After the 2011 great Tohoku-Oki earthquake, many earthquakes occurred near Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, including Mw6.8 event of April 11. This 2011 Fukushima Hamadori earthquake sequence is characterized by normal faulting, with T-axis oriented in the NW-SE, E-W and NE-SW directions for events in the northern, central and southern parts of the source area, respectively. In order to understand the cause of such a remarkable spatial variation of focal mechanisms, we investigated the stress field in the source area of this earthquake sequence. First, we relocated hypocenters of events that occurred during the period from 1997 to 2012 by the double-difference location method. Relocated hypocenters show that events near the 3/19 Mw 5.8 earthquake in the southern area, those near the 3/23 Mw 5.7 earthquake in northern area and those near the 4/11 Mw 5.9 earthquake in central area are aligned along planes dipping westwards corresponding to one of nodal planes, respectively. Then, we estimated the stress field in the source area of the sequence by a stress tensor inversion of focal mechanisms reported by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention and Japan Meteorological Agency. Results show that the stress field is very heterogeneous in space with normal fault stress regime after the occurrences of the main-shock of each part of the source area. In the northern, central, southern and east parts of the source area, the minimum principal stress ( σ3) axes are oriented in the NW-SE, E-W, NE-SW and NNE-SSW directions, respectively. As a whole, σ3 axis shows the concentric circle-like distribution. In contrast, before the occurrence of the main-shock of each part, σ3 axis is oriented homogeneously in space in the E-W direction. This observation suggests the possibility that the remarkable heterogeneity in stress field is caused by the static stress change of large earthquakes. We estimated the static stress changes caused by the 2011 Fukushima Hamadori earthquake sequence. A slip model estimated by Hikima (2012) using strong motion waveforms was used for the Mw6.8 earthquake. Furthermore, we made fault models of the 3/19 Mw 5.7, 3/23 Mw 5.8 and 4/12 Mw 5.7 events using hypocenter locations and the scaling relation between moment magnitude, fault length, width and slip amount for estimating their static stress changes. Spatial distribution ofσ3 axis direction of the static stress change is approximately the same as that of the observed stress field after the occurrences of the main-shock of each part of the source area. This strongly suggests that σ3 axis rotated after the 2011 Fukushima Hamadori sequence and the stress magnitude in the focal area before the sequence was smaller than the static stress change ( < ̃several MPa). We estimated the differential stress magnitude assuming that the difference in the stress tensor before and after the earthquakes is equal to the static stress change associated with the large earthquakes. Estimated magnitude of the differential stress was <20 MPa.


Questions

Ungulate herbivory and formation of large termite mounds occur over different time scales, but both can affect plant community composition in savannas. Human-managed savanna systems are increasingly dominated by domesticated grazing herbivores. These have replaced a mix of indigenous browsers and grazers, leading to changes in plant communities such as increased bush encroachment. We compared the relative impacts of five decades of different types of ungulate herbivory (cattle grazing, browsing and grazing by wild herbivores, and exclusion of all larger herbivores) on woody plant assemblages in two habitats, namely, large termite mounds, which may be thousands of years old, and the surrounding matrix.

Location

Miombo woodland savanna, Zimbabwe.

Methods

To determine the influence of termite mounds and herbivory on spatial distribution and composition of woody assemblages, we compared 40 paired mound–matrix plots from the three herbivory treatments using PERMANOVA. We assessed whether mound plots were more similar to each other than matrix plots were to each other, and whether herbivory influenced similarity. We used SIMPER analysis to identify changes in abundance of indicator species for each habitat (i.e. mound or matrix).

Results

Species composition differed significantly between mound and matrix and also between herbivory treatments. Woody plant assemblages on mounds were more similar to each other than woody plant assemblages in matrix plots were to each other, regardless of type of herbivory, but herbivory reduced the mound/matrix contrast. Sample location (i.e. on mound or in matrix) explained 23% of the variation in woody species composition, compared to 12% explained by herbivory. Woody plant abundance was lowest where there were both grazers and browsers.

Conclusions

The influence of large termite mounds on plant assemblages was roughly double that of herbivory, which has occurred over five decades. Type of herbivory emerged as relatively influential on woody plant species composition, given that the time periods involved were short by comparison to the slow formation of termite mounds. Type of herbivory also influenced species composition and vegetation structure, with a diversity of herbivores necessary to reduce encroachment by woody species.


This book reviews the major spatial aspects of transport systems throughout the world, analyses in detail the transport problems arising in urban and rural areas, and evaluates the principal social, environmental and policy issues generated by contemporary transport systems. Part 1 outlines the basic geography of transport, and examines transport and spatial structures, especially transport's contributions to urban, industrial, and agricultural development. Part 2 considers transport systems at the national and international levels, and, for example, discusses the effects on transport of the recent political changes in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Part 3 addresses various transport problems in urban and rural areas, using specific examples to illustrate contrasting difficulties and evaluate current urban transport planning methods. Part 4 explores some significant contemporary transport issues, and evaluates the environmental and social impacts of increasing personal mobility and infrastructure demands for motorised movement. The book provides a comprehensive survey of how transport planning and policy are formulated in different parts of the world, and emphasises the need for policies on transport sustainability.


The growth of information retrieval from the web sources are increased day by day, proving an effective and efficient way to the user for retrieving relevant documents from the web is an art. Asking the right question and retrieving a right answer to the posted query is a service which provide by the Natural Language Processing. Question Answering System is one of the best ways to identify the candidate answer with high accuracy. The web and Semantic Knowledge Driven Question Answering System (QAS) used to determine the candidate answer for the posted query in the NLP tools.  This method includes Query expansion techniques and entity linking method to identify the information source snippets with ontology structure, also ranking the sentences by applying conditional probability between query and Answer to identify the optimal answer from the web corpus. The result provides an exact answer with high accuracy than the baseline method.


