The purpose of this study was to find out whether the combination of KNO3 and GA3 solutions were more effective than a single solution of KNO3 or GA3 in keeping the freshness of cut flowers. The research was conducted in Botanical Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Lampung from November to December 2017. The experiment was conducted in 2 x 3 factorial experiment with factor A is GA3 solution with 3 concentration level: 0% w/v, 25% w/v, and 0.5% w/v. Factor B is KNO3 solution with 2 concentration levels: 0% w/v and 5% w/v. The parameters of this study were fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, total chlorophyll content, total chlorophyll of leaves, and total carbohydrate content of rose cut flowers. Measurements were made 7 days after the immersion of cut flowers in KNO3 or GA3 solution, and mixed both. Homogeneity of variance and analysis of variance is determined at confidence level 5%. KNO3 simple effect at every level of GA3 concentration is determined by the F test at 5%. The results showed that there was no interaction between GA3 and KNO3 to fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content and chlorophyll content a, b and total white roses, but KNO3 reduced fresh weight of cut flowers by 48.15% and dry weight 58.60%. KNO3 increased the relative water content of white rose flowers by 6.85%. The results of the study concluded that the combination of GA3 and KNO3 is not effective to keep the freshness of white rose flowers cut.


Objective: To analyze the component law of Chinese medicines for osteonecrosis of the femeral head, and develop new prescriptions for osteonecrosis of the femeral head through unsupervised data mining methods. Methods: Chinese medicine recipes for osteonecrosis of the femeral head were collected and recorded in the database, and then the correlation coefficient between herbs, core combinations of herbs and new prescriptions were analyzed by using modified mutual information, complex system entropy cluster and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, respectively. Results: Based on the analysis of 72 Chinese medicine recipes for osteonecrosis of the femeral head, 29 drugs with high-frequency occurrence in these recipes, 19 frequently-used herb pairs and 8 core combinations were founded, and 2 new recipes for osteonecrosis of the femeral head were developed. Conclusion: Chinese medicines for osteonecrosis of the femeral head were mainly consist of wind-dampness dispelling and colddispersing medicinal, blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicinal, wind-dampnessdispelling and heatclearing medicinal. The treatment principle for osteonecrosis of the femeral head is to eliminate the pathogenic factors and reinforce the healthy qi. Radix Dipsaci, Radix Astragali, Pheretima, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Drynariae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Flos Carthami, Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Myrrha, and Olibanum are the main herbal drugs used in the treatment on osteonecrosis of the femeral head.


Postmodernist reasoning signifies a move from traditional viewpoint to an accelerated technological terrain, the implication of this diversion is noticeable in the eclectic nature of life in contemporary society; all things become a continual flickering without any recognizable or perpetual presence. As a literary concept, postmodernism fashions the problematic landscape for the appreciation of the disordered nature of the world as it focuses on the dismantling of traditional values and affirmation of a fragmented society. Postmodernism, with its subtle emphasis on capitalism, has greatly exacerbated the post-colonial tendencies in Tanure Ojaide's God's Medicine-Men and Other Stories as money becomes a recurrent motif and a chief signifier. The stories underpin the overarching effect of cultural materialism, individuals and the society as everyone is caught in its web; these stories could also be read as the author's depiction of a society that is going through a cultural flux.


People's Democracy, October 19, 2008 Rampant violence and mayhem swept across many areas in the two districts of Udalguri and Darrang in Assam for three consecutive days starting on October 3,…


This paper describes a set of techniques for improving the output waveform quality from an isolated H-bridge multi-level power converter by the introduction of unequal H-bridge cell voltages and the use of a high performance PWM H-bridge cell. The waveform quality improvements are quantified in terms of frequency weighted THD for a series of six circuit configurations. Both simulation and practical results are presented and the results compared in both the time and frequency domains as well as by THD.


Launchers of digital television have already built in many cities of our country as one of fundamental establishments of metropolis. The sent signal from launchers is powerful in power, low in frequency and wide in bandwidth, and it also covers absolutely entire city including many building dense areas. In this paper the signal frame structure of digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTMB) standard of our country named GB20600-2006 is analyzed. Then the scheme measuring the distance with the special discontinuous PN code in the DTMB signal is designed. At last the new method measuring pseudo-range with DTMB signal is approved considered with DTMB signal own characteristics and tested by the data gathered at many spots in Xi'an. It provides technique method and supplement on positioning and navigation in complex circumstance of city.


Thirteen years ago the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty published its voluminous report on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). As international law knows no central legislator and state practice is often contradictory and inconsequential, doctrine may fill an important lacuna by devising overarching structures in an otherwise largely disordered legal reality. This may at least partly explain why in this field the conceiving of new concepts and approaches is so popular. R2P is presented as a wholly new instrument that is equivalent to an epochal step of development in international law. R2P applies to grave human rights breaches with "large scale loss of life or large scale ethnic cleansing". R2P is now a firmly established concept, and therefore it should be fairly unproblematic to look back, even if a strong relationship with humanitarian intervention thereby becomes evident. Keywords: ethnic cleansing; human rights; humanitarian intervention; international law; Responsibility to Protect (R2P)


As Android became the most popular mobile operating system, malicious activities targeting Android and its applications are rising rapidly. While technical approaches may mitigate the attacks with varying effectiveness, understanding the economic incentives of the criminals may shed light on the most effective defense. In this talk, I will focus on application plagiarism on Android markets. First, I will describe the unique characteristics of android applications, the fundamental differences between plagiarism of Android applications and that of non-mobile software, and the relationship between plagiarism and mobile advertising. Next, I will illustrate the challenges in measuring the scale, severity, and impact of Android application plagiarism. To achieve this, we need not only detect plagiarism among the large number of applications on different Android markets but also measure their usage and impact on advertising on a large, live network. I will describe how we correlated plagiarized applications detected through static analysis to their advertising traffic captured on a live network. I will characterize properties of the cloned applications, including their distribution across different markets, application categories, and advertising libraries. To examine how plagiarized applications affect the original developers, I will estimate on the advertising revenue and user base that plagiarized applications have siphoned from the original developers. Finally, I will discuss defenses against application plagiarism.


Afforestation of degraded lands using both exotic and indigenous species is used to reduce land degradation and to reforest degraded areas. Acacia saligna is one of the common exotic plantation species planted in Ethiopia. This study analyzed the existing carbon stock and some soil physico-chemical properties of A. saligna plantation at two districts in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from 204 samples at three soil depths from plantation site and adjacent grazing lands. Paired t-test was used to analyze data. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was higher at lower depth (40-60cm) than middle and upper depths at plantation sites while the second depth (20-40cm) was found higher SOC at grazing lands. Furthermore, in Mai-Brazio, soil properties except Total nitrogen(TN) and Available Phosphorus (Av,P), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Available Potassium (Av,K) and soil pH were significantly (P 0.05). Area converted to plantation site showed lower soil bulk density than the open grazing land. Further, CEC is negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with soil pH, this may shows that CEC is affected by the variation of soil pH.


Two major characteristics and some conservation values are concluded from the fact that the average value of force varies with time.It is illustrated that the close relation between symmetry and conservation became more obvious only after the developement of quantum mechanics .


We use an ab initio quantum chemistry approach to reveal and describe the intricate physics underlying hot–carrier degradation (HCD). We identify a resonance scattering mechanism to be responsible for the interaction of energetic carriers with the Si–H bond at the Si/SiO2 interface. Within this formulation carriers tunnel into an available resonance state and produce multiple vibrational excitations of the bond upon inelastic relaxation. Since in our approach all model parameters are rigorously obtained from ab initio calculations, it is essentially free of fitting parameters or assumptions. Our ab initio based framework describes HCD in both n– and p–FETs and also clearly reveals the differences in the HCD mechanisms between them. We finally validate the model against measurement data for n– and p–channel transistors.


A device is disclosed for controlling the attitude of a spacecraft to be rotated around a body axis of rotation. Actuators (38) generate torques around the axis of rotation and two lateral axes. Angular velocity signals omega X, omega Y related to the later al axes are supplied to first and second signal paths (19, 20 or 21, 22) that comprise an integrator (25). Modulators (36 and 37) that contain each a variable dead zone supply actuating signals for the actuators (38). In order to reliably limit the nutation amplitude to a constant value, multiplicators (23, 24 or 26, 27), in which the lateral axis angular velocity signals omega X, omega Y or the relative position signals PHI , THETA are multipli ed by factors proportional to the rotation axis angular velocity signal omega Z or its square, are arranged in the first and second signal paths. In addition, the thresholds of the dead zones of the modulators (36, 37) are varied proportionally to omega Z2. A corresponding attitude control process is also disclosed.


A common Fast Orbit Feedback (FOFB) application is planned for the new storage rings at MAX IV laboratory and SOLARIS. The application will run in the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) electronics (Libera Brilliance+). Global orbit data concentration will be conducted inside the gigabit data exchange (GDX) modules with a Virtex6 field programmable gate array, which will be daisychained around the storage ring. The feedback calculation algorithm is based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) – the PI controller will be applied in the modal space for individual eigenmodes. The calculations will be distributed over all GDX modules to reduce overall latency. Each GDX module will calculate setpoints for four correctors, horizontal or vertical. The new setpoints will be sent directly to the magnet power supply controllers over a serial point-to-point link. This article presents details on FOFB implementation and control topology.


