Chemistry experiment, the most charming power in chemistry teaching,plays a vital role in stimulating the students' interest, raising students' abilities and improving the teaching quality. The investigation results indicate that the majority of students have the quite strong study interest in chemistry experiment,and the majority of middle-school students likes exploring and designing chemistry experiment under the textbook experiment and teacher guidance; but some school lack the experiment instruments. As to this point, more attention should be paid to the experiment teaching conditions. The experimenting abilities affect students' abilities of learning chemistry.


The evaluation system for field command center camouflage plan uses the factors that can be assessed easily and can be measured as evaluation index to build the set pair analysis evaluation model. This index system only discusses the extent of homology while does not discuss the extent of difference and opposition. The associated matrix is the extent of homology between evaluation plan and ideal plan. Index composition is ensured according to the character of the problem. It can be drawn by linear or nonlinear superimposition of the index value and the relative importance extent coefficient. It also can be drawn by linear and nonlinear superimposition. Finally, best plan can be chosen according to the sequence of index value.


This thesis explores some key aspects of early Heidegger's interpretations of Kant from a phenomenological perspective. In general terms, it analyzes Heidegger's claim that Kant's faculties share a ...


Air transport is international and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation. Even in fields of research, international collaborative research is becoming more active especially as neighboring countries influence each other in areas including national policy. As a result, international cooperation and the exchange of research is important. We lack years of experience in the study of airspace safety. The need of international collaborative research is recognized to improve research efficiency and establish a leading position in the field of air traffic. For this reason, a collaborative research project based on an MOU between KOTI (the Korea Transport Institute) and ENRI (Electronic Navigation Research Institute) was conducted. As such the main purpose of this research is to acquire accumulated expert skill from ENRI and establish global positioning by proactively researching safety and efficiency using the assurance method. To support this the research has been performed as follows; First, to establish mid-term research road map for collaborative research between KOTI and ENRI and to set up a research plan. Second, to review the concept of mixed approach procedure proposed by ENRI then apply it in terminal areas and conduct fundamental research to secure safety especially hazard identification and risk assessment method. This research was limited because it was carried out in very short period of time for future mid and long-term international collaborative research. Henceforth it is only fundamental research. But the researchers expect more active international collaborative research based on this work in the future.


The European Space Agency is presently procuring an L band payload in order to promote a regional European L band system coping with the specific needs of the European market. The payload, and the two communications systems to be supported, are described below. The potential market for EMS in Europe is discussed.


The history of the developments leading to the new specification on cold weather concreting are reviewed including the following: ACI 604.48; ACI 604.56; ACI 306.66; ACI 306R.78; Standard specification ACI 306.1.87. The paper focuses on the evolution of the current definition of 'cold weather' and on changes in the protection requirements to prevent damage from freezing at an early age. The evolution of the current criteria for form removal is also reviewed. The highlights of the standard specification are presented. This specification was developed to provide a document that could be incorporated by reference into project specifications.


In order to maintain a good beam quality on a high power, high repetition rate Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, a complete understanding of the thermal effects present in such a system is necessary. A model was developed to investigate two schemes which compensate the thermally induced birefringence and bifocal lensing effect. Tne experimental results agree very well with this model. The resulting laser can produce short Q-switched pulses (less than ins) with an energy greater than 100mJ and 35mJ at 1064nm and 532nm respectively, at a repetition rate as high as 1100Hz.


This journal is made based on the action research in order to improve students' speaking ability by using story board game. This action research was conducted in SMA Negeri 1 Grabag. The action research was carried out in some steps. Those steps were pre-elimination test, conducting the cycle starting with planning and action, observing and reflecting. As data source, observation sheets and questionnaire are used in this research. The implementation of the game was reflected on the classroom activity and the result of observation sheets. While, he score was gotten from the scoring system. By using this game, the students' speaking ability increased. Some aspects in speaking assessment were also increased. The analysis of observation sheets and questionnaire give more description about the implementation of this game. According to the study, it can be concluded that by using this game in speaking class, students' speaking ability can be improved. This game is good media to help the students in speaking English in more enjoyable way.


The distribution of personalized electronic publications is based on the compatibility of user profiles and document's metadata. Ideally an ontology is a common denominator for user profiles and document's metadata. Hierarchical ontologies are flexible in that document's metadata may have different granularity compared to user profile. This means that they may be defined on different levels of the hierarchy. This in turn makes the matching of document metadata and user profiles more complex. In this paper we describe the CoMet System, and in particular how the matching problem is solved.


