Pancoast tumor is a rare clinical form of lung cancer. Treatment of potentially resectable tumors includes a combination of chemoradiation therapy and surgical resection. The severity of operative injury is determined by the extent of chest wall resection and choice of incision type. We reported a case of VATS surgical resection of Pancoast tumor after chemoradiation therapy.


Abstract Physicochemical method was used to prepare lemongrass leaf activated carbon (LLAC) for removal of Remazol brilliant violet 5 R (RBV5R) dye from aqueous solutions. The surface area, mesopore surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of the LLAC are 836.04 m2/g, 598.6 04 m2/g, 0.472 04 cm3/g and 3.62 nm, respectively. The surface functional groups of LLAC before adsorption showed the existence of C–H, O–H, C-O, C = O, C = C, CH3, N–O and C–N; they are significantly altered after adsorption. The equilibrium data were fitted into Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin Radushkevich, Temkin, Koble Corrigan, Vieth Sladek, Radke Prausnitz and Brouers Sotolongo isotherm models. The Koble Corrigan and Freundlich models gave the best fit judging from the correlation coefficient (R2). The monolayer adsorption capacities (qm) obtained for Langmuir and Koble Corrigan isotherm models are 125 and 342.9 mg/g respectively. Kinetic data were fitted using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich, Boyd and Avrami models respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔS0, ΔH0and ΔG0) were estimated. The mean adsorption energy Ea was 2.811 kJ/mol signifying that the adsorption is physically controlled. This study revealed that lemongrass leaf is effective in removing RBV5R dye from aqueous systems. Graphical Abstract


Scattering of circularly polarized plane waves at a semitransparent cylinder with mixed conductivity along the helical lines is investigated. Low-frequency resonances at the cylinder eigenfrequencies are studied. Explicit expressions for the resonance frequencies are obtained. The scattering characteristics are calculated as functions of the frequency and incidence angle of a plane wave.


Korteweg de Vries Burgers equation for multi-ion and pair-ion plasmas has been derived using reductive perturbation technique. The kinematic viscosities of both positive and negative ions are taken into account. Generalized Lorentzian distribution is assumed for the electron component, accounting for deviation from Maxwellian equilibrium, parametrized via a real parameter κ. The modification in the strength of shock structure is presented. A comprehensive comparison between the profiles of shock wave structure in multi-ion and pair-ion plasmas, (for the Maxwellian electrons to Lorentzian electrons), is discussed.


We performed end-to-end measurements of UDP/IP flows across an Internet backbone network. Using this data, we characterized the packet reordering processes seen in the network. Our results demonstrate the high prevalence of packet reordering relative to packet loss, and show a strong correlation between packet rate and reordering on the network we studied. We conclude that, given the increased parallelism in modern networks and the demands of high performance applications, new application and protocol designs should treat packet reordering on an equal footing to packet loss, and must be robust and resilient to both in order to achieve high performance


On the basis of forest ecological tourism situation of Jilin province,the characteristics of forest ecological resource were analyzed and the problems were pointed out,and countermeasures were put forward in order to promote forest ecological tourism developing rapidly in Jilin province.


Objective To investigate the biomechanical effects of percutaneous vertebral augmentation with bone graft (Optimesh) using three-dimensional finite element model of lumbar. Methods Three-dimensional, anatomically detailed finite element (FE) models of the L1-L2 functional spinal unit (FSU) were developed on the basis of cadaver computed tomography (CT) scans. As a result, the finite element model of the functional spinal unit L1-L2 was developed, consisting of 23 446 solid elements, 310cable elements and a total of 36 009 nodes. For simulating Optimesh, cancellous bone granules were placed into L2 vertebra. The changes in stress and strain on vertebral bodies were analyzed before and after the operation of cancellous bone granule augmentation under following loading conditions: compression,flexion and extension. Results Under compression, flexion and extension loading conditions evaluated in the current study, the maximum yon Mises stress and strain within the reinforcement material plug in the treated level due to the presence of morcelized cancellous bone were 0. 333, 0. 436, 0. 321 MPa and 0. 335%, 0. 438%, 0. 322% respectively, whereas the maximum yon Mises stress and strain within corresponding area in the osteoporotic, untreated model were 0. 174, 0.239, 0. 161 MPa and 0.512%,0. 709%, 0. 474% respectively. Compared to the untreated model, the maximum von Mises stress and and strain within the reinforcement area in the treated model were approximately double and two-thirds those in the osteoporotic model respectively. Conclusion Percutaneous vertebral augmentation with bone graft ( Optimesh(R) ) can improve the biomechanical strength of vertebral body, and can be used as a new method in the percutaneous vertebroplasty operation.

Key words:
Bone graft; Spine; Biomechanics


To interpret the discourse gestural as an artistic manifestation that can generate science, it is to believe that both science and art have a close relationship with the world where it unfolds. This writing gives an account of a documentary review around the discourse gestural that sought to shape a hermeneusis based on the linkage of knowledge instituted as a musician and teacher and the scientific vision of the references studied. The implications of this relationship are the central considerations of this writing I deploy in three respects: the first contains methodological proceedings for the location and selection of documentary sources, the second describes the contributions found in each of the sources consulted and the third shows some conclusions derived from this review.


A new method for the nitration of compounds (I), (III), (V), and (X) with sodium nitrate in concentrated sulfuric acid is presented.


SummaryDespite much research, Citrus flowering remains poorly understood with many contradictions and conflicts existing between reports. This review is a critical evaluation of various important aspects of the Citrus flowering literature. Factors discussed include general flowering behaviour and phenology, inflorescence leafiness, the age and location of bearing wood, and the major endogenous and exogenous factors influencing flowering. Since many reports fail to include information crucial for critical evaluation of results, several aspects serving as guidelines for the description and quantification of flowering are presented. The Citrus flowering literature, despite its deficiencies, provides a wealth of usable information for citriculturists.


The large appendages have a very important influence on the hydrodynamic resistance of the sailboats. In this paper, a comparative analyse of the theoretical and experimental results was performed, related to the hydrodynamic resistance of a racing sailboat having an overall length of 12.8 m. The theoretical approach was performed based on the method proposed by Larson and Eliasson. In order to compute the residuary resistance it was used the formulations based on Delft systematic yacht series. The estimation of the resistance components, including the keel, rudder and additional weight influence was carried out based on a computer code in Java language. The experimental model tests have been carried out in the Towing Tank of the Naval Architecture Faculty of "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galati. A 1/10 scaled model with appendages was used for experimental investigations. The level of accuracy of the theoretical prediction was evaluated based on comparative theoretical/experimental diagrams. It was found that the influence of the large appendages is very important and an optimisation procedure becomes mandatory. Moreover, the theoretical methods specific to the preliminary design stage must be improved in order to increase the level of accuracy of hydrodynamic resistance predictions.


An indirect immunofluorescence test was employed to detect and quantitate serum antibodies to trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) antigens of 6 types. This test was markedly more specific and sensitive than the group-reactive complement-fixation test. Striking differences in antibody patterns were detected in different groups of patients suffering from acute or chronic TRIC infections. Among Tunisian children 67% had antibody which was primarily directed against TRIC types A or C. Among American Indian students, 33% had antibody which was directed mainly against TRIC types B, D, or E, but not against A or C. Most San Francisco patients with acute oculogenital TRIC infection had antibodies broadly reactive with all 6 TRIC antigen types A to E. Some immunologic and epidemiologic implications of these results are discussed.


Three kinds of dispersing agents, all copolyesters, were synthesized from the polycondensation reaction of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), sebacic acid (SA), and 1,4-butandiol (BD). Copolyester from DMT, SA, and BD was designated as PBTS; from DMT, SA, DMI, and BD as PBTIS; and from DMT, DMI, and BD as PBTI. Carbon black masterbatches were prepared by mixing carbon black into the dispersing agents in a Brabender Plasticorder PLE331. Using single screw extruder, masterbatches were compounded with poly(ethylene terephthalate) in 3 wt% concentration and mechanical properties of the compounds were investigated. Gel permeation chromatography data implied that thermal degradation of polymeric dispersing agents was not very significant. Capillary rheometer tests showed that PBTI has the highest viscosity and shear sensitivity of the three dispersing agents. Volume resistivities of each masterbatch were increased as the rotor rpm of the Brabender and mixing time increased. Transmission electron micrographs showed that dispersion of carbon black was enhanced by increasing the melt viscosity of the dispersing agent. The performance and mechanical characteristics of carbon-black-filled PET compounds depends directly on the dispersion quality of the carbon black in the masterbatch. Mechanical properties of compounds were improved by increasing dispersion of carbon black and increasing numbers of rigid aromatic groups in the copolyester dispersing agent.


Calculation of moderator analogues for 14 MeV neutrons as source were made at a IBM/PC AT computer using TAMAKER-ANISN program and 46 groups(25 neutron groups,21 photon groups) UW cross section data.The intensifying effect of lead and natural uranium for moderating 14 MeV neutrons is confirmed.Adopting proper structure of the moderator,the intensifying factor M( times) may be larger than 3.Using lead and naural uranium in sub-critical assemblies (or cell boosters),with 14 Me neutrons as source,with the same dimension as that of abouve,the intensifying effect is also confirmed.With a proper structure of sub-critical assembly,the intensifying factor M may be close to or even larger than(1-k)^-1 where k is the effective multiplication factor.


The paper presents the results of investigations of effect of surface treatment of electrodes with pulsed intensive electron and ion flows on electrical strength of vacuum insulation. Such a treatment has been shown to allow one to decrease the prebreakdown currents and to increase the breakdown electric fields. The mechanisms of this effect are analyzed in the paper.