In recent years, common diseases have been increasing in developed countries and also developing countries. It has been necessary to maintain a patient-oriented standpoint and respond the situation in any clinic and hospital.1 Furthermore, to take appropriate management for the patients with various diseases and health problems in daily clinical care.2 The authors have continued adequate medical practice in a wide range of fields in our hospital.3 They include Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD), chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and others.4,5


Voltage instability problems have become important issues in unbalanced multiphase distribution networks. This paper expands the well-known voltage index V/V0 and defines an improved positive sequence voltage index of Vcollapse/Vno-load to identify the weakest single-, two- and three-phase buses in unbalanced multiphase distribution networks. First, the ranking index is validated based on grid losses and PV curves without and with compensation devices. Then, the index is utilized to place single-phase shunt capacitors, three-phase DG without and with SVC devices at the most appropriate buses of the IEEE unbalanced multiphase 13 node test feeder using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. Finally, simulation results are presented to show the application of the proposed approach in improving voltage stability and increasing the maximum loading factor under unbalanced loading and/or network conditions.


Abstract : Development of voluntary control on processing resources in concurrent task performance is studied within a training paradigm which attempts to identify the components of time-sharing skills. Two experiments are described in which subjects were trained under dual task conditions. In the first experiment three groups of subjects were trained in the concurrent performance of pursuit tracking and letter typing. One group practiced under 5 different levels of inter-task priorities with augmented on-line feedback on performance. Another group received feedback augmentation but practiced only under equal priorities conditions. A third group was allowed to develop its spontaneous strategy with no feedback augmentation or priority manipulation. In the second experiment only the first two groups were contrasted in the joint performance of letter typing and digit classification. Experimental results demonstrated that training under variable priority conditions may lead to improved performance capabilities on several aspects of the time-sharing situation. These results are interpreted to indicate that human operators can actively control their resource allocation but appear to have limited knowledge or skill to ensure the efficiency of their allocations.


The oxidation kinetics at 960 ℃ of RTCr28Ni15 and RTCr18Ni4 used for grate in garbage incinerator were studied by weight gain method.The microstructure,cross section,composition and the oxidation resistance mechanism of these two alloys' oxidation films generated after heating at 960 ℃ for 100 h were analyzed by using of XRD,SEM and EDS.The results show that both the oxidation curves of RTCr28Ni15 and RTCr18Ni4 increase fast at the first stage and then slow down,but the oxidation rate of RTCr18Ni4 is faster than RTCr28Ni15.There is no protective oxidation film that forms on surface of RTCr18Ni4,so its oxidation resistance at 960 ℃ is weak.However RTCr28Ni15 is totally oxidation resistant at 960 ℃ due to the protective oxidation film formed on its surface and its oxidation resistance is superior to RTCr18Ni4.


The "digital environment" is perceived as a new situation in the political consciousness of the society, as well as a source of xenophobia in politics. In the context of political uncertainty in the world, journalism is becoming a vehicle for spreading cyberphobia – a new type of social fear. Cyberphobia is understood as a natural reaction of public consciousness to the intensification of new types of crimes against the individual and society with the use of "digital" technologies. The new informational reality has predetermined cyberthreats that appeared in the media leading to the most dangerous social phobia. This, for instance, has been combined with the idea of the "Russian hacker" and his personification as the world Evil.


Free-form computational modelling software places few limits on the imagination of the architectural designer. Engineers require new digital tools in order to realize these buildings and sculptures in an efficient and practicable manner. Collaboration between Buro Happold and Cambridge University has resulted in a toolbox of novel computational design tools which assist engineers and architects on projects with demanding free-form geometry; this paper presents two case studies which demonstrate just some of these tools. Outcomes have included: (a) development of new algorithms for true multi-objective optimization and for complex geometry synthesis (b) application of state of the art research to real projects, resulting in fully integrated optimization of structure, facade and internal environment.


Selected developments of high resolution remote sensing instruments operating in the thermal infrared and based on laser heterodyne spectroscopy are presented. Current performances and prospects of both passive and active quantum cascade laser heterodyne sounders are discussed.


We describe the effect of optical excitation of state of the art nonvolatile memory capacitors. The devices comprise Au nanocrystals sandwiched between a SiO2 tunneling layer and a HfO2 blocking layer and exhibit an effective oxide thickness of 7.5 nm. The memory properties are modified by the optical excitation due to nonequilibrium depletion. Optical control with different illumination wavelengths as well as variable optical intensities and pulse widths is described.


Coal fly ash can be subject to large variations in characteristics as a function of the type of coal burned, the operation status of the coal power plant and the ash separation technology employed. Good quality fly ash is in demand in the cement industry (and in the concrete plants) due to its ability to partially substitute some Portland cement (typically between 10% and 25%). On the other hand, coal bottom ash, due to its coarser nature, is generally considered as a low value by-product that may at best be used as a partial replacement for aggregates in concretes or as geotechnical fill material. In this paper authors propose a procedure (mechanical-chemical combined procedure) by which to transform regular coal combustion products (fly ashes and/or bottom ashes) into Ultra-Reactive Ashes (URA).


This study investigates the feasibility of olive pomace as an energy source through combustion in a biomass burner. Samples of pomace have been dried under controlled conditions utilising a moisture analyser. A modified Midilli model was developed and found to be the best at predicting the experimental data (±10% error). The model suggests that the total drying time required to dry a projected amount of olive pomace in the future is realistic. Simultaneous thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis have been also carried out on the dried olive pomace. The pomace devolatilisation and the evolved gases during the decomposition process have been also analysed by a coupled infrared gas analyser (IR) up to temperature of 1000°C. Additionally, suitable burners were found to meet the requirements of the grove to produce heat and/or electricity for domestic consumption utilising olive pomace and prunings. The payback period for the considered system, assuming all the pomace and prunings from the harvest is utilised, is under 5 years. This assessment is heavily dependent on labour costs associated with pruning and pomace drying. In the future, an extensive inclusion of all relevant cost incurred should be considered for a more in depth analysis.


Neurodegenerative diseases are systemic diseases with high heterogeneity and complicated etiology dependent on proper interneuronal communication, resulting in severe syndromes including cognitive impairment and dementia. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains Central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic delivery, a significant challenge without effective vivo therapeutic methods in clinical practice. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with multi-directional differentiation potential have the characteristics of low immunogenicity, strong proliferation ability, immune regulation, and multi-directional differentiation potential. The repair effects have been identified mediated by transplanted MSCs paracrine factors, including exosomes and nanometer-sized cell communication mediators, to reduce tissue injury and enhance repair, growth, and regeneration. MSC-derived exosomes have become an attractive vehicle by passing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), delivering therapeutic agents targeting the brain for treating autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Safeties, convenience, and the effectiveness of MSC-derived exosomes have been demonstrated mainly through mechanistic clinical and preclinical evidence of potential nanotherapeutic agents for further prevalent use. Thus, we want to investigate the clinical applications of MSC-derived exosomes to reveal their regenerative treatment capacity from direct and indirect neuron repairment effect, reduced neuroinflammation, and nanotherapeutic agent advantage. This paper discusses the potential and practicality of using this novel cell-free entity of mesenchymal stem cell derivatives such as exosomes in vivo administration as a therapeutic modality for treating degenerative disease and pathologies and innovation and emerging trends in the field.


Globalization does not have the same impact on countries, it acts differently in countries with different levels of political, economic, social and technological development. Its unequal distribution by region, country or community confirms that it is a complex and deeply asymmetric process. It is confirmed by numerous theories and debates that only explained and defined the phenomenon, but paid little attention to the complexity of globalization and measuring its extent. Empirical indicators can be used to measure the differences between the national and the international in different domains. In this way, it is possible to see to what extent the countries are globalized, i.e., to see the strong influence of globalization processes on the overall state of society. That is why a large number of countries try to use the processes of globalization to promote national interests and improve their position in international relations. Therefore, the analysis of the indexes of globalization will help us to understand with which components of national power the countries dominate on the regional and global scene.
The focus of the research is on the analysis of several globalization indexes that include the countries of the Western Balkan. Namely, the degree of globalization of countries is empirically analyzed through the prism of several different indicators that are constructed to measure the overall index of globalization, as well as to measure the political, economic and social dimension of globalization. The inclusion of a larger number of variables enables a more objective and accurate ranking of countries.
As the results of the globalization rating of the Western Balkan countries show, it is concluded that the processes of globalization greatly contribute to strengthening and improving cooperation between countries, intensify interdependence, affect Euro-Atlantic integration processes, stimulate economic growth and improve the situation in societies. However, according to the elaborated data, these countries are still in the phase of adjustment or "maturation", therefore, they are in the category of partially globalized countries.