s of the Eleventh International Symposium of the Russian Society of Nematologists (Russia, Cheboksary, 6-11 July, 2015) BELOVA E.B., KOLSANOVA R.R., SHAGIDULLIN R.R., KALINNIKOVA T.B. & GAINUTDINOV M.KH. Synergism in toxic action of agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the organism of soil nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. It is known that toxic effects both of acetylcholinesterase (ACh-esterase) inhibitors and agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a consequence of hyperactivation of nAChRs in neurons and muscles. However, our experiments with soil nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae showed the existence of synergism in toxic effects of ACh-esterase inhibitor aldicarb and agonists of nAChRs levamisole and nicotine. This synergism was revealed either in enhancement of aldicarb toxic effect by low concentrations of nicotine and levamisole, which are subthreshold for worms' paralysis or in enhancement of levamisole or nicotine toxic effects by low concentrations of aldicarb. Agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) arecoline caused a strong rise of levamisole toxicity for C. briggsae. Therefore, the increase of levamisole toxic effect by low aldicarb concentrations can be explained by modulation of nAChRs' sensitivity by activation of mAChRs by a slight rise in acetylcholine level due to non-toxic slight AChesterase inhibition. On the other hand, the increase of aldicarb toxicity by low concentration of levamisole or nicotine can be the result of stimulation of acetylcholine release by activation of nAChRs in neurons if sensitivity of neuronal nAChRs is higher than that of muscle mAChRs. Synergism in toxic effects of aldicarb and levamisole supposes the possible efficiency of joint use of ACh-esterase inhibitors and agonists of nAChRs for pest control in agriculture. – Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420087, Russia; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. BELOVA E.B., KOLSANOVA R.R., SHAGIDULLIN R.R., KALINNIKOVA T.B. & GAINUTDINOV M.KH. The influence of environmental pH and temperature on the toxicity of pesticides – agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for organisms of soil nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae. Free-living soil nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae are convenient model organisms for evaluation of the effectiveness of nematicides. In experiments with C. elegans and C. briggsae we have shown that pH and temperature are physical environmental factors which have great influence on the toxicity of nematicides. The pH rise from 6.0 to 8.0 caused the increase of toxicity of levamisole and nicotine. In C. briggsae this increase was stronger than in C. elegans. However pH changes in the range 6.0-8.0 did not affect the toxicity of other nematicides – pyrantel and aldicarb. Not only the rise of pH but also a temperature rise from 22 to 30°C caused increased sensitivity of C. elegans and C. briggsae to toxic effects of levamisole, nicotine and aldicarb. Temperature rise up to 30°C caused a stronger increase in levamisole and nicotine toxicity at pH 7.0 or 8.0 than at pH 6.0. As a result of synergism in effects of pH changes and temperature on toxicity of levamisole and nicotine, their toxicity at pH 8.0 and 30°C was 12-15-fold higher than at usual conditions (pH 6.0 and 20-22°C). Since pH and temperature of soil are very variable factors, it is evident from our data that their influence on the effectiveness of nematicides used in pest control can be very significant. – Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420087, Russia; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. BUTORINA N.N, UDALOVA ZH.V., KHASANOVA O.S., FILIMONOVA L.V., PETROSYAN V.G. & ZINOVIEVA S.V. Helminthological collections and prospects of their development. The huge amount of material accumulated in the worldwide collections of nematode parasites dictates a need to develop specialised information retrieval systems (IRS) and databases (DB). It is essential to elaborate new means of information storage, presentation and exchange, making worldwide access to collection material user-friendly, quick and easy. Creation of a local version of Microsoft Access-formatted DB and IRS of the Helminthological Museum RAS is an example of such developments in Russia. Tabular and screen data entry forms were developed. A complete species label includes 27 indices, providing most important information on location in the museum, systematics and biology of


Once a high speed train enters a tunnel, compression waves are generated at the front section of the train, and they are propagated with very high velocity along the tunnel. Recently, most of tunnels have the vertical air-shafts and the tunnel entrance hood. Many studies have been reported on the hood effect on the propagation of micro pressure waves, whereas few studies have been discussed on the vertical air-shafts. Therefore, this study examines the effect of vertical air-shafts on the transient behavior of micro pressure waves in the tunnels. For grid systems made by ICEMCFD (ver. 13.0), the present study simulated numerically the fluid flows which are closely associated with the propagating pressure waves by using a commercial CFD code, i.e., ANSYS FLUENT (ver. 13.0). Under the real operating conditions of KTX, three different cases were simulated to investigate the effect of vertical air-shafts on the pressure waves. In particular, we used the well-known dynamic layering method in describing dynamic movement of the train. From the results, it is found that the existence of flared section causes rapid change of flow fields and different behaviors of pressure waves, which is substantially dependent on moving direction of train. In addition, a maximum pressure difference is estimated 137.9 kPa in the case without any of air-shafts, whereas it can be reduced by 49.1 % to 50 % for the cases with air-shafts.


Grown‐in voids in silicon are strongly affected by donor dopants. For As‐doped wafers, voids (revealed as light‐scattering surface defects observed after cleaning) show a pronounced increase in their density up to [As] = 1.7 × 1019 cm−3, but at higher [As] the void density drops sharply. A similar behaviour was found for P‐doped wafers where a sharp drop occurs at [P] > 2.9 × 1019 cm−3. Such a dependence is accounted for by an effect of minor impurity species: vacancy‐impurity complexes (trapped vacancies) and interstitial impurity atoms (trapped self‐interstitials). The total incorporated concentration of the vacancy species is first incremented due to the trapped vacancies. At higher impurity concentrations, it is reduced due to an increased contribution of negatively charged interstitial impurity species. The simulated dependence of void density and size on the impurity concentration is well consistent with the experimental data.


Plant proteins show good potential for medical applications but offer considerable challenges in fabricating biomaterials. Despite substantial efforts, especially in the last decade, to develop polymeric biomaterials, there are no polymers that are ideally suited for tissue engineering, drug delivery and other medical applications. Therefore, the quest to find new sources for biomaterials continues. Natural proteins such as collagen and silk, carbohydrates such as chitosan and cellulose and synthetic biopolymers such as poly (lactic acid) have been extensively studied for potential medical applications. Biotechnology and nanotechnology have also been widely adopted to develop regenerated and recombinant polymers for medical applications. The advent of nanotechnology and its many advantages for medical applications have led to the development of nanofibers and nanoparticles from both the natural and synthetic polymers for tissue engineering, controlled release and other medical applications. However, both natural and synthetic polymers currently available have many limitations that restrict their use for medical applications. Biomaterials developed from natural polymers do not have the desired mechanical properties for medical applications. For instance, scaffolds developed from collagen have poor hydrolytic stability and efforts to crosslink and improve the properties have not been successful to provide cytocompatible biomaterials. Although silk has excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, silk has slow degradation rates and it is difficult to dissolve and process silk into various types of biomaterials. Biomaterials developed from most synthetic polymers have the biocompatibility and mechanical properties but their degradation into toxic substances in the body is a cause for concern. Similarly, metal and ceramic based biomaterials do not have the desired degradability and are difficult to process into different forms of biomaterials.


Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune pathology caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically
susceptible people, currently considered multisystemic. The treatment of CD is a lifelong strict
Gluten-Free Diet (GFD), which allows a symptomatic improvement in most patients and achieve
intestinal mucosa healing confirmed with histological study. The adherence to the GFD is
variable, arguing as possible factors related to failure the economic, cultural, social aspects
and the consumption of gluten inadvertently. The management of celiac patients contemplates
instructing in the proper follow-up of GFD and evaluating their adherence. So far, the only way
to assess adherence to GFD is through surveys, self-reports of eating habits and serology,
being the main disadvantage the subjectivity factor. Recently the immunogenic gluten peptides
have acquired relevance for the objective evaluation of the adherence to the GFD and the
measurement appears as an efficient and sensitive option to determine the gluten intake,
providing relevant information for the clinical management.


With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, machine learning is gradually becoming popular for predictions in all walks of life. In meteorology, it is gradually competing with traditional climate predictions dominated by physical models. This survey aims to consolidate the current understanding of Machine Learning (ML) applications in weather and climate prediction—a field of growing importance across multiple sectors, including agriculture and disaster management. Building upon an exhaustive review of more than 20 methods highlighted in existing literature, this survey pinpointed eight techniques that show particular promise for improving the accuracy of both short-term weather and medium-to-long-term climate forecasts. According to the survey, while ML demonstrates significant capabilities in short-term weather prediction, its application in medium-to-long-term climate forecasting remains limited, constrained by factors such as intricate climate variables and data limitations. Current literature tends to focus narrowly on either short-term weather or medium-to-long-term climate forecasting, often neglecting the relationship between the two, as well as general neglect of modeling structure and recent advances. By providing an integrated analysis of models spanning different time scales, this survey aims to bridge these gaps, thereby serving as a meaningful guide for future interdisciplinary research in this rapidly evolving field.


ecretion of fluid lubricating the eye is an unconscious event, until some particle of dust or chemical touches its surface. Then, a profuse secretion of tears occurs that dilutes and washes away the foreign substance. Like the eye, the gut secretes fluid, analogous to tears, unbeknownst to most of us until some event triggers an out-pouring of large volumes of fluid necessary to flush out a microbe or deleterious chemical. This host defense mechanism triggers our awareness by the onset of diarrheal symptoms. How do " tears of the gut " or " enteric tears " form? They are produced continuously by immature cells called crypt cells, which, together with absorptive cells (villus and surface cells), form an epithelial cell lining in the intestine. Crypt cells take up chloride by an energy-requiring cotrans-porter protein that carries sodium, chloride, and potassium ions from the blood side or basolateral side of the cell to its interior (Fig. 1). Once chloride is in the cell, it diffuses into the lumen through pores or channels in the apical membrane down a gradient, established by electrical and concentration profiles of the cell. Sodium ions and water molecules join chloride in the lumen and make up the " enteric tears. " Thus chloride secretion with accompanying fluid accumulation, usually in conjunction with mucus secretion by specialized goblet cells, is one of the ways the intestine continuously lubricates itself, ensuring appropriate mixing and flow of digest along its length. The volumes of fluid produced by the intestine span a wide range from that necessary for lubrication , from ~1 liter/day to profuse secretion of 20 or more liters/day as a consequence of the actions of cholera toxin from the bacterium Vib-rio cholerae. How is it possible to achieve such extremes of fluid secretion? This is mainly because the enteric nervous system functions with considerable independence from the brain. The enteric nervous system consists of at least two ganglionated plexuses embedded in the gut wall, the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus) (Fig.1). In large mammals such as pigs and humans, the submucosal plexus is arranged in two or three layers, each differing in the types of neurons and their projections (12). For the most part, the two plexuses service different regions and structures of the intestinal wall. The myen-teric plexus is responsible for ensuring appropriate contractile behavior of the smooth muscles, including the …


ELS IN THE SONNETS OF GARCILASO q THOMAS MONTGOMERY ' The harmony of sound and sense which is essential to most poetry is usually studied and appreciated as the individual, personal achievement of the poet. His medium, the language in which he composes, is taken as a given entity, from which he selects and orders to produce the linguistic sub-form known as his oeuvre. But his creation must ultimately derive from the everyday language of his society. Even if it is highly artificial, even if in a lately-acquired language, it is conditioned by his childhood experience with a mother-tongue which gave him his first awareness of the communicative power and the acoustic resonances of speech. His art does not emerge from a void, or independently from his consciousness; the fact that poetry can be written implies poetic qualities in language itself. Those qualities are difficult to isolate and define. Any effort to do so involves mechanical operations which are not easily reconciled with the subtleties of language. Superficially interpreted, they can appear to disprove the very harmonies they set out to discover. Yet it is general knowledge that each language has its own poetic potential,' and the fact is quickly confirmed by any attempt to translate poetry. Existing sound-patterns provide a wealth of possibilities, and are also inescapable. English, for instance, offers a wide variety of consonantal groups which cause variations in syllabic length. They have been put to many uses; consider the cadences of Paradise Lost, Latinate though syllabic duration was often independent of consonants in Latin. Such an effect is not available to the Spanish poet, but the very simplicity of Spanish vocalic and consonantal structures leads to echoes, repetitions, and contrasts of sounds, allowing a great diversity of acoustic effects. The poet cannot fail to use them.


