text:
Quick Facts: Medical Transcriptionists | |
$32,900 per year
$15.82 per hour |
Postsecondary non-degree award | |
None | |
None | |
95,100 | |
6% (Slower than average) | |
5,600 |
What Medical Transcriptionists Do
Medical transcriptionists listen to voice recordings that physicians and other health professionals make and convert them into written reports. They interpret medical terminology and abbreviations in preparing patients' medical histories, discharge summaries, and other documents.
Work Environment
Medical transcriptionists work for hospitals, physicians' offices, or third-party transcription service providers, or they are self-employed. Many transcriptionists work from home offices, receiving dictation and submitting drafts electronically.
How to Become a Medical Transcriptionist
Medical transcriptionists typically need postsecondary training. Prospective medical transcriptionists must have an understanding both of grammar and of word-processing software.
The median annual wage of medical transcriptionists was $32,900 in May 2010.
Job Outlook
Employment of medical transcriptionists is expected to grow 6 percent from 2010 to 2020, slower than the average for all occupations.
Similar Occupations
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of medical transcriptionists with similar occupations.
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Contacts for More Information
Learn more about medical transcriptionists by contacting these additional resources.


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Low Back Pain Pictures Slideshow: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Relief
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD on Tuesday, January 24, 2012
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Watch and learn from these additional pictures slideshows.
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What Is Low Back Pain?
Low back pain is a universal human experience -- almost everyone has it at some point. The lower back, which starts below the ribcage, is called the lumbar region. Pain here can be intense and is one of the top causes of missed work. Fortunately, low back pain often gets better on its own. When it doesn't, there are effective treatments.
Symptoms of Low Back Pain
Symptoms range from a dull ache to a stabbing or shooting sensation. The pain may make it hard to move or stand up straight. Acute back pain comes on suddenly, often after an injury from sports or heavy lifting. Pain that lasts more than three months is considered chronic. If your pain is not better within 72 hours, you should consult a doctor.
Symptoms That Require Urgent Care
Severe back pain after a fall or injury should be checked out by a health care professional. Other warning signs include a loss of bowel or bladder control, leg weakness, fever, and pain when coughing or urinating. If you have any of these symptoms along with your back pain, contact your doctor.
Muscle Strain or Sciatica?
The kind of back pain that follows heavy lifting or exercising too hard is often caused by muscle strain. But sometimes back pain can be related to a disc that bulges or ruptures. If a bulging or ruptured disc presses on the sciatic nerve, pain may run from the buttock down one leg. This is called sciatica.
Back Pain Culprit: Your Job
If your job involves lifting, pulling, or anything that twists the spine, it may contribute to back pain. However, sitting at a desk all day comes with risks of its own, especially if your chair is uncomfortable or you tend to slouch.
Back Pain Culprit: Your Bag
Although you may wear your purse, backpack, or briefcase over your shoulder, it is the lower back that supports the upper body -- including any additional weight you carry. So an overstuffed bag can strain the lower back, especially if you carry it day after day. If you must tote a heavy load, consider switching to a wheeled briefcase.
Back Pain Culprit: Your Workout
Overdoing it at the gym or golf course is one of the most common causes of overextended muscles leading to low back pain. You're especially vulnerable if you tend to be inactive during the work week and then spend hours at the gym or softball field on the weekend.
Back Pain Culprit: Your Posture
Mom was right when she said, "Stand up straight!" Your back supports weight best when you don't slouch. This means sitting with good lumbar support for your lower back, shoulders back, with feet resting on a low stool. When standing, keep weight evenly balanced on both feet.
Back Pain Culprit: Herniated Disc
The spine's vertebrae are cushioned by gel-like discs that are prone to wear and tear from aging or injuries. A weakened disc may rupture or bulge, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots. This is known as a herniated disc and can cause intense pain.
Back Pain Culprit: Chronic Conditions
Several chronic conditions can lead to low back pain.
- Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the space around the spinal cord, which can put pressure on the spinal nerves.
- Spondylitis refers to chronic back pain and stiffness due to severe inflammation of the spinal joints.
- Fibromyalgia causes widespread muscle aches, including back pain.
Who's at Risk for Low Back Pain?
Most people get their first taste of low back pain in their 30s. The odds of additional attacks increase with age. Other reasons your low back may hurt include:
- Being overweight
- Inactive lifestyle
- Jobs that require heavy lifting
Diagnosing Low Back Pain
To help your doctor diagnose the source of low back pain, be specific in describing the type of pain, when it started, related symptoms, and any history of chronic conditions. Your doctor may order X-rays, CT or MRI scans to look for damaged bones or discs, or other injuries to the spine.
Home Care for Low Back Pain
Back pain due to muscle strain will usually get better on its own, but you can take steps to make yourself more comfortable. A heating pad or warm baths may provide temporary pain relief.
The Bed Rest Debate
When your back hurts, you may not feel like getting out of bed. But if the problem is muscle strain, doctors recommend returning to your normal activities as soon as possible. Studies suggest that any more than a day or two of bed rest can actually make the pain worse and may reduce muscle tone and flexibility.
If back pain doesn't go away in three months, there's evidence that yoga can help. In one recent study, people who took 12 weeks of yoga classes had fewer symptoms of low back pain than people who were given a book about care for back pain. The benefits lasted several months after the classes were finished. The study suggests conventional stretching also works just as well. Make sure your instructor is experienced at teaching people with back pain and will modify postures for you as needed.
Spinal Manipulation
Chiropractors and some osteopathic doctors use spinal manipulation to treat low back pain by applying pressure with their hands to bones and surrounding tissues. This treatment is not appropriate for everyone.
Massage Therapy
A study funded by the government suggests that massage may help relieve chronic low back pain. After 10 weeks, people who had weekly massages had less pain and were better able to go about their daily activities than people who got traditional care. That was true no matter what type of massage they got, and the benefits lasted at least six months.
Can acupuncture treat back pain? The evidence is mixed. In 2009, a study of several hundred people with long-lasting back pain found surprising results. Those who had simulated acupuncture (involving toothpicks tapping the skin) got the same benefits as those who had real acupuncture with needles. After eight weeks, both groups had greater relief than people who did not have acupuncture.
Mild back pain often feels better with over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Pain-relieving creams may be helpful for muscle aches. For severe pain or chronic pain, your doctor may recommend prescription medication.
If simpler therapies and medications aren't helping, your doctor may recommend injections to the back. One procedure, called a nerve root block, targets irritated nerves. Injections for back pain usually contain steroid medication.
If long-lasting back pain is interfering with your daily life, and other treatments have not provided relief, you may be a candidate for surgery. Depending on the cause of your pain, a surgeon may remove a herniated disc, widen the space around the spinal cord, and/or fuse two spinal vertebrae together.
Physical Therapy
If back pain has left you inactive for a long time, a rehabilitation program can help you strengthen your muscles and get back to your daily activities. A physical therapist can guide you through stretches, strength exercises, and low-impact cardio that will help you be fitter without straining your back.
Strengthening the Back
Two types of strength-training moves that may benefit the lower back are flexion and extension exercises. In flexion exercises, you bend forward to stretch the muscles of the back and hips. In extension exercises, you bend backward to develop the muscles that support the spine. One example is doing leg lifts while lying on your stomach. Depending on the cause of your back pain, there are some exercises you should not do. If you have back pain, make sure to talk to your doctor about what exercises are safe for you.
Preventing Low Back Pain
There's no sure way to prevent back pain as you age, but there are steps you can take to lower your risk:
- Stay at a healthy weight.
- Exercise regularly.
- Lift with your legs, not your back.
- Make sure your work station position isn't contributing to your pain.
Related Reading Topics
Related Slideshows
- 3D4Medical
- Nacivet / Photographer's Choice
- Artpartner-images / Photographer's Choice
- 3D4Medical
- Huntstock
- Kyle Monk / Blend Images
- Alistair Berg / Digital Vision
- iStockphoto
- BSIP / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Scott Camazine / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Plush Studios / the Agency Collection
- Steve Pomberg / WebMD
- Llu�s Real / age fotostock
- Reza Estakhrian / The Image Bank
- Gabriela Medina / Blend Images
- Nacivet / Photographer's Choice
- iStockphoto
- Steve Pomberg / WebMD
- Zephyr / Photo Researchers, Inc.
- Apogee / Photo Researchers
- Altrendo images
- Thomas Schmidt / Riser
- Andersen Ross / Brand X Pictures
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: "Low Back Pain Fact Sheet."
