Wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks, mWSNs, have attracted a lot of attention recently. This is because sink mobility can greatly alleviate the hotspot issue in WSNs and further prolong the network lifetime. However, sink mobility also causes unexpected changes in network topology and data routing paths, which can largely affect the routing performance in such networks. Design of efficient routing protocols for mWSNs has been a critical issue, and much work has been carried out in this aspect. In this article, we first classify existing protocols based on different design criteria and then present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing protocols in this area. We illustrate how each of the protocols works, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we point out some future directions for efficient routing in mWSNs.


The utility model discloses a novel micro-channel reactor which relates to the field of fluid mixing reaction equipment. The novel micro-channel reactor comprises a plurality of titanium alloy cooling cover plates which are connected in sequence, wherein each titanium alloy cooling cover plate is internally provided with a cooling bin and a reaction bin; each cooling bin and the corresponding reaction bin are arranged at an interval; the lower end of each cooling bin is provided with a cooling bin feed hole; the upper end of each cooling bin is provided with a cooling bin discharge hole; one end of the upper side of each reaction bin is provided with a reaction bin feed hole; and the other end of the upper side of each reaction bin is provided with a reaction bin discharge hole. The defects in the prior art can be overcome, a large number of parallel chemical reaction experiments can be carried out with low energy consumption and high heat exchange efficiency, the excellent flow control can be carried out on the feeding of the reactor, the temperature can range from minus 120 DEG C to plus 400 DEG C, the maximum pressure can be up to 15 Mpa, and the production efficiency, the reaction speed, the safety and the like are improved greatly; and the novel micro-channel reactor has the characteristics of high strength, low density, good mechanical property, excellent toughness and excellent corrosion resistance.


Abstract:This article examines the emergence of a sense of opportunism among "teaboys"—a group of steamship attendants working in Chinese waters—and the transformation of solidarity between them. Beginning in 1927, the foundation of these attendants' unity based on surrogate and natural kinship was weakened. Solidarity evolved from a Green Gang–linked structure to one revolving around powerful individuals and sustained by government bureaucracies or party authorities. This article contributes to labor history by stressing that the attendants' labor activities were rooted in political pragmatism, as shown in their shifting loyalties. Moreover, the article suggests that, in addition to strikes, the attendants used violence and bribery as alternative or indirect means to shape labor politics. Finally, it outlines the new, opportunistic patron-client relationship forged in the world of steamship attendants after 1927.


When the first dental implants were developed in 1977, implants were placed 6 ‒ 8 months after extraction. The long healing time involves absorption of the extraction socket alveolar bone and a prolonged treatment period. To solve this problem, an "immediate implant" was studied, which is placed immediately after tooth extraction. Along with the timing of implant placement, studies on sinus lift were also conducted to overcome the lack of vertical bone height due to the presence of sinus and resorption of alveolar bone in implant placement in the maxillary posterior area. In this case, extraction, sinus lift, and implant placement were performed simultaneously with a crestal approach through the extraction socket in a patient with insufficient vertical bone height for implant placement. As a result, the treatment period of 3 ‒ 4 months was shortened, and the number of surgeries was reduced. The implant has shown satisfactory results in both bone and tissue during a 4-year follow-up.


Objective To explore the clinical effects of continuous vena-venous hemofiltration(CVVH) on the treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(ARDS).Method 64 patients in the present study were allocated either into the treatment group or the control group,The treatment group consisted of 38 patients who received routine therapy+ mechanical ventilation+ CVVH.The control group consisted of 26 patients who received only routine therapy+ mechanical ventilation.Difference between the treatment and the control groups in arterial blood gas index and PEEP were observed.Results After CVVH therapy under mechanical ventilation,patients in the treatment group had significant increase in arterial blood gas index and the effective rate,and significant decrease in mortality rate when compared with those in the control group.Conclusion CVVH therapy could effectively remove extravascular lung water and proinflammatory mediators and markedly improve oxygenation of patients with ARDS,therefore increase the success rate of resuscitation.


A series of triaxial compression tests was performed on three types of granulated coal ash (GCA) to investigate their shear and crushing behaviour. The experimental results show that GCA displays different dilatancy characteristics to other natural granular materials due to excessive breakage even at low stresses. A simple constitutive model for crushable soils with the ability to predict the mechanical and deformation behaviour of GCA is introduced. This constitutive model uses a new strength parameter, the so-called reference crushing stress, which affects the evolution of the failure state curve. The mean stress when the peak stress ratio reduces to the critical state stress ratio and the mean stress when the peak friction angle reduces to the critical state friction angle were employed to determine the peak strength of GCA in combination with relative density and confining pressure. These three parameters, defined using the critical state concept within the framework of triaxial testing, are examined ...


Bulk ion toroidal rotation plays a critical role in controlling microturbulence and MHD stability as well as yielding important insight into angular momentum transport and the investigation of intrinsic rotation. So far, our understanding of bulk plasma flow in hydrogenic plasmas has been inferred from impurity ion velocity measurements and neoclassical theoretical calculations. However, the validity of these inferences has not been tested rigorously through direct measurement of the main-ion rotation in deuterium plasmas, particularly in regions of the plasma with steep pressure gradients where very large differences can be expected between bulk ion and impurity rotation. New advances in the analysis of wavelength-resolved Dα emission on the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 48, 807 (2002)] have enabled accurate measurements of the main-ion (deuteron) temperature and toroidal rotation. The Dα emission spectrum is accurately fit using a model that incorporates thermal deuterium char...


Abstract Comparison is a very common tool for international lawyers. In fact, international law is built around, and draws upon, constructions necessitating an exercise of comparison. In recent years, however, calls have been made to turn the familiar tool of comparison into a central way to engage with international law. This is the idea of those spearheading the rise of a new field called comparative international law. This article critically examines the promotion of comparison as a central mode of engagement with international law and scrutinizes some of the main features of the comparativist project. It particularly shows that the comparativist project, far from laying bare the plurality of international legal thought and practice, enables a thought-colonizing enterprise. The article ends with some reflective observations on the possibility of limiting colonizing thinking in international legal studies. In doing so, it argues that it must remain possible for international lawyers to engage with alterity in a way that does not unilaterally manufacture the "other," silence it, and speak on its behalf. This approach is called counter-comparability.


Thank you for downloading do your ears pop in space and 500 other surprising questions about space travel. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their chosen books like this do your ears pop in space and 500 other surprising questions about space travel, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer.


Abstract Statement of problem: The consequences of vocal fold paralysis include voice change, airway problems and difficulty swallowing. Medialisation procedures using injected material have been used for many decades, with varying outcomes, mainly secondary to lifespan, tissue reaction or migration. Newer materials have recently become clinically available which are easier to manage and supposedly less likely to elicit foreign body reaction. Method of study: Case report. Results: We report a case of foreign body reaction and possible migration of polymethylsiloxane gel (Bioplastique™), one such material, after vocal fold injection. To our knowledge, this is the second such case described. Conclusions: This case highlights the fact that the risk of foreign body reaction and migration is still present for this material, albeit low. We also highlight the fact that, although this material can cause foreign body reactions and may possibly migrate, it is removable by microlaryngoscopy via the microflap technique, with vocal improvement.


Persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an elevated risk for the development of Cancer. Some of the malignant processes are intrinsic to the immunological impact of the HIV infection; others are more often related to the risk scenarios associated to the viral inoculum and subsequent development of the infection. In general terms, malignant transformation is fundamentally caused by genetic alterations to individual cells, which allow the presence of the disorganized autonomous growth of cells and the development of properties associated to the survival of the cancer cells. Properties associated to successful growth of the cancer include the capacity for relative autonomous growth, evasion of the normal regulatory process present within bodies, capacity of tissue invasion, spread to other organs and disruption of the normal organ homeostasis. Predisposing conditions that lead to an increased risk for the malignant transformation include chronic inflammatory states, congenital or acquired genetic mutations, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to environmental factors. The presence of HIV infection, particularly in the context of a deteriorated immune system is associated to an increased risk for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, central nervous system lymphoma and invasive uterine cervical cancer. Collectively these entities may be the initial manifestation of HIV infection and are intimately associated to the deteriorated immune system associated to the infection. As such they are considered AIDS defining conditions. The spectrum of HIV associated malignant disorders also includes non-AIDS defining cancers. Non-AIDS defining malignancies are often seen in patients who are at younger age than usual, are associated to a more aggressive behavior and tend to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage. The most common non-AIDS defining malignancies include Hodgkin's lymphomas, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, anogenital cancer, hepatic cancer and possibly multiple myeloma. The role of the HIV virus in triggering the malignant transformation of cells appears to be a direct effect by promoting cancer growth, and indirect in others by disrupting the human regulatory symbiosis provided by the immune system. The introduction of multiple spectrum antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have caused a dramatic improvement in the immunological function of infected subjects with an associated increment in the overall survival of these patients. The use of HAART has been intimately associated to a dramatic decrease in not only AIDS defining opportunistic infections but in some of the AIDS defining tumors particularly Kaposi's sarcoma and non


A recipe to produce ultrathin gate oxides by K‐promoted catalytic oxidation of Si is described. The thickness of the final oxide depends linearly on the amount of K predeposited. The resulting oxide is chemically homogeneous. The process takes place at temperatures much lower than those used in thermal oxidation. The maximum temperature required to desorb the catalyst is 600 °C.


