Experiment study of dynamics characteristic of D shape inner cladding Yb 3+ doped fiber laser is presented. The fiber laser in one mirror and two mirror cavity is pumped by a multi mode laser diodes. Self pulsing regimes are obtained in one mirror cavity. The Brillouin pulses appear with the increasing of pump power. The pulse duration is as short as 10 ns. The self pulses are suppressed in the two mirror cavity. In this case the stability of the laser is improved, and the threshold of the laser decreases.


The effect of passive aeration on substrate quality, composting period and yield was studied using different perforated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes arrangements, as a composting method for substrate preparation to Agaricus bisporus cultivation. The ingredients are, mixture of wheat straw (60%), wheat bran (5.5%), chicken manure (31%), urea (0.5%) and gypsum (3%) with initial moisture (75%) used for composting. It was demonstrated that passive aeration is the key parameter controlling composting process, shortened the compost period, enhance the substrate quality and Agaricus yield as of pile composting. The substrate physico-chemical characteristics that is, moisture content, temperature pattern, bulk density, pH, electric conductivity, C: N ratio and thermophilic fungi activity varied significantly with composting period. The parallel arrangement (10% perforations) was found best among all the passive aeration treatments for achieving the quality substrate in shortest composting period of 16 day and enhance the A. bisporus yield up to 27.6%. This study also opens possibility to cultivate A. bisporus on a lingo-cellulosic, non-pasteurized, non-conditioned, aerated substrate and that composting for 16 days improve the mushroom yield with minimum energy, labor and infrastructure.


In recent years, the tourism development of Taipei is booming. Taipei has obviously become the first choice for East Asian tourists. There are also many European and American backpackers who want to see this beautiful and diverse city. Based on the soundscape theory, this study explores the featured soundscapes of tourism spots in Taipei. The purpose of this study is to construct the image and characteristics of "City Soundscape" of Taipei through the classification and analysis of sounds. The significance of soundscape research is to enrich the composition of urban ecology. And sound will inevitably become the historical evidence of immaterial forms of the city.


Mn-Co-Zr substituted BaM ferrite particles were prepared by the sol-gel method,the influence of heat treatment temperature,milling time on microstructure and magnetic properties were studied. Phase structure and microscope image of sample were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy,its static magnetic properties was studied by a vibrating sample magnetometer. Compared with BaM ferrite,the crystalline particle of BaMn0. 5Co0. 5Zr1. 0Fe10O19was smaller with bigger Ms. The BaM ferrite ceramics has the best properties with presintering tempareture of1 000 ℃ after 8 h of milling,furthermore,coercivity of BaMn0. 5Co0. 5Zr1. 0Fe10O19was only 5. 01 kA /m and saturation magnetization was 59 A·m2/kg after presintering treatment at 1 100 ℃. With Mn-Co-Zr substitutions,Msdid not decrease and Hcdecrease rapidly. Meanwhile,Mn-Co-Zr ion doping makes grain of product refinement,activity increase.


Recent investigations from several laboratories have indicated that retinoids can modulate the growth and influence specific cellular processes of certain fibtoblast cell lines from various animal species. In several lines, retinoids produce a density-dependent growth inhibition, often associated with morphological changes and increased cell-to-substratum adhesiveness. In other cell lines, no effects on growth were noted, whereas recently, Dicker and Rozengurt (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 91: 1203, 1979) found that retinoids stimulate the growth of 3T3 and NIL-8 cells when grown in low concentrations of serum. A cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding protein (cRABP) has been identified in retinoidinhibited cell lines 3T6 and 3T3, but not in the retinoid-insensitive 3T3SV line. (Jetten et al. Exp. Cell. Res. 119: 289, 1979). Few studies on the effects of retinoids on human fibroblasts have been performed: Danes and Bearn U. Exp. Med. 124: 1181, 1966) did not find effects of retinoids on morphology or growth of normal human fibroblasts and Swanson et al. (Invest. Ophthalmol 15: 1017, 1976) did not detect cytoplasmic retinol binding protein (cRBP) or cRABP in human cultured fibroblasts. In this study, we have examined skin fibroblast cell lines from four normal individuals for the presence of cRBP and cRABP, and for effects of retinoids on cell growth. Fibroblasts were grown in medium with 10% FCS with or without various concentrations of retinoids. When cells reached confluency in control dishes, cell numbers were decreased 10-25% by lOnM and 44-68% by lOpM retinoic acid, and 10-57% by 10pM retinol. No alterations of cell morphology were noted, and cell viability was not affected by the retinoid concentrations utilized. The plating efficiency of human fibroblasts was not modified by retinoic acid. The growth inhibition did not reach significance before the third day of treatment with retinoic acid, and was characterized by a decrease in the exponential growth rate. The time to onset and the percentage of growth inhibition were not influenced by cell density. The growth inhibition was reversible by retinoic acid washout. After prolonged exposure of the fibroblasts to retinoic acid, the final saturation density reached was similar to that of control cells. The inhibitory effects of 1pM retinoic acid on human fibroblasts grown in either 1, 2.5, 5, or 10% FCS were similar and no stimulation of growth was noted at any concentration of FCS. Treatment of human fibroblasts with various concentrations of retinoic acid or retinol did not modify their cell-to-substratum adhesiveness. In all four lines examined, a 2s peak of [SHIretinoic acid binding to cytosol was detectable by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. This binding was displaced by the addition of a 200-fold excess of unlabeled retinoic acid, but not by a 200-fold excess of unlabeled retinol. No binding of [3H]retinol was demonstrable in the cytosol of the four cell lines.


Studies are described which strongly support a cholesteric liquid crystal‐like quaternary structure for the DNA molecules of a biologically native chromosomal preparation from equine sperm cells. Discrete chromosomal fibers released from the head pieces of equine spermatozoon cells were prepared intact and probed for liquid crystalline ordering using reflectance and linear dichroism spectroscopy. Assuming cholesteric liquid crystalline order for the DNA molecules within the chromatin fibers, parameters measured experimentally were used to calculate the circular dichroism (CD) of the fibers. The calculated results compare remarkably well with the experimentally measured CD of the sperm chromosomal fibers and suggest a specific cholesteric liquid crystal‐like quanternary structural ordering of DNA molecules in equine sperm chromatin fibers. The potential of CD spectroscopy as a tool for the study of long‐range ordering of macromolecules is discussed.


The trialkyl-substituted imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be promising as supporting electrolytes for electroplating and other electrochemical applications because of their increased stability compared to that of dialkyl-substituted compounds. Basic properties like density, viscosity, and conductivity of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMImBF4), 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium azide (BMMImN3), and their mixtures were measured. The thermal stability of the azide IL permits its use up to 423.15 K, whereas the upper temperature limit for telrafluoroborate IL extends to 623.15 K. The electrochemical stability with regard to cathodic reduction was the same for both ILs; the decomposition potential was about −1.9 V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. However, the resistance to electrochemical oxidation at the anode was much lower for the azide IL. The decomposition potential was 0.5 V against 2.05 V for the tetrafluoroborate IL.


Software security is considered as an important issue in the modern software development practices. According to the literature, the benefits of the existing static analysis tools in isolation for security specific analysis of multiple large-scale software systems is highly questionable. In particular, the existing static analysis tools are not facilitating different analysis directions such as classification of vulnerabilities and analysis of multiple projects for multiple versions. To tackle this problem, this paper presents a conceptual framework and a proof-of-concept implementation to integrate the outputs of multiple static analysis tools into one place to perform a wide range of software security analyses. The rich features of the framework have been demonstrated by using two different application scenarios. We used a case study to evaluate the usefulness and the extensibility of our framework in performing in-depth security analysis.


Firms are continuously looking for ways to increase their competitive advantage by maximizing customer value. This paper examines three organizational capabilities associated with customer value cr...


The modern instrument works in abominable environment, the conventional monitor and control mode adopts RS232 and RS485 mode, its transmission distance is limited, so it is very difficultly to realize centralized remote monitor and control. This paper develops a new remote monitor and control system based on eCos operating system, it connects with the instrument by RS232 interface, realizes the remote informa-tion obtaining function. The system cost is inexpensive, uses the WEB mode to control, it is easy to oper-ate.


Although the sawflies are a large and important group of the Hymenoptera little anatomical work has been done on them. A study of the external anatomy of Hoplocampa halcyon Nort., a common sawfly borer in the fruit of the saskatoon, Amelanchier spicata , was undertaken with the hope of clearing up a few points of the morphology of the superfamily. This species belongs to the Hoplocampinae , a subfamily of the Tenthredinidae .


Although long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) was reported to be associated with acute lung injury (ALI), its specific mechanism has not been well studied. Mouse and cell ALI models were constructed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability was evaluated by 3‐(4,5)‐dimethylthiahiazo (‐z‐y1)‐3,5‐di‐ phenytetrazoliumromide assay. Cell death was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) detection kit and flow cytometry. The levels of cytokines in lung tissues lysates were detected by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of apoptosis‐related markers was detected by Western blot. The relationship between NEAT1, miR‐98‐5p, and toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) was determined by bioinformatics prediction, luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Rescue experiments were performed to determine the role of NEAT1/miR‐98‐5p/TLR4 in ALI. NEAT1 was significantly upregulated during ALI both in vitro and in vivo. NEAT1 knockdown efficiently attenuated LPS‐induced ALI and reduced LPS‐induced elevation of cytokines both in vitro and in vivo. NEAT1 negatively regulated miR‐98‐5p by directly sponging it, and TLR4 was a target of miR‐98‐5p. MiR‐98‐5p inhibition or TLR4 overexpression could obviously attenuate the protective effects of NEAT1 knockdown in LPS‐treated A549 cells. Our study demonstrated that NEAT1 knockdown alleviated LPS‐induced ALI by targeting the miR‐98‐5p/TLR4 axis.