- American Academy of Family Physicians: "Lower Back Pain."
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases: "Back Pain."
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: "Low Back Pain."
- Sherman, K. Archives of Internal Medicine, October 2011.
- Cherkin, D. Annals of Internal Medicine, July 2011.
- Cherkin, D. Archives of Internal Medicine, May 2009.
This tool does not provide medical advice. See additional information:
THIS TOOL DOES NOT PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. It is intended for general informational purposes only and does not address individual circumstances. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and should not be relied on to make decisions about your health. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the medicinenet Site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, immediately call your doctor or dial 911.
© 2005-2013 WebMD LLC. All rights reserved.
Source slideshow on WebMD


text:
Tuesday, November 07, 2006
Just vote
Don't forget to vote.
I won't be, because I am a L.O.S.E.R. After raving about how much I hate all the bureaucracy that goes into registering to vote, I promised myself I'd do it. Then I put it off, and put it off. Then, finally, I went into the DMV. I waited over an hour to apply for my driver's license, and when I asked for a voter registration form, they informed me that I had missed the 30-day cutoff.
That doesn't mean I can't do endorsements though, for those Alaska voters who were coherent enough to register in the state they live in.
If I could vote for governor, I'd vote for this guy: Andrew Halcro.
Sure, he doesn't have a prayer of actually winning this race. And it's easy for me as a non-voter to say I'd quote/unquote "throw away" my vote on him. But he's a former Republican state representative who got little liberal old me to root for him, so I can't be the only one. Plus, I have this hang-up about wanting to "throw away" votes on the delusional hope that important leadership positions will be filled by people who are smarter than I am. Tony Knowles might be. But Sarah Palin? Eeeeeeee.
If I could vote for Congressperson, I'd vote for Diane Benson. I've only ever lived in states with embarrassing loyalty to out-of-touch career politicians (please, Orrin Hatch anyone?) But Don Young? 17 terms? Please, please, please stop the madness. But speaking of throwing away votes - Geoff tells me he's going to cast one for Juneauite Bill Ratigan, who is running under a party called "Impeach Now." This irks me to no end.
As far as national races, it's almost hard for me to say what I'm rooting for. I'd like to see the Democrats take control of Congress, but at the same time, that would mean hang-ups and squabbling and vetos and little-to-no action from the Legislative/Executive branch for two whole years. Actually, on second thought, that would be wonderful. Go Dems!
But no matter how you feel about the whole thing, you might as well take five minutes Tuesday to show up the L.O.S.E.R.S. like me, the ones glancing wistfully as we pass bustling polling places, and cast a vote. I'll be the one awake until the wee hours of Wednesday morning waiting to see the results (I have to - it's my job), knowing full well that I had no say in them.
14 comments:
- Causal said...
We've just come off of the worst do-nothing congress in U.S. History. So, why not have some Dems in there? At least we'll get nothing done AND oversight.
- RKN said...
Your time is better spent in the saddle anyway. The probability of your vote changing the outcome, locally but especially nationally, is vanishingly small. - 7:20 AM
- juancho said...
F*ck! Just like all my slacker friends. Only because you are self-flagellating am I able to resist raking you over the coals.
If the vote doesn't count anymore than we have to go to pitchforks and torches. - 8:22 AM
- UltraRob said...
I voted by mail this year. No standing in line and plenty of time to fill out the ballot. I think the ideal situation is if one party controls the White House and the other Congress. We already have too many laws and spend way too much money on who knows what.
- Tim said...
Juancho doesn't want to rub it in, so I will. Do you realize you could have registered to vote in less time than it took you to write a post telling others how you think they should vote?
Self-flagellation goes only so far. - 9:31 AM
- Snakebite said...
You MIGHT be a (self-proclaimed) L.O.S.E.R. (doubt it). However, you take great pictures!
I'll vote. I'll ride my bike to get there. My scenery cannot compete with yours, though. I'll leave the camera home. - 10:42 AM
- Geoff said...
Don't worry Jill, I'm not really going to vote for Bill Ratigan... I don't think anyway. I've still got 10 hours to decide and I plan to use every minute of that time.
it's always diffucult to decide whether to go the "Throw Away" a vote route and vote for the candidate you agree with the most or to vote "logically/rationally" and choose the person who has the best chance of beating the person you agree with the least. - 11:20 AM
- Daniel B. said...
I voted today, but only so I can complain later on.
My high school history teacher always said, "If you don't vote, you can't complain!"
Who doesn't like to complain? ...So I voted. - 7:22 PM
- bluecolnago said...
voted.... :)
peace out, yo! - 8:00 PM
- daveIT said...
Politics depress me. I'm registered in PA and sent in my absentee ballot last week.
I was getting really pissed off today while talking to people at work. They are in the military and don't even care to vote.
What ever happens I hope it's for the better, but some of these super liberals give me the creeps. On the other hand, I haven't been to happy with the current crew.
So depressed............ - 9:53 PM
- daveIT said...
(I had to fix that before Grammar Grouch Mr. Woody got all up in my Cheerios!)
As in too many beers to drown my sorrow. - 9:56 PM
- David J said...
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
- David J said...
How can you be politicaly aware but not bother to vote?
I Don't get it. I can see you're already down on yourself but I'll comment anyway.
You have the right to participate in a democracy (many of the worlds women don't) and you didn't use it. The world is changing fast maybe next time you won't have the same opportunity (I hope you do). All the best with the next election. - 11:51 PM
- Shawn Kielty said...
The beauty of this place is that you dom't have to vote, and you can still complain


text:
Events Calendar
Moberly School-Age Kaleidoscope |
Join us at the Moberly Public Library as we craft! As we have in many years past, we are holding this great FREE library program!! We will be crafting, telling stories, playing games and having loads of fun. Every Thursday at 11am except Holidays! Registration is required and limited to a certain number of children. To find out if there are any spots available or whether you can be put on a waiting list, please call 660-263-4426 and speak to Melissa in Circulation. We look forward to seeing you this summer! |
Location : Moberly Public Library Contact : Melissa - 660-263-4426 |
JEvents v3.0.13 Stable Copyright © 2006-2013


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For much of his life, John Jackson played for country house parties in Virginia, or around the house for his own amusement. Then in the '60s he encountered the folk revival, becoming the Washington, D.C. area's best-loved blues artist. Undoubtedly one of the finest of traditional Piedmont guitarists, Jackson exemplified the songster tradition at its best. His eclectic repertoire embraced the music of his guitar heroes Willie Walker (who once visited his father's house), Blind Boy Fuller, and -- most notably -- Blind Blake. Besides the blues, rags, and dance tunes associated with these masters, Jackson played ballads, country songs, and what he termed "old folk songs," such as "The Midnight Special." His confident fingerpicking, down-home Virginia accent, and contagious good humor marked his performances, live or on record, as something special. A world-class storyteller and party-thrower as well as a National Heritage Award-winning musician, Jackson recorded a half-dozen albums and toured the world as often as he wanted to. He died of liver cancer on January 20, 2002. ~ Barry Lee Pearson, Rovi
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Item specifics
- Type:
- Furniture Handle & Knob
- is_customized:
- Yes
- Brand Name:
- Lovely Home
- Model Number:
- CP90 White Galaxy
- Color:
- White, Clear
- Material:
- Granite and Zinc Alloy
- Finish:
- Satin Nickel
- Shape:
- Cup Pull
- 76mm, 3"
- Origin:
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Product Description
Product Name: Cup Pull
Model No.: CP90
Stone Color: White Galaxy
Backplate Material: Zinc Alloy
Backplate Finish: Satin Nickel
Diameter: 3-9/16"(90mm)
Projection: 1-9/16"(40mm)
Centers: 3" (76mm)
Packing: Polybag + Carton
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text: Recruiting continues to stay hot for the Wolverines with the commit of Detroit, MI cornerback Terry Richardson. The Cass Tech Technician is the next in line of undersized, but very gifted corners to commit to Michigan. Richardson has very good hips and a nice back pedal. He'll need a little bulking up, but has the . . . → Read More: Michigan Football Recruiting Update (5/19/2011)


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How did AZ immigration law hold up in court?
Supreme Court tackles controversial legislation
Apr 25, 2012
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Supreme Court tackles controversial legislation
Apr 25, 2012
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Controversial immigration law got its day in court today the Supreme Court correspondent Shannon -- looks -- a day of arguments.
Like heated debate over Arizona's immigration law SB 1070 -- first outside the Supreme Court.