Global warming has become one of the world's most important challenges over the last decades and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are determined to be a major contributor. Various carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies are available worldwide but post combustion CO2 capture with chemical absorbents is considered today to be the most advanced and mature technology for mitigating CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels. Implementing CCS has the potential of reducing and reversing the effects of CO2 on global warming and climate change.In reactive absorption, carbon dioxide chemically reacts to form chemical bond and is thereby moved from a gas to a liquid phase. The chemical reaction is reversible and CO2 is released from the solvent during regeneration by raising the temperature. Thereby almost pure CO2 is collected, compressed and sent to storage and the regenerated solvent is sent for re-use. Amines are usually employed as absorbents for CO2 capture and monoethanolamine (MEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and 2-amino-2- methyl-1-propanol (AMP) are commonly used. However, due to problems associated with alkanolamines, such as their degradation in oxygen rich atmospheres, considerable energy need for solvent regeneration, environmental issues and recycling efficiency, the quest to find alternative candidates is very important.In this work spectroscopic methods, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), are used, to both qualitatively and quantitatively characterize a range of absorbents for CO2 capture including primary, secondary, tertiary or blended amine systems in addition to amine-amino acid absorbents.Liquid phase speciation is one of the most important experimental data for thermodynamic and kinetic modeling of absorption systems. First a comprehensive standard method for liquid phase speciation in amine and amino acid-CO2-H2O systems by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is presented and validated against measurements on monoamine, diamine and amine-amino acid systems. This method was then used for all our measurements presented in the current work. These measurements provide valuable information about the parameters that should be considered when studying different amine, amine-amino acid-CO2-H2O system by NMR spectroscopy.Carbamate stability is a very important parameter for determining the absorption capacity and regeneration energy requirement. Therefore, 13C-NMR was employed to study the carbamate formation and to estimate the apparent carbamate stability constant in aqueous solutions of CO2 and sterically hindered amine, 2-amion-2-methyl-propan-ol, (AMP) at different temperatures. In order to determine the apparent carbamate stability constant of AMP, a method for separating amine/protonated amine and bicarbonate/carbonate was developed and presented in our work. The apparent carbamate stability constant was reported to be loading and temperature dependency.Phase change solvents for CO2 capture was another important topic where our research was also focused. Liquid phase speciation of blended aqueous solutions of DEEA/MAPA/CO2/H2O as well as unblended MAPA/CO2/H2O and DEEA/CO2/H2O system is presented here. One of the most important information we can gain from 13CNMR spectroscopy is the ability to distinguish between primary, secondary, di-carbamate and carbonate/bicarbonate species. Blended system of DEEA/MAPA can form two liquid phases after being loaded with CO2 and both phases were analyzed quantitatively by NMR spectroscopy.Qualitative and quantitative NMR experiments to investigate the liquid phase speciation in amino acids (Glycine, L-Alanine, Taurine, L-Serine and L-Proline) neutralized by equimolar quantities of monoethanolamine amine (MEA) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1- propanol (AMP) were performed at 25°C for different CO2 loadings. AMP was found to have better performance in neutralizing the amino acids and enhancing the bicarbonate/carbonate formation.Further, studies were performed to develop calibration models for prediction of various systems using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Multivariate data analyses were performed to develop the models. Online analysis of monoethanolamine solvent in a pilot plant was demonstrated by application of the developed model using a mobile setup for extractive sampling to an FTIR analyzer. These results showed the possibility of developing a comprehensive multivariate calibrated model such as Partial Least Square (PLS) for on-line prediction and is well suited for analysis of amine solvents, both in the lab and for online process monitoring.


This paper presents a new method to evaluate the performance of passive UHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags based on the analysis of its Power Spectral Density (PSD) calculated over time observations directly in the Radio Frequency band (RF). The PSD analysis is facilitated with the manipulation of the air interface from RFID signals in order to reproduce a periodic sequence of bits on the tag response. Important deductions for scavenging and reflecting states of the tag can be drawn. The application of the method for some commercially available tags is reported and results are discussed.


The main aim of the study is to find out the drying characteristics of chosen organic materials in laboratory scale agitated filter dryer (AFD) using vacuum contact drying. The drying characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), aspirin agglomerates and aspirin powder to be precise was o studied in an agitated filter dryer (AFD). The compounds drying behaviour at 60 C and 28 wt. % initial moisture was compared and analysed. Aspirin powder showed shorter drying time with a higher drying rate and final moisture content of 0 wt. %, this is in contrast with aspirin agglomerates, which depicts slightly higher drying time and rate with a final moisture content of 1 wt. %. The observed phenomenon might be attributed to the difference in the pore size and pore volume of the materials under investigation.


A new method for enhancing riding comfort by reducing vertical flexural vibration of a carbody is studied in this paper. In order to dissipate the energy of flexural vibration while minimizing the weight to be added, viscoelastic layers and constraint layers are stuck partially onto the outside sheathing of the carbody. Riding comfort, including the flexural vibration of the carbody excited by vertical track irregularities, is analyzed theoretically assuming that the carbody is a partially multilayered beam. As a result of the analysis it is revealed that there exists an optimum length of the damping layers which leads to the maximum damping. It is found that damping of the vibration can be maximized by choosing appropriate characteristics of the damping layers. It is concluded that this method can contribute to better riding comfort of a lightweight carbody of a high-speed train.


An invasive strategy applied in 63-year-old patient with symptoms of heart failure, recurrent chest pain at rest and in angiography with distal left main coronary artery stenosis and difficult for differential diagnosis complex lesion not only in the distal part of left main but also in the proximal part of left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery has been presented.


The politics of austerity and the changes to labour law in many Western European countries have led to a wave of mass strikes that is unprecedented in that part of the world, at least since the end of World War II. The strikes are predominantly one-day political and general strikes. Their characteristics are (a) a huge participation in historical comparison, (b) the crucial role of unions and workers from the public sector, and (c) a general lack of success. We give a brief account of the strike wave since 2008 and address four questions: 1. What type of strike do we encounter? 2. What are the socio-economic and political conditions that have led to the emergence of this type? 3. What are its limits as a means of struggle? 4. Which steps would have to be taken in order to change the relations of forces in favour of the European working classes?


As an exclusive available approach of measuring molecular components in single fluid inclusion, laser Raman spectra is widely attended. The requirements of samples, the experimental conditions for Raman spectra and the arithmetic of Raman spectra were discussed. The connotation of laser Raman spectra and the significance of organic fluid inclusions in hydrocarbon exploration were briefly introduced.


Aim. Complex research of the functional condition of the small intestine in different stages of cholelithiasis. Materials and methods. 47 patients with different stages of cholelithiasis were examined. There were 29 patients with the first (prestone) stage and 18 — with the second (stone) stage of cholelithiasis. In an assessment of the functional condition of the small intestine were used clinical data and results of the load tests by sugars. Cavitary digestion was studied by load test with polysaccharide (soluble starch), membrane digestion — with disaccharide (sucrose), absorption — with monosaccharide (glucose). Glucose level in blood was determined on an empty stomach, then after oral reception of 50g of glucose, sucrose or starch in 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Results. Researchers showed that in the most of patients with cholelithiasis there were disturbances in clinical and functional condition of the small intestine. In an assessment of the cavitary digestion the level of glycemia was authentically lowered by 43% in prestone stage and by 66% in stone stage of cholelithiasis in comparison with control. In an assessment of membrane digestion in patients with the stone stage of cholelithiasis the level of glycemia was lowered in comparison with group of control and with the prestone stage by 30% and 19% respectively. Conclusion. In prestone stage of cholelithiasis there were decrease of the cavitary digestion primary, and in stone stage of cholelithiasis — all stages of hydrolysis-resorptive process in the small intestine were disturbed.


Starting from scientific and technical achievements transformation of the universities of our country,the article analyzes the key elements of the influence on the transformation,and puts forth a series of measures to promote the transformation with direction and hopes that it has a directive significance to the transformation.


An account of the historic meeting and seminar at Chatham House led by Professor Graham Greenleaf describing work to provide free public online electronic access to legal material in Australia and the possibilities of emulating that success in the UK. Article by Laurence Eastham describing the seminar which ultimately led to the development of the British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII). Published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and its Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London.


Every organism has DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which carries genetic information. One of the methods for analyzing strings of DNA sequences is n-mers frequency. It is a data mining method on strings of DNA sequences that is converted into numerical data. We studied 13 deadly viruses, consisting of Rabies, HIV, Ebola, Smallpox, Marburg, Herpes B, Lujo, Avian Influenza, Spanish Flu H1N1, Dengue, HPV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to establish the phylogenetic tree and find out the genetic relationship of the deadly viruses. The first method we used are collecting viral DNA sequences from the NCBI database. Afterward, the strings of DNA sequences were converted into numerical data using the n-mers frequency. After that, the dissimilarity matrix was calculated and the phylogenetic tree was established using the AGNES algorithm. Based on the phylogenetic tree, the aforementioned 13 viruses were classified into three clusters, namely cluster 1 from the realm Riboviria, cluster 2 from the realm Duplodnaviria and cluster 3 from the realm Varidnaviria. The clustering results of 13 viruses are valid because each virus is clustered based on its taxon. In addition, viruses that have the closest genetic relationship are grouped first, while viruses that have the distant genetic relationship are grouped later.


