The author's2 numerical method of solution of blunt-bod}^ flow fields was modified to allow for this heat loss by the addition of the appropriate term to the one-dimensional energy equation which is applied along each stream tube and the calculation of the progressive change in entropy along each stream tube. The method was then used to calculate the details of the flow behind a paraboloidal shock wave of nose radius 5 ft. traveling at a Mach number of 20 in air at 220°K. and 0.01 atm. Fig. 1 shows the path on a thermodynamic chart of an element of gas ver}^ close to the stagnation streamline (minimum velocity 25 ft./sec.) when thermal radiation is taken into account and also when it is neglected; and it is seen that the parameter <£ is here equal to 2/3. The greater part of the heat loss and consequent change in entropy occurs in the stagnation region where the flow velocity is small. However, there was no detectable change in the geometry of the flow or in the pressure distribution on the body, and the only significant change was in the temperature of the gas layers near the surface. The near constancy of the flow geometry and pressure distribu tion can be explained by the following argument. The flow is constructed as a series of one-dimension al stream tubes and the geometry of the flow remains unchanged unless there is a change in the flow velocity or density along them. The radiant heat loss causes a significant drop in temperature onl}^ in the stream tubes which pass near the stagnation point (such as that in Fig. 1). The small change in area of these stream tubes due to the re sultant density change does not produce any significant change in the overall flow pattern. Therefore, as long as there is no change in the flow velocity, the pressure gradients and pressures will re main almost unchanged; and it can be easily shown3 that, ir respective of the amount of heat lost, there is no change in veloc ity unless there is a change in pressure. This study indicates that, for practical hypersonic blunt-body flows, the velocity gradient outside the boundary layer will not be significantly altered by thermal radiation effects, and the effects on the temperature can be calculated by a step-by-step construction along the stagnation streamline using the pressure distribution given by theories which neglect radiation. These conclusions will only be affected if the parameter $ is increased by at least an order of magnitude above its value in the present example.


The residue of veterinary hormones in milk is harmful for people's health.Many countries and international organizations have developed the limits and regulations of homones in milk.In this paper,the limits of homones in milk set by different countries and organizations were compared.The analysis method and risk monitor of homones in milk were also reviewed.


F or decades, researchers and industry have been focused on increasing computing performance by increasing transistor density and shrinking the size of computing devices. But with the continued scaling of computing systems to sizes only theorized a decade ago, combined with the prevalence of mobile devices, social networking, cloud computing, and the cost of powering huge data centers, the computing paradigm has changed. Energy efficiency is now a primary consideration at all levels of computing. How can we power a computing system the size of a grain of rice? How can mobile devices be made smaller, lighter, and more powerful while using less energy? And how can data centers, which today consume 2% of all electricity in the United States, be made more energy efficient while maintaining or even increasing performance?


Summary Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-components of casein were separated by paper electrophoresis, and the dyed proteins in paper were estimated by direct photometry. Correction factors were determined because the components did not bind dye in proportion to their concentration. Protein concentrations corrected for differences in dye-binding capacities agreed with results of protein-nitrogen analyses, and casein composition was alpha-, 60%; beta-, 32%, and gamma-, 9%.


The article discuss the Austrian authoritarian political system in 1933 – 1938. On the basis of system theory the article describes regime genesis and support, the regime institutional and functional subsystem and also the fall of the regime.


The reaction of cyclohexylamine, sulfur, and hydrogen sulfide in a 2:1-mixture of ethanol and water gives a red cyclohexylammonium polysulfide solution. Orange crystals of the title compound can be obtained by slow cooling. The compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group P1̄. The lattice constants are a = 8.478(7) Å , b = 11.97(1) Å , c = 14.141(8) Å, α = 102.60(6)°, β = 90.53(5)°, γ = 90.43(7)°. The S72--chain has an uncommon cis-trans-cis conformation with a sequence of the signs of torsion angles of (+--+) and (-++-).


Background: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is considered to be a premalignant condition with on average of 1% annual risk The includes prognostic treatment/response history socio-demographic details which are recorded to clinical trial standards. 255 patients were screened in this study. We looked at a range of autoimmune/innate immune conditions diagnosed after MGUS. Results: In the 255 patients cohort group, the average age at the diagnosis of MGUS was 70.23 ± 11.95 years (median 70.2 years), with more subjects being male (n=145, 56.9%). Mean duration of follow up was 2570 days. 10 out of the 255 patients progressed onto multiple myeloma. 48 patients None of the in this group has disease progression to multiple myeloma. In this group, 37 patients (14.5%) diagnosis and 11 were after their more she sustained a negative CRP (2mg/dl). Ultrasound control of the wrists did not show synovitis or tenosynovitis Doppler signal. Similarly, a disappearance of effusion as well as synovitis was noted on the MRI at follow up. Conclusion: We report a unique case of Poncet disease with tubercular spondylodiscitis. It is important to recognize PD in a patient presenting with polyarthritis in order to avoid unnecessary long-term disease-modifying anti-rheumatic treatment. Future research is indicated to understand the etiopatho- genesis of Poncet's disease and to educate clinicians as to the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion about this rare, yet potentially easily treatable disease. two months of antiviral treatment, she developed symmetrical polyarthritis, with pain and edema in the wrists, elbows, shoulders and metacarpophalangeal joints, associated with prolonged morning stiffness. The musculoskeletal examination was notable for active synovitis of the proximal phalangeal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrists, elbows. Distal interphalangeal joints were spared. She had no musculoskeletal symptoms prior to antiviral therapy. Review of systems was otherwise unremarkable. X-ray showed no remarkable findings. Ultrasonography of the hands revealed diffuse synovitis as well as tenosynovitis of the ulnar extensor tendons in both wrists. Laboratory results revealed a normal C-reactive protein, elevated liver enzymes: ALAT (ala-nin-aminotransferase) 119,ASAT (aspartat-aminotransferase) 66, Gamma-GT 203 and undetectable cryoglobulins. Anti-CCP was 21 IU/ml (negative < 20 IU/ml), antinuclear antibodies were positive 1280 (negative<160), rheumatoid factor was 192 (normal < 30 IU/ml). A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was made on the basis of clinical and ultra-sonographic evidence as well as Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody positivity. Moreover, an autoimmune thyroiditis was found that evolved into hypothyroidism treated with thyroxine. Results: The patient developed a sustained virological response as evidenced by persistent undetectable HCV RNA and normal aminotransferase activities. Upon completion of a 12-week course of antiviral therapy, The rheumatoid syn- drome disappeared after cessation of IFN therapy. By that time, antinuclear antibodies were in a titre of 1 /180, rheumatoid factor and Anti-CCP were negative. Conclusion: The present case suggests that biological agents, affecting the cytokine network, may work as triggering factors for the development of RA in previously predisposed individuals. Background: Many factors such as poor functional or emotional status might play a role in participating physical activity for people with rheumatic diseases. There is a lack for evidence regarding to the effect of kinesiophobia presence on the physical activity levels of axSpA patients. Objectives: The primary objective was to compare the patient reported physical activity levels in axSpA patients with kinesiophobia Background: In most patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), exercise capac- ity decreases due to pulmonary dysfunction, chest wall restriction and peripheral muscle weakness. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a validated simple field, hence frequently used to evaluate exercise capacity. However, 6MWT has some limitations, especially the fact that it requires a corridor of at least 30 meters long to perform this test which can limit its use in some centers. Shorter corridors force patients to turn more frequently, slowing down the pace of walking that reduces potential walking distance. To overcome technical and spatial limitations, 6-min-ute stepper test (6MST) has been proposed to evaluate exercise capacity. In the literature 6MST has been suggested for a variety of diseases. Since, it requires only a limited amount of space and equipment and is feasible, easy to perform, well tolerated. Objectives: In the literature, there is no study in which 6MST is used to evaluate exercise capacities of patients with AS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate validity of 6MST in AS population in comparison to 6MWT. Methods: 6MWT and 6MST were performed in 51 patients with AS (52.26±13.33 years, 30F/21M). Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Func- tional exercise capacity was evaluated using 6MWT and 6MST. The total distance of 6MWT was compared to the total number of steps of 6MST. Before, during and after 6MWT and 6MST, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), breathing frequency (BF), blood pressure (BP), dyspnea and fatigue were assessed using modified Borg scale.


of Thesis (English) In this paper, manganese oxide slurries have been studied for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) in semiconductor process for the first time. In semiconductor process, Al2O3 slurry is used for tungsten film CMP. It has been demonstrated that MnO2 abrasive can polish tungsten films without using an oxidizer solution. The polishing rate of MnO2 slurry is 1.5 times higher than that of commercially available Al2O3 slurry. A W plug is formed without etching holes (keyholes) during chemical mechanical polishing with MnO2 abrasive slurry. With MnO2 slurry, no key holes were formed even after overpolishing by an additional 0.6 um. On the other hand, with conventional Al2O3 slurry, keyholes were formed after overlpolishing by an additional 0.4 um. The residual MnO2 abrasive on the surface after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was completely removed by the cleaning process because MnO2 abrasive easily dissolves in a cleaning solution made of HCl, H2O2, and H2O. These results indicate that, since MnO2 is in itself a solid oxidizer, MnO2 abrasive can polish W films without using an oxidizer solution and does not etch the seam. In semiconductor process, fumed silica (SiO2) slurry is used for silicon dioxide (SiO2) film CMP. In semiconductor processes, only fresh slurry is used, the used slurry being disposed of. We have demonstrated that Mn2O3 abrasive slurry polishes dielectric SiO2 film, giving 4 times the removal rate of conventional fumed silica slurry. The higher removal rate reduces the total amount of slurry used, consequently reducing the amount of used slurry waste. The removal rate of Mn2O3 slurry remains constant for solid concentrations between l and 10 wt%, and stays constant without pad conditioning. These characteristics are very useful for slurry reuse. Remanufacture of Mn2O3 slurry from used slurry was demonstrated, and the removal rates of the remanufactured and fresh slurries are the same. Reuse and remanufacturing drastically reduce the amount of waste. Since manganese oxide slurry polishes several materials such as tungsten, copper, SiO2, and low dielectric constant materials, further studies on manganese oxide slurries are expected to reduce the amount of slurry waste in semiconductor processes.


