We read with great interest the publication by Schellekens et al. providing insights into a case of postinfectious myoclonus combined with cerebellar ataxia after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three other COVID-19 patients with myoclonus were summarized in the same issue of Movement Disorder Clinical Practice. All of whom had severe respiratory symptoms and required intensive care. Three further myoclonus-cases in COVID-19 in mostly severe manifestation were reported elsewhere. However, Schellekens et al. point out that myoclonus can also occur in minor affected patients. Common in most cases was the delayed onset of myoclonus with regard to respiratory symptoms, leading to the hypothesis of a postinfectious, immune-mediated pathomechanism. We would like to add two case reports to the observations of Schellekens et al. showing that myoclonus occurs also in otherwise mild COVID-cases and, moreover, can be part of the initial neurological symptoms and thus occurs pararather than postinfectious. As first case, we report a 29-year old female health-care worker with a history of autoimmune-associated diseases (atopic eczema, alopecia areata) who was admitted 9 days after positive for SARS-CoV-2-RNA-swab in a screening examination as contact person. Three days before she had unremarkable symptoms (slight nausea, disgust, loss of appetite). On admission, she experienced myoclonic jerks of her left arm with phasic dystonia of her shoulder and trunk. Neurological examination further showed upper-limb-ataxia and a unilateral ptosis. She did not have any major respiratory symptoms or fever. An extensive workup revealed i.a. autonomic dysfunction (hypertensive dysregulation in the Schellong-Test), periods of generalized slowing in the electroencephalography and slowed processing speed, impaired verbal fluency and verbal memory in neuropsychological testing. Proximal electromyography of arms and legs showed signs of myopathia and myositis. Cerebral MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was normal including negative SARS-CoV-2-PCR. Blood tests showed lymphopenia, elevated LDH and isolated SerumBorrellia-IgM (OspC) positivity with unclear relevance. The patient fully recovered after 10 days on the ward without specific treatment. The second case, a 59-year old man, presented with myoclonic jerks and phasic dystonia of the neck and headache described as stabbing, high-intensity pain. No respiratory symptoms occurred. Neurological examination revealed slight dysmetria / ataxia and intention tremor of the extremities and left sided hypoesthesia. SARS-CoV2-PCR swabs were positive. MRI showed FLAIR-hyperintensities (right cortical and subcortical parietal) as residuum of a stroke in 2008. Laboratory testing showed CSF-pleocytosis (15 cells/μL) and a mild blood–brain-barrier impairment. A monoclonal banding / paraproteinemia was identified. The patient was treated with i.v. aciclovir until CSF-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV and Entero-Virus were proved negative. The patient left hospital fully recovered 10 days after admission. Together with the reports mentioned above and a previous published case from our clinic we summarize main similarities of the patients: parainfectious onset, myoclonus/myclonusataxia/myoclonus-dystonia, mild symptomatic younger patients, in some cases autonomic dysfunction and sometimes prior autoimmune history or antiviral treatment history. We consider that syndrome a parainfections (rhomb)encephalitis. We would like to propose a name that depicts the common property of all discussed cases as the central point of a NEUROCOVID manifestation: Coronavirus-(rhomb)encephalopathy (CORE). Our cases initially manifested parainfectious as CORE-myoclonus syndrome. The cited literature shows that this syndrome can also occur postinfectious as CORE-myoclonus or -ataxia. Finally, we found in two of our three cases autonomic dysfunction as part of the CORE-syndrome. We consider that finding also of interest.


[1] D. Martin, L. Volker, and M. Zitterbart, "A Flexible Framework for Future Internet Design, Assessment, and Operation", Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 910–918, Mar. 2011.[2] B. Ahlgren, M. Brunner, L. Eggert, R. Hancock, and S. Schmid, "Invariants: A New Design Methodology for Network Architectures", in Proc. of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Future Directions in Network Architecture (FDNA'04), Portland, OR, USA, 2004, pp. 65–70.[3] NENA Project Homepage: http://nena.intend-net.org/


Steganography, literally meaning "secret writing", involves hiding a data file in another innocuous-looking file. From the time of Herodotus in Greece, to the defense mechanisms of today, steganography has been used to deny one's adversaries the knowledge of message traffic. Steganography takes one piece of information and hides it within another. A "container file" holds the secret message in it, in such a way that the existence of the message cannot be suspected. This could be done in several possible ways, with newer methods being discovered with each passing day. In this paper, a detailed analysis of steganography is made. The history of steganography is briefly dealt with. How steganography works is examined, keeping in mind Bender's specifications. Data hiding is implemented in three different media; text, audio and image files. Each offers challenges and solutions to these challenges are analysed. How they is implemented using steganographic tools is also seen. The main characteristics of steganographic software are discussed, together with the various forms of steganographic methods. Steganalysis, the science of detecting steganography is touched upon. The weaknesses of steganography are also described, together with measures for improvement. The paper concludes by taking a look at the potential of steganography and the changes it can bring about as the future of network security. Keywords— steganography, Steganographic tools, Network


Treatments of female sexual arousal dysfunction for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors could greatly benefit from more information on mechanisms to the sexual arousal problems specific to this population. In this study, 60 CSA survivors and 120 women with no history of CSA (NCSA) participated in an Internet-based survey on sexual arousal and sexual fantasies. Self-reported sexual arousal was measured with the Female Sexual Function Index and a modified version of the Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory: Sexual Fantasies was used to assess frequency and types of sexual fantasies. The frequency of degrading and violent sexual fantasies was not associated with sexual arousal. The CSA group did not report more degrading and violent sexual fantasies than the NCSA group. Greater frequency of conventional fantasies (i.e. sex with one's partner, sex in unusual positions, oral sex) was associated with greater sexual arousal for both groups. Clinical implications derived from these findings include whether encouraging more conventional sexual fantasies could facilitate sexual arousal.


Simple Summary The detection of proteinuria allows for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease. This work was to identify and determine the magnitude of proteinuria and its electrophoretic pattern in dogs with chronic diseases related to proteinuria. Data from 264 dogs were obtained; proteinuria was observed in more than 30% as the only finding of kidney disease, evidencing a greater risk factor for proteinuria in the heart disease group. A higher frequency of glomerular electrophoretic patterns related to glomerular hypertension was observed in the heart, neoplasia and endocrine disease. Abstract In animals with chronic pathologies, the detection of proteinuria via the proteinuria: creatininuria ratio (UPC) and urinary protein electrophoresis allows for the early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of this work was to identify and determine the magnitude of proteinuria and its electrophoretic pattern characterization in dogs with chronic diseases pathophysiologically related to proteinuria. With the studied patients, five groups were formed. The control group (CG) contained non-proteinuric cases. The cases with proteinuria were classified into four groups according to the concurrent disease: chronic inflammatory diseases (IG), neoplasms (NG), heart diseases (HG), and endocrine diseases (EG). For the statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were used. Data from 264 dogs were obtained; in the disease groups, proteinuria was observed in more than 30% as the only finding of kidney disease, evidencing a greater risk factor for proteinuria in the HG group (OR 4.047, CI 1.894–8.644, p < 0.0001). In the HG, NG, and EG groups, a higher frequency of glomerular pattern (GEP) related to glomerular hypertension was observed; in the IG, a higher frequency of mixed pattern (MEP) was observed. These findings are secondary to the hyperfiltration process that affects the glomerulus and the renal tubule.


Signal spectra of wireless data systems are well known to be uncorrelated provided the communicated data sequence itself is white. However, multiplicative processes in wireless transmission systems and multipath fading channels produce spectral correlation. This paper shows that, where spectrum sensing opportunities are short in duration, the sample vector spectrum covariance matrix typically remains purely diagonal. It is also shown that signal spectra may be somewhat correlated in instances where the channel Doppler spread is severe, or where the measurement system has resolution bandwidth smaller than that of the wireless data system.


We know of both planets orbiting other stars - exoplanets - and stars that themselves have stellar companions, whether it be binaries or higher-order multiples. It is natural to connect the two concepts and consider the existence of planets in multi-star systems. In this thesis we analyse the unique dynamical and observational signature of planets orbiting around a central binary, known as circumbinary planets. Particular attention is paid to planets which transit in front of their host stars. The work in this thesis is used to interpret existing discoveries, such that we better understand the abundance, distribution and formation history of circumbinary planets. We also propose and commence new complementary programs for discovering circumbinary planets, using radial velocities and astrometry. Finally, the focus is sometimes shifted away from the planets and onto the binaries themselves, aiming to solve old problems in the formation and evolution of tight stellar pairs.


We study a dynamic contracting problem in continuous-time dynamically complete market general equilibrium, whereby an investor must delegate all his portfolio choice problems to a manager. This framework is one of the first attempts to attack a combined dynamic contracting and dynamic asset pricing problem. The portfolio manager can exert costly private monitoring effort costs to increase the expected dividend growth rate of a representative firm. The investor can only observe the dividends of the firm over time, and will consider a pie sharing rule contract over the dividends of consumption goods to dynamically incentivize the manager. The key result is that dynamic moral hazard and dynamic optimal contracting endogenously generates stochastic volatility in the asset returns, and substantial state varying stochasticity in the market price of risk and the risk free rate; this is in sharp contrast to an economy without the presence of agency and dynamic contracts where the market price of risk, risk free rate and asset volatility are all constant. Our results raise the question whether a traditionally viewed "idiosyncratic" risk, namely incentives and compensation contracts of fund managers, are priced in that they do affect asset pricing in equilibrium.