In this paper, we investigate endpoint detection algorithms for noisy speech. We examine and analyze the performances of three endpoint detection methods for speech under five kinds of noisy environments and four SNR levels. In our detecting process, the first several frames of signal were supposed to be background noise and used to determine the threshold values for detection algorithms. The low energy threshold values are adjusted by constraining the durations between starting point and end point to the detected body of speech. This can increase the detection accuracy. In addition, we use smoothing method to smooth out the irregular fluctuation of the estimated feature curve so that detection can be easier. Then we try to adjust the coefficient for threshold values to improve the detection accuracy. Experimental results show that the energy-ZCR based method have the best result under high SNR environment. The KL distance based method has the most consistent performance under all conditions. The entropy based method has the least performance degradation under high level of noise. Finally, we use non-linear spectral subtraction (NSS) method to remove noise and obtain robust estimate of speech energy. Experimental results show that NSS based detection method can largely improve the accuracy for low SNR environments.


Adolescent girls who have menstruated will experience in their body changes. One of them is weakness during menstruation and even dizziness. Possibly this is caused by the amount of blood that comes out during menstruation, while the intake of nutrients containing iron and folic acid is less. The purpose of this community service is to provide education to increase the knowledge about anemia and iron-folic acid supplements by adolescent girls in RT 01 RW 09, Kelapa Dua Wetan, Ciracas, East Jakarta. Health education about Anemia and iron-folic acid supplements to adolescent girls was used as a method. The activities were carried out face-to-face at the house of one of the cadres and attended by 14 adolescent girls. The average age of adolescent girls was 15.29±2.23 years with a minimum age 11 years and a maximum age 19 years. Meanwhile, the results of the knowledge of adolescent girls was 93.88% at pre test and 93.41% at post test with a reduction of 1 participant at post test. Therefore, it can be concluded that adolescent girls had very good knowledge about anemia and iron-folic acid supplement. This program required to be continued to maintain the health status of adolescent girls.


ABSTRACT The Jeanne d'Arc Basin off Newfoundland and the Kugmallit Trough in the southeastern Beaufort-MacKenzie Basin are two Canadian offshore basins where important hydrocarbon discoveries have been made. Thick successions of evaporite, carbonate and clastic rocks in the Jeanne d'Arc, and an exclusively clastic sequence in the Beaufort Sea, have been encountered in the wells drilled to date. The better known Jeanne d'Arc Basin was formed by extension along a deep crustal detachment during two successive Mesozoic rifting phases. The existence of this down-to-the-east 'Wernicke' detachment zone was first suggested by exploration data and later confirmed by deep seismic reflection profiles. A similar tectonic evolution is proposed for the Kugmallit Trough, an elongated northeast-southwest trench filled with Upper Cretaceous to Recent sediments. For this region, extension took place on a down-to-the-west crustal detachment and the rifting can be traced to mid-Miocene time. In both basins, the rift-stage sediments are fragmented by two intersecting systems of extensional faults, one parallel and the other perpendicular to the basins' margins. As illustrated by several grids of modern three-dimensional seismic surveys, these faults are listric in any vertical section, and there is periodic growth associated with them. However, in plan view, they deviate significantly from the classical concave, "scoop" model of listric synsedimentary faults by being generally linear, sometimes convex and only rarely concave in shape. This implies that the faults are of tectonic, rather than depositional origin, even when they are formed in deltaic environments. End_of_Record - Last_Page 162-------


The frequency of anomalous floods has grown considerably in recent years in Nepal, inflicting severe damage to life and property. The most important concerns to be answered are: what effect does it cause to rise every year when enormous preliminary investment is made? And is there a solution for numbers to be reduced? The massive drop of the monsoon and the synchronizing of the main rivers are usually seen as the key reasons for Nepal's floods. This study is based on the review of the current available facts pertaining to Melamchi Flood 2021. The research builds on an overview of current information and expertise relevant to the preparation, response, and recovery of information, if accessible. Effective and effective implementation of risk management methods involves local planning as well as coordinated resource sharing initiatives between federal, provincial, and municipal parties and this seems to be lacking in Nepal. Note: Funding Statement: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this articles. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.


Our analysis was conducted following the procedure specified in ASTM E691-09, "Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method." Dr. Swartzendruber critique appears to substantially disagree with the process specified in ASTM E691. Thus, the critique is primarily a disagreement with the procedures outlined in the ASTM Standard Practice and not directly a critique of our analysis and conclusions.


The hydrogenation of isoquinoline (1) to isomeric decahydroisoquinoline (4) via 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (2) or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline (3) was kinetically studied over supported ruthenium catalysts under 50–100 atm hydrogen pressure at 135–170 °C. The results showed that the reaction proceeds mainly via 2 over ruthenium on carbon, and via 2 and 3 competitively over ruthenium on alumina. Such reaction features are explained from the view points of their adsorption and the activation of the molecules on the catalysts based on quantum chemical indices. The acidic nature of alumina support exhibited a preference of nitrogen lone-pair defining the adsorption of substrates, and consequently influencing on the reaction route. The proposed approach distinguished the present catalyst from Raney nickel examined in a previous paper. The noble and base metals may interact differently with the substrate, although both metals are classified as "soft".


This paper begins with a brief review of the history of the Painleve property. The Painleve test is applied to two non linear partial differential equations (the Tu equation, and an extended m KdVequation) which have not been tested in this way before, and it is proved that these two equations possess the Painleve property. The Painleve analysis also is used to determine a Backlund transformation and the bilinear form of the Tu equation. A similarity reduction for this equation is found by means of the Clarkson-Kruskal method


PURPOSE: To compare the imaging quality of several commercially available intraocular lenses (IOLs)using the modulation transfer function (MTF) method according to the requirements of theInternational Standard European Industrial Norm/International Organization for Standardization11979.SETTING: Universitat fu¨r Technik der Informationsverarbeitung, Universita¨t Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe andUniversita¨ts Augenklinik, Ulm, Ulm, Germany.METHODS: Two refractive powers (C13 diopter [D] and C26 D) of each IOL type were tested. TheimagingqualityofalltestedIOLswasmeasuredbeforetheinjectiontestandin5-minuteintervalsafterthe injection for 40 minutes. The measurement data were analyzed according to 2 quality criteria,Strehl ratioandthe ISOcondition.Foranalysisof thetypeof optical design,SEM images ofthe centralcross section were taken of each IOL. Basic terms in optics such as MTF, resolution, and opticalaberration are introduced, and their relevance for ophthalmology is discussed in detail. This paperrepresentsanextensivestudycomparingtheimagingqualityofvariousIOLsincludingthecomparisonof measurements before and after injection through a cartridge as used for state-of-the-art im-plantation techniques. All measurements were performed using an MTF measurement system usinga 546 nm optimized laser source and an effective aperture of 3.0 mm on the IOL according to ISOstandard.AnISOstandardeyemodelusinganartificialcornea(sphericaldesign)andawaterysolutionto simulate in vivo conditions was used.RESULTS: All IOLs apart from 1 C26 D lens complied with ISO standard requirements. However,the imaging quality varied up to 49% depending on the optical design and the manufacturingquality.CONCLUSION:WhenthemethodsandmaterialsrecommendedbythemanufacturerforIOLinjectionthrough a cartridge were used, no long-term effect on the imaging quality of the IOLs was observed.However, the basic imaging quality of different designs and different manufacturers varied signifi-cantly (up to 50% at C26 D) IOLs and should be considered when choosing an IOL.Q 2005 ASCRS and ESCRSIn the past years, many types of intraocular lenses (IOLs)have been developed using different optical design ap-proaches. The main achievement of these new designs isthe ability to produce thin and flexible IOLs that can befolded to enable injection through a cartridge allowing aninsertion incision smaller than 2.0 mm, which minimizesthe risk for complications and optimizes the opticaloutcome.Apart from these mechanical properties, the opticalproperties of IOLs have been modified and optimized. ThestandardandeasiestdesignofanIOLconsistsof2sphericalsurfaces with identical refractive powers (spherical sym-metrical design). This basic design is the easiest tomanufacture. However, such simple spherical designsshow a number of imaging errors (aberrations). Withmodern diamond-lathing techniques, more complex non-spherical surfaces have become available. These so-calledaspherical designs can optimize the imaging qualities ofIOLs to be almost perfect (diffraction limited).The aim of this study was to compare the imagingquality of a number of commonly used foldable IOLsunder in vivo conditions according to European IndustrialNorm/International Organization for Standardization stan-dards.


The transition to high school presents numerous challenges to ninth grade students. Although many academic interventions have been implemented in attempting to ease this transition, research supports the importance of also addressing students' social needs. Friendships are an integral part of personal development. Particularly in adolescence, friendships assist individuals in forming a sense of self worth. In addition, adolescents use friendships to measure their behaviors and feelings in the context of society. Through relationships with others, adolescents modify their behavior in order to achieve acceptance and to meet social expectations. This study addresses the importance of social interventions through examining the use of activity therapy and talk therapy friendship groups with ninth grade students. During freshman orientation, 438 students completed a survey that assessed their desire for social connection to peers, adults, and extracurricular activities. Of these students, 10 participated in friendship groups for 9 weeks. The treatment group (N = 5) received 50 minutes of activity therapy once a week, and the comparison group (N = 5) received 50 minutes of talk therapy once a week. During the first and last weeks of the study, students in both groups completed the Mehrabian Affiliative Tendency Scale (MAFF) and the Mehrabian Sensitivity to Rejection Scale (MSR). The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were conducted, and no significance was found in comparing the within and between group measures. The study also explored the use of friendship groups using a qualitative analysis, including interviews, observations, and artifacts. Two students who did not participate in the friendship groups served as a small control group and were included in interviews. All students in both friendship groups presented data that supported the


Present situation and difficulties of variety purity identification,SSR principle and advantages in practice were reviewed in this paper,and the high throughput,high efficiency DNA fingerprinting technology and automatic genetic analysis technologies were prospected.