To introduce the type of oilfield extraction machinery steel wire rope,the development and application of oil extraction equipment wire rope(flexible rod) and to analyze the failure reason of promoting flexible rod by oilfield.To discuss the choices and application practice of oilfield production machinery wire rope,and raise the wire rope's structure of good performance: 18×7 non-rotating wire rope is the main wire rope structure of oilfield extraction machinery,combined line contract lay wire rope and triangular strand wire rope have few practices as well.In practice,according to the largest load of horse head oil extraction machine,the wire rope's diameter of poliched rod eye is: diameter 16,19,25mm wire rope by load of 30,50,100kN respectively.The characteristic and daily maintenance methods of oilfield production steel wire rope are expounded.


Purpose
Since the end of 2016, "fake news" has had a clear meaning in the USA. After years of scholarship attempting to define "fake news" and where it fits among the larger schema of media hoaxing and deception, popular culture and even academic studies converged following the 2016 US presidential election to define "fake news" in drastically new ways. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
In light of the recent elections in the USA, many fear "fake news" that have gradually become a powerful and sinister force, both in the news media environment as well as in the fair and free elections. The scenario draws into questions how the general public interacts with such outlets, and to what extent and in which ways individual responsibility should govern the interactions with social media.

Findings
Fake news is a growing threat to democratic elections in the USA and other democracies by relentless targeting of hyper-partisan views, which play to the fears and prejudices of people, in order to influence their voting plans and their behavior.

Originality/value
Essentially, "fake news" is changing and even distorting how political campaigns are run, ultimately calling into question legitimacy of elections, elected officials and governments. Scholarship has increasingly confirmed social media as an enabler of "fake news," and continues to project its potentially negative impact on democracy, furthering the already existing practices of partisan selective exposure, as well as heightening the need for individual responsibility.


Abstract Let D be an infinite division algebra of finite dimension over its center. Assume that N is a subnormal subgroup of GLn(D) with n ≥ 1. It is shown that if N is finitely generated, then N is central.


This article explores the ideology of anticolonialism as a guiding principle in the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It highlights the close association of anticolonialism with decolonialism, anti-imperialism, and the Nonaligned Movement, emphasizing their importance throughout the history of the PRC. While the current Chinese leadership may not emphasize anticolonial rhetoric as frequently as during the Mao Zedong era (1950–1970s), the core essence of Chinese foreign policy remains unchanged. China acknowledges its former semi-colonial status and aligns its policies with the interests of developing countries, seeking cooperation to protect its own interests amidst potential superpower pressures. Recent initiatives by Xi Jinping, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the concept of a "Community with a shared future for mankind," demonstrate a universal character that extends beyond developing countries. Authored by scholars from Russia and China, this article aims to familiarize the international audience with China's official discourse on its semi-colonial past, anticolonialism, and decolonization. The authors also highlight the potential for cooperation between Russia and China based on their shared perspectives on these issues. Understanding China's foreign policy principles provides valuable insights into its historical context and contemporary approach to international relations.


This study was prompted by practical confrontation with prospective teachers' practicum problems, namely fending off effective reflection and harboring silence, each of which debilitated developing adequate skills of planning appropriate lessons and presenting them meaningfully. Choosing a reflective practitioner inquiry design advanced by Donald Schön, ten pre-service EFL student teachers were selected purposefully to take part in the study. Reflective journaling was employed both as a research method and strategy of reflection. The results indicate both opportunities and challenges in the specific EFL reflective practicum context. This paper presents these and the implications for policy makers.


Amplification and generation schemes of free electron lasers with a helical undulator and homogeneous guiding magnetic field are considered. A description of the process of pumping bounce oscillations of electrons in the adiabatically tapered undulator field is presented. The electron beam interacts with the electromagnetic wave in the region of constant amplitude of the undulator field where electrons move along stationary helical trajectories. Linear and nonlinear theory of such interaction is developed when electrons are under the undulator and combined synchronism with the electromagnetic wave. In the latter case the radiation is accompanied by excitation of electron oscillations near the equilibrium trajectory. A range of parameters for undulator synchronism is found where a considerable Doppler frequency up-conversion can be realized simultaneously with high efficiency (for amplifiers more then 30%). The mechanism of efficiency enhancement in this region is described. The influence of HF space charge (including negative mass effects) and the transverse inhomogeneity of the undulator field is discussed.


I review our theoretical analysis of Classical Cepheids, as based on updated pulsation and evolutionary models computed in the last ten years, emphasizing main results


Confocal endoscope is a new technology.It enables subsurface analysis of the gut mucosa and in vivo histology during ongoing endoscopy in full resolution by point scanning laser fluorescence analysis.This article describes the diagnostic spectrum of confocal endoscope.It's tempting to speculate that confocal endoscope will play an important diagnostic role in gastrointestinal diseases in the future.


The method involves submitting a request carrying predefined criteria to a database (6). Coordinates of a sub-area is received from the database, where the coordinates satisfy a predefined criteria that regards ratio between percentage of individuals having a given profile and displacing in the sub-area and percentage of individuals having a given profile in a geographical area. A mapping and/or photographic representation is displayed on a screen (4), where the representation belongs to the sub-area. An independent claim is also included for a computer program product comprising instructions for executing a method for identifying a sub-area in a geographical area.