And then inside as the justices tackled the question of whether or not Arizona overstepped its bounds when it passed the controversy -- measure.
Justice Antonin Scalia -- quote if in fact somebody who does not belong in this country is in Arizona Arizona has no power.
What does sovereignty mean if it does not include the ability to defend your borders.
Chief Justice John Roberts said the state -- simply establishes a framework for letting immigration officials know when an illegal immigrant is picked up an Arizona.
When solicitor general Donald -- rallied repeatedly disputed that interpretation of the law a seemingly exasperated Roberts replied quote.
It seems to -- that the federal government just doesn't want to know who is here illegally or knots.
The -- seemed to be fighting an uphill battle today at one point justice Sonia Sotomayor noted quote.
You can see it's not selling very well why don't you try to come up with something else.
But she and justices Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg didn't voiced concerns that even those here legally could be caught up in the SP 1070 nets.
Justice Breyer present at the hypothetical case of a New Mexico man arrested while jogging in Arizona without sufficient ID quote.
Can you represent us he will not stay in jail in detention for significantly longer period of time that he would have stayed in the absence of section to be of the law.
Opponents of SB 1070 say they are encouraged -- It became clear through the course of today's argument -- that the justices are concerned.
I'm not -- system of mass incarceration.
That's going to catch US citizens and immigrants were lawfully in the United States though Arizona governor Jan Brewer is feeling optimistic.
I think that doubt we will six feet and I'm looking forward to June.
Justice Elena Kagan didn't take part in the case because she served -- solicitor general during that time the administration was preparing its case against Arizona.
Is this case and in -- -- the ninth circuit's decision striking down key provisions of the law we'll stay in a facts -- that general Graeme lot outside the court tonight.
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Wenatchee Baseball History Program Oct. 20 |
Learn about Wenatchee's baseball history at the Wenatchee Valley Museum and Cultural Center on Thursday, October 20th. The presentation will be hosted by the voice of the AppleSox Chris King and is part of the Museum and Cultural Center's Afternoon Program Series. The program will feature historic baseball photographs from the museum's archives and cover the region's strong baseball tradition. In addition to covering the Chiefs and AppleSox, the presentation will feature other Wenatchee baseball stories that include: - The Brooklyn Dodgers memorable trip to the Apple Capitol. - Presidential politics and baseball mix in Wenatchee. - The night two Hall of Famer hurlers appeared at Rec Park. Date: 10/20/2011 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM Cost: $5 adults, $4 seniors; museum members free Location: Wenatchee Valley Museum 127 South Mission Street Wenatchee, Washington 98801 |
June, 2014 Wenatchee AppleSox 7:05pm |


text:
2— The War against Islam and the Muslims at Home
1. Discussions of Fernando's foreign policy have not given enough attention to his internal policy as an indication of his motives and priorities. It seems to me that there would have been some consistency between the two. The view that Fernando was motivated solely by a desire to crusade against Islam, presented by José M. Doussinague, La política internacional de Fernando el Católico (Madrid, 1944), does not jibe with Fernando's consistent encouragement of Mudejarism in the lands of the Crown of Aragon. Andrew C. Hess's The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978) emphasizes the increasing separation of Christian and Islamic civilizations along the Ibero-African frontier as a result of the conflict between Hapsburg Spain and the Ottoman empire. Because the focus is on the conflictive character of the Christian—Muslim interface, the vitality of religioethnic pluralism under Fernando's Crown of Aragon is lost from view, as are the possible alternatives to Castilian Mudejar policy and the resultant Morisco problem. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdom , II: 534-584, presents a more balanced view of Fernando's Mediterranean policy, in which confrontation with Islamic powers and the furthering of Aragon's Mediterranean interests often coincide. [BACK]
2. Vicens i Vives, Barcelona , I: 365-424; J. Angel Sesma Muñoz, El establecimiento de la Inquisición en Aragón (1484-1486): documentos para su estudio (Zaragoza, 1987?), pp. 10-24; and García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 47-82. [BACK]
3. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 37-45. [BACK]
4. Robert I. Burns, "Social Riots on the Christian-Moslem Frontier: Thirteenth Century Valencia," American Historical Review 66 (1961): 378-400, esp. 398. [BACK]
5. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 372-400; Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 41-43. [BACK]
6. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares, valencianos," pp. 473-474; see also Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 21-29, who demonstrates that official intervention prevented anti-Mudejar violence in 1316, 1331, 1369, and 1391 in the wake of anti-Jewish pogroms and 1397-1399 when the Christians were organizing for a crusade against North Africa. [BACK]
7. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 101-103. The disturbances caused in the morerías by a Muslim of Alcala claiming to have been sent by God might have added to the atmosphere of tension; see Piles Ros, Bayle General , p. 299, document no. 819. [BACK]
8. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 479. [BACK]
9. Luis Suárez Fernández, Política internacional de Isabel la Católica (Valladolid, 1965), I: 249-255; Antonio de la Torre, Documentos sobre relaciones internacionales de los Reyes Católicos (Barcelona, 1949), I: 408-411, 444-445; and Doussinague, Política , pp. 45-52. [BACK]
10. ACA: C 3605: 87r (13 December 1480). [BACK]
11. ACA: C 3605: 87r. [BACK]
12. ARV: B 1156: 874r-v (12 October 1480) and ARV: B 1157: 265v-266r (27 June 1482) are examples of licenses for bearing arms granted to Muslims. ARV: B 1160: 270r (16 August 1491)—the justice of Onda confiscates Muslims' arms. [BACK]
13. AMV: g 3 29: 247v-248r (15 February 1481). While informing Fernando of their own concern about the Mudejars' intentions in the wake of Turkish successes, the jurates of Valencia noted that the seigneurs would prefer to maintain the status quo instead of taking action against the Mudejars. [BACK]
14. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487)—"cascun moro segons se diu te en sa casa armes sobrades moltes mes de les que cascu d'ells ha mester." ARV: C 650: 242r-243v (12 April 1502). [BACK]
15. AMV: g 3 29: 231r-v (6 September 1480). [BACK]
16. AMV: g 3 29: 247v-248r (15 February 1481). [BACK]
17. Suárez Fernández, Política , II: 13-15, 52-55, 144-149; and La Torre, Documentos , II: 565-567, 569-570; III: 547-553. [BACK]
18. ACA: C 3606: 107r (11 February 1480). [BACK]
19. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487). [BACK]
20. ACA: C 3665: 72r. [BACK]
21. Rachel Arié, L'Espagne musulmane au temps des Nasrides (1232-1492) (Paris, 1973), pp. 172-174, discusses the Nasrid embassy to the Mamluk court; Suárez Fernández, Política , II: 149, treats Qa'it * Bay's * warning to Fernando; and Doussinague, Política , pp. 515-517, transcribes Fernando's letter to the king of Naples in response to the Mamluk warning. Hess, Frontier , pp. 60-61, 228, gives an account of the mission of Kemal Reis in response to the Nasrid appeal. ARV: C 137: 192r-193r (29 October 1494), which concerns the capture of Christians of
Biar by Turkish galleys operating out of Bône, confirms the Ottoman presence in peninsular waters. For a later and more serious manifestation of the connection between Spanish Muslims and Ottomans, see Andrew Hess, "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain," American Historical Review 74 (1969): 1-25. [BACK]