To enhance the nucleation and crystallization properties of polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, PET),core-shell structured particles are used to improve these properties by controlling the inorganic dispersion properties in the polymers. In the paper, monodisperse particles of silica/polystyrene (PS) are prepared with both dispersion and emulsion polymerization techniques. The monodisperse silicon dioxide particles are first prepared with the seed growth method and modified by the coupling agents. Silica is properly modified with KH-570, and its size deviation is 3.0% or so. The modified silica then reacts with the mixture of ethanol, water medium, and monomer of styrene under dispersion polymerization. Results show that the dispersion polymerization technique is more suitable for monodisperse core-shell SiO2/PS particles than that of the emulsion. The morphology and molecular structure of the core-shell particles are investigated with the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the modified silica particles are successfully encapsulated with polystyrene. The average number of silica particles encapsulated into each polystyrene sphere decreases when the size of silica particles increases from 50 nm to 600 nm, and will approach one when the silica is greater than 380nm in size. The mass ratio for silica/PS particles in emulsion polymerization is 4.7/1,lower than that of 6.8/1 for dispersion polymerization, which is the first reported optimized data for preparing the similar monodisperse composite particles. Thus, the PS shell in the former is thinner than that in the latter.


Small Rings, 50. Unusual Dimerization of Tri-tert-butylcyclobutadiene

The dimerization of tri-tert-butylcyclobutadiene (2) does not lead to syn-dimer 4 but — as shown by a X-ray structure determination — via a two-step process to the unexpected anti-configurated dimer 5.


The photoluminescence from semiconductor alloys is inhomogeneously broadened due to alloy disorder. We present a model to explain the so-called "S-shape" temperature dependence of peak position, taking into account recombination of free excitons and excitons bound to impurities. We find the following effects to contribute with increasing temperature: exciton localization on impurities at low temperatures, exciton transfer between impurities, exciton ionization from impurities, transfer of excitons between potential minima in the disorder potential, and shrinkage of band gap. We extend the common theory of ionization of excitons from impurities to take into account impurity ionization. We find this effect essential for our lineshape theory. The lineshape theory describes quantitatively the temperature dependent peak position in MgxZn1−xO alloys.


In March 1999 a survey designed to assess the quality of care of clinic-based family planning and antenatal care services was undertaken in Uganda. Observation of the client-provider interaction during counseling and clinical examination as well as exit-interviews with these same clients were used to measure key indicators. It involved a total sample of 540 family planning clients and 679 antenatal clients receiving care at 72 health facilities. This report presents the results of the survey that provided the Delivery of Improved Services for Health (DISH) project with an opportunity to assess the quality of care in intervention districts and was conducted in a sample of health facilities in 10 DISH and 3 non-DISH districts for comparative purposes. Divided into four main chapters chapter 1 presents an introduction that describes the DISH project and the quick investigation of quality survey. Chapter 2 contains the results from family planning clients while chapter 3 highlights results from antenatal care clinics. These chapters include a detailed comparison of several indicators between DISH trained and non-trained nurses and midwives in DISH districts. Finally chapter 4 includes a discussion of some of the key findings and implications for program planning.


This paper presents a model relating characteristics of social life phases (e.g., socialization agents; activities and tasks; etc.) to specific features of change in social knowledge—social construct availability (including differentiation) and accessibilty—which, in turn, are hypothesized as relating to observed changes in developmental social cognition. The usefulness of this model is illustrated by (1) studies that find developmental differences in social judgments that cannot be accounted for by developmental differences in cognitive capacity or reasoning ability; (2) studies that find older children making less "sophisticated" judgments than younger children; and (3) studies that find important developmental similarities in judgments. Techniques for measuring children's social construct differentiation, social construct accessibility, beliefs concerning the frequency of trait-related behaviors, beliefs concerning the commonality of different traits, and preferred explanations of emotional events are ...


34:522 WORLD WIDE WI-FI: TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS AND BUSINESS STRATEGIES by Teik-Kheong (TK) Tan and Benny Bing (New York: WileyInterscience, 2003—$59.95, ISBN 0-471-46356-6, 200 pp., diagrams, charts, chapter references, glossary, index) surveys both the business and technological sides of the emerging Wi-Fi phenomenon, a type of local area network (LAN) which is rapidly expanding. Tan is very involved in IEEE standards work and has most recently worked for Philips, while Bing is a member of the Georgia Tech engineering faculty. Chapters explore what Wi-Fi is all about and how it has developed, the IEEE 802.11 standard-setting process and groups, Wi-Fi network security, quality of service provisioning for such wireless home networks, Wi-Fi hotspots (applications and concerns), market segmentation and analysis, the wireless LAN IC industry, and emerging trends and case studies for Wi-Fi. Virtually all of this volume is readily understandable to those lacking technical background or training. (Chris Sterling)


A Quality Management System (QMS) is nothing more than a series of coordinated activities that are carried out on a group of specific elements to achieve the quality of the products or services offered to the client, which allows us to control, plan, and improve those elements of an organization that influence the fulfillment of customer satisfaction. The clinical laboratory works with an organized system to obtain reliable results not only for the patient but for the doctor, since his diagnosis will be much more relevant. The objective of the research project was to review the tools of the process of quality control in the clinical laboratory of Nucleo Solca Machala, to guarantee the reliability of the results, in the city and the Gold, through the bibliographic foundation of the main theories implemented, the situational diagnosis of the existing problem and the design and implementation of standards that allowed to guarantee the process of quality control The research modality that was used was the quantitative descriptive method, analyzing numerical data, and qualitative, since processes and subprocesses were analyzed in the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases of quality control, using the laboratory system that MEDLab QC is the same as a program that performs Levey-Jennings curves exactly in days and months. Taking three types of analytes with a positive and a negative pattern used in a period of three months. The results obtained will be within acceptable ranges (+1), and the values of standard deviation were within the acceptance ranges since according to Levey - Jennings9-3 the acceptance range of one standard deviation is up to (+2.6) ) demonstrating that the Laboratory has validity and reliability of random and systematic type, and thus guarantee the results of all the samples. While it is true that days will be found that the values do not fit within the expected limits, but will reach a (+2) and the reasons why these results were reached, some of which will be found, will be discussed. analyte or pattern, variation of energy, deconcentration of the operant, instrumental not washed or autoclaved, etc. The main objective of a clinical analysis laboratory is to provide the physician with relevant information for the control, prognosis, diagnosis and prevention of certain diseases; that is, to provide clinically reliable results. In order to fulfill this purpose, the laboratory must initially establish analytical goals, which will serve to project the appropriate quality control program and thus achieve those goals. The models of Quality Management are frameworks that provide advice and guidance on how to operationalize and implement the principles, practices and methods of control, management and quality improvement, from a certain approach. They offer assistance in identifying the elements that a QMS should encompass, in the principles that should inspire its design and implementation, as well as in the way to implement and update it.


In conformity with the taxonomic study on Caprifoliaceae Juss. in India the present authors could record as many as nine species of Viburnum L. (V. colebrookianum Wallich ex DC., V. cordifolium Wallich ex DC., V. coriaceum Blume, V. cotinifolium D. Don, V. cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, V. erubescens Wallich ex DC., V. foetidum Wall., V. mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, V. nervosum D. Don) from the subtropical to temperate elevations of the Eastern Himalayas adhering to India. Artificial key to the identification of the concerned species has been provided along with precise phytography and information about flowering and fruiting periods, distribution and specimens examined.


This paper took the coastal cities of Zhejiang Province as an example,with the number of inbound tourists and tourist foreign exchange income for the main index,using the coefficient of variation,geographic concentration index and the standard skewness coefficient to analyze the differences of the inbound tourism destinations in space and the variation tendency as the time goes on.And then discussed the reasons that the differences existed in the endowment of resources,location and the destinations' economic development level,meanwhile gave some advices for the balanced development.


The stagnation of National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Writing scores demonstrates the need for research-based instruction that improves writing for all students, especially English learners. In this article, we synthesize the literature on effective instructional practices for this diverse group of learners and describe how these strategies are leveraged in a teacher professional development program that has been previously shown to improve students' argument writing. Then, we share results of a study that focuses on distinct subgroups of secondary English learners students to (a) determine their needs and challenges and (b) examine the impact of a cognitive strategies approach on rhetorical and linguistic aspects of writing at posttest. Results show English learners have considerable challenges with higher-order tasks involved in writing literary arguments and with the linguistic demands of academic writing before receiving the intervention. However, after receiving the intervention, using descriptive statistics and multiple hierarchical linear regression, we show that these students grew in the areas of presentation of ideas, organization, evidence use, and language use. For example, students designated as reclassified English learners (RFEP [Reclassified Fluent English Proficient]) and students who have even more limited English proficiency (designated as EL [English learner] here) show improvements in many aspects of writing, especially in their ability to write claims and use evidence. In contrast, improvements in language use components were more limited for both groups of learners. Moreover, some of the gains due to being in the treatment were significant enough to bring the average EL student close to parity or beyond their EO (English Only) / IFEP (Initial Fluent English Proficient) peers in the control condition at posttest. We conclude by discussing pedagogical implications for English learners.


