Introduction To ensure patient safety during Totally Endoscopic Cardiac Surgeries (TECS), patients are peripherally cannulated for coupling to the Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) (1). Despite its necessity, the cannulated leg might experience clinically relevant ischemia (CRI), defined as a minimum of 15% Tissue Oxygenation Index (TOI) drop, lasting at least 4 minutes, possibly leading to poor peri- and postoperative clinical outcomes (2). TOI-values were assessed using non-invasive, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS; 200NX-NIRO, Hamamatsu®, Japan) measurements of the skin covering the ipsilateral calf muscles. NIRS enables the quantification of the TOI, based on the difference in light absorption between oxygenated en deoxygenated haemoglobin molecules. The 200NX-NIRO has shown great sensitivity and specificity in the clinical setting (3-5). The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of poor distal leg perfusion related to short-term, peri-operative, CPB-time, since these data remain largerly unknown. Methods All consecutive patients 18 years or older, and scheduled for a TECS-based valve surgery (YIL AVR and/or MVATS), coronary surgery (ENDO ACAB or ENDO CABG), or a combination were included. Perioperative TOI-values were assessed at: baseline (B) = 5 minutes before insertion of the femoral arterial cannula (FAC); Event 1 (E1) = insertion of the FAC; Event 2 (E2) = onset of CPB; Event 3 (E3) = offset of CPB; Event 4 (E4) = removal of the FAC. Results 116 patients were included for statistical analysis. Differences between TOI-values were analysed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. CRI in the cannulated leg was demonstrated in 18,80% (n = 22) of all cases, and showed significantly lower TOI-values for all events (E1, E2, E3 and E4) compared to the baseline TOI-value (Figure 1): p Discussion Although not all patients showed CRI in the cannulated leg, some degree of hypoperfusion was demonstrated over all cannulated legs. However, these are interim results and thus, further research regarding postoperative follow-up is necessary and might offer insights on how to prevent or prematurely treat ischemia and/or ischemia-related complications in the subclinical stage.


Bi2S3 nanostructures are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of Bi(NO3)3, Na2S, and Na2(EDTA) (autoclave, 120 °C, 24 h, 80% yield).


1. Macromolecules and Polymers 2. Synthesis of Polymers 3. Structure of Macromolecules 4. Structure of Polymers 5. Design of Polymers with Specific Properties 6. Mechanical Properties of Polymers 7. Rheology and Viscoelasticity of Polymers 8. Electric and Optical Properties of Polymers 9. Additives 10. Polymer Processing 11. Polymers and the Environment 12. Methods of Polymer Characterization 13. Specialty Polymers 14. Conclusion Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch


Rapid global growth of ethical agro-food networks such as fair trade, organics, and geographical indications has been accompanied by an increasing volume of research, but, as yet, there has been little comparative or integrated study of these networks from the perspective of development geography. Focussing particularly on Latin America, this two-part series of articles summarises the state of the art and proposes an integrated research agenda on the significance of ethical agro-food networks as strategies for de-commodification in global peripheries. The first article provides an overview of research on fair trade and organic networks, which has mainly focussed on export commodities such as coffee, cacao, and bananas. Despite evidence of some livelihood benefits from fair trade and organic networks for well-organised small producers and their communities, these studies show a general tendency for recommodification and the capture of added value by powerful market players.


Mobile telephones are used much more than telephone calls, hence the term "mobile device." The advent of the Java engine in mobile phone technology has enabled manufacturers and software developers to provide an array of applications that rival the laptop computer. Expanded capabilities have led to operating systems such as Android, which serve as platforms for thousands of applications. Among the many uses for mobile devices is m-learning. The software development company Idea eLearning Solutions has adapted Moodle for use on the Android system. Moodle enables teachers to develop and distribute course materials. Using Moodle on Android, students can access course materials from anywhere at any time. They can take quizzes, communicate with peers, submit coursework when they are ready, and get immediate feedback. Further information about this technology can be obtained from www.ideaelearning.net.


The orinthine/arginine ratio and arginase activity in erythrocytes of Thoroughbred horses were investigated. Horses were classified into two groups based on ornithine/arginine ratios or arginase activities of their erythrocytes. One group was composed of horses with the ratio above 1.5 and the other was those with the ratio below 0.6. The ratios of ARGase H and ARGase L type horses were above 1.5 and below 0.6, respectively. These results suggest that arginine and ornithine concentrations in horse erythrocytes are directly influenced by arginase activity of the erythrocytes and it is possible to classify ARGase types of erythrocytes based on the ornithine/ arginine ratio. Moreover, in each type by combining with ARGase type and BA type, ornithine concentrations of erythrocytes of ARGase H, BA+ type horses (12591±18 nmol/ml of packed erythrocytes) were significantly higher than those of ARGase H,BAtype horses, and ARGase L, BA+ type and ARGase L, BAtype horses (345±5.2,100.0±2.1 and 88.1±1.4nmol/ml of packed erythrocytes, respectively), (mean±S. E., P<0.01). This data suggests that since permeability of erythrocytic membrane of BA+ type horse to ornithine is lower than that of BAtype horse, large quantity of ornithine which has been hydrolyzed from arginine by catalysis of arginase accumulates within erythrocytes of ARGase H, BA+ type horse. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci, 57(9):758-764, 1986


Nonlinear dynamics has been applied to chemistry in a variety of ways, for example, in the analysis of spatial and temporal oscillations in chemical reactions. The
equations for the reaction rate at various regions of space are nonlinear in such cases. Several other papers in this volume touch upon this subject. Nonlinear dynamics has
also been used to treat collisions between molecules by solving Hamilton's equations for their motion. Many recent experimental data that have become available on
collisions and reaction dynamics have been treated in this way.


Abstract We prove that any {0,1 }-preserving homomorphism of finite distributive lattices can be realized as the restriction of the congruence relations of a finite planar lattice with no nontrivial automorphisms to an ideal of that lattice, where this ideal also has no nontrivial automorphisms. We also prove that any {0,1 }-preserving homomorphism of finite distributive lattices with more than one element and any homomorphism of groups can be realized, simultaneously, as the restriction of the congruence relations and, respectively, the restriction of the automorphisms of a lattice L to those of an ideal of L; if the groups are both finite, then so is the lattice L.


A 58-year-old woman with a new diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest and received 80 mL of intravenous radiocontrast medium (iohexol). Within 12 hours the patient had a body temperature of 40.1oC and exanthem characterized by diffuse erythema and edema


In 2007,China's financial markets continued to grow with steady and rapid pace and every market demonstrated different traits.For money market,the turnover continued to increase and short-term interest rate fluctuated dramatically.For bond market,the market maintained a stable momentum for development.For equity market,both of the volume and the indices reached a new historical level.For foreign exchange market,RMB continued to appreciate and FX transaction maintained active.For gold market,the domestic gold price reached a new historical high and kept consistent with international price change.For future market,the market was sound and the prices of all commodity products rose significantly.Generally,in 2007,China's financial market made astounding progresses in following aspects: activating market transaction,building-up resource allocation function,pushing forward financial innovation,constructing market infrastructure,deepening opening-up and establishing multi-layer financial markets.The roles of financial market are more and more important in the development of Chinese financial system and overall china economy.


Numerous procedures for data analysis of seed germination responses are scattered throughout the literature. Here an attempt has been made to summarize the existing methods, to compare the information they provide and to examine their strengths and weaknesses. The methods reviewed include the percent germination, germination index, coefficient of velocity, median response time, probit analysis, curve-fitting of cumulative germination, heat sums, survival analysis with life tables, logistic regression, proportional hazards regression and accelerated failure time analysis. Comparisons among these method are discussed and illustrated with data from germination responses in tomato (Lycopersicon eseulentum Mill.). Seed germination involves not only qualitative responses of individuals, but also population responses which are distributed over time. Standard analysis of variance or regression methods are appropriate for a data analysis where germination of all viable seed is observed, but they are inappropriate when some viable seeds fail to germinate. Such missing (censored) data complicates statistical analysis and subsequent interpretation. Germinations tests should be designed to determine the nature of censored responses, which can be subsequently accommodated by several statistical procedures referred to as survival analysis.


The CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR SOLAR ENGINEERING of Ingolstadt University of Applied Sciences investigates the renewable-only based HVAC system of a multipurpose building. The 10.000 m² gross floor area building is part of the biggest logistic-centre in the region serving the AUDI automobile production facilities. On the one hand, the investigation is supposed to demonstrate the potential of solar-assisted cooling, on the other hand, the monitoring focuses on the total energy balance of the building and the various innovative building technologies. Next to a ground source heat pump plant for base-load heating and cooling, the building is equipped with two arrays of solar-thermal flat-plate collectors (108 m² + 178 m²) and a desiccant air-conditioning system (DEC). This consists of two plants with a nominal air flow of 8.000 m³/h each. One of the two plants is monitored, where the plant itself is considered a black box in a first approach, i.e. all incoming and outgoing energy flows and the air condition are measured. Apart from the investigation of the performance of the solar-assisted air-conditioning system, the feasibility of DECoperation using flat-plate collectors available on the market is investigated. During the first year of operation (2006) massive problems occurred in the operation of the DEC-plant. While the degree of comfort in the building was found to be satisfying during the cooling period, the solar-driven DEC-plant showed major deficiencies in cooling performance, hydraulics and control. Especially, a too high rotational speed of the desiccant wheel and an inadequate adjustment of solar collector arrays, DEC-plants and building structure were identified. Therefore, in an overhaul of the system several problems in the hardware were found and corrected such as blocked nozzles due to calcinations, leakages in the sealing of the desiccant wheel and an incorrect installation of a non-return valve in the hydraulic system of the regeneration air heater. Moreover, the control strategy regarding the cooling power of the plant and the speed of the desiccant wheel was checked. In the second year of operation (2007), some deficiencies of the first year were found to be removed, but the plant still did not work according to its capacity. Insufficient dehumidification by the desiccant wheel was identified as a major problem. Based on a detailed analysis of the desiccant wheel, one-sided displacement of the sorbent was supposed to be the reason for insufficient cooling capacity. Obviously, control or mechanical malfunctions during operation have lead to a one-sided oversaturation and thus to a one-sided damage of the desiccant wheel. Consequently, the damaged wheel is to be removed prior to the 2008 cooling period. In order to tap the full potential of both the solar DEC-plant and the building's innovative concept, a number of further measures, especially concerning the matching of the DECplant and the solar system with the building management, need to be taken in future.