In the Introduction to the Grundrisse Marx asks, thinking about the relation of Greek art to the present day: "What chance has Vulcan against Roberts & Co., Jupiter against the lightning-rod and Hermes against the Credit-Mobilier? All mythology overcomes and dominates and shapes the forces of nature . . . it therefore vanishes with the advent of real mastery over them. What becomes of Fama alongside Printing House Square?"' The incongruity-and mastery-of Dracula lies in its willingness to set the mythological, Gothic, medieval mystery of Count Dracula squarely in the midst of Printing House Square. The Grundrisse is Marx's complex meditation on the intertwined fates of production, consumption and distribution, prefaced by these worries about the place of the aesthetic in the modern socioeconomic landscape. Within its novelistic form, Dracula too could be said to pose and to enact the occultation of those three processes, by its privileging of consumption, which subsumes the other two. This engorgement is staged by the collision of ancient mythologies with contemporary modes of production. Miss Mina Murray writes to Miss Lucy Westenra about her current preoccupations: "I have been working very hard lately, because I want to keep up with Jonathan's studies, and I have been practicing shorthand very assiduously. When we are married I shall be able to be very useful to Jonathan, and if I can stenograph well enough I can take down what he wants to say in this way and write it out for him on the typewriter, which I am also practicing very hard. He and I sometimes write letters in shorthand, and he is keeping a stenographic journal of his travels abroad. "2 While such girlish pursuits, if slavishly dutiful, scarcely seem ominous, it is Mina's very prowess with the typewriter that brings down Dracula on unsuspecting British necks, even including her very own. In what follows I want to propose that as radically different as the sexy act of vamping and such prosaic labor on the typewriter appear, there are underlying ties between them that can ultimately make sense of the oxymoron of vampiric typewriting. The argument will turn attention to the technologies that underpin vampirism, making for the dizzy contradictions of this book, and permitting it to be read as the first great modern novel in British literature. In


THE COMPARATIVE study of teacher role had two phases: Phase I involved the collection of data from a systematically drawn sample of teachers in the four countries-United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Phase II drew on the experiences and results gained in Phase I and was designed to validate some of the earlier findings and to test a variety of hypotheses. Details of these two phases will be dealt with in turn.


When a fund's manager factors taxes into investment decisions, investors should do better. Each January millions of mutual fund investors open their 1099s to face the grim news of how much taxable income and gain they will have to report. But in the past five years no new type of fund has provided more good news for certain investors than tax-managed mutual funds. When an investor holds mutual funds outside IRAs and other tax-deferred retirement accounts, the cost of maintaining such investments includes taxes as well as commissions and management fees. Many mutual fund shareholders find taxes on interest, dividends and realized gains are the largest cost they face. With most distributions reinvested in additional shares, investors have to dig deep into their pockets to pay the tax bill. Each year, fund sponsors introduce hundreds of new mutual funds. (Today there are more than 10,000 funds in existence.) For tax conscious investors, tax-managed mutual funds are one solution to the problem of taxable mutual fund distributions. These funds seek to invest in a way that will minimize taxes and maximize long-term growth. With tax rates on net investment income and realized short-term gains as high as 39.6% and realized long-term gains taxed at a top rate of 20%, investing in a tax-managed fund can help an investor protect a substantial portion of his or her investment return. Although there are fewer than 100 tax-managed mutual funds (see exhibit 1, for a sampling), their stated goal of reducing the impact of federal and state income taxes on fund returns gives clients who already contribute the maximum amount to tax-favored IRAs or 401 (k) plans another low-tax way to invest in the stock market. Exhibit 1: A Sample of Tax-Managed Mutual Funds American Century Tax-Managed www.americancentury.com Value Fund Dreyfus Premier Tax-Managed www.dreyfus.com Growth Fund Eaton Vance Tax-Managed www.eatonvance.com International Growth Fund Evergreen Tax Strategic Equity Fund www.evergreen-funds.com Fidelity Tax-Managed Stock Fund www.fidelity.com JP Morgan Tax-Aware U.S. Equity Fund www.jpmorgan.com/mutualfunds PaineWebber Tax-Managed Equity Fund www.painewebber.com State Street Research Legacy Fund www.ssrfunds.com T. Rowe Price Tax-Efficient www.troweprice.com Balanced Fund Vanguard Tax-Managed Growth Fund www.vanguard.com As CPAs try to keep pace with the best investment vehicles to help clients realize their goals, tax-managed mutual funds are an increasingly important way clients can hold down taxes, leaving more for retirement, college funding and other key objectives. Here are some of the things CPAs will want to know about tax-managed mutual funds before recommending that clients add them to their portfolios. LOW-TAX INVESTING Tax-managed mutual funds operate the way most other mutual funds do. The difference is in how the funds are managed: Most fund managers tend to sell stocks with the lowest cost basis--and the highest profit--to boost returns, but tax-managed fund managers follow a different strategy, emphasizing aftertax returns. The aftertax return an investor earns from a mutual fund investment is a function of four factors: * The investor's own tax circumstances (tax bracket, filing status). * The pretax returns the fund earns. * The fund's tax efficiency. * The investor's time horizon. Tax efficiency is determined by the makeup of the fund's returns. A typical equity fund has realized short-term gains and investment income that are taxed as ordinary income (maximum rate, 39.6%); realized long-term gains that are taxed at favorable capital gains rates (maximum rate, 20%); and unrealized capital gains that are not currently taxable. A tax-efficient fund has more long-term capital gains and less investment income and short-term gains. …


Heat transfer augmentation without considerable pressure drop is one of the most important issues now a days. The different active and passive methods are used for the same. One of the passive technique is use of dimples. A depression forming recesses on a flat surface is considered as a dimple. Variation in dimple geometry results in various heat transfer and friction characteristics. Introducing the dimples on the surface not only increases the surface area available for heat transfer but also reduce the hydrodynamic resistance for the fluid flow over the surface, resulting in less pressure drop. The present work is based on experimental investigation of the forced convection heat transfer over the V-shaped dimpled surface. The experiments were performed on 150mm × 150mm × 15mm aluminium plate with V- shaped dimples with pitch 3.2D, where D = diameter of dimple. V-dimples with δ/D = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 are investigated, where δ= dimple depth. The experimentation was carried over a rectangular duct with aspect ratio 3:2. Heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt Number, friction factor and overall thermal performance of dimpled surface are compared with those from flat surface under same conditions. It is found that dimpled surface show 30- 45% enhancement over a flat plate. The maximum enhancement is observed in δ=0.3D in inline pattern. The dimpled surface with δ=0.5D shows minimum enhancement. Maximum frictional losses are observed in δ=0.5D dimpled surface and minimum in δ=0.2D dimpled surface. The overall thermal efficiency goes on increasing with increasing Reynolds number for all cases. The enhancement was verified using CFD analysis using ANSYSIS-15 ICEM software using k-ε turbulence model.


Stigma plays an important role in understanding successful interventions to control the opioid epidemic in the United States. Stigma has been described both as an agent to incentivize positive health behavior and as an agent of marginalization contributing to poorer health. Past scholarship has argued that stigma has positively motivated public health changes, for example, among tobacco users; it has also been associated with discrimination against vulnerable individuals, resulting in increasingly poorer health behaviors, for example in relation to HIV-prevention messaging.The discourse on stigma may conflate the denormalization of unhealthy behaviors with wholesale rejection of individual identities. More effective interventions would counter stigma against people who use opioids in general and specifically denormalize opioid misuse. These interventions might alter the effect of public health messaging and ultimately improve outcomes.We argue that public health educators and communication campaigns can contribute to positive social norm change and motivate healthy behaviors by incorporating strategies that attempt to disentangle unhealthy behaviors from identity. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print April 16, 2020: e1-e4. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305628).


In China urban residents have traditionally been protected against labour market competition from rural-urban migrants. Over the period of urban economic reform, rural-urban migration was allowed to increase in order to fill the employment gap as growth of labour demand outstripped that of the resident labour force in urban areas. However, as reforms gained pace and controls were lifted, it is plausible that migrants and urban residents increasingly competed. The paper examines whether the relationship is one of complementarity in a still segmented labour market or of substitutability in an increasingly competitive labour market. It uses attitudinal responses from two urban surveys and a panel data set covering the 30 provinces over the period 1994-2000. We obtain very different results from cross-section, random effects and fixed effects panel estimates, raising interesting methodological issues. The findings are consistent with the presence of continued labour market segmentation but suggest also that competition between the two groups may be increasing.


There is an obesity epidemic in this nation. As a rural nurse, what are you doing personally and professionally to reverse this trend? It's time for nurses to step forward and make a difference in our own health and in the health of others. Here's a beginning prescription for health that can be applied personally and professionally. There are three factors that people need to incorporate into their fitness routine: 1). intensity (how hard you exercise); 2). frequency (how often you exercise); 3. duration (how long you exercise). Achieving a balance between these three factors will give the best results (Healthwise, 2001).