Objective:To evaluate the effect of health education to patients with gout to help them understand etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and therapeutic principles about hyperuricemia and gout,and to increase the patients'compliance of monitoring uric acid and receiving treatment.Methods:A self-controlled study was conducted to contrast the scores of questionnaire before and after health education.Results:98 patients were enrolled in the study,and 58 patients were completed.There were 48 male patients and 5 female patients.Blood uric acid was increased in 32 patients.It was unknown for 38 patients to select low purine diet and for 50 patients to treat gout appropriately.The average scores of questionnaire before and after health education were 53.51±20.21 and 83.02±6.45 respectively.There were statistically significant differences between the scores before and after health education (P0.0001).The result showed that health education can increase the score of questionnaire significantly.The average increased score was 29.51±17.5,and the average increased radio was 71.12%±121.32%.Conclusion:Health education can help patients acquire more knowledge about hyperuricemia and gout,and form a good living habit.It can also help increase the patients'compliance of receiving treatment,decrease the risk of recurrence,and improve quality of their lives.


As mileage accumulates, a gasoline engine tends to require a fuel of higher octane number due to an octane requirement increase (ORI). It is a generally accepted concept that ORI is caused almost entirely by combustion chamber deposits. Although much work has been done on the possible influences of the deposits on ORI, the quantitative aspect of the influences of deposits was not entirely clear. Thus, in order to clarify their influences on ORI, a study was made under accelerated conditions, using a minitype engine test, which was developed in this laboratory during the present study. Some of the relevant information obtained in this study are as follows: ORI was proportional to the amount deposited; fuel and lubricant influenced almost equally to the deposit buildup; the effects of oil consumption and Conradson carbon residue (CCR) of the lubricant on the deposit buildup and on ORI were found significant.The mini-type engine test was found to provide an effective method to investigate ORI problems related to fuels and lubricants without the needs of involved deposit-accumulation procedures.


Pregnancy is a challenge to the maternal immune system as it must defend the body against pathogens while at the same time develop immune tolerance against the fetus growing inside the uterus. Despite ex vivo techniques being used to understand these processes, in vivo techniques are missing.


Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence have provided valuable insights into the scope and limitations of understanding human thought and behavior. Advances in computer technology and tools are becoming more of a fixture in everyday life, and increasingly affecting how we think about artificial intelligence and cognition. This special track is motivated by these two fronts of research. First, we extend cognitive studies to include the social psychology of people's everyday life with technology, comparing human cognition and experience with today's computer models, and second, on this basis we seek appropriate applications using computer technology, and seek to improve computer models of cognition and AI programs. This approach might yield many new ideas for creating technology and tools that amplify the ability of people to think and work together (such as new approaches for building robots in real-world domains), as well as new psychological and social theories. As such, this track will cover a wide range of issues relating to to-day's computer model, cognitive modeling, and technology applications. The goal of this special track is to spotlight theoretical, experimental, and empirical research that explains, integrates, and models human cognition with an interdisciplinary approach to using computer models, with a particular emphasis on comparing human capability and experience with today's computer models. This special track is an open forum for interdisciplinary research that spans the domains of cognitive and social psychology, computer science, philosophy, language and the learning sciences.


Tensile test, load relaxation test and low stress abrupt load change test were performed at 473 K to study the nonelastic behavior of annealed Zircaloy-2 fuel cladding tube. Experimental results were analyzed by using a unified phenomenological constitutive model originally proposed by Hart. Parameters in the model were determined by using the nonlinear least square fitting method. Using the parameters, the model was numerically integrated along the loading conditions under which experiments were performed. The model simulated the observed behavior fairly well. It shows the applicability of the model for the nonelastic deformation of annealed Zircaloy-2 at 473 K.


Objective:To explore the method and safety of anesthesia adopted in transurethral electro-vaporization-ablation of prostate(TUEVAP)for aged patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods:Eighty patients aged from 75 to 94 were randomly divided into two groups,each including 40 patients.One group received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA),and the other group received epidural anesthesia(EA).During anesthesia,the onset time,blocking plane,the quality of analgesia and muscle relaxation,dose of local anesthetic and supplemental intravenous anesthetic,and the variation of SAP,DAP,HR,RR,SpO2 were compared.After operation,the side effect such as headache,postoperative nausea and vomiting were observed.Results:The onset time of sensory block was shorter in the CSEA group compared to that in the EA group,and the quality of analgesia and muscle relaxation was better in CSEA group.The dose of local anesthetic and supplemental intravenous anesthetic used in CSEA group was less than that used in EA group(P0.01).There was no significant difference in the hemodynamic changes and postoperative side effect between the two groups.Conclusions:CSEA can be safely and effectively applied to aged benign prostatic hyperplasia patients in transurethral electro-vaporization-ablation of the prostate.The key is individualized perioperative treatment and anesthetizing operation.


At this time the family emerges as the most valuable and dependable resource society has to control prevent and manage infection by HIV and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The family has made considerable contributions in the care of AIDS patients. In the process of physically caring for AIDS victims the family has provided the psychological and emotional support the victims need and in some instances have helped prepare the victims to die and allowed them to die with dignity. In situations where the external institutions have failed to protect the victims of AIDS the family had worked to protect them as well as itself by safeguarding the information about the patients disease. At its worst the family denies the presence of AIDS among its members or attributes it to either the will of God or witchcraft. The question arises as to what the family needs to perform effectively its tasks regarding AIDS. The need to help families to keep their AIDS victims in their homes is critical and requires involvement of the family in the initial stages. As most families continue to be ill-informed about the disease and how its virus is transmitted targetted education is needed such as workshops or seminars for AIDS patients and their immediate families. Additionally the family needs access to counseling services either as groups or individuals. Networking among the families of AIDS and HIV victims should be promoted as this could lead to a powerful force of informing others about the disease as well as designing strategies to stop the spread of infection. In Africa the medical facilities and the information with regard to AIDS are extremely inadequate; most institutions are ill prepared to handle the disease. The only institution that is constantly available and dependable for AIDS victims in Africa is the family which has always taken care of its sick. Research is needed to determine the contribution the family is making and what the family is capable of doing as well as providing support to the family in terms of knowledge and material.


According to the provisions of investment agreements, one of the terms of investment at sea is the nexus between the investment and the maritime zones of the host state. Therefore, an investment is under treaty protection when it is under the geographical realm of states. Hence, the protection status beyond the state maritime boundaries is facing problems. Today, lack of clear rules in this filed can create challenges for the future investments as well. Purpose: to show how investment protection of international investment agreements beyond the states jurisdiction at sea can be created. Methods: general scientific methods of theoretical knowledge, as well as general logical methods and research techniques are used in analyzing existing investment agreements and ICSID awards. Results: the paper proposes a solution for extending the investment protection of treaties to the high sea that it is the cross-border nature of some investments that can find in the Energy Charter Treaty (1994) and the ICSID decision on Deutsche Bank AG v. Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Ultimately, the article shows what is the cross- border nature and how it resolves the problem of investment at high sea.


i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims 3 1.2 Case study approach 3 1.3 Focus of the study 5 1.4 Literature review 6 1.5 Method 8 1.6 Outline of the study 9 CHAPTER TWO: A REVIEW OF KEY THEMES IN THE LITERATURE 12 2.1 Background to the review 12 2.2 Organisational perspectives: culture and systems theory 13 2.2.1 Organisational culture 13 2.2.2 Systems theory 15 2.3 Leadership perspectives 19 2.3.1 Leadership and leaders 19 2.3.2 The leader/follower dynamic 22 2.3.3 Leadership as a relational phenomenon 24 2.4 Leadership coaching 27 2.4.1 Coaching and leaders 27 2.4.2 Coaching and organisational aspects 29 2.5 Summary 32 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 35 3.1 Philosophical approach 35 3.2 Choice of research strategy 36 3.2.1 Case study strategy 37 3.2.2 Gaining access 38 3.2.3 Chosen organisation 39 3.2.4 Participants 40 3.3 Multiple methods 42 3.3.1 In-depth interviews 43 3.3.2 Anecdote circles 45 3.3.3 Online company questionnaire 47 3.4 Data analysis procedures 48 3.4.1 Overview of the procedures 48 3.4.2 Stages in the analysis process 49 3.4.3 Data integration 50 3.5 The effect of the researcher's presence in the research setting and analysis of the data 51 3.6 Validity and ethical considerations 52 3.6.1 Validity 52 3.6.2 Issues pertaining to ethics 54 3.7 Limitations of the research design 54 3.8 Summary and next steps 55 CHAPTER FOUR: CONTEXTUAL ASPECTS 56 4.1 Professional context 56 4.2 Key events 58 4.3 Aspects of working life 62 CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS: 'AWAKENING PERSONAL NEEDS' 66 5.1 Generating essential findings 66 5.2 Introduction to Thematic network 1: 'Awakening personal needs' 69 5.2.1 Findings: 'Personal values' 71 5.2.2 Findings: 'Sense of involvement' 72 5.2.3 Findings: 'Confidence' 76 5.3 Summary 77 CHAPTER SIX: FINDINGS: 'SHIFTING DEPENDENCIES' 79 6.


Francois Mauriac developed most of his literary production in the first half of the last century, a period marked by the two World Wars in a France in an increasing process of secularization. Thus, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of his death, the aim of this work is to bring up the figure of Mauriac as an apologist who, from the literary sphere, defended some of the main Catholic postulates questioned by Modernism. Indeed, the Nobel Prize belongs to that plethora of Catholic authors who, delving into the roots of Christianity, try to find a way out of the crisis of Modernity, based on Positivism and Materialism. In fact, we will see how he poses the problem of evil in the world and the solution to it from the field of charity through the immolated martyrs. We will also attend the systematic criticism of the French novelist against Christian's bad example or against religious Pharisaism as key elements of his apologetic pedagogy.