The aim is to form the theoretical basis of the issue and determine the current state of discrimination in Martin County and to propose recommendations designed to prevent and remedy discrimination against women in the labor market in this district. The work is divided into theoretical, analytical and final part, is accompanied by a list of references. The theoretical part focuses on the basic concepts of discrimination, which are discussed from the perspective of several authors and anti-discrimination law. It also discusses the forms of discrimination and the areas in which discrimination manifests itself most often deals with the discrimination based on sex. Approaches to the discrimination in the labor market and at the end recalls the legal aspects of discrimination against women in international instruments and documents of the Slovak Republic. The analytical part deals with practical approximation the perception of discrimination against women in the labor market in Martin County. Through the questionnaire, an interview with the Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family in Martin and observations on the advertising office will evaluate the situation. The final part summarizes the results of the questionnaire survey, interview and observation and provide recommendations and suggestions Labour Office and the applicants for employment.


Objective To compare the three types of surgical treatment of anterior cervical spinal cord effect.MethodsTreated with anterior cervical decompression and autogenous bone graft,anterior cervical discectomy and fusion cage implantation,anterior cervical decompression and bone graft and titanium mesh with anterior platefixation for the treatment Cervical spinal cord patients in the preoperative and postoperative JOA scores were compared 3 months.ResultsAnterior cervical discectomy taken and implanted fusion cage or anterior cervical decompression and bone graft andtitanium mesh with anterior plate fixation for surgical patients JOA reduced rate than autologous anterior cervical decompression Iliac bone graft in patients(P0.05),anterior cervical discectomy and fusion cage implants with anterior cervical decompression and bone graft and titanium mesh and anterior plate fixation for surgicalcut between fraction was no significant difference(P0.05).ConclusionThe anterior cervical discectomy and fusion cage implantation,or anterior cervical decompression and bone graft and titanium mesh with anterior plate fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy anterior cervical decompression better than autologous bone explants bone fusion.


Adhesion of coals is a factor which determines, in particular, the temperatures required for high-speed heating, the degree of softening, deformation and caking strength. Adhesion occurs at a temperature determined by the nature of the coal and is directly related to the plastic layer thickness; it does not depend on the rate of heating if this exceeds 1-1.4 degrees/s. A better understanding has been obtained of the temperature range of moldability. The span of this range is dependent upon various conditions. (6 refs.)


This paper is mainly expository in nature, and rather than delving into the theoretical background of random set theory it is concerned with the use of concepts from this theory in the analysis of spatial pattern. The possible aims of such an analysis are varied. One aim is simply the description and summarisation of an image which contains a surfeit of information. The methods of description may be used to differentiate between some types of structure, and to establish similarities between others. Sometimes one is interested in identifying an underlying mechanism responsible for the structure under study, which involves fitting models and assessing goodness of fit. Another possible aim of spatial analysis is to detect correlations between geometrical properties of a structure and its physical characteristics. An example of the latter is the work done by Weibel (1970), who found relationships between the diffusion capacity of lungs (a physical property) and geometrical properties of microscopic sections of the lungs.


The effective Schottky barrier height of nickel on gallium arsenide has been varied between 0.48 eV and 0.96 eV by using MBE to grow a range of thin heavily doped layers. Barrier lowering has been achieved with n-type layers doped with silicon or tin and barrier raising with p-type layers doped with beryllium. The ideality factor of the diodes was less than 1.2 in all cases.


In this paper, we investigate the wavelet coefficients for function spaces A k := { f : ‖(iω) f̂ (ω)‖p 6 1}, k ∈ N, p ∈ (1,∞) using an important quantity Ck,p(ψ). In particular, Bernstein type inequalities associated with wavelets are established. We obtained a sharp inequality of Bernstein type for splines, which induces a lower bound for the quantity Ck,p(ψ) with ψ being the semiorthogonal spline wavelets. We also study the asymptotic behavior of wavelet coefficients for both the family of Daubechies orthonormal wavelets and the family of semiorthogonal spline wavelets. Comparison of these two families is done by using the quantity Ck,p(ψ).


A broad study of ways to increase energy efficiency in an automatic sliding door. The study was made up of several distinct phases. A research phase where traffic data was gathered, a modelling phase where the gathered data was used to create a traffic model, a test phase where a physical test door was set up and programmed according to the model, and finally an analysis phase where the gathered test data was analysed to identify how better energy efficiency might be attained. Statistics for traffic data was gathered from observations of doors installed at retailers, hospitals, and train stations. This data was subjected to a statistical analysis and a java program was developed to create the traffic simulation that was used to create composite models of the observed doors. The traffic simulation simulated the appropriate timing intervals for door openings and re-openings which was then programmed into the physical test door. The door was disconnected from the standard power supply and was instead fed with battery power which was charged with a small current from a lab power supply, the energy consumption of the doors was measured with a logger which logged the battery voltage and the current to and from the battery. With the test equipment in place a series of power consumption tests were made. Initially several reference tests were made to establish a baseline for power consumption and subsequent tests were made to test various optimization methods in order to determine efficient ways to reduce power consumption. The analysis of the results yielded several ways to improve energy efficiency that could be applied either alone or together.


This paper analyzed the current framework of the requital usage system for mineral resources and its shortages Then authors put out some suggests for improvement this system under the condition of that China put into WTO, those are no special kind of tax for mining enterprise,except of the common kings tax and the depletion of investment for exploration permitted as an item calculating in the cost of products of mining enterprise,and the special fee for mining enterprise are the using right fee of exploration and exploitation for mineral resource and transferring fee of exploitation right for high quality mineral resource


Correction for 'Mechanochemical activation of disulfide-based multifunctional polymers for theranostic drug release' by Zhiyuan Shi et al., Chem. Sci., 2021, 12, 1668–1674, DOI: 10.1039/D0SC06054B.


This chapter contains sections titled: Combinatorial Optimization, The ACO Metaheuristic, How Do I Apply ACO?, Other Metaheuristics, Bibliographical Remarks, Things to Remember, Thought and Computer Exercises


An environmentally-friendly and nonhazardous method based on aqueous tape-casting technique was introduced for the fabrication of BaTiO3-based chip-type positive temperature coefficient(PTC) ceramics.PVA and PAA latex were used as binders.Effects of the binders and solid loading on the viscosity and rheological properties of the slurry were investigated.The drying and sintering parameters of the tapes were also discussed.After dried and then sintered at 1 320 ℃ in air for 30 min,the PTC sample exhibits resistance jump ratio above 106 and the temperature cofficient is above 16 %/℃,which is suitable for the fabrication of multiayered PTC ceramics.


Human body has evolved to process cooked foods more efficiently. This may be mainly due to the fact that raw foods are much harder to digest, taking longer time and burning more calories. Therefore, cooking plays a major role to minimize energy consumption and simple digesting of food. Some of these cooking methods have been shown to affect nutrient and health-promoting compounds like vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, and glucosinolates in broccoli (Cieslik et al., 2007; Lin and Chang, 2005; Sikora et al., 2008 and Vallejo et al., 200). Micronutrients (e.g., vitamins) are an essential component of human nutrition. Some of these micronutrients are sensitive to processing and cooking, hence a significant amount may be lost during these processes (Pearson, 1973; Les4kova et al., 2003 and Ball, 2006). Loss of micronutrient in cooked food may involve factors like; temperature and duration for which the food is cooked (Pearson, 1973) and method of cooking. It has been observed that water soluble vitamins tend to be more sensitive and unstable than fat soluble ones (Somogyi and Muller., 1989).


Air pollution is a significant factor in morbidity and mortality within industrial society. Lipid peroxidation levels studied in workers involved in construction. The antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and the antioxidant scavengers like Vitamin A, E, C and reduced glutathione activities revealed highly fascinating informations. This study has provided further support that component of particulate matter causes oxidative damage. The particulate matter sample is more active and possesses the potential prooxidant activity. The present investigation is aimed to study the effect of cement dust on the Masons.


The invention relates to a method of assembling a structural member (3) on a frame (2), providing the following steps: - arranging at least one construction element (3) in position assembly through contact means (10) optionally with slip; - ensuring a predetermined stress state; - rigidly fixing in at least one orifice (7) through an abutment (14 ); - contain at least one connecting space (11); and - connecting the frame (2) and the construction element (3) by casting a bonding material (13) into each hole and fitting space (11) .


