Angiogenesis and osteogenesis coupling processes are essential for bone regeneration, and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) along with endothelial cells (ECs) are crucial participants. Deferoxamine (DFO), a hypoxia-mimetic agent, could activate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α signaling pathway and trigger angiogenic and osteogenic effects in these cells. However, the lifetime of DFO is very short, thus a suitable delivery system is urgently needed. In this study, we encapsulated DFO in Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) nanoparticles (DFO-loaded NPs) to realize its long-term angiogenic and osteogenic bioactivities. Surface morphology, size, size distribution of DFO-loaded NPs as well as DFO loading content (LC), encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profile were systematically evaluated. When hBMSCs were exposed to the vehicle with DFO concentration of 100 μM, cells showed good viability, increased HIF-1α expression and enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. The transcriptional levels of the angiogenic and osteogenic genes were also upregulated. Moreover, promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity further confirmed better osteogenic differentiation. Similarly, angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were enhanced after the addition of DFO-loaded NPs, evidenced by increased angiogenic genes expressions and tube formation. Taken together, DFO-loaded NPs could provide a sustained supply of DFO, with its angiogenic and osteogenic coupling effects preserved, which extends the potential of this system for bone defect repair.


Algaes are widely used products globally as medicinal products, cosmetic, and food condiment products. The natural substances derived have multiple interests. Among these compounds, secondary metabolites are to a large extent found. Phytochemical screening enabled us to demonstrate the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant tissues of our algae. The detection of these chemical compounds is based on tests of component solubility, precipitation and turbidity reactions, specific color change or ultraviolet light examination. In the present work, phytochemical characterizations of two macroalgae of the Mauritanian Atlantic coast (Baie de l'étoile) Have been carried out, to know; Sargassum muticum; Cystoseira tamariscifolia. The results obtained demonstrated the presence of several secondary metabolites which may be responsible for important biological properties.


When a parturient has myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction, both maternal and fetal complications may result. MG is found in at least 1 in 10,000 women of reproductive age; it is not rare. Transitory neonatal MG (TNMG) develops in 12% to 20% of newborn infants whose mothers are myasthenic. The investigators reviewed 65 patients with MG over the course of 69 pregnancies in the years 1972-1999. The average maternal age was 28 years. Just more than half of them had had MG for less than 5 years, and 9 women were diagnosed at the onset of pregnancy. Moderate or severe MG was present in 57% of affected women; 11% had ocular MG. Sixteen patients in whom MG remitted completely received no treatment. Thirty others received only pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, whereas 23 patients received steroids in addition. Nine women underwent plasmapheresis when MG deteriorated in the final weeks of pregnancy. A majority of pregnancies ended in term delivery, but there were five premature births and a single miscarriage. In general, patients were admitted to the hospital 2 to 4 weeks before the expected time of delivery. More than 80% of labors were completed vaginally. In only one instance was cesarean delivery done because of worsening MG (before plasmapheresis was available). Pyridostigmine was given intramuscularly rather than orally at the start of labor, and prednisone was continued, sometimes in an augmented dose. MG deteriorated during late pregnancy in 14.5% of women and puerperally in another 16%. All patients with severe disease deteriorated, but only one had myasthenic crisis. These women had a shorter history of MG than those without any exacerbation. The incidence of TNMG in this series was 30%. It did not develop in any infant whose mother underwent plasmapheresis. Normal pregnancy and delivery are realistic expectations for mothers with MG. Only if MG is exceptionally severe should operative delivery be considered. In any given case the course of MG during pregnancy cannot be predicted.


As the world economy is becoming much more globalized than before, International Financial Reporting Standards grabs too much attention from academicians and practitioners. International Financial Reporting Standards is a set of accounting standards stating how economic transactions should be reported in financial statements. International Financial Reporting Standards play a vital role in functioning of the global economy. International Financial Reporting Standards enable investors to compare financial position and performance across firms. The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards affects economy in so many ways. A major driver for IFRS adoption by countries is the desire to integrate into the global economy. Some of previous research studies show that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards has a positive impact on the economic growth. In this paper, it is investigated whether the adoption of IFRS fosters countries' economic growth. The research hypothesis is that the implementation of IFRS significantly improves economic growth rate. In this study, panel data regression analysis is used to test relationship between the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and economic development. The gross domestic product is used as an independent variable. The results yielded by the empirical analysis enable us to analyze the economic benefits of IFRS adoption in the global economy.


In article is given the theoretical aspects of solving the existing technical and technological problems in improving the technical efficiency of working fluids, the device of a spray-caviator in a curved way, the device of a stream formed around a spiral deflection, the characteristic of a continuous flow, the process of leakage surrounded by a potential current of a primary drop. Analytical expressions were obtained as a result of mathematical analysis in the elementary study of the physical essence of this process. As a result of the circulatory – turbulization effect in theoretical research, it creates new opportunities for purposeful improvement of the caviator devices breaking down in the caviation method and wide introduction of high-volume spray technology in low volumes.


Current remote cooperative data visualization has its weaknesses such as complex interface definition, pool commonality and tight couple among the partners. Consequently, this paper presents a method to realize remote cooperative data visualization base on Web Service. Web Service technology overcomes the weaknesses of the present ones because it separates the businesses from IT, lets the providers and customers be independent from each other, and transfers data in xml format. A remote data cooperative visualization of hydraulic plank is brought to prove that our method is effective.


We sincerely thank both reviewers for the constructive comments and time devoted to discussing our manuscript. We agree with the general comments from both reviewers that the manuscript is overly long, and requires reorganization. We plan to modify our manuscript in response to the comments as detailed below. We will clarify and enhance text describing the aims and scientific goals of this paper, which are:


This paper is interested in the analysis of Blockchains and Smart-contracts applied to inter-firms relationships, in particular the franchise networks. After defining the Blockchain technology and the Smart-contract as a particular type of contract stored in blockchains, we question the theory of contracts and its conception(s) of transactions, information asymmetries, firm or inter-firm relations. To better understand the challenges of blockchain for franchise networks and identify opportunities for implementation in these networks, we present some relevant applications of this technology. We identify different ways where blockchain technology could improve the network management and therefore their performance: the supply-chain, the brand-name protection, security and transparency in the payment of fees and royalties, access to reliable information via an oracle.


Hand-pollinated female flowers were collected and the pollen grains deposited on the stigmas were counted by incident ultraviolet-light fluorescence microscopy. The counts indicated that the fruit set that normally follows conventional handpollination is low partly because too few pollen grains are deposited on the stigma, In agreement with this proposition, a new method of hand-pollination, whereby a larger number of pollen grains was deposited on the stigma than in the conventional method, resulted in a higher percentage of fruit set.


Brant (Branta bernicla) have become the object of increased concern to managers of waterfowl populations. The numbers of wintering Brant have decreased markedly from a peak of 55,000 wintering birds in the United States in 1958 to approximately 5,000 in 1972 (Management Plan for Pacific Coast Brant 1981). Corresponding reductions in the numbers of breeding Brant in Alaska have also occurred (Lensink 1987). The numbers of wintering birds in traditional Brant areas in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California have declined during periods when the numbers of wintering birds in Mexico have increased. Together, these observations imply that a variety of factors may influence Brant numbers in any locale throughout the year. Reductions in the number of Brant that traditionally winter in Canada and the western United States may simply be associated with habitat deterioration or disturbance, which forced the birds to winter farther south in Mexico. Reductions in the sizes of breeding populations may be accompanied by a corresponding reduction in genetic diversity. Accordingly, we studied the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of individuals from five separate locations across the breeding range of B. bernicla. We included four "gray-bellied" birds from an apparent distinct breeding population on Melville Island of the Canadian Arctic. Local populations characterized by unique mtDNA may suggest an older radiation followed by reductions in the numbers of individuals. Alternatively, homogeneity among mtDNA may indicate that the Brant have recently expanded their range dramatically or that the mutation rate in Brant mtDNA is low. Because of its simplicity, haploid composition, lack of recombination, transmission through the maternal germ-line, and rapid rate of evolution, mtDNA has been useful in resolving questions about population dynamics and in making predictions about phylogenies (Wilson et al. 1985, Avise 1986). Analysis of mtDNA has been important to biologists who study waterfowl (Shields and Wilson 1987b, Van Wagner 1987) because unlike most other groups of vertebrates, female geese and ducks generally establish breeding sites near their natal sites and return to them year after year to reproduce (Greenwood and Harvey 1982, Rohwer and Anderson 1988). Thus, fidelity to natal sites and transmission of mtDNA through the germ-lines of these females provides a molecular record of the patterns of their dispersal and phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, effective rates of mitochondrial gene flow among populations should be approximately one quarter of those of nuclear genes (Birky et al. 1983), and historical reductions in the sizes of populations as well as founder events should be revealed more clearly by analysis of mtDNA than by analysis of nuclear DNA, which is diploid (Wilson et al. 1985). Finally, given the assumption that mtDNA approximates a molecular clock marking time via successive mutations occurring at somewhat regular intervals, one can use divergence values between DNAs to approximate both the extent and rate of separation from a common ancestor. Nineteen individuals were available from five sites (Fig. 1). We purified mtDNA from the kidneys and spleens of all birds. Tissues were processed fresh, except for birds from Melville Island, which were banded on Melville as young of the year and then collected at Padilla Bay, Washington, in winter. Their kidneys were preserved in mannitol/sucrose/EDTA buffer on wet ice and sent to Fairbanks where mtDNA was purified upon receipt. Mitochondrial DNA of birds from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Anderson River, and Victoria Island was purified according to the methods of Lansman et al. (1981) and Cann (1982). We purified mtDNAs of samples from the North Slope of Alaska and from Melville Island according to the more efficient methods of Carr and Griffith (1987). We used Aval, EcoRI, HincII, HindIII, HpaI, PvuII, AvaII, BstUI, HhaI, Hinfl, and HpaII to monitor DNA sequence variability in all birds of this study. Mitochondrial DNAs of the birds from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Anderson River, and Victoria Island were also digested with DdeI and RsaI. Mitochondrial DNAs of birds from the North Slope of Alaska and Melville Island were also digested with BamHI, BanI, BglII, ClaI, Nar, NciI, NcoI, Spel, and StyL. Fragments of mtDNA were end-labeled with radioactive phosphorous, and their sizes were compared electrophoretically using either agarose (1.0-2.0%) or 5% polyacrylamide on long vertical gels. We used HindIII to digest DNA from phage lambda into fragments of known length that were then used as size standards on each gel. Statistics of homology from which the percentages of nucleotide sequence divergence were calculated were from Nei and Li (1979). On average, 88 fragments were analyzed for each of the 19 individuals. This level of analysis is typical of comparisons of this type for birds (Ball et al. 1988, Shields and Helm-Bychowski 1988). All Brants studied fell into either of two types based on their mtDNAs. Birds from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, North Slope of Alaska, Anderson River of the Yukon Territory, and Victoria Island had essentially identical mtDNAs. In birds from the Anderson River, one of the three