I was invited to the Pacific Islands News Association (PINA) convention by the Association's Secretariat to present a paper on my h4A (Hons) research into journalism courses in Australia. I also offered to discuss with the PINA Executive areas of mutual interest. Faced with minimal financial support from my university, I had decided to decline the invitation when the JEA Executive, at one of its regular tele-conferences, voted to pay my air fare to Tonga. The executive felt it was important to maintain our contacts with journalists in the Pacific region. Links with Pacific Island journalists and journalism educators were strengthened when the JEA held its first offshore conference in Vanuatu in 1991. Pacific Island journalists have attended conferences since, in Newcastle (1992) and Brisbane (1993). The Kingdom of Tonga: There would be few more pleasant venues for a conference than the Kingdom of Tonga. One of the Royal Tongan Airline pamphlets suggests Tonga "is one of the few remaining countries in the South Pacific that has not been subject to high-powered tourism development". The Atlanta Olympics were on at the time of the convention and a local sporting hero, a heavyweight boxer, made it to the gold medal round. Traffic in the main street of Nuku'alofa virtually stopped for the duration of the bout on Monday, August 5. Their man won silver; the kingdom's fist Olympic medal. The Convention: The convention began on Tuesday, August 6, with an official opening ceremony at the Queen Salote Memorial Hall. PINA President Monica Miller used her welcoming speech to appeal to the Tongan Government to lift a ban on PINA member and New Zealand journalist, Mike Field, attending the conference. The appeal fell on deaf ears. Discussion of the pros and cons of the Mike Field case the Tongan Government accused him of insulting the King in his writings for the French newsagency, AFP, although they were unable to provide specific examples of the alleged insults dominated informal discussion and some of the sessions of the convention. The Tongan Prime Minister, Baron


We performed a retrospective study on the clinical data of 13 remission failure cases in 53 patients who had received remission induction therapy for acute leukemia (AL) in our hospital over the past seven years.The outstanding clinical manifestations of the remission failure cases, as compared with the successful cases, included (a) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome (b) complex chromosomal abnormalities (c) leukocytosis over 100, 000/μl and (d) markedly elevated seum LDH level and thymidine kinase activitis at the time of initial admission.The greater majority of these cases (10 out of 13) resulted in death within 90 days after the start of induction therapy.The causes of death were predominantly hemorrhagic events associated with DIC syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage and severe infectious diseases such as sepsis and pneumonia.Earlier death within 14 days after therapy was caused from hemorrhagic events and later one was severe infections.In the G-CSF treated group, the febril term of over 38°C was shorter and the number of days taken for the neutrophil counts to be restored to the 1, 000/μl level was fewer than in the non G-CSF treated group.Thus, it was suggested that G-CSF was expected to be one of the useful supporting agents to prevent infections in remission induction therapy for acute leukemia.


(Communicated by S. Koumandos) Abstract. Let L be the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup on L 2 (R n ) with Gaus- sian kernel bound, and let L −α/2 be the fractional integral of L for 0 (α + β)/n.


The invention provides a pattern area sensing structure of a touch panel. The pattern area sensing structure comprises a shielding layer and a sensing layer. The shielding layer is provided with hollowed portions, and the sensing layer is arranged on the lower portion of the shielding layer and around the hollowed portions. The invention further provides a cover plate structure of the touch panel and the touch panel and the touch panel. According to the touch panel, the cover plate structure of the touch panel and the pattern area sensing structure of the touch panel, the sensing layer is located on the lower portion of the shielding layer and around the hollowed portions, therefore, the shielding layer can cover the sensing layer, the hollowed portions of a pattern area are avoided, the sensing layer cannot be seen through the hollowed portions, and the appearance quality of the touch panel is improved.


Abstract This paper presents new methods of estimating the bias and the resolution of radar and raingage area average rainfall measurements over a defined area when both devices are employed simultaneously. The bias of raingage measurements for various rainfall amount ranges is estimated from published data, and the bias for radar measurement is then determined through comparison with the raingage recordings. The resolution estimations are carried out using error variance analysis on corresponding sets of gage and radar observations. The assumptions underlying this technique demand a uniform terrain for rainfall measurements, a large sample of cases, and, for one of the analysis options, a high correlation between radar and gage rainfall measurements. The procedure is illustrated using the gage and radar rainfall data from the second phase of the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE-2). The gage sampling error variance estimations for various rainfall amount categories using an empirical radar-derived me...


Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by various cell types and play roles in cell–cell communication. Several studies indicate that cancer cell‐derived exosomes play important pathophysiological roles in tumor progression. Biodistribution of cancer cell‐derived exosomes in tumor tissue is an important factor for determining their role in tumor proliferation; however, limited studies have assessed the biodistribution of exosomes in tumor tissues. In the present study, we examined the effect of cancer‐cell derived exosomes on tumor growth by analyzing their biodistribution. Murine melanoma B16BL6‐derived exosomes increased the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of B16BL6 cells, which was associated with an increase and decrease in the levels of proliferation‐ and apoptosis‐related proteins, respectively. GW4869‐induced inhibition of exosome secretion decreased the proliferation of B16BL6 cells, and treatment of GW4869‐treated cells with B16BL6‐derived exosomes restored their proliferation. Next, we treated B16BL6 tumors in mice with B16BL6‐derived exosomes and examined the biodistribution and cellular uptake of these exosomes. After the intratumoral injection of radiolabeled B16BL6‐derived exosomes, most radioactivity was detected within the tumor tissues of mice. Fractionation of cells present in the tumor tissue showed that fluorescently labeled exosomes were mainly taken up by B16BL6 cells. Moreover, intratumoral injection of B16BL6‐derived exosomes promoted tumor growth, whereas intratumoral injection of GW4869 suppressed tumor growth. These results indicate that B16BL6 cells secrete and take up their own exosomes to induce their proliferation and inhibit their apoptosis, which promotes tumor progression.


In previous studies, Bacillus subtilis has been used to control mould growth during red sorghum malting. The use of this biocontrol in steeping liquor has been optimized with some success and the combined use of a 0.2% NaOH steep, followed by a re-steep in a B. subtilis-based biocontrol, has been proposed. The sharpness and variability of the β-amylase peak and the higher levels of β-glucanase, obtained in the presence of B. subtilis cells, were highlighted. In this work, the suitability of the Weibull four-parameters model to predict sorghum malt α-amylase activity during the enzyme induction stage of red sorghum germination has been compared with that of a second order polynomial model and a general linear model. Results obtained showed that the Weibull four-parameters model could be used to predict α-amylase activity, with significant goodness of fit when compared with the second order polynomial model and the general linear model. The effects of steeping treatment (combined use of 0.2% NaOH and B. subtilis-S499 starters) and the germination temperature are presented. When the B. subtilis culture used as a starter was diluted, the treatment efficacy to develop α-amylase activity was lost. This study also showed that the germination temperature affected the α-amylase activity rate increase during the induction phase. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling


Register allocation is the process of multiplexing a huge number of target program variables onto a small number of on chip registers. And the ultimate goal is to keep as many operands as possible in registers to minimize the communications between memory and CPU, and in the meantime, maximize the execution speed of program execution. Register allocation is a well known NP-complete problem. Even though plenty of efforts have been dedicated to register allocation, there are still a lot of challenging problems facing concurrent compiler scientists; this paper is aimed to provide a general survey on present register allocation algorithms and analyze the main perplexing issues and their possible solutions. Mainly the following are the register allocation algorithm topics we have been working on: Graph Coloring algorithms, Integer Linear Programming algorithms, Multiple-Commodity Network Flow based algorithms, and others. We will discuss each problem in details in this paper from algorithm perspective.


The working hypothesis is the development of the theory of disperse system aggregative stability considering the condensation processes of structure-forming of nonfired cementless building materials on the basis of phosphogypsum. The results of phisicomechanical and physicochemical analyses of Uvarovo chemical plant phosphogypsum are presented. To define the properties of phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum-based composite modern methods of analysis were applied with the use of the following equipment: the universal electromechanical test system Instron, the automatic diffractometer PANalytical EMPYREAN, the device for synchronic thermal analysis. The results of the research showed that the first endoeffects of Uvarovo chemical plant phosphogypsum have the dehydration energy of more than 200 joule/g, and they do not get lost within the time; this proves of the cementing properties of phosphogypsum. Due to the analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry results of phosphogypsum, pressed at 5 Mpa, it was found out that at the models compression the dehydration energy increases, and the correlation between the changes of water films' thickness and dehydration energy can be observed. With the decrease of water films' thickness we can observe the increase of dehydration energy with the simultaneous increase of the structure density and its transformation into a monolithic structure.


As global citizens, we have a duty to reduce the serious threats posed to planetary well-being and population health by environmental degradation and climate change. These now unquestionable threats to our future are due to human population growth and the resource consumption patterns of the human race. In tandem, as healthcare professionals, we should seek the best possible outcomes of our treatment for our patients and we need to consider equity between different groups of patients. In the speciality of respiratory medicine, the current controversy over how to deal with the role in global warming of the propellants used in pressurised metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) is a very pressing example of how these sometimes conflicting imperatives confront us in our daily practice. Uncritical implementation of policy risks deterioration in patient inhaler choice http://bit.ly/2RluJti


We have demonstrated the preparation of a low-temperature-deposited HfNx film as a diffusion barrier applicable to the Cu-through-silicon-via. The sputter deposition of the Hf film without substrate heating and the subsequent radical-assisted surface nitridation reaction successfully forms a thin film of Hf3N2 in a single phase; this so far has not been obtained by reactive sputtering. The obtained phase is actually stable at temperatures up to 500 °C and shows excellent barrier properties comparable to those of the HfN barrier interposed between Cu and SiO2, deposited by reactive sputtering at 350–400 °C.


Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of the thoracic approach to thoracic paravertebral blockade (PVB) performed via video-assisted thoracoscope on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lobectomy.