A study on the existence of a fixed point for contraction maps in partially ordered metric spaces (p.o.m.s) has been initiated recently by Ran and Reurings. They proved an analogue of the Banach contraction principle. Since then a number of results appeared on the existence of fixed points for contraction type maps in p.o.m.s. On the other hand, most recently Wardowski introduced a notion of single valued F-contraction maps and generalized the Banach contraction principle for such maps.
In this thesis, first we study some known fixed point results for single valued contraction type maps in p.o.m.s. Then, we prove some new general results on the existence of fixed points for multivalued contraction type maps in p.o.m.s. Further we study Wardowski's fixed point result in p.o.m.s and then present its multivalued version in p.o.m.s. Our new results improve and generalize the corresponding known results the literature.


The development of nuclear power plants in the United Kingdom is discussed. The stations at Berkeley, Bradwell, Hunterston, and Hinkley Point are described in some detail. (J.S.R.)


Particles of fanleaf and yellow mosaic viruses are reported in the lumen of the esophagus of Xiphinerna index. Differences in cuticular morphology suggest differences in charged receptor sites which may offer an explanation for virus location and orderly arrangement.


The population structure of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and Armillaria sinapina Berube & Dessureault was studied at two sites in the Interior of British Columbia using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and somatic incompatibility testing. The first study site contained a small number of relatively large genets of Armillaria ostoyae. Each distinct infection center was occupied by a single genet of A. ostoyae, one of which displayed signs of a somatic mutation. Armillaria sinapina was also sampled from the first site but its population structure was considerably different from that of A. ostoyae. The second study site contained high densities of relatively small genets of A. ostoyae. It was estimated that over 70 % of the genets in this population occupied a domain less than one hectare in area. The distribution of genets could not be predicted by the distribution of mortality. The results of somatic incompatibility testing used to differentiate between genets corresponded with the results of RAPD analysis, with only one discrepancy. For both sites, regression analysis indicated no significant linear relationship between geographic distance and genetic similarity of genets. T A B L E OF CONTENTS A B S T R A C T ii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii Chapter I: Introduction 1 Background Information 1 Inoculum Potential vs. Host Vigor 2 Disease Prediction 3 Objectives 5 Chapter II: Population Structure of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina in the Central Interior of British Columbia 7 INTRODUCTION 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 Sampling 9 DNA Extraction 12 Biological Species Identification 12 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis 13 Somatic Incompatibility Tests 14 Ramets vs. Genets 15 RESULTS 15 Biological Species Identification ; 15 Primer Screening and Selection 17 Armillaria ostoyae 17 Genotype Determination 18 Genetic Variability 20 Distribution of Genotypes 22 Somatic Incompatibility Tests 26 Armillaria sinapina 27 Genotype Determination and Genetic Variability 27 Distribution of Genotypes 29 DISCUSSION 32 Distribution of Genets : 32 Longevity and Genetic Stability .33 Establishment of New Genets 35 Population Structures of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina 36 Interactions Between Species 38 Pathogenicity of Armillaria sinapina 38 Somatic Incompatibility vs. RAPD Analysis 40 Chapter III: Population Structure of Armillaria ostoyae in the Southern Interior of British Columbia 4


Simulations of tip vortex wetted flows and cavitating flows are carried out by using a RANS model. Two types of turbulence models, with and without the Boussinesq turbulent-viscosity hypothesis, are adopted in comparing with experimental results regarding the vorticity, the strain rate and the Reynolds shear stress distributions in the vortex region. The numerical results imply that the spatial phase shift between the mean strain rate and the Reynolds stresses can be accurately modeled by the nonlinear k-e turbulence model, the tip vortex cavitation region can only be predicted using the nonlinear k-e turbulence model. The mechanism of the over-dissipation due to the turbulence model is analyzed in terms of the turbulence production, which is one of the dominant source terms in the transport equations of energy.


In this paper, we study the optimal tracking problem for the multi-agent systems in which both the cost function and the tracking time are considered. The tracking problem is considered in two patterns: the first one has a virtual leader which is the root of the information graph; the second one has a time-varying leader whose dynamics is given in advance. Both of the patterns are on the condition that only a portion of the agents can get the state information of the leader. For the required tracking time, an open-loop optimal controller is obtained using Pontryagins minimum principle and only depends on the relative information with respect to the neighboring agents. Considering the disturbance in the initial conditions or in the control input, it is necessary to convert the open loop control into the feedback optimal control by regarding the initial state as the current state and setting the initial time equal to the current time. Finally, the validity of the result is illustrated through some numerical examples.


Abstract : The primary research objective of this contract was to investigate and develop fluid flow control procedures by utilizing a hierarchical modeling approach. This project included research on control and identification methods for vortex wakes, with the primary example being stabilization of vortices behind a flat plate. Vortex blob and finite difference methods were constructed to provide the flow dynamics. Linear time-invariant feedback controllers have been developed, as well as identification results for a class of input/output models that can be used to design more sophisticated controllers. Additionally, Java based software components that support hierarchical modeling efforts were created.


This paper examines the mechanisms of failure in jointed rock slopes. The distribution of discontinuities is a significant control of rock-mass stability, determining the mechanism by which blocks fail from a cliff, and the consequent slope development through time. It is often assumed that the principles of single-block movements are geomechanically similar to those of larger, multiple-block rock-mass failures, under a given set of boundary conditions and controlling variables. Results presented here, based on computer modelling using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC), show that such assumptions are not always correct. After a theoretical modelling exercise, real-world rock slopes were studied from the Portland Limestone outcrop of the Isle of Purbeck, England. There is good association between the theoretical results and model output for the fieldsites. The conclusions are thus useful in enhancing knowledge of jointed rock-mass failure conditions, and improving understanding of rock-slope development.