Soybean (Glycine max) is planted from late March through June in the midsouthern USA due to time, production, and environmental constraints. These plantings may utilize cultivars from maturity groups (MG) IV through VII, and are grown in both nonirrigated and irrigated environments. In irrigated April and May plantings, MG IV cultivars produced greater yields with greater irrigation efficiency than did MG V, VI, and VII cultivars. In nonirrigated April plantings, MG IV and V cultivars produced yields similar to each other. In nonirrigated early-May plantings, cultivars from all MGs produced similar yields, but days to maturity increased with increasing MG. In nonirrigated late-May plantings, MG V through VII cultivars had greater yields, whereas MG VI and VII cultivars yielded the most in nonirrigated plantings made after 31 May. This study shows that planting cultivars that are later than necessary for maximum yield results in increased days to maturity and a concurrent greater risk of detrimental late-season effects from drought and pests regardless of the planting date.


Beam-beam tune shift parameter characterizes the strength of the nonlinear interaction due to the beambeam collision. The tune shift has been measured in many e+ecolliders and has been an indicator for the collider performance. The record for the tune shift is known as 0.07-0.1 depending on the parameter of the collider, especially the radiation damping rate. We discuss the fundamental limit of the tune shift can be very high (>0.2) depending on the choice of collider parameter, which concerns operating point near the half integer tune, headon collision and travel focus. INTRODUCTION Various collision schemes are proposed for high luminosity B factories. In recent colliders, multi-bunch collision is crucial to get gain the multiplicity of the number of bunches. The crossing angle is introduced to avoid parasitic encounters. An essential of crossing angle is expressed by transformations as shown in Figure 1. The electromagnetic field is formed perpendicular to the traveling direction. The transformation which particles in the beam experience is expressed by [1,2] Δpx = −Fx (x + 2sφ,y) Δpy = −Fy (x + 2sφ, y) (1) Δδ = −φFx (x + 2sφ,y) where s=(z-zc)/2 and f is the half crossing angle. The transformation is separated by three parts. (2) where Hbb is Hamiltonian for the beam-beam interaction. The first transformation is given by e :px x = x − φ[pxz,x] = x + φz e :px δ = δ − φ[pxz,δ] = δ − φpx (3) The residual of the first and third transformations gives the transformation for δ in Eq.(1). This expression, which is called Lie operator expression, is presented in [3]. Note the operator order; o denotes the multiplication of transformations, which is inverse order of Lie operator multiplication. Both beams are transferred by the same transformation. The term φzc appears from 2sφ in Eq.(1). This transformation is actually equivalent to the appearance of z dependent dispersion (zx) at the collision point: i.e., the revolution matrix including the crossing transformation is expressed by M = e φpx z oM0 oe −φpx z (4) where M0 is the revolution matrix of the lattice. Now the beam envelope matrix has a finite element of = ζxσz= φσz [4], for the weak limit of the beam-beam interaction. The collision is now regarded as head-on collision with tilt beams in x-z plane as shown in Figure 2. Electro-magnetic field is the perpendicular to the moving direction now. CRAB CROSSING AND TRAVEL FOCUSING The crab crossing [1,6] is basically meaningful for the short bunch scheme. A transformation, which is equivalent to the crossing angle, is applied before and after the collision, ex oex z oebb : oex oex = ebb , (5) thus the effective transformation is the same as that for the head-on collision. To realize the transformation, crab cavities, which gives the transformation, e ':xz:/ E0 , are placed at locations where linear transformation TA is satisfied to, e φpx z = TA oe −V ':xz:/ E0 oTA −1 = e ' / E ):T , (6) where TA ox = βx * βx,c x cosφx + βx βx,c px sinφx (7) φx is the horizontal betatron phase difference between the collision point and crab cavity position, and βx* and βx,c are horizontal beta functions at the collision point and crab cavity position. The well-known formula for crab angle and voltage is given by choosing the betatron phase difference of p/2. φ = ωcrabV cE0 βx,cβx * (8) Only one crab cavity can be possible to realize the transformation e φpx z oM0 oe −φpx z = TB oe −V ':xz:/ E0 oTB −1 oM0 (9) Basically this procedure is really 6x6 optics matching for the dispersion zx. Beam particles with z collide with the center of another beam at s=z/2 in the travel focus scheme [8]. The particles with z should have the waist position at s=z/2 to minimize the beam-beam effect. The transformation exp(pyz/4) realizes the travel focusing: ey 2 4 oebb : oey 2 4 (16) RF focusing is used for the transformation. However heavy development works are necessary for the RF ex z oebb : oex z WE6PFP045 Proceedings of PAC09, Vancouver, BC, Canada 2592 Circular Colliders A02 Lepton Colliders device. We know the crab cavity exchanges x and z. ex oey 2 4φ oex oebb : oex oey 2 4φ oex = e )py 2 4φ oebb : oe )py 2 4φ (17) The first and last operator exp(+-φpxz) at the first line of Eq.(17) are actions of the crab cavities, while 3 and 5 are the crossing angle. The 2 and 6 operators are from two sextupole magnets located at the both sides of the collision point. Additional two sextupole magnets in both sides are added to cancel the residual nonlinear term [9]. ey 2 4φ oe )py 2 4φ oebb : oe )py 2 4φ oey 2 4φ = ey 2 4 oebb : oey 2 4 (18) Realistic arrangement of IR is given by chosen betatron phase so as to realize the transformation as is done in Eq. (7). Two pairs of crab cavities, which are inserted between two sextupole magnets, are located at the horizontal betatron phase difference of (1/2+n)π. The sextupole magnets are located at the vertical betatron phase difference of (1/2+n)π. The phase difference of two sextupole magnets is π or 2π depending on the sign of magnets. In this scheme two crab cavities are necessary. In the travel focus scheme, the waist position shifts for z but does not for s: that is, particles at z have waist position for the variation of s, and the waist position is located at the centre (z=0) of the colliding beam. The hourglass effect is not avoidable even in the travel waist scheme. The beam-beam interaction is expressed by x±(+0) = S exp − : V0 (si)φ(xm,si)V0(si)dsi : −IR IR ∫ [ ]x±(−0) (19) where si, which is , is a function of the longitudinal position (z) of the particle, si(z)=(z-zi)/2. V0 is the transformation for drift or solenoid, V0(s) = Sexp − : px 2 + py 2


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Ö ZET -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --------------------------------------------------------------------v TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------------1 CHAPTER 2: THE MOSUL QUESTION IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT -----6 2.


Memo from Rogers Redding to Alfred Hurley, on June 22, 1988, informing him of the university's cooperation with the Texas Prefreshmen Engineering Preparation program, in regards to Hurley's hope to bring minority students into the Academy.


This experiment was conducted to confirm the relationship between dietary lipid levels and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUFA) contents and to determine a suitable n-3HUFA content in diet for fingerlings of red sea bream by feeding them with various white fish meal-casein diets containing different amounts of lipid (5-20%) and n-3HUFA (1.2-4.2%) at a fixed protein level of 52%. At a level of 10% lipid, growth was lowered as n-3HUFA content in the diet increased, and the lowest feed performances were obtained in fish fed on a diet containing 3.7% n-3HUFA. On the other hand, at 15% lipid, the growth and feed efficiency were not affected by elevation of die-tary n-3HUFA content, reaching a maximum at 3.7% n-3HUFA. Furthermore, at a level of 20% lipid, growth rate and feed efficiency were also improved as the n-3HUFA content increased, recording high in diets containing n-3HUFA above 3.7%. These results clearly indicated that the n-3HUFA content in diet should be increased in proportion to dietary lipid levels to obtain maxi-mum growth. Moreover, the best growth and feed efficiency were obtained in fish fed on a diet with 15% lipid when n-3HUFA was adjusted to the level mentioned above. Thus, the growth of red sea bream fingerlings was found to be greatly influenced by dietary n-3HUFA levels, a suitable level being approximately 20% in dietary lipid regardless of lipid levels.


This paper uses a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the relative efficiency, distributional and revenue implications of rice tariffs and targeted transfers in Madagascar, especially in the context of identifying their respective roles for poverty alleviation. Although there are likely to be substantial efficiency gains from tariff reductions, these accrue mainly to higher income households. In addition, poor net rice sellers will lose from lower tariffs. Developing a system of well designed and implemented targeted direct transfers to poor households is thus likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation. Such an approach should be financed by switching revenue raising from rice tariffs to more efficient tax instruments. These policy conclusions are likely to be robust to the incorporation of general equilibrium considerations.


Achieving ever decreasing surface resistance at higher field in superconducting RF accelerating structures is one of the most outstanding developments in modern accelerators. The BCS theory [1] has been used widely to estimate the surface resistance and to guide the technology. However, recent research results show that the behaviour of the surface resistance further deviates from the BCS theory [2]. So far, the study on surface resistance was performed usually with cavities of single frequency which limited the study of frequency dependent surface resistance. The Center for Accelerator Science at Old Dominion University has designed and built several half-wave coaxial cavities (HWR) to study the frequency, temperature, and RF field dependence of surface resistance of superconductor [3]. TRIUMF in Canada also joined this line of research using such multi frequency quarter wave (QWR) and half-wave coaxial cavities [4, 5]. This type of multi- mode cavity will allow us to systematically study the parameters affecting surface resistance on the same surface. In this paper, we review the results ODU and TRIUMF collected so far and present proper analysis methods.