A double-blind cross-over study has been performed in 10 patients with an established diagnosis of paroxysmal suptraventricular tachycardia to compare the effectiveness of three active agents with placebo. The drugs were administered in random sequence for two-week periods with three-day washout intervals and in standard dose regimes as recommended for prophylaxis by authoritative works on the subject. The results suggest that digoxin is ineffective at the recommended dosage. Procaineamide was effective in controlling some arrhythmias, but disopyramide was the most effective agent studied. All these patients showed a mixture of arrhythmias, and also had a lot of ectopic activity. Arrhythmic activity is erratic and unpredictable, and a larger number of patients would need to be studied for long periods of time to obtain enough data for valid statistical assessment.


Abstract:Teacher education programs (TEPs) are responsible for preparing educators to use and align pedagogical approaches that are conducive for student learning regardless of race, class, ethnicity, gender or socioeconomic status. Drawing from seminal literature on teacher preparation, this conceptual manuscript examined microaffirmations as a culturally relevant approach for K-12 instruction. The authors highlight the intersections of instructional climate and instruction in English Language Arts as compared to classical literature regarding student affirming theoretical frameworks to contextualize engaging pedagogy. The findings suggest that within classrooms, microaffirmations have the ability to significantly affect both student and teacher development. The implications and recommendations are provided to strengthen the use of microaffirmation approaches to support academic growth for K-12 underserved student populations.


ABSTRACT While many citizens are indifferent about the EU, most MEPs are invisible in national politics and European Parliament elections are not fought based on parliamentary activity records, some legislators still pursue territorial interests or foster constituency linkages. What explains such behavior? Drawing on written questions data from the 6th and the 7th terms of the European Parliament (EP) this article shows that despite the virtual absence of an electoral connection in EP elections, electoral system features, and electoral marginality influence the MEPs' engagement in geographical representation. Electorally marginal MEPs ask more questions on regional and national topics as do MEPs elected from STV systems. There is no evidence for a differential effect of district magnitude depending on ballot structure.


Introduction: Â Psychological hardiness plays a significant role in coping with problems and disasters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between spiritual well-being and religious commitment with vitality feeling in people with substance abuse disorder. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all people with substance abuse disorder who were referred to addiction clinics in Mashhad during May-July 2016. According to Morgan table, 225 people with substance abuse disorders were selected by convenient sampling method. They responded to the questionnaires of Desi and Ryan vitality, Janbozorgi religious commitment, Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being, and Kubasa's psychological hardiness. The data were analyzed by correlation and path analysis methods using Amos and SPSS software. Results:The findings showed that psychological hardiness plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between spiritual well-being and religious commitment with feeling of vitality in people with substance abuse disorder. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between spiritual well-being and religious commitment with feeling of vitality in these people. Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that psychological hardiness has a mediating role in the relationship between spiritual well-being and religious commitment with the feeling of vitality in people with substance abuse disorder.


Field efficacy of eight insecticides, viz., methyl-o-demelon, chlorpyriphos, fen valerate, decamethrin, cypermethrin, mavric, endosulfan and permethrin was studied against Marasmia trapezalis Guen. and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) infesting maize. Observations showed that in the untreated control, the leaves infested by the leaf roller, M. trapezalis ranged from 9.2 to 13.6 per cent, while the plants infested by stem borer (C. partellus) varied from 26.0 to 33.9 per cent. As regards the effectiveness of insecticides against M. trapezalis, mavric (0.005%) was found to be best followed by permethrin (0.005%) and endosulfan (0.07%). However, endosulfan proved to be superior against C. partellus over the other insecticides. But, mavric and cypermethrin (0.005%) were statistically at par with endosulfan. The yield of grain and fodder was also as high as 41.64 and 133.25 q/ha, respectively in the case of endosulfan.


In the near future, the European seas will be subjected to a massive development of marine infrastructures. The most obvious structures include offshore wind farms, constructions for marine aquaculture and the exploitation of wave energy. The development of these facilities will increase the need for marine infrastructures to support their installation and operation and will unavoidably exert environmental pressures on the marine ecosystems. It is therefore crucial that the economic costs, the use of marine space and the environmental impacts of these activities remain within acceptable limits. Hence, offshore platforms that combine multiple functions within the same infrastructure offer significant economical and environmental benefits.


OBJECTIVES
Piezoelectric surgery (PS) is meant to be a gentle osteotomy method. The aim of this study was to compare piezosurgical vs. conventional drilling methods for implant site preparation (ISP) - focusing on load-dependent thermal effect on hard tissue and the expenditure of ISP time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three hundred and sixty ISP were performed on ex vivo pig heads using piezosurgery, spiral burs (SB) and trephine burs (TB). The load applied was increased from 0 to 1000 g in 100-g intervals. Temperature within the bone was measured with a thermocouple, and duration was recorded with a stop watch. Thermal effects were histomorphometrically analysed. Twelve ISPs per technique were performed at the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus.

RESULTS
PS yields the highest mean temperatures (48.6 ± 3.4°C) and thermal effects (200.7 ± 44.4 μm), both at 900-1000 g. Duration is reduced with a plus of load and significantly longer in either case for PS (P < 0.05). There is a correlation of the applied load with all other examined factors for PS and TB. Temperature and histological effects decrease for SB beyond 500 g.

CONCLUSIONS
PS yields significantly higher temperatures and thermal tissue alterations on load levels higher than 500 g and is significantly slower for ISP compared to SB and TB. For ISP with PS, a maximum load of 400 g should be maintained.


Purpose Oxidative stress, which refers to cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributes to many age‐related diseases, including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells must endure a high level of oxidative stress because of their high oxygen consumption, high levels of polyunsaturated lipids, and the long periods of exposure to light. Inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Oxidative stress is known to activate inflammasomes, intracellular protein complexes which assemble to process the precursors of interleukin (IL)‐1beta and IL‐18 to mature and secreted cytokines by caspase‐1. In the present study, we have studied the presence of inflammasome platforms in ARPE‐19 cells.


Reports on GaInP/GaAs HBTs suitable for high voltage operation as required for base station amplifiers. The high breakdown voltages are achieved by adjusting thickness and doping level of the collector layer. Record BV/sub cbo/ and BV/sub ceo/ values of 80 V and 47 V, respectively, are obtained for a 3.5 /spl mu/m thick collector doped to 4 /spl times/ 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/. In order to realize the very high transistor mesa of more than 5 /spl mu/m reliably, the standard HBT process was modified. HBT operation at 2 GHz for high supply voltages up to 32V is demonstrated. Good RF performance is confirmed by f/sub T/ values higher than 20 GHz and usable current densities in excess of 1 /spl times/ 10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/. Power HBTs with an emitter area of up to 5000 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ deliver 10 W of output power at 2 GHz with high efficiencies (PAE=50-79%) and 8-13 dB gain. Compared to LDMOS devices, these power HBTs exhibit a much larger output impedance (e.g., 20 /spl Omega/ for a 4000 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ device), which facilitates combining to very large power amplifiers. Heat-sinking strategies for high power HBTs are discussed based on power results and thermal simulations.


Objective: Past systematic reviews and meta-analysises of older studies of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy report positive effect sizes favoring treatment over control. This systematic review was conducted to include the most recent studies and evaluate the clinical significance of PEMF compared to control. Data sources: A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane controlled trials Register. Methods: Level one and two trials reporting comparison of pulsed electromagnetic fields with placebo or other control were included. Mean differences were compared to the minimal clinically important differences (MCID) of functional and pain outcome scores. Results: Ten studies, including 495 patients, showed a VAS difference between groups of 11 points out of 100, and a WOMAC difference between groups of 9.7 points out of 100. Conclusion: PEMF is unlikely to make a clinically important difference in knee osteoarthritis pain and function compared to placebo and control groups.