The present invention relates to a process for the production of hydrogen and a hydrogen generator based on a hydrogen-containing compound and a solvent, wherein the hydrogen release takes place in a spatially separated from the storage / storage reactor, wherein this with a dissolved in the solvent hydrogen-containing compound continuously or is supplied discontinuously. The solvent is for the sole purpose of transporting the hydrogen-containing compound from the repository to the reactor and is not consumed during the hydrogen release. Thus, the hydrogen generator can be operated with a comparatively small amount of solvent circulating in the circulation.


Objective: The risk of administrative law enforcement is slowly being exposed to the public. The law enforcement of tobacco monopoly administration plays an important role in maintaining the stability of tobacco market and promoting the benign development of tobacco industry. However,
 due to the combination of subjective and objective factors, there are many risks in the process of tobacco monopoly law enforcement, which seriously affect the effectiveness of tobacco monopoly law enforcement. In risk society, risk has the characteristics of fluidity and cross-region, which
 increases the difficulty of administrative law enforcement among local governments. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new model to deal with the risk of local government enforcement against tobacco monopoly administration. Methods: The research adopted the field survey method, 75 local
 officials were interviewed, including 68 effective interviews and 7 invalid interviews, then analyzed the manifestations of passive cooperation through multiple cases. Results: We found that when risk of tobacco monopoly administrative law enforcement occur frequently, local intergovernmental
 still choose not to cooperate or cooperate passively at the request of the central government. By analyzing the forms of passive cooperation, we established an analytical framework of initiative cooperation and worked out three elements of initiative cooperation: trust, consensus and tacit
 understanding. Conclusion: Initiative cooperation is the highest form of cooperation and the best choice for local intergovernmental to deal with risk of tobacco monopoly administrative law enforcement.


This small volume, published for the Institute of Government at the University of Virginia, follows in the tradition of Virginia electoral studies established by the late Ralph Eisenberg. It is a thoroughly researched history of the primary election as a nominating system in Virginia from its inception in the early part of the century to the present, backed up with extensive, simply presented, tabular data on its use both on a statewide and district (congressional and state general assembly) basis, and interspersed with some modest theoretical conclusions and comparisons of Virginia primary laws with the legal prescriptions for primaries in other states.


Smart metering is coming: electricity distribution companies in many countries are installing or have already installed new Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems as a response to the electricity market reforms and new regulations. AMR systems enable remote connections of customers' energy meters and exchange of information in real time. This provides new opportunities to develop methods that can benefit all the stakeholders in the power markets. This paper describes how smart metering can be utilized in improving the short-term load forecasting (STLF) accuracy. Through sophisticated AMR systems, energy consumers' electricity consumption data can be retrieved in a short time whenever the data is needed. This provides great opportunity to use real-time measurement data to make more reliable and accurate electricity consumption forecasts. These AMR-based load forecasts can be exploited to create a new ancillary service that benefits different electricity market parties and asset owners.


The four SRF cavities in the BESSY VSR module will be linked by bellows, which will be equipped with inner coaxial shielding pipes to prevent both parasitic fundamental mode losses and beam-induced heating. The central bellow will also act as a collimator for synchrotron radiation generated in the closest upstream dipole magnet. Additional bellows at the module's ends are needed to connect with the warm BESSY beam pipe. Outside the module the beam pipe cross section transitions will be located, which will be equipped with toroidal HOM absorbing elements. In the paper the recent design considerations and specifications for all those components will be described.


This book presents innovations in the administration, using mathematical algorithms that optimize resources with a gender perspective to ensure equality, equity and fairness in employment opportunities in Mexico. The research file offer many creative programmning codes with world-class structured languages. This methodology may be used in any public or private company in any country as a way of increasing competitiveness and areas of opportunity for women in the world. We hope to help with this creative idea using linear programming to minimize the gap between women opportunities to try to balance the gender perspective in labor activities in a justice way to reach their dreams and goals in this world.


The present invention provides an improved inflatable airtight double air nozzle joint, which comprises a double open barrel, the top core member and a toggle member, the top core member accommodated in the accommodating bore double open barrel, and receiving hole capable of moving with respect to the two openings of the cartridge, the top end of the first core member is sleeved a first O-ring, the second end of the sleeve is provided a second O-ring, the top center of the first member to the first end is provided between the two ends of a bored hole; the toggle member having an eccentric mass, eccentric which can be driven around the top center of the sliding member, both ends of the eccentric sleeve and the O-ring is provided; not pull the toggle member when moving, the top of the first, second inflatable space does not communicate core member, a second inflatable member space in the top center of the dual communication passage opening cylinder. The solution provided by the present invention can improve the gas leakage pump head-provided gas nozzle, and the dial member pulling release no leak situation occurs when the bicycle tire air nozzle is finished when inflated; easy to process, can effectively save cost; and has convenience and practicality.


As a result of easily movement of capital between the markets during the globalization process, the importance of the credit rating agencies has increased. Investors manage their capital through the ratings given as a result of credit rating.   Countries and companies that need capital get into debt toward the credit ratings of their countries. Credit Ratings also change the cost of borrowing of countries or companies. While lower credit ratings increase the cost of borrowing, higher grades reduce the cost of borrowing. In this study credit ratings will being addressed in general framework and Turkey's change and progress in credit scoring process will be examined.


In the paper by Kasturi Sen and Ruth Bonita it is argued that the global rapid demographic and risk factor changes will lead to an increase in the heavy burden of noncommunicable diseases in the absence of preventive action. However it should be emphasized that noncommunicable diseases are already well established in less developed countries. Statistical calculations using data from 1998 show that the rates of noncommunicable diseases are similar in countries with high and low or middle incomes. The rates expressed as disease-adjusted life years per 100000 population take into account the fact that low-income or middle-income countries contain 85% of the worlds population and account for at least 92% of the worlds disease burden. It is noted that the rates for communicable conditions and injuries are 13 and 3 times higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries respectively. In view of this the Global Forum for Health Research is working to help correct the imbalance in health research funding from projects benefiting few people to projects benefiting the majority.


1. INTRODUCTIONIt is ten to noon and I am sitting in a park, leafing through a catalogue of Mondrian's paintings. While I look at the photograph of Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, I peripherally see the text describing the painting, my hands holding the book, and, beyond the book, some people and trees, and a fountain in the background. At the same time, I hear the fountain's water pouring down, girls chatting on my left, leaves rustling and children laughing, and other background noises. I have my legs crossed, and I am aware of that. Further, I am eating nut chocolate, tasting its flavor and feeling the little nut pieces in my mouth, and smelling the pleasant odor of the roses behind me. Unfortunately, I have a bad headache, so I am thinking that I should take some aspirin. All those conscious states occur simultaneously at ten to noon, and they belong to the same subject-me. They occur together, and I experience them as occurring together.The conscious states I have at ten to noon also seem to be tightly related to each other. The picture of Composition appears to me as a unified image. Moreover, it appears to me as being part of the book I hold in my hands. It also appears as standing in a specific spatial relation with the text which describes it (say, on its left). The book itself appears to me as a unified thing, and as bearing spatial relations with me and the other objects in my visual field-for example, it is closer to me than the trees and the fountain in the background. The objects around me are unitarily perceived by me through different sense modalities-the fountain, for instance, is both heard and seen. My thought about aspirin is causally related to my feeling pain in my head. And so on. Not only all the conscious states I have at ten to noon appear to me as occurring together. They also appear as being intimately connected in such a way to form a unified state of consciousness.At any one time we simultaneously have a number of conscious states. It seems intuitively true that such conscious states are somehow unified. But what makes them unified? In virtue of what are all the conscious states one has at any given time unified? This is the problem of the unity of consciousness. Before attempting any solution to the problem, it is worth drawing some distinctions, and to clarify what exactly the phenomenon at issue is.First, what we are concerned with is phenomenal unity, namely the unity of one's phenomenally conscious states. This must be distinguished from other kinds of unity, such as access unity (the unity of one's access-conscious states), introspective unity (the unity of one's introspected conscious states), and cognitive unity (the integration and coordinated use of one's mental faculties, aimed at task accomplishment, problem solving, and interaction with the environment).1 It must also be distinguished from behavioral unity (the capacity to coordinate one's body parts in order to produce more or less complex actions), and neurophysiological unity (the unity of a set of conscious states which are correlated to or brought about by the same area of the brain).2Second, unity of consciousness is unity of all the phenomenally conscious states of a subject, rather than a subset of them. Thus, it must be distinguished from both objectual and spatial unity, which are only forms of partial unity. Objectual unity is the kind of unity which binds together, say, your perceiving redness and your perceiving roundness, thereby enabling you to perceive a red ball as a unified object. It also enables you to perceive one and the same object through different sense modalities. Objectual unity is only partial unity because, usually, not all the conscious states one has at a time are directed to one and the same object. Spatial unity is the unity of conscious states which represent objects as belonging to the same space. It is merely partial because not all the conscious states one has at a time represent objects as being located in space, or as bearing spatial relations with other objects. …


