Laser Doppler velocity measurements were performed on developing oscillatory flow in a strongly curved tube, in which a curvature ratio, a/R (defined as the ratio of the tube radius to the radius of curvature) of 1/2 was achieved. At the Womersley number of 4.5, curvature effects enhanced the secondary flow and maximum secondary flow velocity incresed to 60 % of the amplitude of the cross-sectional averaged axial velocity in the curved tube of a/R = 1/2. On the other hand, for a larger Womersley number ( = 18), the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer at the inner wall significantly increased just downstream of the entrance due to the formation of potential vortex, which is strongly dependent on large curvature effect.


Two-Thickness-Method (TTM) based on an open-ended coaxial probe was investigated with an emphasis on uncertainty analysis to perfect this technique. Uncertainty equations in differential forms are established for the simultaneous measurement of complex electromagnetic (EM) parameters in the systematical consideration of various error factors in measurement. Worst-case differential uncertainty equations were defined while the implicit partial derivation techniques were used to find the coefficients in formulation. The relations between the uncertainties and test sample's thicknesses were depicted via 3D figures, while the influence of the coaxial line's dimension on the measurement accuracy is also included based on the same analysis method. The comparisons between the measured errors and theoretical uncertainty prediction are given for several samples, which validate the effectiveness of our analysis.


The finite volume time domain (FVTD) algorithm and Green function algorithm are extended to Schwarzschild spacetime for numerical simulation of electromagnetic scattering. The FVTD method in Schwarzschild spacetime is developed by filling the flat spacetime with an equivalent medium. The Green function in Schwarzschild spacetime is acquired by solving initial value problems. Both the FVTD code and the Green function code are validated by numerical results. Scattering in Schwarzschild spacetime is simulated with these methods.


An introduction into the basic concepts and theories of both the German and the Italian strand of 'fiscal sociology' with their different roots in the Weberian and the Paretian tradition of sociology. The use value of these concepts in the present junction of time, with regard to the interrelationship between public finance and financial markets is assessed.


In data communication, the digital signature and digital envelope are the two widely used techniques. Where digital envelope provides only confidentiality and digital signature provides non-repudiation, confidentiality and integrity. Digital envelope is using symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography but not providing all security features like authentication, non-repudiation and integrity. In order to achieve all security features, we have used MD5 with asymmetric and symmetric key cryptography. We have implemented a novel digital envelope technique which provides all security features at once. Novel digital envelope comprises of digital signature and best of both the world and providing security features like non-repudiation, authentication, confidentiality and integrity. We have used blowfish and RSA (Ron Rivest Shamir Adelman) algorithm in integration with MD5. In result, out integrated solution meets above mentioned requirement and it also removed the deficiency of current digital envelope technique and strengthen the security of ad-hoc network, Wireless sensor network, Wireless network.


By means of Perceived Discrimination Scale,Class Environment Scale and Achievement Motivation Scale,this article made investigations about 300 obese college students pertinent to the relation between their perceived discrimination and class environments in PE class and,furthermore,discussed the adapting function of achievement motivation on this relation. The conclusion as follows: 1) S- S and T- S relations are in negative correlation to the individual and group perceived discrimination of obese students respectively; discipline order is in negative correlation to the group perceived discrimination of obese students; study pressure,on the other hand,is in plain positive correlation to the individual perceived discrimination of obese students. 2) S- S relations are very important to the predicting function of the individual perceived discrimination of obese students,T- S relations are important to the predicting function of the group perceived discrimination. 3) Under the influence of achievement motivation of pursuing success,T- S and S- S relations are important predicting factors of the group and individual perceived discrimination of obese students respectively; under the influence of the achievement motivation of evading from failure,study pressure is the important predicting factor of the individual and group perceived discrimination of obese students while the T- S and S- S relations come second.


Hydrogen is becoming a promising eco-friendly energy carrier to replace traditional nonrenewable fossil fuels. In this context, photocatalytic water splitting photosystems are considered a green ta...


Air pollution poses an increased risk for respiratory infections and lung cancer. Monitoring systems on air pollution are common for outdoor environment. In this study, our focus is on the air monitoring in household environment and connects it to a personal health reporting system through a mobile APP. Data will be captured and stored in the cloud so as to improve computational efficiency and enhance data storage capacity. Pollution data can be captured hourly year round, hence a sizeable data storage is needed in the cloud. Health statuses can be uploaded through a self-reporting system, so the data can supply useful information for other healthcare studies, and related urban planning in the future. Furthermore, data analytics based on pollution data can help identify highly polluted areas at different time points. These data are useful for the development of alert systems that can remind individuals to take personal precautions to avoid inhaling pollutants. Such alert systems are applicable to households, commercial buildings and public areas. Accumulated data on this cloud platform can support data mining in search of connections between air pollution and health outcomes, which can fuel research studies in the field of public health.


High irradiance and high temperatures decrease Japanese plum quality by causing sunburn and two types of internal heat damage, namely pitburn and gel breakdown. We manipulated orchard conditions to determine how resultant light and temperature affected fruit quality and sunburn. In the 2013/14 season, early summer pruning (8 Dec. 2013), late pruning (7 Jan. 2014) and a no pruning control were applied in an 'African Delight' orchard at Môrelig farm, Wemmershoek in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. In 2014/15, 20% shade net was incorporated during the hottest part of the season. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), fruit surface temperature (FST) and sunburn were progressively assessed on typically hot days on upper, mid and lower canopy positions at Môrelig farm. Fruit quality and internal disorders were assessed at harvest. Upon realising that it could be difficult to increase FST if mild temperatures prevailed in the season, heat absorbing black stickers were used on 'Laetitia' in a supplementary trial conducted a week before harvest at Welgevallen Research farm in Stellenbosch. Treatments consisted of 1) applying a cluster of 13 mm black stickers on sun exposed fruit free of sunburn; 2) randomly choosing fruit that had developed sunburn naturally and; 3) choosing and maintaining fruit that did not develop sunburn. FST and flesh temperature were measured at midday, a day after trial establishment. In all trials, internal disorders and fruit quality were assessed at harvest and again after cold storage. At Môrelig farm, upper canopy positions received higher PPF, had bigger fruit which were redder, softer and with higher total soluble solids and sunburn incidence. Fruit that developed sunburn received >50% PPF of full sun on average while average FST exceeded 35 °C. Early summer pruning improved early light penetration and enabled vegetative regrowth for filtered light during the hottest part of the season, reducing sunburn and enhancing fruit quality. Late summer pruning increased sunburn while the control delayed fruit maturity and reduced fruit size. The shade net attenuated PPF, reduced sunburn severity and improved fruit red colour. No internal heat damage was observed in any treatment. 'Laetitia' fruit with black stickers developed sunburn necrosis and had the highest FST and flesh temperature. Except for the brown discolouration of flesh underneath the necrotic peel, no clear internal disorders were observed in this treatment. However, fruit with no sunburn symptoms had higher gel breakdown and internal browning incidence after cold storage compared to those which Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za


The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the dust direct effect on the forecasted meteorological parameters for selected dust storms. Not many studies are already addressed to this issue. The study aims to assess how much the dust-radiation impact, if introduced in numerical weather prediction systems improved weather predictions. The authors present results of several sensitivity experiments performed: impacts of AOD satellite data assimilation, radiative forcing with dust climatology vs. online predicted dust, the model forcing with different radiation components affected by dust etc. Conceptually, the study is well designed, providing a reader detailed insight


Based on questionnaire,this article stresses on exploring the relationship between excellent players' mood reaction and social support after they injured,the analysis on data got by SPSS12.0 shows: players in different sex,age, sports level and injured degree have clear difference in mood reaction and sensing social support;different mood reaction and social support have a certain inner link;regressive analysis shows that sex and age can be the forecast index of players' passive emotion.


Our photometric monitoring of CH Cyg revealed a gradual increase of its brightness in U from 2010. More recent observations, made during 2014–2015 suggest that CH Cyg entered a new active phase. Monitoring for rapid variability demonstrated unambiguous connection between appearance of pronounced rapid variations and the level of the overall brightness in U , i.e. the activity of CH Cyg.