Methods
A total of 84 patients of both sexes, aged 44-64 yr, with body mass index of 19.7-24.9 kg/m2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, scheduled for elective video-assisted thoracoscopic unilateral lobectomy, were divided into 2 groups (n=42 each) using a random number table method: thoracic PVB group (TP group) and control group (C group). In TP group, the thoracic approach to thoracic PVB was performed on the affected side via video-assisted thoracoscope before closing the chest, and 0.375% ropivacaine hydrochloride 20 ml was injected.Then patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was performed in both groups.PCIA solution contained dezocine 0.6 mg/kg, flurbiprofen axetil 200 mg, palonosetron 0.5 mg and dexamethasone 10 mg in 120 ml of normal saline.The PCA pump was set up with a 0.5 ml bolus dose, a 15 min lockout interval and background infusion at a rate of 2 ml/h after a loading dose of 5 ml.Duration of operation was recorded.The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was recorded before surgery and at 6, 24 and 48 h after surgery.The amount of dezocine and pressing times of PCA were recorded at 24 and 48 h after surgery.The occurrence of drowsiness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting was recorded after surgery.Tramadol 2 mg/kg was intravenously injected as rescue analgesic when visual analog scale score≥4 points.

Results
Compared with group C, the amount of dezocine and pressing times of PCA were significantly reduced at 24 and 48 h after surgery, the requirement for rescue analgesia and incidence of nausea and vomiting were decreased, and the PEFR was increased at 6 h after operation in group TP (P<0.05).

Conclusion
The thoracic approach to PVB performed via video-assisted thoracoscope can enhance the efficacy of postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lobectomy.

Key words:
Nerve block; Pain, postoperative; Thoracoscopy


Hole trapping, interface-state production and annealing were studied in NMOS transistors irradiated with x-rays and Co-60. Hole trapping showed a photon energy dependence that can be explained by existing models. However, interface-state generation showed an energy dependence that cannot be explained using previously available models. The results given here suggest that hole production and trapping in the oxide may involve different mechanisms than the generation of interface states. In addition, annealing of hole trapping observed in what is called "super recovery" or "rebound" was found to be reversible.


Model simulations presented in this paper suggest that transport processes associated with the summer monsoons bring increased abundances of hydrochloric acid into contact with liquid sulfate aerosols in the cold tropical lowermost stratosphere, leading to heterogeneous chemical activation of chlorine species. The calculations indicate that the spatial and seasonal distributions of chlorine monoxide and chlorine nitrate near the monsoon regions of the northern hemisphere tropical and subtropical lowermost stratosphere could provide indicators of heterogeneous chlorine processing. In the model, these processes impact the local ozone budget and decrease ozone abundances, implying a chemical contribution to longer‐term northern tropical ozone profile changes at 16–19 km.


The Partnering pattern is one of international construction advanced management patterns,its idea is different from the tradition project management patternt;It observes and solves the question not from the opposition angle,but it emphasize the understanding、 the cooperation and the trust,and have become the important research topic and one of practices of the current international construction management.Based on introducing the concept,the characteristic and the application present situation of the Partnering pattern,the article introduces the entire life cycle in the Partnering pattern,and passes through the Partnering pattern application in the project construction entire process,through the design of the work flow(organization process).


Curved slit-type flip bucket is a typical trajectory energy dissipator based on straight wall slit-type flip bucket.For now, the study of hydraulic characteristic of curved slit-type flip bucket is not enough.By analyzing the structure,energy dissipation mechanism,mechanics characteristic of curved slit-type flip bucket and straight wall slit-type flip bucket,and it's also verified in the aspect of hydraulic model experiment that curved slit-type flip bucket characterized by sidewall height is lower,energy dissipation is ampler,stability and security are better,nappes are fully diffusing in longitudinal and transverse,jet trajectory length of kerve nappe is steady in favor of crossing bank,the lower reach scouring pit is shallower.


We are investigating the nonlinear interaction of laser generated x-rays with material. The goal is to observe one of the simplest nonlinear processes, i.e., the two-photon ionization of the K-shell of an atom. We intend to use the H- and He-like aluminum x-ray lines (1.5-1.8 keV) generated by the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with aluminum targets. A preliminary estimate of the two photon ionization cross section indicates that an experimental observation of this process is feasible.


Fluorescent color centers in diamond nanocrystals have recently become the focus of researchers because of their potential applications in quantum information processing, nano-sensing, biomarking, and bioimaging. One of the biggest challenges in working with nanodiamonds is how to position them precisely and efficiently to create strong interaction with nanoscale photonic structures. The most popular methods to position nanodiamonds are spin-coating and transporting via scanning probe microscope tip. On the one hand, spincoating, where nanodiamonds are randomly located, is not precise; on the other hand, the tip-based technique, where a single nanodiamond is picked and dropped, is tedious and time-consuming. Hence, we suggest a squeegee technique for mass-positioning nanodiamonds relatively precise and fast. We fabricated nanohole arrays in a 100-nm-thick silver film using electron beam and focused-ion-beam lithography techniques. In the scope of study, we found that the optimal nanohole diameter is 125nm. The proposed method for positioning nanodiamonds consists of two stages. First, we located the nanocrystals by sweeping with cleanroom wipers a droplet of a highly concentrated aqueous suspension of nanodiamonds on the fabricated nanohole arrays. Second, nanodiamonds lying outside the nanoholes are washed away by sweeping a water droplet. In order to prove the quality of the technique, we have studied the hole filling ratio using scanning electron microscopy. Our analysis showed that the filling probability is close to 100%. This technique can potentially facilitate our further experiments where nanodiamonds are coupled to nanophotonic structures.


Until quite recently, the publication of a general study treating the military structures and defense of the eighteenth-century Spanish Empire in the Americas would have been impossible without years of archival research. During the past decade, however, scholars such as Leon Campbell, Allan Kuethe, Santiago Gerardo Suarez, William Coker, Juan Marchena Fernandez, Christon Archer, Josefa Vega Juanino, and others have published detailed monographs that treat both the army of Spanish America and the emergence of regional defense systems for most of the significant American provinces. These studies expanded earlier works by Maria del Carmen Velazquez and Lyle McAlister that focused specifically on New Spain. Using this corpus of published research and some archival work in Seville and Madrid, Julio Albi presents a global picture evaluating the successes and failures of the Bourbon system of defense in the Americas. Throughout the book, Albi stresses defense based upon a triad of the Spanish navy, the system of fortifications at major strategic points, and the army of the Americas.


Due to the increased switching speed and reduced device capacitance, the parasitic oscillation of the switching device has become the primary high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise source in SiC converters. The dc-link snubber offers a potential to mitigate the noise in a cost-efficient way. However, the temperature limits and thermal de-ratings of the existing ceramic capacitor hinder the exploration of module-level integration. In this letter, a silicon-based RC snubber is designed to fit the working temperature of the power module. With the developed four-order damping and thermal coupling models, the iterative method is proposed to optimize the integration performance. The experiments validate the temperature stability of the integrated snubber. With the aid of the proposed RC snubber, the EMI noise induced by the parasitic oscillation in the prototype module is reduced by 7 to 22 dB compared with the nonsnubber module with ceramic decouplers.


Aiming at the problems of low measurement efficiency, large error and inaccurate roundness evaluation of bearing roller size, a roundness and cylindricity detection system based on machine vision is established. The calibration plate is used to complete the size calibration. The image is collected by rotating the roller at a fixed angle, and the water level is corrected. A third-order gray moment subpixel detection algorithm based on improved Canny operator is proposed to locate the roller edge subpixel. Then the improved minimum zone circle (MZC) is used to evaluate the error and the non-contact and the non-contact online measurement of the roundness and cylindricity of bearing rollers is realized. The test results show that the average roundness error obtained by this method is 10.2 μm. The average cylindricity error is 13.5 μm. The measurement result and accuracy are 10 μm. Compared with the three-dimensional contour scanner, the detection accuracy is improved by 10%, and the measurement error is controlled at 12 μm. The sub-pixel precision obtained in this study can achieve high-precision measurement of roundness and cylindricity, which provides a reference for the following such issues.


In this paper, we propose the design of a hybrid surface with a low radar cross section (RCS) at lower frequencies and a transmission window at higher frequencies. The hybrid surface comprises two parts: a frequency selective surface (FSS) on the bottom and a checkerboard metasurface on the top. The FSS exhibits low-stop and high-pass properties, which reflects waves at lower frequencies and allows transmission of waves at higher frequencies. The checkerboard metasurface, with a reflective substrate, can reduce RCS at lower frequencies by means of scattering cancellation. Due to the low-stop property of the FSS, the hybrid surface can achieve broadband RCS reduction at low frequencies since the FSS acts as the reflective substrate. Simultaneously, the transmission window at higher frequencies of the FSS can be kept. Simulation results show that the RCS can be reduced by more than 10 dB in 4.1–7.7 GHz and the insertion loss in the transmission window is lower than 1.0 dB in 11.3–13.3 GHz. A prototype was fabricated and measured. The experimental results agree well with the simulation results. This work provides an effective alternative to the design of functional devices such as stealthy radomes, etc.In this paper, we propose the design of a hybrid surface with a low radar cross section (RCS) at lower frequencies and a transmission window at higher frequencies. The hybrid surface comprises two parts: a frequency selective surface (FSS) on the bottom and a checkerboard metasurface on the top. The FSS exhibits low-stop and high-pass properties, which reflects waves at lower frequencies and allows transmission of waves at higher frequencies. The checkerboard metasurface, with a reflective substrate, can reduce RCS at lower frequencies by means of scattering cancellation. Due to the low-stop property of the FSS, the hybrid surface can achieve broadband RCS reduction at low frequencies since the FSS acts as the reflective substrate. Simultaneously, the transmission window at higher frequencies of the FSS can be kept. Simulation results show that the RCS can be reduced by more than 10 dB in 4.1–7.7 GHz and the insertion loss in the transmission window is lower than 1.0 dB in 11.3–13.3 GHz. A prototype was f...


