Extreme learning machine (ELM) is one of the single hidden layer feed-forward neural networks (SLFNs). It has been widely used for multiclass classification because of the preferable generalization performance and its faster learning speed. The parameters (including the input weights, hidden biases and the number of hidden neurons) have great impact on the generalization performance of ELM classifier. An improved variable-length particle swarm optimization (IVPSO) algorithm is proposed in this paper to automatically select the optimal structure of ELM classifier (the number of hidden neurons with the corresponding input weights and hidden biases) for maximizing the accuracy of validation data and minimizing the norm of output weights. It has been verified in the experimental results that the new algorithm IVPSO-ELM significantly increases the testing accuracy of many classification problems that we choose in UCI machine learning repository.


In the article, low-cycle fatigue life durability of thin-plate auxetic cellular structures is compared to the thin-plate specimens of standard shape. Both the re-entrant auxetic cellular structures and the standard specimens were cut from a 2 mm thick stripe of aluminium alloy 7075-T651. First, a fatigue-life curve and a cyclic curve were determined for the standard specimens. A special anti-buckling device was applied to prevent the bending of the specimens. The same experimental arrangement was then applied to determine the low-cycle fatigue life of auxetic structures. In the continuation, the most appropriate method was selected to calculate the fatigue life on the basis of the measured fatigue-life curves. For this purpose, Abaqus and SIMULIA fe-safe software were applied. The best predictions for the standard specimens were obtained with the Brown-Miller method. Finally, the selected method was applied to predict the low-cycle fatigue life of re-entrant auxetic cellular specimens. is impossible the mechanical extensometer to the auxetic structures. Data acquisition from the optical extensometer was acquired using the add-on software module in the MTS control software. The static tensile tests were performed according to the ASTM E8/E8M standard with the 0.5 mm/min loading rate at an ambient


Based on the actually-observed relative curve for time and sedimentation of the soft ground of Tieshang Port Bridge ends, the article conducts the calculation on final sedimentation and the analysis on the sedimentation factors, this results a factor suitable for the characteristics of this kind of soft ground,


This papers illustrates the identification of stoichiometric models of batch reactor processes as part of an overall tendency modeling technique aimed at fast and cost effective optimization of batch/semibatch processes when a detailed understanding of the process fundamentals is not available. Previous work required some a priori knowledge of the chemical behavior of the specific process under investigation to be available. In this work, the identification of it stoichiometric model for the catalyzed epoxidation of oleic acid is investigated assuming no information about the reaction mechanism is available. The analysis is compared to a study done on the same process that utilized a priori process knowledge.


A 62-year-old male presented with oliguria of 15 days duration. There was no history suggestive of hematuria, nephritic illness, nephrotic illness, vasculitic illness, or exposure to nephrotoxins. On examination, the patient had pallor. There was no palpable peripheral lymphadenopathy. A mass was palpable in left para-umbilical region of the abdomen. Left testes was enlarged (8 10 cm) and hard to feel. Patient


We present the results of a high-resolution imaging survey for brown dwarf (BD) binaries in two open clusters. The observations were carried out with WFPC2 onboard HST. Our sample consists of 8 BD candidates in the alpha Per cluster and 25 BD candidates in the Pleiades. We have resolved 4 binaries in the Pleiades with separations in the range 0".094--0".058, corresponding to projected separations between 11.7~AU and 7.2~AU. No binaries were found among the alpha Per targets. Three of the binaries have proper motions consistent with cluster membership in the Pleiades cluster, and for one of them we report the detection of Halpha in emission and LiI absorption obtained from Keck~II/ESI spectroscopy. One of the binaries does not have a proper motion consistent with Pleiades membership. We estimate that BD binaries wider than 12~AU are less frequent than 9% in the alphaPer and Pleiades clusters. This is consistent with an extension to substellar masses of a trend observed among stellar binaries: the maximum semimajor axis of binary systems decreases with decreasing primary mass. We find a binary frequency of 2 binaries over 13 BDs with confirmed proper motion membership in the Pleiades, corresponding to a binary fraction of 15%(1 sigma error bar +15%/-5%). These binaries are limited to the separation range 7-12~AU and their mass ratios are larger than 0.7. The relatively high binary frequency (>10%), the bias to separations smaller than about 15 AU and the trend to high mass ratios (q>0.7) are fundamental properties of BDs. Current theories of BD formation do not appear to provide a good description of all these properties.


This article highlights preclinical and clinical studies in the field of wasting disorders that were presented at the 12th Cachexia Conference held in Berlin, Germany, in December 2019. Herein, we summarize the biological and clinical significance of different strategies including antibodies that target Fn14, Spsb 1, SAA1 treatment, ZIP14, a MuRF1 inhibitor, and new diagnostic tools like T‐cell communication targets and cut‐offs for the detection of skeletal muscle wasting. Of particular interest were the transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells and muscle stem cell communication. Importantly, one presentation discussed the effect of metal ion transporter ZIP14 loss that reduces cancer‐induced cachexia. The potential of anti‐ZIP14 antibodies and zinc chelation as anti‐cachexia therapy may require testing in patients with cancer cachexia. Large clinical studies were presented such as RePOWER (observational study of patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy), MMPOWER (treatment with elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy), and ACT‐ONE as well as new mouse models like the KPP mouse. Promising treatments include rapamycin analogue treatment, anamorelin, elanapril, glucocorticoids, SAA1, antibodies that target Fn14, and a MuRF1 inhibitor. Clinical studies investigated novel approaches, including the role of exercise. It remains a fact, however, that effective treatments for cachexia and wasting disorders are urgently needed in order to improve patients' quality of life and their survival.


This paper will explore the origins and progression of the Neo-Pagan Witchcraft movement, as well as provide the teachings, beliefs, practices, social structure and definition of this New Religion. This paper will also deal with the relationship of Neo-Pagan witchcraft and technology, that has given rise to the Techno-Pagan, the latest addition into the Modern Witchcraft fold. The Techno Pagan serves as the ideal example of the spiritual movement into Cyberspace and highlights the increasing trend of artificial technologies, animism and the social implications of this environment.


The growth in the availability of on-line digital text docum ents has prompted considerable interest in Information Retrieval and Text Cl assification. Automation of the management of this wealth of textual data is becoming a n increasingly important endeavor as the rate of new material continues to gro w at its substantial rate. The open directory project (ODP) also known as DMOZ is a n on-line service which provides a searchable and browsable hierarchically o rganised directory to facilitate access to the Internets' resources. This resour ce is considerably useful for the construction of intelligent systems for on-line con tent management. In this report the utility of the publicly available Open Dir ectory Project data for the classification of World Wide Web (WWW) text documents is investigated. The resource is sampled and a range of algorithms are applied to the task namely, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multi-class Rocchio (Centr oid), k-Nearest Neighbour, and Naı̈ve Bayes (NB). The theoretical and implementa tion details of the four text classification systems are discussed. Results from the tuning and performance of these algorithms are analysed and compared with publishe d results. Related work from the areas of both text classification and classifica t on in general is surveyed. Some of the unique issues of large scale multi-class t ext classification are identified and analysed.


FIELD: linguistics. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to vocabulary training automation using educational context dictionary and automatic translation system. In crowd-sourcing method of vocabulary teaching all lexical units receive context associated translations, which quality is based on ratings, which are assigned by users. Lexical units, their contexts, as well as other meta-data are stored in database. Each user has personal dictionary, containing words and phrases, which user has met and translated before. Phrases and words are automatically added into personal dictionary together with their context associated translations, selected by user. Context dictionary enables selecting correct translation of word and store it together with context. After creation of personal dictionaries by several users determining number of times of different translations using, selected by users. Context dictionary enables user to add audio, video and graphic images and other meta-data illustrating meaning of word. EFFECT: technical result is possibility of viewing, selecting and storing of words and phrases translations in certain context. 15 cl, 12 dwg


Mercury is recognized as a metallic constituent in natural gas. It exists in natural gas (sweet gas is medial Output) and causes failure for some equipment in the lines products. So, it is necessary to determine the nanograms of mercury in sweet gas samples by using gold-amalgam collection and analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry (Vapor-method). In this method, the calibration curves are linear and ranging from 0.01 to 1000 ng of mercury. In sweet gas measurement, the range is wide enough for work with the correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The detection limit for the amalgam method (three times the standard deviation of a blank determination) is determined to be 0.003ng for samples of mercury. Vapor collected on sorbent tubes contained 80mg of porous gold-coated. The accuracy of this procedure is confirmed by determination of the standards taken form standard box of mercury MB-1 as unknown concentration. Finally, the range of mercury in sweet gas supposed to be from 2.48 8.9 nanogram per normal cubic meter.


HFO refrigerants have recently come to be regarded as promising alternatives to R134a for use in turbo chillers. This study provides results from experiments evaluating the film condensation heat transfer characteristics of HFO refrigerants R1234ze(E) and R1233zd(E) on smooth horizontal laboratory tubes. The experiments were conducted at a saturation vapor temperature of 38.0℃ with surface sub-cooling temperatures in the range of 3~15℃. We observe that the film condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases as surface sub-cooling temperatures increase. In the case of laboratory tubes with a diameter of 19.05 mm, the film condensation heat transfer coefficients of R1234ze(E) and R1233zd(E) were approximately 11% and 20% lower than those of R134a, respectively. Furthermore, our investigation of the effect of tube diameter on film condensation heat transfer coefficients, demonstrates an inverse relationship where the film condensation heat transfer coefficient increases as laboratory tube diameter decreases. We propose experimental correlations of Nusselt number for R1234ze(E) and R1233zd(E), which yield a ±20% error band.