The union newspaper in this survey research setting was held in high esteem by a large proportion of the membership and provided a competitive political news service to its blue collar audience.


The Terascale Simulation Tools and Technologies (TSTT) center is a collaboration between several universities and DOE laboratories, and is funded by the DOE Scientific Discovery for Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program. The primary objective of the (TSTT) center is to develop technologies taht enable application scientists to easily use multiple mesh and discretization strageties within a single simulation on terascale computeres. This is accomplished through the development of common functional interfaces to geometry, mesh, and other simulation data. This package is Sandia's implementation of these interfaces.


Standard roughness measurement procedures depend heavily on stylus instruments which have only limited flexibility in handling different parts. On the other hand, optical non-contact techniques are very interesting for 3D characterization of sensitive and complex engineering surfaces. In this study, a new ap proach is introduced to measure surface roughness in three dimensions by combining a light sectioning microscope and a computer vision system. This approach has the advantages of being non-contact, fast and cheap. A prototype version of a user interface program, currently named SR3D Vision, has been developed to manage three dimensional surface roughness measurements. A light sectioning microscope is used to view roughness profiles of the specimens to be Measured and the vision system is used to capture images for successive profiles. This program has been totally developed in-house using MatlabTM software to analyze the captured images through four main modules: (Measurement controller, Profile or surface extraction, 2D roughness parameters calculation and 3D roughness parameters calculation). The system has been calibrated for metric units and verified using standard specimens. In addition, the system was used to measure various samples machined by different operations and the results were compared with a commercial software and a web-based surface metrology algorithm testing system. The accuracy of the system was verified and proved to be within ±4.8% compared with these systems.


A descriptive and cross sectional study of 85 patients with oral lichen planus associated with the virus of human papiloma, assisted in the estomatological service from the Specialties Polyclinic in "Saturnino Lora Torres" Teaching Clinical-Surgical Provincial Hospital from Santiago de Cuba was carried out from November, 2008 to the same month of 2011, with the aim of evaluating the results of the histological and pathological diagnosis of this disorder. Among the analyzed variables there were: age, sex, clinical histological and pathological diagnosis, anatomical localization, risk factors, cellular changes which appear in the epithelium and magnitude of the epithelial dysplasia. The age group 20-29, both sexes, the cheek mucosa as the place of greater incidence, the koilocytos presence as the most significant histological finding, high proportions of the mild epithelial dysplasia prevailed in the case material.


This paper presents the theoretical development of lifting surface theory for the calculation of aerodynamic airforce coefficients for cruciform-tail configurations. The cruciform tail is assumed to vibrate in simple harmonic motion in a subsonic airflow with small amplitude so that linearised aerodynamic theory is valid. Linearised integral equations are formulated that relate the normal velocities with the loadings on the lower and upper fins, and on the half-tailplanes. These integral equations are solved numerically for the loadings and then the generalised airforce coefficients when the cruciform tail oscillates at general frequencies in any antisymmetric mode. The configuration has a common junction chord and the condition is satisfied that the sum of the loadings at the junction is zero. Numerical results are compared with those obtained from Doublet-Lattice (NLRI) method and other theoretical methods wherever possible.


Aim To detect voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) β1 subunit expression and mutation analysis in spontaneously epileptic rat (SER) hippocampus compared with that of control Wistar rats.Methods The mRNA expression of β1 subunit was detected by RT-PCR;the protein distribution of β1 subunit was detected by immunohistochemistry;the protein expression of β1 subunit was detected by Western blot;the β1 subunit mutation analysis of five exons was detected by DNA sequencing.Results The mRNA expression of β1 subunit in SER hippocampus was significantly higher than that in control rat hippocampus by RT-PCR(P0.05);the protein distribution of β1 subunit in SER hippocampus was detected in all the areas of hippocampus by immunohistochemistry;the protein expression of β1 subunit was significantly increased by Western blot(P0.01). However,there was no sequence mutation for five exons of β1 subunit by means of mutation analysis.Conclusion Sodium channel β1 subunit abnormal expression at the mRNA and protein levels of SER hippocampus might result in the epileptiform activity and underlie the observed seizure phenotype in SERs.


Nanostructured samples of X type Ba 2Co 2Fe 28 O 46 hexagonal ferrite have been prepared by using the stearic acid gel method. The nanocrystalline hexaferrite powders obtained at 750 ℃ were spherical in shape with grain sizes in the range of 15 ̄25 nm. With increasing calcining temperature, the particles become a plate like structure. The magnetic properties of X type barium ferrite nanocrystals were measured by using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). The results indicate that the magnetic properties of the title products are different from those of the common X type hexaferrites with a lower specific saturation magnetization( σ s). Coercivity force( H c) and the specific saturation magnetization( σ s) of the products are influenced by the particles sizes.


Recent research reveals that less than %20 of projects achieve their time, cost and quality objectives, and Project Management is one of the key factors in the success of projects. Considering that each project is unique, appropriate tools, techniques and methods must be adopted in relation to the scale, complexity and the particular characteristics of each project. The Project Management Plan is developed for this purpose. If the functions of the plan and its components are not properly evaluated for each project, besides the incurrence of extra costs, the plan may not be very effective. Today Value Engineering Methodology is one of the most successful tools for cost reduction, as well as performance and quality improvement for a system or a product. This article is part of an ongoing research that is being carried out to investigate the potential of this methodology for the optimization of the Project Management Plan. In addition to a clear explanation of the problem, Value Engineering phases have been revised.


This article describes a virtual bumper that uses antilock brakes and adaptive cruise control to create a safety buffer zone in front of and behind a vehicle.


According to the actual Code for Seismic Design of Building(GB 50011—2001) and combining with two engineering cases,the dynamic characteristics of adding extra-floors spanning existing building with steel structure were analyzed through making 3-D finite element model,and the seismic responses of the separated and integral coat framing were obtained by using response spectrum method and time history analysis method of vibration mode.The results show that the seismic force of adding extra-floors spanning existing building with steel structure is bigger,and the time of top values of shearing force between layers is longer,and the reducing is slower.The seismic responses and seismic behaviors of two kinds of structures were compared.The conclusion can be served as the references of such structure design.


C. Vellidis,12 G. A. Warren, 3,kk and L. Weinstein11 (Bates FPP Collaboration) 1College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 2University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 3Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Bates Linear Accelerator Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 4Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606 5California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032 6University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 7Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 8Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 9Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia 23504 10Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855 11Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 12University of Athens, Greece (Received 29 July 1997 )


This paper reports on an EEG-based brain computer interface (BCI) development, which recognizes four levels of attention. In order to measure the levels of subject's attention, many types of biological signals can be recorded such as electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram(ECG), electrooculo-gram(EOG), and electromyogram (EMG). Among these methods EEG generally is used as the most effective one for assessing subject's cognitive functions. Recognizing attention levels can be used in a wide variety of applications such as students' attention level, clinical application in detecting Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and driver fatigue detecting system. Highlighting the four levels of attention is proposed here, in which the acquired signals from subjects are modeled in a designed task so that attention levels vary from non-attention conditions (closed eyes and reading task) to full attention conditions (mathematics task and vigilance). While the previous studies only worked on two levels of attention (low and high levels), the novelty of proposed method is in using four levels of attention. After proving the effectiveness of proposed system, the results reveal appropriate signal processing and classification methods for discriminating the levels of attention which can be used for boosting the BCI performance.


The aqueous high pressure–temperature oxidation of cyclohexanone was found to be strongly catalyzed by silver, iron(III), and copper ions but not by aluminum, cobalt, manganese(II), or nickel ions....


The main objective is the holding of controlling production costs in order to create efficiency in production costs. Controlling production costs can be done in various ways, one of them is by analyzing the ratio between the cost or time of their standardized with the real cost and time. Measuring instrument production cost control is a standard cost system which consists of three models the difference, which difference will be three models to calculate the difference in production costs, ie costs of raw materials, labor costs and factory overhead costs. Moreover, I also use the methods of research through library and field research by interviewing the parties related to the theme of this writing. Results of analysis in this paper is the Company was in the profitable difference for the difference in raw material costs due to usage of raw materials actually less than the standard raw material costs.. Factory Overhead Costs While experiencing adverse foreign firms because the real cost is greater than the cost of standardized


The miscibility of poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVPh) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends has been investigated by FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Although both techniques provide evidence for the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl group of PVPh and the ester group of PMMA, the blends show only a limited degree of hydrogen-bonding interactions when cast from tetrahydrofuran solutions. Comparison of the blends with those cast from a ketone solution and changes in the hydrogen-bonded fractions after thermal cycles indicate that the blends are partially miscible mixtures, in agreement with a previous NMR observation. During the thermally induced evolution of the miscibility, conformational transitions of side chain ester groups in the blend systems, analogous to the phenomenon occurring in PMMA homopolymers, were observed. With prolonged heating, the blends gradually approach the complete miscibility predicted by an association model. It may be concluded that even though the hydrogen bond betwe...


The characteristics of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) based on six-pulse Voltage Source Converter (VSC), which is inserted in series into a three phase inductive system, are analyzed and calculated in detail in its inductive and capacitive operation modes, including the AC, DC current and DC capacitor voltage in one period. And the expressions for them are derived in order to assess the compensator performance. The SSSC based on six-pulse VSC is specially studied because it gives an insight into the study of the more complex configurations. On the basis of calculations and simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC, the impact of current on DC capacitor charge and discharge is analyzed thoroughly. A methodology for the capacitor voltage control of SSSC is obtained. Meanwhile, a basis for choosing semiconductor devices of SSSC is presented in the paper.


