relation to classifications of peoples, many social groups use binary oppositions of an "us-them" type, such as Greeks and barbarians, freedom fighters and terrorists, and culture bearers and culture destroyers. The last example enters the realm of the language of genocide. In a 1988 article, "Language and Genocide," Berel Lang has shown the close connection between this language and the slaughter of millions in the Holocaust. Practices of genocide and crimes against humanity begin with a classification that divides people into two groups, one viewed positively and the other as subhuman or unworthy of existence. The use of condemnatory terms prepares a social group to practice atrocities and is used to perpetuate these atrocities throughout their duration.
Since the 1960s, Anglo-American theory has been strongly influenced by the work of John Austin, particularly his 1962 book, How to Do Things with Words. This approach often describes one set of language statements in terms of speech acts. A speech-act of language, for example, can be used to distinguish peoples who speak different languages. Such a speech-act can go beyond merely differentiating to also judging, such as designating Tutsis as "inyenzi" (a slang epithet meaning cockroaches) in the years preceding the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. A similar effect is achieved by Nazi references to Jews as "bacillus," and even by neo-Nazi calls to "kill faggots" beyond the million "queers" massacred by Hitler until all homosexual "scum" are "wiped out." Raphael Lemkin's coinage of the term genocide in 1943 can also be considered a speech act when it carries a condemnatory tone against and a branding of perpetrators of a practice that aims to kill an entire people. Lemkin suggested ethnocide as another term with the same meaning. Language, however, often relies on euphemisms that mask the reality of persecution, such as using "ethnic cleansing," instead of "ethnocide," to describe slaughters and forcible relocation like the ones that occurred in Bosnia in the 1990s.
Since the 1920s, continental theory, following the lead of Ferdinand de Saussure's 1916 Course in General Linguistics, distinguishes between the established sign system (la langue) and speaking (la parole). The established sign system reigns (synchronic immutability), but over time speaking alters that system (diachronic change). Persons with political power can speak in distinctive ways that become part of the official language, which shapes how citizens think and behave.
Beyond primarily referring to killing of an entire people, genocide is used in at least two other colloquial senses, namely, in reference to linguistic genocide and genocidal weapons. The usage differs from the strictly legal meaning of genocide. By suppressing or even eliminating the language of a people, linguistic genocide destroys a culture but it does not necessarily lead to the slaughter of a people. By contrast, "genocidal" weapons, such as strategic nuclear weapons targeted against cities, are intended to achieve the large-scale or even total killing of a people, although this slaughter could occur within an entire nation rather than being directed against a specific type of people. In principle, although not yet in fact, beyond nuclear weapons, some other weapons of mass destruction, especially biological ones, could be genocidal. However, one characteristic of such weapons is the prospect that their use may not be controllable and could therefore inflict death on the perpetrator along with the intended victims.
In showing the connection of language and power, Friedrich Nietzsche went so far as to say, in his 1887 Genealogy of Morals, that the "right of bestowing names" is a fundamental expression of political power. Governments that seek absolute power over the groups they control use language as a principal support, because they believe that by changing terminology and definitions they can alter the ways individuals and groups think and act. In 1991, in his book Totalitarian Language: Orwell's Newspeak and Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents, John Wesley Young reports that even in the extremes of totalitarian language found in Nazi concentration camps and the Soviet gulags, significant numbers of individuals avoided being fully brainwashed by constructing alternative words and discourses that eluded the understanding of their oppressors. Nevertheless, the one who controls the politics of definition controls the political agenda, and the step from the linguistic dehumanization of a people to their slaughter is rather small. So one important step in the prevention of genocide is the elimination of the names that are used in the perpetration of genocide. However, writing in 1999 on "The Language of War and Peace," William Gay has noted that the elimination of such names may be necessary, but it is not sufficient to achieve the desired results, and may result in a situation that is more like negative peace (the mere absence of war) than positive peace (the presence of justice as well). In this case the difference is between a temporary suspension of name-calling that does not remove the prejudicial attitudes that lie behind it and a permanent removal of any intent or desire to eradicate a people and the achievement of a genuine embracing of the appropriate diversity among peoples.
SEE ALSO Hate Speech; Lemkin, Raphael; Linguistic Genocide; Propaganda
Gay, William (1999). "The Language of War and Peace." In Encyclopedia of Violence, Conflict and Peace, vol. 2, ed. Lester Kurtz. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
Lang, Berel (1988). "Language and Genocide." In Echoes from the Holocaust: Philosophical Reflections on a Dark Time, ed. Alan Rosenberg and Gerald E. Myers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Young, John Wesley (1991). Totalitarian Language: Orwell's Newspeak and Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
William Gay
Source: Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, ©2003 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, ©2005 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright.
Source: Psychology and Mental Health, ©2009 Salem Press, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.


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