Bayesian approaches have been widely applied to partitioning diversity within and among levels in many different multi-level modeling contexts. In spite of the structural similarities between these Bayesian models and hierarchical approaches to partitioning diversity in population genetics, population geneticists have not explored the use of hierarchical Bayesian models to provide estimates of Wright's F-statistics. In this paper I describe and illustrate the application of a simple multilocus, two-allele model sufficient for partitioning diversity within and among populations. Extenions of the model incorporate both fixed-effect and random-effect models of population sampling at multiple hierarchical levels with multiple alleles per locus. The Bayesian approach developed here is closely related to previously developed methods for likelihood analysis of the same problem. I illustrate the utility of the Bayesian approach with a reanalysis of previously published allozyme data from Argania spinosa.


Among the hydrogen bonds, which are critical to sustaining life, the interaction between ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) and water is considered a model interaction in biological systems. Although this interaction has been examined in earlier studies on molecular dynamics, the nuclear quantum effect was not considered in those studies. In this study, we investigate the nuclear quantum effect of a singly-hydrated ammonium ion cluster, NH 4 + ( H 2 O ) , using an ab initio on-the-fly path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulation with a BHandHLYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of calculations. We find that the nuclear quantum effect shortens the N–O bond and increases the angle of the O-N-H b bond. The results indicate that the nuclear quantum effect has two competing contributions. The first contribution involves strengthening the intermolecular interaction, which reduces the intermolecular distance, and the other contribution involves weakening the interaction, and it facilitates the rotation of NH 4 + .


Objective:By researching the expression oncogene STAT3 in colorectal carcinoma(CRC)tissues and para- carcinoma tissues,to explore its role mechanism in tumorigenesis of CRC.Methods:The protein expressions of STAT3 were detected in 40 CRC tissues,37 para-carcinoma tissues and 30 normal colorectal mucosa tissues by Max VisionTM immunohistochemistry,and the relationship of the expression of STAT3 in CRC with various clinico- patholoical characteristics was analyzed statistically.Results:There was no significant difference between the expres- sion of STAT3 protein in CRC tissues and para-carcinoma tissues(P0.05).Compared with normal colorectal mu- cosa tissues,the expression of STAT3 protein in CRC tissues and para-carcinoma were significantly higher(P0.05).Overexpression of STAT3 protein was correlated with differentiation,clinical stage and lymph node metasta- sis in CRC(P0.05).Conclusions:Overexpression of STAT3 may be an early accidence in the pathogenesis of CRC.In para-carcinoma tissues,those STAT3-positive may be potential pre-cancerous cells.Determination of STAT3 protein can be used to indicate the malignancy degree of CRC.


In this issue of the SMJ, Conner and Cohen 1 provide an excellent review of the rare alopecia neoplastica syndrome of hair loss from scalp metastasis, which is sometimes a diagnostic problem. All 25 patients were women, and 21 had breast cancer. As such scalp lesions may remain flat for some time, alopecia areata, an inflammatory condition with discrete areas of hair loss, may be suspected initially. Eventually plaques develop which may become nodular and erythematous; even then, such lesions may be mistaken for inflammatory dermatitis. Hair loss appears to be due to the destruction of pilosebaceous units by a dense collagenous stroma formed by scalp metastases. Alopecia neoplastica should be considered in the context of skin metastasis from breast cancer, their most common source in this and other cutaneous regions. A random pattern of hair loss in a breast cancer patient, not due to radiation or chemotherapy, should suggest alopecia neoplastica. Another example of localization of breast metastasis to a specific cutaneous field is eyelid involvement, with histiocytoid features. Such metastases are probably hematogenous and rarely the first sign of breast cancer. Scirrhous changes are common in primary breast cancer, and also occur in cutaneous metastases at other sites. Most cutaneous breast cancer metastases probably spread from the primary tumor by lymphatic routes. This is true of the en cuirasse pattern, in which the chest skin metastases are continuous and fibrotic. So-called skip metastases to cutaneous regions adjacent to the primary tumor, such as the skin of the contralateral breast and upper trunk may occur, with intervening, apparently normal skin regions. Continuous spread through lymphatic local vessels may be prevented by obstruction via surgery or radiation. Tumor cells in obstructed blood vessels may cause telangiectatic breast cancer skin lesions. Although the cases reported here, and most cutaneous metastases, are intradermal, movable subcutaneous nodules, initially without dermal involvement, may sometimes be the origin of skin involvement, and can be observed to infiltrate the dermis. Breast cancer itself usually arises from the mammary ducts, which are ectodermal appendages; a few breast cancers resemble the apocrine glands from which mammary parenchyma arises. This may account for its predilection for cutaneous metastases, which it shares with melanoma. Neglected tumors may directly infiltrate the skin (T4b), and chest wall surgical scar recurrences are common. These are manifestations of locally advanced (stage IIIB) breast cancer; more distant cutaneous metastases imply stage IV disease. Yet, in the absence of internal metastases, some such patients may have a surprisingly good prognosis; I and others have observed prolonged survival, and even cure of some. Skin lesions are excellent markers for response to systemic therapy. The management of cutaneous recurrences in breast cancer patients is determined by whether or not they are known to have internal metastases. If not, restaging is indicated to rule them in, but a negative result does not rule out metastases too small ( 10 cells) to be detected by imaging; overt internal metastases will ultimately develop in about two thirds of patients with cutaneous recurrence. For this reason, I initially treat all such patients with a systemic therapy which they have not yet received; in effect, salvage adjuvant therapy. If their skin lesions do not respond to a month or two of treatment, another systemic therapy, if available, should be initiated. Since skin lesions are likely to ulcerate, and may become the source of new distant metastases, the regions in which those responsive to systemic therapy arose should then be irradiated. Durable control is often achieved. If no internal metastases are present, and skin lesions were refractory, or occurred in previously irradiated fields, they should be resected. A similar approach to alopecia neoplastica may be appropriate, though radiation itself causes alopecia. Surgery may be considered for patients with localized lesions and without internal metastases.


Electron-spin relaxation at different surfaces of p-doped GaAs is investigated by means of spin, time, and energy-resolved two-photon photoemission. These results are contrasted with bulk results obtained by timeresolved Faraday rotation measurements as well as calculations of the Bir-Aronov-Pikus spin-flip mechanism. Due to the reduced hole density in the band bending region at the 100 surface the spin-relaxation time increases over two orders of magnitude towards lower energies. At the flat-band 011 surface a constant spin relaxation time in agreement with our measurements and calculations for bulk GaAs is obtained.


In this paper, a comparison was made between two types of PV modules widely used in the market: polycrystalline and thin-film (both of them are silicon-based manufacturing) to identify the variables and parameters affecting the efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of polycrystalline is higher than thin-film, although the open circuit voltage is more affected by solar radiation. The comparison was made in Gödöllő in Hungary, characterized by a moderate climate temperature and humidity on a partly cloudy day to study the effect of clouds and the change in the amount of solar radiation on solar cells. The flexible feature of thin-film cells can be used in many applications, especially those related to covering surfaces, as it is considered thin-layer and does not require an expensive metal structure to install. All these variables were calculated and discussed. The difference between the efficiency of polycrystalline and thin-film modules was a small percentage ranging between (-0.2% to 0.5%). This difference comes from the manufacturing technology method and the manufacturing quality itself.


PURPOSE: To provide a surface treated steel sheet for cans used for food cans, beverage cans, or the like, more particularly a tin coated steel sheet having an excellent coating material adhesion property, yellowing resistance and rust resistance. CONSTITUTION: The tin coated steel sheet has a tin plating layer having coverage exceeding 97.0% directly or through an intermediate layer on its surface and has a chemical conversion film containing P and Si on the upper layer of the tin plating layer. The coating weighs of the P and Si in the chemical conversion film are respectively specified to ranges of 0.5 to 100 mg/m¬2 and 0.1 to 250 mg/m¬2.


The dynamic displacement response of continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP),which has horizontal resistance at its bottom,resting on a viscoelastic foundation has been investigated when the system is subjected to a harmonic moving load.The vertical displacement expressions of CRCP are obtained by using the trigonometric series and the Fourier transform when hysteretic damping is considered.Numerical results are derived through the inverse fast Fourier transform method(IFFT) and used to analyze the influence of various parameters such as the load velocity,frequency,reinforced ratio,strip thickness and foundation parameters on the dynamic displacement responses.The results can be for reference in analysis of dynamic response and pavement evaluation of CRCP.


Crosswind is an important factor that affects driving safety on expressways. Highways in certain areas have seasonal or year-round crosswind strong enough to cause surged traffic accidents. In addition, vehicles driving on long span bridges and bridges with high piers could experience structure induced winds that pose severe threats. Therefore, investigating the crosswind behavior of passenger cars has been an important issue for vehicle engineers. Crosswind stability of a car can be examined by crosswind-generator tests or on-road driving tests in a natural stochastic crosswind. In this paper, the application of the crosswind stability test with a virtual vehicle and a virtual driver as well as the on-road driving test with were implemented. From the frequency domain results of the crosswind measurements the driver's subjective assessment was derived and objective assessment was calculated. The good evaluation of the compensation efficiency in spite of the large overall vehicle reactions reflects the subjective assessment of the test drivers during the crosswind measurements.