Yield gap was estimated for rice in Thanjavur district for three regions (old delta, new delta and coastal regions) and for dominant varieties only, covering 90 respondents during samba season for the year 1990-91. Yield gap I was highest in ADT 39 (9.2 kg per ha) followed by CO 43 and CR 1009 (679.6 kg). Yield Gap II was highest in CR 1009 (2011.7 kg) followed by CO 43 and ADT 39 (1506.35 kg).


Taking maintenance decisions is one of the well-known stochastic sequential decision problems under uncertainty. Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are powerful tools for such problems. Nevertheless, POMDPs are rarely used for tackling maintenance problems of multi-component systems because their state spaces grow exponentially with the increasing number of components. Factored representations have been proposed for POMDPs taking advantage of the factored structure already available in the nature of the problem. Our aim in this study is to show how to formulate a factored POMDP model for the maintenance problem of a multi-component dynamic system and how to simulate and evaluate the obtained policy before implementing it in real life. The sensitivity of the methodology is analyzed under several cost values, and the methodology is compared to other predefined policies. The results show that the policies generated via the POMDP solver perform better than the predefined policies.


The paper describes a new ultrasonic measurement technology that evaluates a spray nozzle cooling characteristics based on measured time-of-flight data using an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (EMAT). A spiral electromagnetism ultrasonic transducer was used to measure the ultrasonic velocity dependence of temperature in a certain thickness metal plate. The instantaneous time-of-flight time data were used to determine the velocity and deduce the interior and surface temperature. To verify the validity of the ultrasonic measurement result, one-dimensional unsteady heat transmission equation is established to compute the heat transfer coefficients (HTC) theoretically compared with ultrasonic measurement results. Through some one-dimensional analysis, this work will show that the HTC is a natural and stable quantity to estimate ultrasonic time of flight measurements.


This paper analyzes a wide range of incidents and responses for the set of critical locations on a test Salt Lake Valley freeway network. It uses VISSIM microsimulation to determine optimal responses under various incident conditions. As expected, the resulting degree of incident disruption is mitigated by the speed of response and the proportion of drivers who divert. However, for certain minor incidents, a "laid back" approach is the better option. This counter intuitive finding can be characterized as "too much diversion, too soon, for too many drivers". This indicates the importance of efficient use of resources when responding to traffic incidents.


Globally convergent homotopy methods for solving nonlinear resistive circuits are based on assumptions that are justified in most circuits with independent sources and eventually passive resistors and, in particular, in common electronic circuits. At the same time however, these conditions for convergence exclude a lot of circuits with active elements such as operational amplifiers or controlled sources. This is a fundamental limitation common to all homotopy methods known in circuit theory. The algorithm of L. Vandenberghe and J. Vandewalle (1990) is extended in order to process a broad class of active circuits. The reflection steps described make it possible to apply the octahedral algorithm to a much broader class of circuits and to use the algorithm to find multiple solutions.<<ETX>>


The application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to solid-state photodimerizations revealed previously
unexpected long-range molecular movements in the initial stages (phase rebuilding) and in the final
stages (phase transformation and disintegration) of reaction. The consequences for the new understanding
of solid-state photochemistry are discussed. The 4.2 A criterion of organic topochemistry lacks a real basis
and is not applicable to regular photolyses, even under tail irradiation conditions for instance of α-cinnamic acid or in E/Z-isomerizations in the crystal bulk. The experimental observation of molecular movements in
reacting crystals requires more elaborate use of X-ray structural data by invoking the molecular packing. If a
crystal keeps its outer form upon photolysis this does not necessarily indicate a topotactic transformation,
and submicroscopically resolved AFM investigations are in order. The applications of molecular movements
or non-photoreactivities due to the prevention of movements by 3D-interlocked packing have numerous
applications. Thus, amorphous solids or inclusion compounds may enable the movements in these cases.
Hitherto puzzling E/Z-photoisomerizations in the crystalline state can now be mechanistically understood.
In some cases even rotational mechanisms can be modelled in combination with the movements. In others
the space saving twist mechanism is the only choice. The benefits of the new solid-state mechanisms for
crystal engineering, photochromism, mixed crystals, absolute asymmetric syntheses, and preparative photochemistry
derive from its experimental basis. Numerous presumed puzzles from the postulate of minimal
atomic and molecular movement vanish in a straightforward manner.


AC speed adjustment system is applied in the modern industry more and more widely. For this kind of professional practical course, the introduction of simulation teaching is of great significance.


Measurement forms the substance of econometrics. This chapter outlines the history of econometrics from a measurement perspective - how have measurement errors been dealt with and how, from a methodological standpoint, did econometrics evolve so as to represent theory more adequately in relation to data? The evolution is organized in terms of four phases: 'theory and measurement', 'measurement and theory', 'measurement with theory' and 'measurement without theory'. The question of how measurement research has helped in the advancement of knowledge advance is discussed in the light of this history.


An attractive feature of nanomaterials is the possibility of tuning their properties through controlling their size and surface morphology, and understanding the effects of various parameters on thermal transport properties of nanostructures has been an active research topic in the past two decades. Through systematic studies of kinked silicon nanoribbons, we show how the kink morphology, a newly recognized degree of freedom for tuning thermal transport in nanostructures, modulates the thermal conductivity of these nanoribbons. For kinked Si nanoribbons that are 34 nm thick and 141 nm wide, the measured thermal conductivity first decreases as the period length reduces from 2 μm to 0.5 μm, reaching a 21% thermal conductivity reduction as compared to that of a straight counterpart at 300 K. However, as the period length drops to a level at which a straight heat transfer channel opens between the heat source and the sink, the thermal conductivity exhibits a steep increasing trend. Moreover, the comparison of thermal conductivity reduction for kinked ribbons along different crystalline directions indicates that phonon focusing could be exploited to further suppress thermal transport in kinked silicon nanoribbons. These results provide important guidelines on modulating heat transfer in nanostructures using kinks, which could be adopted to tune the thermal properties of nanostructures for different applications, such as thermoelectrics, microelectronic device thermal management, and functional thermal regulators.An attractive feature of nanomaterials is the possibility of tuning their properties through controlling their size and surface morphology, and understanding the effects of various parameters on thermal transport properties of nanostructures has been an active research topic in the past two decades. Through systematic studies of kinked silicon nanoribbons, we show how the kink morphology, a newly recognized degree of freedom for tuning thermal transport in nanostructures, modulates the thermal conductivity of these nanoribbons. For kinked Si nanoribbons that are 34 nm thick and 141 nm wide, the measured thermal conductivity first decreases as the period length reduces from 2 μm to 0.5 μm, reaching a 21% thermal conductivity reduction as compared to that of a straight counterpart at 300 K. However, as the period length drops to a level at which a straight heat transfer channel opens between the heat source and the sink, the thermal conductivity exhibits a steep increasing trend. Moreover, the comparison of...


The invention provides a signal receiver and a signal receiving method, wherein the signal receiver includes a receiving circuit, a frequency offset recovery circuit, and a control circuit. The receiving circuit extracts signal components within a first bandwidth centered at a specific frequency from a received input signal to thereby generate a first received signal. The frequency offset recovery circuit applies a frequency shift to the first received signal to thereby generate a second received signal. The control circuit tunes the receiving circuit to the specific frequency, and sets the frequency shift applied to the first received signal according to a frequency offset between the target frequency and the specific frequency. The signal receiver and signal receiving method provided by the invention have good signal receiving efficiency.


In this paper, the characteristic function (CF) method is used to derive symbol error rate (SER) expression for time-hopping impulse radio ultra– wideband (TH-IR-UWB) systems with Pulse Position Amplitude Modulation (PPAM) scheme in the presence of multi-user interference (MUI). The derived expression is validated with Monte-Carlo simulation and compared with orthogonal Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Moreover, the analytical results are compared with Gaussian approximation (GA) of MUI which is shown to be inaccurate for medium and large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is also shown that PPAM scheme outperforms PPM scheme for all SNR. At the end the influence of different system parameters on the PPAM performance is analyzed.


The nickel (Ⅱ) and copper (Ⅱ) complexes [Ni L2](1) and [Cu(Ac)L](2) were synthesized by reaction of 2-acetylpyridine isonicotinoyl hydrazone Schiff base(HL) with metal acetate,and characterized by elemental analysis,IR,UV-Vis,FL spectra,TGA and X-ray crystal diffraction.The crystal of 1 belongs to the orthorhombic system,space group Aba2 with cell parameters a=1.205 9(3) nm,b=2.074 1(5) nm,c=0.911 5(2) nm,V=2.279 8(10) nm3,Z=4,Mr=537.21,Dc=1.565 g·cm-3,F(000)=1 113 and the crystal of 2 belongs to the monoclinic system,space group P21/c with cell parameters a=0.864 77(13) nm,b=1.338 3(2) nm,c=1.363 1(2) nm,β=105.650(4) °,V=1.519 0(4)nm3,Z=4,Mr=361.85,Dc=1.582 g·cm-3,F(000)=740.The tests showed the two complexes displayed good thermal stability below 340 ℃(1) 和 296 ℃(2),respectively.The complexes exhibits blue luminescence with emission maximum at 430 and 428 nm at room temperature,respectively.CCDC:952992,1;993273,2.


that Hennings, though more temperate than the opinion in Kurz's preface, identifies the theories of capital and interest as Bohm-Bawerk's major contributions and downplays Menger's role in shaping them. What Menger thought is just not as important to those who consider him only a precursor, as it is to those for whom he is the School's founder. Hennings' book will be considered mildly interesting and provocative, though properly identified by its subtitle, by American (subjectivist/Mengerian) Austrians. It will be applauded as a great discovery illuminating the essence of the School and its founder, by European ("modern'VBohm-Bawerkian) Austrians.