22. Although Arié, L'Espagne musulmane , p. 173, conjectures that Muhammad XII (Boabdil), in power in Granada after 29 April 1487, was responsible for sending the ambassador to Cairo, I would suggest that al-Zaghal took this diplomatic initiative. This would allow for the arrival of the Nasrid ambassador in Cairo in later 1486, since the Islamic year 892 A. H. is equivalent to A. D. 1486-1487. If the poetic appeal to the Ottoman court had any relation to the embassy to Cairo, and if Mudejar envoys had established contact with Kemal Reis before 23 April 1487, then an earlier date makes more sense. Of course, there need not have been a precise temporal conjunction between the appeals to Cairo and Istanbul. [BACK]
23. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 111-128, treats Valencia's commerce with Granada and Mudejar participation. ARV: C 707 contains licenses for travel to Almería granted to Mudejars; examples are 789v-790r (17 May 1479), and 889v-890r (30 June 1481) for commerce and 786v-787r (12 May 1479) and 891v-892r (5 July 1481) for family affairs. [BACK]
24. ARV: C 305: 210r-v (30 June 1483), and ARV: B 1157: 590r (11 March 1484) are cases of Mudejars who traveled to the sultanate of Granada without license. They were all punished with the penalty of enslavement. [BACK]
25. ARV: B 1159: 9v (27 March 1488)—license to Mahomat Fuçey of Bellreguart to go to Almería for one year "per traure alguns parents que te en la ciutat e per alguns fets e negocis quey ha a fer." See also n.23. [BACK]
26. See the discussion of "Years of Crisis: 1500-1503" in this chapter. [BACK]
27. Some sense of the fear inspired by the Turks can be had from a reading of contemporary chroniclers, such as Bernáldez, Memorias , pp. 103-107; or Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los señores Reyes Católicos , Benito Monfort, ed. (Valencia, 1780), pp. 172-173. [BACK]
28. See, for example, Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq, L'Espagne catalane et le Maghrib aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles (Paris, 1966); and Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 91-106. [BACK]
29. ARV: B 1157: 327r-v (23 October 1482) and AMV: g 3 30: 114r-v (24 October 1482). [BACK]
30. AMV: g 3 29:179r-180r (9 December 1479), 182v-183v (20 January 1480) and 183v-186r (21 January 1480) deal with the problems of Perot Miquel in Almería; and 209r (5 May 1480) notes that the Miquel affair was satisfactorily resolved, and that the sultan of Granada owes money to the heirs of a Christian merchant. [BACK]
31. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 111-116; Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 341-345; and see n. 23 for commerce and family business. ARV: C 707: 820r-v (19 April 1480) is a license to Çahat Galip of Játiva to go to Almería "per saber scriure e legir lo morisch." Between 12 May 1479 and 5 July 1481, forty-six licenses for travel to Almería were granted to Mudejars. [BACK]
32. ARV: B 1156: 735r-v (15 May 1480). ARV: B 1156: 704r-v (30 Decem-
ber 1479)—license to remain in the kingdom for one year is granted to Ali from Granada and his black servant Caet. [BACK]
33. ACA: C 3633: 57r-v (25 February 1479) and ARV: C 302: 47v-48r (14 June 1479) are cases of Christians of Orihuela captured by Muslim almugavers from Vera. [BACK]
34. Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 196-222, discusses the earlier, short-lived Hermandades of 1394 and 1396, as well as that of 1399. Augustin Nieto Fernández, "Hermandad entre las aljamas de moros y las villas de la governacion de Orihuela en el siglo XV," in Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano (Valencia, 1980), 2: 749-760; and Juan Torres Fontes, "La Hermandad de moros e cristianos para el rescate de cautivos," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), 499-508. On pp. 507-508, Torres Fontes transcribes Isabel's order to the adelantado of the kingdom of Murcia. [BACK]
35. ARV: B 1157: 119r-120r (15 September 1481). For a detailed treatment of this problem in the fourteenth century, see Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 47-186. In the fourteenth century the problem was considerably more serious, owing to the greater power of the sultanate of Granada and to a larger and more restive Mudejar population. [BACK]
36. ACA: C 3663: 117r-v (10 February 1483), and ARV: B 1157: 498v-500r (10 February 1483). [BACK]
37. ARV: MR 92: 321r (23 January 1482). [BACK]
38. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486); see chap. 1. [BACK]
39. ARV: C 304 71r-v (26 May 1480). [BACK]
40. ARV: C 126: 124r-v (3 March 1480), is the case of the Mudejar from Nompot; and ARV: C 131: 90v-91r (30 July 1483) concerns the case of Ali Jabbeu of Aspe, accused "de crimine intercipiendi et captivandi cristianos." Torres Fontes, "Hermandad," p. 500, notes that the Mudejars involved in this activity were usually from the morerías of Elche, Crevillente, Elda, Aspe, Novelda, Monóvar, Chinosa, and Petrel located in the region of Orihuela. [BACK]
41. ACA: C 3605: 85v-86r (7 December 1480), for the Vall de Uxó, and 118r (28 September 1481), for Murcia. [BACK]
42. ARV: B 1157: 156r (7 January 1482). [BACK]
43. See n.24. [BACK]
44. ACA: C 3649: 150v-151v (6 April 1492). Once the war had ended, the commander of the Order of Santiago, lord of the Valle de Ricote in Murcia, asked that these travel restriction on his Muslim vassals be lifted. [BACK]
45. ACA: C 3606: 65v-66v (12 January 1483). [BACK]
46. ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486). For the Moriscos' observance of the c id * al-kabir * , see Cardaillac, Morisques et Chrétiens , p. 35. [BACK]
47. ACA: C 3665: 72r (23 April 1487). [BACK]
48. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," pp. 103-104 and 133-134, document no. 9, for the response of the jurates of Valencia to the sultan's concerned queries. [BACK]
49. Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 106-109, shows that the authorities imposed some restrictions on Mudejar movement south of the Jijona River during the fourteenth century; for the fifteenth century, see Piles, "Moros de
realengo," pp. 258-261. While Piles is correct in stating, "Las incidencias de la guerra de Granada repercutieron sensiblemente en los cambios de lugar y residencia de los moros valencianos," his subsequent assertion that the number of Muslims who traveled beyond the Jijona in the two or three years before the fall of Granada was greater than in previous years is inaccurate. This can be said only for the year 1491. Piles does not present statistics, nor does he suggest specific reasons for the fluctuating number of licenses granted. [BACK]
50. Licenses for Mudejar travel beyond the Jijona River are found in the registers ARV: B 1156-1162. [BACK]
51. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 307-309, document no. 139 (20 July 1501), is an order prohibiting the entry of all Muslims into the kingdom of Granada; and pp. 312-314, document no. 142 (21 September 1501), describes the Muslims of Murcia as having been converted to Christianity. [BACK]
52. Some examples are ARV: C 148: 178r-v (10 June 1493)—a litigation between Seydi Melvix and other Muslims from the city of Granada (probably now residing in Valencia) and the bailiff general of the kingdom "beyond the Jijona"; ARV: C 148: 214r-v (4 September 1493)—Fernando settles Muslims from the city of Granada on lands held by the bailiff general near Orihuela, and the new vassals swear to remain there for five years; ARV: C 596: 119r-v (27 February 1493)—Muslims from Almería have letters of franquesa exempting them from all taxes in the kingdom of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 41v (5 March 1491)—license to travel to Almeria is granted to Muslims originally from Almería now living in the city of Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 354r-355r (26 November 1491)—a Muslim of Manises, once a faqih * in Málaga, is granted license to go to Baza to bring a relative from there to Valencia; and ARV: B 1160: 424r (31 March 1492)—a Muslim from Málaga is to become a seigneurial vassal in Novelda. See also chap. 1. [BACK]
53. ARV: B 1159: 9v (27 March 1488)—a Muslim of Bellreguart, near Gandía, is granted license to go to the city of Granada to fetch some relatives; and ARV: B 1160: 18v (28 January 1491)—a Muslim of the Vall de Uxó is granted license to go to Almería to fetch his mother and sister. [BACK]