Based on tactical documents, a factual historical report was prepared about the events connected with liberation of Harbin from Japan's expansion, about participation of Russian and Polish emigrants, Chinese and Korean town dwellers, and role of Soviet intelligence operators in the said events.


Lurgi Oil-Gas Chemie GmbH and BP Chemicals Inc. have jointly developed a direct butane to 1,4-butanediol (BDO) process. The new dual-reactor process called GEMINOX, combines BP Chemicals 40-years of experience in fluid-bed oxidation technology with Lurgi's 30 years of hydrogenation expertise. The new BDO process is inherently simpler, and thus economically superior to all those presently in the marketplace. The numbers of processing steps to make DBO have been significantly reduced while using the preferred butane feedstock.


The box–ball system is an integrable cellular automaton on a one-dimensional lattice. It arises from either quantum or classical integrable systems by procedures called crystallization and ultradiscretization, respectively. The double origin of the integrability has endowed the box–ball system with a variety of aspects related to Yang–Baxter integrable models in statistical mechanics, crystal base theory in quantum groups, combinatorial Bethe ansatz, geometric crystals, classical theory of solitons, tau functions, inverse scattering method, action-angle variables and invariant tori in completely integrable systems, spectral curves, tropical geometry and so forth. In this review, we demonstrate these integrable structures of the box–ball system and its generalizations based on the developments in the last two decades. Dedicated to the memory of Professor Miki Wadati


occurs might make a significant impact on the devastating morbidity and mortality of coronary artery disease, but I hope it will not be done at the expense of increasing the already widespread fear of the condition.-I Natural History of Ventricular Septal Defect SIR,-Your leading article on the natural history of ventricular septal defect (4 Decem-ber 1971, p. 571) digresses to make a well-timed and well-justified appeal for primary closure of large ventricular septal defects in infancy. However, it might be misleading to some of your readers in seeming to suggest that primary closure of ventricular septal defects in young sick infants can now be offered at a known low risk in this country. As far as I am aware no such statistics are available, and the results to which you refer from overseas relate to only small numbers of younger infants. Conceivably, also, centralization of this operation for these young and usually very sick infants might not prove practicable. At the present time it would seem that there may still be a place for advising pulmonary artery banding in selected patients.-I am, etc., Psychosis and Ketamine SIR,-We read with interest the report of a psychotic illness following ketamine anaesthesia (13 November, p. 428). In February of this year a 23-year-old female was admitted to our burns unit. She had been an inpatient in a mental hospital, suffering from psychotic depression in the puerperal period after the birth of her second child. She had set her bed clothes on fire and sustained 38% deep full-thickness burns of her trunk, right upper limb, and right lower limb. She required three major operations for removal of slough and skin grafting and one minor skin grafting procedure. She also required eleven burns dressings. The first and the second major operations were performed with conventional anaesthesia using nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane. Each of these anaesthetics was complicated by profound hypotension despite adequate blood replacement. It was then decided to perform subsequent skin grafting and the major dressings with ketamine anaesthesia. She had six uncomplicated ketamine anaesthetics. She was pre-medicated either with pethidine, prometha-zine, and atropine or with droperidol and atropine, and she was sedated postoperatively with diazepam or chloropromazine. The maximum dose of ketamine administered was 260 mg during a 90-minute operation. She also had six minor burns dressings with methoxyflurane analgesia. She never had unpleasant dreams but always complained of feeling detached from …


BACKGROUND
Skin is the largest organ of the body and helps to regulate several physiological functions. It acts as a barrier that protects the body against UV-radiation, toxic substances, infections, etc. The abnormal growth of the skin cells is called skin cancer. Different types of skin cancer can be classified as Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC); which mainly occur due to chronic exposure of UV- sunlight and pollution.

METHODS
The conventional topical treatment of skin cancer such as cream, gel, ointment, etc are more occlusive and thus they don't penetrate deep into the skin (dermal layer), while, it remains at the upper part of the skin (epidermal layer). Stratum corneum act as a physiological barrier for the drug-loaded in the conventional formulation. The novel carrier systems have the potential to facilitate the penetration of the drug deep into the skin (dermal layer) because these have less size and higher flexibility than conventional treatment.

CONCLUSION
In the present review, we have discussed various novel carrier systems being investigated for the topical application of chemotherapeutic agents for efficient skin targeting and better dermatological as well as therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic exposure and toxicity.


Summary: Several investigations concerned with the fate of yeasts of different species and quantities administered to the normal gastro‐intestinal tract of animals and human volunteers have produced controversial results. A transfer of yeasts into lymphatic vessels and into the portal venous system seems to take place chiefly from the duodenum. The yeasts cannot be recovered from the peripheral bloodstream and from the urine except in cases of extremely massive intestinal yeast load. The serological response to an oral administration of yeast has only been studied with Candida and rabbits. For the first time, the following examinations were carried out with frequently drawn samples from a male human volunteer after the ingestion of 20 g, and three weeks later 130 g, of fresh baker's yeast:


All-optical regenerators for both on-off keying but also for novel phase modulation formats are reviewed. The emphasis is on all-optical schemes exploiting semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) nonlinearities


Brain dynamics display collective phenomena as diverse as neuronal oscillations and avalanches. Oscillations are rhythmic, with fluctuations occurring at a characteristic scale, whereas avalanches are scale-free cascades of neural activity. Here we show that such antithetic features can coexist in a very generic class of adaptive neural networks. In the most simple yet fully microscopic model from this class we make direct contact with human brain resting-state activity recordings via tractable inference of the model's two essential parameters. The inferred model quantitatively captures the dynamics over a broad range of scales, from single sensor fluctuations, collective behaviors of nearly-synchronous extreme events on multiple sensors, to neuronal avalanches unfolding over multiple sensors across multiple timebins. Importantly, the inferred parameters correlate with model-independent signatures of "closeness to criticality", suggesting that the coexistence of scale-specific (neural oscillations) and scale-free (neuronal avalanches) dynamics in brain activity occurs close to a nonequilibrium critical point at the onset of self-sustained oscillations.