The effect of temperature on dynamic viscoelastic measurements of misci- ble poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/ethylene-vinyl acetate- carbon monoxide terpolymer (EVA-CO) and immiscible PVC/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and PVC/chlori- nated polyethylene (CPE) molten blends is discussed. PVC plasticized with di(2 ethyl hexyl) phthalate (PVC/DOP) and CaCO3 filled HDPE (HDPE/CaCO3) are also consid- ered for comparison purposes. Thermorheological complexity is analyzed using two time-temperature superposition methods: double logarithmic plots of storage modulus, G9, vs. loss modulus, G0, and loss tangent, tan d, vs. complex modulus, G*, plots. Both methods reveal that miscible PVC/EVA-CO and PVC/DOP systems are thermorheo- logically complex, which is explained by the capacity of PVC to form microdomains or crystallites during mixing and following cooling of the blends. For immiscible PVC/ HDPE and PVC/CPE blends the results of log G9 vs. log G0 show temperature indepen- dence. However, when tan d vs. log G* plots are used, the immiscible blends are shown to be thermorheologically complex, indicating that the morphology observed by micros- copy and constitued by a PVC phase dispersed in a HDPE or CPE matrix, is reflected by this rheological technique. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 469 - 477, 2000


Introduction: World population of snakes is comprised of about 2,800 species of which 375 are venomous. Of this vast number of faunal spectrum of snakes only 242 species of snakes have been known from the Indian region of which only 57 species are poisonous or harmful [1]. Poisonous snakebites are a serious health challenge in tropical regions due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality [2]. More than 200,000 cases of snake bite are reported in India each year. Envenomation by poisonous snakes is an occupational hazard for the farmers and farm laborers, plantation workers, herders and hunters in tropical and subtropical countries [3-12]. The actual incidence of snake bites may be much higher as majority of cases occurring in rural population go unreported


OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study aims to examine the relative impact of aortic arch and carotid artery anatomy on the procedural times and clinical outcomes in patients who have suffered acute ischemic strokes (AIS). Mechanical thrombectomy remains the gold-standard of care for large vessel ischemic stroke. Given that short procedural times are necessary for good clinical outcomes, arterial access is an important technical consideration. It has been recently demonstrated that abnormal carotid artery anatomy can increase endovascular procedure times in this patient population. However, there are no studies examining the impact of aortic arch anatomy on operative times. Additionally, no studies have looked at the impact of aortic arch and carotid artery tortuosity on clinical outcomes in AIS. Thus, we sought to exam the influence of various aortic arch and carotid artery anatomic variables on interventional procedure times and clinical outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We included 56 patients who underwent embolectomy with successful revascularization for acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation from a period of 01/2016-05/2018. The average age was 71 (+/− 17 years) with 39% being male. We calculated anatomic variables on the affected side from CT angiograms immediately prior to embolectomy including the medial-to-lateral span, as well as the anterior-to-posterior span, of both the aortic arch and carotid arteries. In addition, the take-off angle of the respective vessel (left common carotid or right brachiocephalic) was calculated. Charts were reviewed for procedural times and epidemiologic information (HTN, HLD, DM, CAD and Afib). Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was calculated from PT/OT and outpatient neurology notes. Partial correlation coefficients were performed between anatomic variables, temporal variables and outcome variables after adjustment for age, gender and epidemiologic information. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between procedure time (time at groin puncture to time at reperfusion) and take-off angle. There were no other significant correlations between anatomic measures and procedure time. In addition, there was as a significant positive correlation between both procedure time and time from last seen normal to reperfusion and delta mRS (the difference between pre-stroke and post-stroke mRS). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results suggest that patients with larger take-off angles have an association with longer procedural times and worse outcomes. If these patients can be effectively identified prior to the procedure, operators could feasibly use a non-femoral access method initially to reduce procedure time.


The financial services industry of Islam consists of an increasingly vast number of institutions, such as investment and commercial banks, investment companies and mutual insurance companies. In Islamic banks effective risk management deserves special attention. However, it has numerous drawbacks that are required to be understood better. Risk management is about the attitude towards paying off and the strategies in dealing with them and the risks associated with it in relation to modern banking. As an operational problem, risk management is about the classification and identification of methods, processes and risks in banks to supervise, monitor and measure them. In comparison to conventional banks, Islamic banks face big difficulties in identifying and managing risks due to bigger complexities emerging from the profit loss sharing concept and nature of particular risks of Islamic financing. This research investigates in detail the need for risk management in Islamic banks. This study has been conducted with specific reference to two famous Islamic banks in Malaysia by names Bank Muamalat and Al-Rajhi Bank , respectively. In addition to analyzing the effectivene of risk management strategies adapted by them at present, this research also has suggested strategies for improving risk management process of Islamic banks in future.


In this paper a review of the existing rural water demand modelling approaches employed by various agencies across Australia is provided. From our review we conclude that existing models do not reflect the behavioural complexities and uncertainties associated with current irrigated farming practices. Thus, a better modelling approach is needed to improve the demand components of broader water allocation and catchment models. To address this need, a next generation rural demand model has been developed based on the conceptual approach shown in Figure 1. This modelling approach integrates hydrologic, biophysical and behavioural factors associated with irrigation water demand. This modelling approach also caters for data input and modelling errors explicitly, generating a probability distribution of water demand to support more informed decision making. The outputs from the proposed rural water demand model can be used as stochastic demand inputs to a broader catchment models. However, at present this model can not be fully realised due to data limitations. Therefore, a modified (interim) approach is outlined in this paper to take into account of data availability realities. This approach is based on stochastic multi-objective optimisation and cropwater simulations. It is contended that this modelling approach is a considerable step towards the next generation of rural water demand modelling. This research work is part of larger eWater CRC projects investigating uncertainty analysis in models and improving water management decisions.


Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is considered a potential crop for biofuel production throughout much of the tropical and temperate regions of the world, and is considered a leading candidate for biofuel production in the southeastern United States. The energy requirements of certain biorefinery models dictate that whole plant harvesting be utilized to provide maximum fiber. Therefore, mechanical harvesters have been proposed to be used to capture the maximum amount of stalks, leaves and panicles. Unlike sugarcane (Saccharum spp. interspecific hybrids), the predominant sugar crop used for biofuel production, a full understanding is lacking on the influence of extraneous material (panicles, leaves and sheaths) on extraction and composition of sugars in juice of sweet sorghum. The objective of this study was to assess juice and fiber components of sweet sorghum processed with and without panicles and leaves intact. This was part of a larger project to evaluate the performance of first generation sweet sorghum hybrids planted from late March to early June on soil and environmental conditions typical of the sub-tropical sugarcane production region of Louisiana. Clean stalk samples, stripped of panicles, leaves and sheaths were compared to trashy stalk samples with panicles, leaves and sheaths intact. Harvesting occurred at the hard dough stage of seed development, approximately 30 days after anthesis. Brix was measured on a refractometer and fresh and dry sample weights and the total suspended solids in juice were used to determine percent fiber. Percent sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the juice were analyzed by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The presence of extraneous plant material in the processed samples generally resulted in reduced Brix and purity but higher fiber. Sugars in juice were also affected by trash, with the trashy samples producing only 62% of the total sugars in juice of the clean samples, a higher reduction than that reported in the literature for studies including only leaves and sheaths intact. Sucrose was clearly the dominant sugar for both clean and trashy stalks, with fructose present in the least amount. The presence of panicles and leaves in our trashy samples apparently interfered with sugar recovery to a higher degree than with just leaves attached.


Organizational ambidexterity (OA) is argued to be increasingly important for the sustained competitive advantage of firms, which is reflected in a growing number of studies on the topic. However, o...


We use computer simulations to study the behavior of sharp and blunted cracks in various f.c.c. metals. We find that in models representing platinum and gold a sharp crack is stable with respect to the emission of a dislocation from the crack tip, whereas for all other metals studied the sharp crack is unstable. This result cannot be explained by existing criteria for the intrinsic ductile/brittle behavior of crack tips. Blunting the crack makes dislocation emission easier in all the studied metals. The effect is relatively strong; the critical load for emission to occur is reduced by up to 20%. This behavior is caused by the surface stress in the surface at the end of the blunt crack. This can cause an order-of-magnitude increase in the fracture toughness of certain materials, in which a sharp crack would propagate by cleavage, but collisions with already existing dislocations blunt the crack, and thereby prevent further cleavage. One of the major problems in modelling fracture in materials is the enormous range of length-scales that enter the problem (Carlsson and Thomson 1997). The atomic processes near the crack tip require atomic-scale modelling , but the long-range elastic field of a crack tip may interact with dislo-cations and dislocation sources too far from the crack tip to allow treatment with atomic-scale methods, except for a few highly idealized configurations. More direct interactions between crack tips and dislocations have also been suggested, including the proposal that collisions between the crack tip and dislocations may both be likely and be important for the fracture toughness of real materials (Mesarovic 1997). Here we concentrate on the atomic-scale behavior of the crack tip, especially in the context of this proposal.


Data from surveys of 1977-1979 indicate that firewood usage tends to vary inversely with population density, resulting in an implied limit to the density of usage. Tests of wood stoves indicate that emissions of particulates vary inversely with heat demand, such that nighttime emissions at low combustion rates may be worse than those during maximum heat demand conditions. Finally, atmospheric dispersion rates are coupled to the driving forces of space heating so that nighttime emissions tend to have a disproportionately large impact on ambient air quality. All of these factors must be considered jointly in order to perform a meaningful assessment of the air quality impacts of increased residential wood fuel use; the results indicate that in flat terrain primary ambient standards are not threatened by residential wood combustion.


Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective of this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was to assess the effect of perioperative systemic steroids on subjective and objective surgical outcomes for patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis (CRSwP). The secondary objective was to begin validation of the newly developed Perioperative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) scoring system.