54. ARV: B 1159: 251r-252r (25 October 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran to speak with Fernando regarding the settlement in Valencia of others from Vera still in Oran; ARV: B 1159: 252v-253r (25 October 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran and are allowed to return to Vera; ARV: B 1159: 265v (12 November 1489)—a Muslim from Almería is granted license to go to Tunis to fetch his wife; and ARV: B 1159: 281v-282r (15 December 1489)—Muslims, originally from Vera, come from Oran to relocate in the Valle de Ricote in Murcia. [BACK]
55. ARV: B 1160: 554v-555r (27 October 1492), and 555v-556r (30 October 1492)—ransomed slaves, originally from Málaga, are granted license to visit family in Málaga and Granada, whence they will return; and ARV: B 1160: 703v (23 July 1493)—a woman from Málaga, having resided in Valencia for two years, is granted license to return to Granada "per fer sos affers." [BACK]
56. ARV: B 1160: 646v-647r (26 March 1493). [BACK]
57. Hess, Frontier , pp. 11-25, contrasts the political and military weakness of the Islamic West with the strength and gunpowder technology of the unified
Castile and Aragon. See also Jamil. M. Abun-Nasr, A History of The Maghrib (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 119-166. [BACK]
58. Doussinague, Política , pp. 52-229, 483-493, and Fernand Braudel, "Les Espagnols et l'Afrique du Nord de 1492 a 1577," Revue Africaine 69 (1928): 184-233, present contrasting points of view, the latter emphasizing Fernando's more worldly motives. Taking into account Fernando's Mudejar policy in Aragon, I tend to agree with Braudel in qualifying the picture of Fernando as an indefatigable crusader painted by Doussinague. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdom , II: 534-584, strikes a reasonable balance between the two viewpoints. On the problem of defending the coasts of the postconquest kingdom of Granada, see Ana María Vera Delgado, La última frontera medieval: la defensa costera en el obispado de Málaga en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos (Málaga, 1986). [BACK]
59. Jacqueline Guiral, "Les relations commerciales du royaume de Valence avec la Berbérie au XVe siècle," Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 10 (1974): 99-131; and Suárez Fernández, Política , III: 28-31, IV: 24-27, and V: 73-76. Some examples of Christian commerical activity in the Maghrib are ARV: C 137: 214v-215r (7 December 1484)—Andreu Castellano, a merchant of Valencia, transports "certes robes" from Almería to the Maghrib; ARV: C 246: 4v-5r (16 March 1498)—Matheu de Cardona of Messina, Fernando's agent in Tunis, sells Sicilian wheat valuing 4,000 gold ducats; ARV: C 304: 146r-147r (13 December 1480)—a Portuguese squadron captures the caravel of the Valencian merchant Daniel Valleriola, "lo qua! con su mercaderia andava a les partes de Barberia assi como siempre es acostumbrado de aquella nuestra ciutat de Valencia muchos navios ir e venir a las dichas partes de Barberia"; ARV: B 1160: 884r (10 July 1494)—Bernat Rabaça sells wine in Oran on behalf of the Valencian Noffre Puig; and ACA: C 3549: 118r-120r (1 September 1485)—the city of Valencia sends a ship laden with goods to be exchanged for needed wheat in Oran. [BACK]
60. Guiral, "Relations commerciales," pp. 107-111. However, Guiral's article needs some correction. Her graph and tables on pp. 123-124 and 131 suggest that there were not any Maghriban merchants in Valencia between 1493 and 1502, when, in fact, the registers ARV: B 1160 (e.g., 915v-916r), B 1161 (e.g., 15v-16r) and B 1162 (e.g., 123v-124r) contain safe-conducts permitting one year of residence in the kingdom to Maghriban merchants. In 1500 two safe-conducts were issued, one to a Muslim from Bougie—ARV: B 1162: 123v-124r (14 December 1500)—and one, an extension of the safe-conduct to a Maghriban, originally from Málaga, who had been in the kingdom since 1495-ARV: B 1162: 3v-4v (16 January 1500). No safe-conducts for Maghriban merchants were issued in 1501. [BACK]
61. Some examples are ACA: C 3610: 161r (25 February 1493)—as compensation for his goods confiscated in the Maghrib, Anthoni Johan captures Maghriban "persones de importancia"; ARV: B 194: 156r-162r (1494)—fifteen Muslims and a Jew of Bône are captured while transporting wheat to Bône; and ARV: B 195: 113r-114r (1502)—two Muslims from Fez bound for Mecca are captured by a Christian ship. [BACK]
62. The registers ARV: B 194 (1494-1497) and B 195 (1502-1503), entitled "Cautivos," contain numerous examples of these victims. [BACK]
63. ARV: B 1160: 937r-v, 951r-v (31 August 1494). [BACK]
64. Jacqueline Guiral, "La piratería, el corso: sus provechos y ganancias en el siglo XV," in Nuestra Historia (Valencia, 1980), 3: 269-270; idem, Valence , pp. 106-110. [BACK]
65. AMV: g 3 29: 182r-v (27 January 1480). [BACK]
66. AMV: g 3 33: 26r (4 August 1496). [BACK]
67. ARV: B 1157: 312r-v (21 September 1482) and 312v-313r (23 September 1482). [BACK]
68. ACA: C 3550: 116r-118r (31 March 1488), AMV: 93 31: 198r-v (8 February 1487), AMV 93 33: 132v-133r (23 May 1498), 184r-185r (6 June 1499), and 214v-215r (2 March 1500) are all concerned with the construction of defenses at Oropesa. ARV: C 138: 11v-12v (6 January 1496) notes the importance of Guardamar for coastal defense, although in ARV: C 311: 201r-v (16 June 1501), Fernando points out to the governor of Orihuela that Muslims are entering the kingdom through Guardamar without resistance. The documentation also mentions other fortifications near Orihuela—ARV: C 151: 118r-119r (4 March 1497)—and at Jávea—ARV: C 303: 144v-146r (13 February 1480). [BACK]
69. ARV: C 248: 15v-17v (28 December 1493); ARV: C 158: 83v-84v (6 September 1502); ARV: B 1162: 318v-319v (11 March 1502); ACA: C 3610: 126r-127v (28 December 1492); and ACA: C 3570: 60r-v (30 August 1492), 63v-64v (2 September 1492), and 71r-72r (18 September 1492). [BACK]
70. ARV: B 1158: 62r-v (5 August 1485), 124r-v (17 November 1485) and ARV: B 1160: 308r (11 October 1491)—ships from Peñiscola capture Maghriban galleys at sea. ACA: C 3569: 85v-86r (3 October 1491)—Muslims are captured at sea near Tortosa; and ACA: C 3607: 88v (12 January 1495)—the same near Alicante. The efforts of the officials of coastal towns to keep each other informed about corsair movements are themselves indicative of a more effective system of coastal vigilance. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 131-140. [BACK]
71. Doussinague, Política , pp. 53-67, and Braudel, "Afrique du Nord," pp. 203-208, agree that the crusade against Africa had as one of its motives the elimination of the danger of the Maghriban corsairs, among whom the refugees from Granada proved to be Spain's bitterest enemies. [BACK]
72. See the discussion under the heading "Years of Crisis: 1500-1503" in this chapter. [BACK]
73. ACA: C 3563: 66r-v (3 December 1481), ACA: C 3561: 197r-198r (6 April 1496), ARV: C 131: 133v-134v (28 August 1483), ARV: C 133: 134v-136r (18 January 1486), ARV: C 304: 135v-136r (28 November 1480), ARV: C 305: 159r-v (5 September 1482), and ARV: C 596: 310r-v (3 November 1500), all deal with the Mercedarians' activities of ransoming captives in North Africa or raising funds for that purpose. [BACK]
74. ARV: C 137: 192r-193r (29 October 1494). Normally, the municipal government of Biar gave the funds to the Mercedarians, but in this case the funds were given directly to a native of Biar who had to ransom himself and his son, still captive in Bône. Orihuela also had special funds set aside for ransoming Christians held captive in Granada—ARV: C 302: 47v-48r (14 June 1479). [BACK]
75. For example, ARV: C 134: 135r-v (26 March 1488)—a man of Benicassim who, along with his wife, had been a prisoner of the Muslims for fifteen
years is still trying to raise the ransom money for his wife; and ARV: C 707: 915r-v (4 June 1479)—Muslim vassals of the Count of Oliva are granted license to go to Algiers to ransom the Count's Christian vassals. [BACK]
76. LaTorre, Documentos , III: 178-181, document nos. 3-6. [BACK]
77. ARV: C 309: 94r-v (16 April 1493). [BACK]