A review of extinction since 1900 has been carried out in 25 British counties. Previous rates of extinction have been revised to exclude species which went extinct before 1900 and non-native species. For British counties as a whole the average rate is c.0·5 species a year with northern and western counties having lost fewer species (0·4 species a year) than those in the south and east (0·6 species a year). These losses suggest a period of heightened extinction during the 20th Century as a result of major environmental changes. However, they should be treated with caution for a number of reasons: extinction rates may also be influenced by the size of the county under investigation, its history of botanical recording and the reliability with which certain species can be recorded as extinct.


Abstract The United States is the biggest energy consumer in the world, accentuating its energy security priorities in twenty-first century geopolitics. As an alternative to oil, shale gas has modified today's economic and global political scenario, providing Washington with new capabilities for redesigning its national and foreign energy policies toward innovative, self-sufficient development. The U.S. economy is highly dependent on energy resources; however, in the last decade, the shale revolution has aided it in gaining relative economic stability in a volatile global economy. Shale gas has encouraged economic development in the North American region, while raising important environmental concerns about the extraction process called hydraulic fracturing or "fracking."


Spectrum Sensing is the basic and important operation in Cognitive Radio (CR) to find the unused spectrum. To detect the unused spectrum different types of detectors are used. Energy detector is among them and a popular sensing method because it doesn't require transmitted signal properties, channel information, of even the type of modulation. When Cognitive Radio user experiences deep shadowing or fading effect, primary user detection is very less .In order to detect the primary user (PU) more accurately, we allow the CR users to cooperate by sharing their information. So we use Co-operative Spectrum Sensing technique which incorporate more number of users, to increase probability of detection. This study summarizes the performance result of energy detector over Nakagami-m fading channel and hard decision fusion techniques for Cognitive users. The performance is evaluated by means of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Complementary Receiver Operating Characteristic (CROC) curves. It clearly shows that the probability of miss detection decreases and Probability of detection increases with the co-operation of more number of secondary users and also we investigate the effect of SNR over probability of detection.


Figure 2: The CLD in figure 2 shows in a very comprehensive way the interlinkages of different factors that finally lead to the specific risk. However, the figure does not contain feedback loops. Could you please clarify the difference here to an Impact Chain (cause-and-effect chain) or a Directed Acyclic Graph such as used in Bayesian Network modelling. Did you consider and model direct feedback loops in your study? P. 2, 54ff: The manuscript mentions the benefits of the methodology to better understand the dynamics between anthropogenic and environmental processes. Looking at figure 2, I associate land-use, water turbined and reservoir volume to factors that are driven by anthropogenic processes and the interplay of anthropogenic and environmental processes. However, pertaining to exposure, "water turbines" and "reservoir volume" are solely driven by "month of the year". "Month of the year" remains a black box, in a sense that drivers that specify the differentiated role of intraannual dynamics are not further specified. Is "month of the year" solely driven by precipitation variations, or also informed by differentiated economic activities, water consumption etc.? P. 19, 383ff: Can the application of scenarios regarding the reservoir management be integrated here, or an alternative assumption (compared to the stationary) based on potential societal changes?


Optical coherence tomography (OCT) inevitably suffers from speckle noises that originate from the coherent multiple-scattered photons. Such speckle noises, following different distribution patterns, can hide tissue microstructures and degrade the disease diagnosis accuracy. So far, various schemes have been proposed for despeckling in OCT images, yet few have evaluated the impacts of different noise patterns on despeckling effects. In this study, we evaluate the influences of statistical noise distributions on OCT despeckling and propose a noise distribution analysis-based despeckling method for OCT images. Specifically, we establish a noise model by dividing speckle noises into multiplicative and additive ones first, and then propose a two-step filtering mechanism, namely, augmented Lagrange function minimization and Rayleigh alpha-trimmed filtering (AR) method, to suppress such noises separately while maintain tissue microstructures. Simulations with both synthetic and practical OCT images are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed AR method. Results show that the influence of multiplicative noises on OCT images are more significant, and the AR method is capable of suppressing both multiplicative and additive noises effectively, e.g. it improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index measurements by 83.22 % and 812.88 % for typical retinal images, respectively, while retaining the important image structural details with less computational time.


The monitoring of the condition and the diagnostic of transformer units is a constant endeavor, continuously adapted to meet the demands of transport operators. The requirements for the achievement of integrated systems for the monitoring and diagnostic of transformer units are delivered through specifications and norms establishing a set of parameters and the conditions necessary for the monitoring and diagnostic, as well as the characteristics of the monitoring and diagnostic software. The aging of the oil-impregnated cellulose insulation and the loss of tensile strength are important factors limiting the lifespan of transformers. The system architecture is open, allowing specific configurations to be developed for each monitored transformer unit. The paper also shows the importance of improving the accuracy for identifying as early as possible the degradation of the cellulose insulation related to the transformer units, by integrating two chemical markers - methanol (MeOH) and 2 furaldehyde (2-FAL) into the structure of the monitoring systems, which can provide correlated information about the aging condition of the solid insulation in oil transformers.


Optical fibres have played an important role in the advancement of real-time dosimetry in clinical applications in recent years. Significant work has been done to increase precision and accuracy in detecting radiation doses during treatment, to avoid the negative effect that can ensue from irradiating healthy tissue around the tumour. The drive to develop distributed measurement in optical fibres has been limited to the slow scanning speed systems from optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), however for radiotherapy dosimetry, with often short radiation pulse durations, fibre Bragg grating (FBG) interrogation is a better alternative because of the fast-scanning speed. The work presented here includes the preliminary results in the characterisation of CYTOP FBGs on exposure to X-ray radiation emitted from a clinical linear accelerator (linac) machine. A blue shifted linear response of the Bragg wavelength with sensitivity of 6.655 pm/Gy, 6.519 pm/Gy and 7.153 pm/Gy at the three main peaks (1522 nm, 1542 and 1561 nm), was recorded for a 9 Gy of radiation at a dose rate of 1.758 Gy /min with an amplitude fluctuation within the duration of radiation. The response demonstrates the potential for its use in low dose radiation dosimetry, providing for quasi-distributed sensing in radiotherapy.


In this paper we construct the supersymmetric tensor hierarchy of N = 1, d = 4 supergravity. We find some differences with the general bosonic construction of 4-dimensional gauged supergravities. The global symmetry group of N = 1, d = 4 supergravity consists of three factors: the scalar manifold isometry group, the invariance group of the complex vector kinetic matrix and the U(1) R-symmetry group. In contrast to (half)-maximal supergravities, the latter two symmetries are not embedded into the isometry group of the scalar manifold. We identify some components of the embedding tensor with Fayet-Iliopoulos terms and we find that supersymmetry implies that the inclusion of R-symmetry as a factor of the global symmetry group requires a non-trivial extension of the standard p-form hierarchy. This extension involves additional 3- and 4-forms. One additional 3-form is dual to the superpotential (seen as a deformation of the simplest theory). We study the closure of the supersymmetry algebra on all the bosonic p-form fields of the hierarchy up to duality relations. In order to close the supersymmetry algebra without the use of duality relations one must construct the hierarchy in terms of supermultiplets. Such a construction requires fermionic duality relations among the hierarchy's fermions and these turn out to be local.


Background The School Physical Activity Policy Assessment (S-PAPA) assesses physical activity policy related to physical education, recess, and other physical activity opportunities at elementary schools. It uses open-ended, dichotomous, multichotomous, and checklist formatting and has 7 background items and three modules: (a) Physical Education (40 items); (b) Recess (27 items), and (c) Other Before, During, and After School Programs (15 items). Test-retest results suggest SPAPA items are reliable and can be useful in assessing PA policies in elementary schools (Lounsbery et al., JPAH, 2013). Total administration time for all three modules is approximately 23 minutes.


Statistical (MSPP), a thorough their model high level of execution in centering practice in the MSSP As a former director (USF) MS in Data Science and current executive director charged with leading data science initiatives (UChicago), the me to on of significant challenges MSSP and unique in when centering practice in the These challenges, evolving the and measuring student impact, to project management and sustainable external partnerships, force a reflection on the difficulty of centering practice in a data science curriculum. The framework provided in the makes it a critical read for anyone considering a more practice centered approach to data


Abstract The novels of J. M. Coetzee are increasingly recognized for their engagement with ethics. Yet, what ethics may mean in Coetzee's novels is open to a variety of formulations, perhaps as is the term "ethics" itself. Lawrence Buell observes that although ethics "[has lately] become a more privileged term [in literary study … it] has also become an increasingly ductile […] one" (11). Coetzee's body of writings, despite its searching engagement with ethics, may ultimately resist being understood through a single model of ethics and may itself contribute to the growing amorphousness of "ethics" in critical theory.1


Preface 1. Introduction: The Formative Years of Native American Art History 2. Franz Boas, John Swanton, and the New Haida Sculpture at the American Museum of Natural History 3. New Questions for 'Old Things': The Brooklyn Museum's Zuni Collection 4. Louisa Keyser and the Cohns: Mythmaking and Basket Making in the American West 5. 'The Artist Himself': The Salish Basketry Monograph and the Beginnings of a Boasian Paradigm 6. Lila Morris O'Neale: Ethnoaesthetics and the Yurok-Karok Basket Weavers of Northwestern California 7. Marketing the Affinity of the Primitive and the Modern: Rene d'Harnoncourt and 'Indian Art of the United States' Contributors Index


It is difficult to study interactions between elementary particles and protons and deuterons which are included in nuclear emulsions because their number is small compared with the total number of nucleons bound in the nuclei of the emuision. This is still true even when the emulsion is specially loaded with deuterium and hydrogen. To remove this difficulty, it is convenient to have a target of solid hydrogen or deuterium deposited directly on the surface of the emulsion. To obtain sufficiently thick solid hydrogen targets on top of emulsions, a special device was used. The photoemulsion kept at the bottom of the plate-holder was surrounded by liquid hydrogen. Through a tube deuterium gas was introduced into the plate holder and slowly solidified on top of the emulsion by liquid hydrogen. Alter this, the Dewar containing the hydrogen was evacuated, and the plate-holder was lifted into position for irradiation by a beam from an accelerator. In the case of the solid hydrogen target, liquid helium was used as the cooling agent. (TCO)


The teaching of Neurology is a emphasis and difficulty in clinical teaching.In the present article,we summarized some experiences of how to improve the teaching quality of Neurology.