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Despite the arrival of African captives in other European settler communities at least 100 years before pirated Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619, it was in that colony that much of the roadmap for North America's Black slave society was created. Virginia, after all, imported the largest numbers of Africans to North America, held resident the continent's largest enslaved Black population in the colonial and antebellum eras, and had the first exportable cash crop, signaling that North American White wealth could be generated from Black bodies in the fields of seized Indigenous lands. One of the original captives was an Ndongo woman whom the Portuguese had named Angela. This essay attempts to move this woman from the referential margins to a more central locus as we consider the significance of 1619 in the founding of the nation's history, the history of the Atlantic World, and the Black female diaspora. What, then, is Angela's story? And how does it help to frame the broader context of Black women's lives in British colonized North America?


Low cycle fatigue tests and microcrack propagation tests were carried out under strain cycling with two-step variable plastic strain amplitude on annealed low carbon steel and commercial pure iron. The applicability of Miner's law to the extremely low cycle fatigue has been discussed in relation to the fracture mode transition and the damage accumulation mechanism in the extremely low cycle regime. It was found that the surface microcrack initiated at a low plastic strain Δep1 in low to high variable amplitude tests becomes nonpropagating at a high plastic strain Δep2 because of its blunting under large plastic strain, and that in such a situation, final failure occurs in a different fracture mode from the surface microcracking by the striation mechanism. The total fatigue life is controlled by the development of internal microvoid ahead of the crack in pure iron and by the initiation of an internal crack associated with the pearlite cracking in low carbon steel. In such a case, the damage accumulation does not occur linearly with strain cycling and the value of Σni/Nfi becomes larger than unity.


Owing to their lightweight and good corrosion resistance, Glass fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP) composites are increasingly being used as an alternative offshore construction material to steel and concrete. However, their applications in the building industry are limited due to their perceived weakness under fire conditions and a lack of design information. The fire performance of GRP composites is being studied in a number of places world-wide and this paper reviews some of the research studies carried out by the Structures and Fire Research Group at the University of Manchester, UK. This research has so far been only concerned with the experimental and numerical study of the thermal properties of a variety of composite materials and the thermal performance of different offshore composite systems including panels and pipes. This paper describes the completed experimental programme and their results and discusses the numerical heat transfer modelling technique and the selection of appropriate thermal properties of GRP composites for numerical modelling.


Objective: In the constantly growing population of people beyond the age of 60 years, the incidence of complex comminuted humeral head fractures increases, thus increasing the need for prosthetic replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term results after primary hemiarthroplasty in patients older than 60 years. Methods: From 08/2010 to 12/2015 a prospective study of 54 patients (mean age 75 years) with complex humeral head fracture was performed at the University Hospital Rostock. 24 patients were available for follow-up after 5 - 10 years. Pain, the Karnofsky-index, and the range of motion were obtained as well as radiographs in two planes. The Constant-Murley score and the UCLA rating system were evaluated for functional assessment. Results: 15 patients were painfree. The Karnofsky index deteriorated from 94 preoperatively to 70. The Constant-Murley score of the operated extremity reached 47 points out of possible 100, the uninjured side scored 82 points. The age-specific Constant-Murley score showed more favorable results. The UCLA rating system values leveled up to 22 out of 35 points for the replaced shoulder and 33 points for the other arm. Radiologically, more than 50% of the implants were classified as non-centered and the acromio-humeral space diminished significantly. Conclusions: Primary hemiarthroplasty helps to restore a situation of little or no pain whereas functional and radiological outcome remains limited. Revision surgery or conversion to reverse shoulder arthroplasty was not indicated in any case supporting the clinical value of hemiarthroplasty.


Of 117 mushrooms grown in liquid culture and given a sensory evaluation by 10 panelists, Polyporus tuberaster K2606 was the most highly rated. This strain had a fruity and floral odor suitable for beverages. Forty-seven compounds from the culture fluid of strain K2606 were identified, 14 of which are reported for the first time as volatile components from mushrooms grown by liquid culture. The most abundant component was benzaldehyde. Other main components were other aromatic compounds and aliphatic alcohols, of which 3-methyl-1-butanol was the most abundant. By cultivation of strain K2606 in a medium to which L-phenylalanine was added, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol were obtained in substantially increased yields


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a new professional development framework (EntreCompEdu) that identifies the competencies educators need to promote entrepreneurial education in primary, secondary and vocational settings.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual paper explores the relationships between the framework's various constructs to articulate its rationale and value. Its design was informed by literature review and critical feedback from an advisory group of European and national policymakers, university staff, teachers and education consultants. It is currently in a pilot stage.FindingsThe paper proposes a new model in the field resting on six pedagogical principles. These are translated into five areas of competence: entrepreneurial knowledge and understanding, planning and organization, teaching and training, assessment, and professional learning.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper only describes the conceptual thinking and contents of EntreCompEdu based on a limited literature review. Empirical research is necessary to assess the impact of EntreCompEdu on teaching. There are implications for building a network to support educators' professional development.Practical implicationsEntreCompEdu and its training materials offer educators structure and guidance to develop their competences. These are available in open access format, via https://www.entrecompedu.eu. Participants will have access to a bank of effective teaching practices and support network across Europe.Social implicationsCollaboration is essential to effective entrepreneurial education, with EntreCompEdu facilitating a support network across Europe.Originality/valueEntreCompEdu is an original response to a policy problem, namely the need for a professional development framework to support the implementation of EntreComp. It is timely given calls to pay further attention to teachers' professional development and widen the appeal of entrepreneurial education.


In this reported work, surface effects and non-local two variable refined plate theories are combined on the shear/biaxial buckling and vibration of rectangular nanoplates. A silver sheet is selected as the case study to investigate the numerical results. Surface effects are considered by Gurtin–Murdoch's theory. The differential quadrature method is used to solve the governing equations. Differential quadrature solutions are verified by Navier's method. The influences of the non-local parameter on the surface effects of shear/biaxial buckling and vibration are investigated for various boundary conditions. Results show that by increasing the non-local parameter, the effects of surface on the buckling and vibration increase. This result is in contrast with the works of other researchers in the field. Moreover, the non-local effects on the shear buckling and vibration are more important than that of biaxial, whereas the surface effects on the biaxial buckling and vibration are more notable than that of shear.


On the basis of the analysis of the construction background of the digital village GIS service platform and the problem of the current digital village GIS,demonstrated the urgency of establishing the digital village GIS based on the Web,combined with the current sophisticated technological logical means,demonstrated the feasibility and pressure of establishing the system,and for example,selected the typical regional Mengla county in Yunnan province,initially established Web-based digital village GIS service platform,and further elaborated the structure,function,proposed to establish a Web-based digital GIS.


Cement-based material samples having 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% B4C concentrations have been prepared for this reserach. Neutron attenuation measurement has been done by using 14.8MeV neutrons from the 5SDH-2 accelerator, and some mechanics properties of the same proportion also have been tested. It has been shown that when the B4C precentage and thickness of the samples increase, neutron attenuation values of the samples increase. Both the flexural and compressive strength firstly increased with B4C addition up to 10% approximately, and then decreased sharply with an addition up to 20%. It is thus possible to enhance the neutron shielding property of cement-based materials by adding B4C.


Bell and Howell Information and Learning: Foreign text omitted: (...) Verschwiegene Jungerinnen--vergessene Zeuginnen: Gebrochene Konzepte im Lukasevangelium, by Sabine Bieberstein. NTOA 38. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Freiburg Schweiz: Universitatsverlag, 1998. Pp. xii + 314. DM 113.00. In this work the author reopens the question regarding the narrative role of women in the Gospel of Luke. Bieberstein suggests that Lukan passages dealing with disciples and their role as witnesses largely omit references to women, thereby challenging the assumption that the Lukan narrative (and Acts) portrays women more affirmatively than other Gospels do. What this well-researched monograph offers, then, is a careful analysis of key Lukan passages regarding discipleship, including women characters. Bieberstein combines the methods of redaction criticism and literary criticism to fill in textual ambiguities regarding women and discipleship in Luke and thereby offers a feminist reading of that Gospel. The first part of this monograph focuses on the Galilean women in relation to the Lukan conceptions of following Jesus and relinquishing possessions. Bieberstein's work rests on her assessment here of the description of the women mentioned in Luke 8:1-3. After establishing that this summary is a prologue for Luke 8:1-21, Bieberstein turns to the description of the women in 8:2-3, concluding that two groups of women are described there: those who had been healed, and others who typically provided financial resources to Jesus and the twelve (p. 38). She contends that the Lukan text explicitly presents the women neither as followers of Jesus nor as part of the circle of disciples (p. 74). Nonetheless, Bieberstein underscores the implicit similarities between the women and the twelve (...) (8:1), thus suggesting a subtle association of the women with the community of Jesus' followers. The remainder of part 1 focuses on the assessment of those initial, contradictory images from Luke 8:1-3 in the light of three literary frames of reference: Luke 8:1-21, Lukan passages referring to discipleship or following Jesus (9:57-62; 12:51-53; 14:25-35; 18:28-30) with specific attention to the Mary and Martha pericope (10:38-42), and two Lukan passages on the use of possessions (12:13-34; 21:1-4). The analysis of these passages reveals a Lukan tendency: the molding of the narrative from an androcentric perspective that either eliminates women from the reader's focus or depicts them in socially defined roles. However, Bieberstein contends that the reader is not constrained to accept either this silence or the patriarchal perspective regarding women and their following of Jesus, since the earlier depiction of the women in 8:2-3 implicitly offers the possibility of opening such passages to fresh readings that include both women and men in the call of the "kingdom of God" or among those 2ov(...)tou (...) (8:21). The second part of the work examines the role of women in Luke 22^24. Central to Bieberstein's argument are two proposals. First, she proposes that two references to women as eyewitnesses to the crucifixion and the empty tomb (23:49; 24:5-6), both identifying them as Galilean women, are textual clues to assist the reader in associating these women with those mentioned in 8:2-3 (pp. …


The UN Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation calls on governments to ratify and implement the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention (UNWC) in accordance with Target 7C of the Millennium Development Goals concerning the provision of sufficient water to sustain human life. This call makes clear the dynamic interaction between two different legal regimes: human rights and international water law. With a view to enhancing the interaction between these two regimes, this paper proposes a new human rights–based approach to the interpretation of UNWC founded upon a state's positive obligations.