This work presents the analysis of jitter accumulation in interleaved phase frequency detectors for high-accuracy on-chip jitter measurements. Jitter accumulation in phase frequency detector degrades the accuracy of on-chip jitter measurements, and required to be mitigated. In order to estimate the jitter accumulation in phase frequency detectors, SPICE simulation was performed with 65 nm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that, with a 50 mV power supply noise injection, jitter accumulation can be reduced from 1.03 ps to 0.49 ps (52% reduction) by using an interleaved architecture.


Originally, trehalose was believed to function only as a reserve carbohydrate similar to glycogen. It is now known that the degradation of trehalose yields little energy and whilst it can serve as a source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis, it mainly functions as a membrane stabiliser and protectant for yeast cells under stress. (O'Connor-Cox et al, 1996). The significance of trehalose as an endogenous protectant is referred to in numerous literature sources.


The thought process is a very interesting thing to examine in mathematics learning. Sometimes in solving questions, students' answers are wrong not because of the wrong thinking process, as well as correct answers, it is not certain that students understand why the process was carried out. Such conditions occur because the students' thought processes are pseudo, meaning that the thought process that occurs is not a reflection of the real thought process. The focus in this study is students who experience pseudo thinking in understanding the concept of exponential equations. The pseudo thinking categories are grouped according to the Vinner and Subanji frameworks. Based on the research results, the students' pseudo thinking process in understanding the concept of exponential equations was shown that most students in understanding the concept of exponential equations still memorized the formula without understanding the formula. Students only think of looking for answers quickly using formulas that have been learned. If learning only emphasizes procedures and memorization, what happens learning mathematics has no meaning. In addition to memorizing procedures, it is very risky for students to forget, students are not able to use mathematics according to the actual concept.


On the cover of this handsome new paperback edition of Bruce Fink's Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique is an arresting reproduction of a musical score written in Johannes Sebastian Bach's hand, his Fugue in A Flat Major from The Well-Tempered Clavier. Artistically rendered as a kind of photographic negative, the swirling musical calligraphy is mesmerizing – the sheer complexity and precision of Bach's notation mirrors the polyphonic richness of Bach's otherworldly genius: all these different musical registers, these different musical voices, intertwine into the utter uniqueness of his artistry. When I attain presence to Bach's music, I hear these different registers not one a time – which is my usual reflex as I shift from one voice to another – but rather all at once. And with this polyphonic awareness, I


Primary education plays an important role in the creative education. This paper further illustrates the importance and significance of the creative education in primary schools as well as other relevant issues.


We study quantum communication protocols, in which the players' storage starts out in a state where one qubit is in a pure state, and all other qubits are totally mixed (i.e. in a random state), and no other storage is available (for messages or internal computations). This restriction on the available quantum memory has been studied extensively in the model of quantum circuits, and it is known that classically simulating quantum circuits operating on such memory is hard when the additive error of the simulation is exponentially small (in the input length), under the assumption that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse.
We study this setting in communication complexity. The goal is to consider larger additive error for simulation-hardness results, and to not use unproven assumptions.
We define a complexity measure for this model that takes into account that standard error reduction techniques do not work here. We define a clocked and a semi-unclocked model, and describe efficient simulations between those.
We characterize a one-way communication version of the model in terms of weakly unbounded error communication complexity.
Our main result is that there is a quantum protocol using one clean qubit only and using $O(\log n)$ qubits of communication, such that any classical protocol simulating the acceptance behaviour of the quantum protocol within additive error $1/poly(n)$ needs communication $\Omega(n)$.
We also describe a candidate problem, for which an exponential gap between the one-clean-qubit communication complexity and the randomized complexity is likely to hold, and hence a classical simulation of the one-clean-qubit model within {\em constant} additive error might be hard in communication complexity. We describe a geometrical conjecture that implies the lower bound.


The paper approaches aspect based opinion mining, which uses an unsupervised neural network as the opinion classifier. The neural network is an extension of the Growing Hierarchical Self-organizing Maps (GHSOM). In the aspect based sentiment analysis, we exploit the fact that the binary relations of syntactic dependency, extracted from product reviews, very often express relations between an aspect of the reviewed product and an opinion towards that aspect. We use the Growing Hierarchical Self-organizing Maps to classify pairs built according to the dependency relations, more exactly to classify pairs of the form (aspect, opinion bearing word). With this classification, we discover whether the various text mentions of the aspects of the target entity (such as the aspects of a product) are opinionated with positive or negative sentiment in the text of a review. We classify these pairs against a domain specific taxonomy of aspects, which also includes (positive/ negative) opinions associated with the aspects. Since it is based on classification against an ontology, our approach is semantic oriented. We tested our system on a collection of reviews about photo cameras.


A simple and reliable methodology for determining the Young's modulus of magnetorheological elastomers is proposed based on the resonance frequencies of the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal. An explicit expression for the pressure changes within a photoacoustic cell, due to the thermal expansion of the air and the elastic bending of a clamped circular elastic membrane, is derived and analyzed. It is found that the resonance behavior of the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal is due to the contribution of the axial bending of its thickness. It is also shown that the Young's modulus of the membrane is proportional to its density, the square of its resonance frequencies and the fourth power of its radius, and inversely proportional to the square of its thickness. The application of the proposed approach to membranes made up of spherical microparticles of carbonyl iron powder embedded in a matrix of silicone rubber with weight concentrations of 0%, 5.2%, and 13.7% yields accurate and reproducible resul...


The focus in this thesis research is: (1) How is the policy of character education in extracurricular activities in SMAN 1 Pemalang?; (2) How character values in extracurricular activities implemented in SMAN 1 Pemalang? The purposes of this thesis were (1) To recognize the character of education policies in extracurricular activities in SMAN 1 Pemalang and (2) to recognize the implementation of character values in extracurricular activities in SMAN 1 Pemalang. This thesis collects data using interviews, observation and documentation. Data is analyzed using interactive models with the following manner: (1) data collection, (2) data reduction, (3) presentation of data, and (4) conclusion. Based on the results of research and discussion of the results obtained: (1) The Policy of character education in extracurricular activities in SMAN 1 Pemalang is contained in Document 1 Curriculum of SMA Negeri 1 Pemalang and Extracurricular Activities guide in SMA Negeri 1 Pemalang; (2) The implementation of character education in extracurricular activities are divided into 4 groups, namely psychosocial though the heart, though the thought, though sports and liver. Extracurricular activities of religious yet to be seen, only religious activities habituation in terms of worship through Islamic spirituality, christian spirituality and Catholic spirituality; (3) The program of activities of habituation should also be made more orderly for the implementation of the implementation of character education in extracurricular activities can be monitored more success; (4) extra in terms of character education has not been fully implemented, only the discipline that becomes a reference to it in future assessments in character education should also be done in any extracurricular activities.


Digital forensics has become a prevalent force in the field of computer security; aiding in determining events that may or may not have taken place. Academia has taught computer forensics students that one of the most important elements of the digital forensic process is having a working copy of the original device. Though this concept works well with computers and laptops, it does not with smartphones. At this point, a bit-for-bit image of a smartphone cannot be made. Furthermore, any action taken on a smartphone is logged and therefore, attempting to create a copy would in essence change the state of the device; making the use of hashes null and void. In an effort to realize interesting and unique forensic patterns in the operations of smartphones, two experiments were designed using XRY, DiffMerge, and four smartphone devices: RIM Blackberry 8703e, Blackberry 7103, Blackberry 8530, and Symbian HTC TouchPro 6850. These experiments allowed the researchers to compare and contrast the four smartphones not only by the specific device but by carrier, manufacturer, file size by category, file size by test, and folder size in terms of how the kernel deals with file stores, edits, and deletes after specific user operations. The outcome of the experiments resulted in a process that helps the forensic examiner to manually inspect a device while being aware of the path of contamination introduced to the device through user functions. The goal of this research is to create an open debate in the forensic community about the consideration of different standards when examining smartphones, one of which would be the acceptance of change.


SUMMARY The sensitivity of the haemagglutination, complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent hydatid disease is presented. In the first, diagnostic titres were obtained in 90%, 80% and 96% of 50 patients with hepatic and 64%, 60% and 68% of 25 patients with pulmonary cysts, respectively. In the postoperative study of 62 patients, elevated titres of HA, CF and IFA antibodies in 30 led to the presumptive diagnosis of recurrent disease, confirmed later by radiological and surgical follow-ups. In the 32 others the proportion of positive reactors was 29%, 6% and 28% in HA, CF and IFA tests. These patients had no detectable cysts. This indicates that in post-operative patients a negative CF test may be of a better prognostic value in indicating absence of cysts than the HA and IFA tests.


It introduces the constructing skill of large-span station steel concrete frame overpass side top entering of Louda section in Yangshi,puts emphasis on elaborating the key crafts of side-top entering,ensures the constructing period and saves the material,which can be reference for familiar project.


Tributyl citrate was synthesized by using citric acid and butanol as raw materials.The effects of reaction conditions such as kind of catalyst,molar ratio of the reactants,reaction time and temperature on the esterification ratio were studied by orthogonal experimentation,and the optimum reaction conditions were determined: hydrated sodium bisulfate as catalyst,butanol: citric acid = 4 : 1(mol / mol),reaction time was 2.5 h,reaction temperature was 115℃,the esterification ratio was up to 96.94%.