A buffer-aware worst-case timing analysis of wormhole NoC is proposed in this paper to integrate the impact of buffer size on the different dependencies relationship between flows, i.e. direct and indirect blocking flows, and consequently the timing performance. First, more accurate definitions of direct and indirect blocking flows sets have been introduced to take into account the buffer size impact. Then, the modeling and worst-case timing analysis of wormhole NoC have been detailed, based on Network Calculus formalism and the newly defined blocking flows sets. This introduced approach has been illustrated in the case of a realistic NoC case study to show the trade off between latency and buffer size. The comparative analysis of our proposed Buffer-aware timing analysis with conventional approaches is conducted and noticeable enhancements in terms of maximum latency have been proved.


This chapter examines how classical ethical theory might apply to the kind of alien life humans are most likely to encounter: nonrational, nonsentient life. Humans are unlikely to have basic ethical obligations to extraterrestrial life because it is very unlikely that extraterrestrial life could have moral status, by the lights of leading moral theories. Furthermore, even if extraterrestrial life did have moral status, consistency with moral practices on Earth would suggest that humans have very few basic ethical obligations to this life. However, it does not follow that humans could treat extraterrestrial life in any matter human beings see fit, because extraterrestrial life may require protection as humans follow through on basic ethical obligations to themselves. In sum, humans would not have ethical obligations to such life per se but the obligations people clearly do have to their fellow humans entail that people cherish, promote, and protect extraterrestrial life.


Background: Osteonecrosis of femoral head is aseptic necrosis due to disruption of blood supply resulting in the death of bone cells. Core
decompression is a standard procedure in treatment of early stage of Osteonecrosis femoral head in young. Bone grafting can potentially revitalize
the necrotic zone and accelerate healing. To look for functional outcome of core de Aims: compression & autologous cancellous bone grafting in
early stages of Osteonecrosis of head of femur. This is a prospective and inte Settings And Design: Material And Methods: rventional study.
Patients with early stages (Ficat Arlet I and II) were treated with core decompression & autologous cancellous bone grafting and were followed up
for 9 months. The results were evaluated on the basis HHS and VAS. GraphPad Statistical Analysis Used: and EpiInfo were used for calculating
the statistical data. Young males with unilateral hip pain with durat Results: ion of symptoms less than 6 months and Grade II at presentation with no
denitive cause were more common. There was signicant improvement in HHS and VAS postoperatively till nal follow up of 9 months. More
patients had good HHS grade at 9 months. There was no complication during course of study. Core Decompression and Autologous Conclusion:
bone grafting is a safe and effective treatment modality in early stages of osteonecrosis of femoral head in young. To look for Objectives:
functional outcome of core decompression & autologous cancellous bone grafting in early stages of osteonecrosis of head of femur.


The XXII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, jointly organized by the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and the Physics Department of Stanford University, was held on December 13-17, 2004. Following the tradition of past Texas Symposia the presentations emphasized recent developments in Cosmology, High Energy Astrophysics and the frontiers between these and Gravitation and Particle Physics.


The principle and characteristics of displacement measurement with nonsymmetrical double gratings (DMNG) are briefly described in the paper firstly. As a new kind of phase type grating, isosceles blazed grating is designed in allusion to the problems of DMNG. Its grating equation and diffraction intensity distribution formula under the condition of perpendicular incidence are derived. Then the diffraction intensity graph is obtained by means of computer simulation. The application of isosceles blazed grating in DMNG is discussed in the end.


Based on the development plan of UHV of State Grid Corporation of China and the planning grid of Changji in 2012,the current distribution,static security,transient stability,short circuit current level and power supply section of Changji grid after access of the 750 kV system and super-power source are analyzed.The short circuit current and transient stability of the planning grid for the year of 2015 are calculated too.The adaptability of the planning Changji grid is evaluated.The research results can provide advice in regional power network planning and operation.


It is proposed that when targets are especially certain of their self-views, their interaction partners will be especially likely to develop impressions of them that are consistent with these self-views. Two studies supported this prediction by demonstrating that, for self-views about which targets were highly certain, targets received self-consistent interpersonal appraisals. In contrast, in areas in which the same targets were relatively uncertain of their self-views, the appraisals they received were only weakly related to their self-views. This difference held for judgments of both valenced and nonvalenced traits and for judgments made by both poorly and well-acquainted raters. Potential mediators of interpersonal congruence are discussed, along with the implications of these findings for the accuracy of social perception and for the role of belief investment in self-concept maintenance.


Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which is a stable free radical, decayed in supercooled and glassy liquid 3-methylhexane (3MHX) and 3-methylpentane near their glass transition temperatures (Tg's). The decay of ClO2, however, was not observed in toluene or 2-methyl-1-propanol. The kinetic analysis of the decay of ClO2 in 3MHX is reasonably explained by its diffusional motion and dimer formation. The diffusion constants of ClO2 in 3MHX at temperatures around Tg were estimated in the analysis.


Fatigue tests under controlled experimental humidity were conducted to reveal the effect of hydrogen on 6XXX-series aluminum alloys. This is because under a humidified air condition hydrogen atoms are generated through a reaction between successively exposed aluminum surface and vapor water, and then the experimental condition of high pressure hydrogen gas environment can be readily simulated. In order to examine intrinsic hydrogen embrittlement behavior of 6XXXseries alloys during fatigue fracture, a ternary Al-Mg-Si alloy was subjected to the test. The fatigue life of the alloy was substantially lower under a humidified air condition than an inert dry nitrogengas condition. The effect of additive elements such as Cu, Cr and Fe on the fatigue life of the ternary alloy was examined, and it was revealed that the fatigue life of a Cu-containing alloy was not decreased under humidified air condition. This result suggests that Cu has an effect of decreasing hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of 6XXX-series alloys.


Much research has been conducted on the erosion mechanism of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) materials to develop thermal protection technologies for atmospheric re-entry vehicles. The erosion and oxidation phenomena of the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)-SiC thermal protection coatings are important factors in thermal protection technologies. High purity CVD-SiC materials were selected to evaluate the oxidation phenomena by comparison with those of C/C samples. (1)-(3) Results of previous research indicated that the experimental methods should be improved to investigate the phenomena more precisely. This paper describes the latest outcomes, including the re-analysis of the previously acquired results.


Drug-drug co-crystallization could realize combination drugs at a molecular level. Two polymorphic co-crystals between VD2 and VD3 were successfully designed and synthesized. These enantiotropic polymorphs exhibit significantly different physicochemical stabilities.


MRD evaluation is becoming critical in CLL patients since the new therapeutic approaches lead to higher and higher biological response. Multicolor flow cytometry is demonstrated to be one of the best technique for assessing MRD. In a recent work, Moreno et al (Blood, 2006) suggested that peripheral blood could be sufficient for MRD evaluation. We here report our experience which compares peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate for MRD assessment using a 6 color flow cytometry (FC) method. Two months after the end of the treatment, blood and bone marrow were harvested at the same time for 64 CLL patients in complete remission according to the NCI criteria. Patients were treated by chemotherapy followed or not by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). None of them received immunotherapy. Until now 30 out of the 64 couples of blood and marrow samples have been studied. Immunophenotyping was performed using the FacsCanto Device (Becton Dickinson) and the following monoclonal antibody (moAb) combinaisons: k-FITC / l-PE / CD19-PerCP-Cy5.5 / CD5-PE-Cy7 / CD79b-APC / CD20-APC-Cy7; FMC7-FITC / CD38-PE / CD19PerCP-Cy5.5 / CD5-PE-Cy7 / CD20-APC-Cy7 for peripheral blood assessment and k-FITC / l-PE / CD45-PerCP-Cy5.5 / CD5-PE-Cy7 / CD19-APC / CD20-APC-Cy7; FMC7-FITC / CD19-PE / CD45PerCP-Cy5.5 / CD5-PE-Cy7 / CD79b-APC / CD20APC-Cy7 ; CD38-FITC / CD23-PE / CD45-PerCP-Cy5.5 / CD5-PE-Cy7 / CD19-APC. In the bone marrow, we have discriminated hematogons from CLL cells by using moAb combinations containing CD45 and CD38. Between 4500 and 5500 lymphocytes were analyzed in each test. By using a method of serial dilutions, we demonstrated a sensitivity of 10 −4 for our 6-color FC technique. CLL cells were defined as CD19+CD5+CD79b low CD20 low lymphocytes with low expression of monotypic Ig light chain. Results were expressed as a percentage of leukemic cells among total B lymphocytes. We showed a complete correlation between blood and bone marrow for MRD evaluation using this technique. A complete phenotypic remission defined by the absence of leukemic cells in the blood and in the bone marrow, was observed in 17 out of 30 cases. In the other 13 patients, persistent leukemic cells were detected in the marrow as well as in the peripheral blood with a median rate of 1.56 % [0.15 – 41] and 0.56% [range 0.06 – 36] respectively. Our results showed that, by using 6 color FC, blood assessment for detecting MRD in CLL after chemotherapy or ASCT could provide a simple surrogate to bone marrow assessment. Analysis of the remaining couples of samples for the last 34 patients is ongoing.