In this age of information, data gathering has become a new growing trend. Social networking sites, Internet banking, online communities, all gather and store data concerning their users preferences, interactions or activities. This data is strongly relational and can be represented in the form of graphs where a Vertex represents the subject of the information and Edges represent its interaction or connections with other entities. The purpose of using resources to store these large amounts of information is later processing that will lead to useful result derivation. Hence, we are dealing with graph processing. The large amount of information is leading to distributed graph processing for result calculation within a ?nite time. Distributed large-scale graph processing, is a computational intensive task that entails many challenges such as distributed programming and knowledge of platform speci?c architectural characteristics. One approach that attempts to make the graph processing easy, platform independent and ef?cient, is Google's Pregel model. Pregel's computational model is based on an iterative program representation with two distinct entities (Master, Worker), that abstracts distribution related details behind a ?exible, user friendly API. In this project, using C++ and MPI we implement a Pregel clone, called MPIˆ2, and we evaluate its performance in the DAS4 cluster of TU Delft using three well studied graph processing algorithms(i.e,Page Rank, BFS, APSP).We conclude that the Pregel system successfully abstracts the graph processing task to a level where platform speci?c information is transparent. Furthermore, we observe that the system scales with the increasing number of computing nodes without introducing extra communication overhead. Finally, we notice that our system is sensitive to platform limitations like memory usage and we propose methods for its future development.


We analyze the use of laser reflection near the critical angle for different refractometric measurements. We consider using dynamic reflectometry to obtain direct measurements of the angle differential of the reflectivity. From the angular profile of the differential reflectivity it is possible to obtain measurements of the absolute values of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index (RI). For sensing purposes we consider monitoring the reflectance and/or its angular derivative near the critical angle for high-resolution sensing. We give simple and general formulas to estimate the resolution of the different measurements and give some estimates based on our experimental system. We show that a single instrument may be able to measure the real and imaginary parts of the RI with an uncertainty in the order of 10 26 . In sensing variations of the RI, the same instrument may yield a resolution of the order of 10 27 for slow variations. However, if the RI is modulated harmonically in time, the same instrument might detect an amplitude of modulation as low as ;10 210 . In addition, we study the applicability of the technique to turbid media consisting of particles in suspension. We illustrate the potential of the technique for that application with a few experiments on liquid milk and on water suspensions of polystyrene particles. We give experimen- tal evidence showing it is possible to sense the physical state of particles in solution even when the particles have a diameter as large as the wavelength. We also show that the RI of a liquid sample can be moni- tored through a physical or chemical process even if the liquid is vigor- ously stirred. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.


1 The excretion of thioethers was determined in the urine of nurses handling cytotoxic drugs (n = 10) and cancer patients under chemotherapy (n = 32). 2 An occupational non-exposed group served as control (n = 28). 3 We found no association between the handling of cytotoxic drugs and occupational exposure of nurses. Cancer patients under chemotherapy showed abnormally high values of thioethers, while urinary thioether concentration was, consistently, rather low in some individuals under intensive chemotherapy. 4 We conclude that periodical urinary thioether determinations should be made available to hospital staff as well as cancer patients to minimize the risks of the cytotoxic drugs.


This paper aims at studying the interferences and variations between the codicological and miniaturistic analyses of MS 99 of the Cathedral of Cordova taking into consideration the different traditions that have borne an influence on it.


Design Method: The feeder construction type adopts π-type (nominal π) transmission mode. The total feeder impedance value makes up of feeder impedance and load impedance, and then the feeder impedance value is derived from the hyperbolic function of mathematical formula, and the wire diameter parameter and length by a computer program to calculate. The load impedance composition is divided into two types: resistance parallel reactance or resistance series reactance, and the difference analysis of the feeder current obtained after being connected in series with the line impedance. The impact of voltage changes on the load end, load impedance and adjustment capacitors are deeply analyzed and discussed, and their differences are shown graphically. At the same time, the relationship between the load power factor and the resistance and inductance ratio of the adjusting capacitor and the load impedance are analyzed.
Design Purpose: Based on the frequent changes in the test data of related equipment parameters during design, the above calculation steps are been complied for a computer programming by MATLAB application software.
Design Effectiveness: The program has been tested for excellent performance. So that it is a powerful tool for designers to improve the accuracy of repetitive computer programming calculations.


At present, ESCC has a dismal prognosis with huge unmet clinical needs. With the potential benefit of combining PD-1 inhibitor with nCT, we conducted a phase II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Camrelizumab plus nCT for locally advanced ESCC.

 45 patients (pts) with histologically confirmed stage II/III/IVa(cT2-4aN0-3 M0) ESCC were enrolled from February 2020 to March 2021.The study was divided into two stages, stage1: we administered 1 cycle of Camrelizumab for induction therapy (200 mg q2 weeks); stage2: pts received 2 cycle of Camrelizumab (200 mg every 3 weeks) plus docetaxel and nedaplatin, followed by surgery within 4 ~ 6 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy completion. Primary endpoint was major pathologic response (MPR). Secondary endpoints included pathologic complete response (pCR), R0 resection rate, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

 At the cutoff date of Mar 9, 2021, 45 eligible pts were enrolled, neoadjuvant treatment was completed in 39 pts. Thus far 32 pts were resected, all patients underwent an R0 resection. Postoperative pathology showed that TNM stage decreased in 28 pts with 87.5% reduction rate. 19 pts (59.38%) reached major pathologic response, 9 pts (28.13%) reached pathologic complete response (no surgery related mortality). A total of 75.56% had AEs with 13.33% of grade ≥ 3 AEs. Date for median DFS and OS were not matured.

 Camrelizumab in combination with preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery for locally advanced ESCC showed promising downstaging effect and MPR with good tolerance, and its efficacy and safety could be further studied in later trials. Clinical trial information: NCT03917966.


Introduction: Parents play a vital role throughout a child's life. This role is very significant in the beginning years of a child's life. In this period, the child encounters new experiences and these experiences make him or her to learn and grow. These days, in order to help the parents build a bright future for their children, different parenting programs have been designed. These programs provide a great opportunity for parents to enhance positive parenting skills. The aim of this study was to design a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the mothers' parenting skills. Methodology: 44 mothers who had children aged 3–8 were invited to participate in this study. They took part in parenting-skills training sessions for more than two months. Then they were asked to attend the test center after six months to be tested on trained skills. In this study, mothers' parenting skills were measured by the OSCE test. The reliability of the test was determined with three methods including split half, Cronbach alpha, and correlation between assessors' scores in two similar stations. The construct validity of the test was determined with Explanatory Factor Analysis. Results: The total Cronbach alpha coefficient obtained was 0.83 which indicated that the test had a high internal reliability. The Spearman correlation coefficient obtained for two halves of the test was 0.76. The results of Explanatory Factor Analysis showed that nine stations of OSCE were focused on two factors. The first factor was named positive positions and the second factor was named negative positions. Conclusion: The designed OSCE test has the suitable psychometric features to be used by researchers to assess mothers' parenting skills.


When time is an important factor in the analysis of silicate rock or clay the following method of treating the flux will be found advantageous. The molten flux is poured into the bore of a steel cylinder that is resting on an iron plate. A tightly fitting plunger is inserted into the bore and rapped smartly with a hammer. The broken flux is swept into a dish where it is dissolved in acid.


We report on the strong coupling between inorganic quantum well excitons and surface plasmons. For that purpose a corrugated silver film was deposited on the top of a heterostructure consisting of GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells. The formation of plasmon/heavy-hole exciton/light-hole exciton mixed states is demonstrated with reflectometry experiments. The interaction energies amount to 21 meV for the plasmon/light-hole exciton and 22 meV for the plasmon/heavy-hole exciton. Some particularities of the plasmon-exciton coupling were also discussed and qualitatively related to the plasmon polarization.


This paper presents the following six main results from statistical analyses of the morphology of 50- to 200-keV protons and 30- to 90-keV electrons in the magnetotail and magnetosheath using approximately 1 year of data from the NOAA/APL energetic particle experiment (EPE) aboard the Imp 7 satellite at ∼35 RE with an orbital inclination of ∼30° to the ecliptic plane. (1) The 50- to 200-keV proton and 30- to 90-keV electron events in the magnetotail occur primarily in the plasma sheet region. The frequency of proton events in the magnetosheath is comparable to that found in the plasma sheet. However, the frequency of the electron events is considerably smaller in the magnetosheath than in the plasma sheet. (2) The protons show a dawn-dusk asymmetry in the probability of occurrence of the events, while the electrons show little evidence of an asymmetry. (3) The correlation of the electron and proton events in the magnetotail was highest in the dawn sector. (4) The electron event probabilities show a clear correlation with Kp index in both the dawn and the dusk sectors of the magnetotail, although the correlation of proton events with Kp is found only in the dawn sector. (5) The protons show characteristic flow patterns: in the magnetosheath the flow is consistently tailward; in the dusk plasma sheet the proton flow is predominantly sunward, while in the dawn magnetotail the flow pattern is not well defined. The flux associated with the sunward flow in the dusk sector is estimated to be ∼8 × 1025 protons s−1 and is sufficiently large to be a significant source term in magnetospheric dynamics. (6) Very high intensity, highly anisotropic proton events with antisunward flow were measured in the plasma sheet near the dusk magnetopause. During the 1-year interval used in this study a total of 16 events were observed. All occurred in the dusk sector of the magnetotail within a region defined by the lines ZSM = ±5 RE and YSM = 4–22 RE. In all cases the events were followed by an extended period (∼8 hours) in which the protons flow sunward (<100 km s−1) with thermal energy in the range of 6–12 keV.