78. These licenses are found in ARV: C 707, for example, 789v-790r (17 May 1479) to Mahomat Monem of Mislata "per mercadejar"; 875v-876r (21 May 1481) to Amet Talio of Castellón "per veure hun germa seu"; 795v-796r (12 January 1480) to Azmet Benulini, alias Hoffri, of Valencia "per recaptar una herencia de la mare de aquell"; 793v-794r (10 January 1480) to Mahomat Abenferis of Cuartell "per apendre de letra morisch"; 917r-v (12 November 1491) to Maomat Alfaqui of Avila (Castile) "va en romeria''; and 857r-v (18 May 1481) to Çahat Alagari "per veure terra." [BACK]
79. ARV: MR 4570: 8r-12r (30 September to 9 October 1486)—officials of Alicante grant license to emigrate to forty-four Muslims of Monforte, a royal morería near Alicante, and collect the required emigration duties. ARV: B 1158: 365r-366r (14 December 1486)—Fernando expresses concern that the said duties were not collected and that the bailiff general's prerogative of issuing emigration licenses was usurped. ARV: C 424: 33r-v (27 December 1487)—when Yuçeff b. Yahye is chosen to succed his father Yahye b. Axer as sub- qadi * of Játiva, it is noted that "pater tui Axer Abenyahye [should read Yahye Abenaxer] ... ad terras Barberie sive Africe totaliter se transtulit perpetuo in terris illis infidelium moraturus ... in eadem moreria remanere voluisti." In the Corts of Orihuela of 1488 all further Mudejar emigration was prohibited. [BACK]
80. Some examples are ARV: B 1161: 320v-321r (30 September 1496)—Ali Tuneçi from Tunis is now living in the Foya de Buñol; ARV: B 1431: 324r-343r (10 January 1493)—the case of Azmet Çahat from Tunis, now living in Valencia; and ARV: B 1431: 344r-375r (29 October 1492)—the case of Abdalla Alfaqui from Tunis, now living in Ondara. [BACK]
81. ARV: B 1431: 192r-v (18, January 1492). [BACK]
82. That such vengeful Muslims were present in Valencia is suggested by the career of Caçim from Granada—ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502). [BACK]
83. ARV: C 126: 124r (3 March 1480)—"fonch detengut en preso en lo castell de Galinera Taher Alazrach moro de la dita vila vassall nostre per ço com fonch inculpat de crim de collera e donada per la dita raho sentencia." [BACK]
84. ARV: C 311: 254v-255r (6 June 1502). [BACK]
85. ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502). [BACK]
86. ARV: B 1162: 92r-v (22 September 1500). After attacking Calpe, Maghriban corsairs "an exit en terras algunes scoltes e adalils perque ah millor seguretat los dits moros puixen venir e tornar en les dites parts." One of these spies was captured in Ondara by the local lord, although Mudejars of Ondara were not specifically implicated in the affair. [BACK]
87. AMV: g 3 33: 249r (2 April 1501). [BACK]
88. ARV: C 596: 147r-v (7 June 1494). [BACK]
89. ARV: C 650: 243r (12 April 1502). [BACK]
90. ARV: B 1162: 428v-429r (1 April 1503). [BACK]
91. See n. 60. Guiral's data, "Relations commerciales," pp. 123-124 and
131, is accurate for the years before 1493. ARV: C 707 shows that between 1484 and 1491 there were no licenses for travel to the Maghrib granted to Mudejars. There was a very slight resumption of Mudejar travel in 1491: six licenses were granted, although three were to Castilians and one to an Aragonese Mudejar. Unfortunately, there are no registers following ARV: C 707, which terminates in 1491. As Maghriban merchants continued to come to Valencia throughout the 1490s, even during the years of the crusade against Africa, there is no reason why Mudejars should not have resumed their visits to the Maghrib, particularly when one considers that the majority of the Mudejars had been traveling to Tunis, a city with which Fernando maintained consistent commercial relations. ACA: C 3568: 132v-134r (15 February 1496) shows that the Mudejar Yahye Bellvis was active in the Mediterranean spice trade and had business in Alexandria, Naples, and Tunis. [BACK]
92. For instance, in 1486. See n. 79. [BACK]
93. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 375, notes that in 1365 the Christians of Valencia induced Pedro IV to curtail the emigration of Mudejars for fear that they might betray secrets to the Maghriban enemy. However, in the midfourteenth century the Marinid and Hafsid * states presented a greater threat to Aragon than was the case during Fernando's reign. The reasons behind the prohibition of Mudejar emigration by the Corts of 1488 were economic, that is, a seigneurial interest in keeping their lands populated with Muslim vassals. [BACK]
94. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 318-320, contrasts the desire of Valencia's Mudejars to emigrate with the relative contentment of the Mudejars of Aragon-Catalonia. He explains the latter group's behavior by their greater acclimatization to Christian rule. Certainly, another century of life in Christian Valencia would have made the Mudejars less anxious to depart. [BACK]
95. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 37-45; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 372-400; and Piles Ros, Bayle General , p. 299, document no. 819. [BACK]
96. ACA: C 3633: 79v-80r (25 February 1479), and ARV: C 139: 72v-73v (19 May 1495), discuss the attack of Muslims of Resalany on Dos Aguas to free Muslims held prisoner there. ARV: C 148: 148v-149r (12 February 1493)—a Muslim is freed by coreligionists from the jail of the seigneur of Albatera. [BACK]
97. ARV: B 1160: 17v (25 January 1491)—"Dos mors la hun del loch de Mizlata l'altre de la ciutat de Xativa sen hagen portat huna sclava mora çabia del dit Don Altobello Centelles la qual sen han portat del bordell de la moreria de la dita ciutat." [BACK]
98. For example, ARV: C 148: 142v-143v (25 January 1493)—the amin * and adelantats of Matet resist the efforts of the governor's officials to seize two Muslims who had fled from the place of Gaibiel. [BACK]
99. ARV: C 127: 125v (27 May 1480); ARV: C 148: 30v-31r (6 July 1492), 193v-194r (17 July 1493); ARV: B 1158: 423r-v (21 May 1487); B 1159: 6r (17 March 1488); B 1160: 295v-296r (23 August 1491), 417r-v (15 March 1492), and 551r-v (22 October 1492). [BACK]
100. ARV: B 1159: 339r (12 June 1490). [BACK]
101. ARV: C 127: 125v; C 129: 1v-2v (23 January 1481); and C 130: 11v-12r (30 May 1481) all concern this case. [BACK]
102. ARV: C 156: 200r-v (19 April 1502). [BACK]
103. ARV: B 1431: 341v (26 October 1493)—while sentencing Azmet Çahat, a Muslim from Tunis accused of aiding runaways, the bailiff general notes the "moltes fuytes que de poch temps en qa se son seguides en la present ciutat e Regne"; and B 1431: 372v (31 October 1493)—the bailiff general expresses the same concern in the case of Abdalla Alfaqui, accused of the same crime. [BACK]
104. ARV: C 650: 251r-253r. [BACK]
105. The records of the aljamas' purchasing and ransoming of Muslim slaves are located in the registers ARV: B 217-221, especially B 219: 140v-528v for the sale of the slaves from Málaga. The register ARV: B 325 records the debts owed by various aljamas for the purchase of Muslim slaves. [BACK]
106. ARV: B 219: 239r-240r (13 October 1488). [BACK]
107. ARV: B 1431: 358r-v (10 December 1492)—the testimony of Maymo ben Çabit. [BACK]
108. Boswell, Royal Treasure , p. 394. [BACK]
109. For instance, Abun-Nasr, Maghrib , pp. 159-163; Doussinague, Política , p. 75, notes that Ruhama offered to surrender the city of Oran to the Monarchs on the same terms that had been offered to the Muslims of Granada. [BACK]
110. It is abundantly clear from the documentation that the victims of Mudejar violence were most often Muslims, not Christians. One example is ARV: C 129: 142v-143v (13 September 1481)—Juçeff Çabot, a royal vassal in Játiva originally from Valldigna, returns to the valley and, with accomplices, murders a Muslim of Tabernes. The registers ARV: B 217-221 contain official truces established between feuding Mudejars. See chap. 6. [BACK]
111. ARV: B 195: 65r-v (30 April 1502). [BACK]
112. ARV: B 1433: 332r-333v (10 December 1502). [BACK]
113. ARV: B 194: 58r-59v, 61r-63r (1494). [BACK]
114. ARV: B 194: 244r-245v (1495). Abun-Nasr, Maghrib , p. 158, discusses the opinions of the theologian Ahmad * al-Wanshirisi of Fez (d. 1508), who denounced as infidels those Andalusian Muslims who opined that life in Spain was preferable to the conditions in the Maghrib. See also Leila Sabbagh, "La religion des Morisques entre deux fatwas," in Les Morisques et leur temps , L. Cardaillac, ed. (Paris, 1983), pp. 43-56. [BACK]