This study looks at a relatively undeveloped area in teacher education, that of pedagogical alignment. The purpose of this study is therefore to gain more insight into, not only pedagogical alignment in the program, but its relationship between preservice teachers' perceived pedagogical alignment and their approaches to learning. Data were obtained from 446 preservice teachers from two questionnaires, the Malay Language program coherence questionnaire and the re-structured Malay language revised two factor study process questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F). Findings show that the preservice teachers perceived that there is pedagogical alignment in their teacher education program. The preservice teachers also reported higher levels of deep approaches to learning. Correlational analyses showed a relationship between perceived pedagogical alignment and approaches to learning. Through an aligned program, preservice teachers are reporting that they are more likely to be more involved in a deeper understanding of the learning tasks. In addition, they would appear more motivated by an interest in learning or recognition of their vocational relevance. It is heartening to see that an aligned program has an association with preservice teachers deep level approaches to learning. However, teacher educators must remain vigilant to the challenges of how best to harness deep level learning through a sustainable coherence in their teacher education program.


This article is about community mobilization in micro credit as a tool of women empowerment. It argues that women empowerment is a process and community mobilization is a tool for women empowerment process through micro credit programs. This article is based on the views of selected key informants' information through participation observation and a case study at Mahadevsthan Village in Dhading. Three local NGO managers and their three beneficiaries were conveniently selected for the sampling purpose. The main argument of the article shows that most of the females who received microcredit finally got socio economic empowerment through acquiring the access to capital, control over resources, self-esteem, confidence, decision making power.


In modern capitalistic society, high level of material consumption functions as a "meaning in life" for many consumers, i.e. it provides an...


Summary Limited moisture supply caused reduction in leaf area, number of effective tillers, ratio of sound to unsound grains and the nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and manganese content of rice. Crop yield was adversely affected in the absence of standing water. Two levels of nitrogen (40 and 60 kg.N/ha.) caused no significant difference in yield in 1965, but in 1966, when 30 and 60 kg. N/ha. were used, the latter gave better yields.


Let f(x_1,x_2,...,x_m) = u_1x_1+u_2 x_2+... + u_mx_m be a linear form with positive integer coefficients, and let N_f(k) = min{|f(A)| : A \subseteq Z and |A|=k}. A minimizing k-set for f is a set A such that |A|=k and |f(A)| = N_f(k). A finite sequence (u_1, u_2,...,u_m) of positive integers is called complete if {\sum_{j\in J} u_j : J \subseteq {1,2,..,m}} = {0,1,2,..., U}, where $U = \sum_{j=1}^m u_j.$ It is proved that if f is an m-ary linear form whose coefficient sequence (u_1,...,u_m) is complete, then N_f(k) = Uk-U+1 and the minimizing k-sets are precisely the arithmetic progressions of length k. Other extremal results on linear forms over finite sets of integers are obtained.


Methods of optimizing query performance in SQL Server are given. The query performance would be optimized by selecting index field, designing high performance application, replacing cursor with stored process and decentralizing stored data.


We demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of queue and average window is determined predominantly by the stability of TCP/RED, not by AIMD probing nor noise traffic. We develop a general multi-link multi-source model for TCP/RED and derive a local stability condition in the case of a single link with heterogeneous sources. We validate our model with simulations and illustrate the stability region of TCP/RED. These results suggest that TCP/RED becomes unstable when delay increases, or more strikingly, when link capacity increases. The analysis illustrates the difficulty of setting RED parameters to stabilize TCP: they can be tuned to improve stability, but only at the cost of large queues even when they are dynamically adjusted. Finally, we present a simple distributed congestion control algorithm that maintains stability for arbitrary network delay, capacity, load and topology.


Enterprises always used organizational internal storage system for storing data. Mainly in a Customer Relational Management i.e. CRM system, the internal storage will be used for storing all the data of the customer. On the other hand, the main drawbacks in the data storage is there may be intruder's in the administrator side and they may acquire all the information about a customer. Above threats can happen in same service provider in a cloud computing environment. To overcome with this kind of challenges in cloud computing, there is need of an innovative algorithmic approach for data security in cloud computing. A CRM (Customer Relational Management) system services is represented in this paper using RC5 algorithm. In the proposed system the party that uses cloud storage services must encrypt data before sending it to cloud while the service provider who is responsible for encryption/decryption of the user's data and then must delete data once encryption/decryption process is completed. In this paper the use of CRM services which demonstrates how the parties involved in secure storage and retrieval when data is saved to the cloud. The term "Cloud" comes from the telecommunication world when providers began using the virtual private network (VPN) services for data communication. Cloud computing associated with the computation, software, data access and storage services, that may not be needed knowledge of end users of the physical location and the system configuration that is delivering the services. The basic concept of cloud computing is that the computing is "in the cloud". It is related to accessing end user applications and storing data in the "cloud" which is representation of the Internet or a network and using associated services. In IT enterprises, the cloud are recent trends, i.e. it is ability to moves computing and data away from desktop and portable PCs into large data centers. The definition of cloud computing provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (2) says that: "Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on- demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction." With the help of large scale enterprise the internet grows rapidly around the world, applications can now


VMware has made available for download a poster titled:VMware vSphere 5 Memory Management and Monitoring diagram. The VMware vSphere 5 Memory Management and Monitoring diagram ...


The letter describes a simple but accurate method to determine the critical dimensions needed to produce circular polarisation for nearly square and nearly circular microstrip antennas.