Previous research indicates that wood fuel for industrial use is a financially attractive alternative to traditional fuels. However, empirical evidence indicates that market adoption by industry has not taken place. This project is concerned with the identification and analysis of market and institutional constraints to woody biomass energy projection by industrial and institutional users. Primary emphasis is on identifying constraints among the non-forest products industries. Four activities studied were: an intensive literature review to identify the most cost competitive markets, and a survey to determine the energy market segments that have adopted wood energy; a survey of energy users with a strong competitive advantage outside the study area (i.e., southeastern US) and a survey of energy users inside the study area to identify constraints to wood energy production; statistical analysis of survey results to determine statistically valid market, institutional, and locational constraints; and use the survey results and intensive literature review to identify appropriate private and public policies to encourage wood energy use. 3 refs.


An international partnership between Canada and China was established to reduce emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. A well-tested CFD modeling tool was used to identify the improvement strategies for 11selected units ranging from 200 to 600 MWe, to realize the reduction of coal consumption, NOX and CO2 emissions and the increase of availability. The study results could potentially be extended to 23% of the units in China to achieve significant GHG reduction prior to implementing advanced clean coal technologies like IGCC and oxy-coal combustion with CO2 capture.


Flexoelectricity allows a dielectric material to bend in response to a uniform electric field, and adds a new degree of freedom for designing actuators. However, its applications are usually limited to the nanoscale due to its inherent size effect. Here, we report an enhanced macroscopic flexoelectric-like response in flexoelectrets (soft elastomers with embedded charges), showing excellent actuation performance comparable with nanoscale flexoelectric actuators. Theoretical analysis indicates that the symmetry breaking of Maxwell stress is the cause of this enhancement. This work opens an avenue for applying macroscopic flexoelectricity in actuators and flexible electronics.


Major Compulsory Revisions (that the author must respond to before a decision on publication can be reached) Although this paper has shown valuable contributions to apply WLAN for pre-hospital environment, the current structure of the paper does not seen to be readable friendly. I suggest a major revision of the paper. The following are my suggestions: 1. The background should give a literature review of existing problems and explain the needs to increase the speed of data transmission. What are the disadvantages when the data transmission was slow during utilization under the pre-hospital environment. 2. Background should not include the objectives of the paper, such as "In this paper, we tested and discussed ...", "To test the feasibility of the wireless...". The paper should clearly state the objectives of the study under a new section with a title "Objectives" and methodology should not be included in the Objective section. 3. "Methodology" section should clearly state the test protocol and equipment to be used in the study for each step of the tests. Methodology should not be described in the Results section, such as the entire "The WLAN and its configuration" section, "The coverage was highly structure dependent.. The floor of the Webb ...", should be moved to the Methodology section. 4. There were very few discussions about the results. The paper gives test results but without elaboration or any interpretation of the findings that listed in the tables. For example, in the "File transfer rate with Pocket PC and cellular phone" section, results were stated about the time taken to transfer different file sizes, but there was no explanation on what it meant? We are well understood that a larger file will take longer time to transmit. What will be the correlations between the file size and time for pocket PC and cellular phone? 5. Table 1A mentioned the variables as statuses and linked to these statuses with the distances. Are the statuses in Table 1B refers to the same distances? 6. In the "File transfer rate with laptops" section, there should be an explanation on why higher rates were achieved for file sizes between 10 MB and 100 MB. In Table 1A, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 MB were used, there was no explanation on why 50MB was used for the Table 1B. When the paper refers to "Good" link status, is it also meant 25 feet away to …


Certain identifiable student groups are underrepresented and/or experience difficulties with degree completion in technical majors. In this project, mathematics and computer science faculty, alumni in these disciplines, and student development personnel collaborated to provide support for these students. Preliminary data suggests that a combination of career exploration and mentoring is helpful to these students in refining and pursuing their educational and career goals.


A metamodelling technique based on an adaptive intelligent sampling scheme and Kriging interpolation method are suggested in this study. The proposed method is applied for drawbead geometry parameters inverse problem. The suggested sampling scheme applies uniform Latin Hyper Sampling to generating initial samples. According to the different metamodelling strategies, the adaptive intelligent sampling scheme is implemented for updating new samples. To validate the suggested method, the non-linear function as benchmark is optimised via proposed strategy. Finally, the sheet forming optimisation problem indicates that suggested method is a high accuracy, efficiency and rapid convergence for design of mould in practice.


1 Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Marine Research/University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 3 Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 4 Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile, 5 Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China


This article shows a review of the information from some of the CASE (Computer Assisted Software Engineering) tools that support the work of Requirements Engineering (RE) as a phase included in the process of Software Engineering for computer projects development. The objectiveis to identify the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the studied tools and have a guide to select, acquire and implement a CASE tool for RE.


This article attends to Deleuze and Guattari's idea of a 'minor literature' as well as to Deleuze's concepts of the figural, probe-heads and the diagram in relation to Bacon's paintings. The paper asks specifically what might be usefully taken from this Deleuze–Bacon encounter for the expanded field of contemporary art practice.


Many the village officer who does not have experience in information and computer area, it made their work does not finish on time. It was caused they did not know how to the usage of technology and computer well. The purpose of this research to explain the usage of computer technology by the officer of Pelangai Kaciak Village.This is descriptive research using qualitative approach, because the researcher took the data written and spoken, as informant of the research are the head of the village and his officer, 6 people. The data explained based on observation, interview, and documentation.The result of this research took from the information of the head of village and 6 his officer. From the interview can be explained that 1) the important application was used to accounting is SISKEUDES (Sistem keuangan desa/Village accounting system), SINAR was used to serve correspondence, Online tax was used to pay the people tax, MS. WORD was used to make the letter that there is not be in SINAR application, Excel application was used to SPJ and power point application was used perform material in internal meeting. 2) the problem of the usage the information and computer technology by the village officer was capacities of RAM, Lamp is often off, and slow loading of internet.


The rapidly deepening river of Indian christological thought is fed by a number of streams. The main current is of necessity the biblical witness, which has to be expounded afresh in every country and age. To this are added the various ecclesiastical channels by which theological thought has reached India; the Syrian in the South, and the many types of Western theology which have always been influential, and still continue to be so. From the other bank there comes the stream of Indian culture, in particular the philosophical systems of Sankara and Ramanuja, and the bhakti tradition of devotion to a personal God. To all these is added, like the rain, the continual influence of the Holy Spirit, who, in India as elsewhere, is ever drawing from what is Christ's and making it known to men (John 16.14). There has therefore been in India, as one might expect, a departure from some of the traditional christological formulations of the West.


This article is about ethnographic knowledge production, and is an investigation of the forms that knowledge production can take. The text consists of two separated parts; a contextualising introdu ...


Technology has been developed for an electric taxicab and a gasoline-electric hybrid car, and the annual production (in England) is predicted of 10,000 electric taxicabs for the home market and 40,00 (in a few years) for other European markets. The transmission of the taxi which is front-wheel drive has low loss double-reduction Morse Hyvo chain, and the road wheels are carried on new low-loss SKF bearings. The design will allow batteries to be changed as quickly as a gasoline fill-up is performed. Market studies have indicated that the major electric vehicle market is for light commercial vehicles with payloads of 1/2 to 3/4 ton. To be a viable investment, an electric vehicle would have to be operated 80 or 100 miles a day. A hybrid car where the electric motor is used as an assist to the internal combustion engine and will reduce gasoline consumption by 50 percent in city applications is also described. Laboratory dynamo tests have corroborated a computer analysis which showed fuel economy improvements of 30 to 100 percent for various vehicle configurations of a new prototype engine with electric drive train.