Firstly, the background and significance of IEEE1451 standard are introduced. Secondly, each protocol, especially the IEEE1451.2 standard of IEEE1451 family standards, is described respectively, including Smart Transducer Interface Module(STIM), Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet(TEDS). Then, a new design idea and implementation of a kind of networked smart sensor based on the IEEE451.2 is introduced in detail. Finally, the advantages and trends of the smart sensor based on IEEE1451 standard are summarized. Keywords: IEEE1451, Smart Transducer Interface Module(STIM), Network Capable Application Processor(NCAP), Transducer Electronic Data Sheet(TEDS), networked smart sensor. 1. INTRODUCTION The sensor is the general term of the information acquisition devices, and often used to convert various measurements into electric quantities, it is an essential part to acquire input signals for kinds of monitoring technology system. As the development of communication technology, computer technology, semiconductor technology and network technology, the sensor technology is walking to the direction of becoming more networked and smart which making a continuous improvement of networked monitoring technology. Compared with the traditional sensor, smart sensor not only has the function of information collection, but also has a certain ability of self checking, self compensation, analysis, judgment and two-way communication. What's more, the precision of measurements also have improved in a sense. In the monitoring network, applying field-bus technology to sensors can reduce the connection and bandwidth between the sensors and the main control system effectively, and it realized the intelligence distribution as well. This kind of communication smart sensor is also thought to be networked smart sensor. Currently, monitoring network uses various of communication protocols, such as CAN bus protocol, RS232 communication, RS485 protocol, USB interface protocol, one wire protocol, TCP/IP protocol and so on. The protocol conversion is often required when we connect sensors to the network. In order to solve this problem, we need a common sensor interface protocol [1]. IEEE1451 is an open standard of smart sensor interface protocol suit, used for unified the interface protocols between sensors and different network. Starting in September 1993, the American national standards institute of technology and IEEE association of sensing technical committee jointly organized to formulate a common smart sensor communication interface protocol and related standards. Later in 1995, two standers named IEEE1451.1 and IEEE1451.2 passed. Then IEEE1451.3, IEEE1451.4 and IEEE1451.5 standard successively passed. In recent years, IEEE1451 standard is still in continuous improvement and perfection. Among IEEE1451 protocol suit, the IEEE1451.2 is more often used, the IEEE1451.2 standard mainly defines the transducer electronic data sheet TEDS (Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) and the digital interface standards, which includes the communication interface protocols and the pin definitions between smart transducer interface module STIM (Smart Transducer Interface Module) and network capable processor NCAP (Network Capable Application Processor), it is a practical Interface standard [2]. Combing IEEE1451 standard with smart sensors make sensors not only have smart function but also have a common network communication interface. So as to solve the problem of the sensors' disagreement in network interface, and this is networked smart sensors based on IEEE1451 standard. 2. INTRODUCTION OF IEEE1451 STANDARD 2.1. The Goal of the IEEE1451 Standard The goal of IEEE1451 is to develop a set of smart transducer interface standard by defining a set of common communication interface to solve the problem of compatibility between different networks, and realize the interoperability between different products of different manufacturers in the last. Research and Implementation on Networked Smart Sensor The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 2014, Volume 8 493 2.2. IEEE1451 Standard's Content As a smart transducer interface standard suit, IEEE1451 describes a set of open, versatile, independent network communication interface for the transmitter which connect with microprocessor, instruments, measurement and control network system. The main content of these standards are about the definition of the transducer electronic data sheet named TEDS. TEDS is a memory area with special electronic format and it is always connected to the transmitter. TEDS stores the transmitter identification information, calibration information, modify data, and some information related to measurement, measuring range, etc. The goal of IEEE1451 is to acquire data in the transmitter regardless of the transmitter's being connected to the network through wired or wireless way. So far, IEEE1451 standard protocol suite consists of seven standards, Its system structure and relationship are shown in Fig. (1) [3]. The content of these seven standards IEEE1451.0 to IEEE1451.6 is as followed [4, 5]: IEEE1451.0: This layer includes general function, communication protocol, and electronic sheet (TEDS FORMATS). IEEE1451.0 provides a common simple protocol for different physical layers by defining the basic command set and the communication interface, so as to enhance interoperability between these standards. IEEE1451.1: For various kinds of network technology nowadays, this standard defines the connection ways between smart transmitter to network, using object-oriented ideas to define a standard object model for networked smart transmitter, and define the software interface for each model class. IEEE1451.2: IEEE1451.2 standard defines transducer interface module STIM, and details the hardware structure of STIM: puts forward the concept of TEDS, defines the transmitter TEDS and its data format, defines 10 digital interface independent lines named TII between the transmitter and the microprocessor hardware. It also defines the TII's stitch definition and communication protocols. TEDS on software makes it possible for different sensors to plug and play. IEEE1451.3: This standard includes the definition of multipoint's distributed digital communication system and the format of TEDS. It is mainly used for acquiring synchronous data and communicating in the multipoint distributed smart sensor system. IEEE1451.4: This standard contains the definition of mixed mode communication protocol and TEDS format. It mainly aims at the existing analog communication protocol in the transmitter. It supports the digital interface handle data on TEDS. On the other hand, it also supports the measurement of field instruments. Sensors Plug&Play, based on the IEEE 1451.4 (TEDS) standard, brings plug-and-play capabilities to transducers. With plug-and-play technology, we can store a TEDS directly on a sensor. TEDS-compatible measurement systems can auto-detect and automatically configure these "smart sensors" for measurement, reducing setup time and eliminating transcription errors that commonly occur during sensor configuration. IEEE1451.5: It establish a standard for wireless communication methods and data format for transducers. It will adopt necessary wireless interfaces and protocols to facilitate the use of existing wireless technology solutions and it will define a TEDS based on the IEEE1451 concept, and protocols to access TEDS and transducer data. IEEE1451.6: It defines the TEDS and CAN bus interface. 3. SMART TRANSDUCER STRUCTURE According to the contents of IEEE1451.0 IEEE1451.2, IEEE1451 divides the smart transmitter into two parts, one part is smart transducer interface module, the other part is the network adapter which is also called network application processor. These two parts are connected to each other through 10 digital interface lines TII between them. The diagram of smart transducer block is shown in Fig. (2) [6]. IEEE 1451 Prot-‐ ocol family IEEE
  1451.0
  General
  function
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  TEDS IEEE
  1451.1
  General
  object
  model IEEE
  1451.2
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  1451.3
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  bus IEEE
  1451.4
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  1451.5
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  module Fig. (1). The architecture of IEEE1451 protocol suite. 494 The Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 2014, Volume 8 Wang and Zhou 3.1. NACP Module This module is responsible for network communication, STIM communication, data conversion, etc. The IEEE1451.1 standard defines its physical model. NCAP is the interface between transducer bus and the specialized network bus. We usually regard microprocessor as a core in hardware designs, it plays the role of the "brain" in the networked sensor [7]. 3.2. STIM Module According to the ways connected to NCAP, STIM can have a variety of different functions to suit for different application requirements. A STIM can support single or multiple different channels, it connects to the sensor at one end and connects to the actuator at the other end. 3.3. TEDS [8] TEDS is embedded in STIM. It includes all the required information used to describe a STIM, such as manufacturers, data format, the physical unit, serial number, measurement range and the correction coefficient, etc. In the upgrading of the traditional sensor applications, the sensor information can be stored in TEDS. These data can be provided to NCAP or other parts of the system for STIM self-description and correction. The application of IEEE1451 standard simplifies the networked smart sensor greatly. A virtual TEDS is shown in Table 1. 4. THE DESIGN OF A NETWORKED SMART AUDIO SENSOR BASED ON IEEE1451 There is not an unified field bus standard in the world. The existing Profibus,


Background Food allergens are one of the most important triggers of anaphylaxis in pediatric population and all efforts must be done to avoid new episodes. Objective To determine some factors associated to recurrent anaphylaxis induced by cow´s milk (CM) in pediatric patients with a previous anaphylactic episodes. Methods This is a retrospective study based on medical records from all CM anaphylactic patients, from a Brazilian reference center for food allergy. The anaphylaxis criterion used was based on the Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis. Patients and parents had received orientation regarding prevention of new episodes, including information about hidden allergens, label reading, and synonymous terms. Results It was included 53 patients (33M: 20F), median age of the first episode of anaphylaxis was 6 months (range 1–87 month) and in 56. 6% the first episode occurred until the age of 6 months. Fifty episodes were observed in 22 patients during the follow up. Twelve patients presented 2 or more episodes and 2 patients presented 6 episodes. It was not possible to detect the trigger food in 17 episodes and these situations were related to ingestion of: appetizers (4), margarine (3), bread (2), pizza (2), juice with casein (1), pasta (1), cake (1), chips (1), Italian sausage (1). Two episodes were challenged by accidentally skin contact and 2 by inhalation. Among the settings of episodes, the majority occurred at home. Other places included: school, restaurants and bakery. Conclusions This study showed that it is very difficult to reach success only with the orientations regarding anaphylaxis prevention. It is necessary to betake of other strategies to improve the measure to avoid new episodes of anaphylaxis such as: folders, visual midia and interactive activities. Furthermore, the continuous education is essential to reinforce the knowledge.


In a laboratory experiment, we sought to identify effects of metabolic rate on the sur- vival and growth of individual larvae of Clupea harengus L. The size of the otolith at hatch was used as a measure of standard metabolic rate (SMR) to test the hypotheses that (1) larvae with a low SMR survive longer than larvae with a high SMR during starvation, and (2) larvae with a high SMR grow faster than larvae with a low SMR during periods of high food availability. Herring larvae were reared in replicate tanks with either high, low or no food. Dead larvae were sampled twice daily and live larvae were sampled weekly. The longevity of the larvae was unrelated to their SMR in all treat- ments and, therefore, the first hypothesis was rejected. However, a positive correlation between otolith size-at-hatch and larval dry weight after hatch (r = 0.48, df = 100, p < 0.001) suggested that the hypothesised negative effect of high SMR on longevity may be offset by higher energy reserves (i.e. more yolk) in these larvae. In both high-level food groups there was a significant association between sagitta growth and sagitta size-at-hatch (H1, χ 2 = 5.17, df = 1, p = 0.023; H2, χ 2 = 4.75, df = 1, p = 0.029) and, therefore, the second hypothesis was supported. However, large otolith size-at-hatch was also observed in slow-growing larvae, hence a high SMR may be a prerequisite for fast growth, but does not necessarily result in fast growth.


Introduction The tourism industry is still one of the most significantly growing branches worldwide (Adjouri & Buettner, 2008). The WTTC assumes an annual economic growth of more than 4.3% by 2017, which is higher than the expected growth rate of the overall economy. The global overnight and arrival statistics also mirror these facts with approximately 880 million international tourist arrivals in 2009. Although a decline of 4.3% in international arrivals was recorded, for the upcoming years compared to 2008, the UNWTO expects an increase of international arrivals (UNWTO, 2010). Locations as tourism destinations are the most important basis for all forms of tourism (Freyer, 2006). The customer chooses a location or destination according to his/her needs and wishes (Bieger, 2008), i.e. "a destination is a location with a pattern of attractions, related tourism facilities and services, which the tourist or a group chooses for a visitation and which the service provider markets" (Schucan, 1998). Within a destination, the customer consumes a bundle of products and services delivered by a variety of service providers, which fulfill his needs. The consumption of the service and its production coincide (uno actu principle) and is depending on the location or destination. And although the services are provided independently by different service providers within a destination, the customer perceives the destination product as a whole and rates his/her satisfaction according to his expectations (Bieger, 2008). The expectation level then becomes a standard against which the product's performance is ultimately judged. That is, once the product or service has been consumed, each consumer will compare outcomes against expectations to make a judgment regarding his satisfaction (Woodruff & Cardial, 1996; Inskeep, 1991). In all kinds of economic fields, it is the product, which is the differentiation criterion for identifying competitive advantages (Kotler et al., 2011). And within the positioning and strategic direction of a destination, it is the tourism product which plays a crucial role. According to Bieger (2005) positioning in tourism means to differentiate a region or a service provider for a target market by means of specific product characteristics, which differentiate the destination from its competitors. In tourism and in the Alpine area especially, a variety of homogeneous products and services (e.g. hiking, winter sports, etc.) can be identified; and it is these products and services which contribute to an increasingly intense competition. Besides the products and services, it is the decreasing demand and over-capacities due to higher costs and financial bottlenecks, which also influence the competition among destinations (Ullmann, 2000). Therefore, new and innovative tourism products and services are needed to differentiate from competitors. Positive developments in the field of health tourism, in particular, show high potential for differentiation. According to experts, longer life expectancy and modified leisure behavior mainly contributed to the increase of health consciousness in the population (Haederlien et al., 2007). Furthermore diseases such as diabetes or back complaints are responsible for the rising demand for health tourism products (Rulle, 2008). Also, a rise in the populations' willingness to pay for health treatments was recorded, since the statutory health insurance does not cover these expenses (Rulle, 2008). The growing potential of health tourism products can be underpinned by the demographic development and the increasing expenditure on health. In Austria, the age group of 60 years and above represents over 23% of the population nowadays. This proportion will increase up to 26% in 2020 and up to 30% in 2030. As a consequence, augmentations in health expenditures will become notable. From 1990 to 2009, expenditures in the public health insurance sector increased by 65. …