Objectives Self-stigma is associated with lower patient activation levels for self-care in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the causal pathway linking self-stigma with patient activation for self-care has not been shown. In order to determine how self-stigma affects patient activation for self-care, we tested a two-path hypothetical model both directly and as mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Two university hospitals, one general hospital and one clinic in Japan. Participants T2DM outpatients receiving treatment (n=209) completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising the Self-Stigma Scale, Patient Activation Measure, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, haemoglobin A1c test, age, sex and body mass index. Primary and secondary outcome measures Self-stigma levels were measured by using the Self-Stigma Scale. Patient activation levels were measured by the Patient Activation Measure. Results Path analysis showed a strong relationship between self-stigma and patient activation (χ2=27.55, p=0.120; goodness-of-fit index=0.97; adjusted goodness-of-fit index=0.94; comparative fit index=0.98; root mean square error of approximation=0.04). Self-stigma had a direct effect on patient activation (β=−0.20; p=0.002). Indirectly, self-stigma affected patient activation along two paths (β=0.31; p<0.001) by reducing self-esteem (β=−0.22; p<0.001) and self-efficacy (β=−0.36; p<0.001). Conclusions Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, longitudinal changes between all the variables cannot be established. However, the findings indicate that self-stigma affected patient activation for self-care, both directly and as mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Interventions that increase self-esteem and self-efficacy may decrease self-stigma in patients with T2DM, thus increasing patient activation for self-care.


Department officer with experience in Sofia, examines Bulgaria's fledgling efforts to deal with the collapse of the old order in the Balkans. The author deals first with the disintegration of the Bulgaria's old relationship with the USSR and the Warsaw Pact, emphasizing the western encouragement given to the opposition in its successful campaign to renounce the 1967 treaty with the USSR when it came up for renewal. He then turns to the "blossoming BulgarianAmerican relationship," although in the time period considered the chief fruits of this relationship for the Bulgarians were 100,000 tons of feed grain and a visit by Dan Quayle. The author points out the general popularity of the United States among the Bulgarians but does not note the fear expressed by many intellectuals that in their national psychology the Bulgarians were only substituting a dependence on big cousin America for their earlier one on big brother Russia. Oddly, Clyatt does not mention President Zhelev's decision to participate in the sanctions imposed on Iraq during Desert Storm, although this severely hurt the Bulgarian economy and was an important issue in domestic Bulgarian politics. Clyatt surveys the rapid progress in the development of Bulgaria's relations with western Europe, focusing on Sofia's efforts to join or gain associate status with the major transnational European organizations. While the "road to Europe" did seem clearly open during the period covered in this book, progress slowed markedly later on as western Europe proved reluctant to open its markets to east European goods or to risk being drawn into conflicts in and around the former Yugoslavia. Finally, Clyatt briefly surveys developments in the Balkans, pointing to Bulgaria's improved relations with Turkey and Sofia's efforts to persuade NATO to play a more active role in preventing the spread of conflicts in the Balkans. Clyatt drew his information entirely from western newspapers and news services and the translations from the Bulgarian press provided by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Consequently, his account emphasizes formal diplomacy, i.e., the visits of high-ranking officials, the signing of agreements and the statements of political leaders on ceremonial occasions. There is little feeling for how issues were perceived by ordinary Bulgarians. There are also some statements that are misleading or wrong. Describing the elections of June 1990, Clyatt writes: "Even with the advantages of incumbency in a police state, however, the BSP managed to obtain a majority of only eleven seats." Bulgaria could hardly be characterized as "a police state" at the time of the elections, a fact acknowledged by the political opposition and by international observers. Clyatt describes the Turkish minority as a "despised group," which perhaps accurately reflects the views of some Bulgarians but hardly all, and does not acknowledge the active role of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms, the "Turkish Party," in Bulgarian politics. Finally, few would agree that Bulgaria introduced "as radical a set of economic reforms as any in Eastern Europe." In short, this brief work provides a chronicle of Bulgaria's first diplomatic steps in the post-communist era. But its value is limited by its focus on the surface of events and by a tendency to offer misleading generalizations. Moreover, many of the events and persons described by the author can already be seen as ephemeral in the light of developments during the past two years.


With the popularization of computer,the Internet has drastically changed the human life and make the popularity of graphic design technology possible.The commercial art services are working for modern large-scale industrial production.Graphic design was born for tradition,but it can not be denied on the nature of graphic design.A small minority of expression of thought of graphic design as the name implies that it works for personal services besides commercial services and to meet the personalized needs of individual-oriented.It is return to graphic design ideology and expression from the root of that comes from deep-seated human Loneliness.


The growing numbers of older adults in the United States will have a significant impact on community resources, which will affect the ability of residents to live and thrive in their local community regardless of age. For this study, we applied explanatory sequential mixed methods and community-based participatory research (CBPR) to discover how attributes of the physical, social, and service environments determine residents' perceptions of community age-friendliness and conditions for aging-in-place. A population survey measuring county residents' (n = 387) perceptions and importance of community resources that support community livability are explained by thematic results of the CBPR, that is, emergent proximal and distal age-friendly factors. Our qualitative approach engaged local people (n = 237) in participatory processes to study and share perceptions of environmental attributes in six communities in one Oregon county. Findings are integrated to explain similarities and differences in older residents' lived experience of rural and urban settings with regard to age-friendly foci.


This paper describes performance of power PHEMT technology at K-band. Power PHEMT modules are shown to deliver an average output power of 4.7 watts and an average power-added efficiency (P.A.E.) of 38.5% over the 18.0 to 21.2 GHz frequency range for a 20 module sample size. Data are shown in statistical format. Peak module performance of 5.4 watts output power and 41.4% P.A.E. within the 18.0 to 21.2 GHz band is also presented. The results demonstrate the capability and advantages of using PHEMT technology over MESFET technology and TWTs.<<ETX>>


Abstract:  The collection, since 1975, of over 1500 specimens of Leanchoilia Walcott by the Royal Ontario Museum has prompted reassessment of the genus and its species from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Among new characters in Leanchoilia superlata, the type species, are the presence of two pairs of eyes, a dorsal double carina bracketing the axis of the body segments, segmentation of the gill branch of the appendages, and serration along the body edges from the posterior third of the cephalic shield to the last body segment. Leanchoilia persephone Simonetta, previously synonymized with L. superlata, is also well represented in the Burgess Shale, and is re‐established as a valid species, owing to conspicuous differences from the type species. These are the absence of the diagnostic up‐curving snout of the cephalic shield, the absence of carina, the shorter 'great appendages', the smooth edges of the body, and its overall shape in dorsal aspect. Leanchoilia superlata and L. persephone may be sexual dimorphs of each other. The ROM collections extend considerably the geographical distribution and stratigraphic range of Leanchoilia in western Canada.


Continuing anthropogenic induced climate change poses risks to Cultural Heritage (CH) across the world. In the UK, concerns about future flood risks, increased number of heatwaves and changes to freeze-thaw cycles are at the forefront for managers of CH assets. Importantly, in the UK, and unlike many European countries, cultural, natural and built heritage sites are often run by or with the help of groups of volunteers, whether that being at a national level working in partnership with organisations like Historic England or at a local level with small community trusts. Mellor Archaeological Trust is one such local charity which aims to preserve, maintain and protect the local CH assets for our community and future generations. Climate change and its impacts are, therefore, a big concern for the trust as it looks to plan for the future. After a successful pilot of the STORM service, Mellor was able to demonstrate how the use of inexpensive and novel technologies can help small and large volunteer-led organisations in protecting heritage whilst ensuring that correct procedures are followed. In this paper, we demonstrate the successful use of the STORM service from a UK perspective explaining the benefits and drawbacks and highlight how such services should be utilised by other organisations.


We show that the equilibrium macroscopic entropy of a generic non-reversible Kawasaki–Glauber dynamics is a non-local functional of the density. This implies that equilibrium correlations extend to macroscopic distances.


This article presents the first experimental results of an integrating Radio-Frequency DAC (RF-DAC) we called the Riemann Pump. This DAC is part of a complete waveform generator architecture based on the quantization of the signal variations and the conversion of the as-obtained digital signal into the analog domain. This technique provides an improvement of the coding efficiency with respect to conventional pulse code modulation conversion schemes. Measurement results confirm the feasibility of this novel topology into silicon CMOS technologies. The conversion efficiency of the prototype realized in 65 nm CMOS is as low as 12 fJ per conversion step.


This research presents a data-driven model for the magnetic signature of an object, consisting of linearly reacting isotropic material. From magnetostatics a mathematical-physical model is derived for the linear behaviour of the induced magnetization. Data-driven updates for the permanent magnetization are computed from comparisons of the computed magnetic field with measurements from onboard sensors, in order to describe magnetic hysteresis. In order to improve the solutions for ill-posed inverse problems, the Tikhonov regularization method is studied. Furthermore, the performance of the model is examined by a number of twin experiments. Index terms magnetic signature, permanent magnetization, induced magnetization, inverse problem, data-driven,regularization.


First, a set of parameters of merit are identified and explained in their mathematical expression and physical meaning. Then, different regions of interest for possible future missions are identified and mapped to the relevant performances wanted for that specific region. Last a Multi-Objective Optimisation framework is presented, both in the exploited genotype and the different objectives participating to the definition of the cost function, in order to provide a versatile tool. The paper critically discusses the effectiveness of the proposed approach in detecting the best suited distributed orbital architectures for the servicers according to the expected service performance in specific user regions, spread all over the Earth-Moon volume - from Earth vicinity to Lunar surface, considering also robustness aspects. The benefits in the exploitation of the multibody dynamical regime offered by the Earth-Moon system to set up the most promising orbital set with a minimum number of servicing spacecraft are underlined as well.