The Spurious Frequency of a geophone is normally spccificd by manufacturers but is less frequently understood by users. The Natural Frequency is well understood as the resonant frequency of the spring mass system in the working axis of the gcaphone. All discontinuities in the transfer function of the geophone above the natural frequency are termed spurious resonances. 24 bit technology and digital filtering have pushed the anti-alias (or high-cut) frequencies of modern recording systems to greater than 415 Nyquist, extending the available recording bandwidth, however also getting ckxer to thr spurious danger zone. We can now no longcr ignore the spurious frequencies of the geophones with which WC record such broadband data. Tbrougb this paper we wilt explain this often overlooked geophone parameter by discussing the mechanism within the geophone element hat produces the rcso"a"ce, how we measure that ia"nancr and fhc effect it can have on seismic data ihruugh cnamplcs from some field tests. SPURIOUS FREQUENCY: WHAT IS IT? Geophones are designed to respond to extremely small ground displacements. A particle velocity of 0.1 mm/s, which generates an amplitude of 3 mV in a geophone is caused by a displacement of the ground of only 160 nanometres at 100 Hz, the displacement is even smaller at higher frequencies. It is therefore understandable why any additional mechanical micro-movement within the geophone will easily result in voltage signals comparable to those produced hy these extremely small ground displacements. Traditionally the springs used in geophones are flat membrane discs with spring arms linked to concentric rings. They are designed to move linearly in their working axis but by nature are also free to move perpendicular to this axis (Fig. I). This lateral movement is kept as small as possible but is essential to allow freedom of movement of the geophone coil in the main axis. The spring mass resonance of the geophone in its working axis is called the natural frequency. The spurious frequency is the resonance of the system perpendicular to this normal working axis and is a combination of multiple modes of movement. Ground motion in this plane, either transverse or rotational, may cause the geophone to resonate at the spurious frequency, which is taken as the lowest of these resonance modes. The spring is designed to have high stiffness in the direction perpendicular to its working axis, hence the high frequency nature of the spurious resonance. The coil motion in this plane is virtually undamped by the coil form. The eddy current damping is small because of the limited variation of magnetic flux within the coil when it is moved in the plane of the radial magnetic field. However due to the construction of the spring arms and the constant movement of the coil in the working axis a part of the cross axis motion is translated into a movement in the main axis. Although this in-axis movement is properly damped, the cross-axis driving force is not and once set up the resonance will "ring" on for a significant time. These effects apply to all geophones irrespective of whether they are designed for vertical, horizontal or other orientations. Spurious frequency is an important parameter as it effectively sets the upper limit of the usable recording bandwidth of a specific type of geophone (Fig. 2). At this resonance, as at the natural frequency there is a change of phase in the geophone output and a strong variation in sensitivity. However the variation in phase and amplitude are complex and difficult to model due to the multiple modes of resonance. Spurious frequency manifests itself in seismic data as strong ringing noise running through the record. The large amplitude first arrivals in seismic data may set up the spurious resonance. As spurious frequency is easily started by transverse or rotational motion of a vertical geophone it is often seen after the onset of ground roll, the elliptic particle motion characteriring ground roll very easily excites the spurious frequency in geophones. Figure 3 shows an example section contaminated with spurious frequency at about 180 Hz. In this instance there was a mismatch between the spurious frequency of the geophones (typically 180 Hz) and the anti-alias filter in the recording system which had been set for I ms sampling (high-cut 250 Hz with a 72 dB/octave ramp). Normally we choose a geophone with a spurious frequency above the anti-alias frequency of the recording system, the strong high cut filters being adequate to attenuate the signal induced by the mechanical resonance in the geophone element. In the past this selection has been quite 'Sensor Nederland B."., R""wk""plaan 8,225, AP, """rsch"ten, The Netherlands


Wintec staff are expected to comply with our copyright licences and the Copyright Act (1994), which includes the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act (2008), at all times.


Oscillatory properties of solutions to a class of second order damped time-delay partial differential equations are studied.Some criteria of sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the equations are obtained under two kinds of boundary conditions by using second order damped differential inequalities.


This paper presents a posteriori residual error estimator for the new mixed element scheme for second order elliptic problem on anisotropic meshes. The reliability and efficiency of our estimator are established without any regularity assumption on the mesh.


A successive two etalons, angled to reduce parasitic reflections of the space between the two. A plurality of etalons are soldered to both ends of the post having an aperture through which light passes. A plurality of solder balls of various sizes, and / or, a plurality of solder pads, making the desired angle, is used to fix a plurality of etalons post. In other examples, the lip on the post to make the desired angle. Once secured to the post, than arranging a plurality of etalons by individual pick-and-place techniques, post and a plurality of connected etalon, such as in the resonator of the external resonator diode lasers (ECDL), optical It is fixed as a single unit in the system.


Anatrophic nephrolithotomy is a urological procedure that is rarely performed in this minimally invasive endo urological era. However, it still remains an option in the management of complex staghorn calculus. A near complete removal of the large calculus in a single sitting will be more cost effective than multiple sittings required for minimally invasive procedures. We report anesthetic management of anatrophic nephrolithotomy which in many ways similar to the principles of renal transplantation.


In 1963 two publications appeared, one from NCTE, the other from the NEA, both summarizing the state of the art, or science, of composition research. One of them created a wave so big that even after seventeen years its ripples continue to wash the shores of the English curriculum; the other, unfortunately, sank without a trace. The authors of the NCTE report, Research in Written Composition-Richard Braddock, Richard Lloyd-Jones, and Lowell Schoer-recognized that such research was not highly developed; in fact, they compared research in composition "to chemical research as it emerged from the period of alchemy" (p. 5). We've come a long way since then. Recent work in such areas as invention, error analysis, the process of writing, holistic scoring, and sentence combining testifies to the progress we have made as researchers; the variety of program topics at CCCC demonstrates how far we have come and how much we have learned since 1963. That NCTE report, in fact, with its detailed accounts of empirical studies and scientific research methods, probably had a great deal to do with bringing us out of the dark ages. Yet the biggest wave that report made had just the opposite effect: it encouraged the alchemists. The most quotable statement in all of its pages effectively turned back the clock on grammar research; it is still causing ripples:


The decomposition theory of sequential machines aims to find answers to the following important practical problem: how to decompose a complex sequential machine into a number of simpler partial machines in order to: simplify the design, implementation and verification process; make it possible to process (to optimize, to implement, to test, ••. ) the separate partial machines al though it may be impossible to process the whole machine with existing tools; make it possible to implement the machine with existing building blocks or inside of a limited silicon area. For many years, decomposition of the internal states of sequential machines has been investigated. Here, decomposition of the states, as well as, the inputs and outputs of sequential machines is considered, i.e. full-decomposition. In [16], classification of full-decompositions is presented and theorems about the existence of different full-decompositions are provided. In this report a special full-decomposition strategy is investigated the full-decomposition of sequential machines with the separate realization of the next-state and output functions. This strategy has several advantages comparing to the case where a sequential machine is considered as a unit. In the report, the results of theoretical investigations are presented; however, the notions and theorems provided here have straightforward practical interpretations and they can be directly used in order to develope programs computing different sorts of decompositions for sequential machines. INDEX TERMS Automata theory, decomposition, logic system design, sequential machines. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to Prof. ir. A. Heetman and Prof. ir. M. P.J. Stevens for making it possible to perform this work, to Dr. P.R. Attwood for making corrections to the English text and to mr. C. van de Watering for typing the text.


By engineering example,introduced the induced ventilation system of the underground garage in Xiamen Jinqiu garden.It resolved better the ventilation and smoke control problems of underground garages.


Eric Rosengren presented an overview of the Working Cities Challenge covering, among other topics, the initiatives taking place in Connecticut.


This paper presents creation of the optimal size directive gain antenna which radiates a desired predefined pattern. Theory of this study based on the Method of the Auxiliary Sources (MAS) was published in previous paper and briefly reminding the basic ideas of the approach results of the experimental measurements on created real prototype antenna are discussed. In practice during the antenna syntheses and its design very crucial problem is to minimize the size if the aperture which depends on the directive gain. We introduce the volume antenna which could minimize diameter of the aperture. Comparatively easy to construct and simply for feeding system with another positive radiations qualities like minimal side lobes and reactive fields makes interesting to use offered methodology. Eventually, for predicted antenna geometry using the MAS together with real experiments additionally to verify validity and correctness of approach the EMC Studio simulation used. All results are in a good agreement.


An oleophobic and hydrophilic surface is a surface that is more wettable to water than to oil. In recent years, this novel surface has attracted significant attention since it is highly desirable in many important applications such as long-term anti-fogging, detergent-free cleaning, and oil and water separation. In this study, we focused on recent advances in oleophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. We briefly summarized three approaches, including simultaneously oleophobic/hydrophilic behavior, oleophobic/hydrophobic to hydrophilic switching behavior, and hydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic behavior, to achieve this surface. Moreover, we discussed the underlying mechanisms and the potential applications of this surface have also been introduced.


A very important aspect of intimate partner violence (IPV) of the man against the woman is the evolution of this violence once the woman has identified it and talks about it. Furthermore, this evolution may have a great influence on the recovery of the health status of the woman, deteriorated by the violence. In a study carried out in the Valencian Community of Spain, women abused either physical/psychologically (n=33) or psychologically (n=24) by their intimate male partners were followed up three years later in order to assess the evolution of the IPV and their health status. Three patterns of evolution of the IPV were found: a) cease of violence (n=11), b) reduction of the violence (from physical/psychological to psychological, n=17) and c) continuation of the violence (n=28). Comparison between the three groups with respect to sociodemographic characteristics of the women as well as their relationship with the batterer indicated that the main differences were the marital relationship and the cohabitance with the batterer during the follow up period, while other variables such as age, education, employment, income, economic independence, new partners, change of residence, reports to the police and legal measures taken did not differ between the three groups. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the type of violence experienced initially, the marital relationship and the cohabitance with the batterer during the followup period were significant factors predicting the evolution of the violence. In conclusion, longitudinal studies are needed in order to determine which are the predictors of the cease of IPV as well as of the recovery of the health of women victims. Supported by the Institute of the Woman, Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (ref: 102/01), FEDER and the Ministry of Education and Science (ref: SEJ200500579/PSIC) and the Conselleria D'Empresa, Universitat i Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana (GRUPOS2004/15).


The development of the business today requires a mix of various elements in order tobe efficiency, effectiveness, customer service, competitive prices, comfort and ease as wellas other aspects in order to create ease in carrying out various activities of the companyto achieve customer satisfaction, fair competition and eventually gives rise to acompetitive advantage. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an enterprise informationsystem designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed tocomplete business processes. No matter how good a system, any sophisticated thetechnology, it couldn't be denied is the work of human beings which have advantages andweaknesses as well as ERP systems. Keywords : Enterprise Resource Planning, management information system, bestpractice process.