Searching a location of the copied video in video database, signatures should be robust to video reediting, channel noise, time variation of frame rate. Several kinds of signatures has been proposed. Ordinal signature, one of them, is difficult to describe the spatial characteristics of frame due to the site of fixed window, , which is compute the average gray value. In this paper, I studied an algorithm of sequence matching in video copy detection for the copyright protection, employing the R-tree index method for retrieval and suggesting a robust ordinal signatures for the original video clips and the same signatures of the pirated video. Robust ordinal has a 2-dimensional vector structures that has a strong to the noise and the variation of the frame rate. Also, it express as MBR form in search space of R-tree. Moreover, I focus on building a video copy detection method into which content publishers register their valuable digital content. The video copy detection algorithms compares the web content to the registered content and notifies the content owners of illegal copies. Experimental results show the proposed method is improve the video matching rate and it has a characteristics of signature suitable to the large video databases.


Objective To assess the correlation between the percutaneous bilirubin of each determining position and the serum total bilirubin,so as to choose a more representative position.Methods To determine the percutaneous bilirubin and the serum total bilirubin of 124 newborns at the following position: the mid point of the line segment linking the superciliary archs,the center of the intercostal spaces between the second and the third ribs,the mid point of the line segment linking the umbilicus and the xiphoid process and the center of anterior tibia.Result The percutaneous bilirubin of the newborns determined at above positions were linearly correlated with the serum total bilirubin(r=0.955,P0.001,r=0.965,P0.001,r=0.814,P0.005,r=0.704,P0.001),of which the data got at the center of the intercostal spaces between the second and the third ribs were the most closely correlated(R2=0.931).Conclusion The position selected for the first time determination of a newborn's percutaneous bilirubin should be at the center of the intercostal spaces between the second and the third ribs.


Current approaches to content-based retrieval of multimedia data usually rely either on query by example or on sketches of the desired image, but not on both. In this paper, we propose a new query specification scheme, where digital images are combined with sketches, after vectorization, taking advantage of both methods. We selected a set of algorithms to perform image vectorization, taking into account the trade-off between vector image quality and processing time. This method of specifying queries is part of a system to retrieve vector drawings, which we briefly describe in this paper.


Three-dimensional atom probe analyses of the interfaces between CoFe and Cu layers has shown that both roughness and chemical intermixing can occur independently. Interfaces formed by the deposition of Cu onto CoFe mimic the roughness present in previously deposited interfaces, but have a very small amount of interfacial mixing. In contrast, interfaces formed by the deposition of CoFe onto Cu are less rough, but more chemically intermixed. The region of chemical intermixing formed when CoFe is deposited onto Cu (0.7–1.0 nm) is approximately two times larger than that when Cu is deposited onto CoFe (0.3–0.5 nm).


Velebit Mt. is the longest (145 km) mountain range of Croatia. The Velebit region is the part of Dinaric karst that covers southern half of Croatian territory. Its strike is NW-SE direction along the Adriatic Sea coast, and although the distance from the sea is only several km, the region of Velebit Mt. has a mountain climate type. Crnopac Mt. is located on the most southern part of the Velebit massif. As the morphological barrier (up to 1406 m a.s.l.) between the Lika region (550 m a.s.l.) on the north, and the Zrmanja River which lies close to the sea level, on the south, the area of Crnopac Mt. has been exposed to the intensive karstification processes. Surface geomorphology indicates an advanced karstification which is even more pronounced in the underground. Up to date more than 100 caves were discovered and explored. Due to the complexity of natural conditions, including horizontal groundwater flow through the massif, from the ponor zone in the Lika polje (550 m .a.s.l.) to the discharge area along Zrmanja River, and simultaneous vertical circulation through the deep unsaturated zone, different types of caves have been developed. The speleogenesis of the most important caves was analysed in respect to the lithological characteristics of rocks, geological structure, hydrographic network, and hydrogeological relations.


This article discusses the relationship between technology and Inuit identity. Using interviews, it explores how a group of students from the Arctic College located in the community of Iqaluit in the Canadian Arctic, use the social network Facebook. It was found that in addition to an expected use of the social network associated with the script promoted by the technology, Inuit youth used Facebook to access content related to their identity in various groups, discuss sociocultural issues, and remember traditions. This article argues that Inuit identity is an example of how indigenous cultures have to be understood as something dynamic, constantly changing, for which information and communication technologies are fundamental. Furthermore, this article claims that rather than understanding Facebook as a tool that is adopted by Indigenous people—as previous literature tends to hold—the use of digital media should be conceived as part and parcel of identity.


The catch landed and effort expended by private-boat sport
fishermen were studied in southern California between July
and September 1981, in order to determine the impact of one
segment of the sport fishery on local marine resources.
Fishermen returning from fishing trips were interviewed at
launch ramps, hoists, and boat-rental facilities. This report contains quantitative data and statistical estimates of total effort, total catch, catch of preferred species, and length frequencies for those species whose catches are regulated by minimum size limits.
An estimated 356,000 organisms were landed by 134,000 anglers and 5,400 divers. The major components of the catch were Pacific mackerel, Scomber japonicus, 89,000 landed; Pacific bonito, Sarda chiliensis, 82,000 landed; white croaker, Genyonemus lineatus, 34,000 landed; and bass, Paralabrax spp., 33,000 landed. These species made up two-thirds of the total catch.
Anglers' compliance with size-limit regulations was variable. Approximately 88% of all measured bass were legal size. The proportion of legal-size white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, rose from 9% last quarter to 18% this quarter, but dropped for California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, from 79% to 66%. Divers' compliance with size limits on abalone, Haliotis spp., rose slightly from 89% to 91%. (31pp.)


The invention discloses an energy-saving control system for a permanent magnet synchronous escalator. The main loop is that: each phase of a three-phase power supply is connected with two groups of pulse width modulation controllers in star connection through an inductor and a resistor in sequence, wherein the central points of each group of pulse width modulation controllers are a positive electrode output end and a negative electrode output end respectively; and a capacitor is in bridge connection with the positive electrode output end and the negative electrode output end; the control circuit is that: a voltage signal and a current signal of each phase are sampled from each phase of the three-phase power supply and connected with a microprocessor through a shaping and isolating circuit; the voltage output from the positive electrode output end and the negative electrode output end is connected with the microprocessor through an isolating circuit; the three-phase pulse width modulation output of the microprocessor is connected with each pulse width modulation controller through a driver and an isolator respectively; and the microprocessor is connected with a failure protection circuit, a keyboard and a display and communication interface circuit. The energy-saving control system has the most important characteristic of energy conservation, so the average energy conservation of the escalator reaches over 40 percent, the average energy consumption is 50 percent of that during single-speed operation, the mechanical wearing is reduced, and the service life of the parts and the entire machine is prolonged.


Since 1949, China and Taiwan have maintained different systems across the Taiwan Strait. In the 1980s, China's Deng Xiaoping proposed a plan to unify the "national sovereignty system" to solve the bilateral issues peacefully, and Jiang Jingguo of Taiwan's KMT(KuoMinTang) began visiting bilateral exchanges since 1986. Since then, both sides have made remarkable progress in economic, social and cultural exchanges through the Wang-Gu Conference, Official Conference, and one summit, but the process of political integration is still in the doldrums. Several factors such as Taiwan's opposition to the "one China" proposed by China, the political problem of Taiwan's independence suggested by DPP(Democratic Progress Party), which emerged as the ruling party of Taiwan, the antipathy toward the unification plan of the Received (September 25, 2017), Review Result (October 13, 2017) Accepted (October 20, 2017), Published (December 31, 2017) 331-707 Dept. of Chinese Studies.Nanseoul University, 91 Daehakro, Seonghwan-eup. Seobuk-gu. Cheonan-si. Chungnam Korea email:email@example.com * Funding for this paper was provided by Namseoul university The Prospect of Cross-Strait's Political negotiation Copyright c 2017 HSST 398 Taiwanese society and the growth of the Taiwanese consciousness currently block political integration between both sides. In this paper, I will analyze what kind of interchange process and negotiation strategy the CPP and KMP and DPP are currently adopting in the upheaval bilateral relationship and how interchange of the three parties will affect the integration of the three parties in the future. It is ture that the approach to the integration of the two sides shows a considerable difference from that of the Korean Peninsula; the findings, acquired by analyzing a series of processes caused between the two parties, will evidently have great implications for understanding both sides of the divided Korean peninsular. In October 2017, the Communist Party of China will hold the 19th Party Congress, and the new leadership system led by Xi Jinping will celebrate its second term. In Taiwan, Cai Yingwen, a candidate of DPP, was already elected in January 2016 and has so far run on a policy of pursuing an independent Taiwan. Which has brought birth to the strained relationship between Taiwan and China. This paper predicts how this relationship will develop in the future. Keyworld: Deng Xiaoping, Xi Jinping, Ma Yingjiu, Cai YingwWen, Cross-Strait Relationship


13.4.2012 Bachelor of Business Administration, Helsinki iii Author or authors Maria Chikita Group or year of entry 2008 The title of thesis Analyzing the impact on consumer satisfaction, behavior and attitudes by using eco-friendly practices and products in Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast city hotels, Australia. Number of pages and appendices 44 + 7 Supervisor or supervisors Minna-Maari Harmaala This study explores customer attitude towards environmentally friendly practices by hotels and the impact on customer satisfaction. The research investigates individual's behavior, attitude, knowledge, satisfaction and willingness to support eco-friendly practices. The hotel industry contributes to the global environmental challenges. Consumers are becoming more aware of the environmental impacts by the hotels and a new market segment of eco-friendly customers has developed. In addition there is increasing demand from the government and other legal authorities for the adoption of environmentally friendly practices in the hotels. Hotels which claim to be environmentally friendly started implementing measures to reduce wastage of water, electricity and other natural resources. Hotels initiated informing customers the need for being environmentally friendly and the importance of reducing, reusing and recycling. The guests who pay for high quality hotel services expect to be pampered with luxurious life style. The hotels use water, energy and other natural sources in abudance to provide quality in their service to the customers. Environmentally responsible customers understand the value of utilising these natural resources sensibly and would support any activity intended to preserve them. This research also investigates the level of support by the customers, by willing to pay for environmentally friendly practices by the hotels. Previous research related to environmentally friendly practices indicate that certain characteristic features must be present in an individual to adopt environmentally friendly activities. They are individual behavior, attitude and knowledge. Hence this research evaluated environmentally friendly activities by hotels, its effects on customer satisfaction and also customer attitude towards these practices based on the above mentioned characteristics.