Unlabeled or insufficiently labeled data is a common challenge in autonomous driving applications. Perception tasks like object detection in particular require annotated data, which is expensive to acquire, due to mostly manual labeling processes. One approach to saving label cost is using synthetic data and unsupervised domain adaptation to bridge the visual appearance gap towards the real application data. Knowing the placement of objects in rendered scenes, labels can be extracted automatically. However, lack of realism in rendered scenes leaves a domain gap between real and synthetic data. We transfer image-to-image adversarial domain adaptation methods from semantic segmentation to object detection, leveraging synthetic data for the task of vehicle detection in real images. This improved GAN-based image generation is combined with a standard object detector. This is in contrast to previous works, which also applied domain adaptation methods to the detector. With our adaptations we achieve state of the art results in domain adaption using generative adversarial networks on GTA to Cityscapes synthetic to real unsupervised domain transfer for vehicle detection.


TOPIC Page No. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1-28 1.0 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Importance of the study ------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.2 Review of Literature ---------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.3 Statement of the Problem ---------------------------------------------------------------------22 1.4 Objectives of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------------24 1.5 Hypothesis of Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------25 References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26


The purpose of our study was to assess the success rate of methods used for knee arthrodesis in failed total knee arthroplasty and to do a functional evaluation after arthrodesis of the knee. A physiotherapist and occupational therapist assessed 10 patients who had undergone knee arthrodesis, using either the Orthofix or Ilizarov methods. Both methods were successful. There were no failures. The functional outcomes were satisfactory.


This dissertation was written as a part of the MSc in e-Business and Digital Marketing at the International Hellenic University. The aim of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of influencer marketing, its rise and its effects on consumer behaviour and brand perception. This research was implemented in collaboration with a Greek footwear retail shop, with both online and offline presence, named Arte Piedi. A thorough research was conducted in the state-of-the-art literature along with a qualitative research in order to identify Greek consumers perception about influencer marketing, how it affects their behaviour and how it helps or damages a brand. The findings concern both influencers and brands which utilizing influencer marketing technique. The analysis of the collected data revealed the most appealing characteristics of influencers and the main challenges that influencers and brands need to aware in order to avoid unsuccessful campaigns and failure.


The ottomans developed their country through the high level of their education. They declined as they could not contimle the progresses in education in thair period. They established different typer of school but they could not establish the concept of science. This abnormal logic could not prevent Mustafa KEMAL, who learned the European mentality, to improve himself and established new educational. institutions in modern Turkish Republic. We should learn the education adventure from ottoman period to Ataturk's.


Abstract Background HIV-infected patients have decreased serological response to HBV vaccination with faster decline of protective antibody (Ab) titer. In those with isolated anti-HBc Ab, the role of vaccination remains controversial. We, therefore, conducted this study aimed to determine immunogenicity and safety of four- vs. three-standard doses HBV vaccination in HIV-infected adults with isolated anti-HBc antibody. Methods An open-label randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation was conducted among HIV-infected patients attending the Infectious Diseases clinic of the Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand between July and September 2017. Eligibility participants must be ≥18 years old, taking cART, CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3, HIV VL < 20 copies/mL, and positive isolated anti-HBc Ab. The participants were randomized to receive either three-standard-doses (20 µg at Months 0, 1, 6) or four-standard-doses (20 µg at Months 0, 1, 2, 6) IM HBV vaccination and were evaluated for anamnestic response at Week 4 after the first dose and response at Week 28. Predictive factors for anamnestic response and vaccine responders at Week 28 were analyzed. Results Of the total of 97 patients screened, 54 participants were enrolled and randomized. Thirty-two participants were male (59.3%) with the mean age of 46 years old. Anamnestic response occurred in 25.9% vs. 33.3% in three doses vs. four doses arm respectively (P = 0.551). After vaccination, the response rates at Week 28 were 85.2% in three doses arm vs. 88.9% in four doses arm (P = 1.000); with 44.4% vs. 63.0% being high-level responders, respectively (P = 0.172). GMT of anti-HBs Ab at Week 28 in three doses arm and four doses arm were 63.8 and 209.8 mIU/mL, respectively, P = 0.030. No adverse events were reported. A younger age (<45 years old) and higher nadir CD4 count (≥100 cells/mm3) were independently predictive factors of anamnestic response with the odd ratio (OR) of 17.4 (95% CI 3.0–102.0) and 21.6 (95% CI 2.7–170.4) respectively. No predictive factors of responders at Week 28 were found. Conclusion In Thai HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-HBc Ab, anamnestic response occurred considerably with both regimens, but the majority was still unprotected. Hence, a single dose vaccination is insufficient. The usual three-standard-doses vaccination was highly effective with high response rate. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


We study budget constrained network upgrading problems. We are given an undirected edge-weighted graph G=(V,E), where node v?V can be upgraded at a cost of c(v). This upgrade reduces the weight of each edge incident on v. The goal is to find a minimum cost set of nodes to be upgraded so that the resulting network has a minimum spanning tree of weight no more than a given budget D. The results obtained in the paper include?On the positive side, we provide a polynomial time approximation algorithm for the above upgrading problem when the difference between the maximum and minimum edge weights is bounded by a polynomial in , the number of nodes in the graph. The solution produced by the algorithm satisfies the budget constraint, and the cost of the upgrading set produced by the algorithm is O(log) times the minimum upgrading cost needed to obtain a spanning tree of weight at most .?In contrast, we show that, unless ?(), there can be no polynomial time approximation algorithm for the problem that produces a solution with upgrading cost at most ?


Abstract Consider a compact zero dimensional (profinite) monoid. While the group of units must be open, a regular D-class need not be open in the ideal it generates. This is the case if and only if the semigroup contains infinitely many copies of a certain semilattice composed of an increasing sequence of idempotents converging to an upper bound. Using compactifications of free products, two generator compact monoids with these properties are constructed.


ABSTRACT In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) method was used to differentiate three concretes having different strengths in laboratory. Cutting tests under different conditions in full-scale cutting testing rig coupled with AE measurements were realised. AE measurements were evaluated by means of magnitude. Afterwards, moving maximum algorithm was utilised to process AE signals, and processed plots were employed to create surface contour plots. It was clearly seen that AE measurements can be used to differentiate materials being cut in terms of strength differences, such that higher strength concrete yielded higher magnitudes of AE signals where lower strength concrete showed lower magnitudes.


In this paper, the design of an isolated Memristor Cellular Nonlinear Network (CNN) cell with discrete electronic elements is presented. The proposed versatile circuit allows for adjustable cell dynamical characteristics, controlled by design parameters, while the discrete element approach enables simple on-board implementation without the need for large-scale integration, which is necessary for testing hardware with individual fabricated memristors. A voltage-mode approach, that makes use of the diversity of operational amplifiers, is preferred here over a current-mode one that necessitates a large number of individual transistors. The dynamical properties of the system are initially investigated through the calculation of equilibrium points and further illustrated applying the concept of State Dynamic Routes (SDRs) for the cell assuming that the memristor dynamics are much slower than the capacitor voltage dynamics. Moreover, the effect of design parameters on the cell dynamics is being investigated, showing how the scaling of the operating voltage, as well as a plethora of CNN variants -i.e., the Chua-Yang and Full Range models-, can be implemented within the same design. Finally, the nonlinear conductance properties of real memristor devices are incorporated into the study, demonstrating interesting bifurcation phenomena between the cell monostability and bistability for specific parameter values.


In this work for the first time the problem of teaching students of cadet schools playing two musical instruments piano and synthesizer. Playing music on each of them has its own characteristics and to facilitate efficient development of music girls. The article reveals the way of training for students of cadet schools in playing music independently for the two instruments. Identified and justified the need to use special methods of contributing to the formation of the girls respective skills and motivation.


It is shown that GNP will have an autoregressive root very close to unity in a variant of Taylor's (1980a,b) overlapping wage contracts model, for stylized versions of simple money supply rules and plausible values for the model's parameters. In this variant, monetary policy is the only reason for serial correlation in GNP. It is premature, therefore, to conclude, as some authors, have, that the presence of such a root in U.S. GNP is inconsistent with either a stationary natural rate or with nominal shocks playing a major role in the business cycle.