The frequency dependence of a turbulent Prandtl number, defined using the Reynolds shear stress and normal heat flux co‐spectra, in various turbulent shear flows accentuates the inadequacy of the Reynolds analogy from a spectral point of view. For the same flows, the analogy between spectral distributions of the kinetic energy and the temperature variance is validated over a significant frequency domain. This analogy suggests a spectral parameter which is very close to unity in this frequency range for all the flows considered.


Digital revolution is instrumental to the wave of globalisation and transformation of the global economy. But the pace of digital transformation and service trade is low in the West African region. This article investigates the effect of digital transformation on the development of service trade in the region. This research captured digitisation in two standpoints: internet penetration rate and mobile subscription rate. The Im-Pesaran-Shin unit-root test affirms that the model is appropriate for panel autoregressive distributed lag estimation method. Adopting pool mean group estimator, the results attest for the existence of cointegrations in the model. The estimations reveal that the effect of digitisation on service trade is a long-run phenomenon. While the result is robust with export, it is not consistent with import. The long-run positive impact of digitisation on service export ranges from 0.087% to 0.159%, depending on the proxy for digitisation. The overall short-run effect is not statistically significant in export and not robust in import. It is reportedly consistent in some countries but not robust with some others. The region needs to rally in adopting and adapting to the new face of technology to improve service trade. JEL Codes: C23, F14, O33


The Tabloid Terrorist: The Predicative Construction of New Terrorism in the Media. By Alexander Spencer. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010, 200 pp., £57.00, ISBN 9780230575585 (hbk) Much discussion of the representation of post-9/11 terrorism has focused on how terrorism makes use of and depends upon its mediation. While many dwell on the creative use of digital technology by terrorist groups, just as important is the manner in which the activities, character and motivation of the terrorist come to be framed in mainstream media. In an examination of popular newspapers in the UK and Germany, Alexander Spencer provides a timely reminder of the role of the mass media in positioning the terrorist in the news agenda.


Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology [FNAC] is a highly accurate, cheap and minimally invasive tool for the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. It is useful in planning further course of treatment, many a times without the need of a core biopsy. This study was carried out to assess the accuracy of FNAC in remote areas and its role in planning the treatment for the patient.
Aims: To assess the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing palpable breast lesions.
Material and Methods: 10-year FNAC data comprising of 417 breast aspirates was retrospectively collected from January 2010 to December 2019. Histopathological correlation was done, wherever available. Statistical analysis was done on the results obtained. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy calculated and meaningful conclusions were drawn.
Results: Of the 417 cases, 320 cases were benign [C2], 35 cases were malignant[C5], 16 were suspicious for malignancy[C4], 27 were atypical, probably benign[C3], 19 were inadequate[C1] for opinion. Histopathology was available for 96 cases. FNAC was found to be 86% sensitive, 96% specific and 93% accurate in diagnosing malignant lesions of the breast.
Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a cheap, quick and accurate tool to diagnose benign and malignant lesions of breast. In C5 category, surgery can be undertaken without a core biopsy hence reducing cost and saving time for the patient. In suspicious or equivocal cases, clinic-radiological correlation and core needle biopsy may solve the dilemma.


The efficiency of various selective isolation media for diagnosis and enumeration of Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica is described. In both pure culture and mixed population studies the medium of choice is that of Cuppels and Kelman's modified by the addition of manganous sulphate. Difficulties in the preparation of this pectate medium have been overcome by including an antifoam agent.


India being gold-centric, investors and corporates moved from buying and saving concept of gold to Investment and returns concept, a paradigm shift that brought forth many investment options in gold too. With booming capital market mitigating risk and maximizing returns became greatest challenge for any investment option. Mutual funds couldn't live up to this challenge, thus new option, exchange traded funds (ETF) evolved, as underlying asset was Index, instead of single asset. As ETFs fared well at bourses Gold ETFs were also launched by large firms and were listed on stock exchange of India. Against this backdrop, the current study aims to study the performance of gold ETFs for the last five years (post-crash period) and also tries to evaluate the relationship of gold ETFs to spot Gold prices and gold ETF's to Nifty by using regression and correlation techniques. Out of the five gold ETFs selected in the study, GOLDSHARE is found to be more correlated to the spot gold price followed by GOLDBEES. The study also finds that the relationship of gold ETF's to Nifty is inverse, meaning that as Nifty decreases gold ETF's perform better, which is a unique phenomenon observed mostly in India.


Provision of optimal analgesia during labor and delivery is a challenge that anesthesiologists face every day, with an estimated 385,000 babies born daily worldwide. In parturients with an OUD, this challenge is further amplified by the complex biopsychosocial construct of opioid addiction, opioid tolerance, and the inevitable pharmacological interactions between a woman's chronic opioid intake (illicit opioids, methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone) and analgesic medication that will be administered by the anesthesiologist during the childbirth experience. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes, including adequate pain management, avoidance of withdrawal for both mothers and neonates, and nonescalation or minimal escalation of opioid requirement at discharge, require a multidisciplinary approach that ideally includes the obstetric anesthesia team from the antenatal period, during labor and delivery, and throughout the in-hospital postpartum period. Approaches to preventing persistent opioid use after delivery will not be reviewed here, although this topic is of equally crucial importance, because opioid-naive women exposed to opioids during pregnancy or postpartum are at significant risk, with reported rates for persistent opioid use ranging from 1:300 women and up to 4%, although reported rates may be highly variable depending on the definition used. In this review article, we will provide evidence-based approaches when available and share our experience in managing labor analgesia and cesarean delivery anesthesia in pregnant women with an OUD, from admission to the labor and delivery unit until hospital discharge.


Farm mechanisation in less developed countries was expected to increase output and cropping intensity by enabling greater 'timeliness' of crucial farm operations. However, empirical evidence shows no such effects. It is demonstrated that in low‐wage economies only a small number of machines can be economically viable in a given area; this number is generally inadequate to improve timeliness of operations.


Fluid in porous rocks affect the performance of rock structures and thus it is important to determine the effective stress in wide range of rock engineering applications. In this study, Bibai Sandstone, a hard-clastic rock, was subjected to multistage and single stage triaxial tests to determine the coefficients of effective stress corresponding to peak and residual strength states ($\alpha_{-\text{Peak}}$ and $\alpha_{-\text{Residual}}$) through, Modified Failure Envelope Method (MFEM). The coefficients of effective stress of intact and fractured Bibai Sandstone specimens ($\alpha_{-\text{Biot}^{\prime}\mathrm{s}}$ and $\alpha_{-\text{Fractured}}$) were determined using hydrostatic compression test and compared with the values obtained for $\alpha_{-\text{Peak}}$ and $\alpha_{-\text{Residual}}$ by MFEM. Microstructure analysis was carried out on the images of blue resin impregnated thin sections using Imagej software and a post-compression macrostructure analysis was performed using micro-focus xray computed tomography (CT). $\alpha_{-\text{Biot}^{\prime}\mathrm{s}}$ and $\alpha_{-\text{Peak}}$ decreased with increasing confining pressure which was related to the microstructure of the rocks. Further, the applicability of MFEM were discussed.


In this talk we summarise the incredible advances recently made in the field of behavioural genetics. Quantitative Genetics, such as the Twin Method, has moved beyond simple estimations of the relative contributions of genes and environments to different traits. Recent statistical and theoretical advances allow us to ask questions about aetiological relationships between different traits, about genetic and environmental continuity across development, and about aetiological homogeneity/heterogeneity of different psychological constructs, such as general intelligence, mathematical ability, autism, or schizophrenia. The field of Molecular Genetics has also enjoyed incredible theoretical, analytic, and technological advances, leading to important breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms by which genes contribute to the observed individual variation. These advances have enabled researchers to move into the new era – the era of Behavioural Genomics – where the search is on for the mechanisms of gene-environment interface. The search for the sources of individual variation has been likened to looking for a black cat in the dark room. The light is suddenly on, so where is the cat? We argue, that although progress in identifying the sources of individual variation from the behavioural genomic perspective has been slow, this approach holds great promise for psychology and education.


his publication presents current information on the importance of potassium (K) for agriculture. A forerunner booklet on this subject was published by the Institute in the 1950s. During the more than 40 years since then, several editions have been released. Our knowledge of plant nutrition and crop production has greatly increased. Yields have doubled and tripled. Fertilization practices have improved. There are newer and better hybrids and varieties. However, we still have much to learn about nutrient management as it relates to high yield, high profit crop production that is environmentally friendly. There are still widespread areas of nutrient depletion. Africa is a well known example, but nutrient mining exists everywhere, even in some of the U.S. Corn Belt states. That is, more phosphorus (P) and K are being removed in harvested crops than are being applied in fertilizers and animal manures. Improving the management of P, K and other nutrients is more important now than it has ever been. Potassium is basic to plant and animal life. Except for nitrogen (N), plants require more K than any other nutrient. Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the human body, and it plays many vital roles in plant nutrition. Unlike N, P and most of the other essential nutrients, K does not become a part of the chemical structure of the plant. Thus, its mobility in the plant allows it to influence almost all aspects of plant growth. Potassium encourages root growth, strengthens stalks, activates enzymes, controls plant turgidity, transports sugar and starch, helps in protein formation, controls diseases...and is involved in many other plant functions. Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI) scientists have updated and summarized material for use in this booklet. We hope this scientific summary helps contribute to a better understanding of the importance of K in food and fiber production.