OBJECTIVE
To determine and compare the rate, pattern, and completeness of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) elution in vitro over 7 days from 3 carrier media in PBSS.

SAMPLE
AgNPs in calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) beads, poloxamer 407 gel, and a gelatin sponge.

PROCEDURES
Three carrier media were used to create constructs containing AgNPs (8,500 ng). All constructs were submerged in PBSS and stored at 38°C for 7 days. Samples were collected after 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours, and AgNP concentration was measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Constructs were tested in quadruplicate.

RESULTS
Sustained release of AgNPs was seen from all constructs for a minimum of 72 hours. Release from all constructs was incomplete, with an initial burst during the first 24 hours followed by a time-dependent decrease in elution rate for up to 168 hours. A mixed-effects model showed a significant difference in AgNP release over time (P < .001) and among media (P < .001). AgNP-gel constructs released the largest quantity of AgNPs (8,401.02 ng [98.84%]), followed by AgNP-sponge constructs (1,503.45 ng [17.69%]). Release from AgNP-CSH bead constructs was 87.824 ng (1.03%), with no additional release after 72 hours.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Sustained release of AgNPs is possible in vitro, but efficacy against bacterial infections needs to be investigated prior to clinical use.


Objective To investigate the regularity of hepatic metastasis in colorectal carcinoma patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis. Methods Eight hundreds and fifty-six patients with colorectal carcinoma from 1990 to 2001 were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the patients were confirmed by histopathological findings. In 74 colorectal carcinoma cases accompanied with liver cirrhosis (liver cirrhosis group) hepatic metastasis occurred only in 2 cases, whereas in 782 patients without liver cirrhosis (non-liver cirrhosis group) hepatic metastasis was found in 168 cases. The hepatic metastasis rate in liver cirrhosis group was 2.7%(2/74) , while in non-liver cirrhosis group was 21.5 % (P 0.001).Conclusion Compared with colorectal carcinoma cases without liver cirrhosis (non-liver cirrhosis group) , hepatic metastasis seldom occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis (liver cirrhosis group) .


The recurring themes of paradise, politics and fiction in Michael Wilding's novels such as 'Reading the Signs', 'Living Together' and 'The Paraguayan Experiment' are analysed. It is suggested that his literary allusions to his early life in Britain connect his past with his visions of an Australian 'paradise', while also emphasising the need for hope in a factual/fictional life controlled by political power.


There are numerous reasons why the 2014 general elections to India's lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, constituted a post-independence landmark event. But the most important is that it signifies for the first time ever the replacement of the Indian National Congress by the Hindutva-motivated Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as the central point of reference of the Indian polity. Add to this a Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, who as Chief Minister of Gujarat state in February-March 2002 oversaw (and for many was directly implicated in) the eruption and prolongation of one of the worst anti-Muslim pogroms since independence. If India is as secular and democratic as so many liberals make it out to be then that alone should have permanently disqualified him from reaching where he now has.

In the absence of class mobilizational politics by the left, Modi's promise of better development and governance proved highly attractive. Over the last two decades there has been some 'transformation' of class politics but it has been by and for the right. Of the various processes whose complex interweaving has most shaped the Indian polity over the last three decades – the forward march of Hindutva and of the intermediate castes, Dalit affirmation, Muslim ferment, regional assertions – the one with the most explicit class referent is the emergence of the misnamed but growing 'middle class'. Currently comprising the top 15 to 20 per cent of the 1.2 billion population, this is not a median category providing a social buffer for the dominant classes as in the West, but an elite category of mass proportions. And it has provided the most important base for the rise of reactionary right-wing politics, whether practised by the Congress or by the BJP. The ascent of Modi and the BJP is the culmination of a process going on since at least the late eighties with a neoliberal turn in the economy being accompanied by the rise of a Hindutva-influenced consolidation of 'common sense' socially and a stronger authoritarian inflection politically. These developments have all been normalized and now set the limits of the 'acceptable' range of mainstream discourse on what policies and practices should be followed at the central and provincial levels.


Resumen en: A field study was conducted in Kenya to capture the farmers' indigenous soil and land classification systems towards identification of soil management ...


A self-consistent model which can unify Starobinsky inflation and the ΛCDM model in the framework of Poincaré gauge cosmology (PGC) is studied in this work, without extra inflaton and "dark energy". We start from the general nine-parameter PGC Lagrangian and get two Friedmann-like analytical solutions with the certain ghost- and tachyon-free conditions on the Lagrangian parameters. The scalar torsion h-determined solution is consistent with Starobinsky cosmology in the early-time and the pseudo-scalar torsion f-determined solution contains naturally a constant "dark energy" density, 3(α−1)2/8B0, which covers the ΛCDM model in the late-time. According to the latest observations, we estimate the magnitudes of parameters: α−1 ≃ 8.07 × 10−56, B0 ≃ 5.76 × 10−28 GeV−2 in the natural units.


The detection of a galaxy associated with the damped Lyα absorbing cloud seen at z = 2.309 toward the QSO PHL 957 is reported. The galaxy was discovered in deep Fabry-Perot narrow-band CCD frames and was subsequently imaged spectroscopically. In addition to a strong but narrow Lyα emission line and weaker C IV and He II lines, the object shows continuum at V ∼ 24, with a slope rising slightly toward the red, similar to what is seen in high-redshift radio galaxies; however, the galaxy does not correspond to any known radio source in the literature


Based on representative measurements in real environments, appropriate standard tests for the uniform time and error assessment of industrial wireless solutions are presented. These standard tests consider different industrial application profiles. After choosing relevant performance parameters we propose the performance classes A, B, and C with additional information concerning the total and time-dependent availability. This enables manufacturers and customers to develop and select an optimal wireless solution for specific application areas.


We present a phase control method for a general three-mode system with closed-loop in coupling that drives the system into an entangled steady state and produces directional steering between two completely symmetric modes via quantum interference effects. In the scheme, two modes are coupled with each other both by a direct binary interaction and by an indirect interaction through a third intermediate damping mode, creating interference effects determined by the relative phase between the two physical interaction paths. By calculating the populations and correlations of the two modes, we show that depending on the phase, two modes can be prepared into an entangled steady state with asymmetric and directional steering even if they possess completely symmetric decoherence properties. Meanwhile, entanglement and steering can be significantly enhanced due to constructive interference, and thus more robust to thermal noises. This provides an active method to manipulate the asymmetry of steering instead of adding asymmetric losses or noises on subsystems at the cost of reducing steerability. Moreover, we show that the interference effects can also enhance and control the correlations between other pair of modes in the loop with opposite phase dependent behavior, indicating monogamy constraints for distributing correlations among multipartite. The present model could be applied in cavity optomechanical systems or in antiferromagnets where all components can mutually interact.


This study introduces late Edo-period gazetteers (chishi) as valuable sources on the institutional history of Japanese religions. Using two gazetteers of the KantŌ area, it explains how these sources may be used to calculate the number of temples, shrines, and other religious institutions to produce a statistical portrait of religious institutions and their relation to society. Using the gazetteers as a database, we can discover the distribution of Buddhist temples by sect, the head temple of each local temple, as well as information on each sect's administration of shrines. One can learn how many shrines existed, the identity of their principal deities, and how many shrines of each type existed in a given area. Shrines can be sorted according to their administering agency, whether it be a temple, a village, a shrine priest, or a private individual. Shrines listed in the Engishiki of 927 can be identified, as can shrines traditionally titled ichinomiya and ninomiya, and those regarded as tutelary shrines (chinjusha, ubusuna-gami). Temples and shrines holding shogunal land grants (shuinjŌ) can be identified. It is possible to compile a list of all area shrine priests and to determine how many of them held Yoshida or Shirakawa licenses. Since the gazetteers are arranged by village and state the population of each, it is possible to determine how many temples and shrines existed on average per village, and also how many households on average supported each temple and shrine. These features make it possible to derive an outline of religious institutions in relation to the population.


The article is dedicated to the analysis of alternarioses distribution of in Russia in 2008. Diseases caused by Alternaria fungi were revealed on 20 crop species. Alternarioses were very common on cereals and potato, and somewhat common on tomato, sunflower, cabbage, oilseed rape, carrot and other crops. About 10 Alternaria species caused the most noxious diseases. Sometimes diseases of one plant can be induced by several Alternaria species that can sufficiently differ in pathogenicity, toxigenicity, level of specialization, noxiousness, sensitivity to fungicides etc. The major troubles of monitoring of alternarioses in the country are associated with usage of dissimilar disease rating scales, absence of the upto-date Russian-language identification keys, and common dropping of microscopy and molecular methods in diagnostics.