Stearic acid‐modified digestion‐resistant starch was compared with its parent high amylose starch for physiological effects in healthy humans. In a randomized blinded crossover study after a 10‐h fast, 30 volunteers ate crackers providing 50 g carbohydrate and 10% (control starch, CS), 30% (high amylose, HA) and 50% (stearic acidRS5) digestion resistance as measured by AOAC method 991.43. Blood glucose and fermentation were tested. Participants consumed one cracker type as a test meal once a week over a period of 3 weeks. Blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) was not different between HA and RS5; both produced lesser AUC responses than CS (p < 0.05). Fermentation, assessed by breath hydrogen was greater after ingestion of RS5 than after eating HA or CS (p< 0.05). In vitro digestion of crackers by AOAC method 2000.02 corresponded with the in vivo glucose response to each starch. Overall gastrointestinal symptoms assessed from a questionnaire were minimal and not statistically different between cracker types. This study indicates that further study of health effects of the fermentability of RS5 should be feasible in humans. Research support received from AFRI Proj. no. 2009–65503‐05798.


Currently, heavy metals pollution is significantly becoming a global concern as it causes severe toxicity towards human health and the environmental condition. Intensive efforts to develop a highly sensitive, rapid, and simple toxicity assay to assess the toxic effects of heavy metals in aquatic bodies have been done. An emerging tool to solve this matter is by using microorganisms and one of them is yeast. In this study, a rapid, simple, and cost-efficient toxicity assay by using the Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) respiration assay with a tetrazolium dye (MTT) is developed as potential environmental biomonitoring tool. To achieve high sensitivity, optimization using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) was first carried out. The best conditions giving optimum response occurred at pH 5.8 and 30 min contact time. Molybdate and chromate exhibited exponential decay type inhibition curves with calculated half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 of 1.137 mg/L for molybdate and 1.247 mg/L for chromate. The Limits of detection (LOD) were 0.313 mg/L and 1.247 mg/L for molybdate and chromate, respectively. The newly developed assay can help in monitoring heavy metals pollution in rivers and agricultural areas.


The fast industrialization process and urbanization development brought several environmental problems and public health, arousing interest in many social sectors in search of population well-being and socio environmental development. In this context, the environmental education arises as a strategy plan for a construction of values, knowledge, attitudes and life quality. Regarding the life quality is that narrow the tie between the environmental education and health, mainly related to promotion, prevention and recovery in health environmental. This study discusses about the relationship existing between the environmental education and health and points the environmental education as a tool in primary health care.


Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) linacs are efficient, compact, lowenergy ion structures, which have found numerous applications. They use electrical RF focusing and can capture, bunch, and transmit high-current ion beams. Some recent developments and new projects such as heavy-ion injectors replacing Tandems as injectors for cyclotrons and linacs, RFQ post-accelerators, and the status of the work on high-energy implanters and small neutron sources are discussed.


Outline of Presentation • Status of preparation of UCR EPA Chamber • Progress on interfacing a total carbon analysis method to direct reactivity measurements. • Results of reactivity analysis of petroleum distillates studied by Censullo et al (2002) Essentially all instruments to be used have been acquired, but some still being evaluated Enclosure and temperature control systems are completed and perform satisfactorily. Some formaldehyde and NO x offgasing observed. Preliminary experiments were conducted with a large " pillow bag " and blacklights. Data indicate background low enough for low NO x experiments Argon arc light is now operational, but not with final spectrum. Performance being evaluated Final spectral filter may be delivered in July Construction is underway on final chamber configuration and mixing and injection systems. Process taking longer than expected Now looks like first experiments with final configuration may be conducted in July Draft QA plan, data processing procedures, and standard operating procedures developed Current information about project available at


Sirs, In a case-control study of pregnant women in Brazil, Nishioka et al. (1998) found a more than twofold increased risk of abortion after yellow fever (YF) vaccination. Even though the association was not statistically significant, an increased risk of this magnitude would have serious consequences for YF vaccination policies, both during epidemics and for travellers to endemic areas. However, their finding could well be explained by bias and uncontrolled confounding. The authors state that recall bias was unlikely as the subjects were blinded for the research question. This is surprising, as pregnant women were explicitly excluded from the vaccination campaign for safey reasons. A woman experiencing spontaneous abortion can be expected to recall any event branded as potentially harmful, whereas this does not necessarily apply to the women in the control group with uncomplicated pregnancies, particularly not since they were unaware of the hypothesis under study and were interviewed up to several months later than the cases. There is thus considerable potential for overestimation of the risk posed by YF infection. The reported risk was adjusted for confounding by logistic regression analysis. The model did, however, not adjust for differences in gestational age at the time of the vaccination campaign, although this explained a considerable part of the observed association in the stratified (bivariate) analysis (crude OR for YF vaccination 2.49, adjusted OR 1.76). This may be because the effect of gestational age was compensated by the confounding effect of other variables in the multivariate analysis. Alternatively, it may be due to the use of an automated stepwise procedure, in which the decision to select variables for the model is based on the p-value for excluding a variable from the model rather than on the strength of the confounding effect (Hosmer & Lemeshow 1989). The fact that the model presented only includes variables that show significant association with the risk of abortion, but have virtually no confounding effect in the stratified analysis, strongly suggests that this happened, and that confounding by gestational age remained uncontrolled for. This would again result in overestimation of the observed risk. One may wonder why gestational age at the time of the vaccination campaign had a confounding effect. Apart from the obvious association with the vaccination status, it implies a direct association between the calendar time of conception and the risk of spontaneous abortion, suggesting that part of the abortions was due to exposure with a time-dependent, e.g. seasonal or epidemic occurrence. As the vaccination campaign was held during an outbreak of dengue, and a recent history of dengue fever – although having no confounding effect – increased the risk of abortion, whereas the exposure to insecticides used for mosquito control and a recent history of exenthematous disease did not, recent or atypical dengue virus infection would seem a likely candidate. Frank G. J. Cobelens, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam


Insurance activities play an important role in the development of the country's economy. Practice shows that in the market of insurance services there are deviations of actual payments from their planned values determined in the sizes of tariff rates. As a result, insurance companies are forced to hold a significant amount of funds in liquid assets to compensate for unaccounted volatility, which reduces the effectiveness of insurance activities or increase the size of tariff rates, which affects the availability of insurance services. The possibility to take into account such deviations will allow insurance companies to approach the calculation of insurance tariffs more carefully and to conduct their activities more efficiently, which ultimately will positively affect the state of the insurance industry and the economy of the country as a whole. From this point of view, minimizing the risk of ruining an insurance company, evaluating and optimizing the parameters of warranty obligations are important tasks in decision theory.This paper investigates the problem of insurance and warranty services in a certain class of the probability distribution as a priori in this situation. It applies Bayesian approach the direction of the management, which is based on the principle of maximum use of the available a priori information about the processes occurring in the enterprise and in the external environment, its continuous, taking into account received sample data review and re-evaluation.


World economy came on a tailspin because of market meltdown and the propagation of contagion triggered by recession, starting mostly from the US economy. This work highlights the grim developments in thenancial sectors and the real sectors world-wide, and then an attempt is made to highlight the propagation mechanism of infective contagion. Theoretical structures of such interconnected are showcased through various analytical vehicles. The indices of sensitivities and dispersions are measured in mathematical terms, and in that sense a new analytical framework is presented. However, empirical evaluations of the propagation mechanism remain unnished because of the dearth of data


International maritime conventions present new developing trends, which will have a direct impact on global maritime activities. This paper introduces the development of international maritime conventions, and analyses the development trends and the impact on the member states of international maritime conventions, finally proposes several suggestions for China responding to the future international maritime conventions.


The aim of the paper is to optimize the axial propeller turbine operating with a gross head of 3~6 m and flow rate of 10 ㎥/s. Three stages of optimization are executed for the turbine with the geometrical modifications by varying the number of runner blade, pitch angle and 3 different shapes of blade profiles. This study has attempted to acquire basic design data, viz., the output power, efficiency and pressure distribution to suggest the sound method of optimization. 3~5 blade, 25°~40° of pitch angle and NACA4306 and NACA4312, pump-based, thin foil blade profiles are examined to acquire the characteristics of performance. This study is executed through a commercial finite element analysis (FEA) package, ANSYS, and CFX. The results reveal the flow characteristics and suggest an optimizing method for axial propeller turbine.