Please cite this article as: Amiri F., Yaghmaei S., Mousavi S. M., (2010), Comparison of Different Methods in Bioleaching of TungstenRich Spent Hydro-Cracking Catalyst Using Adapted Penecillum simplicissimum BBRC-20019, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 21, 1483-1488 DOI: 10.3303/CET1021248 Comparison of Different Methods in Bioleaching of TungstenRich Spent Hydro-Cracking Catalyst Using Adapted Penecillum simplicissimum BBRC-20019


A valid proof that Kubota's AD-integral is more general than Burkill's AP integral is given. Recently Russell Gordon ([2]) has pointed out defects in several proofs for the statement of the title here and left unresolved whether this is a true statement. To show that it is true, we will use the following results.


This study discussed the urgency of notary honorarium arrangements and reconstruction of notary honorarium arrangements besides making an authentic deed. The study utilized normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach with grammatical interpretation analysis. The urgency of determining the notary's honorarium was related to the philosophical, juridical, economic and sociological urgency. Giving an honorarium to a notary in addition to his authority in an authentic deed was very necessary because it provided legal protection for the rights that a notary should receive for the services that had been provided. The determination of the honorarium aimed to provide legal protection and legal certainty to notaries.


The main objective of this study was to develop a method to determine the products likely to be evolved under a fire situation from a series of pigments, polymers and pigmented polymer systems. This allows some assessment of the hazards presented by the materials should the fire situation arise.


Sound attenuating structure including a combination of one or more core layers comprising cells directed perpendicular to the main surface of the structure. The core layers are separated from each other by perforated separating sheets, a closed sheet is adhered to one side of said combination and a perforated sheet to the other side of said combination, at which side the sound waves impinge upon the structure. The passages in said last mentioned sheet as well as in the separating sheets have an asymmetric cross section having its smallest diameter somewhat less than the sheet thickness of the structure and increasing from this diameter fluently towards both surfaces of the respective sheet.


Routing of nets is one of the most time-consuming steps in the FPGA design flow. Existing works have described ways of accelerating the process through parallelization. However, only some of them are deterministic, and determinism is often achieved at the cost of speedup. In this paper, we propose ParaDRo, a parallel FPGA router based on spatial partitioning that achieves deterministic results while maintaining reasonable speedup. Existing spatial partitioning based routers do not scale well because the number of nets that can fully utilize all processors reduces as the number of processors increases. In addition, they route nets that are within a spatial partition sequentially. ParaDRo mitigates this problem by scheduling nets within a spatial partition to be routed in parallel if they do not have overlapping bounding boxes. Further parallelism is extracted by decomposing multi-sink nets into single-sink nets to minimize the amount of bounding box overlaps and increase the number of nets that can be routed in parallel. These improvements enable ParaDRo to achieve an average speedup of 5.4X with 8 threads with minimal impact on the quality of results.


Equitable access to pediatric organ transplantation is critical, although risk factors negatively impacting pre‐ and post‐transplant outcomes remain. No synthesis of the literature on SDoH within the pediatric organ transplant population has been conducted; thus, the current systematic review summarizes findings to date assessing SDoH in the evaluation, listing, and post‐transplant periods.


Proper calibration of pavement design and rehabilitation performance models to conditions in Texas is essential for cost-effective flexible pavement design. The degree of excellence with which the Texas Department of Transportation 's (TxDOT's) pavement design models is calibrated will determine how optimally literally billions of dollars of future roadway investment capital will be spent. The magnitude of benefits and consequences involved make this research project one of the more important research efforts the department has undertaken recently. Collection of quality and reliable pavement performance data on a sustained basis is the main goal of this project. Inevitably, this presents a perfect opportunity to calibrate and validate the current design methods and models for both flexible pavement and overlays. The calibration of these models to the Texas local conditions will result in pavement designs that are more economical in the long term and that have an increased likelihood of performing as expected.


An engine was specially prepared with extensive instrumentation to monitor performance, case temperatures, and clearance changes. A special loading device was used to apply known loads on the engine by the use of cables placed around the flight inlet. These loads simulated the estimated aerodynamic pressure distributions that occur on the inlet in various segments of a typical airplane flight. Test results indicate that the engine lost 1.3 percent in take-off thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) during the course of the test effort. Permanent clearance changes due to the loads accounted for 1.1 percent; increase in low pressure compressor airfoil roughness and thermal distortion in the high pressure turbine accounted for 0.2 percent. Pretest predicted performance loss due to clearance changes was 0.9 percent in TSFC. Therefore, the agreement between measurement and prediction is considered to be excellent.


The tomographic Alcock-Paczynski (AP) method is a promising method that uses the redshift evolution of the anisotropic clustering in redshift space to calibrate cosmology. It extends the applicable range of AP method to substantially nonlinear scales, yielding very tight cosmological constraints. For future stage-IV slitless spectroscopic surveys, the non-negligible redshift errors might reduce the advantage of the tomographic AP method by suppressing the resolution of the nonlinear structure along the line of sight. The present work studies how redshift errors propagate to cosmological parameters in the tomographic AP analysis. We use a formula 𝜎 𝑧 = 𝜎 ( 1 + 𝑧 ) 𝛼 to model the redshift errors, with 𝜎 varying from 0.001 to 0.006 and 𝛼 varying from 0.5 to 1.5. The redshift errors produce a signal of anisotropic clustering that is similar to a strong finger-of-god effect, which smears out both the AP signal and the contamination caused by the redshift space distortions (RSD). For the target precision of the Chinese Space Station Telescope optical survey ( 𝜎 (cid:46) 0 . 002), the decrement of constraining power on the dark energy equation of state is mild ( (cid:46) 50%), and the suppression of RSD contamination leads to a smaller bias-to-signal ratio. Our results indicate that the tomographic AP method will remain a useful and complementary tool for analyses of future slitless spectroscopic surveys.


This is the new concept to transform the Coefficient of polynomial equation to another set of coefficient to make the roots in between a particular interval by which any person can easily identify how many real roots, after plotting the equation in a graph of x axis having the desired range by compressing the curve. Keywords— Coefficient transformation, roots finding, curve compression, Coefficient, solving polynomial equations, equations, polynomial, transformation, compression


Understanding of the temporal and spatial development of interplanetary-driven ionospheric convection is evolving rapidly. Detailed comparisons of the IMF measurements by Wind with ionospheric electric field observations by sounding rockets and the Polar spacecraft conclusively demonstrate that signals can interact with the magnetosphere on significantly longer or shorter than nominal advection lag time scales. The antiparallel merging hypothesis of Crooker provides a unifying perspective for interpreting measurements. The timing and location of interactions depend on IMF B X in such a way that merging can occur simultaneously in the northern and southern hemispheres with interplanetary features that are significantly separated in time on a single streamline. The measurements also show that small-scale variations of the interplanetary electric field couple to the magnetosphere and ionosphere more directly than has been previously reported. These variations are plausible sources of commonly seen temporal and spatial deviations from statistical dayside convection patterns. To quantitatively apply this new understanding to improve space weather forecasting requires multiple satellites in the solar wind.


Abstract. Analysis of clinical and anamnestic findings has been performed for 105 children 2 to 6 years old, and 101 adolescents 10-12 years old has been performed. Clinico-anamnestic data of children and addescents with and without chronic diseases were compared within mentioned age groups. As a result, 3 groups of risk factors for developing chronic pathology have been distinguished, i.e., (1) predisposing; (2) potentiating, and (3) consolidating. For chronic pathology to be developed, the presence of factors from all three groups is obligatory.


Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is an efficient error resilient video coding method especially for real-time applications when retransmission is unacceptable. For applications with scalable, multicast and P2P environments, it is advantageous to use more than two descriptions. In this paper, we present an adaptive temporal-spatial error concealment method using motion vector analysis to improve the performance of MDC. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.


Objective Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) to treat the chronic obstructive pulmonary tuberculosis(COPD) and amalgamate the Ⅱ type and breathe depleted curative effect horizontally by the face guard pair.Methods 53 COPD amalgamate Ⅱ type breathe depleted patient,divide into,treat 26 of group at random,resist inflammation,solve convulsion,flat breathe heavily,oxygen intake,in the routine resists inflammation,solves convulsion,flat breathing heavily,oxygen intake,breathing excitant etc.and treats the foundation,add and assist and keep in touch with with the BiPAP machine;27 of control group,give above-mentioned regular treatment only.Treat relatively,treat 2h,24h,two the intersection of artery and vim and vigour,respiratory rate,the intersection of heart rate and changing and rate of intubate taken,etc.behind the 48h.Results The treatment group to obviously improve when pH value,PaO2,PaO2 are relatively admitted to hospital in 2h,24h,48h vim and vigour analysis after not achieving and keeping in touch with and the difference has significance(P0.05).Control group,and comparative pH value,PaO2,PaO2 improve obviously admitted to hospital,difference have significance(P 0.05).Treat the group to improve compared with control group,the difference has significance(P0.05).The respiratory rate,heart rate change too relatively the control group obviously improves(P0.05).Treat group,need to have 3 examples,the rate of intubate taken is 11.5% intubate in theory among them,the control group takes 13 intubates in theory,rate of intubate taken is 48.1%,the two difference has significance(P0.05).Conclusion It can improve COPD and amalgamate Ⅱ type situation of vim and vigour which breathes the depleted patient,etc.to keep in touch with effectively to achieve to use,reduce the intubate rate,treat this kind of patient grade and help effective method.