The spectroscopic and X-ray data of the title compound are presented and discussed. Some anomalies are attributed to the lack of conjugation between the diazene and carbonyl group, and to the association of the molecules in the solid state through an unusual intermolecular hydrogen bond between the amide nitrogen atom and the diazene nitrogen atom N2.


This student text was previously published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson. The taxation of international business is a vital political and social issue, as well as raising many important legal, political and economic questions. Surveying the operation of international business taxation this book is sufficiently detailed to clarify its complexities, yet analytical enough to bring out all the key policy issues.


This study aims to find out the four factors that because proteins can be denatured, Knowing the solubility of proteins, as well as Knowing the bond of peptides in proteins, the presence of free and aromatic amino.
The method used in this study is qualitative research that is descriptive, with sampling techniques that use purposive sampling method.The results showed that observations of protein denaturation that aims to see the presence of deposits in milk and the results obtained that does not occur precipitation, deposition by metals as for the results obtained that is only raw egg whites that do not occur precipitation while for the other 3 samples occur precipitation.
The results of the precipitation test by alcohol obtained that tubes 1 and 2 there are no deposits while for tube 3 there are deposits, protein solubility test is obtained that the sample 1,2,4 insoluble and there are deposits while for cheese samples are only insoluble. biuret test observations obtained the occurrence of discoloration in the sample. As for the Xanthoprotein test obtained results from the sample 1,2,4 there was a change in sediment and color while for samples 3 and 5 Only changes in sediment.


An induction machine model in which the order of the electrical differential equations is one half of the conventional real variable model is obtained by using the complex time variables introduced by Ku and Lyon in the 1950's. Since the stepped excitation waveforms associated with polyphase inverters are also well suited to complex representation, the method provides a powerful means of exploiting the symmetry inherent in inverter-machine systems. After a brief introduction to the concept of complex time variables, the steady state analysis of six-step voltage and current source inverter driven induction machines is presented. Closed form solutions for the instantaneous voltages, currents and torques are derived. For small slip the current fed machine solutions are reduced to simple expressions involving rotor frequency sinusoidal functions and the relationships between these waveforms and the fundamental component equivalent circuit solutions are demonstrated. The solutions for the voltage fed machine are more complicated, however, hand computation of peak values is feasible or extremely simple computer programs can be written to yield the instantaneous current and torque waveforms.


The invention relates to a connecting structure for a plastic channel main body of a temperature-control water faucet and a connecting process for the connecting structure. The connecting structure comprises two vertical tubes and a cross tube, wherein the upper parts of the outer side walls of the vertical tubes are provided with outer threads used for mounting a faucet; the lower parts of the outer side walls of the vertical tubes are provided with outer threads used for fixing the vertical tubes; the middle parts of the side walls of the vertical tubes are provided with convex parts; outlets communicated with channels in the vertical tubes are arranged on the convex parts; the middle of the cross tube is provided with a connecting base used for mounting a water outlet faucet; a water outlet communicated with a channel in the cross tube is arranged in the connecting base; and the end surface of the end part of the cross tube is in sealing connection with the end surfaces of the convex parts of the vertical tubes. According to the connecting structure, the vertical tubes are manufactured into standard parts, so that components are greatly reduced, and the production process is simplified.


Join this focus group as part of a study on the conditions for political learning and engagement on campus. IUPUI joins other institutions in this study conducted by the Institute for Democracy & Higher Education at Tufts University. Engage in lively conversation in response to questions about your perceptions of campus programs, values, decision-making processes, and events in order to support efforts to improve the campus environment for political learning, discussions, and participation.


One kind of wiper blade, having a body made of an elastomer and a surface coating layer, the surface coating layer disposed on the body surface of the fluorine resin plate by the reactive group contained in the molecule having the reactive group reactive group reactive curing agent composition of the surface coating layer is formed only on both sides of the plate body. This increases the flexibility and restorative, excellent in durability, the glass surface, a high-frequency vibration in the absence of the wiping performance can be improved, such properties while maintaining long term.


The triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) of electron-impact ionization for ions (Li+ (1s2) and K+ (3p6)) and atoms (He (1s2) and Ar (3p6)) have been calculated at coplanar asymmetric geometry using the distorted wave Born approximation method. The features of binary peaks in the TDCSs of ions are compared with those of corresponding atoms. Differences of positions of binary peaks between ions and atoms indicate that the usual single-binary encounter mechanism, which is a good description of the electron collision with atoms, cannot describe the electron collision with ions well. A double-binary encounter mechanism is proposed to describe the electron collision with ions.


Since 1990, rechargeable lithium batteries have made a huge impact in powering consumer electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers [1]. The need for new insertion electrode structures that will provide additional energy, power and a superior cycle life to satisfy the increasing demands for reliable and safe highenergy/high power batteries by the transportation, medical, space, and defense sectors will ensure that lithium battery research will continue for many more years to come. This presentation will review the progress that has been made over the past 15 years and it will highlight the critical role that structure plays in the design and operation of lithium battery electrodes. Recent advances that have been made in designing two-component, structurally-integrated materials to achieve performance objectives will be discussed [2, 3]. The presentation will be made in the context of the advantages and limitations of other battery systems.


The delta of the Nueces River, Texas, is a low‐lying coastal marsh with dendritic distributaries and flats, infrequently inundated by flood events overbanking from the river. This study examines the feasibility of improving the ecological value of the marsh by creation of diversion works to increase the frequency and duration of marsh inundation. To this end, the morphology and statistical occurrence of flood events in the Nueces were examined using longperiod gage records on the river. A canonical parameterization of flood events was used as input to a numerical hydrodynamic model of the deltaic system, which predicts the time evolution of flow and water level throughout the delta, and includes provision for simulating distributary confluence and difluence, inundation and dewatering of floodplains and flats, and activation of transient channels. The response of the marsh to specified flood events was computed for various alternative physiographies, including existing conditions and candidate combinations...


Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness in adults. Visual deficiency is mainly caused from clinically significant macular edema or vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Recent advances in the treatment modalities such as laser photocoagulation or with intraocular glucocorticoids or anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents can substantially reduce loss of vision. Since timely application of such treatments is substantial to make a difference in prognostic processes, the goal of retinopathy screening is the timely detection of retinopathy that would, without intervention, cause vision loss.

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Climate services for health : supplementing local and regional dengue early warning systems in the South East Asia with Ocean Nino Index improves outbreak predictions


Virtual reality is becoming a real business-oriented technology and holds great potentials especially in computerised manufacturing applications. Technical problems however have to be resolved before it can be practically employed. This paper reports the research into one of the crucial and challenging problems -the pain-taking and tedious process of creating and managing virtual manufacturing environments. The paper presents a method of managing virtual worlds, attempting to provide an effective approach to building complex virtual environments for manufacturing with less effort and shorter time. First the paper presents the concept behind the approach. Then it describes the computing algorithms for implementing the approach and presents a system of managing the virtual environments. In the end the paper discusses the applications of the approach with an emphasis on manufacturing operation planning.


OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in School Psychology in the Bouvé College of Health Sciences of Northeastern University April 2017


Lord Rayleigh's contributions to the foundations of nonlinear acoustics are reviewed. The subjects of radiation pressure, streaming, Aeolian tones, finite amplitude sound propagation, and cavitation are included.


Abstract : This paper presents a study of the dynamic response of layered orthotropic cylindrical shells subjected to uniform pressure and/or axial loading, accounting for the influence of the change in the meridional slope (the so-called pressurization effect), the transverse shear deformation and the rotatory inertia.


This paper improves upon Job-Level (JL) computing, a general distributed computing approach. In JL computing, a client maintains the overall search tree and parcels the overall search into coarse-grained jobs, which are then each calculated by pre-existing game-playing programs. In order to support large-scale problems such as solving 7×7 killall-Go, or building opening books for 9×9 Go or Connect6, JL computing is modified so that the entire search tree is stored in a database, as opposed to simply being stored in the client process' memory. However, the time cost of accessing this database becomes a bottleneck on performance when using a large number of computing resources. This paper proposes a cache mechanism for JL search trees. Instead of the previous approach, where the entire search tree is stored in the database, we maintain parts of the search tree in the memory of the client process to reduce the number of database accesses. Our method significantly improves the performance of job operations. Assuming that each job requires 30 seconds on average, the JL application with this cache mechanism can allow for the use of 5036 distributed computing resources in parallel without database accesses becoming the performance bottleneck.