This paper presents some evidence suggesting that for developed countries, a universal, unconditional and uniform basic income (UBI) approach is more effective than a means-tested, conditional and targeted benefit system in addressing child poverty. In accordance with the aim of the International conference (2019) on Universal Child Grants (UCGs), a policy design for Universal Child Benefit for Belgium is outlined. The policy is modelled on the Universal Basic Income Proposal for Slovenia (Korošec, 2010), the simulation of which shows that a UBI approach is more effective than means-tested, conditional and targeted benefits. The findings of Korošec (2010) fit well with those of the study report 'Basic income as a policy option: Can it add up?' (OECD, 2017) and the article 'Tackling inequality' (IMF, Fiscal Monitor, 2017). The recent study 'Universal basic income: Debate and impact assessment' (IMF, 2018) also resembles Korošec (2012) in that it also outlines the steps necessary for designing a UBI policy framework. Some consensus is starting to emerge on the circumstances in which a UBI system is better than the current means-tested system for all. The affordability study for UBI UCG in Belgium presented here (i.e. SI_UBI UCG_BE), is simulated by MEFISTO, which is a micro-simulation model for Belgium based on EUROMOD. This simulation shows that with the same amount of money (i.e. no budget change), the child poverty rate drops if the current 27 benefit schemes are replaced with a universal flat-rate child grant (200€/month) and a 400€/month single-parent supplement. Child poverty rates drop the most in the first and second income deciles. The majority of the population is either unaffected or benefits from the simulated reform, and the Gini co-efficientis slightly lower, by 0.03. We confirm, at least for two developed countries that already have comprehensive and by the effects almost universal social security systems, Slovenia and Belgium, that within the same fiscal envelope (i.e. budget neutral) and with UBI implemented on a level just above the current Guaranteed Minimum Income scheme (GMI), a UBI system is better than the current (meanstested) system in lowering child poverty. Acknowledgments: I am deeply indebted to Barb Jacobson, Gonzalo Caprirolo, and especially to Sally Anderson for their time and help in structuring this text and for up-leveling the language in the direction of academic writing. 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Why should a Slovenian UBI proposal be relevant for Belgium? ...................................................... 3 Slovenian UBI proposal (Korošec, 2010) .......................................................................................... 5 The context ................................................................................................................................... 5 Design of UBI policy framework .................................................................................................... 6 The Aim and Goals.................................................................................................................... 6 Definition of UBI ........................................................................................................................ 6 Evaluation Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 7 The stages in the construction ...................................................................................................... 7 The level of UBI ......................................................................................................................... 7 Budget neutrality ....................................................................................................................... 8 The expected impact on household incomes ............................................................................. 9 The micro-simulation................................................................................................................... 10 Resumé of the findings of Korošec (2010), OECD (2017), IMF (2017) and IMF (2018) .................. 10 Budget neutrality ..................................................................................................................... 11 UBI implication on the relative and absolute poverty ............................................................... 11 Design of Unconditional Basic Individual Universal Child Grant for Belgium ................................... 12 The context of UBI UCG of Belgium policy design in 2018 .......................................................... 12 The stages in the construction of SI_UBI UCG_BE ..................................................................... 14 Preconditions (budget neutrality etc.) ...................................................................................... 14 The evaluation criteria ............................................................................................................. 14 Changes in the system ............................................................................................................ 14 The level of UBI ....................................................................................................................... 15 The Results of the simulated SI_UBI UCG_BE scenario ............................................................. 15 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Sources .......................................................................................................................................... 19


The core of new military transform is information construction of force,which will change traditional mechanization equipment support to information-based equipment support,and will become the new question for discussion of equipment support research.Chinese military information construction is just beginning,and urgently need the equipment support information construction theory and method.Analyze traits of information-based equipment support and military actuality,and conceive the approach to information construction of equipment support.


This paper introduces the application of the short message function in the GPS,and probes into the feasibility of using the Mscomm cyberware of Microsoft to make serial interface communication and sending the short message based on the mode PDU of AT instruction.


The structure of differently prepared vanadia-titania aerogels, with a nominal `V{sub 2}O{sub 5}` content varying between 5 and 30 wt%, has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, {sup 51}V nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy. Preparation parameters varied include the type of vanadyl alkoxide precursor, the sol-gel and calcination temperatures, and the heating rate used in supercritical drying. Common to all samples are the absence of long-range order and the presence of vanadia in highly dispersed form. The vanadia component was found to be mostly amorphous, whereas for the titania matrix small crystalline domains of anatase were detected. Up to a `V{sub 2}O{sub 5}` content of 20 wt%, no vanadyl vibrations were detected by Raman spectroscopy; in the FTIR spectra, bands due to an aggregated vanadyl species have been observed. At a `V{sub 2}O{sub 5}` content of 30 wt%, the presence of both two-dimensionally connected vanadia species and three-dimensional aggregates was deduced from the Raman spectra. Increasing the sol-gel reaction temperature accelerated the growth of vanadia clusters. Variation of the heating rate applied in the supercritical drying process resulted in cluster aggregation at the highest rate (120 K/h). The calcination temperaturemore » has a profound influence on the structure of mixed oxides: cluster formation and surface segregation of the vanadia were observed for calcination temperatures of 623-673 K; a more rigorous calcination treatment at 723 K induced the formation of three-dimensional V{sub 2}O{sub 5} crystallites. 34 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.« less


Insertion of an LNG-Intra-uterine System (LNG-IUS) has many gynecological indications. The approved indications worldwide are contraception, treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding depending on not organic disease, and endometrial protection in case of an estrogenic therapy. Instead adenomyosis, fibroids, and fertility-sparing management of endometrial hyperplasia or early endometrial cancer in patients with desire of pregnancy are off label indications. Hydroureteronephrosis is an uncommon complication during LNG-Intra-uterine System (LNGIUS) insertion. There are few cases described in the literature. The first diagnostic approach for this complication is an abdominal-pelvic ultrasound scan to identify the abnormal position of the device. Diagnostic management includes computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which are necessary to confirm hydroureteronephrosis and to assess the exact location of the LNG-Intra-uterine System (LNG-IUS) in the abdomen. A minimally invasive approach is the standard of care with the removal of the device, while the therapeutic management of the hydroureteronephrosis depends on ureteral and kidney involvement. We report the history of a dislocated LNG-Intra-uterine System (LNG-IUS) in the left paracervical space with subsequent ipsilateral hydroureteronephrosis. In our case we removed the device through hysteroscopy and later inserted a J-J stent. Follow-up at three months revealed the persistence of left hydroureteronephrosis, so we performed ureter reimplantation. We also performed a review of the literature to analyze common diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for this rare complication.


Do all newly qualified primary-level teachers report the same experience of child protection practices in their schools? Drawing on findings from a recent Irish study, this paper will consider the operation of official child protection guidelines in schools based on the reported awareness and knowledge of a sample of newly qualified teachers. Their knowledge of child protection guidelines pertains to experience of induction into child protection practices upon taking up employment in the school and their awareness of a designated liaison person, school child protection policy and the procedures for reporting a suspected child protection issue within the school. The findings of this research indicate that schools' compliance with national guidelines on child protection is certainly inconsistent and such an ad hoc approach can be seen to impact on the perceived confidence levels of newly qualified teachers in dealing with child protection issues in the school. Given the crucial role teachers play in the safeguarding of children and the potential for strengthening this role, this paper argues for the standardisation of the operation of child protection procedures across all schools and the provision of training for all school staff. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 'This paper argues for the standardisation of the operation of child protection procedures' Key Practitioner Message * There is a clear need for enhanced, standardised pre-service and in-school child protection training. * New entrants to the teaching profession should automatically be inducted into the school child protection policy. * Schools should have clearly articulated child protection policies and action plans which are consistently communicated to staff on a regular basis. * The potential for teachers to promote child welfare and protection should be acknowledged and realised. Language: en


Conventional types of municipal incinerators generate enormous quantities of stack gas because of high excess air and high temperatures. Under these conditions the size and cost of equipment to clean the flue gas to low dust contents are large. By burning the refuse in boiler furnaces at low excess air, and generating steam, the volume of flue gas to be cleaned is reduced to a minimum. Where high efficiency of flue-dust collection is required, steam generation from refuse firing permits a major saving on the cost of dust collection.


Vanishing testes syndrome (VTS) is a rare congenital disorder with bilateral anorchism where both testes are absent at birth with normal male external genitalia. A longitudinal research was carried out on a case of an 18 years old male, presented with incomplete secondary sexual characters and absence of testes where semen analysis showed aspermia. Hormonal analysis revealed high gonadotrophins and very low testosterone even after HCG stimulation test, suggestive of castrate level and total absence of testicular tissue. Karyotyping confirmed his 46XY status. Ultrasound /CT/MRI abdomen and pelvis did not give any information regarding   testes or its remnants. CT guided aortorenogram showed agenesis of gonadal arteries which confirmed absence of testicular tissue after the 1 st trimester. It was concluded that there should be a proper standard protocol for the management of patients who have empty scrotum.


The development of the flood forecasting system can be divided into four stages, in which the fourth stage is the flood forecasting and regulating system based on Web with the structure of brower/server(B/S) developed on the basis of "The National Water Regime Information and Flood Forecasting System". The main founctions of the system are object oriented space information management and inquiring based on WebGIS; real-time water regime information inquiring and analysis; flood forecasting and regulating;for which the key techniques developed are ASP; COM; and Active X; JAVA programs. The system has been put into operation within the basins of Songhuajiang River; Yongdinghe River and orther rivers since 2001 and the continuous improvement has been made during the operation in the recent years as well.