The materials studied here include SmCo5, GdCo5, Sm2TM17, Gd2TM17, Nd9.4Pr4.6Fe80B6, Alnico, SrFe12O19, and PtCo (TM=transition metal). For the first time, the thermal expansion data α(⊥) and α(∥) for the eight materials from as low as −180 °C to as high as 1250 °C have been reported. α(⊥) is the thermal expansion coefficient in the base plane and α(∥) is the coefficient in the c axis. All anisotropic materials tested show thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA). The degree of TEA is defined as γ=α(⊥)/α(∥). The γ has been observed to be related to the degree of magnetocrystalline anisotropy field HA. SmCo5 has the highest HA (350 kOe) and the highest γ (2.5). All the materials show thermal anomaly with a changing slope for α(∥) near Tc and near phase transformation temperatures. The magnitude of thermal anomaly has been observed to be related to the magnitude of spontaneous magnetization (SMZ). The most distinct thermal anomalies are observed for Nd9.4Pr4.6Fe80B6, in which both α(⊥) and α(∥) show a deep valley...


1. Approaches and Species in the History of Vertebrate Embryology Nick Hopwood 2. Manipulating and Imaging the Early Xenopus laevis Embryo Michael V. Danilchik 3. Manipulation of Gene Function in Xenopus laevis Mizuho S. Mimoto and Jan L. Christian 4. Developmental Genetics in Xenopus tropicalis Timoty J. Geach and Lyle B. Zimmerman 5. Embryological and Genetic Manipulation of Chick Development Laura S. Gammill and Catherine E. Krull 6. Embryological Manipulations in Zebrafish Yuhua Sun, Dorota Wloga, and Scott T. Dougan 7. Practical Approaches for Implementing Forward Genetic Strategies in Zebrafish Sreelaja Nair and Francisco Pelegri 8. Essential Techniques for Introducing Medaka to a Zebrafish Laboratory - Toward the Combined Use of Medaka and Zebrafish for Further Genetic Dissection of the Function of the Vertebrate Genome Sean R. Porazinski, Huijia Wang, and Makoto Furutani-Seiki 9. Ex-utero Culture and Imaging of Mouse Embryos Anna Piliszek, Gloria S. Kwon, and Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis 10. Detection of Gene Expression in Mouse Embryos and Tissue Sections Edwina McGlinn and Jennifer H. Mansfield 11. Gene Targeting in the Mouse Anne E. Griep, Manorama C. John, Sakae Ikeda, and Akihiro Ikeda 12. Creating a "Hopeful Monster": Mouse Forward Genetic Screens Vanessa L. Horner and Tamara Caspary 13. Assisted Reproductive Technology in Nonhuman Primates Tien-cheng Chang and Anthony W.S. Chan 14. Embryological Methods in Ascidians: the Villefranche-sur-Mer Protocols Christian Sardet, Alex McDougall, Hitoyoshi Yasuo, Janet Chenevert, Gerard Pruliere, Remi Dumollard, Clare Hudson, Celine Hebras, Ngan Le Nguyen and Alexandre Paix 15. Ciona Genetics Michael T. Veeman, Shota Chiba and William C. Smith 16. Analyses of Gene Function in Amphioxus Embryos by Microinjection of mRNAs and Morpholino-oligonucleotides Linda Z. Holland and Takayuki Onai 17. Reptile Embryology Matthew K. Vickaryous and Katherine E. McLean 18. Reproductive and Developmental Manipulation of the Marsupial, the Tammar Wallaby Macropus eugenii Marylin B. Renfree and Andrew J. Pask 19. Mutant Generation in Vertebrate Model Organisms by TILLING Sylke Winkler, Nicola Gscheidel, and Michael Brand 20. Inducing High Rates of Targeted Mutagenesis in Zebrafish using Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) Jasmine M. McCammon, Yannick Doyon, and Sharon L. Amacher 21. Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Blastocysts Produced by Fertilization and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Zhongde Wang 22. Cloning Mice and ES Cells by Nuclear Transfer from Somatic Cells and Fully Differentiated Cells Zhongde Wang 23. Keeping Two Animal Systems in One Lab: A Frog Plus Fish Case Study Hazel Sive 24. Laboratory Guidelines for Animal Care Marcelo Cuoto


. In this article we present our state of the art of fitting helioseismic p-mode spectra. We give a step by step recipe for fitting the spectra: statistics of the spectra both for spatially unresolved and resolved data, the use of Maximum Likelihood estimates, the statistics of the p-mode parameters, the use of Monte-Carlo simulation and the significance of fitted parameters. The recipe is applied to synthetic low-resolution data, similar to those of the LOI, using Monte-Carlo simulations. For such spatially resolved data, the statistics of the Fourier spectrum is assumed to be a multi-normal distribution; the statistics of the power spectrum is not a χ 2 with 2 degrees of freedom. Results for l = 1 shows that all parameters describing the p modes can be obtained without bias and with minimum variance provided that the leakage matrix is known. Systematic errors due to an imperfect knowledge of the leakage matrix are derived for all the p-mode parameters.


Electroencephalography to differentiate the various stages of sleep and wake, Chin electromyography and electrooculography to assess muscle tone and detect REM sleep, Respiratory effort, airflow, blood oxygen saturation (oximetry), and electrocardiography to assess apneic events, Anterior tibialis electromyogram to assess periodic limb movements during sleep, and Video recording to detect any unusual behavior.


We study a defect correction method for the approximation of viscoelastic fluid flow. In the defect step, the constitutive equation is computed with an artificially reduced Weissenberg parameter for stability, and the resulting residual is corrected in the correction step. We prove the convergence of the defect correction method and derive an error estimate for the Oseen‐viscoelastic model problem. The derived theoretical results are supported by numerical tests for both the Oseen‐viscoelastic problem and the Johnson‐Segalman model problem. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006


This paper presents a compact model for metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors, based on a time-dependent solution for the surface potential. This enables modeling of the frequency dependence of MOS capacitors, which is not possible with existing compact models. The model is implemented in Verilog-A, and is verified against two-dimensional (2-D) numerical device simulations with DESSIS.


Researchers have welcomed the appointment of the Mexican particle physicist Arturo Menchaca Rocha as the head of Mexico's Presidential Science Advisory Council (SAC).


The investigation of the gel structure and properties influence upon the crystallization processes have been carried out and are reported in this paper. The gel acidity and nucleation centers distribution are chosen as the parameters describing this process. The analytical approximations for the nucleation and precipitation density along the gel column are proposed. It has been shown that in the view of the parameters chosen it is impossible separately to determine the gel structure and proton concentration effects on crystallization processes.

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The detection of machine-generated text, especially from large language models (LLMs), is crucial in preventing serious social problems resulting from their misuse. Some methods train dedicated detectors on specific datasets but fall short in generalizing to unseen test data, while other zero-shot ones often yield suboptimal performance. Although the recent DetectGPT has shown promising detection performance, it suffers from significant inefficiency issues, as detecting a single candidate requires scoring hundreds of its perturbations with the source LLM. This paper aims to bridge this gap. Technically, we propose to incorporate a Bayesian surrogate model, which allows us to select typical samples based on Bayesian uncertainty and interpolate scores from typical samples to other ones, to improve query efficiency. Our empirical results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms existing approaches under a low query budget. Notably, our method achieves similar performance with up to 2 times fewer queries than DetectGPT and 3.7% higher AUROC at a query number of 5.


Higher education (HE) participation has expanded dramatically in England over the last half century. Yet although participation has been rising, 'widening participation' in HE remains a major policy issue. Of particular concern is whether expansion of HE has led to improvements in the representation of previously under-represented groups, such as materially deprived students and ethnic minority students.


The goal of this group is to provide a safe place for group members to share experiences related to an array of interpersonal topics including:  social anxiety and isolation  exploring how your background and upbringing affect your relationship  talking about barriers that keep us from reaching out  feeling distant from others  pressure to meet others' expectations  asserting boundaries  self-care Find new ways to understand yourself and your relationships by gaining perspectives from other group members. Experience an opportunity to practice new, more engaged ways of relating to others, including giving and receiving support. The various topics focused on in group are identified by group members. While being authentic is valued in group there also is respect for each person's readiness to take risks with personal sharing. This group is open to undergraduate students of all genders. Groups form at the beginning of each quarter and meet Wednesday afternoons, 3:30-5:00 p.m. at the Counseling Center. All students who are interested in this group will need to schedule a pre-group screening.


In our preon model there exists a neutral vector boson D 1 which is an isoscalar partner of W ( Z ) in the vector boson octet. It is shown that the exchange of a D 1 of about 1 TeV mass naturally explains a positive excess of the weak charge of atomic cesium recently observed. Other processes occurring through the D 1 exchange are discussed, including the detection of CDM WIMP.