"Nothing that happened here could be important. The place was no more than what it looked" (45). In V.S. Naipaul's 1975 novel Guerrillas, the bauxite dust of American factories hangs in a haze over the pages, stagnant, heated, prescient. In an atmosphere of anticipation, where real guerillas never materialize, and political revolution is a fictional abstraction, it is descriptions of landscape that hold a charged textual potential: the trapped heat, the smeared slogans, the chain of hills all seem to indicate a violent end. As Naipaul himself points out on the blurb to the 2002 Picador edition, "The violence actually is in the tone. It wasn't angry. It was just violent." That violence snakes its way through narrative depictions of a Caribbean landscape, the shantytowns and the sea, until it erupts in the brutal rape and murder of a white woman on the compound of Jimmy Ahmed, the half black, half Chinese, British rabble rouser, the


The lecture introduces calorimetric investigations of phase transitions in which electrons are directly involved and discusses the mechanisms governing those phase transitions: (i) spin crossover phenomena occurring between high- and low-spin states in transition-metal complexes, (ii) intramolecular electron transfers in mixed-valence complexes, (iii) neutral-to-ionic transitions due to charge transfer mechanism, and (iv) thermochromic phenomena due to a change in coordination geometry. Since a change in the electronic state is strongly coupled with a change in the lattice, it turns out that the transition mechanisms always include interplays with various molecular motions in the lattice. In all these systems, a large change in the electronic energy is compensated by the entropy term due to these molecular motions.


Abstract This research uses 30 interviews with sport-based employers in the United Kingdom to examine how men's teamsport participation reproduces men's advantage in sport-related occupations during hiring for sport employment positions. Not only does formalized gender segregation in sport provide men with vital social networks less attainable to women, but teamsport competition experience, through gendered notions of what counts as 'teamwork', being a 'team player', and 'leadership qualities', also provides an illusory image of employment competency implicitly gendered as masculine. Results illustrate how men's privilege of 'teamsport hegemony' occurs at the moment of social reproduction through expectations of social role congruity in leadership as well as how patterns of gender segregation within sport contribute to occupational segregation impeding women's equality. We offer policy prescriptions to address the problem.


the worst - of two worlds. They were frequently directors, even a managing director and chairman, as well as large shareholders of many of the jointstock ranching ventures in the American West. It took some of the very same qualities to be in ranching as in the mortgage business - and the Scots in particular were possessed with that romantic, speculative adventurousness, crossed with the mentality of a chartered accountant, which brought them - and their English brethren - to Texas in the first place. A perusal of the results shows that the latter quality dominated, in so far as the mortgage companies were concerned. Mortgage companies made loans which supplied funds not only to the great ranchers of the state, but to the small freeholders, farmers and developers of urban properties. These same companies frequently purchased substantial amounts in local bonds. With loans averaging a life of from three to five years, it is possible to see the influence of these funds through their mobility. Mortgage money may have been silent money, but it was hardly renter in character. Unlike much of the investment in railroad bonds, it not only required, it demanded, good 'intelligence' of local conditions, and direct local supervision. This it had. Absentee management is a charge that easily sticks when it comes to discussing many of the British ranching fiascos, but this was not so with the mortgage companies. These were a great creative force in the development of Texas. Long after British capital ceased to be a large factor in ranching, the mortgage companies continued to expand the amount of their capital in Texas.


Platelet retention values for normal individuals and for patients with von Willebrand's disease, thrombasthenia, congenital afibrinogenemia, factor XII deficiency, and factor XIII deficiency were compared using columns filled with untreated glass particles or with sand, quartz, or glass particles treated with organic solvents and acid. New data obtained in tests with treated glass, sand, and quartz particles are compared with data obtained in tests with untreated glass particles. The results generally confirm published observations. Lower than normal platelet retention values were found for patients with von Willebrand's disease who had prolonged bleeding times and for a thrombasthenic patient. Patients with congenital deficiencies of factor XII or factor XIII had normal or slightly elevated platelet retention values. The patient with congenital afibrinogenemia had normal platelet retention values in tests with untreated glass beads or quartz-filled columns, but low values with treated glass or sand-filled columns. The effects of particle composition and geometry on platelet retention values and mechanisms responsible for retention of platelets in particle-filled columns are discussed.


................................................................................................................................. 2 List of figures ............................................................................................................................ 8 Table of figures ......................................................................................................................... 8 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH .............................................................................. 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ 10 DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ 12 PRELUDE ................................................................................................................................... 13 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 15 DEFINITION OF TERMS: ......................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 18 1.


Prosthetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) has been used for rehabilitation of profoundly deaf patients who are not suitable candidates for cochlear implants. The goal of this article was to assess the relative effectiveness of surface vs. penetrating stimulation of the CN. Electrophysiologic and autoradiographic measures were used to study central auditory system activation elicited by direct stimulation of the CN. Eighteen pigmented guinea pigs, divided into three groups, underwent acute implantation of bipolar electrodes in the CN. One group was not stimulated and acted as a control (n = 7). Electrodes were placed on the surface of the CN in one test group (n = 4) and within the CN in a second test group (n = 7). Thresholds for electrically evoked middle latency responses (EMLR) were determined and input/output (I/O) functions were obtained. The two test groups were then pulsed with [14C]-2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) intramuscularly and stimulated for 1 hour with biphasic; charge-balanced pulses having a total duration of 400 μsec, a repetition rate of 100/sec, and an amplitude of 200 μA. After stimulation, animals were killed and brains were harvested and prepared for autoradiography using standard techniques. Threshold current for EMLRs in the surface-stimulated group had a mean of 67.5 ± 23.9 μA (range, 40 to 100 μA). Thresholds for in-depth stimulated group had a mean of 11.4 ± 3.5 μA (range, 10 to 20 μA). The saturation level of the I/O function for the surface-stimulated group had a mean of 287.5 ± 41.5 μA (range, 250 to 350 μA). The saturation level for the in-depth stimulated group had a mean of 192.9 ± 49.5 μA (range, 100 to 250 μA). The dynamic range for the surface electrodes had a mean of 13.1 ± 2.7 dB (range, 9.9 to 15.9 dB), whereas the dynamic range for the penetrating electrodes had a mean of 24.5 ± 2.6 dB (range, 20 to 28.0 dB). Autoradiographs generated by CNS tissue from stimulated animals demonstrated no significant difference in metabolic activity of the CN between surface and in-depth stimulated groups. However, there were highly significant differences in 2-DG uptake in the contralateral superior olivary complex, contralateral inferior colllculus, and ipsilateral and contralateral lateral lemniscus, with greater uptake in in-depth stimulated preparations. Electrophysiologic and autoradiographic data suggest that a penetrating CN prosthesis is capable of activating the auditory tract at a lower threshold, with a relatively wider dynamic range than a surface prosthesis. This probably reflects greater efficiency of neurostimulation by virtue of direct access to larger populations of second-order neurons and avoiding current injection through surface pial layers.


Closed-Loop Stability Ensuring the stability of the closed-loop is the first and foremost control system design objective. Even though the physical plant, \(G(s)\), may be stable, the presence of feedback can cause the closed-loop system to become unstable, as in the case of higher order plant models. The standard block diagram of a single-input single-output (SISO) feedback control system (Figure 4.1.1) includes a plant, \(G(s)\), a controller, \(K(s)\), and a sensor, \(H(s)\), where \(H\left(s\right)=1\) is assumed.


Due to physical structures and motion attitudes, the IR radiative properties of ballistic targets are different during their flights. However, such differences cannot be easily detected by high-speed observing platform under the influence of detector noise, consequently causing difficulties with the classification and recognition of targets. This paper presents a modeling and simulation of the IR radiative properties of ballistic targets, provides a discussion on the variations in the IR radiative properties among different targets, and proposes a method for a parametric expression of the grayscale time series of the targets under noise. The experimental result indicates that by constructing a hybrid model of tendency, period and noise, an effective feature of the time series can be extracted using de-noising, curve-fitting, and frequency transformation, which ultimately contributes to the classification of targets.


Introduction: First spotted in Wuhan, China, World Health Organisation declared the deadly outbreak caused by novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) as global pandemic on March 11, 2020 With over 72 million cases globally till December 2020, countries need to gear up to detect, isolate and treat Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases Laboratories play a crucial role in diagnosis thereby instituting early contact tracing and quarantine measures The laboratory based COVID-19 diagnostic testing data may help in formulating strategies to contain the spread of infection Aim: To describe key patient variables of the respiratory samples processed for SARS-CoV-2 by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) at a diagnostic laboratory Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, single centre study carried out at ICMR approved COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory, nasopharyngeal swabs received in Viral Transport Medium (VTM) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RTPCR Key patient variables, like age, gender, symptoms and sample positivity rate were tabulated The demographic and clinical data of samples tested were summarised by medians and Interquartile Range (IQR) for continuous variables and by proportions for categorical variables Results: A total of 12,187 samples were received between 21st March to 8th July 2020 The data from 11,196 individuals were complete and were included in the analysis Overall, 2,053 samples were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 indicating positivity rate of 18 33% Sample positivity was highest (63 91%) among high-risk contacts of a laboratory confirmed case The maximum number of samples tested belonged to age group of 21-40 years and male predominance was observed Conclusion: Although social distancing, mask usage, hand hygiene and respiratory etiquettes are important measures for containment of COVID-19, strengthening and capacity building of laboratory network is crucial for mitigating the pandemic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research is the property of JCDR Research & Publications Private Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )


As a general means of expression, audio analysis and recognition has attracted much attentions for its wide applications in real-life world. Audio emotion recognition (AER) attempts to understand emotional states of human with the given utterance signals, and has been studied abroad for its further development on friendly human-machine interfaces. Distinguish from other existing works, the person-dependent patterns of audio emotions are conducted, and fractal dimension features are calculated for acoustic feature extraction. Furthermore, it is able to efficiently learn intrinsic characteristics of auditory emotions, while the utterance features are learned from fractal dimensions of each sub-bands. Experimental results show the proposed method is able to provide comparative performance for audio emotion recognition.