Recent progress in deep learning methods has shown that key steps in object detection and recognition, including feature extraction, region proposals, and classification, can be done using ImageAi libraries. Object detection is a computer vision technique that works to identify and locate objects within an image or video. Specifically, object detection draws bounding boxes around these detected objects, which allow us to locate where said objects are in a given scene. Object detection is commonly confused with image recognition, so before we proceed, it's important that we clarify the distinctions between them. In that it aids in our comprehension and analysis of scenes in images or videos, object detection is intrinsically tied to other related computer vision techniques like image recognition and image segmentation. Significant variations. Image segmentation develops a pixel-level comprehension of a scene's elements while image recognition just produces a class label for an identified object. Object detection differs from these other jobs in that it has the capacity to specifically find objects inside an image or video. This enables us to count such things and later track them.


To the Editor. —It is surprising that both articles 1,2 and the accompanying Editorial 3 on the use of heated humidified air for early treatment of the common cold fail to mention the efficacy of hot chicken soup in relieving the symptoms of this malady. 4 Chicken soup mobilizes nasal mucus better than other hot liquids 5 and inhibits the growth of pneumococci in vitro. 6 These findings give scientific respectability to what mothers have always known—chicken soup can alleviate the symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection.


Magnetic degrees of freedom are defined in terms of violations of the Bianchi identities and associated with singular Yang-Mills fields. These singularities should not induce color non-conservation and the resolution of the constraint is that the singular fields, or defects are Abelian in nature. We argue that recently proposed surface operators can serve as a prototype of magnetic degrees of freedom which condense in the Yang-Mills vacuum and are responsible for the confinement. Some basic lattice observations, such as the Abelian dominance of confining fields, are explained as consequences of the original non-Abelian invariance.


Monitoring is required of land managers and conservation practitioners to assess the success of management actions. ''Shortcuts'' are sought to reduce monitoring costs, most often consisting of the selection of a small number of species that are closely monitored to represent the status of many associated species and environmental correlates. Assumptions associated with such shortcuts have been challenged, yet alternative ap- proaches remain scant. We evaluated an approach that departs significantly from the ap- proach of selecting a few representative species. We explored two primary assertions: (1) that a coordinated multiple-species monitoring effort that collects presence-absence data on a broad range of species is a robust alternative to a few intensive single-species efforts, and (2) that the vertebrate species expected to be detected using this approach are numerous and diverse enough to represent all vertebrate species. We simulated monitoring the ver- tebrate species pool on an existing sample grid across the 7 million ha of public lands in the Sierra Nevada (USA) ecoregion. Based on the use of eight standard presence-absence protocols, we estimated the number of vertebrate species (excluding fish) with an adequate number of sample points within their range to detect $20% relative change in the proportion of points with detections between two points in time. We estimated that adequate detections would be obtained for 76% of the 465 vertebrate species, including 83% of all birds, 76% of all mammals, 65% of all reptiles, and 44% of all amphibians. Detection adequacy varied among life-history and ecological groups, but .50% of the species were adequately detected in every group with the exception of three groups: rare species, endemic species, and species of concern (33%, 24%, and 47% of associated species adequately detected, respectively). A multiple-species monitoring approach represents an effective and feasible alternative to the challenges of large-scale monitoring needs by targeting the most basic of population


Haemoperfusion is an extracorporeal technique that removes endotoxin and/or inflammatory mediators by means of an adsorptive mechanism during the passage of the blood ∗ Autor para correspondencia. Correo electrónico: email@example.com (D. Pestaña). 034-9356/$ – see front matter © 2011 Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados. ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redar.2012.08.002 Utilidad de la hemoperfusión en el tratamiento del paciente séptico grave. Actualización 337 through a porous filter. Most of the studies in the literature use polymyxin B as the adsorptive agent. This treatment is based on the assumption that the removal of endotoxin and inflammatory mediators from the circulation attenuates the inflammatory response in sepsis. This review summarizes the theoretical basis, and the experimental and clinical results published to date with the use of haemoperfusion. Although most of the studies show positive results, some doubts have arisen about the suitability of the methods described (small number of cases, low quality of the experimental design, and excessive mortality in the control groups). There are also some inconsistencies regarding the theoretical basis of its use (lack of positive effects after the removal of endotoxin from the circulation using alternative mechanisms, discrepancies regarding the best moment to initiate the therapy, unexplained beneficial effects in the absence of increased endotoxin levels). It is the opinion of the authors that haemoperfusion represents a promising therapy for the treatment of sepsis, but consider that its usefulness requires confirmation in well designed studies before being included in protocols. © 2011 Sociedad Española de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. t s c i d m u s e v u a a t q c q l q


Cosmetic formulation based on a microemulsion comprising at least one antiperspirant active ingredient and / or deodorant active ingredient and at least one α-hydroxycarboxylic acid, characterized in that the hydroxycarboxylic acid mandelic acid is selected.


Security-related tests should check and validate in engineering that the functionality derived from the security requirements has been correctly implemented. The design of effective tests for this security functionality requires, in addition to test models, a procedure for obtaining these models from previous artefacts of security engineering. This paper describes such an approach and focuses on the use of the artefacts of previous phases of security engineering for security testing.