Interacting with the actual environment to acquire data is often costly and time-consuming in robotic tasks. Model-based offline reinforcement learning (RL) provides a feasible solution. On the one hand, it eliminates the requirements of interaction with the actual environment. On the other hand, it learns the transition dynamics and reward function from the offline datasets and generates simulated rollouts to accelerate training. Previous model-based offline RL methods adopt probabilistic ensemble neural networks (NN) to model aleatoric uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty. However, this results in an exponential increase in training time and computing resource requirements. Furthermore, these methods are easily disturbed by the accumulative errors of the environment dynamics models when simulating long-term rollouts. To solve the above problems, we propose an uncertainty-aware sequence modeling architecture called Environment Transformer. It models the probability distribution of the environment dynamics and reward function to capture aleatoric uncertainty and treats epistemic uncertainty as a learnable noise parameter. Benefiting from the accurate modeling of the transition dynamics and reward function, Environment Transformer can be combined with arbitrary planning, dynamics programming, or policy optimization algorithms for offline RL. In this case, we perform Conservative Q-Learning (CQL) to learn a conservative Q-function. Through simulation experiments, we demonstrate that our method achieves or exceeds state-of-the-art performance in widely studied offline RL benchmarks. Moreover, we show that Environment Transformer's simulated rollout quality, sample efficiency, and long-term rollout simulation capability are superior to those of previous model-based offline RL methods.


The present study examines the relationship between receipt of stress management training, ratings of the adequacy of the training, and several outcome variables of interest to the military, including physical symptoms, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), morale, leadership, retention intentions, and marital functioning. Results indicate that soldiers receiving training and rating the training as adequate also reported fewer negative outcomes (physical symptoms, symptoms of PTSD) and more positive outcomes (morale, leadership, retention intentions, marital functioning) even after controlling for combat exposure. Discussion of the results focuses on implications of these findings for the Army and for soldiers' health. Limitations of the present study are also discussed.


In this article the author examines the pedagogical and ethical aspects of physical  training and sports, summarizes the main educational features and principles which help to keep the content of physical education as an important part of the whole educational system and proves that physical education and sport significantly affect the formation of fully-advanced personality.


SFC (sequential function chart), which is a graphical tool for control logic and can also represent the order for events to be controlled explicitly, has been presented as a programming language of sequential control. Since even a nonspecialist can understand SFC, it will be the main tool of sequential control. In spite of this excellent characteristic of SFC, ladder diagrams (LD) are still used in various industrial applications. In this paper, we regard LD and controlled plant as one closed loop, and propose the algorithm for picking up order of events based on the closed-loop system. We try to model the plant by means of temporal logic.


THE ABILITY to reflect on and to learn from one's work is a skill needed by professionals today, whatever their field of professional endeavour. Although many educators appreciate the value of having students learn the skill of reflective practice, some have found that teaching this skill in a systematic way that is meaningful to students is more difficult than teaching them the steps involved in reflective practice. Although many educational programmes acknowledge that reflective practice is central to professional practice, not many legal educationists have written in detail about their approaches to teaching this valuable skill face to face. To date, fewer still, if any, have written about how they help students learn the skill of reflective legal practice online over the course of a programme of study. In this article we outline a design for a V\febCT module that we are producing with the assistance of Vuckovic and Catanzariti. The site teaches reflective practice in a systematic way to students enrolled in the Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice (GDLP) at The Australian National University (ANU). V\fe sketch an outline of the online module, and briefly discuss what reflective practice involves and explain why it is important. We also discuss some of the technological and administrative problems we faced in


Wavelet transformation has been widely used in geophysical and geochemical exploration, and the fractal feature of wavelet coefficients has recently stood out from many wavelet threshold methods. We introduced the wavelet–fractal method to analyze the polarizability and resistivity of graphite deposits. Due to the unique nature of graphite-bearing gneiss, characterized by high polarizability and low resistivity, we concluded that the polarizability background mode is better suited to depict the morphology of the graphite-bearing formation, with the resistivity background mode serving as complementary information for verification. Symlets5 is regarded as the optimal mother wavelet to indicate the characteristics of graphite ore by means of comparison and analysis. The polarizability anomalies showed two different linear forms: the direction of the measuring line and the strike of the ore bodies. According to the data of drill holes on the profile, we inferred that the high values of the anomaly mode can be used to delineate the target area where the graphite is enriched. Combining the application of both modes, we used the wavelet–fractal method for the quantitative prediction and effective selection of a potential area with a high grade. The approach used in this current study can be extended to the prospecting of other graphite deposits or sedimentary–metamorphic deposits containing conductive minerals, where geochemical and geophysical data are available.


Clustering objects into logical subsets is a frequently encountered problem in biology, psychology, anthropology and many other sciences. Each tends to approach the task in a somewhat different fashion. A brief look at the history of the problem outlines three approaches: frequency curve resolution, factor analysis, and hierarchical clustering, based upon distance measures. A generalization for multidimensional distribution resolution is presented.


The invention relates to a method of glueing lattice structures manufactured of a plastic profile, in which method the plastic profiles (10,11,12) to be glued to one another are placed in a joint to join at least one plastic profile to at least one hollow plastic profile. Pluglike members (25) are placed in said hollow plastic profile (10,11,12) to confine a joint area so that an insulated space is formed, and said insulated space is filled with adhesive. The invention also relates to an adhesive bonding joint of lattice structures manufactured of a plastic profile, in which the plastic profiles (10,11,12) to be glued to one another have been placed in the joint to join at least one plastic profile to at least one hollow plastic profile. The joint is provided in the form of an insulated space confined by pluglike members (25) placed in said hollow plastic profile (10,11,12). which space has been filled with adhesive.


In this thesis I investigate the relationship between power, knowledge and gender in contemporary trafficking discourses by examining how the 'problem' of trafficking was represented, reproduced and destabilized in the course of a recent legal process on trafficking in a Danish court of law. By applying Carol Bacchi's 'What's the problem represented to be' analysis to an ethnographic material consisting of my observations from the legal process, I have sought to critically analyze how certain ways of telling the 'problem' of trafficking and its subjects have been constructed as either intelligible or impossible in the court room. My analysis has been informed by feminist and intersectional theories focusing on hegemonic processes of Othering on the basis of gender, class, and 'race'/ethnicity. I have found that several problematic assumptions about prostitution, poverty and foreign 'culture' among others underlie the construction of the 'problem' of trafficking in the Danish courtroom, and that this dominant discourse on trafficking prevails in this space, although contested by both the supposed "traffickers" and "victims of trafficking". In this way, my study confirms previously made criticisms put forward by earlier research against the construction of 'trafficking'.


Aiming at the problem of poor binding force to airworthiness certification activities of airworthiness regulations, a certification mode that can provide an effective knowledge constraint to airworthiness certification activities is established through resolving and recombining the airworthiness regulations and verification technologies.Confirming the supporting role of knowledge to certification activities, a certification knowledge unit is obtained from the established resolving model of airworthiness certification techniques. Furthermore, the certification knowledge unit is obtained from the recombination of certification technique knowledge unit and airworthiness regulation knowledge attribute informations, and its mechanisms in certification activities are analyzed. Example indicates that the recombinational certification knowledge unit can provide efficient trigger to the execution of airworthiness certification activities. The established restrained mode has positive guiding function to the standardization and high efficiency of airworthiness certification activities ' execution.


Owing to the isomorphism between economic systems and ecosystems, it is appropriate that the growth and development of economic systems is quantified and described with the ascendancy formula from ecosystems study. The Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region is one of 3 economic regions in West China which is built by central government and developed strenuously in the outline of the 11th five-year plan for development of the west region. Based on introducing the ascendancy formula briefly, as a case of railway passenger flux in this region, the ascendancy and its relative index of this region economic system are calculated. The result indicates that there were five indices keeping an increasing posture uniformly in the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region from 2002 to 2006. The five indices were systemic total throughput, average mutual information, ascendancy index, sustainable development capacity, diversity index. The conclusion can be drawn that the regional economic system in Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region is currently at the primary stage of evolution. Finally, some policies and suggestions are made directly towards the defects in relative to the quality of the systemic evolution, such as low level of system self organization and unbalance of structure in this region economic system.


This article describes the different forms of action and thought of the Adelitas. A subalternity approach is taken, to answer the following questions: what w...