A column start signal generation circuit for a memory device, comprising a dummy data storage unit including a plurality of dummy cells for storing dummy data, each of the plurality of dummy cells being connected to a corresponding one of a plurality of word lines and a first dummy bit line or a second dummy bit line, the second dummy bit line being complementary to the first dummy bit line, a dummy data generator for outputting the dummy data to the plurality of dummy cells in the dummy data storage unit in response to a state of a write signal inputted therein, a sense amplifica tion circuit for amplifying the dummy data from one of the plurality of dummy cells in the dummy data storage unit connected to an enabled one of the plurality of word lines, and a sense amplification sensor for sensing a level of an output signal from the sense amplification circuit and out putting a column start signal in accordance with the sensed result.


Introduction In a recent article in BioEssays, John F. Allen uses Popper's philosophy of science to argue on p. 107 that ``There is no induction machine'', and that looking for one will result in ``waste of resources spent on the search itself.'' This argument is of great interest to me because I started my research life as a graduate student in philosophy of science in Popper's department at the London School of Economics in the years 1966±68. Popper had just published his book Conjectures and Refutations, 1963 in which he says on p. 53: ``Induction, i.e. inference based on many observations, is a myth. It is neither a psychological fact, nor a fact of ordinary life, nor one of scientific procedure.'' Indeed I remember Popper making the statement: ``induction is a myth'' in one of his lectures in 1967, to which he added: ``and those who claim that there is induction do not know what they are talking about.'' I need hardly add that I was completely convinced by Popper's very forceful arguments for this thesis which I believed for many years.


A Diels-Alder adduct of cyclooctatetraene and benzyne has been polymerized through ring-opening metathesis by titanium methylidene sources to produce a soluble polyacetylene precursor. The polymerization proceeds through first order kinetics and linear increase in molecular weight, providing a route into conjugated polyene segments of various and controlled length.

A versatile and convenient route to polyacetylene has been developed through the condensed phase metathesis polymerization of cyclooctatetraene. Dissolution of catalyst in "neat" cyclooctatetraene provides a means of transforming the liquid into a highly lustrous film at ambient temperature and pressure. These films have physical and spectral properties very similar to films prepared by the Shirakawa methodology. Iodine-doped films exhibit conductivities greater than 300 [Omega]-1/cm. New processing modes and novel morphologies for polyacetylene have been discovered. Novel polyacetylene derivatives have been prepared to demonstrate the versatility of the method. Both electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing groups have been attached to carbons in the [pi]-conjugated system. These organic materials have been used in the fabrication of solid state devices.

The mechanism of metathesis polymerization with a well-defined tungsten carbene catalyst has been explored, using cyclooctatetraene and its soluble analogue 1,5-cyclooctadiene as monomers. A new phenomenon referred to as "cycloextrusion" has been discovered, and its influence upon the statistical distribution of isomers and the cis-trans polymer stereochemistry delineated. Cycloextrusion is a dilute solution phenomenon, limited to cycloolefins containing an unhindered diene moeity in the ring. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the catalyst in the presence of a reversibly binding ligand have been intensively researched. Tetrahydrofuran serves as the reversibly binding ligand which deactivates the catalyst to an extent dependent upon concentration of tetrahydrofuran present. The metathesis of cyclooctadiene with this tungsten carbene can thus be sufficiently retarded to show that the polymerization kinetics involves a catalyst-monomer bound complex, followed by regeneration of catalyst.

Linear copolymers are prepared in both random and block form from the metathesis polymerization of 1,5-cyclooctadiene/cyclooctatetraene and norbornene/cyclooctatetraene solutions, respectively. The average conjugation length in the random copolymers can be varied systematically by varying the mole fraction of cyclooctatetraene in the copolymerization solution. Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis, NMR, electrical conductivity, and non-linear optical measurements all indicate a progression of conjugation length in the copolymer with increasing mole fraction cyclooctatetraene.


Galvanized steel cages have been designed for use in bird experiments (Martin 1967), but their high cost restricts use. When available, these cages are superb for experimentation with small birds (Martin 1968, Parrish and Martin 1977). It is common practice, however, to confine birds in hardware-cloth cages (West 1960). Wire cages are convenient because of low cost and ease of construction. They also permit easy access to food and water, and provide for adequate ventilation and illumination. Unfortunately, wild-caught birds often develop head and facial injuries from continued attempts to escape through openings of welded-wire cages. We describe a simple cage modification that permits the maintenance of wild birds in excellent health in captivity, and ensures compliance with federal guidelines, which require prevention of undue injury, pain, and suffering to wild animals kept in laboratories. The cage modification is a product of our recent bioenergetics investigations with scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) (Saunders and Parrish 1987). We collected quail in southwestern Kansas and transported them to our laboratory in cardboard boxes. They arrived in excellent health and were placed in individual metabolism cages constructed from 1.25x 2.54-cm soldered, wire fabric. Food and water containers were attached to the outside of cages, and cages were kept in a walk-in environmental chamber maintained at 5 C. To alleviate the types of self-inflicted injuries that commonly occur with caged, wild


Majority of Sri Lankan women are either unemployed or economically inactive. Therefore encouraging them for entrepreneurship would not only lead to economic prosperity but also would improve their standards of living. With the growing importance of women entrepreneurs, there is practical value in being able to identify factors contributing to their success. Most of the available studies on entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka are on males with limited coverage on females. The paper aims to identify factors contributing to the entrepreneurial success of women. Conclusions are drawn from interviews of six successful women entrepreneurs from six different businesses. The findings are captured through qualitative research according to the conceptual framework developed. The key findings support the factors identified in the framework; early childhood experiences, psychological characteristics, entrepreneurial competencies, formal and informal learning and external support. Culture which is an additional factor contributing to the entrepreneurial success of women is also identified. Sri Lankan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.1(2) Oct 2009


We present density functional theory calculations of the geometry, adsorption energy, electronic density of states and bonding picture of thiophene adsorbed on Cu(111), Cu(110) and Cu(100). Standard PBE functional, DFT-D corrections and self-consistent vdW-DF functionals for including the dispersion force, and the ionic final-state (IFS) approximation that considers electron-corehole interactions were employed to model these interfaces. According to the theory-experiment comparison, RPBE-G06, the RPBE functional together with Grimme's dispersion correction proposed in 2006, was suggested the "best" method for predicting structural and energetic properties of thiophene/Cu interfaces so far, while vdW-DF is also very recommendable if a proper exchange functional is used together with the vdW correlation. The consideration of IFS approximation could solve some discrepancies between x-ray standing waves measurements and density functional theory calculations. Nevertheless, it remains an open question that the theory-experiment discrepancy of the adsorption site of thiophene/Cu(100), which calls for further experiments and higher level theories to clarify. The standard PBE functional reveals covalent bonding picture for all the interfaces, while the inclusion of dispersive contributions does not change the covalent bonding picture to the vdW one.


The annealing of interface states after an x-ray dose of 10 Mrad (SiO/sub 2/) under 1 MV/cm bias is studied on , and orientation silicon. During annealing the bias is 1 MV/cm. Annealing times range from under an hour to hundreds of hours and the temperature ranges from 75 to 175/sup 0/C. Using charge pumping, the energy distribution of interface states within the bandgap is determined. After annealing, the shape of the interface state density curve implies that a defect(s) other than P/sub b0/ and P/sub b1/ is present. In addition, comparison of the interface state density curves before and after annealing shows that a redistribution of interface state density occurs over a large portion of the time-temperature range studied. The density near 0.4 eV above the valence band decreases and the density near 0.7 eV increases although the average density does not significantly change. Based upon the time scale and activation energy of the redistribution, a model is proposed. In this model, the rate limiting step is water diffusion within the gate oxide to the interface. This model provides a framework for a transformation among interface defects that accounts for the observed redistribution. Further tests for thismore » water model are discussed.« less


Backgrounds: One of the leading causes of death in the
world is bacterial infection that is resistant to
antibiotics. To monitor resistance patterns of bacteria
in a hospital as wll as to track new bacteria strain
that resistant to antibiotics, required periodic
information regarding a particular sensitivity to the
antimicrobial.
Objectives: To determine the pattern of bacteria that
are found in the pus specimens and resistance to
antibiotics examined in the microbiology laboratory of
the Faculty in
2013.
Methods: This study is an observational descriptive
study. Subjects were clinical isolates from the
laboratory collection of pus specimens of Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada.
Results: The most common bacteria that we found are
S.
aureus 17 isolates
(18%),
S. epidermidis
15 isolates
(15,9%), dan
K. Penumonia
14 isolates (14,9%).
Antibiotics that are found to be resistant are
Penisilin G 86 isolates are resistant (81,5%),
Erithromisin 67 isolates resistant (71,3%), and
Cefiksim 67 isolates resistant (71,3%).
Conclutions: The most common bacteria are
S.
aureus,
S.
epidermidis, and
K.
Pneumonia. The most resistance
antibiotics are Penicillin G , Erithromisin, and
Cefiksim.


his paper investigates the image of Ghana's development as revealed by the president in the 2016 state of the nation's address. Using the inter discourse theory of Fair Clough (1992), the study investigated the various discourses evoked in the


Focused on the issue that conventional land-use classification methods can't reach better performance, a new remote sensing image classification method based on Stacked Autoencoder inspired by deep learning was proposed. Firstly, the deep network model was built through the stacked layers of Autoencoder, then the unsupervised Greedy layer-wise training algorithm was used to train each layer in turn for more robust expressing, characteristics were learnt supervised by Back Propagation neural network and the whole net was optimized by using error back propagation. Finally, GF-1 remote sensing data were used for evaluation and the total accuracy and kappa accuracy which were higher than that of Support Vector Machine and Back Propagation neural network reached 95.5% and 95.3% respectively. The experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of land cover classification.