Polymerization of fibrin molecules results in the formation of a double‐stranded protofibril. Although convincing data have not been presented, it is classically believed that γ‐chain cross‐linking of fibrin molecules occurs between the longitudinal end‐to‐end contacts (DD‐long contacts) of the molecules within each of the two strands of a protofibril (intrastrand cross‐linking). In this investigation the question addressed was whether γ‐chain cross‐linking takes place across the two strands (interstrand cross‐linking) between the transversal half‐staggered contacts of the molecules. Demonstration of double‐stranded protofibrils in the presence of urea would indicate an interstrand cross‐linking, whereas in the case of intrastrand cross‐linking, the chaotropic agent urea would dissociate the double‐stranded structure to form single‐stranded fibrils. Protofibrils were obtained by generating soluble cross‐linked fibrin polymers (sXLFbP): After incubation of souble fibrin polymers with Factor XIIIa at 37°C, the polymerization and cross‐linking reaction was stopped by the addition of 6M urea and EDTA. Gel filtration of the reaction mixture in the presence of 3M urea was effect in separating sXLFbP from monomeric molecules. The sXLFbP‐containing fractions were adsorbed onto mica in the presence of different concentrations of urea and investigated by electron microscopy after rotary shadowing. In the presence of 3M urea the sXLFbP appeared as double‐stranded protofibrils. In the presence of 4M urea some parts of the double‐stranded structure were found to be unfolded whereas in the presence of 6M urea multiple‐bended single‐stranded fibrils were observed. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the sXLFbP demonstrated no γ‐chain cross‐linking within the protofibrils. Ultracentrifugation of the sXLFbP showed that in the presence of 3M urea noncross‐linked fibrin polymers dissociated to monomeric molecules. When sXLFbP was centrifuged into 6M urea on sucrose density gradients, no reduction of the polymer size could be observed. The data indicate that γ‐chain cross‐linking occurs between the transversal contacts of the fibrin molecules within a protofibril, thus generating interstrand cross‐linking. A model of the cross‐linking of polymerized fibrin molecules is developed and the term DD‐trans contact is proposed for this specific alignment of the D‐domains.


The article reviews "heart metaphysics" as one of specific universality, fundamental and creating Russian culture as a whole, and Russian musical culture in particular.


The aim of this paper is to introduce and solve the generalized radical cubic functional equation related to quadratic functional equation$$fleft(sqrt[3]{ax^{3}+by^{3}}right)+fleft(sqrt[3]{ax^{3}-by^{3}}right)=2a^{2}f(x)+2b^{2}f(y),;; x,yinmathbb{R},$$for a mapping $f$ from $mathbb{R}$ into a vector space. We also investigate some stability and hyperstability results for the considered equation in 2-Banach spaces by using an analogue theorem of Brzdc{e}k in [17].


Capital-intensive methanol will have an economic advantage over raw-material-intensive fuels as methanol plants become more cost-effective and oil and natural gas supplies are depleted. Fuel decisions need to take account of the rate of depletion as well as economics when the potential for synthetic fuels is evaluated. Coal, municipal wastes, wood, and other fossil fuels can be made into clean, sulfur-free methanol. Internal-combustion engines, combined-cycle plants, and peak-load turbines can all operate on synthetic fuel. The largest application in the near future is seen for peak-load turbines because of methane's efficiency and low levels of emission. Other uses include conversion to substitute natural gas (SNG) and, eventually, to automotive fuels.


The present work is aimed at demonstrating the potentiality of lithium ion batteries recycling through the production of high added value nanostructured material. Nanostructured electrodic materials were synthesized starting from waste lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Firstly, the metals contained in the electrodic powder of exhausted LIBs were extracted by acid-reducing leaching. After filtration, metals rich solution was separated from graphite. Nanoparticles- based electrodes were produced by controlled precipitation and subsequent calcination of metals in order to obtain nanoparticles of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, one of the most employed LIBs cathodic material. Cathodic materials synthesized starting from waste LIBs and from high grade synthetic reagents were compared after their characterization by SEM, EDX and XRD. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was evaluated by galvanostatic cycling the electrodes in a lithium half-cell. Remarkably, the electrochemical performances obtained with the electrodes produced by the recovery of metals are close to those recorded using electrodes produced by synthetic reagents.


Older adults requiring home care service have a high risk of depression. Instruments for detecting depression among older adults, however, are often too long and detailed for easy administration by nontrained staff in large service-based settings.This study examined the measurement properties (test—retest reliability, concurrent validity, and cross-modality correspondence) of a single-item screener for depressive symptoms among older adults receiving home care services. Reliability was assessed (n = 65) by administering the single-item depression screener to the same participants on two occasions 7 days apart. Validity was assessed (n = 191) by comparing depressed participants from the single-item depression screener versus Geriatric Depression Scale (criterion measure). Responses to the single-item depression screener administered by telephone and face-to-face interview were also compared. Findings suggest that the single-item depression screener has fair levels of reliability, validity, and cross-modality correspondence and could be used among home care recipients as a screening tool, provided that depression status is confirmed via in-depth questionnaires, interviews, or a clinical diagnosis.


Healthcare associated infection is one of the common infection that happens in Indonesia. One form control to prevent
healthcare associated infection is the sterilization process of the materials and medical instruments that used for taking care
of patients. At the private hospital whereas a place of research, there's never been done the study of sterility test for reusable
instrument with pouches, based on previous studies showed that 8 sets from 40 sets of reusable instrument with linen were
not sterile moreover there were positively influence from the amount of time to the sterility of reusable instrument. The
purpose of these studies was to determining the relationship between a long storage time and the sterility of reusable
instruments with pouches. The method that used in this study was the sterility testing of reusable instrument with pouches
which were stored in a central operations room storage with a long storage time of 1 and 2 months. From 30 reusable
instruments with pouches which were stored for nine months there were 5 instruments were not sterile. The results of
statistic analysis showed that the amount of storage time not significantly associated to the sterility of reusable instrument
with pouches in the operating room central storage space.


Parabolic equation models based on the highly efficient and stable split-step Fourier (SSF) algorithm have been known to suffer from accumulating phase errors in range when bottom interactions are prevalent. The primary cause has been identified as due to the treatment of the density discontinuity at the water/sediment interface, whereby a smoothing function is introduced to model the step function. The scale of this smoothing function is proportional to wavelength, and can distort the environmental representation at low frequencies. Yevick and Thomson (1997) introduced a hybrid approach to the problem whereby the density terms were treated separately from the SSF approach via a finite-difference approximation. While this approach was shown to significantly reduce the aforementioned phase errors, the solutions were found to be highly sensitive to the choice of depth mesh size, making general usage of this approach less optimal. The finite difference approach of Yevick and Thomson was based on a 2nd order ...


Page 70 The California Journal of Emergency Medicine IV:1,Jul-Oct 2003 REBUTTAL: Susan Stone, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine KECK-USC School of Medicine LAC+USC Medical Center Mel Herbert, MD Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine KECK-USC School of Medicine LAC+USC Medical Center "A good reputation is more valuable than money" Publilius Syrus (100BC), Maxims. How can one argue with such a thoughtful, provocative and positive opinion on the role of pharmaceutical money in Emergency Medicine research? Indeed, one initially really does feel like the Grinch to even begin to rebut such a positive outlook. However, there are some very important points missing that must be addressed. We would agree that it is time to wake up and stop hiding our heads in the sand. The collision of ideology and reality has shown that the pharmaceutical industry has profited some in medicine enormously, but at a great cost to society (1) . Ideology is defined as the integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a sociopolitical program. What this means to the medical community may vary depending on who is asked. However, most physicians would agree that this means sticking to fundamental goals of medicine. Do no harm: protect our patients. To live by your beliefs and to do what is proven to be the right thing for your practice is what this would encompass. Simply accepting what is believed to be reality will ultimately hurt many people. The goal of industry is, frankly, to make money. Often industry and medicine can work together for a common goal, often they cannot (2) . Before accepting the very generous money from the pharmaceutical company, there are basic facts to consider. Despite the work of many talented researchers successfully using industry dollars to promote ground breaking medical advances, there are also many physicians taking these funds to simply supplement their income and build a career. We all receive invitations to the best restaurants and are offered other lavish gifts (3,4) . As a matter of fact, it is not unusual for speakers to be sought after to promote heavily marketed drugs. The reimbursement is impressive and tempting to say the least. Honoraria for "consulting panels" are typically $3,000 to $5,000. Not bad money for a couple days away from home at the best resorts. Simple math will show that this translates into potential earnings of tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, depending on how much of this "education" you want to do. This is a huge jump in pay from most of our academic positions, where we work for each penny! Many of us have decided that this kind of money really does not make us biased. We are told we should stop putting our heads in the sand and realize that this is the way it is done. But do we really believe that we can be completely unbiased for this kind of money? As a matter of fact, for those not returning these funds into their research account, this begins to become a necessity to maintain a cost of living. Some may even believe this is their right. The medical literature already shows us that prescribing patterns toward more expensive drugs and formulary changes may be guided by physicians with industry ties (5) . We are still left with the "real" fact that research dollars have dried up. . What is the answer? The development and implementation of guidelines for clinical research is an essential first step in reigning


In order to account and compensate for the dissipative processes contributing to the aging of cathodic surfaces protected by impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems, it is necessary to develop the proper modeling and numerical infrastructure that can predict aging associated with quantities affecting the controller of these systems. In the present work, we describe various approaches for developing cathodic surface aging models (CSAMs) based on both data-driven and first principles-based methodologies. A computational ICCP framework is implemented in a manner that enables the simulation of the effects of cathodic aging in a manner that allows the utilization of various CSAMs that affect the relevant potentiodynamic polarization curves of the cathodic materials. An application of this framework demonstrates the capabilities of this system. We introduce a data-driven CSAM based on a loft-surface approximation, and in response to the limitations of this approach, we also formulate a first principles-based multiphysics and thermodynamic theory for aging. Furthermore, we discuss the design of a systematic experimental task for validating and calibrating this theory in the near future.