The long coherence times of both nuclear and electron phosphorus donor spins in silicon make them promising qubits for a scalable quantum computer. In such a system, the single qubit operations could me implemented via the application of resonant RF fields, while the inter-qubit interactions are mediated via the exchange interaction between neighboring donor electrons. This interaction could be controlled, to some extent, via the application of potential biases to control electrodes, which would perturb the electron wavefunctions. The degeneracy of the conduction band minima in silicon leads to interference effects between the donor wavefunctions resulting in a strong dependence of the strength of the exchange coupling on the relative separation of the phosphorus donors, this can have significant consquences to the fabrication of a donor spin based quantum computer. We present calculations of the donor electron exchange coupling as a function of the relative donor position, using donor wavefunctions that have been calculated by direct diagonalisation of the system Hamiltonian, in a basis of the silicon conduction band Bloch functions, beyond the standard effective mass approximation. We consider the effects of non-Coulombic donor potentials, as well as an applied lattice strain, which breaks the degeneracy of the conduction band minima and can be used to damp the oscillatory behavior of the exchange energy. We discuss these results and their implications with respect to fabrication of a scalable donor spin quantum computer.


This study aims to determine the heterosis effect of mule ducks. The material used 24 males ducks, 12 females, muscovy 12 males, 23 females and 24 males mule duck, 24 female. Variables measured were the body weight, carcass, non carcass, giblets and egg, length of body, neck, chest bones and body circumference. Analysis of test data used was the average according to the method of the General Linear Model (GLM), from Stastitical Analysis Sistem (SAS) and calculation of descriptive statistical heterosis effect. Results showed that heterosis effects of male body meansure mule duck more positive, from 0.69 to 8.81%, a fraction of negative -2.23 to -2.74%. At mule ducks females all negative heterosis effect is -0.03 to -45.36%. Conclusion heterosis effect males mule ducks were more positive in females were all negative.


In this paper, we suggest a new technique to create index helping to query almost identical similarities with keywords in case there is no correct match found. It is based on a SD-Tree and a n-ary Tree helping to query related information when there is no correct match. Index structure arranges signatures according to hierarchical clustering for improving assessment of query. This method is based on technique of using signature file and SD-Tree and signature files are organized according to decentralization to filter unsuitable data quickly and each signature file is saved according to SD-Tree structure for increasing speed of scanning signature. This method helps to decrease effectively search space, so therefore improving effectively complexity of query time.


The aging population phenomenon is more and more increasing. In this context, the elderly's behavioral analysis through the Internet of Things technologies can help to prevent Mild Cognitive Impairment and frailty problems. In particular, since movements and body motility are good indicators of behavioral changes, this work aims to define a reliable system for controlling the position and the body motility of the elderly in unobtrusive, low-cost and low-power way. The system represents the basis of a complete architecture for behavioral analysis and risk detection developed within the City4Age project, funded by the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Commission.


A method to classify precipitation events based on their spatial extent and texture has been developed and applied to 3 yr of BALTEX Radar Data Center weather radar composites over the Baltic region. The method is capable of distinguishing large-scale precipitation features typically associated with frontal systems from more small-scale features, which are usually found in convective systems. Data used for this study are 2-D radar images. The classification is performed in three steps. First, contiguous precipitation areas are identified in the radar data. In the second step, each of these areas is subjected to an analysis where different texture parameters are calculated. In a third step, these texture parameters are evaluated by means of a neural network, and a type of precipitation is assigned to each class. The neural network has been trained using a large set of visually classified radar scenes. A validation of the results has been performed by (1) comparing regions where U.K. Met Office analysis shows large contiguous frontal areas and (2) by using surface observations where the surface observer reported precipitation events that could clearly be associated either with intermittent convective precipitation or with frontal systems. The results of the different comparisons are generally in good agreement with each other, and the false classification rate ranges from 10% to 20%. The application to 3 yr of radar data has resulted in estimation of the frontal fraction of precipitation in the Baltic Sea area. About two-thirds of overall precipitation events are determined by frontal passages with high seasonal and diurnal variations.


Enforcement of legal protection and aid for Indonesian Migrant Worker (TKI) still facing a lot of obtacles from many factors, including substance, structure, and culture of law. Ratification of Migrant Worker Convention in Act No. 6 / 2012 and ratification of International Convention of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) into Act no.12/ 2005 must be seen as one of state responsibility in extending legal protection and aid for migrant worker. Implementation of these two Convention are immediately and justiciable in nature, since Act No. 16/ 2011 regarding Legal Aid has been previously implemented by Indonesian Government. Adoption of Migrant Worker Convention and ICCPR into national legal system must be accompanied by implementation of legal instruments consistently and continuously regardless of legal, procedural, or administrative. Implementation of this law is necessary to optimally enforce all resources to settle any problems arise regarding migrant workers. Government must keep working on the Revision of Act No. 39 2004 and harmonization between international legal instrument with national legal instrument. Key words : Protection of law, legal aid, migrant worker


The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing provides direction for test score reporting and usage in the credentialing of persons in many occupations and professions (1999). Tests used in credentialing by professional organizations are designed to determine whether the essential knowledge and skills of a specific domain have been mastered by the examinee. Credentialing typically covers a number of related but distinct areas and is an ongoing process with several tests given on a regularly scheduled basis, so revisions and/or newer versions are often necessary. Important testing information including reliability coefficients are useful in comparing scores from these different tests, but interpretation allowances must be made for the variability of scores from different samples of examinees, administration techniques from which the reliability coefficients were obtained, the source(s) of error indicated by the reliability coefficient, the number of items on the test, and the length of time allowed for testing. Nunnally and Bernstein (1994) provided guidance in the interpretation of the reliability coefficient by stating that a value of .70 is sufficient for early stages of research, but that basic research should require test scores to have a reliability coefficient of .80 or higher. When important decisions are to be made with test scores, a reliability coefficient of .90 is the minimum with .95 or higher a desirable standard.


An electrodeposition process was used to deposit Bi-2212 precursor films. Biaxially textured Bi-2212 superconductor films were prepared from electrodeposited precursor films by melt-quench/melt-growth processing on Ag-coated LAO substrates. Magnetization measurements for the electrodeposited, Bi-2212 superconductor films show critical current density values greater than 5 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 4 K in zero field.