Rats were trained on an elevated maze where the rewarded alternative was defined either in terms of intra-maze cues (rubber or sandpaper flooring on rewarded and unrewarded arms, regardless of their position) or in terms of extra-maze cues (the correct arm always pointed toward a particular corner of the room, and was sometimes covered with rubber and sometimes with sandpaper), or where both sets of cues were simultaneously relevant. In Experiment 1 rats pretrained with either intra-maze or extra-maze cues alone relevant learned less about the other set of cues than non-pretrained control groups, when, in a second phase of the experiment, both sets of cues were simultaneously relevant. Experiment 2 confirmed that intra-maze cues could block extra-maze cues, and ruled out one alternative explanation of the results of Experiment 1. Experiment 3 showed that extra-maze cues overshadowed intra-maze cues, but that there was no reciprocal overshadowing of extra-maze by intra-maze cues. This was despite the fact that animals learned the intra-maze discrimination significantly faster than the extra-maze discrimination. Experiment 3 also suggested that rats did not solve the extra-maze discrimination by learning to approach or avoid specific extra-maze cues, but rather by locating the correct arm by reference to the entire set of extra-maze cues. The results suggest that locale or place learning and cue or guidance learning, in O'Keefe and Nadel's (1978) terminology, interact with one another in much the same way as does learning about any pair of stimuli in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment.


Introduction: general dentists are the first line of the education for health and oral cancer prevention; so their level of knowledge and their perception of the risk the population are at of suffering oral cancer has great importance for oral cancer prevention in the primary health care. Objectives : to assess the initial level of knowledge the studied general dentist had. To apply an educative intervention for improving the level of knowledge on oral cancer among the studied population of professionals. To assess the outcomes of the educative intervention applied to dentists who participated. Materials and Methods : an experimental study of educative intervention and technological development on the Program of Oral Cancer Detection (PDCB en Spanish) was designed and carried out with the participation of 60 dentists working in the municipalities of Cardenas, Marti and the Popular Council Maximo Gomez during the period from September 2011 to June 2012, aimed to the increment of their perception of  oral cancer risk. Results : the level of knowledge was inadequate in 56.6 % of the dentists in items related with: Program of Oral Cancer Detection, oral cancer clinical characteristics, risk factors, protecting factors and alarming signs. After the application of the educative intervention, the level of knowledge improved up to 97.3 % of the dentists evaluated as satisfactory. Conclusions : improving the level of knowledge the general dentists have on oral cancer and the forms of preventing it allows potentiating the aims proposed by the Program of Oral Cancer Detection.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel and thiotepa in the treatment of advaced non-small cell lung cancer.Methods 86 patients of dvaced non-small cell lung cancer were randomized to give in travenous docetaxel 35 mg/m2on day 1 and 8 plus thiotepa 60mg/m2on day 1(groupA);and in travenous docetaxel 35mg/m2on day 1 and 8 plus cisplatin 80mg/m2on day 1(groupA);every 3 weeks,at least 2 cycles applied.Results Docetaxel thiotepa group(43cases) and docetaxel combined with cisplatin group(43cases) were evaluated for their clinical responses,which showed that 25.58% vs 20.93% for partial remission;53.49% vs 48.83% for stable diseases;20.93% vs 39.70% for progressive diseases.P0.05,and the two groups showed no difference.There was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Combination of docetaxel and thiotepa in the treatment of advaced non-small cell lung cancer has some curative effect and adverse reactions can be tolerated.It can be used as an economical and effective plan.


The purpose of this community service activity is to improve the mastery of science concepts for fourth grade students of SD Negeri Beber through the use of simple teaching aids. The activity was carried out in class for 2 meetings, namely 27 August 2022 and 10 September 2022, located at SD Negeri Beber, Batukliang, Central Lombok, NTB. The number of participants who took part in the activity was 25 students. The method of activity starts from preparation, implementation, and evaluation. In the preparation stage, the team prepares simple teaching aids that will be used in learning, including learning tools, namely the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP), teaching materials, student worksheets (LKPD), and assessment instruments. At the implementation stage, the team conducted learning using simple teaching aids and other learning tools. At the evaluation stage, the team reflected on the learning. The simple teaching aids used in this activity are science teaching aids for the concept of sound and energy sources. The results of the activity show that the average value of mastery of science concepts at the first meeting is 86.2 with a percentage of learning completeness of 87%, while at the second meeting the average value of mastery of science concepts is 94.3 with a percentage of learning completeness of 94%. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of simple teaching aids can improve the mastery of science concepts for fourth grade students of SD Negeri Beber


We give self-contained presentation of results related to the Kadison-Singer problem, which was recently solved by Marcus, Spielman, and Srivastava. This problem connects with unusually large number of areas including: operator algebras (pure states), set theory (ultrafilters), operator theory (paving), random matrix theory, linear and multilinear algebra, algebraic combinatorics (real stable polynomials), algebraic curves, frame theory, harmonic analysis (Fourier frames), and functional analysis.


(I) Introduction There are many practical situations when it is necessary to approximate to a sinusoidal variation by means of a 'stepped' or 'staircase' waveform. The techniques by which the waveform may be resolved into a Fourier series, containing a fundamental component and harmonic terms, are well known, but it is not always realized that it is possible to vary the harmonic content of the waveform. Some of the harmonic components of the Fourier series will be in a fixed ratio with the fundamental component and these must obviously always be present in the waveform. However, the relative magnitude of the remaining harmonics can be controlled by varying the heights of the waveform steps, and when these harmonics are all simultaneously reduced to zero the resultant waveform will have its closest possible approximation to a sine wave. For any stepped approximation-except the very simplest-the number of harmonics it is possible to eliminate will far exceed the number which must be present.


The personalisation of e-government (e-gov) plat-forms is a well-known way to facilitate access to information and to improve both productivity and quality of service.

However, the introduction of personalisation culture into Moroccan administration is becoming one of the problems that hinder effectiveness of e-government services. Many who have tried unsuccessfully to introduce it into e-government portals have found it to be a difficult task.

Accordingly, we have attempted to capture a solution to this challenge. This solution is based on the best practices expressed throughout the patterns language "Evolving a patterns culture" [15], which is a collection of interrelated patterns. It guides, step by step, organisations to introduce a patterns culture. We have tried to make use of these patterns to the Moroccan public organisations. Based on our experience, we have selected "Evangelist", "Early Adopters", "Local Leader", "Grass Roots", "Involve Every One" and "Personal Touch" patterns.


This article analyses some aspects of the Brazilian program of Interiorization of people from Venezuela based on the experience of some "family nuclei" that were transferred from Roraima to Rio Grande do Norte in 2018. The text proposes a comparison of the internalization program, in its local outlines in Caicó, with the solidarity resettlement program previously researched in other regions of the country, suggesting that there is a continuity of some administrative traditions of people in exodus and, at the same time, pointing out significant transformations in the administration of migratory affairs in recent years. The article concludes with the reflection of some political and ethical challenges that arouse during the periods of participant observation that gave rise to this contribution.


Debate over the proper role of federal law enforcement concerning bias-motivated crimes, popularly known as hate crimes, implicates criminal law doctrine and theory, issues of federalism, definitions of equality, and questions of free expression. The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007 is the most recent step in the evolving federal statutory response to bias-motivated violence. Although not enacted, by some measures this proposed legislation would have been the most important piece of federal criminal civil rights legislation in nearly forty years, and in some ways, the most important such legislation since Reconstruction. This Article focuses on four interrelated questions that deal with fundamental American values, offer a firm answer in the affirmative as to each: Is it appropriate for a criminal law to punish on the basis of a perpetrator's motivation? Should gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability be included in a federal bias crime law? Are bias crime laws consonant with principles of free expression? Is a prominent federal role in the prosecution and punishment of bias crimes consistent with the proper division of authority between state (and local) government and the federal government in our political system? This article concludes that the lessons learned in the debate concerning the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007 help us see a path not only toward more effective enforcement of bias crime law enforcement, but also a path toward bias crime legislating, and perhaps, therefore, legislating more generally.


The development of tourism routes often involves supply and demand drivers; however, the roles of both perspectives are not well understood. This study explores this approach from both perspectives using a systematic literature review. The review of these articles is associated with the scope of the development of tourism routes. Guided by the (PRISMA) method, 56 articles were retrieved for the analysis. A comprehensive review of the articles extracted six main elements – (supply perspective) – participation, route marketing, and promotion, government strategies, destination competitiveness (demand perspective), tourist motivation, tourist satisfaction, and loyalty. Several recommendations for future studies are highlighted that relate to the approach and subject of studies from other perspectives. Overall, the concept of developing a successful tourism route requires parties from both supply and demand perspectives.


Detail of the paw and snout of the grizzly bear from the base of the Plenty of Tliman Hides in This House frontal pole.


A novel digital interference suppression method based on Fourier transform has been proposed. Since the frequency power spectrum of CW and narrow band interference signals are larger than that of the spread-spectrum signal, these interference signals can be reduced by limiting the signal level in the frequency domain. The proposed method is composed of FDM/TDM transform using a filter bank and an amplitude limiter adjusted to the spectrum of the spread-spectrum signal. The received signals are divided into separate narrow frequency bands in real time using a frequency function and the amplitude of these signals is limited. This signal processing reduces the interference signals. This paper describes the principle design of the transform circuit and explains the optimum limiting technique. In particular, the proposed digital processing model is compared with the analog processing model which has already been reported. In addition, the adjustment level of the amplitude limiter for the DS and FH spread-spectrum signal is shown. Finally, the improvement in interference suppression using FFT and the optimum limiting limiter is demonstrated with measured the eye pattern of the correlated signal. The performance of this suppressor is shown by measuring the bit error rate in the presence of CW interference signals and Gaussian noise.<<ETX>>


Russia is one of the most important players on the energy shelf of the Arctic zone, with significant economic, political and political interests in the region, which is associated with significant natural resources, in particular oil and gas, in the Russian Arctic territories. The article analyzes the strategies of social and economic development of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The author identified the priorities of strategic regional development at the level of the oil and gas sector, which include the reorientation of the regional economy from gas production to the expansion of liquid hydrocarbon production, an increase in the region's share in the total volume of oil and condensate production in Russia, the expansion of oil and gas processing and petrochemicals in the region, the growth of production and transportation liquid hydrocarbons along the Northern Sea Route. Areas that are not given enough attention in the project approach are identified, and program activities for each period of the strategy implementation are analyzed.