In adapting the story of the Great War to the taste of his own age Ephoros, himself a pupil of Isokrates and a professional historian, was led astray by the combined influences of rhetoric and rationalism; as neither the rationalism nor the rhetoric was of the best quality, the intrusion of both at this stage could have inflicted irreparable damage on the tradition of the war if the text of Herodotus had not survived to refute the inventions grafted on the authentic record by Ephoros.


Extrusion PVC foamed profiles with advanced universal machine and mould made by FUSHAN and HUBEI,and with kinds of raw materials,has been studied,The results should:excellent foamed profiles products with good surface,well distributed foam and density 0 4~0 8g/cm 3 has been achieved by adjusting the composition of prescription.


S 32nd Annual Meeting . American Society of Preventive Oncology, Bethesda, Maryland . March 16-18, 2008 The following are the 16 highest-scoring abstracts of those submitted for presentation at the 32nd Annual ASPO meeting to be held March 16-18, 2008 in Bethesda, MD. DNA Hypermethylation Phenotypes and One Carbon Metabolism Genetic Variants in Breast Tissues from Normal Healthy Women Dumitrescu RG, Marian C, Krishnan SS, Spear SL, Kallakury BVS, SeillierMoiseiwitsch F, Ressom H, Freudenheim J, Shields PG One common alteration in breast tumors is hypermethylation of tumor suppressor gene promoters. In this study, we examined potential determinants of DNA hypermethylation in normal breast tissue, including genetic variants for genes important to one-carbon metabolism in relation to hypermethylation. We recruited 141 women without a history of breast or other cancers, who were undergoing reduction mammoplasty. Hypermethylation phenotypes for p16 INK4, BRCA1, ERa and RAR-h in normal breast tissues were determined by MSP and Pyrosequencing assays. Genetic variants of MTHFR and MTR genes were determined by TaqMan assays. Chi-square, t tests and logistic regression model were used to determine the association between promoter hypermethylation of these genes and genotypes and other characteristics of these women. The mean age of women was 35+/ 12 years. p16 INK4, BRCA1 and ERa promoter hypermethylation was identified in 31%, 16% and 9% of women respectively. Hypermethylation of the RAR-h gene was not detected for any of the women. The mean age for women with p16 INK4 hypermethylation was 37.3+/ 15 and those without was 33.8+/ 11. p16 INK4 hypermethylation was significantly associated with race (P -value = 0.02), alcohol consumption during lifetime (P-value = 0.05) and marginally associated with the number of children (P -value = 0.07). Family history of cancer was associated with p16 INK4 and BRCA1 hypermethylation (P -value = 0.03 and P -value = 0.009 respectively). Furthermore, family history of breast cancer was associated with BRCA1 and ERa hypermethylation (P -value = 0.09 and P -value = 0.01). There was a weak association of MTR 2756G allele with p16 INK4 hypermethylation status (P -value = 0.08). The presence of hypermethylation of important tumor suppressor genes was a common finding in healthy women without history of breast cancer. Several known risk factors for breast cancer increase the risk of hypermethylation, as do genetic variants for MTR gene. Understanding the determinants of hypermethylation in normal breast tissues can provide insight into a potentially significant mechanism for breast carcinogenesis. Risk of Second Breast Cancer According to Hormone Therapy Use Among Women with carcinoma in situ of the Breast Trentham-Dietz A, Newcomb PA, Nichols HB, Hampton JM Women diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ (BCIS) often face difficult decisions regarding use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and anti-estrogen therapy. Although relative survival after a diagnosis of BCIS is nearly 100%, BCIS is a strong risk factor for a subsequent invasive breast cancer. We examined HRT and tamoxifen use in a cohort of women diagnosed with BCIS during 1997-2004. All women (N = 1,293) were interviewed by telephone after diagnosis and also every 2 years during 2003-2006. Interviews collected risk factor, breast diagnosis, and treatment information. Pathology reports were obtained to confirm subsequent in situ and invasive breast cancer diagnoses. The median age at the initial diagnosis of BCIS was 56.0 years (range 26-74). Risk of a subsequent breast cancer diagnosis was evaluated by hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from proportional hazards models adjusted for age, education, mammography use prior to diagnosis, family history of breast cancer, and type of surgery at the initial diagnosis. After an average follow-up of 5.8 years, 94 (7%) second breast cancer diagnoses were confirmed including 52 (55%) BCIS and 42 (45%) invasive breast cancers. Compared to women that used neither HRT nor tamoxifen, use of both pre-diagnosis HRT and post-diagnosis tamoxifen was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent breast cancer (HR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.10-0.58). Other combinations of use (HRT prior to the initial diagnosis without tamoxifen after diagnosis; tamoxifen use without prediagnosis HRT use; HRT both before and after the initial diagnosis) were not strongly associated with risk of subsequent breast cancer (HR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.35-1.13; HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.33-1.54; and HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.27-2.22, respectively). Although HRT use increases risk of a first BCIS diagnosis, these results suggest that pre-diagnosis use of HRT followed by tamoxifen use after diagnosis is strongly associated with disease-free survival. Copyright D 2008 American Association for Cancer Research. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.ASPO-2008 Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2). February 2008 460


Taking a certain coastal area of Jiangsu province as the research background, this study scientifically predicts the runoff on the medium and long-term time scale according to the changes of various climate factors such as atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature, and solar activity in the first half of the year. A lag correlation is established between various related climate factors and the monthly runoff process in the research area for the previous 1–6 months. Selecting advantageous factors and constructing a significant factor set. Using the improved BP (Back-Propagation) artificial neural network model and combining it with the sensitivity analysis method, a specific number of 8-factor combinations are selected from the set of significant factors for medium and long-term runoff prediction. After that, the prediction results are compared with the forecasting effects of two multi-factor combination runoff simulation schemes formed by stepwise regression and Spearman rank correlation methods. The study concluded that the multi-factor combination simulation effect formed through sensitivity analysis was the best. The 20% standard forecast qualification rate of the three schemes is not significantly different. The Mean Absolute Relative Error of the multi-factor combination training and validation periods simulated through sensitivity analysis is the smallest among the three schemes, which are 36.61% and 38.01%, respectively. The Nash Efficiency Coefficient in the validation period is 0.45, which is far better than other schemes and has better generalization ability. The Standard Deviation of Relative Error in the training and validation periods is much smaller than other schemes, and the dispersion of relative errors is the smallest.


The invention belongs to the field of Chinese medicines. In order to solve the problem of poor effect of the conventional medicament for treating headache, the invention provides a Chinese medicine for treating the headache. The Chinese medicine is mainly prepared from the following raw materials in part by weight: 6 to 30 parts of Indian buead, 7 to 30 parts of astragalus, 8 to 35 parts of spiny jujube kernel, 6 to 25 parts of Chinese angelica, 3 to 12 parts of scorpion, 6 to 18 parts of Szechuan lovage rhizome, 6 to 18 parts of angelica dahurica, 4 to 15 parts of pinellia tuber, 3 to 18 parts of prepared common monkshood daughter root, 5 to 20 parts of tall gastrodia tuber, 3 to 18 parts of ligusticum sinense oliver, 0.5 to 2 parts of centipede, 3 to 18 parts of divaricate saposhnikovia root, 3 to 10 parts of manchurian wildginger and 3 to 18 parts of stiff silkworm, and for optimization, the medicament can further comprise at least one of the following Chinese herbal medicines in part by weight: 5 to 25 parts of medlar, 2 to 15 parts of dried ginger, 3 to 18 parts of angelica sylvestris, 3 to 25 parts of simpleleaf shrub chastetree fruit, 4 to 35 parts of baical skullcap root and 3 to 15 parts of chrysanthemum.


In this study, plastics High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) were used as an additional ingredient of asphalt for HRS-WC mixtures by using a variation of the plastic content of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% to the asphalt weight. Bitumen content obtained from the optimum bitumen content of 7.5%. The purpose of this research is to examine and to compare the Marshall characteristics, compressive strength and split tensile of HRS-WC mixture. The results showed that the addition of HDPE plastic provide a significant influence on the marshall characteristic, split tensile strength and compressive strength. Asphalt stability with the addition of HDPE by 2%, 4% and 6% compliant with the specifications of marshall stability results respectively amounted to 2589.40 kg, 2257.13 kg and 2385.16 kg.


The multi-wall carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) modifide glassy carbon electrode was prepared by caoting MWNTs on a bare glassy carbon electrode.The MWNTs were treated with ultrasonics before caoted.The electrochemical behavior of scutellarin at this modified electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry in detail.Based on this,a new electrochemical method for the determination of scutellarin was established.Under the optimal conditions,the oxidation peak current showed a good linear relationship with scutellarin concentration in the range of 4.0×10-6~1.0×10-4 mol/L(R=0.9991) with a detection limit of 8.2×10-7 mol/L(S/N=3),and the RSD for 4.0×10-5 mol/L scutellarin solution was 1.8%(n=11).This method was successfully used in the determination of scutellarin in injection and tablets.


The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood–brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood–brain barrier. 24S‐Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand‐gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors.


Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter controlling many biological and physical processes associated with vegetation on the Earth's surface. In this study, an algorithm for estimating LAI from the ICESat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite)/GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) data was proposed and applied to a forest area in the Tibetan Plateau. First, Gaussian decomposition of the GLAS waveform was implemented to identify the ground peaks and calculate the ground and canopy return energy. Second, the ground-to-total energy ratio (E r) was computed as the ratio of the ground return energy to the total waveform return energy for each GLAS footprint. Third, a regression model between the E r and the field-measured LAI was established based on the Beer–Lambert law. The coefficient of determination (R 2) of the model was 0.81 and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.35 (n = 23, p < 0.001). Finally, the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was used to assess the constructed regression model. The results indicate that the regression model is not overfitting the data and has a good generalization capability. We validated the accuracy of the GLAS-predicted LAIs using the other 15 field-measured LAIs (R 2 = 0.84), and the result shows that the accuracy of the GLAS-predicted LAI is high (RMSE = 0.31).


Reception aesthetics centers readers not text,emphasizes the relationship between text and readers,confirms the readers' importance to original text's meanings and appreciation values.The film is a popular media,and its receptors are common people.The reception of a film is very important to its success.Any excellent translators should not only have a good command of languages,the understanding of cultures and arts,but also should consider the target audience's horizons of expectation,emotion requirements,culture appreciation habits and the fusion of the appreciation experience of target and source audience.All those are the charms of reception aesthetics.


An efficient method for the carbonylation of (hetero) aryl pentafluorobenzenesulfonates and triflates under exceptionally mild conditions using palladium/dicobalt octacarbonyl [Pd/Co2(CO)8] has been developed. Besides acting as carbon monoxide (CO) source, Co2(CO)8 enhances the reaction rate by accelerating the CO insertion through an in situ generated bimetallic palladium cobalt tetracarbonyl [Pd-Co(CO)4] complex. Under the optimized reaction condition, carbonylation of a wide range of activated and deactivated, as well as sterically hindered and heteroaromatic, substrates proceeded efficiently at room temperature. The high chemoselectivity and improved synthesis of biologically relevant Isoguvacine and Lazabemide intermediates highlights its scope as a valuable synthetic method. The generality of this protocol was further extended to other electrophiles (bromides, chlorides and tosylates).


This paper proposes a novel phase angle measurement algorithm through establishing a mathematical model of virtual αβ stationary coordinate that utilizes two expression forms of positive sequence component in two axes stationary reference frame. This method could greatly eliminate the sinusoidal error of the conventional Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm. The detailed mathematical model and implementation of the new phase angle measurement algorithm are given in the paper. The accuracy and performance of the proposed algorithm are proved by relevant simulation results. The test results and analysis also show that the approach proposed in this paper still work effectively under the existence of harmonics.


Alkaptonuria or 'black urine disease' is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by dysfunctional homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene (3q13.33) leading to accumulation of homogentisic acid in the body. This inborn error in metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine causes accumulation of homogentisic acid leading to ochronosis, pigmentation in the sclera, ear cartilage, mitral valve calcification and osteoarthropathy. Advances in sequencing technologies have helped us to map genetic variants associated with alkaptonuria in diverse populations and regions. Currently, no centralized resource of all the reported actionable variants with uniformity in annotation exists for the HGD gene. We have compiled HGD exonic variants from various data sources and systematically annotated their pathogenicity according to American College of Medical Genetics and the Association of Molecular Pathologists (ACMG/AMP) variant classification framework. A total of 1686 exonic variants were catalogued and manually curated, creating one of the most comprehensive Alkaptonuria variant databases (AKUHub) which is publicly available.


This paper introduces a new methodology for the design of fixed‐order multi‐objective output feedback controllers. The problem comprises a set of linear matrix inequalities and an additional rank constraint. The primary idea is to classify convex subsets of the set of rank constrained matrices in such formulations, based on which two noniterative and relatively fast methods are developed. The proposed methods require solving a convex optimization problem at each step and can be applied with any weighted summation of design objectives such as ℋ2 performance, ℋ∞ performance, passivity, and regional pole assignment. Several benchmark systems with performance criteria including H∞, mixed H2/H∞, and pole placement are used to demonstrate a marked improvement in comparison to the existing methods.


To make clear the quality of environmental and product for GAP planting base of M.chinensis,the environmental quality of M.chinensis original producing area in Jinxiu County,Guangxi Province was detected and evaluated using the standard environmental monitoring method issued by Chinese Environmental Protection Bureau.The results showed that the soil quality of M.chinensis cultivation base reached the second class standard of GB 15618-1995(Environmental Quality Standard for Soil).The irrigation water quality reached the second class standard of GB 5084-2005(Standards for Irrigation Water Quality).And the medicinal materials quality reached WM/T 2-2004(Green Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparations for Foreign Trade and Economy).It could be concluded that the environmental quality of the investigated base meets the corresponding requirement of GAP and the base is suitable to plant M.chinensis.


The results of a study of eclipse negatives obtained on July 10, 1972 by the expedition of the Department of Astronomy of Kiev University through the program of the Soviet-French experiment ''Dynamics of the white corona'' are presented. Along with the usual details of coronal structure: polar ray systems, large coronal rays, arch systems: new formations are found: ''voids'' and a sharp boundary. A large number of extended thin jets are noted in the southwest quadrant, as well as a helical ray above a bright condensation, similar to that discovered by Nesmyanovich et al. The photometry of one of the negatives showed the considerable heterogeneity of the corona. The mean brightness of the K-corona corresponds to the brightness of the maximum corona in the interval rho<2R/sub sun/ according to van de Hulst's model. Coronal holes are noted near the north pole and in the southeast. (AIP)


The article deals with the problem of «concept» and «anticoncept» relations by the example of concepts TRADITION and FASHION in the English world picture. Concept and anticoncept are interrelated and interconnected. The relations between them and a metaconcept domain are similar to those of hyponyms and a hyperonym but not abso-lutely identical. Therefore, concept and anticoncept relations shouldn't be described in terms of antonymy, because these two mental representations are not simply contrasted to each other. They have integrative and distinctive features that can be restored by different means, including association experiment. A study of association links can help in modeling the structure of the concept. The resulting verbal associations reflect the conceptual signs of the concepts TRADITION and FASHION, indicate a deep rootedness in the consciousness of the English cultural stereotypes which are a figurative representation of what is traditional and what is fashionable. The full spectrum of obtained associations allows to speak about the specifics of the conceptual connections in the consciousness of English-speakers. On the basis of the association experiment data analysis, it is proposed to treat concepts TRADITION and FASHION as concept and anticoncept correspondingly and to determine them as interrelated and interconnected oppositions in-cluded in the same metaconcept domain VALUES and forming its poles.


AbstractA physically based mathematical model is developed in this study for the hydrologic process taking place in a bioretention filter. The hydrologic storage equation is adopted to determine the variation of water depth in the ponding area. The Green and Ampt equations are used to model the movement of water in the underlying storage zone, or soil filter, taking into account the finite depth of the filter. The perforated drain pipes placed at the bottom of a soil filter are represented by atmospheric pressure at this location. The ponding area and the soil filter equations are coupled through the infiltration term. The governing equations are written in terms of a set of dimensionless parameters and are solved numerically by using an explicit finite-difference scheme. The solutions to the dimensionless governing equations are also in terms of dimensionless parameters, and they can be generalized on the basis of the principle of hydrologic similarity. A series of solutions is obtained for numerous and ...


Several reports indicate that many chemical pollutants which are widely spread in the environment, such as insecticide, pesticide and drugs are mutagenic in various test system. These findings reflect an urgent need to draw more attention to the possible genetic hazards of such pollutants to public health. The present investigation of working hypothesis deals with the effects of two insecticides viz. Methyl Parathion (MeP) and Diazinon (DZ) on non-target organism Drosophila melanogaster. We have carried out the chromosomal aberration test with various concentration for insecticides (MeP and DZ) which infer properties like ectopic pairing, inversion loop, puffing, fusion, and asynapsis. Chromosomal aberration result shows significant effects with DZ even in less concentration (0.02ppm) when compared with MeP (0.2ppm). The present study proposes that diazinon is more cytotoxic than methyl parathion in Drosophila melanogaster.


Abstract In this paper, we are devoted to constructing a large number of Novikov H-pseudoalgebras from commutative associative (H-pseudo)algebras with (H-)derivations, infinitesimal H-pseudobialgebras with H-derivations and Novikov (H-pseudo)algebras with Rota-Baxter (H-)operators. Meanwhile, the relationship between Novikov H-pseudoalgebras and Lie H-pseudoalgebras is established. Furthermore, we develop the 1-parameter formal deformation theory of Novikov H-pseudoalgebras and characterize it in terms of cohomology.


Monitoring changes in climate extremes is vitally important in order to provide context for both our current and possible future climates. Datasets based on climate extremes indices from in situ observations and climate reanalyses are often used for this purpose. We assess the spatial and temporal consistency between these two classes of dataset on a global basis to understand where they agree or are complementary. As expected, the temperature time series expressed as anomalies, or self-normalizing indices, agree well. While there is sometimes a large spread in absolute values between products, both long-term trends and inter-annual variability are also in agreement. Spatially the temperature indices show high correlations, but comparisons between the cumulative distributions at each grid box show differences in regions at high altitude or where interpolation has been performed across climatic zones. The agreement is lower between the time series from observation-based and reanalysis datasets for precipitation indices. Trends in these indices show larger spatial heterogeneity, and inter-annual variation in the global averages is often larger than the magnitude of the long-term trend. These indices show larger spatial heterogeneity in the trends, which results in comparatively small long-term trends in the global averages, which are also small compared to the inter-annual variation. Spatially these indices show on average smaller correlations than for the temperature indices, but large regions show strong positive correlations for some precipitation indices. A subset of the reanalyses has higher correlations with the latest in situ-based dataset, HadEX3, and also have smaller differences in the per-grid box cumulative distributions, indicating close agreement to the observation-based dataset. Also, we outline how the comparisons herein suggest that the gridding method used when creating HadEX3 may need to be updated for future versions of this dataset, in order to retain detail arising from topographic features, for example.