Bayesian Networks (BNs) are used in various fields for modeling, prediction, and decision making. pgmpy is a python package that provides a collection of algorithms and tools to work with BNs and related models. It implements algorithms for structure learning, parameter estimation, approximate and exact inference, causal inference, and simulations. These implementations focus on modularity and easy extensibility to allow users to quickly modify/add to existing algorithms, or to implement new algorithms for different use cases. pgmpy is released under the MIT License; the source code is available at: https://github.com/pgmpy/pgmpy, and the documentation at: https://pgmpy.org.


The papers in this book were presented at the sessions Applications of the Boundary Element Method to Structural Dynamics and Dynamic Response of Coupled Civil Engineering Structures at the ASCE Structures Congress '86 held in New Orleans, LA, on Sept. 15-18, 1986. The book is divided into two sections. In the first section recent applications of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) are presented by an international panel of experts in the field. In view of the massive research and development efforts that have been dedicated to the BEM a collection of articles, as the one presented here, serves the triple purpose of instructing the newcomer, providing a concentrated source of information about new trends in the pertinent research, and offering an insight to future developments. The second section, in contrast to the first, is not dedicated to any particular computational method but to a very important phenomenon of great engineering interest, namely, the dynamic interaction of various structures or components of a structure. The correct analysis and understanding of such interactions leads to the efficient prevention of unwanted side effects. Both of these aspects are discussed in this section and a number of computational methodologies are presented.


Vacuum cooling technique can be used for keep leafy vegetables fresh by providing low storage temperature and dry conditions.Traditional cooling methods would normally take many hours,which also enables the traceability of the vacuum cooled vegetables.This article analyzed the effect of vacuum cooling on safety,nutrition,and economic value of the leafy vegetables,to provide references for managers,technicians and entrepreneurs in food industries.


Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak poses a remarkable challenge for pemphigus treatment. High-dose corticosteroids and rituximab are recommended as first-line treatments for moderateto-severe pemphigus. High-dose corticosteroids impair both cellmediated and humoral immunity and may increase the complications of COVID-19. There is paucity of evidence on the impact of corticosteroids on COVID-19 course. Meanwhile, there are controversial reports about either negative or positive effect of corticosteroids on COVID-19. During COVID-19 pandemic, the safety of rituximab is unclear. To reach a hypothesis, focus on the role of B cells and antibodies in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 can be helpful. Lymphopenia has been frequently reported in patients with severe COVID-19. In contrast to T cell, B cell count was not found to be a prognostic factor for the clinical outcome in COVID-19. Moreover, in a multicenter cohort study in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, usage of disease-modifying therapies, such as rituximab, was associated with a lower risk of severe COVID-19. A retrospective study on 712 MS patients found that suspected COVID-19 cases experienced mild to moderate disease course, although using B cell depleting treatment increased the susceptibility to contracting the infection. Also, patients with agammaglobulinemia infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had a mild and short course of COVID19. Focusing on antibodies, several studies showed that high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or higher numbers of antibody-secreting cells were associated with disease severity. These findings suggest that antiviral antibodies may not necessarily be needed for a successful immune response against SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, antiviral antibodies could facilitate the entry of the virus into the phagocytic cells; a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Although ADE has not been proved in COVID-19, it may lead to cytokine storm and COVID-19 worsening. In sum, these results suggest that B cells may not necessarily be required for the recovery of COVID-19 patients; however, most likely, they can effectively protect patients against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. For new and relapsing pemphigus cases, who are not infected with SARS-CoV-2, avoiding high-dose corticosteroids is recommended. At the same time, it seems that low-dose corticosteroids appear to be relatively safe. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a safe option in severe pemphigus cases, although it is costly and mostly not available. According to a previous recommendation for rituximab, it could be better to postpone rituximab treatment due to the critical role of B cells in the late-phase immune response against viral infections. On the basis of the few aforementioned reports on the possibly nonessential role of B cells and antibodies in the recovery from COVID-19, rituximab may still be considered for the management of moderate-to-severe pemphigus during the COVID-19 pandemic. In COVID-19 patients with active pemphigus, a minimal increase in the predniso(lo)ne dose concomitant with the use of IVIg may be an efficient strategy. Although the use of high-dose systemic corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients was discouraged in the first few months of the pandemics, there is strong evidence that intravenous dexamethasone decreased the mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. IVIg also appears to be a rational option for COVID-19 patients. Notably, in pemphigus patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, rituximab is recommended to be delayed until recovery from COVID-19. To conclude, for the treatment of severe pemphigus patients during COVID-19 outbreak, although there is still a lack of strong evidence, we suggest that rituximab could still be considered as a treatment option for moderate-to-severe cases. More studies are required to gain a better insight into how B cell depletion may affect the response to SARS-CoV-2 in pemphigus patients.


Anthropogenic activities have been increasingly strengthening the meridional temperature gradient in the upper atmosphere, which has a profound impact on the wind shear and turbulence in mid‐latitudes. Here we examined the trends of the wintertime jet stream and clear‐air turbulence at 250 hPa over the Eurasian. The zonal wind speed showed a significantly increasing trend in the region between 40°N and 60°N where the meridional temperature gradient between the equator and the pole were increasing sharply in the past 4 decades (1980–2019). In addition, there existed a clear trend toward stronger vertical shear at 250 hPa in the latitudinal zone between 30°N and 40°N where the zonal wind increased, while a declining trend was shown to the south of 30°N, according to three different reanalysis datasets, including ERA5, JRA55, and NCAR/NCEP, which may be related to the poleward shift of the subtropical jet stream. The turbulence, closely related to the occurrence of vertical wind shear, was found to become stronger in the latitudinal zone between 30°N and 40°N consequently. The projections based on Phase 6 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models show that the zonal wind speed in the mid‐latitudes will increase significantly for the period 2015–2100, especially between the latitudinal zone between 40°N and 60°N, and the corresponding vertical wind shear in this area tend to dramatically increase. The findings not only help us better understanding of turbulence occurrence in the past 40 years, but also have profound implications for the projection of turbulence occurrence under global warming over mid‐latitude regions of North Hemisphere.


A biometric system provides automatic identification of an individual based on unique features or characteristics possessed by that person. Iris recognition is regarded as one of the most reliable and accurate biometric systems available. This paper, proposes an efficient iris recognition system that employs circular Hough transform technique to localize the iris region in the eye image and cumulative sum based gray change analysis method to extract features from the normalized iris template and also fuzzy ARTMAP neural network to classify the iris codes. The results of simulations on a set of 756 eye images illustrate that an accurate and noise resistant personal identification system has been successfully designed. The proposed system achieved 0 false acceptance rate using 1800-bit binary iris codes and recognized all authorized users with 100% accuracy.


This article reports the results of a survey of 150 doctors working in teaching hospitals in Multan, Pakistan. The survey was undertaken to ascertain how often doctors use hospital libraries, their main reasons for using the hospital libraries, and the impact of information they received/gathered from the hospital libraries on patient care and clinical decision-making.


It is shown that the turbulent dynamo alpha-effect converts magnetic helicity from the turbulent field to the mean field when the turbulence is electromagnetic while the magnetic helicity of the mean-field is transported across space when the turbulence is elcetrostatic or due to the elcetron diamagnetic effect. In all cases, however, the dynamo effect strictly conserves the total helicity expect for a battery effect which vanishes in the limit of magnetohydrodynamics. Implications for astrophysical situations, especially for the solar dynamo, are discussed.


Objective To observe the femoral neck on dislocated hips presented excessive anteversion in unilateral DDH using 3D-CT.Methods Seventy-four Patients with unilateral dislocation of hip were involved in the study,including 60 females and 14 males with a mean age 22.5 months (range,18-48 months).Left hip was involved in 42 cases,and right hip in 32 cases.Femoral anteversion (FA) and combined anteversion (CA) were measured and compared between the dislocated hips and the uninvolved hips.Results Although no significant difference was observed in FA between 1st and 2nd degree dislocated hips and the uninvolved hips,FA was significantly increased in 3rd dislocated hips when compared with the uninvolved hips (36.37° ± 9.70° vs 31.15° ± 7.72°,P =0.024).The CA was larger in the dislocated hips when compared with the unaffected hips (51.97° ± 8.24° vs 45.14° ± 8.48°,P =0.001).Conclusions Femoral derotational osteotomy seems not to be necessary in 1st and 2nd degree dislocated hips in unilateral DDH.CA may be a more meaningful index for determining the use of femoral de-rotational osteotomy.

Key words:
Hip dislocation,developmental;  Femoral neck anteversion angle;  Combined anteversion angle


N-hydroxysuccinimide-functionalized polypyrrole (PPy–NHS) coated onto polystyrene (PS) latex particles were prepared by the in situ copolymerization of pyrrole and the active ester-functionalized pyrrole (pyrrole–NHS) in the presence of bare PS substrates. The initial comonomer concentration ratios were 25/75 and 50/50 for pyrrole and pyrrole–NHS, respectively. PS particles were prepared by two methods: emulsion polymerization, leading to particle sizes in the 450–500 nm range, and dispersion polymerization using poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) as a steric stabilizer. The polypyrrole-coated PS particles (PS–PPy) were characterized in terms of particle size, surface charge and surface chemical composition. For the "emulsion" PS coated with polypyrrole, the particles were evaluated as bioadsorbents of human serum albumin (HSA). It is believed that the proteins attach themselves by covalent bonds at the surfaces of NHS-functionalized PPy–PS particles. It is shown that the maximum adsorption levels off at 0.2 mg/m2 in the case of the 50/50 initial ratio concentration but only to 0.02 mg/m2 in the case of the 25/75 ratio, an indication that a higher concentration of surface reactive groups hamper the covalent attachment of HSA at the surfaces of polypyrrole particles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Bromopropylate was prepared by a four-step reaction of condensation,oxidation,rearrangement and esterification from p-bromobenzaldehyde which was synthesized by directly oxidation using Mn2O3 as an oxidizing agent from p-bromotoluene.