Editorial Summary In her text, Anna-Maria Meister focuses on the production and dissemination of norms, normed objects, standards, bureaucratic measures, and administrative processes as social desires in German modern architecture. She states that we must treat them as formal and political acts of »Gestaltung« and critically probe their ideological intent and human consequence since the regulations in place, the order imagined, or the systems constructed were as formative to what we now know as Modern Architecture, as aesthetics or so-called Avant-Garde architects. As a result, rules and codes are »aesthetic tools« rather than mere »bureaucratic impediments«. She claims that it is necessary to research beyond the beaten path to include those contents that are usually left by the wayside, thus revealing and constructing alternative archives and histories. [Ferdinand Ludwig]


This paper has been focus on developing the speed tracking control strategies in order to obtain an approach of modeling the
IM drives system for vector control purposes focusing on indirect field oriented control (IFOC). Artificial intelligent (AI)
controller which is Neural Network (NN) controller are implemented in the SVPWM that used to generate pulse width
modulation (PWM) for switching three phase inverter to provide a suitable voltage for the motor to improve the overall
performance of the IFOC of IM. The validity of proposed NN IFOC of IM is shown with experimental result carried out under
different condition of speed variation. The theoretical principle and the performance results for NNIFOC of IM are analyzed.
It shows that the proposed online NNIFOC of IM gives better performance rather than offline NNIFOC of IM in term of
settling time.


In this article I argue that results of research in computer science education that use methodologies from pedagogy can enlighten us, as computer scientists, in our teaching - by demonstrating the kind of results that can be obtained by an empirical phenomenographic research approach with regard to students learning computing. I will discuss how these results can feed back into the practice of computing education.


Enterprise Resource Planning, popularly known as ERP, has grown leaps & bounds in the last few decades. It has become an integral part of many large organizations, whose success, in terms of increase in productivity, efficiency and ease of functioning, can be attributed to an effective ERP implementation. Yet there are speculations regarding the success rate of ERP Implementations. According to PMI (Project Management Institute) nearly 70% of the ERP Deployment projects fails, are late (schedule slippage), or go over-budget. Sometimes even a successful ERP implementation, could largely be wasted and the benefits be nullified, because an organization fails to identify which are the factors crucial to the successful implementation in their context. Taking into account numerous articles on the Critical Success Factors, one very pervasive but least taken care off factor is the P factor or the people factor. The Objective of this paper will be to explore the Critical Success Factors for an effective Enterprise Resource Planning and in turn find out the different stakeholders of an ERP System, their stake and contribution, and how can they be effectively contribute for a successful ERP implementation. Using extant literature, the paper tries to explore and find out the kind of involvement the different stakeholders have, the stage of implementation in which they are involved and make recommendations for effective involvement.


Orienting single crystals by Laue backreflection photographs is a universal ly applied method, because of the ease of sample preparation and speed of taking the photograph. The method of analyzing such photographs by use of the Greninger chart and the Wulff net is well described in standard texts, e.g. Cull i ty (1978), Azaroff (1968), Schwartz (1977). After some practice in analysis, an investigator can determine the orientation with fair accuracy by inspection, but must fol low the procedure and trace conics of diffraction spots to ensure an accurate orientation. In our experience, neophytes find the standard method burdensome to learn init ial ly and tedious to apply subsequently. Accordingly, we offer a simplif ied approach for orienting a cubic crystal, which also has the advantage of being rapid. It is necessary to recall certain properties related to the Laue back-reflection method. Firstly, all of the planes of one zone reflect X-ray beams which lie on the surface of a cone, the axis of which is the zone axis. Therefore, the diffraction spots from these planes appearing on a back-reflection photograph lie on hyperbolas or straight lines, and the distance of any hyperbola from the center of the film is a measure of the inclination of the zone axis from the vertical. Fig. 1 shows schematical ly the relat ionship between the spot, the zone axis and planes in this zone. As shown in Fig. 1, (p is the angle between the zone axis and the incident beam and K is a reflected spot of the zone. The normal to this reflecting plane wil l intersect the film at N. As is well


The paper is an edited compilation of letters exchanged between Karol Estreicher and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski in the years 1867-1886. While Estreicher's handwritten letters were relatively clear and explicit, Kraszewski's autographs caused many problems in their deciphering because of his illegible handwriting. Due to the rich subject matter of the correspondence, it was necessary to prepare a critical apparatus. Bibliographic, factual and dictionary information and explanations were provided in footnotes. The correspondence reveals the daily lives of the authors, their friends and relatives, including family and health issues, as well as recreational travels. The letters also helps discover how Kraszewski and Estreicher obtained and exchanged information, and how they supported each other in conducting research for their literary works. Finally, the correspondence is an excellent point of departure to learn more about the culture and the customs of the 19th century. The autographs come from two sources: the Jagiellonian Library (23 letters from Estreicher to Kraszewski), and the Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Sztuk Pięknych w Krakowie/ the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts (132 letters exchanged between Estreicher and Kraszewski).


For decades, population control has made huge achievements in China and several metropolises began to have negative increasing of population. However, the structure of population ages has had acute fluctuation so that it impacted the distribution of educational resources. The paper discusses the distribution of educational resources in 37 Chinese metropolises from the perspective of the population structure. It puts forward many countermeasures and suggestions according to the characteristics of lead and typicality of Shanghai.


"2+1" talents cultivating pattern is a kind of current vocational talents cultivating pattern,it is an important carrier of working while studying,vovational-enterprise cooperation.It organically combine school and enterprise of these two educational environment,students study at school for two years,intern in an enterprise in the other year.It can combine theory with practice,it is an effective way to develop applied talents with high quality skilled.The implementation of "2+1" talents cultivating pattern in vocational vehicle inspection and maintenance technology is studied in this paper,so as to provide some reference to vocational education reform and development.