To improve the health of the population, it is necessary to develop products that contain natural ingredients with antioxidant properties. The development of the technology of meat and fish molded semi-finished products of the Ayurvedic direction is relevant today. The main raw material was poultry meat. After conducting a literary review of scientific publications and comparing the chemical composition of different types of fish, we selected sea fish ‒ hake, pollock and oceanic ‒ saithe, haddock with amount of protein. The technology of molded meat and fish products allows to introduce into the composition of semi-finished products multifunctional ingredients that enrich the chemical composition of the product, increase the nutritional value, improve its taste, and expand the range of processing of raw materials without production waste. This technology makes it possible to create meat and fish semi-finished products, with a targeted change in the chemical composition, corresponding to the physiological needs of the human body, especially for children, the elderly. To identify the most optimal ratios between meat and fish raw materials, have been developed 21 samples of minced meat and fish systems. A study of the organoleptic evaluation of meat and fish semi-finished products was carried out, with the introduction of fish raw materials into the recipe from 10 to 50%. The detailed profilograms were built on the basis of the research results. The general comparative analysis allows us to state that among all the presented research samples, the best marks were obtained for sample No. 5 and No. 4 using ocean fish (haddock in the amount of 50%; saithe fish in the amount of 40%) in terms of taste, smell and consistency. As a result of studies of the physicochemical indicators of the developed minced meat and fish systems, it was found that almost all prototypes were characterized by an increased moisture content with an increase in the amount of fish raw materials. For further research, samples were selected whose recipes were the most optimal in terms of the ratio of meat and fish raw materials, namely chicken fillet and haddock fish in a ratio of 50: 50%, and chicken fillet and saithe fish ‒ 60: 40%.


Dr. Don E. Mah earned his PhD in Construction Engineering and Management through the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Alberta. He has been employed at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology for over twenty years as an Instructor, Associate Chair and Chair in Civil Engineering Technology, Construction Engineering Technology and Bachelor of Technology in Construction Management programs. His research interests lie in the area of curriculum and academic program development, construction management, construction material waste minimization, sustainable residential construction, greenhouse gas reduction, green building rating programs and process evaluation. Don possesses diverse work experience in the design, construction and project management of various types of building and infrastructure projects.


We establish a marker lemma for aperiodic Borel transformations, using which we provide a measureless strengthening of Dowker's ratio ergodic theorem for conservative nonsingular transformations.


An experimental setup for the deposition of mass-selected clusters using a laser vaporization source and a magnetic field mass selector is presented. Nondestructive deposition and a coverage of 1% of a monolayer within 5 h are achieved for mass-selected metallofullerene clusters as demonstrated for deposited Ce@C60 on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.


A Fe(Ⅲ) compex with OPPh_3,[Fe(OPPh_3)_4Cl_2][FeCl_4],has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IRspectrum.The crystal structure of the title complex has been determined by simgle crystal X-ray diffraction techmiques.The crystal belongs to monoclinic,space group P2_1/c.The cell parameters are :a=13.9323(13),b=27.5290(2),c=18.2095(17),β= 104.460(2)~o,V=6762.9(11)~3,Z=4,D_C=1.412 g/cm~3,μ=0.809 mm~(-1),F(000)=2952,R1=0.0796 and ωR2=0.1752for 10419 observed reflections(I2σ(I)) out of 12343 unique data.In the cations[Fe(OPPh_3)_4Cl_2]~+,the Fe(Ⅲ) center adopts a slight distoned octahedral geometry comprised oftwo OPPh_3 oxygen atoms and two Cl~-ions at the equatorial positions,and two OPPh_3 oxygenatoms at the axial positions.In the anions[FeCl_4]~-,The Fe(Ⅲ) ion has a sIightly distortedtetrahedI.al coordination geometry and is bonded to four Cl~-ions.


Abstract : This is the third and final article in a continuing education series on arthropods. The interactions between arthropods and the various etiologic agents they transmit are reviewed. The incidence of arthropod-borne diseases in the United States, the causative agents, and their reservoirs, vectors and transmission mechanisms are summarized in a Table. The ecology of five arthropod-borne diseases - Lyme disease, eastern equine encephalitis, plague, tularemia, and leishmaniasis - is discussed to illustrate the complex, dynamic nature of these disease cycles. The evidence for the lack of arthropod transmission of HIV is examined. The clinical importance of arthropod identification and limited prognostic value of screening for etiologic agents are covered. (Author)


A new solid acid catalyst was prepared by supporting SO~(2-)_4onto a thin alumina film that had been formed by anodic oxidation of high-purity aluminium foils.The characters of the prepared(catalyst) were figured out in the term of BET,X Ray Diffraction(XRD) and X Photoelectron Spectra(XPS).The result showed that specific surface area of the catalyst was much smaller than that of the oxide which had not undergone the sulfate treatment.X Ray Diffraction(XRD) demonstrated the(supporter) Al_2O_3 layer was in amorphous configuration and the structure of the catalyst was not changed after loading SO~(2-)_4.X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) showed the catalyst surface is composed of SO~(2-)_4and Al_2O_3.The catalyst also showed higher activity for esterification.


Abstract In recent years, extensive research on the preparation and properties of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has been realized. This article focusses on the recent studies on new PEM materials based on aromatic hydrocarbon polymers with sulfonated groups as hydrophilic domains and fluorinated groups as hydrophobic domains as alternatives to conventional perfluorinated polymers. It is necessary to improve the proton conductivity especially under low-humidity conditions and at high operating temperatures to break through the current aromatic PEM system. Hence, there is a need to develop new high-conductivity fuel cell ionomers with improved thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability by designing a suitable polymer structure for PEM application.


In most cases auxiliary information encoded from printed photograph is not sufficient to recover the original digital image because of hierarchical distortions introduced during scanning process. The proposed approach can able to overcome this problem by extracting metrics such as color, luminance and spatial frequencies from input image and encoded in separate channel using QR pattern generation which will leads quality in print-scan images with lesser appearance losses. In existing methods Extracted digital auxiliary information is stored by printing it using invisible inks or dense barcodes. In this paper we introduces the concept of color QR images, which has high embedding capacity and easy to embed inside input image with bounded probability of detection error. Here we develop cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) QR pattern which is carried along with print colorant scan channels as a three unique QR codes, used for capturing color QR pattern. The proposed technique consists of two main processes namely encoding followed by color QR pattern generation and distortion less QR embedding process. Encoding process generates auxiliary information about input image and it is kept together with the print as a color QR image pattern. Embedding process uses half toning process to increase visible appearance in order to eliminate the distortions introduced during decoding process. Our experimental results proved that the proposed QR pattern based approach can embed detailed information about the digital image with least complex decoding process.


she creates. Bartra's assertion of the existence of feminine creativity is very problematic from the position of decolonial, intersectional feminist theory that queers the notion of the feminine and does not accept a binary of "female" and "male." It is still possible to examine responses to oppression and master narratives and not assert an essentialized version of the feminine or the category of "woman." Hierarchies of gender exist around the binary. Even in the case of Brazil, travesti (transvestites) utilize and appropriate their own version of extravagant femininity in order to perform their gender— this is certainly an embodied form of creativity. Is Bartra arguing that only cisgender women express feminine creativity? There is a much broader social context in which any artist makes art—the context for the production of whatever is termed "the feminine" is not quite as simple as this author is attempting to describe. Perhaps the most interesting question inside this globalized context is what empowers and what disempowers artists as they produce and perform their gender and their arts.


This paper investigates the impact of fire on surface albedo and the associated radiative forcing over 56% of continental Australia encompassing the fire‐prone northern tropical savanna. Fire‐affected areas and albedos are derived for the 2003 fire season using daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance data. Near‐infrared and total shortwave albedos are observed to generally decrease after fire occurrence. Regionally, the total shortwave albedo drops by an average of 0.024, with increasing reductions as the dry season progresses and larger reductions in grasslands than woody savannas. These fire‐induced albedo changes exert a positive forcing at the surface that increases from March to November. A mean "instantaneous" shortwave surface radiative forcing of 0.52 Wm−2 is estimated for the study region.


The high rate tabletmachine is the subject investigated.The three-dimensional geometric model is established by Pro/e,and the three-dimensional finite element model is established by fore treatment of ANSYS.The harmonic analysis is executed.and the corresponding response is gained under the harmonic force..The force that the machine is received is optimized and the result is the resonance is restrained effectively.In addition,the problem of the vibration and noise is resolved.All the result is very useful for the design of the taletmachine.


Background: Lung cancer is widely known has strong association with cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease. Smoking as the main risk factor for lung cancer and coronary artery disease is strongly hypothesized as reason behind this association. Our study aimed to predict ability of coronary artery calcification based on chest CT in prevalence of coronary heart disease in patients with lung cancer.
Method: This study had cross-sectional design with consecutive sampling method. Subjects in this study were adults (>18 years old) with lung cancer based on histopathological examination.
Result: Forty subjects with lung cancer who undergone chest CT was selected as samples in this study. After calculated with other factors, patients with lung cancer who also had coronary artery calcification lesions in Chest CT had 73 times higher risk to develop coronary heart disease (OR=72.63%;95% CI=3.81-1386.21;P=0.004). In addition, lung cancer subjects who are current and ex-smoker had 46 times higher risk to develop coronary heart disease (OR=45.75;95% Cl=1.14-1987.62;P=0.043). Based on those findings, coronary artery calcification has 86.7% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, 72.2% PPV and 90.9% NPV for predicting coronary heart disease in lung cancer patients.
Conclusion: Coronary artery calcification based on chest CT can be utilized as coronary heart disease predictor in lung cancer patients, especially who are current and ex-smoker. Extensive studies, is needed for strengthen this finding in near future.