In this paper we analyze GMM with semi-weak instruments. This case includes the standard GMM and the nearly-weak GMM. In the nearly-weak GMM the correlation between the instruments and the first order conditions decline at a slower rate than root T. We find an important difference between the semi-weak case and the weak case. Inference with point estimates are possible with Wald, Likelihood ratio and LM tests in GMM with semi-weak instruments. This is important from an applied perspective since tests on the weak case do depnd on the true value and can only test simple null. Even though we may have all nearly-weak instruments in GMM it is still possible to test various hypotheses of interest. We also find a difference between the two subcategories in the semi-weak case. We derive higher order expansions for test statistics in the semi-weak case, and we show that with declining quality of instrumnents finite sample behavior of these tests get worser, so standard GMM finite sample behavior is always better than nearly-weak GMM. Unlike standard GMM, in the nearly-weak GMM we cannot eliminate the second order terms from these test statistics expansions.


Naturally occurring microbial consortia have been utilized in a variety of bioremediation processes. One important characteristic of bioremediation is that it is carried out in non-sterile open environments, which contain a host of microorganisms. Successful in situ bioremediation strategy should be tailored in such a manner that due consideration be given to the various environmental constraints (salinity, nutrient availability, anaerobic degradation, bioavailability considerations) that affect a particular location.


This dictionary of quotations sets out in over 700 categories such universal themes as love, death and money, subjects of current interest such as health, pollution and pop, plus quotations from limericks and epitaphs, last words and repartee. Each quotation includes its date and a brief biography of the author and a cross-reference if applicable. The book includes a key word index, full biographical listing of each person quoted and extensive cross-references between categories. The book is suitable for public speakers, as well as the general reader.


A kinetic and product study of the 3‐cyano‐N‐methyl‐quinolinium photoinduced monoelectronic oxidation of a series of β‐hydroxysulfoxides has been carried out to investigate the competition between Cα‐S and Cα‐Cβ bond cleavage within the corresponding cation radicals. Laser flash photolysis experiments unequivocally established the formation of sulfoxide cation radicals showing their absorption band (λ max ≈ 520 nm) and that of 3‐CN‐NMQ• (λ max ≈ 390 nm). Steady‐state photolysis experiments suggest that, in contrast to what previously observed for alkyl phenyl sulfoxide cation radicals that exclusively undergo Cα‐S bond cleavage, the presence of a β‐hydroxy group makes, in some cases, the Cα‐Cβ scission competitive. The factors governing this competition seem to depend on the relative stability of the fragments formed from the two bond scissions. Substitution of the β‐OH group with ‐OMe did not dramatically change the reactivity pattern of the cation radicals thus suggesting that the observed favorable effect of the hydroxy group on the Cα‐Cβ bond cleavage mainly resides on its capability to stabilize the carbocation formed upon this scission.


Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) technique is an effective and reliable
method for machining difficult-to-cut materials with complex shapes. Pulse power supply, a core component
of the EDM machine tool, plays a major role in the processing efficiency and processing quality.
Thus, more and more attention has been paid to the power types and control methods of pulse
power supplies of EDM at present.

To meet the increasing requirement of processing efficiency and processing quality of EDM,
the power types and control methods of pulse power supplies are enhanced constantly.

This paper sketches out various current representative patents relevant to the power types and
control methods of pulse power supplies of EDM.

Through comparing the characteristics of the power types and control methods of pulse power
supplies of EDM, the main problems in the present development such as low processing efficiency and
poor processing quality are summarized and analyzed. Utilization and conservation of electric energy is
also a concern. In addition, the further development tendency towards the power types and control
methods of pulse power supplies of EDM is discussed.

The optimization and development of the power types and control methods of pulse power
supplies of EDM are beneficial to solve the problems of processing efficiency, processing quality and
energy utilization in EDM. More interrelated patents on the pulse power supply of EDM will be invented
later.


John Dryden justifies imperialism as means of strengthening the Stuart's
monarchy in his poems. Since Dryden serves as a public poet who
celebrates...


The chemical constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis flower are flavonoids, volatile oils and melanin, It has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti angiogenic and antithrombotic pharmacological effects, and it has the effect of clearing away heat and relieving lung fire. Scutellaria baicalensis flower is rich in resources, cheap, easy to obtain, accurate effect, With the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases. In this paper, the ancient application, chemical constituents, pharmacological actions and comprehensive utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis flower were reviewed, The purpose of this study was to explore the value of its development and utilization, so as to provide reference for the comprehensive utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis flower.


Background: Despite the identification of structures with putative pathophysiological significance in primary headache disorders (e.g., posterior hypothalamus in cluster headache) there appears to be a paucity of human tissue studies examining the neuropathology of these regions. Objective: To synthesize the extent and knowledge pertaining to direct human tissue analysis in primary headache disorders. Methods: Scoping literature review. Results: Of 2718 located articles, 15 were eligible for inclusion. These studies evaluated either migraine (9, 60%) or cluster headache (6, 40%). Approximately 75% were published before or during the era of the first edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. The most common study design was case-control (8, 53.3%), and the most commonly examined tissues equally included skin (3, 20%), muscle (3, 20%), and brain (3, 20%). Thematically, these manuscripts generally evaluated peripheral nervous and systemic pathology, as well as more targeted pathophysiological aspects, including mitochondrial and mast cell dysfunction. Conclusions: While interest in this type of study design appears to be waning, histopathological evaluation of human tissue provides unparalleled opportunity to reveal novel pathophysiological insight. Considerations for future study design and reporting of work involving human tissue is suggested based on our review.


FIELD: metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: present invention relates to treatment of aluminium-containing material, particularly to extraction of rare-earth elements from aluminium-containing material. Method includes steps in which is performed leaching of aluminium-containing material acid to produce extract, including at least one ion of aluminium, at least one ion of iron, at least one rare-earth element, and solid substance and extract separation from solid matter. Method also involves stages, in which selectively removed at least one of at least one aluminium ion and at least one iron ion of extract and optionally residue is obtained. Method also includes stage, in which selectively removed at least one rare-earth element from extract and/or precipitate. EFFECT: enabling extraction of rare-earth elements from various aluminium-containing materials. 145 cl, 5 dwg, 3 ex


The ever-growing number of Internet users, the introduction of new bandwidth-hungry applications and services as well as the vision of the Internet of Things will set very high requirements on future access networks. Already today there are many different coexisting network technologies and protocols in the access area that have been developed and introduced to fulfill different needs of Internet users and heterogeneous applications. The growing complexity and increasing energy consumption of access networks raise a need for a comprehensive and effective modeling framework that enables a fast projection of energy efficiency of different access network infrastructures. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that joins technological parameters and various configuration options with socio-demographic characteristics and varying user behavior. The modeling framework can be used to evaluate different deployment and migration scenarios for both wireless and wired access networks by means of predicted energy efficiency. Taking into account possible further developments on technology, applications and traffic characteristics, the modeling framework enables predictions on the access related energy demands raised by forecast trends in conjunction with accompanying equipment change options. This modeling framework may serve operators of access networks to select network migration paths that are effective in the short term and efficient in the long term.


The success of nanotechnology in the field of physical, chemical and medical sciences has started revolutionizing the drug delivery science and theranostics (therapy and diagnostics) [...].


Economic Policy institutE • 1333 H strEEt, nW • suitE 300, East toWEr • WasHington, dc 20005 • 202.775.8810 • WWW.EPi.org Despite internships' importance to the labor market as a crucial form of vocational training and pre-employment vetting, they are only loosely regulated through vague and outdated employment law. Moreover, these regulations go essentially unenforced. As this paper demonstrates, a lack of clear regulation and enforcement of internship-related laws:


Urbanization causes drastic changes in the diversity and distribution of many species in Brazil, there are insufficient data on the accessibility and quality of urban forest fragments for wildlife. Thus, we estimated the proportion of bird and bat species barred from entering the intra-urban area of Ponta Grossa (PR) through a multiscale study of landscape and vegetation quality in the core area and the avian and chiropteran fauna present. Phytosociological analyses were carried out by means of tree and shrub vegetation plots in three urban parks. Bird surveys were carried out in a non-systematic manner over 12 months at dawn and dusk at potential birding sites in the urban area. Data on bats were obtained from the literature on local sampling in the urban area. Finally, landscape fragmentation metrics were calculated to assess the resistance of urban areas to the transit of the target species. A total of 142 shrub and tree taxa were surveyed in forested urban remnants, with diversity H' ranging from 3.68 to 3.87. This vegetation supported 62 species of birds and 8 bats, exceeding the literature estimative. The urban space is frequented by 37% of the regional avifauna and 50% of the regional chiropterofauna. The forest fragments have significant areas with a good supply of resources, close enough to connect these populations. However, the species observed are mostly generalists due to the poverty of the transition area corridors, which causes those peri-urban source areas could strongly select species adapted to environments subjected to edge effects. An integrated analysis of the vegetation cover of riparian areas, street trees, and backyard vegetation could point out the bottlenecks that urban planning should focus on to increase the environmental quality of the urban area.