The polymer-derived SiC fiber is one of the most important reinforcing materials for high performance ceramic matrix composites(CMC).Three generations of SiC fibers have been developed over the past thirty years.In this article,the preparing methods,compositions,microstructures and performances of three-generation fibers are reviewed.Furthermore,the relationships are discussed between microstructure and the main properties of the fibers,such as high-temperature-resistance,modulus and creep resistance.And,as a summary,some improving methods for the properties of SiC fibers derived from precursor are summarized.


Research shows delivery of advance care planning (ACP) in care homes is highly acceptable, increases the proportion of residents dying in their preferred place, and reduces hospital admissions. We examined whether implementation of a service delivering ACP to care homes in Lincoln (UK) realised the research outcomes in routine practice.

 Implementation of a service undertaking ACP in care homes was evaluated using routine data. Outcomes included proportion of care homes agreeing to participate; proportion of residents agreeing to put ACPs in place; characteristics of residents with and without ACPs, and place of death of those dying with or without ACPs. Effect on hospital admissions was examined comparing pre- and post-implementation admissions in participating homes.

 Fifteen (63%) of 24 eligible care homes participated. ACPs were prepared for 404/516 (78%) residents. Those with ACPs were older, frailer, more cognitively impaired, and malnourished than those without. For those with ACPs (384/404; 95%), care homes were the preferred place of death. 219/248 (88%) of residents with ACPs who died did so in their care home compared to 33/49 who died without ACPs (33/49, (67%) (relative risk 1.35, 95%CI 1.1–1.6, p < 0.01). In the 15 participating homes, there were 717 hospital admissions over 360 pre-intervention care home months (mean 2.11 admissions per care home month). In the post intervention phase, there were 789 admissions over 341 care home months (mean 2.29 admissions per care home month).

 Most residents wished to have ACPs, which appeared to have influenced place of death. However, the population value of the service was limited because not all care homes participated. Hospital admissions were not reduced. Future work should aim to ensure services are universally available to residents, and to identify why reductions in hospital admissions seen in research studies may not be replicated in clinical practice.


where 8 is the metric in Y. It is known 1 that if X is compact then the homeomorphisms of X into Y constitute a dense G6 set in Yx. Even if X is not compact, Yx contains a dense G6 set of homeomorphisms. In their book " Dimension Theory," 1 Hurewicz and Wallman raise the question as to whether the homeomorphisms constitute a G6 set, for non-compact X. The present paper answers this question in the negative. In fact it is shown that the set of all homeomorphisms may be a highly arbitrary set.


who chaired the 10M Workshop , served on the Committee representing occupational health nursing. Over a period of a year, the Committee formulated some recommendations and believed that the information collected and discussed was valuable and needed to be shared. Thus, this book was published, with the assistance of several federal grants, as a summary of their findings with suggestions for the future. Change for all practicing nurses was the main message throughout the pages. . Three themes emerged in the process of the study:


This paper studies integrated photovoltaic (PV) into single-phase AC low voltage (LVAC) distribution for electrification in a rural village using battery energy storage (BES). The grid extension with and without the integration of PV-BES is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the minimum conductor used of the LV grid is reached with the shortest path algorithm. Then, the sitting and sizing of distributed generations are performed by using genetic algorithm (GA) and iterative technique. The comparison of grid extension in both strategies is studied thanks to actualized cost method.


THE HOSPITAL SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION ACT--COMMONLY KNOWN as the Hill-Burton Act or simply Hill-Burton in recognition of its Senate sponsors, Lister Hill (D-Ala.) and Harold H. Burton (R-Ohio)--was debated in Congress and passed into law in 1946 at the height of the South's paradoxical status as the nation's neediest yet most politically powerful region. From 1947 to 1971 Hill-Burton underwrote the creation of a modern health care infrastructure with $3.7 billion in federal funding and $9.1 billion in matches from state and local governments. Space for nearly a half million beds was constructed in 10,748 projects, including nursing homes, mental health and other specialized facilities, and public health centers as well as hospitals. Edward H. Beardsley's seminal 1987 study of southern health care, A History of Neglect: Health Care for Blacks and Mill Workers in the Twentieth-Century South, contains the most nuanced and detailed historical analysis to date of Hill-Burton's impact on the South, where half the facilities were built. While recognizing that most participating southern hospitals remained closed to black physicians, Beardsley asserts that with the help of Hill-Burton projects "Southerners of both races, but blacks particularly, began to enjoy an access to modern hospital care that they had never known before." (1) Most scholars since Beardsley have focused on Hill-Button's separate-but-equal clause and the program's failure to completely end racial discrimination in southern hospitals. This body of work at times views Hill-Burton in a deterministic light, with some scholars essentially sharing the view of integrationist medical activists that eliminating segregation in health care was a "magic bullet" that would end racial health disparities. This article posits a "long civil rights movement" in health care by surveying and elaborating on the historiography of Hill-Burton in the South and considering multiple factors that contributed to the expansion of hospital care for blacks and whites, particularly in underserved rural areas. The essay focuses mainly on the fifteen-year period from 1939, when hospital construction was first debated in Congress as part of proposals to establish a national health plan, to 1954, when the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka declared segregation unconstitutional and inherently unequal in public elementary and secondary education. Finally, this article uses North Carolina as a case study to evaluate Hill-Burton's record in improving blacks' access to hospital care during the two decades before full compliance with integration was made a condition of federal aid in all health care programs as a result of the Supreme Court's 1963 Simkins v. Cone decision, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Medicare and Medicaid legislation of 1965. (2) Hill-Burton contributed to a series of major transitions in the life of the South and the nation. Scholars commonly cite the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 as the New Deal's end point, but Hill-Burton was the last and perhaps the most progressive expression of redistributive New Deal liberalism. Lawrence J. Clark, a health administrator and policy analyst, and his coauthors judged the act to be "one of the most ambitious efforts for the development of social capital to that time." Hill-Burton was the first federal program to incorporate a graduated, need-based allocation formula that favored the South, paving the way for federal sponsorship of health, education, and welfare as well as costly new infrastructure that made Sun Belt prosperity possible while allowing southern states to maintain low taxes. As an outgrowth of Florida Democratic senator Claude D. Pepper's Subcommittee on Wartime Health and Education, Hill-Burton was among the first and most successful examples of a new postwar brand of federal reform that garnered bipartisan support by blending centralized planning, economic development, and a rationale for domestic spending based on national defense. …