Background: Dialysis is a medical treatment for end-stage kidney
 disease with serious implications, such as severe fatigue and a strict regimen limiting daily
 activities. According to research, patients undergoing dialysis perceive less control over
 their life compared to healthy people. It therefore seems relevant to develop and evaluate an
 intervention aimed at enhancing perceived control in low-control dialysis patients. Methods: A
 randomized controlled trial will be conducted, including 200 dialysis patients with low or
 decreased levels of perceived control. Patients will complete questionnaires regarding
 perceived control, quality of life, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. The intervention will be
 aimed at developing skills in self-regulation (goal setting and pursuit). Data will be analyzed
 by intention-to-treat principle. Expected results: A significant larger increase in perceived
 control in dialysis patients in the intervention condition compared to patients in the
 waitinglist control condition. Current stage of work: Intervention development. Discussion: In
 case the intervention leads to an increase in perceived control in dialysis patients, the
 intervention could serve as an add-on to dialysis treatment, contributing to a greater quality
 of life of dialysis patients.


Periprosthetic femoral fractures can be a difficult management problem. A certain risk factor occurs in long-stem component concerning biomechanical properties. Bending and torsional strength concentrate on short stem-free region of distal femur. In case of ipsilateral stem knee prosthesis the risk of fracture increase significantly. For prevention of an periprosthetic femoral fracture a total knee arthroplasty was done by using a prosthesis which can be connected rigidly with the hip prosthesis. A cemented femoral tube is put over the distal stem of hip prosthesis. The type of prosthesis, the operative procedure and outcome is presented by reviewed clinical cases.


The criteria for judging the quality of programs have changed along with the changes in what we expect from programs. There have been many attempts to devise methods for producing programs that satisfy the new criteria. Among these attempts, the most generally accepted principles of structured programming are the most rational. But, although they provide an introduction to good programming practices, the principles of structured programming are too narrow in their scope.I will discuss the criteria for program quality, evaluate some of the current methodologies, develop the most reasonable programming strategy, and show the skills required to use it. I will then discuss the means by which these skills are to be gained, and evaluate our capacity to attain them.


The present chapter provides a brief synopsis of current debates surrounding the core themes of the book notably gender and the household employment and migration. These sections review the existing literature first in relation to developing countries in general and then in relation to the Philippines where most studies to date have not been particularly accessible to a wider international readership. The discussions are intended not only to provide a backdrop to the detailed case study material in subsequent chapters but to clarify and contextualise the more specific questions examined in the book. The different sections on the Philippines together with an overview of the womens movement and gender policy are also intended to give the reader a general impression of Filipino womens lives and experiences. The chapter concludes with a synthesis of the key issues and a guide as to how these are explored in the body of the text. (excerpt)


Based on Microsoft Foundation Classes(MFC)user interface class and OpenSceneGraph(OSG)3Drendering engine,key techniques of integration and multithread interactivity between MFC and OSG are researched,and a three-dimensional scene of marine environment is modeled and rendered with techniques such as LOD terrain model,seawater simulation and scene clip.Technology of real-time and dynamic simulation of large-scale submarine oil spill particle system is investigated and implemented by means of GPU high lever shader language GLSL and frame buffer object(FBO).The results show that this method is much more efficient than those(e.g.the OpenGL "glBegin-glEnd" mode)commonly used for the simulation of particle system.Based on the key technology researches a visualization system is developed for the submarine oil spill,which provides a convenient,friendly and intuitive visual interface for the efficient and real-time simulation and reappearance of the three-dimensional marine environment and the large-scale submarine oil spills.


Abstract This essay is a study of the philosophy of state craft of Pakistan's most eminent Chief Justice — A.R. Cornelius, whose tenure on the Supreme Court was from 1951 to 1968. The analysis is based on a remarkable friendship between Cornelius and the author which started in 1960 when the author was an advisor to the Government of Pakistan. It continued with a series of letters from Cornelius through 1970. These sources are augmented by analysis of hundreds of court decisions, speeches and articles by Cornelius. Cornelius developed a profound admiration for Islam which deepened towards the end of his life. He died in 1991 at the age of 88. As a self‐described 'Neo‐Thomist' he synthesized Christian and Islamic values through the medium of natural law. This synthesis is a case study in the compatibility of Islam and Christianity developed not on theological grounds but within the context of jurisprudence. It negates the contention that Islam and the West are necessarily at odds and that their interaction...


The utility model discloses a manufacturing device of a rectangular ingot blank of an ultra-large extra-thick plate, comprising a water-cooling metal mould chassis which is provided with a water-cooling metal mould; and the top part of the water-cooling metal mould is provided with a heat-insulating heat-preservation feeder head, the inner part thereof is a zero-taper rectangular hollow cavity of which the upper part and the lower part are broken through, and the hollow cavity thereof is communicated with a width flow distributor. The manufacturing device bases on the traditional manufacturing technology of a roller, adopts the zero-taper water-cooling metal mould structure, can eliminate the taper of a casting, reduces the higher requirements on the opening degree of a rolling mill, reduces the impacting of the taper on the preliminary rolling of the rolling mill, leads the shape of the produced ingot blank to be closer to that of a finished profile; and the manufacturing device is provided with the width flow distributor by combining the characteristics of the ultra-large rectangular ingot blank, leads the filling of steel liquid and a formed temperature field to be more uniform, can avoid the occurrence of conditions of cranking and gas trapping, and is beneficial to floating-upwards of impurity, thus improving the quality of the ingot blank. In the utility model, the width flow distributor has simple structure and convenience in use.


Many prominent social scientists have advocated for random-draw lotteries as a solution to the "problem" of elite college admissions. They argue that lotteries will be fair, equitable, eliminate corruption, reduce student anxiety, restore democratic ideals, and end debates over race-conscious admissions. In response, we simulate potential lottery effects on student enrollment by race, gender, and income, using robust simulation methods and multiple minimum thresholds for grades and standardized tests. In the overwhelming majority of lottery simulations, the proportions of low-income students and students of color drop precipitously. With a GPA minimum, we find the proportion of men could drop as low as one third. Admissions lotteries with minimum bars for GPA and/or standardized tests do not appear to produce more equitable outcomes.


A palladium-catalyzed remote 1,n-arylamination (from 1,3- to 1,11-arylamination) of unactivated terminal alkenes with aryl iodides and arylamines has been realized. This three-component reaction proceeded via Pd-catalyzed Heck arylation, alkene isomerization, and aza-Michael addition, exhibiting good regio- and chemoselectivity, and wide substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the in situ generated ortho/para-quinone methide intermediates served as the driving force for the alkene isomerization and promoted the rearomatization upon nucleophilic amination.


Provided in an embodiment of the present invention are a distribution method, a base station and user equipment. The method of the present invention comprises: the base station sending an authentication indication to the user equipment; the base station obtaining an authentication status report indicative of the access of the user equipment to the WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network); and according to the authentication status report, the base station determining a first data stream performing an interaction of a data stream to be processed with an access point of the WLAN, the data stream to be processed being a data stream to be sent to the user equipment by the base station or a data stream to be sent to the base station by the user equipment. According to the invention, the base station sends the authentication indication to the user equipment in advance of data distribution so that service data is distributed by the base station according to the authentication status report, thereby avoiding such a situation that authentication for the WLAN is not performed until service data distribution and further solving the problem in the prior art that data service distribution is interrupted due to a long delay of authentication for the WLAN.


Background: Reports from previous studies suggest that the vaginal microbiota may play a role in cervical HPV pathogenesis. In this study, we examined associations between the vaginal microbiome and persistent high-risk human papillomarvirus (hrHPV) infection among HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. Methods: We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the vaginal microbiota in 2 serial mid-vaginal samples taken approximately 6 months apart in 211 Nigerian women and the SPF10LIPA25 system for HPV detection. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression models with robust variance estimation and the cluster option for repeated measures, to evaluate the association between the vaginal microbiota composition and persistent hrHPV infection (defined as being positive for hrHPV at 2 visits 6 months apart); Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) to identify phylotype biomarkers of persistent hrHPV; Markov chain transition probabilities to evaluate transition patterns and hierarchical clustering algorithms for community state (CST) assignments. Results: Some 142 women were HIV-positive and 69 were HIV-negative. Of the 211 participants, 71 were persistently positive for hrHPV. Mean age (SD) of participants was 38 (8) years. Most participants (84%, 175/211) were premenopausal. High diversity, low Lactobacillus spp. bacterial community state types, CST IV (A and B) were the most prevalent community state types (CST) in HIV-negative (57% at baseline and 40% at the follow-up visit) and HIV-positive (73% at baseline and 65% at the follow-up visit) women. There was effect modification by HIV status (P = 0.02). Among HIV-negative women, those who had a high relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. were less likely to have persistent hrHPV (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.89, P = 0.03) compared to women with low relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. LEfSe analysis identified Sneathia spp as being differentially more abundant in HIV-negative women with persistent hrHPV. Markov chain transition probabilities showed that most CST transitions were to the highly diverse, low Lactobacillus spp., CST IV. In HIV-positive women, there was no significant association between the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp and persistent hrHPV. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence to suggest that persistent hrHPV is associated with a lack of Lactobacillus spp in the vaginal microbiota of HIV-negative women.