In terms of the rapid development of electronic information technology, electronic credentials are widely used in all walks of life. The data analysis of electronic credentials has great social and commercial value. However, the disclosure of a large number of sensitive information has brought many threats and losses to users. Therefore, the privacy protection of sensitive information in electronic credentials has become a key and hot issue in the process of data analysis. Aiming at the problem of electronic credential data analysis and privacy protection under the background of big data of electronic credentials, this paper proposes an electronic credential data analysis method based on differential privacy protection, which integrates differential privacy protection with incremental clustering algorithm. The proposed method can analyze massive electronic credential data and ensure that sensitive information in electronic credentials is not leaked. The experimental analysis shows that this method can realize the clustering analysis of large scale and high dimensional electronic credential data under the premise of data privacy protection.


We present a global survey of energetic electron precipitation from the equatorial magnetosphere due to hiss waves in the plasmasphere and plumes. Using Van Allen Probes measurements, we calculate the pitch angle diffusion coefficients at the bounce loss cone, and evaluate the energy spectrum of precipitating electron flux. Our ∼6.5‐year survey shows that, during disturbed times, hiss inside the plasmasphere primarily causes the electron precipitation at L > 4 over 8 h < MLT < 18 h, and hiss waves in plumes cause the precipitation at L > 5 over 8 h < MLT < 14 h and L > 4 over 14 h < MLT < 20 h. The precipitating energy flux increases with increasing geomagnetic activity, and is typically higher in the plasmaspheric plume than the plasmasphere. The characteristic energy of precipitation increases from ∼20 keV at L = 6–∼100 keV at L = 3, potentially causing the loss of electrons at several hundred keV.


Over the past ten years South Africa may have experienced more protests per capita and more strike days per worker than any other country. While some action has grabbed international attention, notably the Marikana Massacre, most events have been localised, though sometimes insurrectionary. There has been a substantial gap between community protests, characterised as a 'rebellion of the poor', and strikes, which some people now refer to as a 'rebellion of the workers'. Focusing on the former rebellion, this paper is based on five years years research that includes analysis of more than 165,000 police reports of 'crowd incidents', a data base of more than 2,500 media-reported community protests, and more than 300 qualitative interviews that were conducted all over the country. It offers a preliminary explanation of some aspects of the phenomenon, doing so by pointing to links between, on the one hand, a brief description of the movement and issues raised by protesters and, on the other, protesters subjective assessments of underlying causes. Conclusions are drawn by relating these to the authors' assessment of key features of the context in which the rebellion takes place.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the question of why world major supermarket chains have been unsuccessful so far in the Japanese market. The paper considers arguments from the literature that differences in consumer attitudes and behaviour between the two markets may be the determinants of the success, or otherwise, of the large US and European supermarkets.Design/methodology/approach – A review of literature about Western and Japanese retailing is followed by an account of exploratory empirical research into Japanese consumer grocery purchasing and consumption behaviour.Findings – The results support an argument that the large store "one‐stop shopping" supermarket format popular in the UK/EU is not and will not be the preferred format in Japan. Convenience, matters, but it is not the same concept as in the UK, for example.Research limitations/implications – The sample survey is purposively biased towards younger female shoppers from the working population who will have a significant imp...


One area of constant interest in many fields of industry is development of functional multilayer coatings that possess excellent performance characteristics. That is why in our brief review the results of studies of structure and properties of multilayer structures based on binary nitrides of transition or refractory metals obtained by various physical-vapor deposition (PVD) techniques are presented. The influence of substrate temperature, substrate bias voltage, bilayer thickness and interface boundaries on the structure of coatings and their properties, such as hardness, plasticity, wear and corrosion resistance, are discussed in detail. This review may be useful for students and growing community of researchers interested in the synthesis-structure-properties relationship in multilayer coatings based on metal nitrides.


To counterbalance the challenges of globalization, raising the superiority of our tertiary education to global standard is very significant. Tertiary education is the essential enabler of the human capital of the twenty-first century that demands a set of new competencies. It draws lessons for developing countries where policy makers have set out procedure to build a tertiary education in which higher priorities and future strategies would form the center of the sustainable development strategy. In the case of low-income economies, which are keen to invest in tertiary levels of education but the government budget is constrained, this study recommends the formation of financing sources. In addition, it is necessary to develop an effective lifelong learning system to provide continuing higher education and skill upgrading to persons after they have left higher education in order to provide the changing skills necessary to be competitive in the new global economy. This paper analyses the importance of investment in tertiary education with low-income economies to ensure a gradual sustainable development over the years. It is apparent that Bangladesh will acquire potential gains from investment in tertiary education.


Industrial x-ray computed tomography (CT) represents an established measurement technique in the field of nondestructive testing and dimensional metrology. However, the measurement accuracy is sometimes limited by measurement artifacts that cannot be avoided using a standard circular scan trajectory. This problem can be addressed with the aid of flexible 3D trajectories, but up to date, the application of these is mainly restricted to special CT devices using robot arms. In this paper, we present results using a hexapod as an additional positioning system in a commercial industrial CT scanner. In addition to the 360∘ rotation, task-specific tilting of the part during the scan is possible in this way. We used and adapted geometry calibration procedures based on a multi-sphere reference object to enable reconstruction with high accuracy. Using a demonstrator test fixture with high absorbing elements, we show that severe metal and truncation artifacts can be avoided for a region-of-interest scan. Furthermore, cone-beam artifacts, which are inherent to circular scan trajectories, can be reduced significantly. Using measurement objects that can be measured well with a circular trajectory, we found that applying a 3D trajectory leads to dimensional measurement deviations in the same range or even lower than those of a circular trajectory. This suggests that the pose repeatability of the hexapod is sufficient to perform complex scan paths without general loss of accuracy. The obtained results could be relevant for end users of conventional CT scanners, as upgrading existing devices is in principle possible. The presented investigations form the basis for the application of trajectory optimization algorithms.


Faculty of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Arbaminch University, Ethiopia ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract— Moisture content is one of the most crucial factors influencing soil strength. This paper deals with the effect of moisture content and density on the shear strength parameters of WOZEKA-GIDOLE road elastic silt (expansive) embankment soil under dry, wet (partially saturated ), OMC and saturated conditions in relation to slope stability analysis. The wide distribution of expansive soil in Ethiopia creates problems in many field of construction such as excavation, slope stability and foundation in understanding their engineering characteristics especially the behavioral changes in dry and saturation condition. In this study, samples were collected from a slope construction road site in WOZEKA-GIDOLE, southern Ethiopia. At a constant grading of a soil its effect on strength, swelling pressure and index properties value has been undertaken, as soils are to be used for making road pavement, embankments. The stability of an embankment will greatly be influence by the shear parameters which are depend upon the degree of compaction. So soil specimen were compacted in the laboratory and the optimum moisture content and dry densities were identified. After compaction soil was tested at the dry side of optimum water content at w = 5%, partially saturate of the optimum at 10%, at 15% OMC and at 20% saturation condition at 1.3 gm/cm3, 1.4 gm/cm3 and 1.55 gm/cm3( MDD) dry densities. Parameters of shear strength (C ) and ( φ ) were obtained from triaxial shear test (UU) and shows the compacted elastic silt soil behaves like a granular soil on the dry side of optimum water content (5% and 10%) and a reduction in angle of friction and an increase in cohesion are observed as the compaction water contents approach the optimum value. Cohesion shows a slight increase as moisture content increases whereas friction angle highly decreases with increasing moisture content at constant density. The shear strength parameters were used for stability analysis with software GEOSLOPE/W 2018 with Limit equilibrium based methods to calculate the factor of safety (FOS) and locate critical failure arc. The slope stability analysis of elastic silt soil has been done and is used in under different conditions to evaluate slope stability. Analysis of embankment at different heights of the slope with Morgenstern-Price's analysis method. In the present study varying the density and moisture has been affect the properties of expansive soil namely elastic silt soil. Finally constant grading of soil is a technique for modification the geotechnical properties and improving slope stability of embankment and increasing the dry density and decreasing height of embankment, the undrained shear parameters (C & Φ) are improved.


An experimental investigation is being conducted at the Lewis laboratory to establish general principles for the design of noncritical turbine rotor configurations. This investigation includes evaluation of cooling effectiveness, structural stability, cooling-air flow distribution characteristics, and methods of supplying cooling air to the turbine rotor blades. Prior to design of a noncritical rotor, a standard turbine rotor of a commerical turbojet engine was split in the plane of rotation and machined to provide a passage for distributing cooling air to the base of each blade. The rotor was fitted with nontwisted, hollow, aircooled blades containing nine tubes in the coolant passage. In the investigation reported herein, the modified turbine rotor operated successfully up to speeds of 6000 rpm with ratios of cooling-air to combustion-gas flow as low as 0.02. The disk temperatures observed at these conditions were below 450 0 F when cooling air at 100 F was used from the laboratory air system. The calculated disk temperatures based on the correlation method presented for rated engine conditions were well below 1000 F at a cooling-air flow ratio of 0.02, which is considered adequate for a noncritical rotor. An appreciable difference in temperature level existed between the forward and rear disks. This temperature difference probably introduced undesirable disk stress distributions as a result of the relative elongations of the two disks. This investigation was terminated at 6000 rpm so that slight changes in the engine configuration could be made to relieve this condition.