Abstract : This report presents the data developed and gathered as a result of fuel leaks around O-rings found in C-5 fuel systems following long periods of Programmed Depot Maintenance (PDM). The O-ring leaks occured when the fuel system was refilled after having been empty for 60-90 days during PDM. The study also involved an investigation of Buna-N O-ring shrinkage and swelling characteristics along with some testing of less or no shrinkage O-ring materials like the phosphonitrilic fluoride (PNF) O-ring. (Author)


The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago. The second best time is now. -- African ProverbThe International AIDS Conference has always served as


Thirty subjects (25 males and 5 females) with definitive diagnoses of multiple sclerosis were matched in pairs for race, sex, age, and education with 30 subjects who had normal brain functions. An extensive battery of psychological tests was individually administered to each subject. The measures were organized to include evaluation of pure motor functions, motor functions with a problem-solving component, problem-solving tasks that required a motor response, and measures in other categories not limited by motor functions. The results indicated that the group with multiple sclerosis did poorly on all tests that required motor performances, regardless of the extent to which problem-solving requirements were emphasized. They also performed poorly on a number of other tasks, although the degree of deficit, in comparison with the control group, was not as pronounced. Only mild deficits, if any at all, were present in the area of stored verbal information and comprehension of verbal communications with respect to their social significance. The patients with multiple sclerosis showed relatively mild impairment in tasks requiring abstract reasoning and logical analysis, an area that has been shown to be more seriously deficient in many studies of patients with other types of cerebral disease or damage. The inconsistencies in the literature with respect to estimates of the frequency of intellectual and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis may be subject to resolution on the basis of the results of this study since the findings indicate that the results obtained in any particular investigation may well have been a function, at least in large part, of the nature of the particular tests used.


Objective:Based on the low cardiovascular risk in Asian populations, phytoestrogens are believed to provide vascular benefits. To elucidate the mechanisms behind the possible cardiovascular effects of phytoestrogens, we evaluated reverse cholesterol transport by assessing the capacity of serum to promote cholesterol efflux in postmenopausal women treated with isolated isoflavones. Design:Thirty postmenopausal women were treated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with isoflavones or placebo for 3 months interrupted by a 2-month washout period. Serum samples were collected before and after each treatment period, and the cholesterol efflux potential was investigated by using 3H-cholesterol--labeled Fu5AH cells in culture. Results:Serum promoted 20.2% ± 3.0% and 19.9% ± 3.4% (mean ± SD) cholesterol efflux after isoflavonoid treatment and after placebo treatment, respectively. Thus, the isoflavone treatment did not affect serum cholesterol efflux. We also studied separately women who produced high concentrations of the isoflavone metabolite equol into serum because some studies suggest that equol could exert favorable vascular effects. However, there was no difference in serum cholesterol efflux capacity between the equol producers (n = 15) and non-equol producers (n = 15). Conclusions:In conclusion, isoflavone treatment did not affect serum cholesterol efflux potential in postmenopausal women. Based on our findings, isolated isoflavones do not provide vascular benefits by improving cholesterol efflux.


Background: NIV during post extubation is recommended to prevent reintubation in high risk patients. However the current evidence did not demonstrate its benefit when applied routinely after extubation. The use of targeted-volume NIV may be more appropriate in this clinical setting, with changing in required respiratory support. Objective: To demonstrate the effect of targeted-volume NIV for prevention of reintubation. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in patients who had been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. Patients were randomized into targeted-volume NIV group (intervention group) or oxygen mask group (controlled group).Reintubation rate within 48 hours was recorded as a primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included respiratory failure rate within 48 hours, incidence of VAP/HAP, hospital length of stay and mortality rate. Result: Fifty-two patients were enrolled. No difference in baseline clinical characteristics was observed. Common causes of respiratory failure were pneumonia (57.69%) and sepsis (30.77%). The targeted-volume NIV group was observed to have a trend towards lower reintubation rate within 48 hours compared to oxygen mask group (0% vs 5%;p=0.051).Respiratory failure rate within 48 hours was significantly lower in intervention group compared to controlled group (0% vs 42.31%; p Conclusion: Our study is the first study to demonstrate the benefit of targeted-volume NIV in reducing respiratory failure rate after extubation in medical ICU patients.


The stranded-conductor finite-element model does not account for the skin and proximity effects in a multiconductor system. The solid conductor model considers the true geometry, all the individual conductors, and their connections but may lead to unmanageably huge models. The multiconductor model proposed here, does not necessarily consider all geometrical details but instead, discretizes the inner geometry and voltage drop and enforces the typical current redistribution in multiconductor configurations in a weak sense. The magnetic and electric meshes are independently and adaptively refined which results in an optimal error control and accurate results for relatively small models.


This work is focused on controller designing for a tethered satellite system(TSS). Firstly, the dynamic equations of tethered system in orbital maneuvering are established based on a dumbbell model. Furthermore, a tether tension control scheme of chattering-free is proposed based on quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode to track a desired in-plane angle and tether length with fixed propulsive coefficients. The bound of system states is analyzed afterwards. And then, considering that the in-plane motion and out-of-plane motion of tethered system during maneuvering are decoupled and tether tension can't damp out the out-of-plane angle, the binormal component of propulsion is taken as the control variable and a feedback linearization based thrust controller is adopted. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm.


The aim of this qualitative study is to map the educational requirements and the needs of health and social care. In addition to social and health care services in the western region of Finland, the intention is to create models, possibilities and a new intensification concept for regional development within education, research and development (R&D). In phase one he data was collected in the form of a questionnaire on a regional and local level. The second phase focused on data collection using the method "Call for Papers" on a national level. The third phase was guided by the results from the former two phases. The data was collected by conducting four focus group interviews among leaders within health and social care. The data was analyzed through content analysis. The results emerging from this survey promote collaboration between the universities and universities of applied sciences, different networks, health and social care services. Furthermore, the results emphasize the need to develop interprofessional and multilingual learning environments, entrepreneurship, multi-professional R&D and a means for leadership to promote the vision of leading toward change. The results stress the need for the development of advanced teaching methods and a shift of the learning environment from a traditional approach to a new setting, i.e. a living learning environment, with a focus on practice, health promotion and holism.


In this study, in order to isolate excellent whitening agents from fungal cultural broth, various fungi were collected from wild areas in South Korea and then screened for tyrosinase inhibition activity, as tyrosinase is a precursor for the biosynthesis of melanin in regulating skin color. A fungus strain that inhibits tyrosinase activity has been identified and confirmed as Trichoderma viridescens (later renamed T. viridescens SW-1) via ITS sequencing. In T. viridescens SW-1, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was strongest on day three of culture. A 5% culture broth showed a tyrosinase inhibitory activity greater than 90% and exhibited high thermostability on day three. At 10% culture broth, the accumulations of intraand extracellular melanin were inhibited above 27.1% and 7.5%, respectively. In summary, the physical and functional properties of the tyrosinase inhibitory substances of T. viridescens SW-1 included high levels of inhibition of melanin synthesis and antioxidative activity as well as thermostability. Therefore, we suggest that the whitening substance identified from the cultural broth of T. viridescens SW-1 has potential for application as a functional cosmetic ingredient.


SUMMARY

1
The occurrence is reported of infranarial pseudo-ossicles in mature Asiatic and African elephant skulls.

2
The nature of these formations is shown to result from pneumatic osteolysis.

3
The effects of maxillary sinus enlargement upon maxilla and premaxilla are detailed.


The article reflect on the construction of the imaginary of violence in the contemporary Mexican cinema, and how the social imaginaries are connected with the filmic imaginaries. Edgar Morin's suggestion about the imaginary is crucial for this reflection, also Merleau-Ponty's ideas about the Phenomenology of the perception. To support this aim, an analysis exercise of Miss Bala (Gerardo Naranjo, 2011 is proposed, a representative film that approach the issue of violence that was increased since the symbolic "declaration of war" to drug trafficking during Felipe Calderon government. Its aesthetic and narrative forms allow the spectator to glimpse other manifestations of violence, which go beyond visual spectacular violence, to allow us to see more intrinsic and symbolic ways, based on the Žižek approach. The present reflection can provide the reader a panoramic perspective on the role played by the cinema and its filmic imaginaries in the constitution of the social imaginaries, on how one lives, perceives, condemns and assimilates a social reality pronounced by narco violence in Mexican society.


ingenuous explanation as to the deposition of these spots seen around the periphery of the lens. I asked him to write it out for me, and this is his explanation: "It has been shown that these dots are clumps of proliferated capsular epithelium impregnated with iron. With slit-lamp illumination it is possible to see in each of the surfaces of optical discontinuity of the lens a system of radial, dichotomously branching lines which represent junctions of the several sectors of the lens. It seems likely that each line is actually a minute groove, and that there is a slightly larger concavity at points of branching, brought about by the looser apposition of lens fibers at the junctions of sectors than within each sector. "In siderosis the iron is probably a stimulus to proliferation of the epithelial cells of the capsule. However, there is only room for proliferation in the concavities (which in my hypothesis are assumed to exist) at the points of branching of the lines of the lens star. At all other points the pressure between capsule and lens substance prevents proliferation. A similar situation exists when the corneal epithelium proliferates into a concavity produced by a small ulcer, as illustrated by Fuchs in his Bowman lecture. Vogt has observed a large number of normal lenses in vivo and has found that there are 6 to 10 primary lines in the lens star and 10 to 16 secondary branches. There are usually 10 to 14 dots in a siderotic lens. "It would be interesting to observe some cases of siderosis with the slit-lamp to see whether the dots are always situated at a point of branching in the lens star."