Using advances in text analysis, we examine the content and timing of 21,493 press releases issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between 1994 and 2009. Press releases announcing enforcement actions or regulatory changes were issued more often on Fridays and before holidays, a time when news has the least impact on media coverage and financial markets. Changing the timing of press releases may increase deterrence through awareness of regulation and market reaction to environmental news. We find no evidence of regulatory capture. We compare text analysis techniques that allow data collection from sources previously too expensive to access.


Іn the article urgency of study of the human capital is justified.. Despite the availability of a sufficient number of models and methods ofevaluating the effectiveness of investment in human capital, according to heads of departments of managing workforce of Ukrainian enterprises, today there is no qualitative methodologies ofintegrated assessment of efficiency of investment in human capital, the use of which would not be very difficult to calculate and effective and would not require adding of additional staff positions in specialized departments of enterprises. The author analyzed the works of local and international scientists about research of evaluation of human capital at the present stage of social and economic development. A review of current methodologies for assessing of human capital is made. Some of the main approaches to the assessment of value of human capital are proposed and analyzed.


In a humid region like Japan, it seems that the radiation term in the energy balance equation plays a more important role for evapotranspiration then does the vapor pressure difference between the surface and lower atmospheric boundary layer. A Priestley-Taylor type equation (equilibrium evaporation model) is used to estimate evapotranspiration. Net radiation, soil heat flux, and surface temperature data are obtained. Only temperature data obtained by remotely sensed techniques are used.


This article discusses the structure of data-adoption system by means of USB.The emphasis is put on the National 863 Item "The Synthesis Measure Technique about the Tidal Wave Under Water" by using USB joint technique to solve the problems caused by board cards A/D,422,485,etc,such as installation trouble,disturbances from machine cases,limited members of main board slots,addresses and resource.Therefore the data collection of marine elements is fulfilled on the basis of a low cost,more reliability and multiple points.During the data collection,the stimulated values from the sensors are digitalized,and then sent to data processors through RS-485 protocol.The processors receive data from 485 and by AT98C51 single-processor and USB joints translate them to PC for analyzing.The course of sent data from PC to equipment is inverse.PC sends data to USB for data collection processor to translate into 485 protocol,thus completing the summering measurement of ocean wave,ocean current,and the depth of tides by marine elements.


In this paper, we present the excellent modeling capability of the continuum mechanics based beam elements. Since the elements have embedded cross-sectional discretization, individual handling of cross-sectional elements is enabled. Due to this novel feature, many complicated beam structures such as beams with discontinuously varying cross-sections, arbitrary composite cross-sections, and functionally graded cross-sections, and layered beams with incomplete shear connections can be easily analyzed. Furthermore, the geometric and material nonlinear analysis is also available, because the beam elements are formulated from continuum mechanics. The various applications of the continuum mechanics based beam elements are demonstrated through representative numerical examples.


To investigate the extent and reasons contributing to discrepancies between those receiving a DSM as against a clinical diagnosis of a bipolar disorder (BP) and/or a borderline personality disorder (BPD).


In this short note we derive Mott's law for the critical conductance of the Miller-Abrahams random resistor network on a Poisson point process on $\mathbb{R}^d$, $d\geq 2$, and we give a percolative characterization of the factor preceding the temperature dependent term $\beta^\frac{\alpha+1}{\alpha+1+d} $. We also give mathematical arguments supporting its universality. This note is a preliminary version of a more extended work, where we also discuss the equality between the effective conductance of the resistor network and the critical conductance.


Three case studies of teachers at the Metropolitan Museum of Art are discussed in the context of a larger grounded theory parent study of blind and visually impaired visitors, teachers and systems of instruction. The fieldwork focused on verbal imaging techniques to describe unreachable artworks. The analysis focuses on the traditional understanding that artworks in the museum are deciphered primarily from the perspective of visual perception, that museums are simple vessels of art, as contended by Ernst Gombrich and Pierre Bourdieu, and that inclusion is active. The enquiry also examines whether there is a bridge between sensing an object and understanding it that is partially beyond perception. The article has three conclusions. The first is that the three teachers devised methods to passively rather than actively include students in their descriptions of unreachable artworks, by discussing and developing bespoke modes of communication which were tailored to the viewer's background and impairment. The second is that visitors often develop symbolic, intellectual and emotional connections with artworks and the museum through verbal descriptions and being in their presence. The third is that previous literature has focused too heavily on the understanding that active inclusion in the museum is premised primarily on touch.


73 Assignee: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Primary Examiner Louise N. Leary 21 Appl. No.: 08/870,096 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Stephen E. Reiter, Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich, LLP; Stanley H. Kim 22 Filed: Jun. 5, 1997 57 ABSTRACT 51 Int. Cl. ............................... C12O 1/02; C12O 1/00; C12O 1/50; G01N 33/53 In accordance with the present invention, it has been dis 52) U.S. Cl. ................................... 435/29; 435/4; 435/17; covered that monocyte conditioned medium (MCM) 435/975; 424/9.1; 424/277.1; 424/93.1; obtained from patients with liver disease Stimulates the 424/553; 424/551 proliferation of fibroblasts. Platelet derived growth factor


Kinetics of oxidation of thiocyanate ion (NCS−) by iodine monochloride and iodine has been studied in aqueous perchloric acid medium. The rates of oxidations followed the rate laws:

Variations in ionic strength and dielectric constant of the medium had little effects on the rates of reactions with both the oxidants. Mechanisms consistent with the observed rate laws have been suggested. Rate limiting steps have been identified and the constants of some of these steps have been evaluated by varying [NCS−] at each temperature. Activation parameters were computed from the Arrhenius plots. The rate constants predicted from the rate law as [NCS−], and [H+], varied in iodine monochloride oxidation, are in good agreement with the experimental values providing support to the proposed mechanism.


The author justifies the need to return to an analysis of the meaning of such words as "philosophy" and "philosopher" in the Kyivan Rus' written sources of the 11th–14th centuries. In the author's view, this is explained not only by the inaccuracies the earlier research committed but also by the necessity to take contemporary achievements of Byzantine philosophical historiography into account. The author concludes that the preserved Kyivan Rus' written sources reflect certain Byzantine interpretations of the words "philosopher" and "philosophy" as understood within particular interpretive frameworks: philosophy may refer to a specifically "Christian" or "external" philosophy, presuppose rational or mystical comprehension of divine wisdom, become verbalized or not. Some sources probably espouse an understanding of philosophy as a practice of true life. The word "philosopher" had different connotations, as well. It referred to advisers or officeholders at the court of the Byzantine emperor, wise princes, church intellectuals, connoisseurs of biblical books, etc. The author invalidates the idea that in Kyivan Rus', there existed a holistic understanding of philosophy and philosophers. Instead, one should interpret these words as having a limited plurality of meanings.


The term is inspired by theories of Paolo Virno [1] who uses the category of opportunism when analyzing post-Fordist production systems, oriented at flexibility, mobility and individualism. Following Virno's traces I refer to the structural, non-moralistic definition of opportunism. Here opportunism does not mean an attitude that is morally doubtful, a lack of principles or the atrophy of one's ethical spine. This notion rather connotes the fundamental dependence of individualized culture producers on the never-ending lookout for possibilities (moonlighting, projects, exhibition opportunities, orders or temporary employment). The thesis that I propose here is as follows: structural opportunism in a form of fundamental dependence of the otherwise independent (not undergoing the formal discipline of contract work) art producers on a permanent search for opportunities; it is the source of systemic pressure that leads to the popularization of competition, the instrumentalization of social relations or, last but not least, the atomization and self-precarization of art workers. In the conclusion of this article I shall draw your attention to the resistance originating from structural opportunism. Its key aspect is a contestation of individualized dependency on the flow of opportunities.


Annita Rahmaniati. 2015. The Techniques of Teaching English for Young Learners in Hartini's Course Banjarmasin.
Keywords: Techniques, English teaching, young learners
This research describes about the techniques which are used in Hartini's course Banjarmasin for teaching English for young learners and how the course applies those techniques.
The problem formulation of this research are: what techniques that are used in teaching English for young learners and how to apply them at Hartini's course Banjarmasin.
The subject of this research are the leader of Hartini's Course and five EFL class instructors of Hartini's course. The object of this research is the techniques which are used to teach English for young learners in Hartini's course and the application of those techniques.
To collect the data, the writer uses some techniques such as observation, interview, and documentary. Data processing in this research is divided into three stages, they are editing, classifying, and data interpretation. Then all data are analyzed descriptively and qualitatively.
The result of the research denoted that there are 16 techniques that are used by the teachers in EFL class: short conversation, writing the starting and finishing the time of teaching and learning process, listening music, listen and repeat, point to each word, memorization, tracing, reading aloud, guessing picture, fill in the letters, fill in the blanks, self correction, defining words, point the matching picture, translation of literary passage, and reading comprehension questions.