Knowledge of commercial vehicle rollover mechanics, required in the development of active dynamic control systems and when designing for increased safety, commonly relies on static analysis providing the steady state rollover threshold, SSRT. In a rolling vehicle kinetic energy is always present and that deteriorates the analysis of roll stability from SSRT. Therefore, knowledge of the dynamic rollover threshold, DRT, is equally relevant. In order to investigate the parameter sensitivity of the dynamic rollover threshold, the Taguchi method is applied: simulations are performed according to a specific plan forming an orthogonal matrix existing of high, medium and low parameter values. The influences from five test parameters on SSRT as well as DRT of a truck and a tractor semitrailer combination are calculated, including the corresponding parameter interaction effects. Investigated parameters are frame roll stiffness plus axle roll stiffnesses and roll center heights of front and rear axles. Results show that the different vehicles are unequally sensitive to parameter changes: the rear axle roll characteristics are the most important semi trailer parameters, while the front axle roll stiffness is most important for the truck. An important result yielding from this is that two vehicles can be equally stable statically but different dynamical!.\'. INTRODUCTION Commercial vehicle roll over has grave implications: the accident type contributes substantially to injuries but also to environmental damage. Several vehicle occupants are seriously injured or killed every year and vehicles carrying hazardous goods often waste it. When a driver detects the vehicle approaching or exceeding the stability limit, the possibility of returning to a stable driving situation is very small or does not exist. Several of these accidents are hardly avoidable today, e.g. the extremes in the driver-vehicle-environment system: the driver falling asleep at the wheel, the roadway collapsing during cornering or the vehicle having such a low level of roll stability that a simple steering input results in rollover. However, it is possible to identify situations, where the rollover can be avoided by using stability system assistance to the driver and/or the vehicle. A voiding the Accident In 1990, Preston-Thomas and Woodrooffe created a roll over warning device feasibility study [1] 1, showing that 42% of more than 2000 investigated incidents could be avoided with a system installed, warning of the incipient risk. They propose a passive warning device, similar to other passive devices and learning systems presented by e.g. Ervin et al. [2] and Nelligan and Zein [3]. Active stability systems, e.g. Vehicle Dynamics Control, VDC discussed by Hecker et al. [4], avoid rollovers more efficiently than passive systems. The vehicle detects the prevailing conditions and stability margins and supports the driver at an early stage by returning the combination to a stable condition. This is achieved by applying a suitable braking force at each wheel, whereby speed is reduced while a stabilising yaw torque is generated, assisting the driver in managing the situation. Several similar active systems are suggested, e.g. the rearward amplification suppression, RAMS [2] and the pure roll stability system, ARB presented by Wielenga [5]. Active as well as passive systems require detection of instability and this implies a need for increased knowledge of rollover mechanics. THE DYNAMIC ROLLOVER THRESHOLD The on-road rollover, in contrast to the off-road event, is the most thoroughly documented type, being the easiest to analyse and control: yaw and/or roll stability systems possibly avoid these rollovers. Its most common analysis I Numbers in brackets indicate end paper references


Estimating the real positions of objects in images is a fundamental operation in many data-driven modeling approaches. However, due to the perspective principle, the positions extracted directly from images usually are not accurate enough. Traditional data-driven modeling approaches using these data may not be able to build satisfying models. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an evolutionary algorithm based method to estimate the real positions of objects in images. Specifically, we formulate the problem of estimating the real positions of objects in distorted images as a parameter optimization problem by using some reference information of the images. Then, the differential evolution (DE) is utilized to search for the optimal solution. Our method is tested on two real-world datasets and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective to estimate the real positions of objects in images.


A standard projection mapping-based adaptive robust controller is proposed to achieve high-accuracy motion trajectory tracking control of a pneumatic cylinder driven by fast switching on/off solenoid valves. Due to the model errors, unmodelled dynamics and the unknown disturbances, there exist large parametric uncertainties and rather severe uncertain nonlinearities in the modeling of the pneumatic position servo system. To address these problems, the proposed controller employs on-line parameter estimation to reduce the extent of parametric uncertainties, and utilizes a nonlinear robust control method to attenuate the effects of parameter estimation errors, uncertain nonlinearities and disturbances. Therefore, a prescribed transient control performance and high tracking accuracy is guaranteed. In addition, the complete separation of the estimator design and the robust control law design is realized due to the adoption of the standard projection mapping technology. Extensive experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller and its performance robustness to sudden disturbances. For tracking a sinusoidal trajectory with amplitude of 0.09 m, frequency of 0.5 Hz, the maximum absolute tracking error is 1.51 mm and the root-mean-square tracking error is 0.72 mm.


The history of every natural science affirms the seminal truth that new sources of evidence pertinent to a fruitful construct usually lead to theoretical advances. The novel information, often the product of a new technology, is accompanied either by parsing the extant idea into two or more categories, rejecting the concept or affirming its validity. For example, when physicists became capable of measuring microwave radiation from the cosmos the data forced them to posit the two new forms of matter called dark energy and dark matter. The invention of X-ray crystallography provided information allowing Crick and Watson to infer the correct structure of the gene and to reject older conceptions. Psychology and the other social sciences have not enjoyed equally frequent introductions of new methodologies. This unfortunate state of affairs is especially frustrating to investigators who study humans and their development. Verbal statements and observed behaviors, usually in laboratory contexts, continue to be, as they have for centuries, the two primary sources of data, even though many investigators suspected that important advances would follow the ability to quantify brain activity. The excellent papers by Nelson, Moulson and Richman, Eisenberger, and Hammock and Levitt confirm this intuition. Nelson and colleagues describe how event-related potentials and scanning technologies have clarified the concepts of a face schema and explicit, or retrieval, memory. The biological evidence implies that both competences develop gradually and


A Chinese patent medicine for curing menoxenia, especially for the menstrual disorder caused by Norplant contraceptive of subcutaneous burial, with 96.75% of effective rate is prepared from 13 Chinese-medicinal materials such as rehmannia root, Chinese angelica root, white peony root, motherwort, scutellaria root, etc. through uniform mixing. It serves to regulate menstrual period and improve micro circulation without influence to effectiveness of Norplant.


The level scheme of ^198 Au was constructed. Up to 1560 keV a total of 111 (d,p) and 125 (n,gamma) levels was included, frequently with spin and parit


Nowadays, more and more concern is given to the impact of fertilizer and pesticide on golf courses all over the world. Based on the literature review regarding research on golf course environment, this paper concludes that the proper chemical usage would not result in the environment pollution.


In mid 3rd century began a more organized ecclesiastical activity, in the capital of the province where the Christian community was the most numerous. The construction of early Christian churches also revealed the need for church furniture, so there are numerous stone furniture which inlude altar rail as an important element that during the liturgy divided the altar space from the space for the believers. The remains of churches in Dalmatia from the period of early Christianity are witnessing the blossoming of Christian art and the rich decoration of ecclesiastical plastics, which had great influence on pre-Romanesque art. Throughout Dalmatia, there are many fragments of church furniture, more precisely the altar rails. Early medieval sites were often built on the foundations of older, early Christian churches. Original rails were often replaced with new ones. The development of altar rails in pre-Romanesque period is indeed a broad term; as in Dalmatia there is a large number of preserved fragments of parts of altar rails, and most of them that are available for reconstruction usually come from the last use phase in our churches. Numerous fragments of liturgical installations have been found in many early medieval structures, including those from the antique and early Christian period, which deeply influenced the new period. Renovations of earlier buildings are particularly significant for the early Middle Ages. In the early Middle Ages there were numerous stone workshops with large influence. For the early Christian, but also the pre-Romanesque decorations of the altar rail, the most commonly used motif was the cross; with various geometric and herbal motifs. In the early Middle Ages there is a new, characteristic braid motif; unavoidable on many fragments from that period, both on the edges and on the other parts within the rail.


Cognitive context refers to the systematicalized programmatic knowledge of language users. It contains, on one hand, the background knowledge, linguistic context and situational knowledge; on the other hand the culture of communities. Super-collocation is a special language phenomena, referring to a kind of collocation which breaks free from the stereotype of semantic collocation relations. According to its inference ability, super-collocation can be divided into two kinds: One can be inferred by using the cultural scheme of cognitive context; the other could be illustrated on the basis of stereotype relations, content scheme and structural scheme of cognitive context. We should make good use of their cognitive context existing in their mind to figure out the meanings of super-collocation.