Content-Based Image Retrieval (CIBR) is the process of searching digital images in a large database based on features, such as colour, texture and shape of a given query image. Therefore features can be extracted directly from images in compressed format by using, for example, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for JPEG compressed images. Region-Based Image Retrieval (RBIR) has attracted great interest in recent years. This paper proposes a new Region-Based Image Retrieval (RBIR) approach using a Shape Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform (SA-DCT). In this retrieval system, an image has a prior segmentation alpha plane, which is defined exactly as in MPEG-4. Therefore, an image is represented by segmented regions, each of which is associated with a feature vector derived from a classical DCT and SA-DCT. Users can select any region as the main theme of the query image. The similarity between a query image and any database image is ranked according to a same measure computed from the selected regions between two images. For those images with out distinctive objects and scenes, users can still select the whole image as the query condition. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is easy to identify main objects and reduce the influence of background in the image, and thus improve the performance of image retrieval in comparison with a conventional Content-Based Image Retrieval based on DCT.


This paper developed a teleoperation system of a space robot, which can assist the operator in planning trajectory quickly and intuitively. In addition to the general function, this system can ensure the completion of certain mission when some joint of the space robot is locked for a hardware malfunction. The teleoperation system includes 4 subsystems-Graphics display subsystem, Camera monitor subsystem, Tasks plan subsystem, and Haptic interface subsystem. The experimental results and the analysis of the data generated validate the effectiveness and correctness of our system.


This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of financial management in the British motor industry in the 1950s and 1960s. We question whether US ownership automatically implied greater financial control and immunity from capital market pressures and discuss whether the problems BMC/BMH (British Motor Corporation/British Motor Holdings) experienced were symptomatic of the absence of financial imperatives among British management at this time. Finally we widen the agenda to place our findings on financial management into a wider literature dealing more generally with the problems of managerial control and corporate governance within the motor vehicle industry in the 1950s and 1960s.


Initiatives to enhance Web accessibility have previously focused on the development of guidelines which apply on a global basis. Legislation at national and international levels increasingly mandate conformance with such guidelines. However large scale surveys have demonstrated the failure of such approaches to produce any significant impact. We review previous critiques of the limitations of such approaches and introduces a new scenario – content for people with learning disabilities – in order to illustrate the limitations of resource-based standards. We describe how BS 8878, a code of practice developed in the UK which provides a standard for the processes used in the development of Web resources, has been deployed in an institutional context. We conclude by emphasising the importance of standards, especially to support the procurement of goods and services by government bodies. However rather than standards for describing Web content we argue that standards are needed which can be used across the wide range of uses which are being made of the Web, the variety of user contexts and the differences in interpretations of 'accessibility' and 'disability', especially across developing and developed countries.


This article examines copyright issues in South Africa and shows certain historical continuities in musicians' problems with ownership and control. It argues that in organizing relationships and ownership two distinct systems coexist in the South African music industry, which are here called the patronage model, on the one hand, and the contract model of the global music industry, on the other. The historical continuities arise from the fact that the music producers operating at the junction of the two systems have been and remain in a position to concentrate ownership and control to themselves, at the expense of the music creators. There is a comparable concentration of ownership in the global music industry, in which the biggest industry actors continue to benefit vis-à-vis the small ones. Much of the ongoing debate on the 'crisis' of the music industry reflects the interests of the major actors and revolves around the question of how to secure rewards for music producers from the digital distribution and consumption of music. This article insists that there are crucial issues of ownership that arise prior to distribution and consumption; that is, in the relations and processes of production. These lead to a question of how to improve ownership and control of copyrights and other related rights of the composers and musicians vis-à-vis music producers and publishers. A second question concerns the creation of a reward structure that prevents concentration of ownership and control to any position or functionary in the music industry.


Induced breeding of Bagrid catfish, Mystus tengara, is not widely practiced in Bangladesh, and seed is not readily available. The study was conducted to identify the optimum range of water quality parameters to best induced breeding results in a hatchery in Pabna district, Bangladesh. Fish breeding and other related work have been done in the hatchery. The (mean ± SD) temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were ranged from 29.75±1.22oC to 33.94±0.18oC; 4.40±0.57 to 5.35±1.06 mg/l; and 7.10±0.14 to 7.40±0.28 in brood pond and 26.50±0.71oC to 31.00±1.41oC; 3.80±0.14 to 5.50±0.42; and 7.00±0.00 to 7.30±0.42 in overhead tank, respectively. The highest fertilization rate (80%) was observed in brood pond water at the 7th and 8th weeks at temperatures of 33.94±0.18o C and 32.00±1.07oC, as well as oxygen concentrations of 5.20±1.41 mg/l, 4.60±0.14 mg/l, and pH values 7.20±0.14, 7.20±0.00, respectively. In the 9th week of the experiment, the temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH values of 28.00±1.41oC, 5.50±0.42 mg/l and 7.00±0.00, respectively, were shown to have the highest hatching rates. A strong positive correlation was found among dissolved oxygen, temperature, fertilization rate, and hatching rate. Particularly, the brood raising pond's water quality parameters showed a strong positive correlation with fertilization rate. On the other hand, water quality parameters of the overhead tank showed a strong positive correlation with hatching rate. This study will help hatchery technicians in comprehending the requirements for M. tengara species induced breeding in terms of water quality.


farm and can apply these rules to ordinary events. It seems that learner's errors in statistical reasoning are better understood as an inability to code events in terms that make cantact with statistical rules rathex than as ignorance of the statistical rules themselves. In fact, Holland et al. state that the strongest evidence for the highly abstract existence of these rules is "the fact that the teaching of statistical rules in an abstract way, as is normally done in statistics courses, for example, has an effect on the way people reason about problems in everyday life" (p. 256). Implications for Instruction The theory about inferential rules outlined in this chapter suggests implications for injecting new rules into human informaton processing systems in school settings. Essentially, the type of inferential rule Holland et d. call Law of Large Numbers Heuristics is part of the formal array of scientific reasoning tools employed by statisticians and scientists. Chapter 1 advanced a normative premise fbr teaching reasoning and improving human intellectual competence through principles and tools fbr thinking arising from the scientific tradition of inquiry. The formal array of scientific reasoning tools is embedded in that scientific tradition and, in large measure, is already part of school curricula. However, the present view that such tools may also include inferential rules that are relatively independent of specific domains of knowledge and are applicable in everyday contexts is not a commonly held view in school settings. The promise of teaching abstract inferential rules to improve problem solving is highlighted by Holland et d. as follows: We have spoken about systems as if they had to go it alone, learning everything by the sweat of their brows or the hum of their central prmescm. Fortunately, that is not the case. New rules can be suggested to systems by e x t d agents such as teachers and programmers ... . The most hportant thing to say about inserted rules is that they will tend to act in some impartant aspects like induced rules. That is to say, they will enter into competition for the right to represent the environment along with the rest of the rules in the system's possession. (p. 96). Since statistical reasoning involves abstract, domain-independent inferential rules, it may be possible to improve students' abilities to reason about a wide range of events by formally teaching the abstract statistical rules themselves. This is, in some ways, made easier because students may already possess intuitive versions of some statistical rules that they have induced by reasoning about problems where uncertainty is prevalent. They may have acquired the means for encoding infbrmation in problems in terms of statistical rules. However, learned abilities to encode and apply such abstract rules vary. Application can be improved by instruction in encoding the information contained in problems in appropriate ways so that it makes contact with the rules. There are two main issues to be considered in planning instruction. First, newlyintroduced rules compete with old rules. This issue, highly relevant to instuction, is often missed by teachers who teach as if students were tabJa ram. According to Holland et al. : education should not be thought of as replacing the rules that people use for understandine the world but mthex as introducing new rules that enter into competition wit.the old ones. People reliably &st& the new rules in the diredion of the old ones, or igncne them altogether except in the highly specific domains in which they were taught. @. 206) Therefore, it is not appropriate to assume that any learner's mind is a blank slate. Instructional techniques must take students' existing beliefs (Clement, 1982) and prior knowledge, including related heuristics, into accowlt. For example, students commonly learn one set of rules for school science and another for the real world (West & Pines, 1985). Second, the newly acquited rules will not compete successfully with older induced rules if the application requires encoding that the system has not yet mastered. Knowledge about how students of various ages and capabilities en& statistical infarmaton in problems from various domains is useful information for instructional planning. Nisbett et al. (1983) have argued that people call on statistical heuristics in adQess'i everyday problems according to (a) the degree to which features of a problem can be enaxled in terms of statistical rules (i.e., when sample space and sampling processes are clear, when the events can be coded in common units); (b) the presence of chance factors or random variation in the problem; and (c) the presence of events in the problem that are "culturally" associated with random variations (e.g., gambling). Based on this analysis, three problem "domains" of statistical reasoning were identified by Fong et al.: (a) Probabilistic problems are those in which random variation in the sample data was made clear in the problem. (b) Objective problems are those that desaibe sample data in some objective metric (e.g., pounds as opposed to "W"), but there is no explicit cue about randomness of the sample. And, (c) Subjective problems are those in which data describing a sample is not reliably measurable (e.g., 'funny"). Fong a al. argue that these three are domains of everyday problems where statistical heuristics apply. The two instructionally significant issues-newly-inbroduced rules compete with old rules and newly acquired rules will not compete successfully with older induced rules if the application requites encoding that the system has not yet maskd-need to be considered in teaching abstract inferential rules such as statistical heuristics. If students readily use statistical rules only in a domain where they can easily encode the variability of events such as the Probabilistic domain, they need to be shown how to e n d events in terms that make contact with the rules when events are not so easily encoded. This might be done with examples from the Objective and Subjzziw domains. Second, if students have strong prim intuitions-pe-established, erroneous statistical or other heuristics that they apply to problems where uncertainty is prevalent-Mcmal a y h e s that incorporate demOIlSttations may overcome and defeat those prior intuitions (see Siegler, 1983; McCloskey & Kaiser, 1984). Holland et d. are specific in their suggestions for the types of demonstrations that teachers should undertake to defeat ppeexisting ermrs in reasoning: What is needed is demonstrations where students are required to make predictions about the likely outcomes of events, then to articulate the bases of their predictions, then to explore the possibility that other rules might exist that would do a better job of prediction. (p. 228) Teachers' knowledge of the other, competing heuristics or typical reasoning errors and intuitions is critical. In addition teachers need to become informed about common "default conditions" (Peakins et d) that are often triggered in the cognitions of makes-sense epistemologists who encounter problem solving activities. Knowledge of students' existing rules and misconceptions is encompassed in a recent model of teaching called the cognitivemediationa1 model where ssudent cognitions are seen as the cause for learning. Winne and Marx (1987) refer to two models of teaching tbat carrespond to process-product and cognitive-mediatima1 paradigmi The first of these is the perfcnmanc6based model of teaching effeictiveness. It was predicated on the view that a simple cause-andeffect chain exists between what teachers do and how well students learn. It meant that teaching could be analyzed as a set of discrete skills or behavioun Specific skiUs/behavioilts used by teachers would increase student learning, and a linking together of skills/behaviours would result in effective teaching. The authors argue that the most critical problem with the Pepfarmanwbased model is that "it does not include a formal description of how students actually leam from teaching" (Winne & Manr, 1987, p. 269). The missing causal link between teaching and learning is addressed by the second of the two models, the cognitive mediational model. It adds two dimensions to the perf~nnance-based model. One is a cognitive dimension focusing on the kinds of cognitions which students use in trying to learn. The other is a mediational dimension focusing on the need for students to inteapret teacher behavim in the ambiguous context of classrooms. The cognitive-mediational model shifts the cause-effect relationship for learning from teacher behaviours as causes to students' cognitim as causes. It follows that knowing how learners reason about problems becomes prerequisite understanding far improving such reasoning. Studies of Statistical Reasoning The following eight studies represent the corpus of research on how the inferential rule called the law of large numbers heuristics is applied in everyday problem solving. To investigate whether people normally reason more statistically about objective, easyta-code events than about subjective, hard-to-de events, Jepson et d(1983) tested subjects with two types of problems. In the fitst type of problem, the behaviour to be considered by the problem solver was an achievement or some other outcome, such as number of friends, that could be assessed by objective means. It was hypothesized that the objective nature of the information in the problem would allow easier identification of statistical propeaties such as variability and randomness. In the second type of problem, the behaviour to be consided was only subjectively assessable, for example, friendliness. Subjects were observed to be much more likely to use the law of large numbers and the repsion principle with the first type of problem. The investigators concluded that inductive reasoning will be guided by statistical inferential rules when peop