The central feature of federalism is the notion of shared autonomy, and this essential idea of the concept, as reflecting divided or shared sovereignty represents the common ground among scholars of federalism in contemporary time. This study hence, attempt to ascertain, the bane of Nigeria brand of federalism with data empirically generated from the secondary source, to analyze the  relationship between the structure of Nigeria federalism  and the relentless demand for restructuring. Using the pluralist theory as its framework of analysis, this study reveals that there is a positive correlation between the inabilities of the federating units to access enough financial resources to carry-out their statutory functions and the prevailing agitation for total restructuring in Nigeria. It is also of the view that the sectional monopoly of political leadership in the country is related to the inexorable demand for total restructuring. It therefore, recommends that a development model rooted on the notion that sharing of Government revenue and the struggle to control the federal government must give way to a new structure that will challenge and drive productivity in different regions across the country. It contends that this new model must take into account that the factors driving productivity in today's world are no longer driven by fossil oil but rather the proliferation of a knowledge-based economy


Coady, et al did an experimental study of explicit instruction in high-frequency vocabulary and its effect on ESL reading comprehension. The researchers hypothesized that explicitly focusing student attention on words from the 2,000 most common words in English may help them to automatize lexical recognition of those words while reading in English. Automaticity in processing certain text elements increases the cognitive resources available for processing text elements that have not become automatic yet. The hypothesized effect of this was increased reading comprehension.


This is the forty-one chapter's name of the Young Chu. It is based on the theory that human correspond to Sky. Extinction, growth, abundance, decline, principle of yin-yang, is refered in this chapter. It is refered that hands and foots of the human body correspond to the Sky, the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, too. It can be divided two parts by contents. In the first-fourth chapters, nature(the sky, the earth.. the sun and the moon) correspond to yin-yang of the human. It described that hands and foots' meridians of the human body are separated into yin-yang According to this principle and they correspond to 10 elements and 12 elements. In the fifth chapter, It described that when meridians' Qi of the 3 yin 3 yang in hands and foots is flourish, don't acupuncture on it. It explain about yin-ynag of the Sky and the earth, too. Because contents are ancient and simple writing and different from current theory, it is difficult to understand completely. But I tried to understand original meaning as comparing with commentaries of many other specialists.


Metal-free ring-opening oligomerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) initiated with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (n-Bu4NF) (5.0 mol %) was performed in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEGM) (5.0, 10, 20 mol %) as a chain transfer agent, by which the resulting polymers having narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.2) were obtained in 80–84% yield. Solubility of the obtained polymers in water increased with the increase of amount of PEGM, owing to an increase of number of PEGM-block-oligo(GPE) molecules compared to that of oligo(GPE) molecules having FCH2– group at the initiating end as well as a decrease in degree of oligomerization of oligo(GPE). The PEGM-block-oligo(GPE) was isolated by filtration of the polymer aqueous solution, whose number-average molecular weights determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis were almost consistent to the theoretical values. The PEGM-block-oligo(GPE) formed micelles in aqueous media, whose average particle diameter was 58 and 140 nm for the copolymers having a composition of PEGM:GPE = 62:38 and 53:47, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 4451–4458


Erythrodermic psoriasis and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) are severe subtypes of psoriasis. To control these disease activities, intensive systemic treatments, such as retinoids, cyclosporine and biologics reagents, are required. The main biological targets of psoriasis are tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-17. Among them, anti-IL-17A antibodies are known to have rapid and strong efficacy; however, the long-term efficacy and safety are remained to be accessed. In the article of Okubo et al., the long-term (>3 years) efficacy and safety of ixekizumab, an anti-IL-17A antibody, were reported in Japanese patients with erythrodermic or GPP. This is a sequential study after a phase 3 trial of ixekizumab (UNCOVER-J) which lasted for 52 weeks. Erythrodermic psoriasis (n = 8) and GPP patients (n = 5) continued 80 mg of ixekizumab every 4 weeks for up to 244 weeks. At Week 52, all recruited patients had achieved Global Improvement Scores (GIS) of improved or resolved. In the erythrodermic psoriasis patients, the improved or remission status was maintained for up to Week 244. The mean PASI scores were 42.8 at baseline, 3.0 at Week 52 and 5.0 at Week 244. Mean improvements in DLQI and Itch NRS scores at Week 12 were sustained through Week 244. No severe treatment-emergent adverse effects (TEAEs) or deaths were reported, but two patients discontinued the study because of TEAEs; one discontinued due to mild abnormal hepatic function at Week 101 (AST and ALT levels were 58 and 139 U/L, respectively), and the other due to a positive mycobacterium tuberculosis test at Week 52. In the GPP patients, no patients had a GIS of unchanged or worsened during the study. The mean PASI scores were 12.8 at baseline, 1.8 at Week 52 and 1.6 at Week 244. Mean improvements in DLQI and Itch NRS scores at Week 12 were sustained through Week 244. No severe TEAEs or deaths were reported, but one withdrew the study as he/she was not able to attend the follow-up visits. This is the first clinical study which confirmed the long-term efficacy and safety of anti-IL-17A antibody, ixekizumab, for the treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis and GPP patients. Ixekizumab controlled these disease activities over 3 years and was well-tolerated, and no new safety concerns were identified. Several limitations of this study must be noted. One is the small sample numbers; only eight erythrodermic psoriasis patients and five GPP patients were enrolled, suggesting that rare TEAE can be overlooked in this study. The other limitation is that only single ethnicity, Japanese, was enrolled in this study. A recent study demonstrated that an Asian population has a Th17-skewed condition in atopic dermatitis patients, implying that immune response in erythrodermic psoriasis patients and GPP patients may also differ among distinct ethnicities. Further clinical studies with higher numbers and multi-ethnicities should address these questions.


The utility model provides a shift register. The shift register comprises first to fourth thin film transistors for realizing the function of the basic shift register, a fifth thin film transistor for controlling a second node voltage, a sixth thin film transistor, an eighth thin film transistor and a ninth thin film transistor as well as a discharge control module for discharging a first node and a signal output end. In addition, the utility model provides a GOA (global outstanding assessment) circuit composed of the cascaded shift registers. According to the shift register, the second node voltage is controlled to discharge noise signals of the first node and the signal output node so as to effectively discharge the first node and the signal output node and suppress the noise.


Careful research by numerous investigators has shown the thymus to be a producer of lymphocytes and myelocytes (and possibly also erythrocytes) which reach the circulation via the veins and lymphatics. It is therefore no longer necessary to consider the thymus as an enigmatic organ—an organ of unknown function—when its hematopoietic role is apparent. Likewise, it is sheer folly to go on believing that the thymus is merely an organ of infancy and childhood after it has been pointed out repeatedly by numerous workers in the field that this view is incorrect. One must have a moving dynamic concept of the organ as it is capable of swift and extensive changes in form and structure which take place under physiologic conditions chiefly by an unloading of its cortical cells into the vascular system and by the production of more to augment and replace them.
 The thymus plays a far more important role in the genesis and perpetuation of leukemia than has hitherto been believed. The old but erroneous ideas about the immigration of cells into the thymus have led previous investigators astray in the interpretation of the histologic pictures presented in the thymus in both normal conditions and in leukemia. Leukocytes seen in the periphery of the lobules and in the interlobular septa have almost invariably been described as entering or "infiltrating" the thymus without any basis in fact; actually the cells are formed in the thymus and are migrating from it. The ultimate function of the thymus will not be clarified until the role of these leukocytes it produces—its chemical messengers—has been completely elucidated.


Single protein nanocapsules (SPNs) means that each individual protein molecules are coated with a very thin polymer layer. The polymer chains which are porous enough to allow enzymatic functions are bound covalently to the protein molecule. According to our previous results the polymer layer can essentially stabilize different types of enzymes, e.g. its stability became to 50-70 times longer than that of the native ones. The heat stability (at 80 °C SPNs has activity after 24 hours) and the pH-stability (from pH = 1.5 to pH = 12.0) of the covered enzyme can essentially be improved comparing to the native enzymes. Our results show, that SPNs have a good features as drug carriers: acrylamide-bisacrylamide copolymer layer can carries bovine serum albumin molecules across the blood brain barrier in rat brain. We synthesized single haemoglobin nanocapsules with acrylamide-bisacrylamide copolymer on the surface of the molecules (PAAHgB) and their size, homogeneity, aggregation status, zeta potential were investigated compared with other nanomaterials.


immunotherapy (LIT) is an appropriate strategy for embryo receptivity. The objective of this study was to determine the success rate of LIT in patients with a history of frequent IVF failure with unknown cause. This interventional; non-experimental study conducted on 61 patients (infertile) with 2 or more IVF failure, in Sarem women's hospital (Tehran, Iran) over a period of 2 years from the beginning of 2010 to 2012. The women were selected for LIT that their cross-match test was negative for antipaternal cytotoxic antibody (APCA). Data were analyzed using SPSS 13 software. The mean numbers of transferred embryos were 3.17 and 1.5 for fresh and frozen embryos, respectively. The pregnancy rate per LIT cycle was 31.1%. The success rate in terms of full‐term births per LIT cycle was generally estimated as 26.23%. There was no significant relationship between the positive results of β‐HCG test with the duration of infertility, number of acquired follicles, frozen embryo transfer (FET) or embryo transfer (ET). Lymphocyte immunotherapy can be used as a suitable treatment option for patients with frequent failure in IVF with unknown cause


Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are among the most common diseases in children, and they can be very distressing not only for the sick child and his or her parents but also for the physician. The burden of these URTIs is reflected by: (1) high incidence; (2) substantial morbidity and potential sequelae; (3) tendency to overdiagnosis (especially in streptococcal pharyngitis and acute otitis media); (4) associated overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Many URTIs are viral in etiology, and many bacterial URTIs are self-limiting. Unnecessary antibiotic therapy (overuse) and poor therapeutic choice, dosage and/or duration (misuse) both contribute to bacterial resistance, avoidable toxicity and increased costs.