A cleaning method and system for anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), includes a nozzle mounted in close proximity to an ABS sensor. The nozzle is configured to emit pressurized fluid directed toward at least one of a sensor fixed component or sensor rotating component to remove dust, dirt, or other debris.


Geographical Information System (GIS) is a science of spatial data management and an intellectualized high technology. It is a collection of geography, cartology, computer science, remote technology and mathematics. Now, it is going towards data-processing automatization, data configuration, spatial relationship theory, artificial intelligence, and expert system researches. In marine geology, GIS is mainly applied to seafloor topography-physiognomy modeling, marine geological data scientific management and share, marine geological data processing and so on. With the further development of global oceanography research and the appearance of marine geography information system, there is favorable foreground for GIS application to marine geology.


to the population of calling mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) since 1951. Fundamental research on this technique was conducted from 1950 to 1956 as a part of the Cooperative Dove Study. Initial research on the call index was conducted by a number of workers in different parts of the United States (Foote and Peters, 1952; Wagner, 1952; McGowan, 1952, 1953; Kerley, 1952; Duvall and Robbins, 1952; Peters, 1952; Davey, 1953; and Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 1957). Extensive data gathered by co-operators in recent years from 600-700 routes in 44 states annually have been used for management information. Analysis of call-count data from the original management routes by life zones, biotic provinces, soils, and political boundaries has suggested some fundamental relations between populations and ecology. More conclusive evidence of these relations, however, has awaited collection of call-count population data from a statistically appropriate sampling. Although some of the original call-count routes were selected on an ecological basis, at least in the Southeast, many of the routes may have been chosen because they were known to sustain moderate to good dove populations or because they were convenient to an observer. The degree of randomness in selection and of representativeness of ar a and population of the original management routes was unknown. Data from these routes have been used chiefly to denote changes in the population of calling doves on the same routes from year to year. Attempts have been made to weight calling populations by land areas for hu ting-regulation information and for design of a nation-wide nestling-banding pr gram, using data from original management routes, because these were the best data available on dove populations. To permit area-to-area comparisons and proper weighting of call-count data from geographic areas, the population data so used either should be obtained under principles of randomization, or the sampling biases related to nonrandomness should be estimated and used as correction factors. A test o compare data resulting from random sampling with that obtained from the present system of sampling has been of high priority in the over-all dove-management program (Foote, 1953, 1957). This report summarizes results from this test.


PART I1. Introduction2. Histories of the NSW Police Service2.1 Colonial Beginnings 1788-18612.2 Consolidation of Police Power 1862-19592.3 Police Rationality 1960-19792.4 Change That Resulted in More of the Same 1980-19952.5 Conclusion3. 1996 Royal Commission into Police Corruption in the New South WalesPolice Service3.1 Forms of Corruption Discovered in the Service3.2 Entrenched and Systematic Corruption3.3 The Commission's Assessment of the Overall Problem - InadequateLeadership3.4 Commissioner Ryan's Response: His Reform Plan for The New South WalesPolice Service3.5 ConclusionPART II4. Streams of Power4.1 The Idealist Stream: Ideas About How Power "Should" be4.2 The Pragmatist Stream: Accounts of How Power "Actually" is4.3 Conclusion5. Leadership Through the Power Lens5.1 Traditional Approaches to Leadership5.2 Dispersed Approaches to Leadership5.3 Dispersed Leadership: Problematic Considerations in Regard to Power5.4 ConclusionPART III6. The Research and Methodological Framework6.1 Contextual Issues for Organizational Research6.2 Broad Methodological Considerations6.3 The Research Framework6.4 The Methodology6.5 Conclusion7. Methods, Instruments, Contexts and Trends7.1 The Research Questions7.2 Selecting the Research Subject7.3 Crafting Instruments and Protocols7.4 The Constraint and Strategic Use of the Archaeology7.5 Data Collection Strategies7.6 Data Analysis Process7.7 ConclusionPART IV8. Data Analysis: Watching the Detectives8.1 Taken for Granted Realities8.2 Conclusion9. Data Analysis: History and Sensemaking9.1 Historical Patterns of Decision Legitimacy9.2 Historical Delineation of Relationships9.3 Patterns in Sensemaking9.4 Conclusion10. Data Analysis: Policing the Boundaries, Maintaining Order, and WordsVersus Deeds10.1 Boundaries of Discursive Practice10.2 The Ordering of Statements10.3 Words Versus Deeds10.4 Conclusion of Data Analysis11. Conclusion: The Historical Constitution of Power11.1 Propositions11.2 The Historical Constitution of Power in the New South Wales PoliceServicePostscriptAppendicesAppendix A - Key Limitations and AssumptionsAppendix B - Notes on the Way the Research was ConductedReferencesTopic IndexName Index


Microgrid provides reliable and secure energy supply to the areas beyond the access to grid power. Extension of grid to the areas to connect microgrid to the grid enhances performance of weak grid while the grid can cater load imbalance and improve power quality of the microgrid. To obtain these benefits proper control strategies should be employed in each distributed energy resources (DERs) of microgrid. Also, a smooth transition of control from grid connected operation to isolated control is necessary without interrupting supply to the load in the microgrid.In this paper, a case of upcoming MG project of Chisapani, Eastern Nepal consisting of solar Photovoltaic (PV) and PMSG wind turbine with Energy Storage System (ESS) connected to LV grid is modeled and a coordinated control for effective operation of the MG is studied. Coordinated control of DERs in grid supporting control is demonstrated in grid connected operation of MG. In islanded mode of operation, grid forming control of at least one DER is demonstrated for normal operation of the microgrid. Similarly, smooth transition from grid connected to isolated mode of operation is shown resulting from planned or forced isolation of microgrid. Simulation is carried for various operation based on the parameters and site survey data collected for proposed Chisapani microgrid project. The simulation results show smooth operation during grid connected mode and islanded mode with coordinated control strategy of various DERs.


Patrick Carey holds the William J. Kelly, S.J., Chair in Catholic Theology at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Herbert D. Miller was recently awarded a Ph.D. in theology from the University of Dayton, where he is currently an adjunct instructor. His contribution to this issue was drawn from his dissertation, "Enacting Theology, Americanism, and Friendship: The 1837 Debate on Roman Catholicism Between Alexander Campbell and Bishop John Purcell." Mary Elizabeth Brown is archivist and adjunct professor at Marymount Manhattan College, New York City; she is also the archivist for the Center for Migration Studies, also in New York City. Carlos Hugo Parra-Pirela is a lecturer in the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. He earned his doctorate from the University of Toronto in 2012; his research presented here is drawn from his dissertation on the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions. Marlana Portolano is associate professor of English and director of the Master of Arts in Humanities program at Towson University, Towson, Maryland.


Regarding the importance of transportation in the contemporary world and the use of new materials in transport infrastructures (including roads, airports, and railways), the necessity of this research should be considered. There are two types of pavements based on design considerations i.e. flexible pavement and rigid pavement. Flexible pavement includes asphalt pavement and rigid pavement includes concrete pavement. Porous concrete is one kind of rigid pavement.  The main advantage of porous concrete is that it allows water to drain into the subgrade naturally and also prevents the flow of runoff water on the road surface. Porous concrete is made using coarse aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. Porous concrete has many advantages environmentally and economically (reduction in cement consumption). In this study, methods of porous concrete design are discussed. Then, the phases, including doughy, hardening, permeability, and porosity, are investigated. Finally, the permeability and prediction of the impact of active pozzolan on porous concrete are investigated and the results are compared with normal mode by diagrams. The experiment on the sample is conducted through simulation in Matlab software. The data are analyzed by the multilayer perceptron model and the resilience is determined. Since selecting each variable parameter of neural network necessitates recurring trails and errors, resulting in a large number of networks with different structures are training, the genetic algorithm is used for optimization of the parameters and the efficiency of this method in neural network optimization is examined.


Multi-agent systems are being increasingly deployed in challenging environments for performing complex tasks such as multi-target tracking, search-and-rescue, and intrusion detection. This paper formulates the generic target tracking problem as a time-varying optimization problem and puts forth an inexact online gradient descent method for solving it sequentially. The performance of the proposed algorithm is studied by characterizing its dynamic regret, a notion common to the online learning literature. Building upon the existing results, we provide improved regret rates that not only allow non-strongly convex costs but also explicating the role of the cumulative gradient error. The objective function is convex but the variable belongs to a compact domain. The efficacy of the proposed inexact gradient framework is established on a multi-agent multi-target tracking problem.


Objective To study on the chemical constituents from Rumex crispus L..Methods Compounds were isolated and purified repeatedly by silica gel,Sephadex gel and ODS C18 column,and their structures of compounds were identified by physical,chemical methods and spectral data.Results Eight compounds were obtained form the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions from R.crispus,and were identified as β-sitosterol(1),hexacosoic acid(2),emodin(3),emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4),kaempferol(5),kaempferol-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranoside(6),(+)-catechin(7) and(-)-epicatechin(8).Conclusion Compounds 2,4 ~ 8 are obtained from Rumes crispusL.for the first time.