The effects of levels of crude protein (44, 51 and 54%) and three levels of digestible energy (3,400, 3,500 and 3,600 kcal kg) in diets for pejerrey fingerlings were evaluated. A completely randomized experiment design, with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Weight gain of fingerlings, with an initial weight of 214.4 ± 59.4 mg was recorded. After 10 weeks of cultivation it was observed that crude protein levels of 51 and 54% were more efficient and that no significant difference occurred for digestible energy levels. Interaction between energy an protein was due to the quality of energy source, rather than to the energetic value. The relationship energy:protein between 6.29 and 6.86 kcal Kg provided best weight gain, being represented by the equation Y = 68.821x + 870.36 (R = 0,68).


Recently, Most enterprises produced ready mixed concrete uses a mixing water as a recycling water without a density control in proportion to guide and standard. That is a cause of deterioration in the concrete quality like a reduce of strength, laitance, crack, etc. This study shows basic materials for development of ready mixed concrete recycling water density control system that holds down a deterioration in the concrete quality by using a mixed water treated recycling water with stabilizing agent and examines a possibility of re-using components of cement in recycling water. Therefore, in the experiment, we make a recycling water contains 3,5,7% of solid content ratio examines a property of a mixing water with a stabilizing agent and without it. Hesults of this study is next as follow. 1. The slump is decreased 1 -2cm in a mixing without a stabilizing agent and the mixing with a stabilizing agent is similar to the standard mixing. 2. The air content is 4-4.7% in proportion to an increase of solid content without a stabilizing agent and the mixing with a stabilizing agent is similar to the standard mixing. 3. The compressive strength of an early curing age is tendency to increase both the mixing without a stabilizing agent and the mixing with a stabilizing agent. But, After 14days is passed, Compressive strength is decreased in a mixing without a stabilizing agent but increased a mixing with a stabilizing agent.


Carlos Daniel Greppi, Juan L. García Massini, Roberto R. Pujana and Sergio A. Marenssi, May 2018. Fungal wood-decay strategies in Nothofagaceae woods from Miocene deposits in southern Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa xxx, xxx -xxx. Decayed woods from the Miocene, Rio Leona Formation, Santa Cruz, Argentina having simultaneous decay patterns consistent with soft- and white rot characteristics are described. Samples were previously identified as Nothofagoxylon scalariforme. At low magnification, the permineralized woods appear mottled, with discoloured, degraded areas, scattered in apparently robust tissue, consistent with white-rot decay. At greater magnification, the woods reveal several micromorphological features, including differential decay of cellulose-rich cellular components that match soft-rot decay by extant ascomycetes and some basidiomycetes. In addition, decayed woods either appear differentially delignified or show simultaneous decay of all cellular components (lignin- and cellulose-rich), which are by-products of white-rot fungal decay. Additional anatomical characteristics of the decayed woods are consistent with a host response to the fungal attack. Co-occurrence of these two decay patterns suggests soft-rot decay and white-rot fungal decay. In addition, co-occurrence of all the decay features observed also suggests facultative soft rot by white-rot fungi, such as in some extant species that switch between these two types of decay strategies as a means to circumvent plant defences. These data indicate that fungi with soft-rot capacity for wood decay can be traced back to the early Miocene (ca 19 Ma). In addition, this report adds to the distribution and diversity of fungi in the geological record and underscores the ecological importance of wood as a preferred substrate for the association and interactions between fungi with different saprotrophic abilities, which have been fundamental for nutrient recycling in terrestrial ecosystems during the Cenozoic. Carlos Daniel Greppi [firstname.lastname@example.com] Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales-CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, (1405) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Juan L. García Massini [firstname.lastname@example.com] Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), Provincia de La Rioja, UNLaR, SEGEMAR, UNCa, CONICET, Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n (5301) Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina; Roberto R. Pujana [firstname.lastname@example.com] Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales-CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, (1405) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Sergio A. Marenssi [firstname.lastname@example.com] IGEBA-CONICET, Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2620, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina.


The democratic governance of digital transformation to build smart cities is governed in the interplay between political and professional leaders. This paper presents and discusses how municipal political leaders see their capacity and confidence to build more smart cities in Sweden. The national policy ambitions are to use digitalization in the best ways to build smart urban and regional spaces. The study indicates that these leaders mainly see digitalization and smart city initiatives as a tool for effective administration and improved access. The two main lessons learned from the study are that the size of the municipality is critical for the competences to lead, and that the silo-organization is hampering learning and competence develop-ment. The overall conclusion is that there is a lack of coordinated governance structures to make the most of smart cities and to enhance learning among cities and leaders.


In this paper, we introduce a new hyperchaotic complex T-system. This system has complex nonlinear behavior which we study its dynamical properties including invariance, equilibria and their stability, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation, chaotic behavior and chaotic attractors as well as necessary conditions for this system to generate chaos. We discuss the synchronization with certain and uncertain parameters via adaptive control. For synchronization, we use less controllers than the dimension of the proposed system. Also, we prove that the error system is asymptotically stable by using a Lyapunov function. Numerical simulations are computed to check the analytical expressions.


The overall procedure toward the implementation of a compact tunable athermal filter mounted on a piezoelectric actuator and based on a π-shift chirped fiber Bragg grating is presented. This package ensures an active tunablility over 2 nm with a cross thermal induced Bragg wavelength shift below 100 pm over a temperature range from −20°C to +80°C. The proposed filter makes use of the overall response of a π-shift chirped fiber Bragg grating and a bulk broadband microfilter that enables a sharp optical transmission spectrum response having a FWHM below 20 pm within a 2 nm region and 20 dB rejection band to be obtained.


Hydrology manages that piece of the water cycle from the appearance of water at the land surface as precipitation to its inevitable misfortune from the land either by dissipation or transpiration back to the climate or by surface and subsurface stream to the ocean. It is hence fundamentally worried about waters near the land surface. It incorporates different segment orders of a progressively particular nature.