Now and again, the Sun sets new problems before the astronomers. One of such problems is the abnormal behavior of solar activity during the past, 23rd cycle. Even now, it is not clear whether the anomalies have ceased with the beginning of the new cycle 24 or we are still facing a long period of low solar activity. The anomalies in question have manifested themselves in various parameters, such as the sunspots per se, the number and intensity of coronal mass ejections, extraordinary brightness distributions in the corona, solar wind parameters, and the persistent big low latitude coronal holes. We discussed at the symposium the following problems:


Positive realness of a transfer function is one of the most important notions in control theory.The achievements of many control objectives rely on the positive realness of certain transfer functions.Compared with positive realness,finite frequency positive realness is a new notion,and it also finds some important applications in control theory. In order to verify the positive realness of scalar discrete transfer function and the finite frequency positive realness of continuous scalar transfer function,this paper presents a simple algebraic criterion.Some existing results can be regarded as special cases of the presented results.Numerical examples show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Direct shear (DS) tests with controlled shear rates were performed in two soils from the Baixada Fluminense region, in the city of Sao Joao do Meriti – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The first soil characterized as Inorganic Clay of high plasticity (CH) was located in a hillside region. The second soil characterized as medium plasticity clay (CL) was located in a central region of the studied area with a slight slope. The soils in question are deposited on non-compacted soft soil with the addition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Both samples of compacted soil were excavated at a depth of 1.0 m, and undisturbed samples were collected. In addition to the previously mentioned tests, oedometric tests and soil physical classification tests were carried out to evaluate geotechnical parameters. In both tests the shear rate of 0.043 mm / min was adopted. The tests presented coherent results with probabilistic accuracy greater than 95% inreliability compared to three tests with compacted tropical soils.


This research explores relationships between "business school accreditation" and average CPA exam scores of graduates from each of several types of accredited business programs. Our findings show graduates of AACSBInternational accredited programs have significantly higher CPA exam scores than do graduates from other types of accredited and unaccredited business programs. Somewhat surprisingly, graduates from ACBSP and IACEB accredited programs do not have average CPA exam scores higher than those of graduates of unaccredited business programs. More surprisingly, average CPA exam scores of graduates from ACBSP accredited programs are actually lower than those of graduates from unaccredited business programs on average.


fraction of Hb A in the baby at delivery at 34{ weeks suggests that roughly half the circulating blood was donor blood, for the normal proportions of Hb F and Hb A are not altered by haemolytic disease (Ponder and Levine, 1949). This case is the fourth pregnancy on which this procedure has been performed. In the first two the foetus was already hydropic and death occurred within 24 hours of the transfusion. In the third case two transfusions were performed by the described technique at 31 and 33 weeks. Death occurred within a few hours of the second transfusion, and a mildly hydropic foetus was delivered. It is apparent that timely discovery and selection of these cases is critical, and only amniotic-fluid analysis can provide the necessary precision. Amniography can exclude gross ascites, and the persistence of swallowed dye in the foetal gut provides a convenient permanent marker which enables solid viscera to be avoided. There was no sign of trauma to abdominal viscera at post-mortem examination on the first three babies. In the absence of ascites the detection by needle of planes free from resistance to injection of saline has proved a simple method of locating the peritoneal cavity. The prompt introduction of a catheter with generous slack and withdrawal of the needle removes any risk of trauma from foetal or maternal movement or Braxton Hicks contractions. Reports on intraperitoneal transfusions in neonates and infants (Macdougall, 1958; Mollison, 1961; Scopes, 1963) suggest that both the rate of absorption and total proportion absorbed into the circulation are not entirely predictable. In foetal transfusion further uncertainty is added by a lack of knowledge of the combined blood volume of the foetus and placenta, and the possibility of some leakage from the puncture site on withdrawal of the catheter. For these reasons it cannot be expected that the procedure will restore the foetus to normal. The aim of the exercise is simply to arrest deterioration if possible and gain a few extra weeks of gestation so that the skilled paediatric care of severe haemolytic disease is not nullified by gross prematurity.


Tests are described for determining whether certain functions are the boundary values of analytic functions taking the upper half plane into itself. In one theorem the functions are real-valued and defined on an open interval and a single point. In other theorems, the functions are defined on a real interval taking values in an arc γ in the upper half plane. In every case these results are closely related to Loewner's theorem in which the putative boundary values are required to be real-valued. As in Loewner's theory, the quadratic inequalities are finite sums involving at most the value of the function and its first derivative at points. These results are closely related to the Pick-Nevanlinna inequalities for functions defined on a sequence of points in the upper half plane; the Pick-Nevanlinna inequalities characterize those functions that are restrictions of analytic functions taking the upper half plane into itself.


The World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidance to help national governments minimise terrorist threats to food by integrating the mechanisms which manage outbreaks of both unintentional and deliberate foodborne diseases and contamination (1,2). The need for guidance was raised during the 55th World Health Assembly in May 2002, and Terrorist threats to food: guidance for establishing and strengthening prevention and response systems (www.who.int/fsf) is a response to recent increasing concern worldwide about the possible use of chemical, biological or radionuclear (CBRN) agents against civilian populations.


Based on the engineering practice of a laundry centre in Xiamen,the principle and main components of the steam system were introduced in this paper,and main design contents and methods of system design were illustrated,such as design of the steam power system and condensate-recovery system,and selection of traps,etc.The system fully recovered condensation water and therefore reduced greatly the system energy consumption.A techno-economics analysis of the system was carried out.Results of the analysis showed that 4 255 tons of water and 42 tons of standard coal could be saved annually.And the initial costs of the condensate recovery system could be paid back in about two years.Therefore,the condensate recovery scheme for the system has significant energy-saving effects and economic interests.


The article has done a comparative research on the building-up of a Sino-Russian scientific and technical cooperation park both in Harbin (Heilongjiang province) and Yantai (Shandong province). expounded the differentials and problems in setting up such a park by the two cities and proposed some strategies and suggestions on the further enhancing of the Sino-Russian Cooperation.


There is provided an optoelectronic module (11) for emitting monochromatic radiation in the visible wavelength range. The module (11) has a plurality of LED chips (1), which produce UV radiation. The UV radiation is converted into light in the visible range, for example, in green light, of a wavelength converter (2). By using two selectively reflective and transmissive filter (3, 4) optimize the light output of the module (11). This module (11) can be used as a light source in a projection apparatus (12).


The contradictions and conflicts between the central and local governments almost have never stopped since China entered the period of comprehensive reform.China is still in the transition to market economic system, thus the problems arising from the conflicts of authority have hindered the further economic development and social reform.The conflicts of authority between the central and local governments in the area of state - owned natural resources could be seen as a microcosm of this phenomenon.To achieve the harmonious development of the central - local relations,following measures should be taken to improve the situation.Firstly,systematic thinking method and institutional framework should be built to adjust the central - local relations.Secondly,the authority of law should be established in the central and local governments,and the power of law should be separated between the two levels.Finally,other relevant systems should be established and improved.


As the heart of the new energy vehicle, the battery is extremely important to ensure its safety on the road, and all screws used for fixing must be firmly installed. Therefore, based on the CNN framework, a model is designed that can monitor and judge whether the screws on the lower surface of the car battery fall during the process of power change. The algorithm solves a classification problem, and there are two kinds of output results: normal screw fixation and screw fixation abnormal. The model design takes convolution, pooling layer, and normalization as the main three functions to carry out the extended design. Reasonable samples and thresholds are designed to output normal or risk pictures and result in information after a series of processes such as input pictures, cropping, feeding models, and inference results. Through a reasonable model to achieve the goal of intelligent judgment. The implementation of this algorithm is not limited to one kind of battery fixed detection and can be extended to various industrial scenarios later. It only needs to adjust the judgment area, which has excellent application value.


In the continuing dialogue between Western philosophy and the Christian religion, the central issue has generally been the existence of God. There has however been a discernible shift in the focus of the discussion in recent years. Rather than the existence of God, the issue now seems to be the concept of God. It is increasingly argued by philosophers critical of religion that the concept of God is basically incoherent, and that therefore the question of God's existence or non-existence does not even arise. What cannot be conceived is not even a possible object of faith.


Abstract : The geosynchronous environment is the most important region in the magnetosphere for spacecraft charging because the plasma temperature can be very high; the plasma density is sometimes very low, and most communications satellites are there. It is now well understood that, for a given surface material, there exists a critical plasma temperature above which spacecraft charging to negative potentials occurs. High energy (MeVs) electrons and ions penetrate into material to different depth. At energies below 100 MeV, electrons penetrate deeper than ions, and may remain in a deep layer, causing a high electric field. High energy "killer electrons" can cause deep dielectric charging and spacecraft anomalies. Studies of correlations of coronal mass Ejections, and exo-events, when a satellite gets outside of the magnetosphere are needed. Spacecraft used for planetary studies can also be affected. More study is also needed to determine whether surface charging or deep dielectric charging is more damaging to satellites.


Polarization reversal and domain dynamics have been investigated in 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 using a method of current transients. Investigations were performed as a function of applied electric field. The kinetics of the transients have been modelled by a stretched-exponential-type function.


While mixed reality scenarios are highly relevant for cooperation support, most work done in this context is on individuals. When working on cooperation support scenarios in MR, we arrived at situations in which we needed insights into the way how people used the technology to work together. To support the investigation of this question, we created a 3D analysis tool for interactive and cooperative task support in MR. The tool and exemplary results from applying to a visual search experiment conducted in a cooperative mixed reality setting with Microsoft HoloLens devices are presented here. We show how it can uncover interaction otherwise not or hard to discover.