Performance-based awards encourage employees could reverse the trend to meet the spirit of self-interest and passion to meet organizational goals. Performance is a multidimensional construct that is very complex, with stout difference in meaning depending on who is being evaluated, how is evaluated and what aspects are evaluated. Motivation is the impetus, effort and desire that is in man which activate, energize and redirect the behavior to perform the tasks well within the scope of his job. This study aims to determine the effect of performance-based rewards to employee performance and motivation as an intervening variable in companies listed on the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The samples are manufacturing companies in large and medium scale. Data were processed using SPSS 14. The results showed that: 1) There Influence Awards Performance-Based Work Motivation. 2) There Influence Work Motivation on Employee Performance. 3) There Influence Performance Based Award on Employee Performance. 4) There are currently Effect of Performance Based Award on Employee Performance and Motivation Work As an intervening variable Keywords: Performance Based Award, Work Motivation, Employee Performance


Software project management has been identified as a major determinant factor of software project's success or failure. Software Project Planning (SPP) and Software Project Tracking and Oversight (SPTO) have equally been identified as two key process areas in software project management at maturity level 2 of the SEI CMMI. Following the need for consistent software process improvement in software industries world-over, especially as it concerns software project management, this study focused on evaluating the current level of performance of the two identified KPAs, SPP and SPTO in the software industry. Besides a broad review of literature, a study was conducted covering 30 software companies in the Nigerian geographical area. The study employed both the survey and the action research approaches with some of the companies selected as case studies for further appraisal. The study revealed some level of strength in the performance of the practices associated with SPP and SPTO in the Nigerian software industry. The results of the study were consistent with findings of earlier studies in enterprises whose maturity levels at the time of study were similar to that of the Nigerian software industry. Several recommendations were given for improving the performance of the practices associated with SPP and SPTO key process areas in particular, and software project management in general.


AbstractProduction and use of sustainable cold asphalt emulsion mixtures (CAEMs) that are comparable to traditional hot mixtures and relevant for roads and highway construction might achieve severa...


In this era dubbed the information age, access to justice and legal information by the public is no longer impeded by physical location. The Declaration on Free Access to Law states that: Public legal information from all countries and international institutions is part of the common heritage of humanity and public legal information is digital common property and should be accessible to all on a non-profit basis and free of charge. Maximizing access to this information promotes justice and the rule of law. This paper examines the provision of access to legal information services in the public libraries and the ICTs resources in place to support access to electronic resources. It also ascertains the availability of user education and information literacy programmes in place for users to ensure effective and efficient use of the legal information. A survey research design was used and semi structured interviews were the main data collection instrument. Of particular interest is that legal information collection in public libraries is mainly in print and many of the public librarians interviewed were not aware of the freely accessible online legal resources provided by various arms of government and independent organisations. There was a consensus on the absence of structured or formal user education and information literacy among the librarians interviewed. The paper concludes by outlining various interventions which can be implemented for developing a legal information literate society.


44-year-old female patient presented to our facility with 2 week history of headaches and massive mass located in the right forehead. She was diagnosed with multiple myeloma 5 years prior to presentation in outside hospital where she was initially treated with multiple lines including bortezomib and lenalidomide based multiple regimens in addition to 2 autologous stem cell transplants.


Various species of Micromonospora produced yields of vitamin B12 activity as high as 11 μg/ml under conditions of shaken flask fermentation.


This chapter proposes that in the grand opera of the nineteenth century, sexuality and dis/ability combine with opera's musical, literary, and dramatic elements, enabling experiences of the sublime within the context of human embodiment. Operatic representation of disability, including madness and lovesickness, enables audiences to both experience and contemplate uncontrollable and overwhelming forces, the essence of Arthur Schopenhauer's conception of sublimity. The rise of these representations in nineteenth-century opera coincides with increasingly influential concepts of normative bodies, bodily controllability, and marginalization of bodily excess and disability. Opera's textual, musical, sung, and acted representations of embodied excess, disability, and physical extremity enhance audiences' immersive witnessing of and physical empathy with those representations.


This year's review of recent literature in the field of children's libraries and literature includes a range of titles largely from the United States (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK). A number of the titles take an international perspective or are readily transferable on a global basis. The perspective taken is a personal one and the selection criteria are similar to last year: that books are perceived to be of value to practitioners; and the supposed audience for the publications mentioned is librarians, teachers and, in one case, parents.


A survey of the present state of microwave group-delay
equalizers is presented. Based on this, a number of equalizers
for use at microwave and millimetric wave frequencies are
investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. A microwave
group-delay measuring equipment is described, and a comprehensive
treatment of possible sources of error presented.


The fraction of plasticizing cubic β phase in the hydrogenized titanium alloy was quantitatively determined by the neutron diffraction technique as a function of temperature and hydrogen content. The dynamics of hydrogen flowing out from the alloy was investigated upon its heating


In one embodiment, wireless access point management is optimized. The data bandwidth and/or processing require ments for data indicating operation of the access point is baselined. For example, air quality or interference measure ments are made at the access point on a regular basis. The interference measurements over one or more periods, such as one period of 24 hours, provide a baseline. Rather than trans mitting and processing the Subsequent measurements that are normal or within the baseline, a lack of information or data requiring less bandwidth than the measurements communi cates to a controller or server that the measurements are normal or within the baseline.


Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) imagery classification is widely investigated, and there are a lot of proposed classifiers. The main issue in the classification of PolSAR images is the extraction of effective features that allow the preservation of the scattering mechanisms in order to give good results. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of the textures features for polarimetric SAR images. We used for this analysis two classifiers, Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN) and the Maximum Likelihood (ML) Wishart. The textures extracted are the Gabor filters. The results show that textures add information to the polarimetric features, thus, allowing good classification results. In order to validate our experiment we used two PolSAR images RADARSAT-2, and AIRSAR C-band images of San Francisco.


Abstract Danish seining is an important fishing method used to harvest demersal species. Knowledge about the size selectivity of different demersal species with this type of fishing gear is therefore of importance for managing the exploitation of marine resources. However, there are only limited data on size selection in cod ends in this fishery. Sea trials were therefore carried out to collect size selectivity data for Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua, Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, and Witch Flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus for a diamond-mesh cod end. For all three species, the data were best described by a double logistic selection curve, implying that two different size selection processes occur in the cod end. The double selection process could be explained by an additional selection process occurring through slack meshes. The results imply that the escapement of 46% and 34% of the larger Atlantic Cod and Haddock (those above 48 cm), respectively, would be through wide-open or slack meshes. Since these mesh states are only likely to be present in the latest stage of the fishing process (e.g., when the cod end is near the surface), a large fraction of the bigger fish probably escaped near the surface, which might influence their likelihood of survival. Furthermore, based on the models established for explaining the experimental size selection, we were able to predict the effect of changing the mesh size on cod end size selection in the Danish seine fishery.


Introduction One of the most interesting aspects of the hypercalcemia of malignancy is that it is unlikely that the hypercalcemia is due to the secretion by the tumor cells of one gene product which causes osteoclastic bone resorption and hypercalcemia, but rather that multiple tumor products work in concert on bone and kidney to overwhelm the normal compensatory mechanisms which guard calcium homeostasis so carefully. Moreover, although tumors secrete multiple factors which affect calcium metabolism, in the great majority of nonparathyroid gland tumors it is clear that parathyroid hormone itself is not one of these factors. Our understanding of the mechanisms of hypercalcemia of malignancy has advanced steadily over the last five years. This has occurred in part because of the application of the emerging techniques of molecular biology to this field. The use of complementary DNA(cDNA) probes for detecting gene expression and the availability of recombinant tumor products for testing in biological assays have clarified some of the mechanisms by which tumors affect bone cell function. Moreover, investigators have realized that understanding the mechanisms of tumor-induced hypercalcemia may not only lead to increasing our knowledge of this important clinical problem, but since production of these factors by tumors probably represents aberrations of normal physiological mechanisms, clarification of their mode of action may lead to new insights into normal bone remodeling. Tumors associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy do not represent a homogeneous group, and there is no single unifying mechanism that can explain all cases of hypercalcemia. However, it is likely that similar mechanisms are responsible in similar types of tumors (1). In the hematologic malignancies ("15-20% of the total), local bone-resorbing factors are responsible for extensive osteolytic bone destruction and hypercalcemia usually occurs in association with impaired glomerular filtration. In a second group, the solid tumors associated with advanced osteolytic metastases, hypercalcemia rarely occurs unless the tumor is widespread and there is extensive local bone destruction. The most commonexample of this group is breast cancer (-25% of the total). A third group is comprised of solid tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, head, and neck, carcinoma of the kidney, and carcinoma of the ovaries, where the primary mechanism is increased bone resorption caused by tumor secretion of a circulating stimulator or stimulators of osteoclast activity. This syndrome is called


The present study was devoted to an investigation of the synthesis conditions and the influence of Sn ions on the production of a CaZrO3 porous structure. Porous ceramics based on CaZrO3 with a SnO addition were prepared by means of pressureless sintering. The study presents the influence of the type of the starting materials and the firing procedures on the microstructures of the CaZrO3 materials. Two different firing procedures were applied. The samples were obtained from pure chemical reagents CaCO3 or CaO and ZrO2. SnO was added in the mass fraction of 2 %. The prepared materials were investigated in terms of phase composition with the XRD. The microstructure was analyzed using the SEM/EDS and mercury porosimetry methods. It was found that using CaCO3 in a one-step firing process at 1650 °C with a soaking time of 10 h allowed us to obtain porous zirconate ceramics with a porosity of about 44 %. The second synthesis, where CaO was used, allowed us to obtain a porosity of about 36 %. During the firing solid solutions containing Sn ions in CaZrO3 and ZrO2 were formed. No other compounds containing Sn ions were identified. It was found that these ions played a significant role in the formation of a stable porous microstructure. The final materials mainly consisted of CaZrO3 and a small amount of ZrO2. The obtained porous CaZrO3 materials with an excellent oxidation and alkali resistance in a wide temperature range could be potential candidates for the use as membranes and filters.


Ruska 1980 Stuttgart: S Hirzel 140 pp price DM48 (paperback) An interesting account is given of the development of the electron microscope up to the end of 1939 or, as the author describes it, to 'the conclusion of the early development stage of electron microscopy and at the same time the starting point of its world-wide proliferation'. The major theme of the book concerns the early development of the magnetic electron lens and the transmission electron microscope.