This paper will analyze and research the New Zealand Curriculum( 2007) and the area of Health and Physical Education. Health and physical education in New Zealand is a comprehensive course,covering three themes of health education,physical education and home economics. Under the guidance of the national curriculum vision and purpose,it integrates the three themes and helps to carry out the learning activities on the basis of four main lines,four basic concepts and seven key learning areas. It also pays attention to the integration of the eight principles and values in the implementation process of national program,which aims to cultivate the students' competence in thinking,using language,texts and symbols,self- managing,getting along with others,participating and dedicating so as to develop students into life- long learners that meet the needs of the society and can make contributions to the wellbeing of themselves,of their communities,and even the whole society. It has six features: the unique Logo contains the course's design concept with the focus of the curriculum on " Health". The categories of the course are weakened while the flexibility of the learning level is strengthened.The curriculum arrangement and implementation emphasizes the students' ability and the standards of the learning evaluation system are consistent with the national education qualification certification system. The New Zealand Curriculum and the area of Health and Physical Education give us the following enlightenments: In the process of deepening the reform of physical education and health,we should strengthen the infiltration of traditional sports culture,reinforce the cultivation of student's ability and intensify the integrated planning of the curriculum standard,teaching material,teaching,evaluation and so on.


A small, precise and fast positioning stage is indispensable for assembly of small parts, i.e. laser transmitter modules and optical fiber connectors. Conventional stages using roller bearings or ball bearings are too massive with respect to the assembly. Stages guided by a parallel spring arrangement are fairly compact and very responsive, and can provide rapid positioning. The basic elastic linkage which is the parallel spring movement is very usefull, but has only one degree of freedom. Most assembly motions require two or three degrees of freedom. This paper deals a new one-piece compound parallel spring with two or three degrees of freedom. This spring system is realized by means of a CNC wire cut electric discharge machine and/or drilling machine from a block or plate. Design considerations and performance measurements are presented.


.......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 1 Maximization of Prestige by Higher Educational Institutions ............................................ 3 Identifying Striving institutions .......................................................................................... 4 The Striving Process ........................................................................................................... 7 Student recruitment and admissions. ...................................................................... 7 Faculty recruitment, roles, and rewards. ................................................................. 8 Curriculum and programs. .................................................................................... 10 Consequences of Striving ................................................................................................. 11 External relations and institutional identity. ......................................................... 12 Players in this reputational arms race: Who are the strivers? ............................... 14 Using Carnegie classification as a barometer of prestige. .................................... 17 Significance of Study ........................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 26 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 26 Consumerism of Higher Education ................................................................................... 26 Assessing Accountability .................................................................................................. 27 Striving for Prestige: Why and at What Cost? .................................................................. 32 Social aspects of prestige in higher education. ..................................................... 32 The concept of prestige maximization. ................................................................. 34 Striving for prestige: Behaviors and their implications. ....................................... 41 Defining prestige "markets." ................................................................................ 44 Relationship Between Prestige and Institutional Expenditures ........................................ 48


The implementation of learning for the 2020 academic year during the Covid-19 epidemic was carried out boldly. Student study and do activities at home. Parents are required to have quality conditions following their upbringing patterns so that parents can provide adequate stimulation. For the child's potential to develop and possibly, with the parenting style and the stimulus provided is not appropriate, it has a negative potential. This study aims to see how parents' role in their responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data technology used is structured interviews, data obtained through interviews as primary data, and literature study as secondary data. Based on the research, it can be ignored that parents' role in the responsibility of responsibility through, (1) always discipline, responsibility. (2) taught through habituation, appreciation, and advice. (3) set a good example. (4) during holidays, children are allowed to play with gadgets or friends. (5) provide and equip religious knowledge.


This study examines the internal auditors' whistleblowing likelihood upon awareness of occupational fraud occurrence. For that purpose, Graham's model of principled organizational dissent was employed due to its relevance to accounting context. Apart from the existing perspectives of the model, influences of the three dimensions relevant to the model were also assessed. Additionally, the interaction effects between these dimensions and some demographic factors were also analyzed. Furthermore, in light of organizational support theory, the current study also gauged the likelihood to blow the whistle among internal auditors from the perspective of perceived organizational suppo1t. To attain the objectives, as well as to answer the research questions, some internal auditors who work for the Malaysian public listed companies in several sectors were selected randomly through a two-stage sampling. In testing the current study's hypotheses, regression analyses, as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure were used. Out of the three perspectives of the principled organizational dissent model, only the perceived seriousness of wrongdoing has significantly predicted the dependent variable. Even though all the three manipulated variables are related to the whistleblowing likelihood, however, none of the demographic factors has a significant moderating role in influencing the dependent variable. The result of the present study reveals that the perceived organizational support is not only related, but has also significantly and positively predicted the internal auditors' whistleblowing likelihood. Apart from providing empirical evidence to the existing literature, this study offers significant insights into the theory and practice. Generally, this study affirms that the theoretical integration can better understand whistleblowing likelihood among internal auditors. Besides offering some 'whistleblower-friendly' policies and procedures. it is also suggested for organizations to maintain effective control system to mitigate occupational fraud occurrence, as well as to provide better quality evidence for the internal auditors' reporting purposes.