This will be a Consignment Auction along with a Semi Retirement Auction for David Johnson. As Dave is deciding to slow down and let his sons take over some of the farming he is selling all of his excess machinery that his son's don't need and will sell it to the highest bidder all of his machinery is in excellent condition and has had the best of care.


A wheel hub bearing unit is an important part of your car's wheel assembly, enabling your wheels to turn freely and playing a crucial role in the safety and handling characteristics of your vehicle. Though you may never even see the hub assembly but any problem in that affect the performance of vehicle a lot. By designing the tonner ring press plate it made possible that to combine the two pressing operation. By implementing this solution one whole pressing operation that is tonner ring pressing machine is completely eliminated. It will result in very huge cost saving.


What are the prospects today for American democracy ? The conventional response to such a question would most likely affirm that America is the last best hope of mankind. Such a response is to be contrasted with the kind of prophecy found in mid-century fiction ( 1). This literature suggests that we are doing a bad job of delivering on the promise of American life. And yet, America has always been a liberal country, experiencing relatively calm weather ( 2) . lts climate has produced a peculiarly American mood or posture towards life and polities, a mood optimistic and hopeful.


In this research, channel estimation and equalization of turbo coded signals are delved over frequency and non-frequency selective fading channels. An innovative turbo equalization structure is depicted jointly with the iterative decoding process, which is based on performing channel equalization via double decision feedback equalizer (DDFE) designed by using non-complex least mean square algorithm (LMS). Simulation results signify that the turbo equalizer mitigates the effects of the frequency distortion and fading under certain conditions, as well as reaches the same bit error rate (BER) performance when Gaussian channel is under consideration


Assymetry information or agency problems have been focused by accounting researcher in the last three decades. Considerable efforts have been made by accounting researchers to investigate reason and impilcation in bussiness includes in the stock prices. This study seeks to shed light on this issue and related to ownership stucture, The pattern of manager behaviour. Two aspects of information asymmetry between investors and management are identified and proxied in this study: (1) the availability of information, and (2) the willingness, resources, and ability to process the available information.


How numerosity is extracted from sensory input is a highly debated issue. Semantic accounts assume that numerosity is represented independently of sensory information. Sensory-based accounts assume that numerosity estimates are obtained by weighing different sensory cues such as density, surface or length. Previous studies showed that the magnitude information conveyed by sensory cues interacts with numerosity estimation. However, whether this interaction takes place at a perceptual level as predicted by sensory-based accounts is still unknown. Optical illusions offer the possibility to address this issue because they result from obligatory and impenetrable perceptual processes. We capitalized on the Muller-Lyer illusion to study whether the perceived length of dot arrays influences estimation of their numerosity. This illusion implies that a straight line whose ends terminate in arrows pointing outward is perceived longer than a line of the same length whose ends terminate in arrows pointing inward. Here, we asked participants to compare the numerosity of two lines made of dot arrays with inward or outward arrows at their extremities, while the actual length of the arrays was modified to manipulate the effect of the Muller-Lyer illusion. When the length of two dot arrays was equal but appeared subjectively different due to the illusion, participants reported that arrays with outward arrows contained more dots than arrays with inward arrows. When a correction was applied to the actual length of dot arrays so that they now appear equally long despite objective differences, the comparison of the number of dots was not influenced by the direction of the arrows. These results demonstrate that numerosity is contingent on perceived length. They further constrain sensory-based accounts by showing that the way numerosity is extracted from sensory cues depends on the perceptual context.


Cracks are a typical disease form of airport pavement and highway pavement, mainly caused by heavy traffic load, complex external environment, and performance decay of road infrastructure. Pavement crack recognition technology is transitioning from traditional manual detection to more efficient automatic detection. In this process, semantic segmentation technology is an essential technical means and breakthrough direction to improve recognition accuracy. This paper designs an improved fully convolutional network, which is based on the traditional fully convolutional network model, but the model adopts a feature fusion strategy in downsampling to reduce the loss of details; a multi-scale fusion strategy is used in upsampling to obtain rich information under different receptive fields; Part of the ordinary convolution is replaced by dilated convolution to increase the receptive field to prevent the loss of edge details. We conducted experiments on the CrackLS315 and CrackTree260 datasets. Under the indicators of Precision, it is 8.8% and 9.2% higher than the original fully convolutional network algorithm on the CrackLS315 and CrackTree260 datasets, and it is also better than other classic algorithms.


According to Slote,both morals of Common sense and Kantism have devalued the moral value of the agent.Therefore it give rise to self-other asymmetry which bring trouble to both theories.Although Utilitarianism and virtue ethics are symmetry in dealing with self-other relations,compared with that of virtue ethics,the symmetry in Utilitarianism,however,contains more defects.


Foundation treatment of hydraulic building is a key step of structure safety.According to the loading characteristics,foundation soil characteristics and structure importance of the building of Tangyu Road Pump Station,various methods are confirmed,which can both ensure the engineering quali- ty and save the investment.


The ellagic acid was extracted and purified form Rubuso suavissimus roots by solvent extraction and recrystallization,and analyzed the structure by molting point mensuration,FTIR,HPLC and MS.The results identified for the first time that ellagic acid was existing in Rubuso suavissimus roots and the content was 0.10%.


Positive parenting spend with their children is indispensable in influencing their development. Especially the role of mothers in foster emotional closeness of mother and child attachment relationship. Parents (especially mothers) are directly involved in the caring of children throughout the day. The amount of burden felt by the mother as the closest figure in parenting as well as a figure who must work outside the home to help the family's economic costs, these conditions can be stressful parenting. Conditions of stress and negative emotions will cause the mother's mother's experience of delay in the parenting process. It would be bad in parenting because of stress and negative emotions are often experienced by the mother behaves is not healthy, not positive and will exacerbate the situation of children, such as child neglect even violent behavior toward his son. The importance of the mother also has been studied, including by Gray (2003) that there was evidence suggesting that the burden of parenting more weight falls on mothers than fathers (Moes, Koegel, Schreibman & Loos, 1992 (in Marshall & Long, 2010) , and the mother will suffer more emotionally the load (Gray, 2003, in Marshall & Long, 2010). Keywords: Mother, stressors, negative emotions, parenting stress


Abstract:
 Bos frontalis Lambert, 1804 and Bos gaurus Hamilton-Smith, 1827 are the domestic and wild forms, respectively, of the bovid commonly called the gaur. It is the world's largest cattle species. Bos gaurus is endemic to south and southeastern Asia, and today, the majority of its population occurs in India. It is sexually dimorphic, with adult males having a distinctive dorsal ridge and often a dewlap. Although B. gaurus consumes numerous browse species, it is primarily a grazer. Except for older males, all other B. gaurus are nearly always found in herds. It is classified as a Vulnerable species, and in 2011–2012, the first reintroductions of B. gaurus occurred in central India.


Speech enhancement methods based on deep neural networks usually take noisy speech as input and clean speech as output. However, there is still a correlation between predicted speech and removed noise, which is not fully utilized. And the common convolutional codec has mostly the same receptive field at each layer, which may be difficult to represent the multi-scale features of speech. In this paper, we propose a two-branch interactive time-domain speech enhancement model combining selective kernel units (TBSK-Net). We introduce Selective Kernel Convolution into each layer of the encoder to adaptively encode the information of noisy speech at multiple scales. The stacked selective kernel units are designed to construct two branches to learn speech and noise features where insert exchange information modules. The results show that the proposed model has obvious advantages in dealing with unknown noise than the baseline and other references. Introducing the Selective Kernel mechanism can effectively improve the enhancement performance. Ablation experiments are also performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of different components in the structure.


The product rate variation problem with batching minimizes the variation in the rate at which different models of a common base product are produced on the assembly lines with the assumption of significant setup and arbitrary processing times for each copy of each model. Establishment of bottlenecks to the problem is important for the feasible and the optimal solution to the problem. In this paper, the lower and the upper bottlenecks to the problem are established. Moreover, small bottlenecks that lead to optimality to some instances are investigated. Keywords: Product rate variation problem; batching; sequencing problem; nonlinear integer programming DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v8i0.4876 BIBECHANA 8 (2012) 53-58


An ion induction linac for HIF must operate near the space charge current limit along most of its length. Small errors in the voltages applied to the accelerating gaps can readily produce local unwanted beam bunching and consequent beam loss. Uncompensated space charge forces will generate current loss from longitudinal beam spreading. In the design of the MBE-4 ideal acceleration voltages were developed that assure self-similar amplifying current waveforms at each position along the accelerator. These were approximnately synthesized by adding wavefortms that can be obtained from realizable electrical pulsers. A code is used to study effects produced by the imperfect synthesis on the longitudinal ion dynamics and beam current waveforms in the presence of space-charge forces.


This paper deals with symbolic power and the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ECRML). Tracing some recent developments in Sweden's language politics (1997–2015), it focuses pri ...