TRIZ, the Russian acronym for Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, is a powerful tool for generating new ideas in a problem-solving process. Its recognition outside of its native Russia is relatively recent. Many success stories have been reported about its applications but, from the author's experience, the euphoria is not widespread. This article discusses the factors influencing the success or failure of a TRIZ project and some practical recommendations to successfully deploy and implement a TRIZ project.


Based on the results of Lyapunov inequality and a necessary and sufficient condition of robust stability for generalized periodically time-varying descriptor systems,the robust stability of a closed-loop system under state feedback control is discussed with its necessary and sufficient condition given,and then the design method for a class of state feedback robust controllers is presented.Introducing the definition of quadratic stability and analyzing the relation between quadratic stability and robust stability of the systems,the necessary and sufficient condition of quadratic stability is obtained for generalized periodically time-varying uncertain descriptor systems.A numerical example is given to prove the conclusion drawn from the discussion.


In the premise of criticizing traditional philosophy and rejecting the metaphysical, the logical empiricism which waved "Occam's razor" drastically cut off all outside of philosophical traditions except scientific experience, opened up new areas and direction of philosophy research , inspired philosophical research of nearly a century. However, the logical empiricism as a "clean-up door movement" in the history of Western philosophy has ended, but its influence and role is not to be ignored in the development of philosophy and science.


Fundamental starting point for exploring approaches to landscape evaluation has come from a wide range of methods for landscape quality assessment. The working process included the landscape typology for the purpose of evaluation and definition of approaches for determining landscape values in order to point out the advantages and disadvantages of particular approaches. The paper has identified 15 landscape areas and appropriate approaches that were used to determine landscape values in the selected research area - modeling the vulnerabilities of landscape quality and landscape sensitivity assessment. The comparison of the approaches has shown that: (1) the precision and detail of the model depends on the selection of a homogeneous spatial unit; (2) the appropriate approach to the selection of valuation criteria may affect the objectivity of the method; (3) the highest landscape qualities were established in same areas in all three models, regardless of the approach of determining the stated qualities.


Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an epidemic which is actively spreading in health centre's, consequently bringing people in the medical profession, especially the nursing staff , in close contact to HIV positive patients. Therefore, sufficient knowledge on HIV infection on the HIV virus and a positive attitude towards the HIV patient is of uttermost importance to the nursing staff and generally to public health.
Aim: Purpose: of this critical literature review was to investigate knowledge and attitudes of nurses for HIV-infected patients in various countries around the world.


Dehydro-ascorbic acid metabolism and the effect of x irradiation on the metabolism were studied by means of the method of quantitative determination of ascorbic acid utilizing the strong alkaline color reaction. Little dehydroascorbic acid is found in the urine and the various organs of the normal rabbit and it is rapidly reduced or dissolved in vitro as well as in vivo. The reduction capacity was decreased by a minimal amount of x radiation. This decrease is not due to the alarm reaction, but some factor other than the SH- radical has a relation to it. (Abstr. Japan Med., 2, No. 1, Jan. 1962)


Soluble guanlylyl cyclase (sGC) seems to be involved in mechanisms for rapid translation of electrical and chemical signals at the neuromuscular junction. To explore the cellular localization of the α2, α1 and β1 subunits of sGC, we studied normal and denervated human muscle biopsies immunohistochemically using antibodies directed against the α2 and α1/β1 subunits of sGC and performed double labellings with α-bungarotoxin. Confocal imaging could localize the α2 and α1/β1 subunits of sGC at neuromuscular junctions and vessels and the subunits remained concentrated at neuromuscular junctions following denervation. The presence of sGC at neuromuscular junctions and at vessels suggests sGC could serve as a postsynaptic second messenger for fine tuning of nerve–muscle interaction and dynamic regulation of intramuscular blood flow.


Superlattices of correlated oxides have been used to explore interfacial effects and to achieve additional control over the physical properties of individual constituents. In this work, we present a first-principles perspective of the strain and thickness effects in La$_{2/3}$Sr$_{1/3}$MnO$_3$/YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7}$ (LSMO/YBCO) superlattices. Our findings indicate that the presence of epitaxial strain and LSMO leads to a reduction of buckling parameters of the interfacial CuO$_2$ planes, as well as the transfer of electrons from LSMO to YBCO. In addition, the change in Cu-3$d$ valence is slightly dependent on the LSMO layer thickness. More interestingly, the in-plane ferromagnetic ground state within the CuO$_2$ planes near the interface is induced due to the local moments centered at the copper atoms. These local moments are decoupled from the charge transfer and, according to our calculations, appear mainly due to the Mn $3d$-O $2p$-Cu $3d$ hybridization being restricted to the interfacial region. The induced net magnetic ordering in interfacial copper atoms may have implications in the control of the superconducting state in the LSMO/YBCO superlattices.


To what extent does the post-1945 painter novel follow the same trends as the novel of its writer and musician counterparts, and what are its characteristics? In his book Der europaische Kunstlerroman, the comparatist Peter V. Zima adopts a sociological point of view to develop criteria and describe and analyze the genre of the artist novel from the Romantic period to postmodernity, while emphasizing the poetic and musical arts. The highlighting of his main theses (part one) will allow an application and comparison of them with regard to a corpus of postmodern painter novels (second part), a genre that tends more and more to abandon painting in favor of new forms of plastic arts.