Performance refers to the jobs people do and how well they do them. Too often practitioners apply a specific intervention such as training without stopping to ask if the intervention will fix the performance problem. Just as often professionals with a high level of expertise in an intervention area see every problem as an opportunity to ply their trade. As Abraham Maslow said "If the only tool you have is a hammer every problem starts to look like a nail." There are a number of methods to increase the quality of performance of an individual a team or an organization. Organizational development industrial engineering training and development quality assurance and human resources development pay attention to performance in particular ways. Performance Improvement differs from these approaches by using a systematic approach for finding the root cause of the performance problem and then implementing an intervention (a "fix") that applies only to the identified deficit in the environment. The PRIME II Performance Improvement Approach (PIA) is not a new intervention. It does not compete with successful interventions or programs such as USAIDs Maximizing Access and Quality (MAQ) initiative Quality Assurance Situation Analysis AVSCs Client-Oriented Provider-Efficient (COPE) services or Whole Site Training one or more of which may already be in place. Rather PIA is a systematic methodology for improving access and quality. The PIA is a how-to set of tools to reach these access and quality goals not a new set of goals. The PIA is sustainable and helps build the capacity of client organizations. Too often training interventions do not improve capacity to provide quality FP/RH services and when improvements are made they are not sustained over time. Because public and private sector staff actively participate in every step capacity increases are larger and sustainable over time by organizations that nurture the good performance of al1 within the organization. (excerpt)


The infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (IR-TDLAS) experimental technique was employed to study CF radical kinetics in pulsed capacitively coupled CF4/H2 rf plasmas. In particular, the special data acquisition approach (so-called 'burst mode') was adapted and applied to monitor the absolute number density of CF with a temporal resolution of better than 1 ms. This enabled a proper kinetic analysis of the radical during both 'plasma on' and 'plasma off' phases. Thus, during the 'plasma off' phase, the CF species was found to be rapidly consumed, mostly in the reactor volume. Possible surface losses (sticking) of CF were shown to be of minor importance, and became notable only at total pressures lower than 10 Pa. During the 'plasma on' phase the CF concentration was measured to increase rapidly, reach a maximum and then decrease to its steady-state value. The observed overshoot in the CF density trace was shown to correlate with the corresponding decay of the C2F4 species also measured in the 'plasma on' phase. The electron impact fragmentation of C2F4 was supposed to contribute significantly to the effective production of CF at the beginning of the 'plasma on' phase, which might have caused the observed overshoots.


With the philosophy and logic of principle and method, the paper introduced basketball fielding technical system and concept, and provide reference for study of basketball theory and practice.


The physical properties of materials are substantially modified when the lateral dimensions become of the same order of magnitude as certain characteristic lengths. Recent activities have evolved towards reducing not only the thickness but also the lateral dimensions of the material down to nanometer sizes. This has been made possible by using advanced pattering techniques such as electron been lithography and ultrasonically assisted development [ 11. Regarding magnetoresistance, very recently, a magnetoresistance of -2000% have been reported in ferromagnetic GaMnAs nanocontacts [2]. This effect is called nanocontacts magnetoresistance. We describe here a quick lithographic processes of fabricating nanoconstriction to study the change in magnetoresistance of a (Ga,Mn)As as a function of size of nanoconstriction. The large area (marker and outer contacts) as well as the fine lithography (inner contacts) was performed efficiently in one exposure step, using chemically amplified resist, UVIII, whereas the fine lithographic features (nanoconstrictions) were made using PMMA. We have transferred the structures into the (Ga,Mn)As strip by using wet as well as dry etching (Fig 1 ) . We have varied the size of the nanoconstriction from 150nm down to 15nm. We did not observe any difference in magnetoresistance of simple strip (Fig. 2) and a strip having constriction of 50nm or larger, but when the constriction is reduce to 30nm, a 50% change in magnetoresistance was observed as shown in Fig. 3. In this paper, we will present how to increase the throughput by using a combination of chemically amplified resist and PMMA and also the difference in the magnetoresistance when the constriction is reduced down to 1 onm. References 1 . S. Yasin, A. Mumtaz, D. G. Hasko, F. Carecanac and H. Ahmed, Microelectron. Eng. 53,471 (2000). 2. C . Ruester et al. Cond-Mat. 0308385 (2003)


The paper presents the basis of an original economical and ecological approach of the pumping systems energy efficiency, offering a holistic picture of the pumping efficiency, with emphasis in economical and GHGs emissions mitigation effects. The main contributions consists in the original energy efficiency evaluation method of pumping equipments, a particularization of the pumping systems optimal operation characteristic determination for variable requested flow conditions, and a practical application for parallel operation variable speed driving adjustment, the actual most applied system. In the application, there are emphasis economic and environmental effects, with a special focus on the GHGs emissions. The paper results application consists in automatic driving operation and in new pumping optimization operation solution evaluation, including pumps and motors energy classification, considering the actual international trends and European Commission commitments in energy and climate changes fields. Key-Words: energy efficiency, GHGs emission mitigation, operation modeling, variable speed driving 1. European frame of energy efficiency innovation Pumping systems and equipments energy efficiency improvement is vital in reaching the energy and climate change European policy objectives: to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% and ensure 20% of renewable energy sources in the EU energy mix; to reduce EU primary energy use by 20% by 2020. Considering that energy consumption in this type of installations represents more that 20% of the total energy consumption of a modern economy, pumping system efficiency improvement could have a consistent contribution to the effort to accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective low carbon and energy efficiency technologies. Energy industry has five clear components (resources, production, transport, distribution and consumption), each of them with specific problems and solutions. In the longer term, the solutions for decarbonizes the economy and improve energy efficiency, new generations of technologies have to be developed through breakthrough in research. Since the oil price shocks in the 70s and 80s, Europe has enjoyed inexpensive and plentiful energy supplies. The easy availability of resources, no carbon constraints and the commercial imperatives of market forces have not only left the union dependent on fossil fuels, but have also tempered the interest for innovation and investment in new energy technologies. This has been described as the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen. Intrinsic weaknesses in energy innovation The energy innovation process, from initial conception to market penetration, also suffers from unique structural weaknesses. It is characterized by long lead times, often decades, to mass market due to the scale of the investments needed and the technological and regulatory inertia inherent in existing energy systems. Innovation faces entrenched 'locked-in' carbon based infrastructure investments, dominant actors, imposed price caps, changing regulatory frameworks and network connection challenges. The market take-up of new energy technologies is additionally hampered by the commodity nature of energy. New technologies are generally more expensive than those they replace while not providing a better energy service. The immediate benefits tend to accrue to society rather than the buyers. Some technologies face social acceptance issues and often require additional up-front integration costs to fit into the existing energy system. Legal and administrative barriers complete this innovation adverse framework. In short, there is neither a natural market appetite nor a short-term business benefit for such technologies. This market gap between supply and demand is often referred to as the 'valley of death' for low carbon energy technologies. Public intervention to support energy innovation is thus both necessary and justified. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on ENVIRONMENT and DEVELOPMENT Mircea Grigoriu ISSN: 1790-5079 1 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2009 Between the key EU technological challenges for the next 10 years to meet the 2020 targets are: – Bring to mass market more efficient energy conversion and end-use devices and systems, in buildings, transport and industry, such as poly-generation and fuel cells; – Maintain competitiveness in fission technologies, together with long-term waste management solutions. And between the Key EU technology challenges for the next 10 years to meet the 2050 vision is: achieve breakthroughs in enabling research for energy efficiency: e.g. materials, nano-science, information and communication technologies, bio-science and computation. Between the European regulations with an important impact to energy efficiency, are: New and unitary Legislation or Amending the Directive 92/75/EEC-for the global energy and environmental performance-then-the better and simplification Eco-design: Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005, establishing a framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Energy-Star: Regulation (EC) No. 2422/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on a Community energy efficiency labeling program for office equipment as amended. Energy Labeling: Council Directive 92/75/EEC of 22 September 1992 on the indication by labeling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances. Eco-label: Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 July 2000. According to the European plans for eco-design implementation measures, the pumps, funs and electric motors should be in the phase of drafting measures and impact assessment by the end of this year. 2. Operation pumps adequate representation solutions 2.1.Pumps operation point representation Operation point could be obtain graphically as the intersection between the pump head-flow characteristic curve Hp(Q), equation (1), with the pipe head-flow resulting characteristic curve Hr(Q), equation (2), as it is presented in fig. 1 [1], or analytically solving the equations system representing the polynomial approximation of the mentioned characteristics curves, as follows [2]: 3 2 2 1 ) ( a Q a Q a Q H + ⋅ + ⋅ = (1) 2 2 1 ) ( b Q b Q H r + ⋅ = (2)


Treating producing zones with hydrocarbon mixtures can increase the flow capacity of wells in which the rate has decreased because of gas-condensate precipitation. When an appropriate mixture is injected in a predetermined amount (volume per meter of producing interval), production can be increased by 10-20%. After treatment, producing rates can be stabilized for a period of several months to 2 years. Wells producing from gas-condensate, depletion-drive reservoirs are considered to be the most suitable for stimulation. These wells can be characterized by: Initial liquid content in the formation (pentane plus high boiling fraction) exceeds 430-520 cu m/cu m of gas (77-93 bbl/MMcf). Formation pressure is in the range of 10-25% of initial pressure. Producing formation thickness is 15-80 m (49-262 ft). For better results in stimulating a well, one should consider the nature of rock characteristics of the reservoir. Preferred formations for stimulations are porous-type reservoirs with permeability not higher than 10{sup {minus}13} sq m (100 md) and not lower than 10{sup {minus}15} sq m (1 md).