The concept of a Cognitive Digital Twin (abbreviated CT or CDT) is presented in this paper as an extension of Digital Twins (DTs) with cognitive capabilities in the context of the process industry. With cognitive capabilities, we foresee possibilities for the next level of automation in process control systems. This article proposes an architecture associated with a CT control system, exemplified in a process industry use case. The CT is therefore seen as a more comprehensive approach in comparison to a traditional DT. KeywordsDigital Twin; Cognitive Digital Twin; Cognitive Architecture; Cognitive Services; Process Industry,


The invention provides a method and a device for processing an image in a webpage. The method comprises the following steps: performing screenshot operation on a currently-displayed page to obtain a page screenshot; processing the page screenshot to acquire the pixel position of the edge profile of a static object in the page screenshot; drawing an effect picture specific to the currently-displayed page according to the pixel position; overlapping the obtained effect picture on the currently-displayed page for display in order to obtain an animation display effect in the page. By adopting the method and the device, the content of the page is enriched, the interest of a browsed page or other display interfaces is increased, and the user experience during browsing of a static page is improved.


The nadifloxacin oxalic acid co-crystal is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. FT–IR, DSC and XRD studies were carried out to confirm the structure and a Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the intermolecular interactions.


AbstractOn October 23, 2011, an earthquake (Mw=7.2) hit the eastern province of Van, Turkey, at local time 13.41 (GMT 10.41). According to records, this was the biggest earthquake after the one in Kocaeli, Marmara, on August 17, 1999, The Van earthquake claimed 604 lives near the epicenter and caused extensive structural damage. Recorded ground accelerations were surprisingly low compared to the structural damage observed within the region and recent Turkish earthquakes. Its peak value was approximately 1.78  m/sn2. The objective of this article is to examine the existing reasons for damages to reinforced-concrete and masonry buildings. Additionally, general characteristics of the Van earthquake, seismo-tectonic characteristics of the region, and evaluation of peak acceleration value are presented. All factors that caused damage and collapse are presented as sections, and the observations are compared to the Turkish Earthquake Code and Turkish Building Code terms.


This research attempts to assess the role of preexisting self-perceptions as moderators of individuals' reactions to preferential and merit-based selection. A laboratory experiment was conducted in which female participants were recruited to work on a temporary "job." Participants were randomly "hired" for the job either because they passed a preemployment qualifying test or because of their gender. Results supported hypothesized self-consistent reactions to the hiring conditions among individuals differing in preexisting self-efficacy. Compared to high self-efficacy participants, lower self-efficacy individuals responded to preferential hiring with lower eventual task performance. Low self-efficacy individuals were also less apt to attribute performance during selection to ability when hired under a merit-based procedure, compared to high self-efficacy participants.


This article examines the twenty-year moratorium on the death penalty in 18th-century Russia during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. The paper analyses the most important reasons for the unofficial abolition of capital punishment and the correlation between the decision of the empress and the events of the palace coup of 1741. The moratorium on the death penalty raised the urgent issue of "pardoned convicts", whose conditions of detention on Ragervik Island are also described in the article. Such a harsh and peremptory humanisation of criminal penalties undertaken solely on the internal motives of the empress aroused the displeasure of the Senate and affected the preparation of the draft of the New Law Code. Only the death of Elizabeth prevented the impending conflict of the throne with the court elite. The moratorium on the death penalty considerably influenced not only the internal political climate of subsequent reigns, but also the foreign perception of the Russian Empire. Three years after the death of Elizabeth in 1764, the Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria published his famous treatise On Crimes and Punishments, in which he proved the inconsistency of the death penalty, both in terms of the concept of a social contract and in terms of the effectiveness in the prevention of serious crimes. Beccaria used the 'Great Example of the Russian Empress' as an important argument not only in his famous treatise, but also in discussions with Leopold I, duke of Tuscany, who was the first to abolish the death penalty in Europe in 1786 under the influence of the philosopher's arguments.


comprehensive handbook of alcohol related pathology is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the comprehensive handbook of alcohol related pathology is universally compatible with any devices to read.


COVID‐19 has impacted lives worldwide. Public health guidance has advocated for minimisation of infection risk by encouraging social isolation and physical distancing. In response, many health services have changed delivery practices to increased use of telehealth. We undertook an audit of hospital attendance data collected from a radiation oncology service in a large public hospital in Victoria, Australia between January and September in 2019, and the same period in 2020. The aim was to discern the impact of COVID‐19 on attendance at appointments and whether attendance rates differed by appointment type.


A repeated application of nested multiplication by ten yields an extremely simple method for binary to binary-coded decimal (BCD) conversion where the input is a binary fraction. This technique can be implemented in a cellular array or in a serial system using an adder and storage register. The cellular array is, however, a faster method and can be implemented with available circuits.


Game theoretic analysis of queueing systems is an important research direction of queueing theory. In this paper, we study the service rate control problem of closed Jackson networks from a game theoretic perspective. The payoff function consists of a holding cost and an operating cost. Each server optimizes its service rate control strategy to maximize its own average payoff. We formulate this problem as a noncooperative stochastic game with multiple players. By utilizing the problem structure of closed Jackson networks, we derive a difference equation which quantifies the performance difference under any two different strategies. We prove that no matter what strategies the other servers adopt, the best response of a server is to choose its service rates on the boundary. Thus, we can limit the search of equilibrium strategy profiles from a multidimensional continuous polyhedron to the set of its vertex. We further develop an iterative algorithm to find the Nash equilibrium. Moreover, we derive the social optimum of this problem, which is compared with the equilibrium using the price of anarchy. The bounds of the price of anarchy of this problem are also obtained. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate the main idea of this paper. 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The Netherlands has adopted the principle that an urban area should be divided functionally into traffic areas and residential areas. In traffic areas, traffic flow is the priority, and safety is sought mainly by separating incompatible traffic modes. In residential areas, priority is given to residential activities including walking, access is allowed only to local traffic, and safety is sought by integrating traffic modes. Starting from this principle, various types of solution have been developed and applied, and most of their effects on road safety have been evaluated. This paper outlines road safety problems inside residential areas, then presents the principles underlying a functional, safety-oriented specification of the urban infrastructure, including its road network. The following practical applications are discussed, together with some results of studies assessing their safety: (1) pedestrian priority in residential areas; (2) 30kph zones; (3) area-wide urban safety plans; and (4) new types of roundabout. Finally, the concept of 'sustainable urban traffic safety', by systematic application of safety principles, is discussed. For the covering abstract see IRRD 887559.


The global phase diagram of a chemically reactive system is described for a model which can be thought of as the ''regular‐solution'' model of a ternary mixture. We consider the particular addition reaction X+Y→Z and analyze the significant features of the phase diagrams which result from the intersection of the chemical equilibrium surface and the phase coexistence manifolds for all possible values of the energy parameters. Based on the nature of molecular interactions, six different general kinds of mixtures can be identified where interesting phenomena such as triple and quadruple points, closed‐loop phase coexistence curves, lower and upper areatropy, and critical areatropy appear as a consequence of chemical and phase equilibrium interaction.


The aim of the article is to present barriers to human capital development in Poland. The research was carried out on 941 respondents, from medium and large companies categorized as knowledge-intensive service (KIS), less-knowledge intensive service (LKIS) and production. The research indicates the following barriers: lack of financial resources, higher priority of other issues/projects/investments, lack of time for developmental actions, lack of consciousness of Board members and managers concerning the importance of development, lack of employees' eagerness to learn, organizational culture resistant to change.


Wireless networks are as much as preferred as wired networks because they can provide sufficient bandwidth for day to day applications with portability. Public Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks has shown a considerable amount of growth in recent years leading to the increased usage of Wi-Fi networks. But in Wi-Fi networks, it is possible that a man can be in the middle between the user and service provider, watching over the entire traffic that is shared between the user and the service provider. Monitoring this traffic as an intermediary, gives access for the attacker to steal the passwords and affects the confidentiality and integrity of the messages sent between them. We can use Virtual Private Network (VPN) but is a costly option and not affordable. An approach has been discussed in where past network data is stored to find out, whether there is possibility of an attack or not. We propose a new solution where data is generated on the fly which upon subjected to statistical significance test, detects the presence of an attack.


Canonical abstraction is a static analysis technique that represents states as 3-valued logical structures, and produces finite abstract systems. Despite providing a finite bound, these abstractions may still suffer from the state explosion problem. Notably, for concurrent programs with arbitrary interleaving, if threads in a state are abstracted based on their location, then the number of locations will be a combinatorial factor in the size of the statespace. We present an approach using canonical abstraction that avoids this state explosion by "collapsing" all of the threads in a state into a single abstract representative. Properties of threads that would be lost by the abstraction, but are needed for verification, are retained by defining conditional "soft invariant" instrumentation predicates. This technique is used to adapt previous models for verifying linearizability of nonblocking concurrent data structure algorithms, resulting in exponentially smaller statespaces.


Objective:To investigate the problems that exist in management of the large medical equipment to reveal the important role of the development of the medical engineering subject that affects the medical engineering technicians's training and the hospital's economic development. Methods:Through the analysis of the current status of management of the large medical equipment maintenance, reveals that to break the monopoly of technology and to establish a good maintenance management structure is the direction of the development of medical engineering subject. Results:Improving the quality of the medical engineering technicians plays a very important impact on hospital operation process. Conclusion:To improve the quality of the medical engineering technicians, is an effective way to improve the level of the large medical equipment maintenance management. To improve the level of management of equipment maintenance and pay attention to the medical engineering technicians in hospital and the overall environment.