Our work focuses on detecting deception in Human-Robot Interactions (HRI) by using measurement techniques that are appropriate for such interactions. In our previous research works, we obtained interesting results by using thermal and RGB-D cameras. In this paper, we approached this aspect from a different angle and used a lab-designed armband to accurately measure the participants' heart rate and skin conductance. We also developed a deception card game scenario that entices human participants to lie either to a robot or a human game partner, allowing us to monitor and understand the correlations between human physiological manifestations and their trustworthiness. Our results show the existence of statistically significant correlations between the participants' deceptive behaviour and their heart rate, skin conductance, face position, and face orientation. These results allow us to improve robots' ability to detect deception in HRI.


. Film preservation is now central to a debate that seeks to understand the transition taking place. Film restoration, in fact, only recently converged with conservation practices. In the 1980s, it became a sector in which researchers sought to analyse the changes that had occurred in media arts, culture and symbolism, whereas in the 1990s theoretical and methodological refl ection on fi lm restoration reached its apogee. The transition to digitization has not shifted the emphasis in this way of thinking signifi cantly, but it has diverted attention to other aspects of the question. The focus of interest is less on restoration methodologies than management, distribution and display strategies. Film today constitutes an ambiguous, ambivalent entity: on the one hand, it is a cultural asset; on the other, it is proving to be central feature of the services and products proposed by fi lm archives in their role as cultural enterprises. Film restoration began as a "noble" undertaking, yet today it is twofold: not only do assets and products hold sway, in line with economic management principles, but museum trends, in line with conservation objectives, are also uppermost. The aporiae and dialectics of conservation and exhibition practices, of active and passive accessibility, are never completely exhausted, resolved or reformulated; on the contrary, they increasingly appear to act as the vital driving force behind the system.


PURPOSE: To automatically diagnose the effectiveness of a sensor during the operation thereof for monitoring a treatment process by determining and measuring conductance from the sensor to the earth or loop resistance. CONSTITUTION: A plurality of sensors such as thermocouples laid in critical zones 1 are, for example. connected in parallel via lines L' 1 and L' 2 , and further connected to an A/D converter 10 via lines L 1 and L 2 . In addition, switches or multiplexers 2 and 3 are laid on the lines L 1 and L 2 , and connected to a multiplexing system for switching control. Then, the voltage levels of the zone 1 generated with the sensors S are independently accessed, and sent out as digital output signals (0) from the converter 10. The signals (0) are inputted to a memory or display, thereby being recorded and displayed. For diagnosing the effectiveness of the sensors S during the process, leak conductance C x , to the earth is measured with a floating analog earth A or the like via switches 2, 4 and 6. Namely, the quantitative measurements of conductance from the sensors S to the earth are sequentially performed, thereby diagnosing the effectiveness of the sensors S concurrently with the confirmation of a treatment process. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


Taking acrylic esters as comonomers and using pre-emulsion polymerization,an emulsion type pressure sensitive adhesive was prepared.Through experiments,it was found that the emulsion molecular weight,ratio of soft and hard monomers,emulsifiers,initiators,pH values had an influence on the initial adhesive force,peel strength and holding adhesion of the pressure sensitive adhesive.When polymerization temperature about 80℃,pH of the reactive system about 8 and soft monomers amount 93%,the initial adhesive force,peel strength and holding adhesion would be best.Thus an enviromentally-friendly acrylate emulsion type pressure sensitive adhesive with excellent adhesiveness were developed.


We examined two hypotheses about the developmental relation between substance abuse and individual differences in desistance from antisocial behavior during young adulthood. The "snares" hypothesis posits that substance abuse should result in time-specific elevations in antisocial behavior relative to an individual's own developmental trajectory of antisocial behavior, whereas the "launch" hypothesis posits that substance abuse early in young adulthood slows an individual's overall pattern of crime desistance relative to the population norm during this developmental period. We conducted latent trajectory analyses to test these hypotheses using interview data about antisocial behaviors and substance abuse assessed at ages 18, 21, and 26 in men from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (N = 461). We found significant individual variability in initial levels and rates of change in antisocial behavior over time as well as support for both the snares hypothesis and the launch hypothesis as explanations for the developmental relation between substance abuse and crime desistance in young men.We thank the Dunedin Study members, Dunedin Unit Director Richie Poulton, Unit research staff, and Study founder Phil Silva. Research assistance was provided by HonaLee Harrington. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit is supported by the New Zealand Health Research Council. We also thank Alex Piquero for his helpful comments. This research received support from the NIDA (Grant DA15398 and DA13148), NIMH (Grants MH45070 and MH49414), William T. Grant Foundation, and Air New Zealand.


Roemmich et al. (1) report interesting data using inappropriate terminology. Bone is made in two stages; matrix is formed first, and about 2 wk later (in children) it begins to mineralize (2); the delay is longer in the adult skeleton (3). The process of adding mineral to matrix is referred to as "bone mineralization." It is important that this term not be used for the quite different process of adding bone to the growing skeleton, a confusion that arose because the measurement of bone mass in vivo is usually based on measuring the amount of mineral. This is possible because in the absence of rickets or osteomalacia the degree of mineralization of matrix varies between fairly narrow limits, so that for the most part mineral mass is a reasonable estimate of bone mass. An increase in mineral mass does represent bone mineralization in two circumstances: the treatment of osteomalacia (4) and the completion of secondary mineralization when bone turnover is reduced and bone age increased (5), but neither of these applies to the growing skeleton. Whatever its role in the control of bone mass, no effect of leptin on bone mineralization has been demonstrated.


This work explores the effects of constant volume confinement on cavitation-induced ice nucleation by marrying fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and nucleation kinetics into a single approach. The authors find that confinement at even macroscopic volumes can suppress cavitation-induced nucleation from single microscale bubbles, suggesting that macroscale confinement may provide an effective method of suppressing this nucleation pathway in supercooled aqueous systems.