In this paper we present a computational model which decodes the spatio-temporal data from electrophysiological measurements of neuronal networks and reconstructs the network structure on a macroscopic domain, representing the connectivity between neuronal units. The model is based on reservoir computing network (RCN) approach, where experimental data is used as training and validation data. Consequently, the model can be used to study the functionality of different neuronal cultures and simulate the network response to external stimuli.


Mounting evidence suggests that pain is associated with cognitive decline; however, most of these studies are limited to high‐income countries. As the number of older adults living in low and middle‐income countries (LMICs) increases, by 2030 the majority of individuals living with dementia will reside in these countries. This makes Mexico, a LMIC facing a rapidly aging population, an important setting to investigate the relationship between pain and dementia.


as the world of knowledge based systems and digital knowledge sharing grows, business models involving document management and storage of large blocks of files is becoming the need of the hour. It is very essential to select the correct and efficient file system to store the files in order to ease the retrieving and addition of files. Alhough using cloud technologies to save such data offers flexibility, the biggest challenge is to select whether to opt for a distributed file system mounted over cloud virtual machines or use Paas based file storages available as platforms. Here, we compare the performance of two environments both deployed on a same storage account on Azure cloud. One is GlusterFS file system mounted on a virtual machine on Azure and the other is Paas based Azure blob storage using a website for encryption hosted on Azure.


This document includes range maps for the 83 terrestrial natural (plant) communities described in Terrestrial Ecological Systems and Natural Communities of Nebraska (Version IV March 9, 2010) by Rolfsmeier and Steinauer 2010. Each map includes the known range and potential range for individual community types. The known range includes areas where a community has been documented and areas where it has not been documented but thought very likely to occur. The potential range includes areas where the community has not been documented but is thought to have some potential to occur. The maps should be considered approximations of the community ranges and are meant to be used at a coarse scale. For many of Nebraska's natural community types, field inventory is limited and therefore it not possible to draw definitive range maps. It is possible that a community type may occur outside the known and potential ranges shown on the maps.


This paper analyzes the cell discarding probability of an ATM connection over a wireless channel. A Markov chain is used to capture the characteristics of the physical channel, and a methodology is established to compute the number of errors during the transmission of a packet in terms of the parameters of the chain. This methodology is valid for any number of states introduced in the characterization of the channel. It takes into account the error detection/correction algorithm of the ATM protocol. Particularly, two channel models are considered: a Gilbert channel and a Rayleigh fading radio channel. For both, numerical results are provided.


Self-oscillations are the result of an efficient mechanism generating periodic motion from a constant power source. In quantum devices, these oscillations may arise due to the interaction between single electron dynamics and mechanical motion. Due to the complexity of this mechanism, these self-oscillations may irrupt, vanish, or exhibit a bistable behavior causing hysteresis cycles. We observe these hysteresis cycles and characterize the stability of different regimes in single and double quantum dot configurations. In particular cases, we find these oscillations stable for over 20 seconds, many orders of magnitude above electronic and mechanical characteristic timescales, revealing the robustness of the mechanism at play. The experimental results are reproduced by our theoretical model that provides a complete understanding of bistability in nanoelectromechanical devices.


As drinking water quality monitoring as required by the Regulation of the Minister of Health and give an idea or information about the quality of drinking water distributed in pipes can be approached by analyzing the water age and changes in the concentration of chlorine in drinking water distribution pipes. The approach is based on research done by simulation or modeling water quality in drinking water supply pipes with the help of software modeling water quality and direct observations in the field. With limited time and costs, from four existing zones in Demak PDAMs, research is only done at one zone, it was a drinking water distribution piping network in Zone 3 which has the longest pipeline compared to other zones. Water age does not affect the water turbidity levels in the water distribution pipes, but rather influenced by hydraulics flow and turbidity own constituent factors. Likewise, the level of turbidity does not affect the concentration of chlorine in drinking water distribution pipes. While the concentration of chlorine in drinking water distribution pipes is influenced by the water age and the distance of water from the reservoir as well asthe value ofthe bulk reaction rate forthe decay ofthe concentration of chlorinein thewater( k). The value of kinthiscase studyis-9.716mg/l/day which is adecayequationlinearizedline gradientof water formedarelationshipgraph of time (water age) to the concentration ofchlorine in that time.


Ho monopnictides (Ho Pn: Pn = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) and monochalcogenides (Ho Ch: Ch = S, Se, and Te) are known to possess a nontrivial magnetic structure, while solid-phase HoO has not been synthesized yet. In this study, a rock salt-type HoO epitaxial thin film was grown by using the pulsed laser deposition method, which had a bandgap of 0.11 eV and tunable electrical conduction via its oxygen nonstoichiometry. Its Curie temperature, above 130 K, was much higher than those of Ho Pn and Ho Ch, most likely due to an enhanced direct exchange interaction. Similar to Ho Pn and Ho Ch, a HoO thin film showed a metamagnetic behavior below the Curie temperature in spite of its dominant ferromagentic ordering.


The Practical Pattern of Network Engineering is a compulsory course for the students majoring computer network engineering.The course focuses mainly on the practical teaching with the theoretical teaching as its complement.It has been proved that Packet Tracer not only helps save the cost and reduce the management of labs but also enhances the abilities of students' self-study and self-manipulation,and fundamentally ensures the qualities of the practical teaching of network engineering.


This experiment aimed to construct an electode of glucose oxidase (GOD). A platina wired was layered with GOD immobilzed on celulose acetate membrane. Furthermore, properties of the electode was investigated by measuring potensial of the electrode in glocose solution system. The construction of immobile GOD on platina wired was carried out following the method of Godjevargova. The amount of enzyme was measured with Lowry method. The potensial of the electrode measured as  working electrode and compared with a Ag | AgCl electrode as reference. The results showed the potensial electrode measurement dependent on glucose solution concentration. Increasing in glucose solution lead to increase potensial of the electrode. In addition, sensitivity of the electrode faster than wired without layered by GOD. Evidence of glutaraldehide on the electrode supported sensitivity of the electrode and also extended the life time. Keywords : Glukose oxidase , enzyme amobilization , platina elektrode


Over the past decade, leading health care organizations have recommended doubling the number of doctorally prepared nurses to meet the future demands of health care. In 2018, the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties committed to move all nurse practitioner degree programs to the Doctor of Nursing Practice degree by 2025. As more and more doctorally prepared nurses enter the workforce, other nurses are considering returning to school for a terminal degree. This column will review options for doctoral education in nursing and the strength, focus, and program requirements for PhD and DNP degrees.


In this paper, aiming at the detection of fatigue driving scene of drivers, a diagnostic model based on machine learning is proposed under the scene of long-time driving. The validity of the model is verified by simulation experiments. The simulation result shows that the model can effectively fit the fatigue condition of drivers under long-time driving, and accurately judge and warn the fatigue state of drivers. At the same time, the model also extends the application of fatigue classification detection.


This paper aims to estimate the efficiency improvement target or the X factor for regulating the Thai electricity generation state owned enterprise. Efficiency is measured by employing a modern, standard application of parametric and nonparametric approaches, namely Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis respectively. The results from evaluating the Thai power plants are beneficial to internal management. Single X factor for an enterprise can be adopted for the next review of revenue requirement.


SUMMARY

The incorporation of avirulent fungi such as Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, an avirulent isolate of G. graminis var. tritici, a Phialophora sp. with lobed hyphopodia synonymous with Phialophora radiciola var. radicicola sensu Deacon and P. radicicola var. graminicola at the time of seeding Agrostis turf in pots of sterilised soil completely controlled Ophiobolus patch disease. The addition of a 5 mm layer of take-all suppressive (TAS) soils, artifically developed by the repeated addition of live mycelium of the varieties avenae, tritici and graminis of G. graminis to soil, controlled the disease to a lesser extent. However, a 20 mm layer of a TAS soil developed from live mycelium of G. g. avenae almost completely suppressed the disease. A survey of 66 golf and bowling greens in four states of Australia showed that P. r. graminicola was the most prevalent avirulent fungus.


Given a set of demands in a directed graph, the directed congestion minimization problem is to route every demand with the objective of minimizing the heaviest load over all edges. We show that for any constant ϵ > 0, there is no Ω(log1−ϵ M)-approximation algorithm on networks of size M unless NP ⊆ ZPTIME(npolylog n). This bound is almost tight given the O(log M/log log M)-approximation via randomized rounding due to Raghavan and Thompson.