Tnansderm Scōl patches, containing scopolamine, have become a very popular and effective treatment for nausea and vomiting accompanying chemotherapy. We report two patients in whom unilateral fixed and dilated pupils related to scopolamine developed while undergoing chemotherapeutic protocols for bone marrow transplant (BMT). Both patients had neurologic consultations and neuroimaging as a result of the mydriatic pupils.
 CASE REPORTS
 Patient 1, a 20-year-old woman, was undergoing allogenic BMT for acute lymphocytic leukemia. She had a history of common migraine but had never experienced visual symptoms with her migraine. On the day before receiving her BMT, she had a headache and blurred vision and was found to have a fixed and dilated pupil on the left.


Many ostomates require nothing more than an appliance to care for their stoma. However, if problems occur, stoma accessories can be invaluable. It is essential that a problem is assessed before commencing the use of the stoma accessory and the effectiveness of the subsequent accessory is monitored. In this article, Jennie Burch focuses on the indications for choosing and using some of the available stoma accessories. The types of appliances required to care for colostomies, ileostomies and urostomies are explained. Several ostomy accessories including accessories that address skin protection, such as barrier wipes or protective powder, are explored.


Memory networks have shown expressive performance on aspect based sentiment analysis. However, ordinary memory networks only capture word-level information and lack the capacity for modeling complicated expressions which consist of multiple words. Targeting this problem, we propose a novel convolutional memory network which incorporates an attention mechanism. This model sequentially computes the weights of multiple memory units corresponding to multi-words. This model may capture both words and multi-words expressions in sentences for aspect-based sentiment analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines.


Reflectarrays are becoming a potentially attractive replacement of parabolic reflectors for high gain requirements. A large reflectarray consists of thousands of elements. To predict their performance a simulation model is required which is very cumbersome to build manually due to a large number of elements. It takes exhaustive efforts, keen attention to details and significant amount of time to build such a simulation model. When several iterations of modelling are required it worsens the issue even further. We have presented here an algorithm as an automated solution to this problem by interfacing Matlab® with an electromagnetic simulation software. It is very generic, time efficient and makes the modelling easy with least intervention of the designer.


It`s not just recovery of used oil, but how you recover it, that ultimately determines the impact on the environment. No matter what recycling technology is employed, there are environmental/economic factors that come into play. One is the distance to the end user. Sending the used oil to a nearby plant (e.g. a local asphalt manufacturer as opposed to a distant refiner) both reduces hauling costs and the potential for a spill occurring during transport. Management practices of the used oil recycler, pollution control, insurance coverage and environmental compliance record are other factors in evaluating recovery options. Generators need to be careful about who is collecting their used oil, because they can be held liable for mismanagement.


An innovative approach that enables greatly increased return from planetary science remote sensing missions is described. Our concept, called Multiple Instrument Distributed Aperture Sensor (MIDAS), provides a large-aperture, wide-field telescope at a fraction of the cost, mass and volume of conventional space telescopes, by integrating advanced optical interferometry technologies. All optical assemblies are integrated into MIDAS as the primary remote sensing science payload, thereby reducing the cost, resources, complexity, integration and risks of a set of back-end science instruments (SI's) tailored to a specific mission, such as advanced SI's now in development for future planetary remote sensing missions. MIDAS interfaces to multiple SI's for redundancy and to enable synchronized concurrent science investigations, such as with multiple highly sensitive spectrometers. Passive imaging modes with MIDAS enable high resolution remote sensing at the diffraction limit of the overall synthetic aperture, sequentially by each science instrument as well as in somewhat lower resolution by multiple science instruments acting concurrently on the image, such as in different wavebands. Our MIDAS concept inherently provides nanometer-resolution hyperspectral passive imaging without the need for any moving parts in the science instruments. In its active remote sensing modes using an integrated laser subsystem, MIDAS enables LIDAR, vibrometry, illumination, various active laser spectroscopies such as ablative, breakdown, fluorescence, Raman and time-resolved spectroscopy. The MIDAS optical design also provides high-resolution imaging for long dwell times at high altitudes, thereby enabling real-time, wide-area remote sensing of dynamic changes in planet surface processes. These remote sensing capabilities significantly enhance astrobiologic, geologic, atmospheric, and similar scientific objectives for planetary exploration missions.


This article investigates the price effects of shopping hours legislation in order to evaluate empirically the theoretical argument that such regulations protect consumers from price increases. The paper first provides a review of the literature; it then analyses the data prior to and following the liberalisation of German shopping hours regulations in 2006 and 2007 in order to estimate the effects of these changes. The article finds that liberalisation resulted in a fall in prices. This conclusion adds to a growing body of literature suggesting that shopping hours regulations entail significant economic costs.


Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a socially significant pathology associated with an increased risk of mortality and progression to terminal stages, requiring expensive treatment with renal replacement therapy, which determines the priority of preventive strategies, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are at high risk of Kidney's injury.
Aim. To analyze the predictors of a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and develop an applied CKD prediction calculator in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods. The object of the study is a depersonalized database of the Federal Registry of DM, implemented under the auspices of the Endocrinology Research Centre. The study was based on a retrospective analysis of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with different GFR dynamics over a 5-year period of 20142018. 68 911 patients were included (type 1 DM 7919 and type 2 DM 60 992). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to predict the risk of developing CKD.
Results. Sets of the most significant predictors of CKD development were established, which included 6 factors in type 1 DM: female sex, age, body mass index, the presence of myocardial infarction, diabetic coma and retinopathy, and 11 factors in type 2 DM: female sex, age, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, baseline GFR and total cholesterol, presence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, stroke, amputations and oncology in anamnesis.
Conclusion. An applied interactive CKD prognosis calculator has been developed that allows assessing the individual risk of developing pathology in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes based on the parameters available in routine clinical practice. The calculator has been introduced into the system of the Federal Registry of DM, which significantly expands the possibilities of diagnosing and monitoring CKD in DM.


This essay argues that bullshit art is a meaningful concept that differs from bullshitting about art , although the two may occur in tandem. I defend what I call the social pretense theory of bullshit art. On this view, calling a work of art 'bullshit' highlights a discrepancy between the prestige accorded a work of art and its nonsense character. This category of aesthetic criticism plays a unique role that cannot be identified with kitsch but bears only a contingent connection to it.


An algorithm for deriving the primary sequence of a protein or RNA is presented. The data is in the form of short sequences of letters which must be fitted together to form the unknown complete sequence. A computer program for carrying out the steps is described, with an example. It is shown that the algorithm cannot make an error and empirical results are given which illustrate the successful use of the algorithm in reconstructing complete sequences known to be solvable.


Education literature indicates that early departure of school principals and a paucity of applicants to take their places have resulted in leadership shortages in the nation's schools. The length of stay for U.S. public and private school kindergarten through 12 th grade (K-12) principals is 1 to 3 years. This is problematic for implementing school change, which, according to literature, requires 5 or more years of principal incumbency for success. Although Protestant schools exhibit principal departure patterns similar to those in the public sector, unlike public schools, little information is available pertaining to Protestant school principal longevity. Using a qualitative cross-case design, this study examined the responses to interview questions on the impact of nine retention factors on job longevity in order to gain a deeper understanding of why a purposeful sample of 10 incumbent Protestant school principals in the Tidewater area of Virginia remain in their respective schools for 5 or more consecutive years. While study participants sometimes considered the nine factors when encountering the more perplexing challenges, most were found inconsequential to Protestant school principals' decisions to continue longer in the position. Participants did attribute their decisions, in part, to passion and commitment to students and obedience to God's call. Of significance, a tenth factor emerged during the interviews and data analysis that is markedly different from those identified in literature for public and non-Christian private school principals. A Godcentered, value-focused creed appears to be a key factor that compels Protestant school principals to persevere long term. Recommendations to colleges and school boards and implications for further study of longevity relative to the tenth factor are delineated.


Malaria is the main vector borne diseases worldwide. According to the recent record of World Health Organization, 228 million cases have been reported in 2018 mainly in in African region. One of the main important measures for vector control is using insecticides. Monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance is the main measure for appropriate decision. All the date published about resistant status of Anopheles sacharovi were searched on Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer, Web of Science, Iranmedex, Majiran, google scholar, etc. The results showed that there is widespread, resistance/tolerance to different groups of insecticides in the country. Monitoring and mapping as well as detection of mechanisms of insecticide resistance is appropriate for vector control decision. The results of resistant of this malaria vector to different WHO insecticides will provide an appropriate guideline for the Ministry of health and Medical Education of the country for appropriate vector control.


Several sales models for a consumer's goods manufacturer firm are developed and tested. A data panel approach is used to model aggregate sales across three countries, using mainly price and trade investment. We show how useful can be different panel data models to forecast sales across relatively heterogeneous markets, and how they compare, developing a fixed effects model, an IV model, and a dynamic panel data model. We also use a simultaneous equation framework to investigate further relations among the variables. The meaning, significance and impact, as well as the limitations of the chosen explanatory variables on modeling sales is discussed.


The fiber seal coat and the slurryseal coat are the intermediate maintenance methods different for pavement.However after refittig the equipment for average slurry seal coat and homogeneously admixing the fiber into slurry moreover after spreading the fiber slurry on pavement,the fiber slurry.Seal coat-a fully new structure of pavement will be formed.The paper introduces the design and construction of Ist Section of tria lot.