115. ARV: B 1433: 615v-616r (29 August 1504). [BACK]
116. ACA: C 3546: 58r-v (17 May 1480). [BACK]
117. ARV: B 1156: 654v-655r (17 November 1479). [BACK]
118. ARV: C 303: 38r-v (10 August 1479). [BACK]
119. AMV: g 3 33: 185r-v (10 June 1499). [BACK]
120. J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de cruzada en España (Vitoria, 1958), pp. 371-403, 431-436. Regarding the promotion of the crusade against Granada, ARV: C 306: 76v-77r (16 July 1484); ARV: C 245: 32r-34r (30 August 1485), 43r-v (11 January 1486); ACA: C 3549: 22r-v (5 August 1484), 180r-v (8 July 1486); ACA: C 3609: 47r-50v (November 1485), 178r-180v (January 1488); and ACA: C 3610: 63r-64r (15 September 1490). Regarding the crusade against Africa, ACA C 3601: 110r-111r (18-20 May 1495), 173r-v (7 August 1496), 175v-176v (2 September 1496), 178r-v (6 September 1496), and 183r-v (30 October 14-96). Regarding the crusade against the Turks,
see ACA: C 3600: 199r-201r (10 June 1502), 205v-206v (30 June 1502), and 209v-210r (8 August 1502). [BACK]
121. ARV: C 307: 39v-40r (13 May 1486). [BACK]
122. ARV: C 307: 39r-v (13 May 1486). [BACK]
123. For instance, AMV: g 3 30: 169v (17 May 1483). [BACK]
124. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 480. [BACK]
125. Cited in Ricard Garcia Càrcel and Eduard Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos i agermanats (Valencia, 1974), pp. 122-123. [BACK]
126. ACA: C 3605: 136r (13 April 1482). This preaching might not have been specifically related to the crusade. [BACK]
127. ACA: C 3567: 152r (8 February 1496). [BACK]
128. ARV: C 650: 3r-4r (7 April 1488); see also chap. 1. [BACK]
129. ARV: MR 106: 245r (13 February 1496)—"publicar dos crides ... el altra ... que negu no gosas maltractar los moros de Barberia." ARV: MR 107: 245r (3 March 1497)—"E altra crida que nigu no fos gosat de injuriar ningun moro berberuz." [BACK]
130. ARV: C 310: 119r (30 January 1497). [BACK]
131. A number of the transactions between Christian corders of Valencia and Muslim espardenyers of the Vall de Uxó are documented, for instance, ARV: B 1220: III 35r (16 March 1486), where Ali Gerret confesses to owing to Francesch Nadal 53 sous for the "fil de canem" he purchased from him. [BACK]
132. ARV: B 1431: 67v and 77v (3 June 1491)—the case of Açen Muça of Serra. [BACK]
133. For instance, ARV: C 131: 157v-158v (19 November 1483)—a Genoese ship conducting business in Cazaza with Fernando's safeguard is robbed by pirates from Alicante. [BACK]
134. ARV: C 139: 179v-181r (2 January 1496). [BACK]
135. ARV: B 1157: 637v-639r (25 May 1484), and ARV: B 1158: 73v-74v (30 August 1485), treat the confiscation of arms intended for illicit sale in the Maghrib. See also the comments of Guiral, "Relations commerciales," pp. 118-121, 130. ACA: C 3566: 28r-v (8 January 1488)—a Sicilian ship captures a Turkish galley, and on board are found two Catalans and a cargo of contraband goods, mainly armaments. On the antecedents of such activity, see Robert I. Burns, "Renegades, Adventurers, and Sharp Businessmen: The Thirteenth Century Spaniard in the Cause of Islam," Catholic Historical Review 57 (1972): 341-366. [BACK]
136. ARV: C 650: 253r-v (18 July 1502): Joan Andreu of Ibiza is reported to be piloting a corsair fleet gathering in Bougie and Algiers. [BACK]
137. Hinojosa Montalvo, "Relaciones," p. 103; Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , p. 30; Leopoldo Piles Ros, Apuntes para la historia económico-social de Valencia durante el siglo XV (Valencia, 1969), pp. 115-119; and Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," pp. 472-485, esp. p. 485. For a perceptive discussion of the relationship between economic difficulties and anti-Jewish and anti-Converso violence, see MacKay, "Popular Movements and Pogroms." [BACK]
138. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 39-90; idem, "Las Germanías y la crisis
de subsistencias de 1521," Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura 51 (1975): 281-315; and Duran, Germanies , pp. 122-128, 369-400. [BACK]
139. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 96, 189; Duran, Germanies , pp. 180-205, 394-395, 415-416. [BACK]
140. García Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 188-191; Garcia Càrcel and Císcar Pallarés, Moriscos , pp. 121-130. [BACK]
141. See chap. 1. [BACK]
142. AMV: g 3 33: 214r (29 February 1500). [BACK]
143. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v (5 March 1500). [BACK]
144. ACA: C 3655: 34r-v. ARV: MR 109: 276v (1500)—a public proclamation of the royal safeguard protecting all Muslims of the kingdom. ACA: C 3614: 53v-54r (26 March 1500)—Fernando assures the Infante Enrique that the rumors are false and that no action will be taken against the Mudejars. [BACK]
145. ACA: C 3600: 176v-177r (30 September 1501). [BACK]
146. ACA: C 3600: 191v-192r (20 February 1502). Salvador, "Emigración," pp. 61-63, transcribes this document, which is a reiteration of the order of 5 March 1500. [BACK]
147. ARV: C 596: 325r-v (8 March 1501). [BACK]
148. ARV: C 596: 328v-329r (21 March 1501). [BACK]
149. ARV: B 1162: 193v (24 April 1501). [BACK]
150. ARV: B 1162: 199v-200v (11 May 1501). [BACK]
151. ARV: B 1162: 239r-v (25 May 1501). [BACK]
152. Salvador, "Emigración," p. 56. [BACK]
153. ARV: C 650: 277r (3 September 1501). [BACK]
154. ARV: C 650: 248r (24 May 1502)—"nosaltres [the nobles] qui tenim clara noticia dels recels e temors que los dits moros tenen per la gran conversacio e practica que ab aquells tenim com vixcam entre aquells." [BACK]
155. ARV: C 650: 240v (12 April 1502). [BACK]
156. ARV: C 650: 240v-241r. [BACK]
157. ARV: C 650: 241v. [BACK]
158. ARV: C 650: 242r-v (12 April 1502). [BACK]
159. ARV: C 650: 242v-243r. [BACK]
160. ARV: C 650: 247v-248r (24 May 1502). [BACK]
161. ARV: C 650: 251r-252v (6 July 1502). [BACK]
162. ARV: B 1162: 316r (17 June 1502)—a Mudejar family flees Castellnou with the intention of emigrating; 326r-v (4 July)—three Muslims of Polop are captured while trying to board boats for Africa; and 349v (19 October 1502)—other Mudejars are captured and killed while attempting to escape. ARV: MR 110: 82r, 83v-84r (1502)—Mudejars are fined for attempting illegal flight. [BACK]
163. AMV: g 3 33: 290v-291r (1 May 1502). [BACK]
164. ARV: C 158: 83v-84v (6 September 1502); ARV: C 311: 300v-301r (20 October 1502); ARV: B 1162: 318v-319v (11 March 1502); and ARV: MR 110: 278r (1502). [BACK]
165. ARV: C 311: 254v-255r (6 June 1502)—Almoradi; and AMV: g 3 34: 118r (13 April 1503)—Benidorm. [BACK]
166. AMV: g 3 34: 171r-173r (30 August 1503). [BACK]
167. Braudel, "Afrique du Nord," pp. 203-208. [BACK]
168. AMV: g 3 34: 2v (27 May 1502). [BACK]
169. AMV: g 3 34: 11r (16 July 1502). [BACK]
170. ARV: C 650: 253r-v (18 July 1502). [BACK]
171. Ricardo García Cárcel, "La revuelta morisca de Espadán," Al-Andalus (1976): 121-146. [BACK]
172. Constitucions de Cathalunya (ACA: Camara V: XXVI/5/20): folio 30r: Cap. XV (1503): "Que los moros no sien expellits de Cathalunya." Ricardo del Arco, "Cortes aragonesas de los Reyes Católicos," Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos 60 (1954): 92. [BACK]
173. ARV: B 1162: 264v-265r (20 September 1501), 320r-v (22 June 1502), 428v-429r (1 April 1503), 455r (10 June 1503); and ARV: B 1433: 615v-616r (29 August 1504). [BACK]
174. ARV: B 1162: 578r (18 July 1504). [BACK]
175. Garcia Cárcel, Germanías , pp. 188-189, 219-220, document no. 1; idem, Inquisición , pp. 116-117. [BACK]
176. The document containing Fernando's response is published in Doussinague, Política , pp. 515-517, apendice (appendix) no. 1: Fernando to the king of Naples, his intermediary in relations with Qa'it * Bay * , (5 September 1489). [BACK]


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Join us for the sixth annual Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia Jewish Heritage Celebration at Citizens Bank Park on Tuesday, August 20 at 7:05 p.m. when the Phillies host the Colorado Rockies. Come out and enjoy great kosher food and entertainment.
The first 2,500 fans that purchase tickets through this promotion will receive a coupon for an exclusive Phillies Yarmulke (pictured, right)!