The article presents the history of research of the left tributaries of the Middle Dnieper. The periodization of research by chronological periods from the IV century is developed. B.C. until the end of the XVIII century. The periods and key stages of river research during the corresponding period are highlighted. The issues of description of the respective rivers in antiquity and the Middle Ages are covered, in particular the elements of the geographical position of their river systems, water regime, feeding conditions, economical use, elements of river valleys and the organic world of their basins. Chronicle data and original works of scientists and politicians of these time periods are processed. The issues of geographical position of the river network, number and names of rivers of the studied sub-basin of the Middle Dnieper according to the maps of the XVI-XVIII centuries are covered in detail. Cartographic works of cartographers from France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Muscovy have been studied. Particular attention is paid to the cartographic works of the French cartographer Guillaume Levasser de Beauplan, who began a new stage in the mapping of the main left tributaries of the Middle Dnieper and their smaller tributaries. For the first time, 137 rivers of the Left Bank of the Middle Dnieper were marked on his maps. He put forward the theory of the formation of the channels of the left tributaries of the Middle Dnieper. On the maps of 1680 – 1760, we notice the beginning of the stage of stagnation in the image of the hydrographic grid of the left tributaries of the Middle Dnieper. The information according to the descriptive data of the Left Bank of Ukraine of the end of the XVIII century is singled out. The first detailed descriptions of the rivers – Kyiv, Chernihiv, Kharkiv governorates and Little Russia Governorate in the period from 1775 to 1800 were developed. A complete catalog of rivers of the I, II, III and IV order of the Middle Dnieper sub-basin according to descriptive data within the river basins with indication of their length is given.


• I am working as an enrolled nurse on an intensive care unit. I plan to begin a follow-up bereavement service for patients' relatives.


The authors believe corpus cavernosography is an important aid in the evaluation of metastatic lesions, priapism, impotence, atrophy and fibrosis of the penis, and trauma to the penis. By visualizing the emptying of the contrast material from the cavernous spaces into the veins draining the penis, it is possible to assess the length of time that the contrast material remained in the organ.


Based on the two-stage method of DEA-Tobit,this paper compares the efficiencies of fiscal fund for assisting agriculture.Then according to the results in stage 1,the paper constructs a multiple linear regression model.The results show that the efficiencies of fiscal fund for assisting agriculture in our country are not high.The per capita GDP,the average education year of rural employment population and the natural disasters have significant effects on the efficiencies of fiscal fund for assisting agriculture in our country.The powers of agricultural machinery don't have significant effects on the efficiencies of fiscal fund for assisting agriculture.The regions of different of our country should be combined with their characteristics to promote the efficiencies of fiscal fund.Besides,the countryside elementary education should be strengthen,our agriculture should be transformed from the traditional agriculture to modern agricultural,in order to improve the peasants' Income,food Security and the efficiencies of fiscal fund for assisting agriculture.


The 18th ELAG (European Library Automation Group) meeting 'Library services in an electronic environment' was held in Budapest from 27 to 29 April 1994. ELAG was the guest of the prestigious Hungarian National Szechenyi Library. One hundred and thirty European library automation specialists attended the seminar, among them about a quarter from Eastern Europe. The success was guaranteed by the programme, the continued enthusiasm of all members, and the smooth integration of the newcomers. Now, in its 15th year of existence, ELAG (European Library Automation Group) became European in the real sense of the word. Indeed nearly all European countries were represented. The ELAG members noted this achievement as a very important milestone.


Abstract : In a major step towards meeting Health Insurance Potability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) standards, the Military Healthcare System (MHS)plans to implement an outpatient itemized billing system by October 2002. Over the last four years, there have been many different methods and systems used to collect and code outpatient encounter data. The purpose of this project is to evaluate and assess various methods of performing coding in the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) General Internal Medicine Clinic (GIMC)and determine whether current outpatient coding practice and data quality is sufficient for supporting itemized billing. The first part of this study involved a comparison on coding accuracy between providers in 1998 using a bubble sheet to code diagnoses and procedures (Gall, 1998), and the current study using an automated coding system. The results showed a decrease in International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis coding correctness from 66% to 51% and a decrease in the average number of diagnoses recorded per encounter from 2.24 to 1.81. Evaluation and management (E&M) complexity coding accuracy worsened, showing a higher propensity towards over coding, increasing from 37% to 83% over coded. The second part of this study evaluated coding accuracy of a clinic initiative using medical clerks to code directly from provider written documentation. Evaluating and comparing the results using these and other methods of coding is essential to developing the best practices for accurate coding in the MHS. This study provides suggested interventions and process improvements to assist the organization in improving coding accuracy and overall data quality. More importantly, these interventions will help leadership reduce billing risk and remain focused on the core mission of providing quality care to military beneficiaries.


Background —Gastro-oesophageal reflux is often associated with cough. Patients with reflux show an enhanced tussive response to bronchial irritants, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Aim —To investigate the e V ect of mucosal damage (either oesophageal or laryngeal) and of oesophageal acid flooding on cough threshold in reflux patients. Patients —We studied 21 patients with reflux oesophagitis and digestive symptoms. Respiratory diseases, smoking, and use of drugs influencing cough were considered exclusion criteria. Methods —Patients underwent pH monitoring, manometry, digestive endoscopy, laryngoscopy, and methacholine challenge. We evaluated the cough response to inhaled capsaicin (expressed as PD5, the dose producing five coughs) before therapy, after five days of omeprazole therapy, and when oesophageal and laryngeal damage had healed. Results —In all patients spirometry and methacholine challenge were normal.


Thompson's group V has a rich variety of subgroups, con- taining all finite groups, all finitely generated free groups and all finitely generated abelian groups, the finitary permutation group of a countable set, as well as many wreath products and other families of groups. Here, we describe some obstructions for a given group to be a subgroup of V. Thompson constructed a finitely presented group now known as V as an early example of a finitely presented infinite simple group. The group V contains a remarkable variety of subgroups, such as the finitary infinite per- mutation group S∞, and hence all (countable locally) finite groups, finitely generated free groups, finitely generated abelian groups, Houghton's groups, copies of Thompson's groups F, T and V , and many of their generalizations, such as the groups Gn,r constructed by Higman (9). Moreover, the class of subgroups of V is closed under direct products and restricted wreath products with finite or infinite cyclic top group. In this short survey, we summarize the development of properties of V focusing on those which prohibit various groups from occurring as subgroups of V. Thompson's group V has many descriptions. Here, we simply recall that V is the group of right-continuous bijections from the unit interval (0,1) to itself, which map dyadic rational numbers to dyadic rational numbers, which are differentiable except at finitely many dyadic rational numbers, and with slopes, when defined, integer powers of 2. The elements of this group can be described by reduced tree pair diagrams of the type (S,T,�) whereis a bijection between the leaves of the two finite rooted binary trees S and T. Higman (9) gave a different description of V , which he denoted as G2,1 in a family of groups generalizing V.


Double injection in insulators is analyzed taking into account that the lifetimes for the injected electrons and holes are different and vary with injection level. Assuming charge neutrality, a detailed solution is obtained for the simple model of an insulator with a single set of recombination centers filled with electrons in thermal equilibrium. The major results are: (i) There is a threshold voltage ${V}_{\mathrm{th}}$ below which the double-injection current is negligible and at which this current rises steeply with voltage. At this threshold voltage the hole transit time, ${t}_{p,\mathrm{th}}=\frac{{L}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}{V}_{\mathrm{th}}}$, is comparable to the hole lifetime ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{p,\mathrm{low}}$. The subscript "low" refers to the lifetime at low injection levels. The lifetime at high injection levels in this model will generally be longer. (ii) For an electron capture cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}$ much smaller than the hole capture cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}$, there is a negative resistance between ${V}_{\mathrm{th}}$ and ${V}_{M}\ensuremath{\approx}(\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}){V}_{\mathrm{th}}$. With increasing current, the voltage decreases from ${V}_{\mathrm{th}}$ to ${V}_{M}$. This negative resistance has its origin in an increasing hole lifetime with increasing injection level, owing to electron depopulation of the recombination centers by hole capture. (iii) At still higher currents the double-injection current-voltage characteristic is similar to that for a semiconductor at high injection levels. At sufficiently low currents the neutrality-based, double-injection solution is no longer self-consistent with respect to the neglect of space charge, and the true current is a one-carrier SCL (space-charge-limited) current which, for the simple model analyzed, is the electron SCL current for a trap-free insulator. In real insulators the one-carrier SCL current may mask the voltage threshold effect, (i) above, depending on the physical parameters of the crystal. On the other hand, under the condition specified in (ii) above, the negative resistance will always be observed. Experimentally, the negative resistance should produce either current oscillations or a hysteresis in the voltage vs current for dc applied voltages. Both effects have been widely observed in insulators and high-resistivity semiconductors. It is shown how the theory can be extended to more complicated models.


(57) Abstract: a possible two-way communication of a computer network adapted, in a device power switch is incorporated operated by the user, a method for monitoring the operation status information, between the device and the remote location It includes establishing a communications link. The communication link is established to a packet switched network using network compatible protocol, the power switch of the apparatus is the case of off, is maintained active. The method also includes the transmission and generating an operating condition status information about the device at almost regular rate, this status information on the established communication link.