T HE title selected for this address involves a paradox. By their very nature special libraries are unique; not only is an art library different from a business library, but one business library differs widely from another business library. If it is unrealistic to apply public library standards to special libraries, it is hardly less so to assign standards for one special library to another. For if the word "special" implies uniqueness, the word "standard" implies generality; hence the paradox. Is there any way in which this paradox may be resolved? Partially, I think, by expanding our conception of the special library, looking for elements that are common among them and framing standards to fit such elements; but this may result in standards so general as to be virtually meaningless. To illustrate: in spite of differences among special libraries, one element common to all of them is books, but a standard stating that "all special libraries should have books" is not very helpful. Even in qualifying this by saying "all special libraries should have the books they need," we are not doing much better. If there is a solution, it must lie in selecting elements common to all and in framing prescriptions or standards applicable to all, at least of the same general type. Each special library will still retain its unique characteristics, but it may be helped if some of its more general aspects were isolated and subjected to evaluation by raising questions that are relevant to it. Let us then consider certain areas of library operation and administration and in each case raise the question concerning the applicability of standards. For the public library, standards were formulated in 1943 in nine areas: objectives, service, government and administration, size and area, book collection, technical processes, personnel, finance, and buildings. The 1956 new formulation, incorporated in Public Library Service to America,2 after a background section dealing with purpose, functions, and structure-all conceived in terms of large and comprehensive "systems"presented guides and standards in structure and government, service, materials, personnel, physical facilities, and organization and control of materials. Because public libraries have so many elements in common, it was thought possible to draw up standards applicable in some degree to all of them; but even so it should be noted that the "standards" in many cases consist of little more than ideals or desirable goals, with some suggestions concerning means for their realization. In other words, the concept of "4standard" is used in the sense of desiderata, what libraries ought to strive for, rather than in terms of measuring instruments. Though we tend to think of public libraries as a uniform group, this is true


Summary

Crude steam distillate from Ocimum gratissimum sprayed onto infection courts on detached cocoa pods moments after inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora completely inhibited the pathogen and blackpod lesion development on 75% of the infection courts. Disease suppression obtained with the extract was comparable to that obtained with a 2% Kocide 101 suspension. In the field, the O. gratissimum extract also suppressed lesion development although to a significantly lower (P = 0.05) extent in comparison with Kocide 101. Blackpod lesion expansion rates of 3.80, 3.56, 2.71 and 0.78 cm/day, respectively, were associated with pods treated in the field with C. citratus extract, tap water, O. gratissimum extract and 2% Kocide 101. The extract from Cymbopogon citratus was also ineffective on detached pods. Sporangia of P. palmivora from sporu-lating blackpod lesions on both detached and non-detached pods lost their infectivity within 1 h of treatment with the O. gratissimum extract. This effect was superior to that obtained with Kocide 101. Fungitoxicity of the extract on pods, however, was lost within 3 h of application. Thus, despite its in vivo effectiveness as an eradicant, the O. gratissimum extract, in its present form, has limited utility as a protectant fungicide.


Symbol segmentation is a crucial stage in mathematical expression recognition.Based on the conclusion of layout feature of formula symbols,an approach of formula symbol segmentation using combined strategies is put forward.In this method,the contained symbols are segmented,while the symbols which consist of several connected components are merged.The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can obtain favorable results.


Voice-user interfaces are gaining popularity at an increasing rate. With a variety of voice-user interfaces being available, some as a part of the digital technologies such as smartphones (Google Assistant, voice-enabled search, Apple's Siri) and others as independent technology artifacts (Google Home, Amazon's Alexa as Echo), there is a diverse range of users who are adopting the technology for a variety of purposes. In this paper, we present an exploratory mixed-methods study describing their use by users from low-income and middle-income families of in-built voice-user interfaces.


Overall assessment of the referee/panel based, on the criteria Excellence, Impact and Implementation. A creative and original project that is well written with clear and logical research questions that are well-articulated with the state of the art. The rational for the project is well-presented and justified by current knowledge about bioluminescent organisms. The hypothesis to be tested related to bioluminescence and colour mediated inter- and intraspecies communication along with the neuronal circuits underlying this form of communication in tomopterids (gelatinous organisms) can be expected to deliver high impact and significantly advance both science and technology. While the potential for development of new knowledge is high, the quality of the proposed R&D activities is lower since the project had inadequate details about the data collection and data analysis methodology and therefore the credibility and appropriateness of the approach, design and methods could not be appropriately evaluated. The workplan implementation and management failed to clearly outline the management strategy and structure.


A main characteristic element of any artificial neural network (ANN) is an activation function since their results are used as a starting point for any complex ANN application. This paper is about design and implementation of single neuron with three different types of activation function sigmoid, linear and threshold activation function. Activation function package is written using VHDL and single precision floating point representation method is used to design the single neuron. The simulation result is taken using Xilinx ISE14.5i and the performance of different activation functions are analyzed and compared in terms of device utilization and CPU time.


The aim of the study was to identify areas to improve physical education cadets at the stage of primary education universities Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The approaches to the organization of physical training of cadets of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The main problems associated with the period of initial training of cadets, the period of adaptation to higher education, low physical preparedness of graduates of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The level of physical fitness of cadets the first year and the dynamics of its changes during academic year. Defined organizational and methodological conditions of physical education cadets the initial stage of learning.


This paper presents an introduction to basic concept and transfer function of filter.And then GIC double OPA filter with low sensitiveness and switched capacitor filter used to higher frequency are emphatically discussed.And,some examples that account for applications are described.


Anugrah Citra Boga is a food processing industry that produces meatballs as their main product. One of the problems in the company is the distribution of the products. Moreover, the distribution cost was never examined scientifically to obtain the optimal value. By simulating the distribution route to minimize the distribution time, then lower cost of the distribution will be expected. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to optimize the distribution time by simulating the distribution channels with vehicle routing problem time window method. Firstly, the distribution route is observed to determine the average speed, time, capacity and shipping costs based on two months of observation. Then build the model by using Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modeling System (AIMMS) software to optimize the distribution time. Data that are required to simulate the model are customer locations, distances, process time (time needed to unload the vehicle until they depart from the customer), and the time window (arrival time at the customer). A few constraints in this model that needed to be considered namely number of vehicles, load capacity for each vehicle, arrival time, and work hours. As the result of this simulation, the total distribution time in one week can be reduced from 5126 minutes to 5006 minutes. It also reduces extra work hours (overtime) for drivers so the cost can be decreased. The utilization for the first vehicle that has current value of 84% becomes 77%. Meanwhile, the utilization for the second vehicle increases from 88% to 91%. Finally, the distribution cost can be reduced up to IDR 1 million per month (around 5 percent).


Objectives: This paper aims to examine the market of Over-The-Top (OTT) Instant Messaging (IM) service in Vietnam, particularly the user loyalty to an OTT IM service. Methods/Statistical Analysis: To that end, the study theoretically bases on the information systems (IS) success model and Expectation-Confirmation Model (ECM) with a slight adjustment to be appropriate with Vietnamese market context. Empirical research is adapted as a method to study the above objectives. Sample size is 224 respondents collected from Vietnamese OTT IM users. Smart PLS 3 software tool is employed for the statistical analysis of data. Findings: The study well explains "user loyalty" concept for OTT IM service, Vietnam market in particular. It statistically interprets more than 70% of user satisfaction, user continuance intention and user recommendation intention. However, the study could not explain that concept completely. For instance, user intercross use and user price endurance have a low explanation power which is under 40%. There are still other factors influencing on user loyalty that need to be deeply studied further. Moreover, the study has showed that system quality of OTT IM service plays an important role in contributing to user positive perception about Perceived Usefulness (PU) and confirmation. Then, PU and confirmation positively affect to user satisfaction and user loyalty. These findings related to PU, confirmation and satisfaction are quite similar to the previous studies; while the findings related to user loyalty are the new values of this research. Improvements/Applications: The results provide some helpful insights and valuable practices to both domestic and foreign OTT IM service providers for their business in Vietnamese market which is still new and open-ended.


The method of polarized traces provides the first documented algorithm with truly scalable complexity for the highfrequency Helmholtz equation, i.e., with a runtime sublinear in the number of volume unknowns in a parallel environment. However, previous versions of this method were either restricted to a low order of accuracy, or suffered from computationally unfavorable boundary reduction to O(p) interfaces in the p-th order case. In this note we rectify this issue by proposing a high-order method of polarized traces with compact reduction to two, rather than O(p), interfaces. This method is based on a primal Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) discretization in a domain decomposition setting. In addition, HDG is a welcome upgrade for the method of polarized traces, since it can be made to work with flexible meshes that align with discontinuous coefficients, and it allows for adaptive refinement in h and p. High order of accuracy is very important for attenuation of the pollution error, even in settings when the medium is not smooth. We provide some examples to corroborate the convergence and complexity claims.


OBJECTIVE:To analyze the utilization of narcotic drugs in our hospital so as to provide reference for clinical rational utilization of these drugs. METHODS:The utilization of narcotic drugs in our hospital from May 2006 to April 2008 was investigated and analyzed. RESULTS:Six kinds of narcotic drugs in four dosage forms were commonly used in our hospital,with the consumption quantity of Morphine Controlled-Release Tablets showing the highest proportion but that of Pethidine Injection the least. The average amount of Morphine Controlled-Release Tablets (or Injections) per prescription was significantly higher in 2008 than in 2007. CONCLUSION:The utilization of narcotic drugs in our hospital is basically rational,but the rational drug use level remains to be improved.


Using a combination of in situ observations and idealistic 2‐D nonhydrostatic numerical simulations, the relation between cold‐water coral (CWC) mound size and hydrodynamics is explored for the Rockall Bank area in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that currents generated by topographically trapped tidal waves in this area cause large isopycnal depressions resulting from an internal hydraulic control above CWC mounds. The oxygen concentration distribution is used as a tracer to visualize the flow behavior and the turbulent mixing above the mounds. By comparing two CWC mounds of different sizes and located close to each other, it is shown that the resulting mixing is highly dependent on the size of the mound. The effects of the hydraulic control for mixing, nutrient availability, and ecosystem functioning are also discussed.


Environmental glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequently isolated from respiratory specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) ([1][1]). A limitation in the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass