Subject of the Master thesis, is road, rail, public, water and aerial transport. At first, the Master thesis deals with basic theoretical issues concerning the transport. Further, it analy-ses present state and development of transport infrastructure, firstly in the Czech Republic as a whole, subsequently also within the scope of individual regions. Detected findings on the transport infrastructure of individual regions are then confronted mutually and they are compared with basic economic indicators by means of an index. Through acquired data evaluation, it is discovered whether the development of transport infrastructure exerts in-fluence upon economic development of the regions, eventually upon regional development of the Czech Republic.


This article presents a model for a "People's Lobby," a digital process of deliberation and activism that allows citizens to have their voices heard on important political issues. The model described in this proposal attempts to achieve deliberation for its own sake, but also for the sake of an activist intervention geared toward immediate response—a process commonly called lobbying. In other words, this is a model that combines the fairness and inclusivity of deliberation with the prodding tension of organized activist lobbying. The People's Lobby might not completely counteract the effects of more conventional corporate lobbying and other mass-organizational pressures, but if it increases the impact of citizens' reflective and deliberative voices even marginally, it will be well worth the effort.


Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)-based cooperative relaying system (CRS) has emerged as a solution to the spectral inefficiency problem of the conventional CRS thanks to the NOMA integration. Thus, as a subset of the NOMA-CRS, the NOMA-based diamond relaying network (NOMA-DRN) also provides a performance gain in terms of throughput. However, the NOMA-DRN has a poor error performance due to the second phase(uplink), indeed, it has an error floor regardless of the transmit power, power allocation and channel qualities. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel NOMA-DRN scheme where a joint maximum likelihood(JML) decoding is implemented at the destination. Then, we define the performance metrics (i.e., bit error rate(BER) and the diversity order) of the NOMA-DRN with the JML and analyze the computational complexity. Moreover, we demonstrate that the new NOMA-DRN with JML can cope with the error floor penalty of the conventional NOMA-DRN. Hence, a spectral efficient NOMA-CRS scheme can be achieved with high data reliability. Specifically, this improvement can reach to ~20−30dB in the transmit power which is superb gain in terms of energy efficiency perspective. Furthermore, with the proposed NOMA-DRN with the JML, the full diversity order can be achieved in the low-medium SNR region.


Hyperspectral datasets contain spectral noise, the presence of which adversely affects the classifier performance to generalize accurately. Despite machine learning algorithms being regarded as robust classifiers that generalize well under unfavourable noisy conditions, the extent of this is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of simulated spectral noise (10%, 20%, and 30%) on random forest (RF) and oblique random forest (oRF) classification performance using two node-splitting models (ridge regression (RR) and support vector machines (SVM)) to discriminate healthy and low infested water hyacinth plants. Results from this study showed that RF was slightly influenced by simulated noise with classification accuracies decreasing for week one and week two with the addition of 30% noise. In comparison to RF, oRF-RR and oRF-SVM yielded higher test accuracies (oRF-RR: 5.36%–7.15%; oRF-SVM: 3.58%–5.36%) and test kappa coefficients (oRF-RR: 10.72%–14.29%; oRF-SVM: 7.15%–10.72%). Notably, oRF-RR test accuracies and kappa coefficients remained consistent irrespective of simulated noise level for week one and week two while similar results were achieved for week three using oRF-SVM. Overall, this study has demonstrated that oRF-RR can be regarded a robust classification algorithm that is not influenced by noisy spectral conditions.


The title complex was prepared through the reaction of (Ph_3P)_2Ag (S_2CSR)(R=C_6H_5 or C_6H_2Pr_3~i-2,4,6) formed by inserting of CS_2 into Ag-S bond of AgSR in the presence of Ph_3P with BrCH_2CH_2Br-P under mild conditions.The colorless block crystal belongs to rhombohedral system with the space group R3c,a=1.6421(2)nc,c=4.4075(9)nm,V=10.297(3)nm~3,D_c=1.746g.cm~(-3),The final Ris 0.033 for 2244 independent reflecions.The four silver atoms and for bromine atoms form a distorted cube,and each silver atom is tetrahedral-coordinated by one P and three Br atoms.


Background: Elbow carrying angle changes with skeletal growth and maturity, helps in carrying objects and keeps upper limb away from pelvis during movement. Variation of carrying angle value has been observed in relation to age, gender, and some selected anthropometric parameters. Present study was aimed to evaluate the carrying angle in normal adolescents of Bangladesh in relation to age, gender, and hand dominance.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, upon 100 male and 100 female adolescents (10-19 years) by dividing them into two groups (Group A: 10-15 years, Group B: 16-19 years) and all were right hand dominant. Recorded data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25. For statistical analysis unpaired student's 't' test was done. p value was considered significant if it was <0.05 at 95% level of confidence.
Results: Carrying angle of both sides was significantly higher in age group 16 to 19 years and in female (p<0.001) also significant greater value found in dominant hand (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Knowledge of normal carrying angle value is important for management of elbow fracture, designing of total elbow prosthesis, and differentiation of sex in skeletal remain in medicolegal purpose.
JCMCTA 2022 ; 33 (1) : 29-33


We study timelike and spacelike virtual Compton scattering in the generalized Bjorken scaling regime at next to leading order in the strong coupling constant, in the medium energy range which will be studied intensely at JLab12 and in the COMPASS-II experiment at CERN. We show that the Born amplitudes get sizeable O(alpha_s) corrections and, even at moderate energies, the gluonic contributions are by no means negligible. We stress that the timelike and spacelike cases are complementary and that their difference deserves much special attention.


Life on oceanic islands provides a playground and comparably easy\-/studied basis
for the understanding of biodiversity in general. Island biota feature many
fascinating patterns: endemic species, species radiations and species with
peculiar trait syndromes. However, classic and current island biogeography
theory does not yet consider all the factors necessary to explain many of these
patterns. In response to this, there is currently a shift in island biogeography
research to systematically consider species traits and thus gain a more
functional perspective. Despite this recent development, a set of species
characteristics remains largely ignored in island biogeography, namely genomic
traits. Evidence suggests that genomic factors could explain many of the
speciation and adaptation patterns found in nature and thus may be highly
informative to explain the fascinating and iconic phenomena known for oceanic
islands, including species radiations and susceptibility to biotic invasions.

Unfortunately, the current lack of comprehensive meaningful data makes studying
these factors challenging. Even with paleontological data and space-for-time
rationales, data is bound to be incomplete due to the very environmental
processes taking place on oceanic islands, such as land slides and volcanism,
and lacks causal information due to the focus on correlative approaches. As
promising alternative, integrative mechanistic models can explicitly consider
essential underlying eco\-/evolutionary mechanisms. In fact, these models have
shown to be applicable to a variety of different systems and study questions.

In this thesis, I therefore examined present mechanistic island models to
identify how they might be used to address some of the current open questions in
island biodiversity research. Since none of the models simultaneously considered
speciation and adaptation at a genomic level, I developed a new genome- and
niche-explicit, individual-based model. I used this model to address three
different phenomena of island biodiversity: environmental variation, insular
species radiations and species invasions.

Using only a single model I could show that small-bodied species with flexible
genomes are successful under environmental variation, that a complex combination
of dispersal abilities, reproductive strategies and genomic traits affect the
occurrence of species radiations and that invasions are primarily driven by the
intensity of introductions and the trait characteristics of invasive
species. This highlights how the consideration of functional traits can promote
the understanding of some of the understudied phenomena in island biodiversity.

The results presented in this thesis exemplify the generality of integrative
models which are built on first principles. Thus, by applying such models to
various complex study questions, they are able to unveil multiple biodiversity
dynamics and patterns. The combination of several models such as the one I
developed to an eco\-/evolutionary model ensemble could further help to identify
fundamental eco\-/evolutionary principles. I conclude the thesis with an outlook
on how to use and extend my developed model to investigate geomorphological
dynamics in archipelagos and to allow dynamic genomes, which would further
increase the model's generality.


that, replacing a metaphysical concern with the ineffable with a subtler apprehension of the grammar of socialization is a complex interplay of cultural forces and hermeneutic responses (and responsibility). The shift of emphasis reveals that the topoi of these forces are of what the self consists. The world is a sum of the apperception available as language. (35)


In October 2000, a revised version of the Declaration medical or other research but it is important to understand that the decision as to whether or not the Helsinki of Helsinki was adopted by the World Medical Assembly (1). Although many medical journals had declaration is applicable to a given research project is based on rather arbitrary grounds. had editorials and reports on the revised version by the time of its adoption, the absence of public debate I will come back below to other ethical guidelines that may be relevant to public health research, but about the declaration, the revision process, and how it is implemented is remarkable. The declaration of there is today no other set of ethical principles that has the same status as the declaration of Helsinki. First, it Helsinki forms the ethical basis for all medical research. As a basic requirement for a study to be ethically is universal, and accepted by virtually all medical research communities around the world. Second, many acceptable is that it conforms to ` generally accepted scientiŽ c principles' ' and that it is approved by ` a bodies, national and international, have linked it to sanctions, such as not paying out grants or not allowing specially appointed ethical review committee' ' , it is clear that the procedures for ethical scrutiny of medical publication if the project is not approved by an ethical review committee. This seems quite reasonable research have a potentially immense in uence on the development of medical knowledge. to many, but far from all, researchers. Recently, a Swedish governmental committee suggested that all What can we say today, one year after its adoption, about the impact of this revised version, as well as the university-based research projects, not only medical, involving human subjects should be reviewed by an Helsinki declaration in general, on public health research? There are a number of questions relevant to ethical committee (2). Reactions to this proposal were rapid and strong from scientists in faculties of social the public health community that deserve a much broader and more open debate. and behavioural sciences. Prominent scientiŽ c leaders from these faculties talked reluctantly about a ` Stalinistic control system' ' and threats to freedom of thought. IS THE HELSINKI DECLARATION AT ALL RELEVANT TO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH? WHAT DOES ` RESEARCH INVOLVING The coverage of the declaration is, according to the HUMAN SUBJECTS' ' MEAN? second subheading, ` all medical research' ' . What should be included under the broad term ` medical The declaration of Helsinki was Ž rst adopted in 1964 but has a predecessor in the Nuremberg code, which research' ' can be debated, and it is clear that many public health projects would better be classiŽ ed as aimed at preventing the atrocious experiments on humans that were performed under the Nazi regime belonging to the social or behavioural sciences. The dividing line is, however, pragmatic along several (3, 4). Throughout its history, the basis of the declaration of Helsinki has been biomedical research on dimensions: all research performed at medical faculties is generally assumed to be governed by the Helsinki humans, such as trials on drugs and other interventions, taking samples from blood or other  uids for declaration and thus should be submitted to the relevant ethical review committee. All scientiŽ c articles subresearch purposes, performing biopsies, or taking out specimens during surgery, although not necessary for mitted to medical journals are usually considered as reports from medical research and clearance from an treatment. In more recent years, questionnaires and interviews have become commonly used instruments in ethical review committee is mandatory. I have no better suggestion for how to classify research projects into all research on humans, and it has been generally


Coffee waste is an organic material that can potentially be used in agricultural systems as an organic amendment. This study investigated the effects of the application of three concentrations of coffee waste (1%, 2%, and 4% w/v), used as an organic amendment, on soil free-living nematode communities, and in two different soil types (clay and sandy loam). Coffee waste incorporation did not appear to be toxic to the soil's free-living nematodes; on the contrary, it favored the nematode populations; this increase was greater in the sandy loam soil type. Our results show that the abundance of the cp-1 bacteria-feeding nematodes can be used as an indicator of the soil's enrichment or depletion phase. Panagrolaimus was the most promising genus to describe quality differentiations that occur in the soil system. Three months after coffee waste application, Panagrolaimus was found to be dominant in all coffee waste applications, indicating that the soil was in a phase of enrichment. Six months after the application, nematode community structure indices (enrichment and structure) showed that coffee waste was decomposed in the 1 and 2% treatments and that these systems were in a stage of nutrient depletion. In terms of agricultural practices, when a coffee waste dose is lesser than 4%, a second application is recommended before 6 months to avoid soil degradation.


In our previous study, we have proposed a linearization point (LP) selection method based on a global maximum error controller for the trajectory piecewise-linear (TPWL) method. It has been demonstrated that this method has many advantages over other existing methods. In this paper, a more efficient version of this method is presented, which introduces a preliminary LP selection procedure and constructs projection matrix by the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. Compared with the original method, the improved method takes much less time for extracting a reduced-order model (ROM) of similar quality and gets some other benefits (such as being easier to implement, having lower memory requirement, and enhanced flexibility). The effectiveness of the new method is fully demonstrated by a diode transmission line RLC circuit. And then, the method is applied to three more complicated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, which are a micromachined switch, an electrostatic micropump diaphragm, and a thermomechanical in-plane microactuator.


Direct Manipulation is an approach to designing user interfaces, which forms the basis of Graphical User Interfaces. Despite the importance of the concept, no mathematical model of Direct Manipulation has yet been developed. This paper proposes a model of Direct Manipulation, which relates cognitive distance with user familiarity and the novel concepts of "tech bias", "velocity" and "inertia".


Background: Sickle cell Diseases (SCD) is a genetic disorder. It is the most common genetic disorder affecting black race worldwide. It carries a high mortality and morbidity when not promptly and properly managed. Early detection is key to improving the quality of life of people living with sickle cell disease especially in childhood. It has resulted in reduction in mortality rate of SCD to <1% in developed countries through new-born screening but this reduction is yet to be achieved in developing countries.
Objective: To share the experience of new-born screening of SCD at COOUTH Awka. To determine the prevalence of Sickle cell disease among neonates in Anambra State.
Methodology: A retrospective study of screening for SCD in new-borns carried out at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH) Awka from 1st September 2013 to 27th October 2017. This was done using isoelectric focusing machine.
Results: A total of 4961 children were screened, 2410 were males, while 2551 were females. 75% (3733) of the neonates had their hemoglobin genotypes as AA, while 0.3% (16) were Hb SS genotype. Prevalence of Hb SS genotype amongst newborns was 0.32%.
Conclusion: This study found the prevalence of sickle cell disease in newborns to be 0.32%. Newborn screening using Isoelectric focusing machine is very valuable for early diagnosis and prompt management of SCD. There is therefore need for increased awareness of this in Anambra State.


In order to prevent eutrophication of Xiaolangdi Reservoir,this paper studied on the preventive strategy for eutrophication based on the survey and monitoring,including controlling main pollution sources,management and attemperment of reservoir,building inspection station and net,management of environment,etc.And we constituted the counterplan in eutrophication current,which provided the technique sustainment of water quality management and water quantity attemperment.


Orderly and efficient evacuations are the key in saving lives and are of considerable interest to homeland security. There has been a considerable interest in simulation of intelligent agent behavior in the context of agent based modeling. This paper combines Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Neural Networks (NN) to explore how intelligent agents can look for exits during an evacuation. The agents have the capability to adapt their behavior in the environment and formulate their response by learning from the environment. Our approach focuses on modeling individual behavior as well as group behavior. Individuals constantly adjust their behavior according to the dynamic factors in the environment. We are developing crowd-modeling and emergency behavior modeling capability in a goal finding application. This paper examines an intelligent agent-based evacuation that can help plan emergency evacuations, run numerous event-driven evacuation scenarios, support research in the areas of human behavior, and model the movement of responders and security personnel. The result of this simulation was very promising as we are able to observe the agents use GA and NN to learn how to find the various exits.


Menes village in Pandeglang, Banten has long been known as the largest Emping Melinjo cracker producing area in Indonesia. The production process is carried out using a conventional process with family management, where each head of the family produces small to medium quantities of the cracker and then the middlemen or wholesalers collects them. The Emping producer's community has some limitation in packaging knowledge and technology that makes them receive only a small profit. We provide a material regarding the good packaging concept to improve the knowledge of community. In addition, the booklet material also equipped with various explanations about marketing strategies to help the community develop products and increase sales. After receiving the booklet material, some feedbacks from participants gathered to find the effectiveness of such method of knowledge delivering.


The purpose of art education in e-learning era is to help students to develop their aesthetic abilities. However, the scholar Jo Chiung-Hua Chen (2004) found that both students' participation levels and related knowledges in arts were needed to be upgraded. Obviously, there was still a considerable gap between the actual results and the expected ideal while the art education in the school system implemented art appreciation teaching. Thus, the researcher's motivation of this study was triggered to explore how to enhance the teaching effectiveness of art appreciation by applying e-learning curricula. The study took the e-learning curriculum which called "I Love Seurat" as an example to execute the inquiry teaching. The results showed that a good quality e-learning curriculum was certain to enhance students' art appreciation abilities effectively. According to the results of this study, the five suggestions are offered for building the e-learning curricula of art appreciation teaching in the future. Furthermore, the researcher hopes these cases in this study can be continued to revise the development and the teaching promotion, and have helpfulness to enhance students' art appreciation abilities.


Objective To observe the clinical effect of AF screw instrumentation for treatment of thoracolumbar fracture with spinal cord inujry.Methods From March 2002 to May 2006,52 patients(including 41 male and 11 female,with an average age of 40 years) who underwent posterior decompression,laminectomy,reduction under contraction and internal fixation with AF screw.Results All patients were followed up for a period of 6 to 25 months.The results were evaluated as follows:the height of the anterior wedge of vertebral bodies was average 45% before surgery and recovered to 94% after surgery;the kyphosis angle was average 23.20 degrees before surgery and corrected to 8 degrees after surgery.Statistical analysis showed that there was an obviously difference in the angle of the kyphosis and the height of the anterior wedge of vertebral body before and after surgery(P0.01);paraplegia was recovered obviously.Conclusion It is effective to treat patients with thoracolumbar fractures complicated with spinal cord injury with AF screw instrumentation.


Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been applied to "amorphous" active layers consisting of donor-acceptor self-assembled composites in organic solar cells. Several stoichiometric supramolecular complexation states as well as the charge-transfer states are revealed by the solid-state NMR, which have been difficult to access by conventional spectroscopy. The spectra show clear correlation between local self-assembled supramolecular structures and the organic solar cell performances.


Five T-cannulated barrows with average initial body weight (35 ± 1.04) kg (Large White × Landrace) were used, a 5 × 5 Latin square design was adopted to determine ileal apparent(AID) and true(TID) digestibilities of amino acids for corn, soybean meal, peanut meal and dried whey. Endogenous nitrogen losses were determined by enzymatically hydrolyzed casein based diets in this experiment. The results showed that lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan AID and TID for corn were 76.0%, 90.2%, 70.5%, 70.9% and 84.9%, 93.4%, 89.2%, 87.3%; for peanut meal were 82.3%, 90.1%, 77.8%, 81.7% and 88.0%, 93.4%, 92.4%, 90.3%; for soybean meal were 89.3%, 87.4%, 81.4%, 85.3% and 92.5%, 92.1%, 92.1%, 92.3%; for dried whey were 84.2%, 88.5%, 87.9%, 83.1% and 86.8%, 90.2%, 91.7%, 83.8% respectively in turn. The digestibilities of amino acids for the four feedstuffs were similar to those reported in the literature.


Round Square (P374). In the plane, the ratio of the diagonal of a square to its side is always 2. Not so on the surface of a sphere. To be precise, say that four points A, B, C, and D on the surface of a sphere make a spherical square if the (minimal great-circle) distances between adjacent points (AB, BC, CD, and DA) are all equal and also the diagonals AC and BD are equal to each other, as illustrated in fi gure 1. Find the set of possible ratios AC:AB and show that on a given sphere, this ratio uniquely determines the side length of the spherical square.


When I was announced as director early on New Year's Eve at the DDOT headquarters with the mayor and D.C. press present, it seemed as if the whole of the agency was standing on the balconies overlooking the atrium. Even as I gave my opening speech, I could sense the skepticism amongst some in the crowd of transportation employees. Who was this smart aleck from the private sector they'd brought in to shake things up? Why did things need to change?


Simple Summary Endometriosis is a disease that affects 6–10% of women of reproductive age. Although it is a benign condition, endometriotic lesions have around a 1% risk of malignant transformation. Since endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease, it can be expected to resolve or disappear in menopause. However, the prevalence of menopausal endometriosis is 2–4%. In these cases, the risk of malignant transformation is a rare but possible event. Data on the risk of these occurrences are scarce and of low quality. The most studied risk factors related to malignant transformation were hormone replacement therapy and the use of tamoxifen. However, the results were inconclusive. Furthermore, the impact of previous endometriosis and related surgery is unclear. Thus, we felt the need for an updated review on this topic focusing on the distribution of recurrent clinical conditions over a period of 50 years. In this regard, a systematic literature review on the malignant transformation of endometriosis-related lesions in postmenopause was performed to provide useful clinical information about patient characteristics, HRT use, and outcomes. Abstract Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature on malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis to provide information about patient characteristics, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use, and outcomes over a period of 52 years (1969–2021). Methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched for (endometriosis OR endometriotic) AND (cancer OR malignancy OR malignant transformation) AND (menopause OR menopausal OR postmenopause OR postmenopausal) in Pubmed (all fields) (accessed on 12 February 2021) and Scopus (Title/Abstract/Keywords) (accessed on 12 February 2021) databases. The only filter used was the English language. Relevant articles were obtained in full-text format and screened for additional references. Eligibility/inclusion criteria: studies including full case description of malignant transformation of endometriosis-related lesions in postmenopause. Results: 75 studies, including 90 cases, were retrieved. The mean age was 55.8 ± 8.5 years. Overall, about 65% of women had a positive personal history of endometriosis/adenomyosis, and 64% of women underwent previous hysterectomy ± bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Forty-nine of 74 women used HRT (66.2%). Among the women who used HRT, estrogen-only treatment was taken by approximately 75%. Duration of HRT was longer than five years in 63.3% of cases. About 70% of subjects had histology of endometrioid adenocarcinoma or clear cell carcinoma. Follow-up outcome, available for 61 women, showed a survival rate of 78.7%, recurrence of 9.8%, death of 11.5%. The duration of follow-up had a median of 12 months (interquartile range, 6.75–25 months). Interestingly, over the years of case publication there was a significant inverse correlation with previous history of endometriosis (r = −0.28, p = 0.007), HRT use (r = −0.31, p = 0.006), and previous definitive surgery (r = −0.42, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In the malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis, there are some recurrent clinical conditions: previous endometriosis, major definitive surgery before menopause, and estrogen-only HRT for a relatively long time. However, these clinical conditions have shown a drastic decrease over time. This could likely be the consequence of different attitudes and management of gynecologists linked to up-to-date scientific evidence about the use of major surgery in gynecological pathologies. Malignant transformation of postmenopausal endometriosis is a clinical challenge to be explored further.


Context is defined as a unity of shared knowledge which affects a certain linguistic event in linguistic comunication.It can be classified into such two major types as intratextual context and ultratextual context as far as a particular text is concerned.Context is closely related to the meaning as well as the production of linguistic expressions,while linguistic expressions are to fit in with various contexts.


minutely and quite accurately represented by Dr. Carpenter's description (The Microscope, London, 1868, pp. 68 and 69). He continued to make these stages, and in the year 1864 furnished one to Prof. Edwin Emerson, then of Paris, who took pains to show the American stand to those interested in microscopes and especially to the makers. In October of the same year Mr. (now Dr.) W. W. Keen of Philadelphia exhibited one of these stands, with a similar stage, to Nachet, and the following spring placed it in his hands for safe packing for return to this country. These goniometer stages were certainly substantially the same as those now made, and were probably equal to any of the latter in delicacy of adjustment and finish; and it would seem that the publicity then given to them should guarantee to their maker the credit for their invention, unless some other person should claim to have arranged, and in some way published, an identical contrivance at an earlier date.


Social media is often tracked in volume and valence, such as Facebook Likes or positive versus negative Tweets. There is currently great interest in how marketing can affect these metrics and to what extent they drive business performance. However, new monitoring tools also allow tracking the specific content of social media conversations, e.g. consumers' responses to the brand's marketing, their emotional attachment to the brand or product itself, or simply reporting their purchase behaviour related to the brand. What is the relative effect of social media content versus volume and valence metrics on business performance and how does marketing impact performance both directly and by way of driving word-of-mouth conversations? This paper analyzes the short-term and long-term effect of social media word-of-mouth (WOM) on both physical store traffic and online store traffic for a major clothing retailer. The Vector Autoregression (VAR) model estimates how offline and online marketing induce online search and social media conversations and how each of these endogenous variables has direct and indirect effects on business performance. The results reveal that social media WOM has up to 30 times larger performance effects than the most effective paid marketing action and has longer carry-over effects. However, specific marketing actions drive a large part of this WOM, so they should be credited for their indirect performance benefits. Compared to popular volume and valence metrics, conversation content has an up to 80% larger performance effect. Thus, social media impact is not just about volume & valence: knowing 'what' consumers say matters.


This paper illuminates the mode structure and principle of the WDM driver.Taking PCI bus sample card design as a reference,author discusses some key techniques in programming the WDM driver such as memory mapping,the accessing to I/O port,the requesting for interrupt and the communication between application and driver.On the base of these discussion,an example driver that developed under DriverStudio and Visual C++ 6.0 is given.In the last,author of this paper introduces techniques to modify the inf file of WDM driver and the usage of SoftICE which is a useful tools during debugging driver.


The article considers peculiar problems of motivation formation in pedagogical activity, motivational sphere of the personality by means of purposeful influence of psychological factors, influence in the form of active methods of study (special psychological course, practicum, and training), problems of realization of active methods in teaching process worked out on the basis of collective-dialogue cognitive activity (CDCA) technology.


This paper presents a novel proposal of the utility AC interactive three-phase soft commutation sinewave PWM power conditioner developed for solar photovoltaic power generation system and parallel processing uninterruptible power supply with new type battery and super capacitor energy storage devices. The prototype of this power conditioner is composed of a single two-switch auxiliary resonant DC link snubber incorporating into one leg with two divided capacitors of three-phase V-connection inverter legs, two quadrant soft switching PWM chopper with step-up and step-down voltage operating modes and the three-phase utility AC power source. The operating principle of the proposed power conversion conditioning circuit and system is described and discussed based upon unique design of a single high-frequency soft switching sinewave PWM scheme for both the chopper and the three-phase V-connection inverter. The operating performances such as the waveform quality and the actual efficiency of the cost effective utility interactive power conversion conditioning and processing circuit treated here are evaluated and discussed on the basis of experimental data


In this study, the effects of preloaded uniaxial compressive stress and defect (prefabricated by laser cutting) curvature on blast-induced cracks and stress wave propagation were investigated in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens using caustics theory. Based on the mathematical relationship between stress and optics, the fracture behavior (the propagation path, dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs), propagation velocity, initiation angle of the main crack, and damage degree between the defect and the blasthole) was calculated and analyzed quantitatively. The results show that the preloaded stress could mainly restrain the main crack propagation in the horizontal direction and reduce the initiation angle and damage degree at the defects. Meanwhile, the crack initiation position of the positive curvature defect was not at the end of the defect. In addition, the curvature of the defect significantly affected the blast-induced fracture compared to preloaded stresses. Comparing the main crack with other curvature defects, the DSIFs, velocity, crack arrest time, crack length, and horizontal offset distance of the main crack with negative curvature defect were the largest. The variation in the full stress field in the specimen under blasting and preloaded stress was simulated by a numerical model. The results show that the curvature of the defect has a significant effect on tensile waves at the end of defects, and the tensile stress from high to low was C-25, C0, and C25, in that order.


In this paper, we consider an inverse heat conduction problem. The given heat conduction equation, the boundary condition, and the initial condition are presented in a dimensionless form. A set of temperature measurement at a single sensor location inside the heat conduction body is required. The existence, nicety, and stability of the solution to this inverse heat conduction problem will be shown.


This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the shareholder return and the quality of accruals of Brazilian publicly traded companies. For that, the survey counted on a sample of 353 companies, with information obtained in the annual financial statements of 2010 up to 2015, panel data. A research hypothesis was elaborated pertinent to the literature with respect to the quality of accruals. Being confirmed the hypothesis that the quality of the accruals has a positive and significant relation with the stock return. It is concluded that the results of the research corroborate in most of the previous literature


This paper proposes a new secure route discovery protocol design for multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It mainly prevents hidden channel and worm hole attacks. These two attacks are the main causes for non-plausible route setups. So far, no one has attempted to address the hidden channel attack in WSNs. Here, we use authentic neighbourhood and common authentic neighbours to prevent hidden channel and worm hole attacks. The requirement for the use of bandwidth is optimised through limited broadcasting design of the route discovery process. The correctness of the proposed protocol has been tested by AVISPA model checker. Simulation results of the proposed routing design ensures the effectiveness of the approach.


We propose and numerically validate a patch reflectarray modeling approach suitable for small patches that describes each patch as a pair of polarizable magnetic dipoles. We introduce an extraction technique to obtain the effective polarizability of the patch dipoles via full-wave simulations on individual patches, followed by a beamforming design routine valid under weakly scattering configurations. This dipole framework serves as an alternative to the ray tracing model often used in reflectarray designs, in which rays are drawn from the feed point and scattered off of the patch elements. Whereas the ray tracing method solves the design problem in terms of phase delays, the dipole framework presented here has the potential to accurately design and predict beam patterns using a fully dipolar treatment of empirically characterized patches. We illustrate this technique by applying it to two modulation strategies: a variable patch size reflectarray in which the phase can be continuously tuned (grayscale patch response), and a fixed patch size (binary patch response) in which on/off modulation is achieved through selective patch electrical shorting. Methods for incorporating these cases into the dipole design framework are discussed and the results compared to those from full wave simulation.


A multi model predictive control and proportional-integral controller switching (MMPCPIS) approach is proposed to control a nonlinear distillation column. The study was implemented on a multivariable nonlinear distillation column (Column A). The setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection performances of the proposed MMPCPIS were evaluated and compared to a proportional-integral (PI) controller and the hybrid controller (HC). MMPCPIS developed to overcome the HC's limitation when dealing with very large disturbance changes (50%). MMPCPIS provided improvements by 27% and 31% of the ISE (integral of square error) for feed flow rate and feed composition disturbance changes, respectively, compared with the PI controller, and 24% and 54% of the ISE for feed flow rate and feed composition disturbance change, respectively, compared with HC.


Hipfracture haslong beenconsidered amajor threat to survival inagedpopulations. Thisreport describes thesurvival expe- rience of814aged, community dwelling hip fracture patients treated in sevenBaltimore hospitals between 1984and1986: 4.3percentdied during hospitalization; 8.2, 12.6, and17.4 percent died within three, six, and12months after fracture, respectively. Themortality rateforthe entire population approaches expected mortality approximately six


assume H : Rn → R is an invariant or the energy of the system, and that we have f(y) = S∇H(y) with S an n× n, skew-symmetric matrix1. To derive energy-preserving numerical integration methods for these problems one can use discrete gradient techniques, [5], [7]. Such methods rely on appropriate approximations of∇H(y) and S (in the case S depends on y), and in general can not be expanded in a B-series. (i.e. they are not so called B-series methods). A B-series for the system ẏ = f(y) is a formal series in powers of the step size h and in terms


Introduction: Impact melts form after a craterforming impact, where the energy accumulated causes the rock to melt. This melt can then be ejected from the crater, forming flows and veneers exterior to the crater rim [1]. Lunar melt deposits are known to have unusual surface textures that are unlike lunar or terrestrial lava flows, but the reason for this remains unknown [2]. Neish et al. [3] speculated that their roughness properties were caused by the disruption of a glassy surficial layer, which is broken up into decimeter-sized blocks through multiple small impacts. Neish et al. [3] looked for spectral evidence of glass in visual and nearinfrared (VNIR) data of lunar melt deposits, but the results were inconclusive. However, VNIR measurements of volcanic samples with varying crystal content have shown that the glassiest samples are systematically darker than the more crystalline samples [4]. Thus, examining the albedo of the lunar surface may be an efficient method for identifying the presence of glass there. In this work, we seek to determine whether lunar impact melt deposits are statistically darker than the surrounding regolith, which would be consistent with a glassy composition. To do so, we investigate two lunar craters that are known to possess large exterior flows of impact melt: Giordano Bruno and Glushko. Glushko is a Copernican age crater located on the nearside of the Moon (8.11°N, -77.67°E) with a diameter of 43 km. Giordano Bruno is a young, fresh crater (age < 10 Ma) located on the far side of the Moon (35.97°N, 102.89°E) with a diameter of 22 km [5]. Here, we mapped impact melt deposits around both craters, and compared their radiance to that of the surrounding ejecta (Figure 1). Methods: We identified the impact melt deposits surrounding both craters using a combination of (1) visual identification in Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images and (2) images created from surface temperature data acquired by LRO's Diviner instrument [6]. These regions were mapped as shapefiles in ArcGIS, and their photometrically normalized radiance factor (I/F) data was extracted from these areas in seven bands (321 nm, 360 nm, 415 nm, 566 nm, 604 nm, 643 nm, 689 nm) from Photometrically Normalized 7-color Semi-global Mosaic Using Hapke Parameter Maps (MDRHAP) [7]. These data take into account the single scattering albedo, the probability that a photon is scattered, and the probability that a photon is scattered in a given direction [8]. We used Zonal Statistics to determine the average I/F for the melt deposits and their standard deviation. We then compared these to data from similarly sized regions in non-melt bearing portions of the ejecta blanket (Figure 3).


It is standard practice, no matter what other anthropometric measurements may be taken, to record height and weight at routine medical examina tions. There are a number of reasons for so doing. Height related to weight, or to some function of weight, at a given age may be used as an index of body build and physical constitution; gross deviation from standard norms may raise the suspicion of disease or nutritional deficiency; and periodic observations on the same individual afford a stan dard for assessing physical fitness and in some instances may be an aid to diagnosis. Considerations of individual health apart, however, perhaps the most interesting information is to be found in measurements derived from groups. Such measure ments have, for example, been widely used as an index of health and development among children, and in a number of studies group differences in stature have been related to socio-economic back ground (Friend and Bransby, 1947; Bransby and others, 1946; Yudkin, 1944). Relationships between the stature of parents and their children have been studied by Pearson and Lee (1903), by Bowles (1932), and more recently by Durnin and Weir (1952). Still other investigations have demonstrated differences in stature between ethnic groups. Finally, a matter of some interest in the present context, a small but definite correlation has been established between stature and intelligence, and Parnell (1952) has drawn attention to relationships between various somatotypes and the academic performances of undergraduates at Oxford University. Students form a convenient and relatively accessible group for anthropometric surveys and are often used as standards of comparison. The last survey carried out among students generally was that of Cathcart, Hughes, and Chalmers (1935). More recently, published information has been derived chiefly from Oxford and Cambridge, and is by no means necessarily representative of the student population of this country as a whole. Indeed, differences in group measurements between one university and another would not be unexpected. The distribution of students by socio-economic status is unlikely to be the same at the older univer siti s as it is at provincial universities, and there may be differences among the provincial universities themselves in this regard. Moreover, Martin (1949) demonstrated differences in stature between young men from different regions of the country and these differences may be reflected in university groups, since provincial universities tend to draw their students predominantly from the local population. Considerable changes in the size and composition of the undergraduate population of Great Britain have taken place in recent years. Jt would be of interest to establish information which could con fidently be regarded as representative of the under graduate population of the United Kingdom, and the observations which follow are presented as a contribution from the University of Wales. There are, in addition, points of particular interest in a study of a predominantly Welsh population. There is, for example, the possibility that ethnic factors might determine differences between Welsh students and o hers. Differences in physique between groups distinguished on socio-economic criteria, might, moreover, be accentuated in Wales as a result of adverse environmental experiences during the trade dep ession of the 1930s?a time when present-day students were passing through infancy or early childhood. On the other hand, during the recent w r and in the post-war years, improved nutritional opportunities may have modified the consequences of earlier environmental stresses. Factors such as these have to be borne in mind and give added point to anthropometric studies at the present time. 60


1. A method that facilitates sending information on the channel quality indicator (CQI) in a wireless communication environment, comprising the steps of: encode CQI information to output a sequence of coded CQI bits in a particular order; ! interleaving the coded CQI bits to reorder the sequence of coded CQI bits, and! transmitting the reordered sequence of coded CQI bits to a base station via an uplink channel. ! 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of encoding the CQI information using a punctured block Reed-Muller code. ! 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the coded CQI bits is associated with a respective input position, K, in the sequence and a respective output position in the reordered sequence. ! 4. The method of claim 3, wherein a one to one mapping between input positions and output positions. ! 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of interleaving the coded CQI bits using an interleaving based on prime factor. ! 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of interleaving the coded CQI bits using an interleaving based on prime factor comprises the steps of: multiplying a respective input position, K, corresponding to a particular bit of the M coded CQI bits in the sequence, a simple factor, Q, to give the corresponding product, and! identifying a respective output position, K1 is related to a specific bit of the M coded CQI bits in the reordered sequence as being from the


This chapter continues the discussion of the cognitive component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) introduced in Chapter 8. It includes instructions regarding how to review thought records and uses a coaching metaphor to discuss various styles of coaching. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to formulate helpful alternative thoughts to use in place of negative automatic thoughts.


The methanol extract of the leaf of Allamanda cathartica L. as well as its hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates were subjected to screening for antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau reagents using butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and ascorbic acid as standards. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction revealed the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 47.5±0.11 μg/ml) which could be correlated to its total phenolic content of 59.31±0.47 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of extractives. In hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 69.49±0.49 and 40.0±0.75%, respectively. Here, acetyl salicylic acid (0.1 mg/ml) was used as reference showing 72.79 and 42.12% of haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) in hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, respectively. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of A. cathartica demonstrated activity against microbial growth with zone of inhibition ranging from 5.0 to 8.5 mm. This fraction demonstrated 8.5 mm zone of inhibition against Bacillus megaterium.


Most products require some type of coating such as paint, stain or sealer. Because the use of coatings is so widespread, there is great potential for both environmental benefit and cost savings through pollution prevention. Source reduction and recycling techniques can reduce hazardous and solid waste generation, reduce air emissions, reduce the use of raw materials and conserve water. An on-site assessment of a coating operation may be the best way to reveal opportunities to reduce waste generation and costs through pollution prevention.


A VLSI array for stable matrix inversion using gauss-jordan diagonalization.- Kalman filtering systolic array design using dependence graph mapping.- Generalized distributive memory arrays.- Design and implementation of a class of neural networks.- Neural network models for the learning control of dynamical systems with application to robotics.- Complex multiplication using the polynomial residue number system.- On routing and performance analysis of the doubly connected networks for MANs & LANs.- Bicameral neural computing.- Non-binary neural networks.- New learning & control algorithms for neural networks.- A fixed-size systolic system for the transitive closure and shortest path problems.- Systematic design of fast discrete controllers.- Nonlinear stabilizing control of high angle of attack flight dynamics.- Controllability of large-scale nonlinear systems with distributed delays in control and states.- Robust application of Beard-Jones detection filter.- Lie groups underlying fault avoidance in dynamical control systems.- Computation and implementation of precision control for flexible space structures.- On PI and PID/sliding mode controllers.- Tuned values in adaptive control.- On the adaptive control of a partially observable binary markov decision process.- Adaptive control of linear systems with rapidly-varying parameters.- Learning control for robotics.- Instantaneous trajectory planning for redundant manipulator in the presence of obstacles.- Coordinated control in a multi-manipulator workcell.- Digital control of linearizable systems.- Representations of systems with finite observations.- On-line identification of electric load models for load management.- Uniform stabilization of a thin elastic plate by nonlinear boundary feedback.- A generalization of a theorem of datko and pazy.- The destabilizing effect of delays on certain vibrating systems.- Feedback stabilization of a viscoelastic rod.- Continuous dependence of the asymptotics in discrete and continuous dynamical systems.- Persistency of excitation and (lack of) robustness in adaptive systems.- On complexity in synthesis of feedback systems.- Robustness in the presence of parametric uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics.


Objective:To investigate the influence to the therapeutic effect with prolonged the period of radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:Between 1990 and 1995,176 patients who intermitted their treatment for holiday and 182 patients who received successive radiotherapy were admitted into the study.The patients′ period of treatment were prolonged about 5-days.All patients received routine divided radiotherapy.26 of 176 patients with prolonged period of treatment received supplementary radiotherapy.Results:There were significant differences in local failure,3-year survival rate and 5-year survival rate between patients with prolonged period of radiotherapy and those without delay (47 versus 42,60.9 % versus 76.5 %,41.6 % versus 54.7 %,respectively,P0.05).There were also significant differences in local failure,3-year survival rate and 5-year survival rate between patients intermitted treatment at radiotherapy dose36 Gy and those at radiotherapy dose ≥36 Gy (17 versus 30,68.5 % versus 54.3 %,49.6 % versus 33.6 %,respectively,P0.05).26 patients received suplementary radiotherapy with different doses,local failure,3-year survival rate and 5-year survival rate were 6,72.8 % and 49.3 %.Conclusion:When the total period of treatment in patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was prolonged by some reasons such as holidays,local control rate,3-year survival rate and 5-year survival rate will decrease.In those intermitted treatment at radiotherapy dose≥36 Gy,the influence to therapeutic effects would be more distinct.If patients received supplementary radiotherapy after intermitted treatment,their therapeutic effects was distinctly superior to those without that.


Aim: To evaluate the correlation of various nuclear morphometric variables with conventional staging categories in patients with urothelial cancer of the urinary bladder. Material and Method: Nuclear morphometry using interactive image analysis system was performed on hematoxylin and eosin stained slides of 39 patients with urothelial cancer of the bladder. Thirteen patients were classified as Ta, N₀, M₀, 5 as T1, N₀, M₀, 13 patients had invasive disease (T ≥ 2, N₀, M₀), and 8 had pelvic lymph node involvement or distant metastases. Results: Univariate analysis demonstrated 19 out of 25 morphometric variables to show statistically significant difference between superficial disease (Ta, T1) and invasive disease (T ≥ 2, N+). Standard deviation of heterogeneity, standard deviation of polygonal area and standard deviation of angle were found to be highly significant stage predictors on multivariate analysis (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristics analysis based on this variables revealed that the best cut point of the discriminate score was –0.5 for distinguishing between superficial (Ta, T1) and invasive disease (T ≥ 2, N+). The sensitivity of the test is 90.5% and the specificity is 88.9%. Only 2 variables demonstrate statistically significant difference between locally advanced and metastatic disease in univariate analysis, none of them were significant in the multivariate model. Conclusion: Nuclear morphometry enables objective and quantitative differentiation between superficial and invasive bladder cancer. Comparison between invasive (T ≥ 2) and nodal involvement (N+) and/or metastatic disease revealed no significant differences, suggesting that they might be biologically one entity.


This article is an adaptation of the keynote address that Mike Gilliland delivered at the 2016 Foresight Practitioner Conference in Raleigh, N.C. Copyright International Institute of Forecasters, 2017


The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway has critical roles in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Aberrant activation of HH signaling has been known to be involved in several types of malignant tumors. GLI1 is a transcription factor that acts not only as the terminal effector but also represents a pathway target gene, amplifying the HH signal. GLI1 expression/activity is modulated at different levels of gene regulation. The aim of the thesis is to explore the functional alterations in GLI1 transcriptional activity and further investigate the consequences on the output of HH signaling. Paper I. We discovered an antisense transcript, which is a long non-coding RNA located head-to-head with the gene encoding GLI1, and termed it GLI1 antisense (GLI1AS). The expression of GLI1AS in cancer cells was concordant with GLI1 levels. GLI1AS knockdown upregulated GLI1, increased cellular proliferation and tumor growth in a xenograft model system. GLI1AS overexpression decreased the levels of GLI1, its target genes and cellular proliferation. Additionally, we demonstrated that GLI1 knockdown reduced GLI1AS, while GLI1 overexpression increased GLI1AS, highlighting a regulatory feedback loop on GLI1/GLI1AS expression. GLI1AS acts by modifying the chromatin landscape and reduces the recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the GLI1/GLI1AS locus. Paper II. We examined the possible interplay of S6K1 and GLI1 signaling in neuroblastoma. mTOR/S6K1 signaling is known to have a role in the development of this disease and recent evidence also implicates the HH pathway. In this paper, it is shown that knockdown of either S6K1 or GLI1 reduces the cellular proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. However, there is little effect of S6K1 on the expression of GLI1 mRNA and protein and on the capacity of GLI1 to activate target genes. No detectable phosphorylation of GLI1 is observed prior or following S6K1 knockdown. Moreover, no additional growth inhibitory effects were detected when PI3K/mTOR and GLI signaling inhibitors were combined. Our results demonstrate that the impact of S6K1 kinase on neuroblastoma cells is not mediated through modulation of GLI1 expression/activity. Paper III. We investigated HH signaling activation in breast cancer and the contribution of GLI1 to tamoxifen resistance. Our results showed that GLI1 expression was higher in tamoxifen resistant compared to sensitive cells. Tamoxifen resistant cells had stronger ERα transcriptional activity relative to sensitive cells, even though the ERα expression was similar in both cell types. Knockdown of GLI1 attenuated cell proliferation and reduced ERα transcriptional activity in both resistant and sensitive cells, irrespective of estrogen stimulation. Moreover, a positive correlation between GLI1 and ERα expression was identified in breast cancer samples. High GLI1 expression predicted worse distant metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. These data suggest that the HH pathway may be a new candidate for therapeutic targeting and prognosis in ERα-positive breast cancer. Paper IV. We explored the common and differential target genes of GLI1 and edited GLI1, using single molecule RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), via overexpression and siRNA-mediated depletion approaches in rhabdomyosarcoma Rh36 cells. GO analysis revealed that GLI1 and edited GLI1 are involved in developmental and metabolic processes, cellular proliferation, KEGG pathways in cancer, basal cell carcinomas and thyroid cancer. 37 genes were differentially upregulated by edited GLI1, while 29 common target genes, including FOXS1, SOSTDC1 and SOX18, were identified by RNA-seq combined with correlation analysis to the FANTOM5 dataset. SOSTDC1 and FOXS1 expression was also modulated in HH signaling responsive medulloblastoma Daoy cells by GLI1 knockdown and Smoothened agonist (SAG) treatment. Reciprocally, GLI1 was downregulated in both Rh36 and Daoy cells following FOXS1 knockdown, highlighting a FOXS1/GLI1 regulatory loop. List of scientific papers I. Villegas VE, Rahman MF, Fernandez-Barrena MG*, Diao Y*, Liapi E, Sonkoly E, Ståhle M, Pivarcsi A, Annaratone L, Sapino A, Ramírez Clavijo S, Bürglin TR, Shimokawa T, Ramachandran S, Kapranov P, FernandezZapico ME, Zaphiropoulos PG. Identification of novel non-coding RNA-based negative feedback regulating the expression of the oncogenic transcription factor GLI1 Mol Oncol. 2014 Jul;8(5):912-26. II. Diao Y, Rahman MF, Villegas VE, Wickström M, Johnsen JI, Zaphiropoulos PG. The impact of S6K1 kinase on neuroblastoma cell proliferation is independent of GLI1 signaling BMC Cancer. 2014 Aug 18;14:600. III. Diao Y, Azatyan A, Rahman MF, Zhao C, Zhu J, Dahlman-Wright K, Zaphiropoulos PG. Blockade of the Hedgehog pathway downregulates estrogen receptor alpha signaling in breast cancer cells Oncotarget. 2016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12259. IV. Rahman MF, Diao Y, Vyatkin Y, Azatyan A, St.Laurent G, Kapranov P, Zaphiropoulos PG. Global analysis of GLI1 and RNA-edited GLI1 target genes Manuscript *Both authors contributed equally to the work.


A geared motor, particularly for driving a wiper of the vehicle device has a hollow casing (2) reducing closed by a closure plate (5), at least a portion of the facing surface outside is electrically conductive. It also includes electronic components (8-11), such as interference suppression means, disposed on said electrically conductive portion of the outer surface of the closure plate. Electronic components (8-11) are covered by a housing (7) in hood-shaped, electrically conductive material, said housing having at least one electrical connection means with said electrically conductive portion of the outer surface of the closure plate .


In transportation agencies, how to reduce maintenance and operation cost is one of the biggest and most common concerns, because their revenue is not expected to increase drastically in the future. One of the solutions undertaken nowadays is contracting out and utilizing contractors' efficiency for cost cutting and performance improvements. Actually, highway agencies in the US have already tried several pilot programs, employing performance-based contract, aiming at reducing their cost of maintenance and rehabilitation of their assets. It has been reported that these agencies achieved huge cost-reduction and performance improvement at the same time by implementing these strategies. Railway infrastructure maintenance is not outsourced as much as highway maintenance in the US. However, a theoretical discussion about outsourcing and contracting shows that railway track maintenance can be outsourced to enhance operating efficiency. Exploring the cases in several railway organizations and highway agencies, fixed-price contract with incentive schemes turn out to be mainly utilized. Evaluating maintenance contractor's performance by several comprehensive performance metrics is also a useful tool to manage and control the contractor's performance, which is linked to reward or penalty payments. Considering the lessons learned in the discussions above, applications for railway maintenance in JR East is discussed. Its maintenance contract structure is in the midst of transition, but still imbues a traditional style. Instead, a long-term, performance-based contract with incentive scheme is suggested to improve the efficiency of infrastructure maintenance and adjust the future environmental changes JR East faces. Thesis Supervisor: Joseph Sussman Title: JR East Professor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Systems


Psycholinguistics and reading Melvin's comments on the relationships between psycholinguistics and beginning reading instruction are not unusual. Her remarks on this subject (2) are much like those found in other articles in educational journals that have described the so-called psycholinguistic approach to beginning reading instruction. Like the authors of many of these earlier publications, Melvin bases her discussion of "the relationship between children's knowledge of their language and the process of reading" (2: 277) on the writings of certain reading experts. These authorities, notably Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith, have come to be recognized as the originators of the modern psycholinguistic approach to reading instruction. Melvin does offer her readers a valid presentation of the thinking of these leaders in reading instruction. It is apparent that they would not disagree with her interpretations of their thoughts on this topic. Melvin's article on psycholinguistics and the teaching of reading (2) therefore not only provides a clear-cut viewpoint about this relationship. Her declarations on this connection between linguistics and reading also appear to offer an accurate


PRO BONO IN PRINCIPLE AND IN PRACTICE: PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE PROFESSIONS by Deborah L. Rhode (Stanford University Press, Stanford 2005). INTRODUCTION 1343 I. RHODE'S ARGUMENT 1346 A. Indictment of Lawyers' Monopoly 1347 B. Rationale for Pro Bono Service 1348 C. Comparative Analysis 1349 D. Empirical Evidence 1350 E. Rhode 's Reluctance to Support Mandatory Requirements 1353 II. CRITICISM OF RHODE'S ARGUMENT 1355 A. Preoccupation with Lawyers' Preferences 1355 B. Unrealistic Proposals for Reform 1358 C. Avoidance of Fundamental Normative Questions 1365 III. FRONTIERSFOR ADDITIONAL EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 1367 CONCLUSION 1369 INTRODUCTION Deborah Rhode1 is the nation's foremost expert on lawyers' ethical duty to perform pro bono service.2 She is the "patron saint" of the movement that insists on equal access to justice.3 Rhode has written several books and law review articles on lawyers' pro bono obligations.4 She directs the Stanford Center on Legal Ethics, the preeminent think tank for scholars examining altruism in the legal profession. A former president of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS), Rhode founded the AALS Commission on Pro Bono and Public Service Opportunities.5 She is both the recipient6 and the namesake7 of awards for pro bono service. Rhode's three decades of advocacy and scholarship concerning lawyers' pro bono duties have culminated in the publication of a remarkable book, Pro Bono in Principle and in Practice: Public Service and the Professions* So important is Rhode's latest work that the National Law Journal published a summary by Rhode shortly after the release of the book.9 Stanford University Press simultaneously printed the book in both cloth and paperback, anticipating widespread demand.10 At the heart of Rhode's book is a Rawlsian critique of lawyers' monopoly." She notes that most states have granted lawyers the exclusive right to practice law.12 Statutes prohibiting the unauthorized practice of law (UPL) carry significant penalties.13 While a Benthamite utilitarian14 might see some aggregate societal benefit in the monopoly-it has arguably improved the quality of legal services for those who can afford them-a Rawlsian such as Rhode recognizes that these benefits come at a tremendous cost for low-income Americans. The monopoly "prices out" the poor in the market for legal services.15 According to Rhode, lawyers bear an ethical duty to mitigate the monopoly's deleterious effects by voluntarily representing the poor. After all, the state-sanctioned scarcity of legal services is the very reason for lawyers' affluence.16 Rhode's methodology is novel in many respects. She is the first scholar to present a thorough comparative analysis of different professions' ethical codes exhorting volunteer service.17 She is the first to compare different nations' requirements for pro bono service by lawyers.18 Most significantly, Rhode is the first scholar to undertake a large-scale empirical study of lawyers' attitudes concerning pro bono work. …


Disclosed is a fuel cell wherein: a gas diffusion layer (15A, 15C), which is provided on at least one surface side of a polymer electrolyte membrane (12), is configured of a conductive carbon sheet; the surface of the gas diffusion layer in contact with a separator (21A, 21C) is provided with a fluid channel (16A, 16C); and the surface, on which the fluid channel is provided, is so configured as to have a surface roughness lower than the surface roughness of the surface that is in contact with a catalyst layer (14A, 14C). Consequently, the fuel cell has achieved further improved power generation performance, while suppressing deterioration of durability.


The financial analysis of international investment decisions is complex. The basic methodology which homes in on incremental cash flows needs to be refined in order to focus upon cash flows which are remittable to the parent company, for it is only these that would logically add shareholder value. Build in the complications of two lots of tax and changing exchange rates and the equation looks anything but simple. But there is another complexity too which renders the traditional discounting methodology less than wholly appropriate. And this applies not just to international investment but to any situation where capital is committed with an option to expand or curtail embedded in it. This is not to say that the typical model cannot be adapted to meet the situation. It can and it is not too difficult.


This paper presents a second clinical appraisal of a dysmorphic syndrome (Odontotrichomelic hypohidrotic dysplasia) presented in two personally examined sib lings and two of their brothers who died in infancy. This syndrome is an ectodermal, dysplasia of the tricho-odonto-onycho-dyshidrotic subgroup, according to Freire-Maia's classification. The two patients also have other defects, such as thin, dry and shiny skin, protruding lips, enlarged nose, hypoplastic nipples and areolae, severe tetramelic reductions, abnormal auricles and metabolic defect. Cleft lip, EEG abnormalities, and growth retardation have also been verified in the boy; the only additional finding in the girl was an ECG abnormality. This syndrome is presumed to be due to the homozygous state of an autosomal recessive gene.


The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe, one of the most important components in the spectrometer, has a considerable impact on overall instrument sensitivity. By the concept of a NMR analyzer with low-cost and portable was proposed in recent years, the earlier NMR probes were not suitable for the manufacture cost and cycle time. So, in this paper, a NMR probe based on the printed circuit board (PCB) planar microcoil was developed for time domain NMR measurement. When the Larmor frequency is 28.1 MHz, the NMR transverse relaxation time T2 of a deionized water sample was detected by the 2mm inner diameter PCB microcoil with six turns, and results of T2 measured value were stable under different scan times. In addition, relaxation times of used frying oil and three edible oils were analyzed by the PCB microcoil, both T22 and T23 components of used frying oil, obviously less than three edible oils, these results are agreed with the measurement of a commercial instrument Bruker minispec mq60.


This paper presents an expression for the three dimensional distribution of minority carriers in the base region of alloy junction transistors for the case when the emitter is bigger than the collector. This expression has been successfully used for deriving a relation for the current amplification factor, αcb Such an expression is of basic importance when we want to calculate the 'inverse alpha' (value of αcb when the roles of collector and emitter are interchanged). The relation for αcb shows that as the ratio of collector to emitter radii is increased αcb will increase, which is in accordance with the experimental observations of Moore and Pankove.


Introduction. Scientific research activity is one of the most important activities of teaching personnel and degree-seeking students in higher education. The modern practice of higher education is not sufficiently focused on the effective use of conditions encouraging future teachers' interest in science. The problem of activating scientific research activities is not the lack of will of undergraduates and teachers to be engaged in scientific work, but the absence of the system for managing scientific research work and clearly defined pedagogical conditions for the development of scientific research activities in higher education institutions. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of organization and management of scientific research activities of degree-seeking students. The methods of analysis, synthesis of scientific, educational and methodical, instructive and methodical literature, regulatory documents to determine the characteristics of the organization and management of research activities of applicants for higher education Results. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and pedagogical sources it is proved that the scientific research activity of future teachers is an integral part of the system of higher education, an important component of the educational process and a means of forming their professionalism. The article highlights the peculiarities of organization and managing the scientific research activities of undergraduates in higher education. The factors influencing the development of scientific research positively and negatively are determined. The perspective directions of students' scientific research activity development are marked out. It is proved that the management of students' scientific research activities is a complex, dynamic process focused on the personality development and personal creative fulfillment. Conclusion. In modern institutions of higher education there is a significant potential for the development of scientific research activities, the fulfillment of which presupposes the presence of the system for identification and selection the students having the potential for scientific research; systems of intramural communication in the scientific sphere; diagnostic systems of factors' state influencing the development of scientific research activities; inter-university system of scientific and methodological achievement exchange in the field of scientific research activity management. As practice shows, in order to intensify the students' scientific research activities it is necessary to focus attention on the practical implications of student works and encourage students to publish research results in leading home and foreign scientific editions. Having scientific research activity management of future teachers allows creating a centralized system of selection and training talented students, organizing their scientific research activities under the scientific supervision of a teacher for implementation of research projects of a higher education institution and ensuring the new entrants into the higher school personnel potential.