Virtual scenarios inhabited by virtual humans have been used in a wide range of application areas like entertainment, industrial and military training, education, psychotherapy and medicine. Many of these environments are conceived to offer imersive experiences to the user. The sensation of imersion depends in the type of equipment used during an experience, but it depends especially in the users imagination, stimulated by the credibility degree the experience exhibits. Physics explains phenomena that take part in our lives, such as the force of gravity, speed and acceleration, for example. The use of physics engines is a common approach to credibly simulate these phenomena. They are, majorly, free software components that ensure a runtime execution. The greatest advantage from applying these type of components is the level of credibility attained in the simulations, which potentially increases the sensation of immersion, enriching the user's experience. However, the production of virtual environments with such characteristics is a complicated and long proccess, and requires the expertise or mastery of several tools. Our work presents an application which recieves as input a set of configuration and content files (scenario models, character models and animations) and generates a virtual environment inhabited by virtual characters, capable of moving coherently within the scenario, thus supporting some level of interaction. In these enviroments the Laws of Physics are simulated, thanks to the integration of a physics engine. We identified some application areas for our work, but, certainly, there are several others with potential interest.


Diminishing fossil fuel reserves combined with concerns of environmental damage and climate change provide a strong motivation toward the development of practical and renewable energy sources. Of the available mix of renewable energy sources, tidal energy offers significant advantages. Tidal energy is highly predictable (unlike wind energy), is available night and day (unlike solar energy) and does not require expensive and environmentally damaging infrastructure (unlike hydroelectric energy). This paper examines tidal energy technology and its role as a renewable energy source. The particular opportunities and challenges associated with tidal energy are summarized to provide a template for further research. A novel hydrodynamic test facility has been developed to provide experimental evaluation of proposed theoretical models, and to assess the performance of proposed turbine systems. The test facility is fully instrumented and consists of a road-transportable, motorized pontoon.


Through analysis of the influence of some factors including the feasible region of on-going road, driver physical burden and traffic law on the driver, the evaluation indexes of drive safety, handiness and legality are established using fuzzy decision theory. The simulations of driver-vehicle-road closed-loop system under several typical kinds of road circumstances are made, and the behavior character of a driver dynamically deciding the vehicle preview course while driving is described effectively.


Since 1996, over one hundred cases of variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease have appeared, mostly in the United Kingdom. In this review, we summarise the major clinical features of this progressive neurodegenerative condition and compare them with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. We emphasise the young age (median 26 years) at presentation and the dominant psychiatric/behavioural features, particularly depression. Sensory symptoms are present initially in half the cases and florid psychiatric symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations, are also common. Given these symptoms, many patients present in clinical practice initially to a psychiatrist but are referred to neurologists when neurological signs become apparent. Although the definitive diagnosis remains neuropathological, a confident pre‐mortem diagnosis is now possible when the 'pulvinar sign' is seen on magnetic resonance imaging studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


An input-output impedance correction circuit comprises a first input-output unit, a second input-output unit, a reference voltage generating unit, a first correction unit and a second correction unit. The first correction unit supplies a first setting value according to the voltage of the first input-output end of the first input-output unit for setting the pull-up resistance of the first input-output unit so that the voltage of the first input-output unit approaches the reference voltage, wherein the first setting value also set the pull-up resistance of the second input-output unit. The second correction unit supplies a second setting value according to the voltage of the first input-output end and the voltage of the second input-output end of the second input-output unit for setting the pull-down resistance of the second input-output unit so that the voltage of the second input-output end approaches the voltage of the first input-output end.


This paper expounds the definition of the network security and the security requirements, and puts forward some corresponding security techniques and means for guaranteeing the security, which include the encryption technique, massage abstract, digital signature, and firewall technique, etc.


Based upon analysis of the physical ingredients and mechanical properties of architecture sediment the practicability of the modification of architecture sediment with lime is presented, which can be used as roadbed filler. Through theoretical analysis and experimental study practical modification method is proposed in order to provide references for highway construction.


The internal friction (IF) behaviors of a series of LaCe-, Zr-, and La-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were studied by a computer-controlled, conventional inverted torsion pendulum. The results indicate that with an increasing temperature, the IF also increases gradually in the supercooled liquid region, followed by a decrease caused by crystallization. BMGs with a good glass forming ability (GFA) usually possess a high IF peak value for an alloy system with the same constituent elements. Furthermore, the magnitude of the IF value (Qi−1) of the inflection point is an efficient criterion of GFA. The Qi−1 value is a valid criterion under the conditions of identical constituent elements and different element contents. However, Qi−1 and GFA have no relationship among different alloy systems.


Purpose – Previously elaborated research works, dealing with the political uncertainty effect on stock market, have been primarily concerned with such political events as terrorist attacks, elections, wars, natural catastrophes and financial crashes. Such little research has been concerned with civil uprisings and revolutionary movements, as crucial sources of political uncertainty. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of political uncertainty (resulting from the Tunisian Revolution) on the volatility of major sectorial stock indices in the Tunisian Stock Exchange (TSE). Design/methodology/approach – The authors apply the fractionally integrated exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (FIEGARCH), which helps maintain a direct shock-persistence as well as a shock asymmetric volatility measurement. This model is applied to the daily returns relevant to nine sectorial stock indices and to the Tunisian benchmark index (TUNINDEX) with respect to three sub-periods...


We consider the expression \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty} $$ P(k,n) = (n+1)(n+2)\cdots (n+k)/(n-1)(n-2)\cdots (n-k) $$ \end{document} and investigate for which k and n is P(k, n) an integer. We find integer solutions k and m of the equation P(k, n) = m for a given integer m and approximate real solutions x = x(k) of the equation P(k, x) = 2. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim


Based on the analysis of negative effcts of major stress source and working pressure on clinical nurses,the paper presents some corresponding methods to reduce working stress and protective measures so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursed and improve the nursing quality.


ABSTRACT This paper is an invitation to recognize the connecting links between four different models of spirituality or consciousness, ranging from contemporary physics to emerging integral thinking, and to see how such links serve to expand and deepen our notions of what spirituality/consciousness actually is and how it functions in various levels of human endeavour, including clinical practice. I pinpoint and discuss an emerging six-point model of spirituality in the contemporary world of health care as presented in issue 6.2 of Journal for the Study of Spirituality. With a view to relating it to its historical precedents and other disciplines that may be thought at the moment to be irrelevant, tangential or even hostile to it, I point to the Western and East Indian traditions of a stepwise, hierarchical approach to spirituality or consciousness. I go on to study three contemporary vertical models in tandem – one from physics, another from consciousness studies, and the third from integral spirituality – to illustrate not only the basic structure of the model but also the invariance principle, which states that models related to the same core structure can be related to each other despite their lack of the same descriptive language. My intention is to make it easier for the health care community and others to recognize a possible relationship between their own preferred models and those in disciplines that may not currently appear cognate, as well as to enrich and further define themselves with what is offered in those disciplines.


Quantitative estimation of cerebral blood flow has been made possible by the recent introduction of the nitrous oxide method of Kety and Schmidt7 and the dye method of Gibbs.' These indirect methods are particularly suited to the dog. The fallibility of direct methods and anatomical peculiarities of the dog have been discussed in detail elsewhere."6 A corollary to the measurement of cerebral blood flow is the measurement of cerebral gaseous metabolism. This will be considered more fully later. The following investigation was undertaken in the course of experiments devised to determine the effect of intracranial injury upon both cerebral blood flow and cerebral gaseous metabolism.3 The present paper provides the technical background to this study, and also gives in detail the control observations made prior to intracranial injury. The nitrous oxide method was used in preference to the dye method as the former had been published in more detail, had been applied to more varied situations, and sources of error had been better evaluated. The details of the technique are as nearly as possible those employed by Kety and Schmidt,7'8'0 although they have not published the minutiae as applied to the dog. A few modifications which do not alter the validity of the method were made.t


We irrigated field-grown celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. 'Tall Utah') with four concentrations of saline water, NSC (nonstressed control), SW1, SW2, and SW3, corresponding to EC of 0.5, 4.4, 8.5, and 15.7 dS·m -1 , respectively, plus a nonirrigated control (NIC) and investigated the effects of the treatments on water relations, yield and ion content. In addition, we compared simultaneously plant response to both salt and drought stress by using a modified version of the threshold-slope model. Increasing salinity of the irrigation water reduced fresh and dry weights of the shoots, but increased the dry matter percentage in shoots. The marketable yield was moderately affected by salinity (25% reduction at EC 8.5 dS·m -1 ). In contrast, a severe water stress dramatically decreased the marketable yield from 23 t·ha -1 (average of the irrigated treatments) to <7 t·ha -1 (nonirrigated control). Na + and Cl - concentrations increased in salinized plants whereas nitrogen content, K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ concentrations decreased upon salinization. Midday leaf water potentials (Ψt) decreased from -1.48 MPa (0.5 dS·m -1 ) to -2.05 MPa (15.7 dS·m -1 ) and - 2.17 MPa (nonirrigated control), though the reduction in leaf cellular turgor was less severe. The maintenance of high leaf cellular turgor was positively correlated to a decrease in osmotic potential and to an increased bulk modulus of elasticity. These results indicate that it is possible to irrigate celery with saline water (up to 8.5 dS·m -1 ) with acceptable losses in marketable yield and confirmed that in the field, this species has the ability to efficiently regulate water and ion homeostasis. In the absence of irrigation, celery plants were unable to cope with the drought stress experienced, although this was comparable, in terms of soil water potential, to the one caused by saline irrigation.