We present a strongly polynomial algorithm for linear optimization problems of the form min{cx|Ax = b, x ≥ 0} having 0-1 vectors among their optimal solutions. The algorithm runs in time O(n max{m, log n}), where n is the number of variables an m is the number of equations. The algorithm also constructs necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for 0-1 solutions in the form of a linear system.


Recently, the US Commerce Department issued a report entitled, "The Emerging Digital Economy II." The report is remarkably informative and sheds light on significant aspects of the US and world economies. In particular, the report focuses on the "digital divide" in the US and in the world. Following are some facts that document worldwide digital reality as it relates to competitiveness and globalization. These facts should be useful in the discourse on these matters. * Thirty-seven percent of the US population have Internet access at home or at work. In France, the percentage is eight. In Africa and the Middle East, the percentage is less than one. * In the US on-line access to the World Wide Web is lowest among African-American and Hispanic households. In rural areas the access is 5.5 and 7 percent respectively, and in central cities access is 5.8 and 7.3 percent for the same groups respectively. * The Midwestern and the Southern regions of the US have the lowest overall on-line service (17.3 and 17.4 percent respectively). * In 1996 and 1997, falling prices in the information technology producing industries brought down overall inflation by at least 0.7 percentage points. In addition, the same industries, for the 1990-1997 period, experienced a robust 10.4 percent average annual growth in gross product originating, or value added, per worker. Furthermore, the 1999 UN's Human Development Report (HDR) indicates that the Internet is linking people in a new global network. Nevertheless, access to the Internet is concentrated among people in rich countries. For example, OECD countries with 19% of the world's population account for 91% of users. In addition, English is used by 80 percent of web sites even though less than 10 percent of the world population speaks the language. Certainly, how well social and economic actors (e.g., individuals, firms, nations) use networking and information technology now and in the future shapes the welfare and determines the vitality of these actors. The fear is that many countries and communities within nations may be left behind. Consequently, these groups are destined to be neither active participants nor beneficiaries of globalization. Simply put, knowledge in information technology and networking capabilities are the sources for sustaining competitiveness in the future. This stems from two facts. First, companies, more than ever, are relying on digital information to optimally rationalize their operations. In selecting new sites for relocation, firms give priority to localities and communities that offer needed on-line capacity. Second, enhancing the welfare of citizens in each nation depends, more than ever, on mastering new technologies. The 1999 UN's HDR states that "writing computer programs and revealing genetic codes have replaced the search for gold, the conquest for land and the command of machinery as the path to economic power. …


Adult Ceratopogonidae were sampled using emergence traps in four terrestrial habitats (1986–1989). The number of species (S) was low in the mesoxerophytic meadow (S = 8) and the hedgerow (S = 2), compared to the alder/willow forest (S = 12) and the oak/hornbeam forest (S = 14) studied. Annual emergence abundance of adults was usually higher in the two forest habitats (33 to 194.0 ind./m2/y) compared to the meadow (0.5 to 40.7 ind./m2/y) and the hedgerow (3.3 to 15.1 ind./m2/y). The two forest habitats were fairly similar with respect to species composition but differed in dominant species. Emergence of most species peaked in spring (April/May) and/or in summer (July/August) but Serromyia species emerged mainly in June.


In this work, the existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions to the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations are investigated. The Kohn-Sham equations are a system of nonlinear coupled Schr\"odinger equations that describe multi-particle quantum systems in the framework of the time dependent density functional theory. In view of applications with control problems, the presence of a control function and of an inhomogeneity are also taken into account.


This paper introduced the construction and features of electromagnetic brakes for elevators,and analyzed the brakes' working characteristics.A method was presented to reduce the energy consumption by the brakes.The method is to cut down the holding voltage of a brake to 35V DC which is used to keep the brake with a zero working air gap.The starting voltage is 110V DC which to start the brake with a maximal air gap.ANSYS Maxwell was employed to establish a two-dimensional finite element model for the brake,and its electromagnetic attraction characteristic curves were obtained,which demonstrated that energy-saving brakes had advantages such as high-current starting and low-current holding.For a ten-story passenger elevator,the energy-saving brake can save electricity up to 80%.


1:30 PM 17.1 A Digitally Assisted CMOS WiFi 802.11ac/11ax Front-End Module Achieving 12% PA Efficiency at 20dBm Output Power with 160MHz 256-QAM OFDM Signal Y. H. Chee, MediaTek, San Jose, CA In Paper 17.1, MediaTek describes a digitally assisted CMOS WiFi 802.11ac/11ax front-end module. The TX path delivers 20dBm output power with -35dB EVM and 12% PAE. The RX path achieves a 2.6dB NF and a 12.5dB gain while consuming 9mA from a 2.5V supply.


As long ago as 1993, James E. Young noted that "as many people now visit Holocaust memorials every year as died during the Holocaust itself" (Young 1993:x). Since then, the number of visitors has increased substantially: 1.38 million were recorded at Auschwitz in 2010 ("Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum" 2011:20--21). The existence of pilgrimages such as March of the Living, as well as the plethora of Holocaust memoirs which describe visits to sites of Holocaust memory, further suggests not only that traces of the Holocaust may be found at the places where it happened, but that such traces enable a form of witnessing by non-survivors.1 The description of trips for young Israelis to Holocaust sites by Jackie Feldman as creating "witnesses of the witnesses" is but one example of the powerful potential perceived in visiting sites of Holocaust memory (Feldman 2002:85). Yet what is often lost or at the very least ignored in this scenario is the inadequacy of place as a basis for bearing witness. Through the analysis of two Holocaust survivor testimonies, Return to Auschwitz by Kitty Hart-Moxon (Hart 1981; Hart-Moxon 1997) and Seed of Sarah (1991) by Judith Magyar Isaacson, and two second generation memoirs, The War After: Living with the Holocaust (1996) by English journalist Anne Karpf and Jewels and Ashes (1991) by Australian writer Arnold Zable, this article illustrates the vast differences in these generations' descriptions of visiting Holocaust sites. The focus on the different roles of place in survivor and second generation Holocaust memoirs shows why it is problematic to draw on place to bear witness to the Holocaust, which sheds light on the consequences of Holocaust tourism for Holocaust memory. Place in Holocaust Narrative Despite the centrality of place and the associated themes of exile and displacement to Holocaust narratives, this aspect has not often been investigated in literary criticism (Kandiyoti 2004:305). In fact, the spatial aspect of the Holocaust has rarely been the focus of scholarly discourse. As Waitman Beorn et al. note, "no comprehensive interpretations have identified and investigated the spaces and geographical patterns of the Holocaust" (Beorn et al. 2009:563). This article therefore responds to Dalia Kandiyoti's appeal "for an expanded body of literary criticism on the Holocaust, one that treats place as an important category through which to interpret the narrative of the Holocaust survivor" (Kandiyoti 2004:304). By extending the analysis to second generation Holocaust memoirs--those by children of survivors--this article also grapples with intergenerational transmission of Holocaust memory and the role of place in this process, expanding upon the limited research in this area, such as that by Marita Grimwood (Grimwood 2007:201). It therefore not only illuminates the spatial aspect of Holocaust memoirs, but adds a new aspect to the extensive discourse on descendants of survivors. What is a Witness? In order to analyse the way in which survivor and second generation memoirs draw on place to write about the Holocaust, this article deploys the concept of witnessing. The writing of Holocaust testimony by survivors is regarded as bearing witness (Waxman 2006:3), and while second generation writing about the Holocaust cannot be regarded in exactly the same way, second generation memoirs still bear witness to the effects of the Holocaust. Indeed, both Dvir Abramovich and Alan L. Berger refer to writing by the second generation as bearing witness to the Holocaust (Abramovich 2001; Berger 1990). The term "Holocaust" is generally understood to mean the mass murder of European Jews during the Second World War. (2) However, the narratives described in Holocaust testimonies and second generation memoirs are personal versions of this historical event. Hence in this article, "Holocaust" refers to both these interpretations--the personal and the historical--and it is the interplay between the two which forms Holocaust witnessing. …


With the scarcity of good quality water, plants like tomatoes will be more susceptible to excess boron (EB) in Mediterranean regions. The effects of EB on the growth, free, semi-bound, and bound boron (B) concentrations, and macromolecules of the Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Castle Rock, were investigated in this study. Seedlings were exposed to four levels of EB using boric acid. The results manifested that EB inhibited tomato growth, total water content, and photosynthetic pigments. EB harmed the membrane stability, as seen by increased potassium (K) leakage, UV absorbance metabolites, and electrolyte conductivity (EC) in leaf disc solution. EB raised concentrations of free, semi-bound, and bound forms of B in seedlings. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data revealed that EB induced uneven wax deposition, altered the shape of cell walls, and lowered cellulose synthesis in seedlings. EB affected the amide I and amide II indicating damage to the protein pools. These results provide new insights into understanding the specific effects of EB on the functional groups of different macromolecules of tomato seedlings.


A growing number of frauds happening in E-market have hindered severely the development of E-Commerce.In the paper,the trust incentive strategies applied in online auction sites are classified into two types: reputation mechanism and insurance mechanism.Their functioning mechanism and limits in the online auction context are discussed by building economic models respectively.The results show that the reputation mechanism has weak incentive to the honest behavior of traders,and insurance mechanism can provide stable honest incentive,under some conditions,the stimulating effect are determined by the design of related parameters.Lastly,the two strategies are compared and analyzed about their similarities and differences,some future directions are suggested based on some existed problems.