Dengue fever is a febrile illness found throughout the tropics that, in severe cases, can be deadly. The most rapidly spreading of any mosquito-borne disease, dengue is re-emerging as an illness of great concern in Latin America and around the globe. The CDC estimates that as many as 400 million cases of dengue occur each year. The pathogenesis of dengue virus is complicated and acts through modulation of the host immune system. Dengue polarizes the immune system balance of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells towards a Th1 inflammatory response. Parasitic infections have also been shown to affect the Th1/Th2 balance of the immune response, although how these immunological changes alter the severity of dengue during possible coinfections has yet to be explored. One of the most common parasitic infections in Latin America is Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Like dengue, T. cruzi polarizes the Th1/Th2 balance of its host. By triggering a Th2 response, Chagas disease may counteract the Th1 response caused by dengue thereby masking dengue symptoms, increasing the frequency of asymptomatic infections and leading to underreporting of dengue in regions where Chagas is common. In order to begin to examine the effect of parasites on dengue pathogenesis, this study examined the incidence of Chagas disease and T. cruzi/DENV coinfections in Machala, Ecuador. The sample set used for this study was collected as part of a larger dengue study in Machala by SUNY Upstate Medical University. The incidence of Chagas was 3.1% (n=360) and that of T. cruzi/DENV coinfections was 0.6%. The average age of Chagas positive individuals was 50 and 81.8% were female. As this study was a preliminary screening, a larger study should be undertaken in order to better access the T. cruzi/dengue situation in Machala and to further the knowledge base of the immune response to dengue via analysis of the effects of coinfections on disease progression.


This study addresses a frightening issue for pediatric urologists. Do enterocystoplasties performed to protect renal function and/or improve urinary continence lead to an increased lifelong risk of bladder cancer? The authors built a retrospective national database in France with central pathological review and oncogene analysis to study this rare complication. Not surprisingly, they only found 16 cases, mostly in congenital neurogenic bladder or exstrophy cases. The median latency period between enterocystoplasty and diagnosis of bladder cancer was 18 to 20 years. Most presented with gross hematuria or recurrent urinary tract infections. The cancers were heterogeneous in cancer types and evenly split between the bowel segment and native bladder. Most presented with metastatic disease, and recurrence and mortality were high. Genomic analysis revealed missense mutations in known oncogenes in 5 of 9 analyzable specimens. This nationwide effort confirmed previous findings and added a few new ones. Carcinogenesis after enterocystoplasty is rare and variable in tumor type and location. Immunosuppression after renal transplantation may increase the risk. Diagnosis is typically delayed with resulting poor outcomes. Surveillance cystoscopy was not particularly helpful, confirming previous findings (references 23 and 27 in article). Genomic analysis revealed genetic alterations that have the potential to improve adjuvant therapy. Patients with neurogenic bladder and exstrophy without history of enterocystoplasty have also demonstrated an increased risk of bladder cancer but the mechanism of carcinogenesis related to medical and surgical management (including chronic intermittent catheterization) needs greater elucidation. Hopefully, future international studies of this disturbing but fortunately rare complication will help us limit its occurrence and mortality.


The teacher is a big influence on students, especially in developing their abilities in both academic and non-academic fields. The teacher in charge is not only increasing the achievement of the students but also as forming the habits of students in the school environment. Because in the learning process, the expected abilities can also be possessed and mastered by students both in intellectual abilities (cognitive), attitudes (affective), and the ability to act (psychomotor). Therefore to develop the ability of these students the teacher must have learning strategies that can be poured in the learning process. In this study, it will explain the strategies of Islamic Religion teachers and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) in improving the learning achievement of class VIII A students at Muhammadiyah 4 Middle School in Mojogedang. Departing from these problems, the formulation of the problems taken in this study are: 1) What is the strategy of the AIK teacher in an effort to improve student achievement at Muhammadiyah 4 Mojogedang Middle School, especially class VIII A? 2) What factors can encourage an increase in class VIII A student achievement in AIK lessons at Mojogedang Muhammadiyah 4 Middle School? The type of research used in this study is field research. Data collection methods used were interviews, observation, and documentation. The analytical method used is data collection, combining data, processing data and conclusions. From this study it can be concluded that in improving student achievement the teacher must implement strategies that can be accepted by students, the strategies possessed by AIK teachers at Muhammadiyah 4 Mojogedang Middle School include: Teacher strategies in learning planning, teacher strategies in implementing teacher learning and strategy in learning evaluation. Of the three strategies, the teacher strives to achieve the learning objectives, namely increasing student learning achievement. The teacher's efforts were proven through the learning outcomes of students in Al Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan subjects which increased from semester 1 to semester 2. Besides through these strategies the teacher also encouraged students through several factors such as psychological factors where students already had prior talent and the teacher was in charge of developing talent so that it is not easily affected by the outside school environment that can drop student achievement.


Oral finasteride is a well‐established treatment for men with androgenetic alopecia (AGA), but long‐term therapy is not always acceptable to patients. A topical finasteride formulation has been developed to minimize systemic exposure by acting specifically on hair follicles.


Erythropoietin-induced antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia is a rare and unexpected devastating adverse effect of erythropoietin analog. Patient and product-related factors, along with factors related to storage, determine the immunogenicity of erythropoietin. Early identification and withdrawal of erythropoietin with immunosuppressive therapy would improve the outcome. Here we present a 69-year-old male with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin, had refractory anemia due to antibody-mediated pure redcell aplasia.


This paper modifies the standard tort model by introducing role-type uncertainty, that is, it is assumed that neither party knows in advance whether she will become the victim or the injurer when an accident occurs. When the standards of care of the two parties are assumed to be set at the socially optimal levels, only pure comparative negligence and the equal division rule guarantee efficiency, while the rules of simple negligence, contributory negligence, and comparative negligence with fixed division (other than a 50:50 split) produce the possibility of inefficient equilibria. Since the pure comparative negligence rule splits liability between negligent parties according to each party's degree of fault, it makes the accident loss division independent of one's role-type. This produces a social efficiency advantage. We also extend the model to the choice of vehicle size, as a factor determining who will be the injurer and who the victim in motor vehicle collisions. In the extension we analyze various negligence-based liability rules, and tax rules, as instruments for mitigating the vehicle size "arms race."


It studied the effect of relaxation in optical magnetic resonance experiment,the relaxation process influenced the distribution of particles,which affected the optical pumping signal and the observation of optical magnetic resonance signal,but it had no effect on g factor measuring almost. The results will deepen the understanding of the optical magnetic resonance experiment and the working principle of the instrument.


A brief description is made to explain various iron-sulfur proteins which are widely distributed in various organisms and functioning in diverse metabolic systems. It includes the types of iron-sulfur cluster, classification of the iron-sulfur proteins based on the numbers of iron and sulfur atoms and the functions of these proteins. Model drawings of three dimensional structures are shown for several typical iron-sulfur proteins.


The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related diseases. More particularly, the present invention relates to combination therapies for treating said diseases by affecting the expression of PMP22 in a subject.