Introduction : This study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitude and nutritional practice of female middle school students in district 4 of Isfahan. Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 120 female students. The data were collected through a three-part self-reported questionnaire (Demographic factors, knowledge, BASNEF Model). To investigate the nutritional performance, the participants were interviewed to recall their previous 24-hour nutrition for three days. Results: The results indicated that 37.5% of students had poor nutritional knowledge, and 90% of the students had a poor nutritional practice. The results of the BASNEF part indicated that mean of belief and evaluation of behavioral outcomes was 74.6, attitude toward the behavior was 64.64, normative belief was 72.8, subjective norms was 58.9, enabling factors was 54.2 and behavioral intention was 68.9. Conclusion: A low percentage of students had good nutritional practices and in majority of cases their nutritional practice does not accord with their nutritional knowledge and attitude. These results indicate the necessity of nutritional intervention in female students.


RCC8 is one of the most widely used calculi for qualitative spatial reasoning. Although many applications have been explored where RCC8 relations refer to geographical or physical regions in two- or three-dimensional spaces, their use for conceptual reasoning is still at a rather preliminary stage. One of the core obstacles with using RCC8 to reason about conceptual spaces is that regions are required to be convex in this context. We investigate in this paper how the latter requirement impacts the realizability of RCC8 networks. Specifically, we show that consistent RCC8 networks over 2n + 1 variables are guaranteed to have a convex solution in Euclidean spaces of n dimensions and higher. We furthermore prove that our bound is optimal for 2- and 3-dimensional spaces, and that for any number of dimensions n ≥ 4, there exists a network of RCC8 relations over 3n variables which is consistent, but does not allow a convex solution in the n-dimensional Euclidean space.


Vertical turning, double-column prismatic machining and large-scale saw blade sharpening are among the solutions satisfying industry's large-part production demands. Steed Webzell reports


The article presents an interdisciplinary approach within a lesson in the sixth grade on Gerald Durrell's "My family and other animals". It draws attention to the possibilities of interdisciplinary collaboration between subjects, such as literature, biology and sports. The lesson combines the objectives of education in order to turn the compulsory learning content into an experience full of positive emotions. The lesson realizes important goals in all three disciplines – to enrich students' experience in extracting moral messages from the studied text, to strengthen the importance of the role of man and animals in environmental terms, and to motivate the students to explain the relationship between movements in sports and animals and to make demonstrations. The change in the methods of traditional teaching and the educational environment are a prerequisite for a fuller understanding and empathy of the artistic text. Additionally, the implementation of interdisciplinary and sociocultural connections assists students in mastering knowledge about the world. The development of cognitive activity is stimulated by working on multimedia presentations, role-playing games as basic conditions for stimulating active learning. Flexibility and creativity are achieved through the application of an interdisciplinary approach and a variety of language, creative and research tasks: Interdisciplinary approach, interdisciplinary links, active learning.


To evaluate oculo‐mandibular interactions during evaluation of spontaneous eye blink rate (SEBR) of normal young adult human subjects while seated at a slitlamp.


Subhedral opaque crystals consisting of submicroscopic intergrowths of REE-oxyfluorides occur in the zinnwaldite granite of the Cinovec (Zinnwald) granite cupola, Czech Republic. The following mineral phases were observed: 1. Ce 4 O 5 F 2 with fluorite-type structure, a=5.470(8) A and a possible hexagonal or tetragonal superstructure; 2. (Ce,La,Nd)OF, with a hexagonal, bastnaesite-type, unit-cell, a=7.007(10), c=9.840(15) A; 3. (La,Ce,Nd,Pr)F 2.73 O 0.13 having LaF 3 -type structure with a=7.153(10), c=7.365(10) A. This intergrowth is probably due to the fluorination and hydrolysis of homogeneous (Ce,La,Nd,Pr) 2 O 3 crystals by interaction with a F- and H 2 O-rich fluid phase


The study focused on tree rings of European beech in the stands in the Ilawa Forest District. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of climatic conditions on the formation of the annual ring width at the limits of beech natural distribution in an area where the Atlantic and Continental climate meet and overlap. The mean tree−ring width was relatively wide and equalled 2,89 mm. The obtained time series covered the years between 1900 and 2002. On the basis of the response function analysis and indicator years it was demonstrated that there was a considerable impact of spring/summer precipitation on annual growth ring formation.


The electrodeposition can endow many properties for the devices, which plays an important part in the field of electronic manufacturing. The thin film transformer, fabricated with the usage of electrodeposition, expands the performance of traditional transformer, leading to many new characteristics and functions. The paper chiefly analyses the processing conditions of electrodeposition, including the solution composition, current density, PH value, temperature, stirring, power waveform, heat time, additives, etc. These factors bring significant influences on the behaviors of thin film transformer, for example magnetization, coercivity, compactability, density, ductility, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, porosity, brightness, molecular structure, crystal properties. It also presents some possible reasons about the different performances among the thin films. All these work provides beneficial exploration for the fabrication and optimization on the magnetic core of thin film transformer.


With the continuous increase of housing price, the "inner-layer class" community housing problem becomes a hot issue in academic circles. Surrounding the basis, legal and policy guarantee of "inner-layer class" community housing right, the scholars carried on a great deal of research. In spite of many study results, there are more repetitive researches with macroscopic study and lack of systematic and concrete researches. Due to their regional limit and collecting difficulties of samples, the positive researches need to be promoted. We should break through the existent systems and frameworks, establish research teams consisting of various academic personnel, deeply investigate and obtain lots of empirical materials, and conduct study on "inner-layer class" community housing problem from all-directions angles of view.


Ahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of metronidazole in eggsand milk.The sample was extracted with ethyl acetate.The extract evaporated and redissolved in a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate(2∶1).The extract was cleaned up by solid phase extraction on a silica cartridge.The eluted was evaporated to dryness with nitrogen followed by dissolution with HPLC eluent and detection with UV. The limit of detection for metronidazole in eggsand milk was 1 μg/kg.The mean recoveries of metronidazole was 65.8% and 75.4% respectively in eggsand milk at the level of 1 μg/kg with the intra-day relative deviation less than 15%.The method was applied to layersgiven feed containted 0.025% metronidazole for 7 days.Residues of metronidazole and its metabolite were detected in egg shortly after the administration period but not 14 days later.The results showed that this method was accurate and feasible enough to determinate the residue of metronidazole with simple samples pre-treatment.


New energy power battery has a high current during fast charging and discharging, producing a huge amount of heat. The rational operation of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays an important role in increasing the energy storage capacity and service life of the power battery. This paper explores the battery thermal management and health state assessment of new energy vehicles. For the power battery of new energy vehicles, the fast charging is very likely to cause overheating. By analyzing this phenomenon, we derived a comprehensive control strategy for the charging and discharging of power battery, which optimizes the battery thermal management. Then, the main controlling factors were collaboratively controlled for the thermal management during the fast charging of the power battery of new energy vehicles, and the collaborative control standards and energy consumption laws of the system were discussed in details. After that, the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was combined with adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) to establish a nonlinear model between the health state indices and battery capacity of the power battery of new energy vehicles, and the model was applied to estimate the health state of the battery. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model was proved through experiments.


The article studies the legal, political, military-strategic issues of cyber operations in the aspect of modern information wars, and also examines multilateral approaches related to the legal regulation of cyber wars from the standpoint of the applicability of the existing principles and norms of international law or the possibility of alternative development of a special international legal regime.


This paper focuses on the identification of dominant coherent structures in the nonlinear dynamic behavior of railway wheelsets by Karhunen‐Loève‐Transform (KLT). The ultimate goal is the characterization of the rolling quality of railway wheelsets. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


In order to enhance the gate efficiency,promote the convenience and suitability of air passengers,increase the airport operation efficiency and running benefit of the airlines,this paper made travelers′ walk distance,operation efficiency of resource,aeroplanes′ stay time,the coordination between the in-harbor and out-harbor airlines and aeroplane type as restricted conditions,considered some factors influencing on the gate assignment result such as the layout of the terminal,departure and arriving passenger volume and so on,designed the network model for airport gate assignment basing on the network maximum flow theory.It analyzed and proved the complexity and optimization of the arithmetic.It also used an example to validate the validity on shortening walk distance and improving the efficiency of airport operation resource.Otherwise,this model could be applied to the optimization assignment of boarding.