The carbon isotopic ratios of carbonate in the two profiles of the Dali area were analyzed and some new understandings on the influencing factors of the δ13CSC value of the loess-paleosol sequence and its paleoenvironmental implications were discussed preliminarily in this report. The 13CSC value of the Dali loess-paleosol sequence is synchronizing with the variance of magnetic susceptibility basically and the negative peaks of the δ13CSC curves are corresponding to the different developmental periods of the paleosol. It is believed that the intervention of the CO2 produced by plants will cause the decrease of the δ13CSC value, the amplitude of which may be relevant to the paleovegetation density and the ancient humidity. The relative biomass of C4 plants in the vegetation will affect the sublevel change of the δ13CSC. Low δ13CSC value by and large indicates the environmental conditions of the relatively abundant vegetation and humid climate. During the last 250000 years, the period with the sparsest vegetation and the most arid climate is the phase of the loess in L2 depositing and the period with the most abundant vegetation and the most humid climate is the last interglacial period. The δ13CSC curves of Dali also show that the High Temperature and Large Precipitation Event of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 40-30 kaBP had affected the Central Shaanxi Plain with relatively humid climate, and had apparent influence on the local vegetation and humidity.


Westinghouse Electric believes there will be an increased demand for nuclear power by the year 2000 as utilities install additional baseload capacity. They are designing their AP600 reactors for that market. The AP600 is a pressurized water reactor producing 600 MW and features advanced safety systems employing natural forces such as gravity, evaporation, and convection. The plants' safety system components are modular in design and are therefore not plant-specific. The passive safety systems have fewer active valves, reduced flow requirements, less need for operator action.


The catalytic activity of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) from Agaricus bisporus towards the substrate catechol was spectrometrically investigated at 420 nm under the influences of temperature,pH,substrate concentration and heating time.The results showed that the optimal temperature,pH and substrate concentration for the reaction of the enzyme were 30 ℃,5.5 and 0.05 mol/L,respectively.The complete enzyme activity was almost lost after 80 s of thermal treatment at 90 ℃.All four enzyme inhibitors investigated indicated inhibitory effects on the enzyme,especially ascorbic acid as the strongest factor,followed by citric acid,sodium chloride and EDTA-Na.


We investigated Pleistocene terrestrial sediments in the surroundings of Ilok Croatia, within the framework of a bilateral scientific project between the Croatian Geological Survey and the Hungarian Geological Institute ("Correlation of the loess sections of SW Transdanubia and Slavonia") during 2009.. After logging a number of loess profiles in the vicinity of Sarengrad and Ilok we found a sand pit in the northern part of Ilok, in which at least 12 m alluvial sand was cropped out, covered by marshy sediments and brown forest type palaeosol. At first sight it was supposed to be a Pliocene alluvial sand which is quite common in Hungary. Later on the lateral continuation of this series was found in the brickyard of Ilok in the southern part of the village. Here the alluvial sand is partly interfingered and covered the marshy sediments which upward gradually change into infusion loess and loess. The loess covered by laminated alluvial silty clay dips 12° towards ENE then upward succeeds the horizontal part of the same material. This series is continued laterally by brow forest type palaeosol which is truncated erosionally by forest steppe type palaeosol. Finally, the whole sequence is covered by typical loess with forest steppe and chernozem-like palaeosols. The tilting of the laminated silty clay, loess and marshy sediments indicates local tectonic activity of the area. Based on the brown forest and forest steppe type paleosols in the lateral continuation of the sequence its possible age is Middle Pleistocene.. The investigated loess horizons could be correlated with the Old- and Young loess series of the Paks Loess Formation, the alluvial sand of Ilok resembles to the Middle-Upper Pleistocene Marcali Sand Formation of the South Transdanubian Hills.


Main objectives of this work are to develop mathematical models capable of predicting the number of commuters who would divert to rail via a feeder bus service under a wide range of alternative transport policy measures; the potential of feeder bus services to railway stations in the Crosby areas; and to analyze scale of benefits to different groups of commuters.


This work presents an index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure substrate to improve the gain for THz photoconductive antennas (PCAs). It is remarkable that the proposed substrate has the transverse single-mode and longitudinal multi-modes at 3.5308 THz. The directivity of the antenna in the case of the mode of the proposed substrate reaches 15.39dBi. In this mode, enhancement of the antenna gain can be achieved by increasing the number of longitudinal modes within limits.


The Realm of the Real: Imitation and Authenticity in Edith Wharton's The Custom of the Country Brittany Atkinson Department of English, BYU Master of Arts Edith Wharton's 1913 novel The Custom of the Country reveals a national concern with defining and preserving authenticity in social and cultural life. A study of the novel through the lens of scholarship concerning the modernist obsession with ―the real thing,‖ including such seminal texts as Walter Benjamin's ―The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction‖ and Lionel Trilling's Sincerity and Authenticity, opens up a broad discussion of authenticity and imitation as defined by Wharton's characters. This paper challenges the traditional interpretations of the much-abused term. First, I outline a brief history of the study of authenticity in art and literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, showing how realist writers like Wharton were influenced by the ideal of cultural and literary reality. Then I discuss the obsession with ―the real thing‖ by all the characters in The Custom of the Country, both lowand high-born, and how the term influences the development of the plot. Finally, I reveal the vexed nature of the term ―authenticity‖ in the novel, showing how the nouveau riche wrest aura from the old aristocratic class, and how they appropriate the power necessary to define ―the real thing‖ on their own terms.