The superconducting CWLINAC (1.3 GHz) of the radiation source ELBE is in permanent operation since May 2001 [1]. In 2011 an upgrade program of ELBE is in progress to support additional applications. One part of the program is to double the RF-power per cavity to at least 16 kW. Since we started ELBE in May 2001 substantial progress was made in all fields contributing accelerator science. As far as RF-amplifier technology is concerned IOT-based and Solid State Amplifiers compete with klystrons. To prepare for the power upgrade of ELBE we developed a couple of activities, like: -Test of the ELBE RF-couplers and waveguide windows -Test of an available 30 kW IOT amplifier with beam -Test of a 10 kW solid state amplifier (SSPA) with beam -Test of two 10 kW SSPA with beam -Redesign of the Low level RF controller -Redesign of the technical water cooling TEST OF THE RF COUPLERS AND WGWINDOWS A new coupler test bench based on a resonant ring has been built at ELBE in Dresden-Rossendorf to run window as well as coupler tests with RF power up to 100 kW. Figure 1: Layout of the resonant ring The ring is driven by a 10 kW klystron. This test bench includes also liquid nitrogen cooling of the ceramic cold window of the RF-coupler which allows testing under almost real conditions. A special waveguide was designed to match couplers with different antenna tips. In a first step the waveguide window has been equipped with additional air-cooling. The design of the test bench and the gained experience with warm window tests at the resonant ring as far as it could be collected within a short time of operation were reported in [2]. Summary: The experiments with the resonant ring confirmed that the ELBE RF-couplers as well as the "Rexolite"-waveguide windows could be used in a future 16 kW RF-system. TEST OF AN IOT POWER AMPLIFIER AT ELBE The "idea" came from the senior scientist Heinz Bohlen (CPI), well known in the "RF-power community", when he asked for a possibility to test a new IOT transmitter with one of our superconducting cavities with beam. The prototype was developed in close collaboration between BRUKER BIOSPIN and CPI. We were glad about the proposal because we were searching for a bigger RFpower source to replace the 10 kW VKL7811St klystrons. Figure 2: Block diagram of the IOT operation Figure 3: 30 kW IOT based transmitter Proceedings of IPAC2011, San Sebastian, Spain MOPC128 07 Accelerator Technology T08 RF Power Sources 379 C op yr ig ht c ○ 20 11 by IP A C '1 1/ E PS -A G — cc C re at iv e C om m on sA tt ri bu tio n 3. 0 (C C B Y 3. 0) The setup was several weeks in routine operation at ELBE without mentionable difficulties. Especially the (in our experience sensible) operation of the Infrared Free Electron Lasers was comparable with the klystron routine operation [3]. In the RF power range below 30 kW klystrons like the 10 kW VKL7811St (CPI) and compatibles take advantage of permanent magnet focusing systems, they are very compact and require very low drive power because of their high gain. Unlike to a 10 kW klystron a comparable IOT need additional power sources on HV-level and 16...20 dB more drive power. In the power range above 20....30 kW IOT-based RF amplifiers could be a good choice because of their higher efficiency and lower costs of an complete system Summary: The IOT-based amplifier behaved well at ELBE but was not our first choice because of the reasons mentioned above. TEST OF THE 1.3 GHZ 10 KW CW SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIER (SSPA) During the experiments with the IOT transmitter the idea was born to test a solid state amplifier at a superconducting cavity. The IOT transmitter was equipped with very compact solid state drivers from BRUKER. We asked for a possibility to build a setup with at least 4 kW to test it at ELBE. BRUKER developed within only 9 months a complete 10 kW CW transmitter build in a standard 19-inch rack (fig.4, block diagram fig.5)[4]. Extensive tests demonstrated the good performance of this 1.3 GHz 10 kW CW transmitter (figures 6 to 10). The prototype is in permanent operation at ELBE since summer 2010, a second one since March 2011, both without any failures so far. The following curves demonstrate the performance. Figure 4: 10 kW SSPA (BRUKER) Two SSPA at ELBE, left rack: 10kW klystron amplifier Figure 5: Block diagram of the RF-part Figure 6: Gain response of the SSPA Figure 7: Gain deviation of the SSPA Figure 8: Phase deviation of the SSPA MOPC128 Proceedings of IPAC2011, San Sebastian, Spain 380 C op yr ig ht c ○ 20 11 by IP A C '1 1/ E PS -A G — cc C re at iv e C om m on sA tt ri bu tio n 3. 0 (C C B Y 3. 0) 07 Accelerator Technology T08 RF Power Sources Figure 9: Raise time (using pulsed operation) (rise time 20ns, fall time 60ns resp.) Figure 10: Bandwidth of the SSPA OPERATION OF TWO 10 KW SSPA IN PARALLEL Figure 11: Setup to operate two SSPA in parallel The coupling was made using 90-deg hybrids, amplitude and phase had to be matched carefully at about 2/3 of the output power (+/-20%) depending on the s21characteristics of both amplifiers (Fig.12). Matching criterion is minimum differential RF-power at the insulation port of the 3dB waveguide coupler (Fig.14). Typical curves characterizing the setup are presented in figures 12 to 15: Figure 12: Individual gain curves of both SSPA Figure 14: Combined gain response Figure 15: Combined phase response OUTLOOK It is planned to install five 20 kW RF-amplifier blocks during the winter shutdown 2011 / 2012 at ELBE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We appreciate the excellent collaboration with many colleagues working with BRUKER BIOSPIN Wissembourg /France and CPI Palo Alto /USA. REFERENCES [1] H.Buttig et.al.,CW Operation of the Superconducting LINAC "ELBE" , Fifth CW and High Average Power RF Workshop 2008, Geneva, Switzerland. [2] H.Buttig et.al.: Study of the ELBE RF-couplers with a new 1.3 GHz RFcoupler test bench driven by a resonant ring , NIM-A A 612(2010), 427-437 [3] H.Buttig et.al.: First Test of a Turnkey 1.3 Ghz 30 kW IOT Based Power Amplifier at ELBE , 24. Linear Acc. Conference, 2008, Victoria, Canada [4] H.Buttig et.al.: Operation of a 10kW@1,3GHz Solid State Amplifier at the SC LINAC ELBE , 6th Workshop on CW and High Average Power RF 2010 Proceedings of IPAC2011, San Sebastian, Spain MOPC128 07 Accelerator Technology T08 RF Power Sources 381 C op yr ig ht c ○ 20 11 by IP A C '1 1/ E PS -A G — cc C re at iv e C om m on sA tt ri bu tio n 3. 0 (C C B Y 3. 0)


Mineral salt agar medium(MSA) was used to separate hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria in soybean rhizosphere which were able to utilize hydrogen as sole energy.A gas-cycle incubation system(H2 treatment system) was developed that provided stable H2 exposure rate(4.16×10(-5)~1.25×10(-4) mol·L(-1)) by electrolysis.40 bacterium strains were isolated by the incubation system,and the capability of uptaking hydrogen of these strains were measured.The results showed that 20 bacterium strains had the ability to uptake hydrogen and grow chemolithoautotrophically.The growth-promoting capability of 20 strains was tested.11 bacteria strains were proved that they could markedly promote root growth of wheat in different extent.The ability of 11 bacteria strains on using ACC as nitrogen resources were examined through thin layer chromatography analysis.The results showed that the A(06) strain could utilize ACC as nitrogen resource,suggested that A(06) has ACC deaminase.ACC deaminase is the main reason to promote the growth of wheat according to hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria in soybean rhizosphere.


Abstract : Subfloor beams and bulkheads in aircraft structures are designed to carry longitudinal and shear loads resulting from fuselage bending and torsion. In crashes however, the subfloor is highly loaded in compression and shear. Especially the intersections of beams and bulkheads (cruciforms) represent stiff vertical 'hard points', and the resulting high peak failure loads under compression can create life threatening crash pulses to the occupants. For a commuter type aircraft subfloor aluminum as well as composite cruciforms were designed to match the same longitudinal stiffness of the floor beams and the same shear stiffness of the bulkheads. Various designs of the intersections including notched corners, corrugated and tapered edge joints, and less stiff laminate layups were investigated to reduce the initial peak loads, and to trigger efficient energy absorbing crush failure modes. (JES)


A flap valve with improved design to eliminate trapped volumes, and to reduce the ingress of oxygen, has the flap (18) machined out of the supporting shaft (4), with no part of the flap outside the contour of the shaft. The flow duct (8) is orthogonal to the shaft and has a central section which is rectangular. The seals are closely mounted to the flap position. The seals are positioned on specially prepared support surfaces and mounted at the ends of support sleeves for the valve shaft. The flap is machined with an elliptical profile reaching to the outline of the shaft. ADVANTAGE - No trapped volumes, improved seals.


In this issue of The Cancer Journal, Harris and co-aunegative margins. Hiramatsu et al6 also observed no significant increases in the risk of local failure in patients thors attempt to identify factors associated with residual ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) after an initial excision with close margins (< 1 mm). Fourquet et al7 reported an 8-year actuarial recurrence rate of 12% for patients shows positive or close margins.1 The patient population studied included only women who actually had breastwith margins of 1–2 mm, compared to with 11% of those with more widely negative margins. In contrast, conserving surgery. The failure of Harris et al1 to identify predictors of residual DCIS, particularly extensive DCIS, Chan et al8 reported a 37% local failure rate in patients with close margins (< 1 mm), compared with 4.5% for is not extremely surprising, because patients with residual disease extensive enough to require mastectomy those with a larger-width margin width. However, few of the women in the study of Chan et al8 received were not included in the study. The authors conclude that routine re-excision for patients with close or positive radiotherapy. margins remains appropriate clinical practice. The goal of breast-conservingsurgery for ductal carciThis probably does not come as a surprise to most noma in situ (DCIS) is to reduce the tumor burden to clinicians. Consensus exists that positive margins rethe level where it is likely to be controlled by radiotherquire re-excision,2 and this is supported by data from apy, or to completely remove all of the DCIS, allowing prospective randomized trials. In the National Surgical the patient to be treated by excision alone. Using serial Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP B24) study,3 subgross sectioning techniques in breasts with apparthe rate of ipsilateral breast recurrence after excision ently localized tumors, microscopic foci of malignancy and radiotherapy increased from 16.05 per 1000 women can be identified in 41% of cases at a distance of more per year when margins were free to 30.89 when margins than 2 cm from the reference tumor,9 yet this microwere involved. In the European Organization for Rescopic disease is controlled with radiotherapy in more search and Treatment of Cancer Trial (EORTC 10853),4 than 85% of women.4,10 If this is the case, why should a involved margins were associated with a hazard ratio of ''close'' margin be clinically significant? One explanation 2.07 for recurrence (P 4 0.0008). may be found in the growth pattern of DCIS. A study The need for re-excision in patients with close marof 60 DCIS lesions in which three-dimensional imaging gins is less clear. Unfortunately, the NSABP3 and EORTC4 of the ductal tree was used to map the extent of disease randomized trials do not address the issue of close mardemonstrated that 50% of the DCIS lesions grew in a gins, which are variably described as a 2-mm clearance discontinuous fashion, with gaps of 5 mm or more (the definition used in the study of Harris et al1), or a between tumor foci.11 This information suggests that a 1-mm clearance. In a study of 422 mammographically significant amount of DCIS could remain in the breast detected cancers with a median follow up of 9.4 years, after excision to a negative, but close, margin. Solin et al5 reported a 7% local failure rate for patients How should the practicing clinician use these apparwith close margins (tumor # 2 mm from the margin), ently conflicting pieces of information? Other studies compared to with a 9% local failure rate for those with examining the incidence of residual DCIS after an initial excision have identified tumor in 19% to 85% of cases, and large tumor size and the margins status of the initial From the Lynn Sage Breast Program, Northwestern University, Feinexcision were significant predictors of the presence of berg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. residual tumor.12-15 The extent of margin involvement Received on November 14, 2002; accepted for publication December is a useful guide to the likelihood of identifying residual 4, 2002. tumor. Neuschatz et al15 found that the incidence of No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial par ty related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. residual tumor decreased from 85% to 31% as the extent Reprint requests: Monica Morrow, MD, Professor of Surgery, Northof margin involvement decreased from extensively posiwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Director, Lynn Sage Breast Program, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 251 East Huron tive to tumor within 1–2 mm of the margin. The precise Street, Galter Pavilion 13-174, Chicago, Illinois 60611. E-mail: margin that is encroached upon by tumor should also Copyright q 2003 Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. be considered. The use of compression devices for speci-


We propose a novel bundled-path-routing node architecture for multi-band optical networks and a network design algorithm based on graph degeneration. Feasibility is demonstrated through experiments on a prototype with 300.8 Tbps throughput.