Highlights Include:
• Pregame entertainment:
• Odessa Klezmer Band (First Base Gate)
• Nashirah (Third Base Gate)
• Klezmer with Class (Left Field Gate)
• First Ball: Sherrie Savett, President of the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia
• Kosher Food: located behind section 142
• National Anthem: performed by Nashirah
For groups of 25 or more, please contact Katie McKown in the Group Sales Office at 215-463-5000 ext. 5109. All groups of 25 or more will be welcomed on the Phillies side auxiliary message boards during the game.
Thank you for your continued support of the Phillies!


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- 22 Resorts
- Consistent Snow
- Diverse destinations
- Resorts open before those of many other states
- Home to Vail, Beaver Creek, Copper Mountain
Related Regions: Italy, Lombardia, Skiarea Valmalenco, Valmalenco, Valtellina
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On 23.24.25 march the "Pinky Jam - Girls Meeting&Contest" will take place in Chiesa Val Malenco, Italy. It will be the first WSF dedicated female event, a new step in the development of the snowboard colture set by the same organizers of the Livigno World Rookie Fests.More


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SAVOY - With a sunny 24 degrees and 18 inches of fresh snow, the Kanary Kats, last year's Snowmobile Association of Massachusetts (SAM) Club of the Year, enjoyed fine conditions for a 60- to 100-mile ride Sunday.
Members of the club took to grooming 75 miles of trail in town and through Hawley, Windsor, Worthington and Ashfield almost immediately after Friday's blizzard ended, in preparation for the ride, billed as a "newbie slowpoke" affair.
Rich Levasseur, of Hinsdale, with no experience and a two-month-old machine, was just the sort of connection the Kats were looking to make.
"I saw [the ride] on their website and thought, 'Sounds like just the perfect thing for a beginner,' " Levasseur said. "You learn how to ride with a group of really great folks."
Levasseur manned one of roughly 15 sleds taking off from Vice President Tom Wandrei's house at 1254 Main Road - the Kats' home base, connected to two networks of trails.
The Kats, with more than 700 members, are a proud bunch, and with good reason.
"A lot of people don't know what goes on up here," Wandrei said. "The way it functions is like a big family. We have a blast."
They maintain some of the state's best trails, according to SAM, and plan rides almost every weekend of winter, complete with family-oriented cookouts held afterward.
Perennially featured at the Snowmobile Expo at the Big E, the Kats donate proceeds from their rides and various raffles to charities and give away a yearly scholarship.
And, they hosted the state's very first vintage snowmobile ride, now an annual event, in 2008.
"If you went to a car show to see all the old cars- that's what these guys do with their sleds," Wandrei said.
Scheduled from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 16 at Wandrei's house, this year's "Vintage on the Hill" will be paired for the first time with the Kats' biggest event, the Winter Carnival.
Food, rides, raffles and more are on tap. In the meantime, riders are hoping the cold weather stays.
"Once you've got a decent base like this it just needs to stay under 30 degrees," member Steve Mix said.
According to SAM, there are 20,000 registered snowmobiles in the commonwealth, and the sport contributes $54.7 million to Massachusetts' economy. Businesses like Plainfield's Hilltop restaurant, where the Kats hold their meetings, get a big lift from snowmobilers in the winter.
As long as Friday's snowfall remains, Wandrei promised good conditions in the Kats' neck of the woods.
"We're always in touch with DCR [Department of Conservation and Recreation], and have four big groomers," Wandrei said. "We're dedicated, and if the snow's good we'll go all over the place."


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Former CIA Director David Petraeus testified on Capitol Hill Friday that the attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, was an act of terrorism committed by al Qaeda-linked militants. That's according to Rep. Peter King of New York, who spoke to reporters after a closed hearing in the House, which lasted an hour and 20 minutes.
Investigators are trying to determine whether former CIA Director David Petraeus used any of the resources of the agency he once led to carry out an extramarital affair with his biographer, a U.S. official told CNN.
The Petraeus scandal: What we know
A New York businessman says Tampa, Florida, socialite Jill Kelley asked him for an $80 million commission if she used her influence to win a South Korean business contract.
President Barack Obama and congressional leaders wrapped up their first "fiscal cliff" meeting since the election Friday with a confident tone that had both sides suggesting an agreement could be reached before January 1, when hefty federal spending cuts and tax raises are scheduled to take effect.
A Florida judge on Friday denied Rep. Allen West's request for a recount of all early ballots in his race for re-election because his appeal did not meet the requirements for a temporary injunction, CNN affiliate WPBF reported. While the Democratic candidate, Patrick Murphy, declared victory last week in the close contest in Florida's 18th Congressional District, West has yet to concede, citing the razor thin margin between the two.
An anti-abortion Republican congressman from Tennessee, first elected in 2010 with support from tea party activists, testified at divorce proceedings in 2001 that he and his wife mutually agreed on her getting two abortions, according to court transcripts released to CNN Friday. Rep. Scott DesJarlais, who won re-election last Tuesday by more than ten points, also admitted in the court documents to having sex with some of his patients and colleagues when he was a practicing physician, and to prescribing one of those patients painkiller medications. DesJarlais is a staunch anti-abortion conservative, with a history of votes in the House of Representatives that would restrict a woman's right to choose an abortion. His campaign website says "All life should be cherished and protected. We are pro-life."
After Mitt Romney and fellow Republicans failed to garner the support of the nation's fastest growing minority group in November's election, Carlos Gutierrez, the man who led Romney's outreach to Hispanic voters, said he and Republicans advocating for immigration reform are creating super PAC in hopes of repairing the party's image among the pivotal voting block.
Despite a rough election for the GOP, Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus is seeking re-election and Friday reached out to state Republican officials across the country asking for their support, sources familiar with the conversations told CNN.
An explosion tore through an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico on Friday, triggering a fire and injuring at least 11 people, authorities said.
Small portable sleep tents for infants and small children may pose a safety hazard, prompting the Consumer Product Safety Commission and KidCo Inc. to issue a voluntary recall of more than 220,000 PeaPod and PeaPod Plus Travel Beds.
A Bosnian immigrant who authorities said came within days of carrying out a plot to bomb New York City's subway system was sentenced to life in prison on Friday.


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I finally got that "first turkey monkey" off my back! After two fruitless seasons of chasing turkeys I finally connected on day two of this year's spring season.
My younger brother and I went out for the first two days of the Indiana spring turkey season. Day one was a long day. We only saw one gobbler in the morning. He did not get anywhere near our setup. Later that evening I roosted three long beards that had eluded me during last year's spring season.
On the second day we set up to go after the three long beards. We were set up on a tree lined field edge in a steady rain. We had hens fly down to the middle of the field and had gobblers sounding off to our west. About an hour after day break we had the three long beards gobbling to our calls from about 300 yards away. We worked them for over an hour before they finally worked their way off to the north. They wound up fighting with some jakes instead of coming in to our calls and decoys.
After all that rain and frustration we decided to move to some blinds in a food plot on top of a hill. My blind was in a corner of the field we call Turkey Corner. It is the same spot that I called in a long beard for my brother's first kill last year. The rain finally stopped and I settled in to do some aggressive calling every fifteen minutes.
To kill time between calls I was on my smart phone reading forum post on the T&TH website. I glanced to my right and saw a long beard on the field edge about eighty yards away. I quickly put down my phone and picked up my Primo's Jackpot slate call. I started to purr steadily. The bird turned towards me and started to feed and meander right towards my blind. I continued to purr and started to prep my Mossberg 535 as the tom continued to walk towards me. I turned on the TruGlo Gobble-Stopper red dot scope and flipped off the safety. Now I just had to remind myself to breath, relax and make a good shot.
Finally the gobbler walked right in front of my blind on his way to my hen decoy. I put the red circle of the scope in the middle of his neck and squeezed off the round. The bird immediately dropped to the ground. The 3" Federal Mag-Shok Lead with Flightcontrol wad and #6 shot laid the bird out.
When I went to collect the bird I paced it off at 11 yards. It was a very easy shot, but no less satisfying then taking a deer at over 100 yards.
He was a two year old tom. He weighed 19 pounds, had an 8" beard and blunt spurs that measured ½". By no means was he a giant, but he is my first and I could not be happier.
Since Indiana is a one bird per season state, my season is over. The good news is that I can still go out to guide and call for my son and brother. We are now planning to go back out this Sunday to try and get them both a bird. Life is good!


text:
McGowan B et al. – Hospitalisations for osteoporotic–type fractures continued to increase in Ireland. Hip fractures increased by 7 % in women and 20 % in men.
McGowan B et al. – Hospitalisations for osteoporotic–type fractures continued to increase in Ireland. Hip fractures increased by 7 % in women and 20 % in men.
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