Grant B., Waller R.F. and Wetherbee R. 2011. Platychrysis moestrupii sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae): a new dimorphic, sand-dwelling haptophyte species from southeastern Australia. Phycologia 50: 608–615. DOI: 10.2216/11-14.1 A marine prymnesiophyte, Platychrysis moestrupii sp. nov., is described. Clonal cultures were established from field samples collected during the summer of 2009 from Stewart's Bay, Tasmania, Australia. Cells of P. moestrupii have two distinct morphologies, a motile swimming phase and an adhesive benthic phase. Motile cells are oblong to cylindrical with a posterior rounded protuberance and are 50–65 µm long and 20–25 µm wide. The cells possess two equal to subequal homodynamic flagella and a flexible noncoiling haptonema (8–10 µm long). Benthic cells are irregularly discoid with a diameter of 50–65 µm and are adherent to the substrate. Cells possess scales of two types, both of which are elliptical and 300 by 500 nm. Distal scales are unique amongst Platychrysis and have a marginal series of hair-like spines, a loculate peripheral margin and an internal structure that appears aveolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear encoded SSU ribosomal sequence places P. moestrupii with other Platychrysis taxa, although the internal topology of this clade is poorly resolved.


In this study, the crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-67 was obtained using the solvent-free ball milling method, which is a fast, simple, and economical green method without the need to use solvents. Using the impregnation method, platinum metal ions were loaded in the MOF cavities. Various descriptive methods have been used to explain the prepared Pt@ZIF-67 compound, such as FTIR, BET, TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD, TGA, and ICP. Based on this, the results showed that Pt nanoparticles (0.26 atom%) were located inside the pores of ZIF-67. In addition, no evidence supports their accumulation on the MOF surface. The efficiency of Pt@ZIF-67 was approved in the reduction of toxic and harmful nitrophenol compounds in water. The results showed that the removal of 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium was successfully achieved with 94.5% conversion in an optimal time of 5 min with the use of NaBH4, and catalyzed by Pt@ZIF-67. Additionally, the Pt@ZIF-67 was recoverable and successfully tested for five qtr runs, with reasonable efficiency.


In this paper, an optical router node with multiple wavelengths is considered. It is assumed that successful transmission of a packet of type j at station (= port) i of the router node gives a profit γij, but that there is also a positive probability that such a packet is dropped, causing a penalty θij. This brings us to the formulation of a revenue optimization problem. Consider one fixed cycle, in which each station is assigned some visit time at one of the wavelengths. We aim to maximize the revenue by optimally assigning stations to wavelengths and, for each wavelength, by optimally choosing the visit times of the allocated stations within the cycle. This gives rise to a mixed integer linear programming problem (MILP) which is NP-hard. To solve this problem fast and efficiently we provide a three-step heuristic. It consists of (i) solving a separable concave optimization problem, then (ii) allocating the stations to wavelengths using a simple bin packing algorithm, and finally (iii) solving another set of separable concave optimization problems. We present numerical results to investigate the effectiveness of the heuristic and the advantages of having multiple wavelengths.


In recent years, with the prosperous development of Sino-Russian culture and art, Russian fine art education resources for children have been introduced by Heihe fine art education researchers and experts by taking the geographic advantage. Depending on the regional advantage formed over many years in the fundamental fine art education for children, a cooperation and innovation platform for Sino-Russian fine art education has been established gradually. Through the introduction of innovative modes of local fine art education by elites from Heihe children-oriented fine art education circle, it is to promote the effective experience in cooperation and innovation of Sino-foreign fine art education for children, thus opening a new way for the innovation and promotion of the fine art education mode for children in China.


Simple Summary Hylotelephium spectabile (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae), a widespread ornamental plant was found infested by larvae of Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) a highly polyphagous pest of a wide range of crop, as well as ornamental plants. To the best of our knowledge, this finding suggests that H. spectabile should be considered a new host plant for C. pronubana. Moreover, molecular characterization of the Greek pest population place it along with European species clade. Abstract Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is a highly polyphagous pest of a wide range of crop and ornamental plants. It is of Mediterranean origin and widespread in European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) region. For the first time, infestations of Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) Ohba (syn.: Sedum spectabile Boreau) (Saxifragales, Crassulaceae) ornamental plants by C. pronubana larvae, in private gardens in urban area of Drama, Greece, were found. Species identification was conducted based on morphology of female genitalia. In addition, due to reports on occurrence of cryptic C. pronubana species within Europe, DNA barcoding was carried out to determine the molecular status of the pest. This communication reports a new host of C. pronubana and places the Greek pest population along with European species clade.


This study analyses the main changes introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon into the European Union's institutional system, particularly within the Council, the European Council and the Commission. Once again, the new Treaty takes up almost all the reforms in this field introduced by the unsuccessful Constitutional Treaty. Thus, this is to be understood as the formal expression of the reforms conceived in the Convention on the future of Europe, and which were outlined in the 2004 Intergovernmental Conference. The new Treaty has not altered the legal nature of the above-mentioned institutions. The Commission still represents the general interest, while the Council and the European Council represent the interest of States. However, the inclusion of the European Council as a Union institution, and the new areas of competence it has taken on, entail a significant strengthening of the role of Member States. This fact may bring about some dysfunctions in the traditional balance between institutions, which is one of the keys of the success obtained by the institutional model since its creation in the fifties. The institutional reforms introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon are positive, and will help clarify the system and make it work better. All this, however, provided that no frictions or conflicts on areas of competence arise between the three poles of power now created (and represented by the President of the Commission, the President of the European Council and the EU High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy), which will depend on good vibrations between them when they start to work at the same time.


IT will be recalled that just before the war a new Food and Drugs Act was passed. It actually carne into operation in Oct., 1939. This Act may be said to embody, so far as the control of food and drugs is concerned, the accumulated wisdom of more than sixty years' experience. It was, in the main, a consolidating Act which collected into one long Act of 103 sections, not only the main provisions of the 1875 and 1928 Acts, but many other matters relating to food, which were hitherto to be found scattered in various parts of the numerous Public Health Acts. It is, perhaps, a tribute to the framers of the old 1875 Act that so many of its sections are in substance reproduced in the 1938 Act, and that with few major alterations. Nevertheless, there was introduced a number of wholly new matters which may be traced to the changes that have taken place in the food industry, and particularly in the production and distribution of food. The purpose of the 1875 Act was patently stated to be for the prevention of fraud. The purpose of the 1938 Act includes, of course, the prevention of fraud, but is at least equally directed to the safeguarding of the public health. There is no doubt that fifty years or so ago some very gross adulterations were prevalent. Times have changed, and now although there is still fraud in plenty, and old forms of it still recur from time to time, it is more often that offences arise from breach of regulations, from false or exaggerated claims, and from a variety of causes over which the retailer has but little control. The small producer has been largely displaced by bigger manufacturers, and the retailer tends to deal increasingly in .pre-packed goods over the composition and description of which he has but little to say. This fact has become of increasing importance in recent years, and the recognition of it involved modifications in the Food and Drugs Acts. Prior to 1939, if there was found some fault in respect of any article as sold, it was generally necessary to institute proceedings against the vendor or retailer, even though it might be quite apparent that he was not the real offender. The retailer could, of course, plead a warranty defence. But this involved certain rather stringent conditions, including the giving of notice within seven days, and there were not infrequently other difficulties in the way of the defendant. In any case the fact that it was necessary to institute the proceedings against the retailer inevitably caused him loss and damage, even though he might be quite blameless. To meet this difficulty there was introduced into the new Act a new principle in sec. 83. This section make, two important provisions: (1) that the person against whom proceedings are brought shall, on giving not less than three days' notice to the prosecutor, be entitled to have any person to whose act he alleges the contravention to be due brought before the Court in the proceedings. And if he proves all due diligence he may be acquitted and the other person convicted of the offence. This provision may be used to bring in a chain of other persons ending with the real or potential offender. (2) Where it appears to the Food and Drugs authority that an offence has been committed by reason of the actual default of some other person and that the first-mentioned person could establish a defence under sub-sec. I, that authority may tab proceedings against the other person without first taking proceedings against the first-mentioned person. It is worthy of note that the offence charged must be that with which the first person might have been charged.


Summary Thechromosome complements of662spermatozoa produced bythethree fathers ofindividuals with Bloomsyndrome(BS) wereanalyzed todetermine whether theBS mutation could affect chromosome segregation andthe frequency ofaneuploidy insperm. Thefrequency ofnumerical abnormalities wasnotsignificantly different from that innormal controls studied inourlaboratory, butthe frequencies ofstructural abnormalities weresignificantly increased intwoofthemen,14.3%and15.9%, versus 8.6%incontrols. Morestriking wastheincrease inthese twomenofcells withmultiple structural abnormalities: 8.1%and6.7%withmultiple abnormalities, versus 2.3% incontrols.


The Brazilian Cerrado, one of the most threatened biomes of our planet, illustrates the challenges and opportunities of reconciling economic development with conservation of land and water ecosystems. Here, we assess the state of the art of and present new information on the impacts of agricultural expansion, dams, and water use, and make recommendations for basin management, conservation, and restoration of water‐related Cerrado ecosystems and rivers. The conservation of the Cerrado requires not only the preservation of remnants of its vegetation but also the ability to keep the hydro‐geomorphological and ecological functionality of its rivers, particularly the Araguaia River, the last large well preserved and unregulated system. If business as usual continues, the Cerrado riverine ecosystems may never rebound.