1 In Le Museon 51 (1938),285-98 and plate vi. 2 Discovered 1893 and now in the Louvre. The editio princeps of the inscription is by Berger in Revue d'Asayriologie 3 (1895), 69-88 (hereafter referred to simply as Berger), following shorter notices in Os-R, Ae. Inscr, B.-L. ser. IV. 21 (1893), 224, 379, 385. Subsequent treatments of the inscription are by Halevy in Rev. Sem. 3 (1895), 183 ft., 390-1; Clermont-Ganneau in :etudes d'ArcMologie Orientale 2 (1896), 157-81 (hereafter C.-G.); Lidzbarski, Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik 1(1898),422 (NSE; in the list of references, for 1141a read 11400); Landau, Beitrage zur Alterlumakunde des Orients II (1899),46-9; Cooke, Pext-Book of North Semitic Inscriptions (1903),82-8 (NSI); Lidzbarski, KanaanaiBehe Inschriften (1907), 34-5 (Lidz.) ; Repertoire d':epigraphie Semitique m, fasc, i (1916),no. 1211. References to disoussions of isolated points will be given in their place. 8 My reading of the text is based on the reproductions given by Berger in Rev. d'Ass. 3, plate iv and p, 73, and by Clermont-Ganneau in his Album d'Antiquites Orientales, plate xliii and on two squeezes kindly prepared for me by the authorities of the Louvre and reproduced in plate xi. For information on matters connected with Ptolemaio history I wish to record my indebtedness to Dr. W. W. Tarn, F.B.A., andespecially on matters of Cyprian epigraphy and history-to my colleague, Mr. T. B. Mitford.


In this manuscript, a hybrid system depending on the optimal location of electric vehicle parking lots (PL) and capacitors under voltage profile care and power loss is proposed. The proposed hybrid scheme is the joint execution of both the atomic orbital search (AOS) and arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA). Commonly it is called the A OSAOA technique. In the paper, the allocation of the parking lot and capacitor is introduced to congestion management with reactive power compensation. To optimally regulate that parking lot size, the AOSAOA technique is adopted. Furthermore, parking lot and capacitor allocation are introduced to congestion management and reactive power compensation. With this proper control, the perfect sitting of capacitor and EV parking lots under the grid, including the deterioration of real and reactive power loss and voltage profiles are optimally chosen. Furthermore, the implementation of the proposed AOSAOA model is developed by the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the efficiency of the proposed model is likened to other techniques.


A sealing jaw assembly for a sealing unit,and in particular an arrangement for suspending a sealing jaw in a socket is disclosed. The arrangement is based on a first and a second spring arrangement wherein the action of the first spring arrangement onto the sealing jaw may be activated and deactivated.


We compare organizational structure in terms of formalization, specialization, and centralization in decision making between American and Japanese firms in Taiwan. Our data confirms that American and Japanese firms generally do carry their organizational characteristics along with their production technology when they invest in Taiwan.


Aim: To determine the diagnostic accuracy and epidemiology of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in patients of placenta previa. Design: Systematic review. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov and MEDLINE were searched between January1992 and December 2020. Studies on placenta previa complicated by PAS diagnosed in a defined obstetric population. This research was carried out using standard methods and protocols and keeping in view Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observation and assessment of case study along with the difference approved by consensus. The overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic findings is the main outcome of this study, whereas the prevalence of placenta accreta in patients of placenta previa and its incidence among different countries all over the world is also described. Results: In this review study, about 300 articles were evaluated. More over about 15 prospective and 14 retrospective case studies incorporated for assessment having complication with placenta previa and PAS. According to the meta-analysis, a significant (p<0.001) heterogeneity was found between case research that evaluate PAS prevalence and incidence in the placenta previa cohort. The median prevalence in case of placenta previa along with PAS came out to be 0.113% (IQR 0.048–0.17).Whereas incidence in females having placenta previa along with complication of PAS came out to be 11.3% (IQR 7.3–20.0). The overall median sensitivity of the ultrasound to find cases of placenta accreta spectrum in patients of placenta previa is 83.33 %( IQR 77.0-94.34) and specificity is 95.9 %( IQR 88.0-98.4). Conclusions: The high level of diversity observed in results obtained by diagnostic and qualitative data showed strong emphasis should be made on implementation of standard methods and protocols for assessment and diagnosis of pregnancy complication like placenta previa, its type and PAS. However, transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound remains the gold standard diagnostic tool for placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum. Keywords: Placenta accrete, placenta previa, sonography


An important consideration for many instructors in the teaching of the introductory course in psychology relates to the selection of course objectives. Likewise, objectives are importanc to the researcher for, in general, they represent the dependent variable or outcome measure in any experiment dealing with classroom teaching techniques or procedures. It is probable that for mosc instructors, although certainly not all, the teaching of psychological facts, principles, and the scientific method represent the primary objectives. Recencly, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of another objective for the introductory course an objective which centers around the student's respect for psychology as a science and as a profession. If complete acceptance by the public of psychologists and psychological material is to be achieved, the importance of such an objective is readily apparent. Although the typical objective type examination found in most courses is usually adequate for the measurement of degree of achievement of the primary ob jeccives, Birney and McKeachie's ( 1 ) survey of measures available for research in the teaching of psychology does not reveal any appropriate instrument for measurement of this other objective. The primary purpose of the present study was to attempt to provide such a measuring instrument.


Listeners rapidly learn speaker-specific expectations and in- terpretations of words and phrases such as uncertainty expressions when they observe a speaker's use of these expres- sions. However, previous studies have exclusively examined this behavior in populations of listeners and it remains unclear to what extent there are systematic individual differences in listeners' adaptation behavior and, if such differences exist, whether they are linked to more general cognitive abilities. In this work, we first re-analyze the data by Schuster and Degen (2019) and show that listeners vary in the extent to which they adapt to different speakers. In a series of exploratory and con- firmatory studies, we then show that the extent to which listeners update their expectations of different speakers is corre- lated with participant's score on the Keep Track Task (Yntema, 1963), which suggests that working memory control modulates listeners' semantic-pragmatic adaptation abilities.


To establish an international standard on the electronic testing method for raw silk, the interlaboratory comparison tests of the electronic testing method for raw silk are done. Five lots of soaked silk are sampled and tested by four machines of the same type in four labs, 13 items including the defects and evenness information of each lot of silk are measured. The analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedure are used to find whether there exist significant differences among the four machines; and the result shows that there are no significant differences among the machines in testing these items except for the item of IPMe by optical sensor. The reason for the difference is analyzed, and the measure for dismissing the difference is proposed.


Translation teaches us that a poem is both something more and something less than what it says. Poems do more than communicate "messages"; they exploit language, the physical presence of words. At the same time, however, a poem does less than communicate a meaning, for what we bring to a text as readers, together with its total context of other literary and nonliterary meanings, makes up a great part of what the text communicates. This doubleness becomes crucial in translating the work of a political poet who is at the same time an innovator in his use of language. Nazim Hikmet is such a poet, and my examples in this discussion will be drawn from my experience of translating his work from Turkish. Although the translation of a single line or even a single word with its aura of connotations, history, usage, and echoes of other words is impossible, it is possible nevertheless to translate a poem. For a poem is experienced as an emotional whole, and this emotional whole can be translated, despite the loss of the original language, style, and even form. Unlike the critic, who can separate the work into a series of untranslatable components and can choose what to look at, the translator must hold the entire complex in suspension and focus not on the separate elements of the poem but on their interaction. And it is this complex of relations that can be translated, for if the target language has poetry—if it has an established poetic usage or poetic structuring of the elements of language—it will contain the same possibilities of word-use, and the same range or kind of relations may be reproduced. For while a literary text is of the flesh and blood of a language, a poem is not identical with the text; a poem is the experience of a text in its harmony and conflict with a variety of contexts. And translation may be defined as reproducing in a second language this complex of relationships that a poem is. In translating a poem, then, one must negotiate a number of contexts for the text. First, the translator has to provide not only equivalent words but a context of poetic usage or function for the words. Since the root of the problem of translating a poem is the untranslatability of all the nuances and auras of words, a prose translation of a poem is not necessarily more accurate than a verse translation. Indeed, a prose translation is essentially unfaithful, for a poet's meaning in any one poem is inseparable from the fact that it is being said in poetry. In a poem, both the sound and meaning of a word become functional, and this momentary integration of sound and sense, which rests precariously on the essentially arbitrary nature of the connection between how a word sounds and what it means, is what distances poetry from institutional or "profane" language-use. In the translation of poetry, this simultaneously necessary and arbitrary connection between the sound and sense of words and lines poses a question to language itself. The apparent necessity of the poetic utterance only reveals its arbitrariness, for if the sound and sense of words in fact had a necessary. relationship in language, a given work would be absolutely reproducible in another language. Accordingly, if poetic usage were merely arbitrary, it would be indistinguishable from "profane" usage; in other words, it would again be translatable. That poetic usage is both arbitrary and necessary makes it both untranslatable and translatable. And a poetic text can have this texture of simultaneously concrete and symbolic word-use if it is translated as poetry—that is, if it approaches the "sacred" usage of the original text, in which words mean everything they can mean. Thus the very