Electrostatic separation is frequently employed for the selective sorting of conducting and insulating materials for waste electric and electronic equipment. In a series of recent papers, the authors have presented several novel triboelectrostatic separation installations for the recycling of the main categories of plastics contained in information technology wastes. The aim of the present work is to optimize the design and the operation of such an installation, composed of a belt-type electrostatic separator associated to a propeller-type tribocharging device. The experimental design method is employed for modeling and optimizing the separation of a mixture of high-impact polystyrene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene granules originating from shredded out-of-use computer cases. A distinct experiment is carried out on three synthetic mixtures of virgin plastic granules: 75% polyamide (PA)+ 25% polycarbonate (PC), 50% PA+ 50% PC, and 25% PA + 75% PC. The best results are obtained for the mixtures containing equal quantities of the two constituents.


To solve the uncertainty of parameter variations and load disturbance,a nonlinear decoupling control based on disturbance suppression is presented for the permanent magnet synchronous motors drive system,where the adaptive control is combined with nonlinear decoupling control,and the parameter variations and load disturbance are regarded as the disturbance input.The state feedback adaptation law and parameter adaptation law are designed with Lyapunov theory to ensure the system convergence and the asymptotic tracing based on L2 transient characteristics.The simulation and experiments show the greatly improved dynamic performance,robustness and anti-disturbance capacity of the system.


THE JUNIOR high level California ShortForm Test of Mental Maturity and the California Achieve ment Tests Complete Battery are often used by high school counselors in counseling students and parents concerning student chances of success in particular high school subjects. This study was made to deter mine the validity of these tests in predicting aca demic success as determined by final course grades in the five different first year high school f o r e i gn language courses offered at Riverside-Brookf ie Id High School: Spanish, French, German, Latin, and Russian. There are a number of limitations to this study. First, the California tests were given in the gram mar schools by various teachers, thus m akin g it possible that the scores might have been affected by different testing situations. Secondly, the study was limited in time to the three years, 1961 through 1963. Students who trans ferred in or out of the school were excluded from the study. A third limitation was that there was no way of determining how many students dropped subjects be fore their grades were official. (A student may drop a course before the first grading period without hav ing a grade recorded on his permanent record. ) Another limitation to this study was that some selection criteria had been used in placing the stu dents in certain courses, thus eliminating the ran dom qualities of the sample in these cases. The method of research used was both experi mental and descriptive. The percentile scores for each student were correlated with their final grade in various subjects. The sources of data we re: 1) the grades received by the students as recorded on their permanent record card, and 2) the students' test scores taken from their individual file folders. STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY


In order to prolong the endurance mileage of pure battery vehicle,a kind of auxiliary hybrid electric vehicle is introduced.A study on the system design,dynamic component selecting and parameter matching of auxiliary hybrid electric vehicle is carried out.Then the working methods of traction control unit and auxiliary power unit are introduced in detail.The results of experiment of emissions and simulation of endurance mileage show that auxiliary hybrid electric vehicle has low emissions,and compared with the original pure battery vehicle it can extend endurance mileage considerably.


Indium-tin oxide (ITO) thin films were examined as a buffer layer between high-Tc superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films and glass substrates. It was found that ITO film can become a diffusion barrier between the superconducting film and glass substrate, and that it does not cause any cracks in Y-Ba-Cu-O film if an appropriate silicate glass substrate is chosen. The superconducting film deposited on ITO/Glass below 700°C has shown onset transition temperatures up to 91 K and zero resistivity temperatures at 50 K.


At the end of demographic transition and in its post-transitional phase, according to Tsetse's model, contraception has become a dominant method of birth control, while induced abortions lag behind with insignificant participation. The stated model is of general type and refers to developed countries today. It is possible that there are some differences among them, but to a small extent. However, significant and even great differences exist between Tsetse's model and the relation between contraception and induced abortion in Serbia. This paper deals with the phenomenon of the domination of traditional birth control in Serbia and seeks a reply to the question whether the beginning of the 21st century marks a shift in this sphere. .


The binuclear cation of the title compound, [Cu2(ClO4)2(C28H32N6)(CH3OH)4](ClO4)2, is located on an inversion centre. The CuII atom adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry due to the Jahn–Teller effect. The equatorial plane consists of one methanol molecule and three N atoms from the N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)butane-1,4-diamine ligand. The Cu—N bond lengths are in the range 1.975 (3)–2.041 (2) A and the Cu—O bond length is 2.008 (2) A. The axial coordination sites of the CuII atom are occupied by the O atoms of one methanol molecule and one perchlorate anion, with Cu—O bond lengths of 2.385 (3) and 2.565 (3) A, respectively. In the crystal, the cations and the perchlorate anions are connected via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In addition, weak C—H⋯O interactions stabilize the structure.


A combination of cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) and neutron incoherent scattering (NIS) has been used for nondestructive characterization of hydrogen as a function of position in slabs of wet concrete of different composition. Hydrogen was determined by PGAA by scanning each sample across of 5 mm diameter neutron beam in 10 mm increments, and measuring the 2223 keV prompt gamma ray. NIS measurements were performed by scanning the samples across a 5 mm diameter neutron beam at 5 mm increments and detecting scattered neutrons. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the techniques for 2D compositional mapping of hydrogen and other elements in materials, and indicate the potential of these methods for monitoring the uniformity of drying concrete.


In the course of the realization of the sound installation Interstices, questions pertaining to the auditory perception of location and extent and the spatial composition of the micro and macro structure of sound were explored in a poietic way. Physical modelling was re-interpreted as a framework to design the spatial and timbral appearance of sounds upon a set of distributed speaker array clusters. This explorative process lead to observations that helped formulating novel research questions within the context of psychoacoustics and auditory display.


Similarities between the literature search problem and mechanical translation raise the hope mat an ultimate goal of directly searching texts written in English may be attainable. The role of a grammar in such a device is discussed. As a first step in reaching the ultimate goal, a very simple language is examined. This language, English Dialect A, has sentences consisting of single English terms. The hierarchical ordering of the terms is expressed in the grammar instead of in the terms. This provides certain advantages when used in a search program. Literature searching and information retrieval problems in general and the Patent Office problem in particular are of interest because their solution would be of great practical value. They also raise questions of theoretical interest, the solution of which would advance greatly our understanding of human language and perhaps even of human knowledge. These problems concern the nature of the various artificial languages proposed for retrieval purposes and ultimately the nature of English, since it is from a background of English that these artificial languages are devised and since they are used for encoding information originally expressed in English. The process of encoding information for retrieval purposes has similarities to other language translation processes which are being investigated intensively in the field of mechanical translation (MT). In this field, work is being done with the object of finding out how such natural languages as German, Russian, French, and English can be translated into one another automatically by machine. The object of this series of reports is to see if some of the insights and techniques being discovered in the field of MT might be applicable to search and retrieval problems and to see if the insights developed by combining the two points of view might shed some light on the more basic linguistic problems. VICTOR H. YNGVE Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and supported in part by the National Bureau of Standards. 976 The Design of New Systems AREA 5


wherein X is a Spacer group which is preferably Selected from the group consisting of (a) a -(CR)chain, (b) a -CH-CH-Ochain; and (c) a Si (R)-O-unit, wherein m is an integer greater than or equal to 1, more preferably between 2 and 12, the Spacer group is connected to one of the carbon ring atoms of the cyclic urea unit or to one of the nitrogen atoms of the cyclic urea unit, and n is an integer greater than or equal to 1, more preferably between 1 and 5; and Y is a group Selected from the group consisting of


Infection of pearl millet by downy mildew [Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schrot.] has been shown to be influenced by soil pH, soil bulk density, soil moisture content and addition of farmyard manure and nitrogen fixing bacteria. A pH value of 8·5 allowed disease to develop the most, with increases in acidity to pH 7·5 producing 70% reduction in disease. Higher soil bulk density and moisture content also led to reductions in disease but the effects were not as marked as for pH. The addition of farmyard manure to soil or the addition of Rhizobium, Azospirillum or Azotobacter inocula as combined seed and soil treatment also reduced disease with the best effects being from a cluster bean isolate of Rhizobium and from Azotobacter chroococcum. Assessment of rhizosphere microorganisms associated with the resistant and susceptible varieties of pearl millet showed that, overall, the fungal population was lower in the resistant varieties but that it was increased in both susceptible and resistant varieties by infection with downy mildew. Bacterial and actinomycete populations were also lower in resistant varieties but in this case downy mildew infection decreased the rhizosphere populations of both groups. Dehydrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil was higher in susceptible varieties but was decreased in both variety types by infection with S. graminicola. The results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms to explain the observed effects.


ABSTRACT: One hundred and sixty‐two rainfall‐induced soil erosion tests were conducted to assist in predicting soil loss and subsequent increase in total suspended solids leaving a highway construction site during a rainfall event. A rainfall simulator and a water flume were constructed for the tests. Soil shear strength, compressive strength, rainfall intensity, and soil bed slope were treated as variables during the experiments. The soil with a higher shear strength resisted soil erosion better than lower strength soils. Soil loss was nearly independent of shear strength at low rainfall intensity but at high intensities, the shear strength was more important in resisting soil loss. Lower soil loss can be expected for cohesive soils if the compressive strength is high.