PurposeAlthough there is growing academic and business interest in autism employment programs, few studies have examined employee (manager and coworker) attitudes toward these programs. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of workload changes (a job demand) and perceived supervisor support (a job resource) on commitment to the program and employee engagement more broadly.Design/methodology/approachA total of 229 employees from two Australian public sector organizations completed a survey about the autism employment program in their organization.FindingsPerceived workload increases were associated with lower affective commitment and higher continuance commitment to the program. Perceived supervisor support was associated with higher affective commitment to the program and employee engagement, but lower continuance commitment to the program. Perceived supervisor support moderated the effect of workload increase on employee engagement, but not in the expected direction.Originality/valueThis research helps to fill a gap in the autism employment literature by focusing on commitment toward autism employment programs among existing employees. The research helps to provide a more complete and nuanced view of these programs within their broader organizational context.


A total of 124 children of both sexes aged between 6 and 12 years with pollen‐associated rhino‐conjunctivitis were included in a multicentre double‐blind study of parallel group design to compare the effects of cetirizine 10 mg daily, given as 5 mg morning and evening for 2 weeks, with those of placebo of identical appearance. Rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal obstruction and nasal and ocular pruritus were evaluated using symptom scores by patients on daily self‐evaluation cards and by investigators who, in addition, made a global evaluation at the end of treatment. Appropriate wash‐out periods for previous medicines were observed. Unchanged treatment of asthma was allowed and inhaled corticosteroids were continued in 3 placebo patients. Compliance was checked and found to be less than 80% of the prescribed dosage in 2 cetirizine patients. The mean percentage of study days when symptoms were absent or at the most mild (i.e. present but not disturbing), as reported daily by the patients, was significantly greater with cetirizine (56.2%) than placebo (29.7%). This 26.5% difference was considered clinically significant. The value of this method of expressing treatment effects in allergic rhinitis is discussed. Improvement in maximum symptom scores (severest symptoms) assessed by investigators was better for cetirizine than placebo after treatment for 1 week and 2 weeks. Improvement in individual daily symptoms was greater for cetirizine than placebo after a few days. Global evaluations of response by investigators at the end of the study showed improvement in both groups that was significantly greater with cetirizine, providing a response that was considered excellent or good in 79% of patients on cetirizine compared with 50% of patients on placebo. Tolerance was good. Somnolence that was generally mild and transient was reported in 6 patients of the cetirizine group and in 2 patients of the placebo group.


Active leakage current is much larger (~10×) than standby leakage current, and takes a large proportion (30% to 40%) of active power consumption. Active mode power gating (AMPG) has been proposed to extend the application of basic power gating to reducing active leakage; it relies on clock-gating signals to cut the power off a part of combinational gates. The problem to select those gates while integrity of circuit behavior remains intact has not been solved yet. We identify three constraints to solve this problem, namely functional, timing, and current constraints. The problem of synthesizing AMPG circuits is then laid out, and synthesis algorithm is proposed; a group of gates that can be power-gated by each clock-gating signal and the size of footer that is attached to the group constitute a synthesis output. The layout methodology for standard cell designs is proposed to assess AMPG circuits in area and wirelength. Experiments in 1.1 V, 45-nm technology demonstrate that active leakage is reduced by 16% on average compared to clock-gated circuits.


Introduction. Autoimmune thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in children. Clinical diagnosis depends on biochemical condition and monitoring is essential to adopt therapeutic measures and ensure proper growth and development. Objective. To describe the clinical progression of autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents. Design. Retrospective, longitudinal series of cases study. Setting. Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino, Lima, Peru (a teaching institution). Participants. Children and adolescents suffering of autoimmune thyroiditis. Interventions. Sixty-five patients -58 women and 7 men- under the age of 18 suffering of autoimmune thyroiditis and admitted between 2000-2012 were followed with clinical and biochemical evaluations over one year; carriers of genetic syndromes or with type 1 diabetes mellitus were excluded. Main outcome measures. Clinical progression of autoimmune thyroiditis. Results. Goiter (78.5%) was a predominant sign and risk factor for development of acquired hypothyroidism in those who debuted with subclinical hypothyroidism. At admission 48% of prepubescent infants presented thyroid dysfunction compared with 26.6% of pubescent subjects. Out of the total population 46% suffered of acquired hypothyroidism, 26% subclinical hypothyroidism, and 23% were euthyroid; 27% of euthyroid patients and 47% of subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism evolved into acquired hypothyroidism. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean Z score for height or BMI at diagnosis nor during follow-up. Conclusions. Children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis debuting as euthyroid or with subclinical hypothyroidism had a high risk of developing acquired hypothyroidism. It seems important to monitor thyroid function for timely initiation of hormone replacement therapy.


The purpose of this paper is to identify the whole process risk factors and risk early warning of PPP projects in characteristic towns. First of all, based on the 21 key risk factors of PPP projects in characteristic towns identified in the early stage, this paper constructs a life-cycle risk early warning indicator system. Secondly, through the establishment of a fuzzy matter-element model to judge the risk alarm, send out early warning signals, and analyze the response measures to the early warning results. Finally, take LW characteristic town as an example to verify the feasibility and rationality of the risk early warning model, and provide some reference for PPP projects in characteristic towns to deal with risks.


Publisher Summary Aroma volatiles contribute to a large extent to the overall sensory quality of fruit and vegetables. The strategies developed to improve aroma volatiles emitted by fruits and vegetables include a wide range of targets comprising the different metabolic pathways and also regulatory elements, such as hormones and transcription factors, and finally mechanisms involved in the storage or sequestration of volatile precursors, such as glycosylation and storage into the vacuoles. The production of aroma volatiles can be affected by engineering other fruit attributes. For instance, down-regulation of Polygalacturonase (PG), Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME), and PG+PME in transgenic fruit that results in lower degradation of pectins can reduce flavor volatiles by a so far unexplained mechanism. This chapter reviews the information available on genes and gene families identified as participating in the synthesis of different class of aroma volatiles. It also describes the potential biotechnological applications for improved aromas in fruit and vegetables and other perspectives. The chapter presents a schematic representation of the steps of aroma volatiles biosynthesis for which genes have been characterized and used as targets for genetic transformation, where genes that have been up- or down-regulated by genetic engineering are shown under grey background.


Abstract The subjects of the Late Neolithic cave paintings in İnkaya Cave, Balıkesir are life and death. It is seen that the panels representing Life are based on the formation of a fetus inside a pregnant woman's abdomen, its development then birth, and the celebration of a new individual joining the community, alongside an emphasis on the shaman's function throughout this process. Similar subjects in the Neolithic Age in Anatolia are presented to the viewer from different perspectives in cave paintings, reliefs and figurines showing scenes that depict sexuality, pregnant women, and childbirth. The successful use of the "X-ray" style in the creation of the İnkaya Cave painting in the Neolithic period fills a gap in the history of Anatolian painting and sculpture.


In native title claims, accounts provided by claimants have played a key role in determining outcomes. Claimants provide the principal data upon which an expert bases his or her view, set out in an expert or connection report. Typically, claimant affidavits are filed in support of a claim and, if the matter goes to trial, claimant testimony has usually been considered by the courts to be the principal component of the evidence considered. Sansom (2006) has questioned the validity of the claimant testimony when applied to a process that seeks to prove native title before a court. He does this on anthropological grounds, arguing that such testimony is unreliable as a result of 'trends of cultural practice' (Sansom 2006, 150–1). He suggests that reliance should only be placed on archival records and expert opinion. In this paper, I examine some of Sansom's arguments that support these conclusions. I then seek to evaluate the role of an Aboriginal oral tradition in a native title matter. Through this, I sugge...


Preface. List of corresponding authors. 1. An introduction to quantified eco-efficiency analysis Gjalt Huppes and Masanobu Ishikawa. GENERAL METHODS. 2. Maximum abatement costs for calculating cost-effectiveness of green activities with multiple environmental effects Tosihiro Oka, Yoshifumi Fujii, Masanobu Ishikawa, Yu Matsuno and Shu Susami. 3. From thermodynamic efficiency to eco-efficiency Reinout Heijungs. 4. The price of toxicity. Methodology for the assessment of shadow prices for human toxicity, ecotoxicity and abiotic depletion Toon van Harmelen, Rene Korenromp, Ceiloi van Deutekom, Tom Ligthart, Saskia van Leeuwen and Rene van Gijlswijk. CASES IN AGRICULTURE. 5. Conservation reconsidered: A modified input-output analysis of the economic impact of China's land conversion policy Fan Zhang. CASES IN INDUSTRY. 6. Eco-efficiency in redesigned extended supply chains: furniture as an example Ottar Michelsen. 7. Practical experiences with reducing industrial use of water and chemicals in the galvanising industry Johannes Fresner, Josef Mair, Hans Schnitzer, Christoph Brunner, Gernot Gwehenberger and Mikko Planasch. 8. Cost-efficient solutions can speed up ecological (and social) development - A proposal Ernst-Josef Spindler. CASES IN PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. 9. Environmental performance of households Mette Wier, Line Block Christoffersen, Jesper Munksgaard, Trine S. Jensen, Ole G. Pedersen and Hans Keiding. 10. Eco-efficiency analysis of an electrochromic smart window prototype Spiros Papaefthimiou, Elleni Syrrakou and Panayiotis Yianoulis. 11. Upgrade planning for upgradeable product design Kentaro Watanabe, Yoshiki Shimomura and AkiraMatsuda. CASES IN RECYLING. 12. A strategic policy model for promoting secondary materials use Nur Indrianti, Shinobu Matsuoka and Masaaki Muraki. 13. Eco-efficiency analysis of the plastic recovery systems in Hyogo eco-town project Helmut Yabar and Tohru Morioka. Index.