Microfinance institutions provide support for the economically active poor, low income earners and small and medium scale entrepreneurs. Microfinance banking is the engine that powers socio-economic development in developing countries. In Nigeria, activities of microfinance banks are structured to touch the grassroots and contribute positively towards economic development of the nation. Communication is pivotal to the achievement of every development goal. Effective use of modern communication channels such as the social media could contribute positively towards achievement of microfinance banking goals in Nigeria. This study adopts the analytical approach in discussing the critical role of the social media in achieving microfinance banking goals in Nigeria. It explains the basic concepts that shape the discourse - New Communication Technologies, social media, and microfinance banking. The paper suggests among others, that mass enlightenment of targets of microfinance schemes (the poor, low income earners, micro, small and medium scale entrepreneurs) on how to access and use social media in airing their views on microfinance issues, is essential.


Let $G$ be the group of points of a split reductive group over a finite extension of ${\mathbb Q}_p$. In this paper, we compute the dimensions of certain classes of locally analytic $G$-representations. This includes principal series representations and certain representations coming from homogeneous line bundles on $p$-adic symmetric spaces. As an application, we compute the dimensions in Colmez' unitary principal series of ${\rm GL}_2({\mathbb Q}_p)$.


Compared to the previous report on $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{3}\mathrm{Bi}{(\mathrm{Se}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}X\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}(X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br})$ [V. Gnezdilov et al., (arXiv:1604.04249)],where no dielectric anomaly was observed without magnetic field near ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}25.6\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, we further present the dielectric behaviors without and with magnetic field in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{3}\mathrm{Bi}{(\mathrm{Se}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{Cl}$. At zero field $H=0$, an antiferromagnetic transition from magnetization and specific heat measurements is clearly established at ${T}_{N}$, while no dielectric anomaly was observed. Those results are similar to the previous report [V. Gnezdilov et al., (arXiv:1604.04249)]. Above the critical field ${H}_{\mathrm{c}}\ensuremath{\sim}0.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$, a metamagnetic spin-flip transition from antiferromagnetic to ferrimagnetic order at $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{N}$ is induced anisotropically only for $H\ensuremath{\parallel}c$. Meanwhile, a ferroelectric behavior from dielectric and pyroelectric current measurements is observed below $T\ensuremath{\sim}{T}_{N}$; then a corresponding type-II multiferroics emerges above ${H}_{\mathrm{c}}$. The key mechanism of the anisotropic spin-flip-induced multiferroicity in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{u}}_{3}\mathrm{Bi}{(\mathrm{Se}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{Cl}$ can be ascribed to the breaking of magnetic twofold symmetry in the $bc$ plane above ${H}_{\mathrm{c}}$.


This article aims to explore the impact of the intervention strategies of civil organizations for the attention of women in Mexico in producing a particular vision on gender and the assessment of their performance. The analysis is supported on an intervention typology, an assessment of performance and on the information from three study cases. Some findings show that the intervention strategies condition some of the assessed elements and impact on the differentiation of the women's involvement from gender perspective.


Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of Danlong Zhiyang Pills in the treatment of cutaneous pruritus w ith blood deficiency and w ind dryness.Methods: One hundred and tw enty patients w ere equally randomized into 3 groups,Danlong Zhiyang Pills group,Wushe Zhiyang Pills group,and Desloratadine group.Patients in the 3 groups w ere given the corresponding drugs.After treatment,scores of prutitus and clinical symptoms w ere recorded for the evaluation of therapeutic effect.Results: The scores w ere decreased in 3 groups after treatment(P 0.01 compared w ith those before treatment),the symptom relief and therapeutic effect in Danlong Zhiyang Pills group w as superior to that in Wushe Zhiyang Pills group and Desloratadine group(P 0.05 or P 0.01),and the symptom relief and therapeutic effect in Wushe Zhiyang Pills group(P 0.05) w as superior to in Desloratadine group(P 0.05).Danlong Zhiyang Pills group and Wushe Zhiyang Pills group had a higher recurrence rate than Desloratadine group(P 0.01).Conclusion:Danlong Zhiyang Pills show certain therapeutic effect for cutaneous pruritus.


This study evaluated the effect of using acetylated nanofibrillated cellulose (ANFC) and acetylated pulp (AP) fibers to modify strength and barrier properties of paper. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was produced using an ultra-fine friction grinder. The NFC and pulp fibers were modified by the heterogeneous acetylation process. Chemical modification was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy together with titration. The values of density, burst strength, tensile strength, and air resistance were increased by adding NFC and ANFC to the paper combination. Addition of NFC to the non-acetylated pulp had no significant effect on the water absorption of made paper (p > 0.05), while addition of ANFC to the non-acetylated pulp led to a decrease in the water absorption of about 23.1%. The results indicated that addition of partially acetylated NFC to the pulp caused an improvement in both the air and water barrier and mechanical strength properties of the paper, simultaneously.


Simple modifications to a Unicam S.P. 500 spectrometer have been made which permit accurate measurements on samples at temperatures up to 400°C. Details of performance are given.


There is currently no qualitative survey of East Asian collections in the United States. One objective of this article is to explore a methodology for collection evaluation for East Asian studies. The method of qualitative collection evaluation used in this pilot study could be applied to other subject areas and other area studies.


Despite the practical lack of mast cells in the skin tissue of WBB6F1-Kit /Kit, the skin tissue of WBB6F1Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice contains one third of mast cells than that of WBB6F1/ mice. We attempted to investigate the function of the decreased but appreciable number of mast cells in the skin of WBB6F1-Mitf / Mitf mi-vga9 mice. The substance P (SP)-induced eosinophil infiltration was examined using air-bleb assay. The air-bleb membrane was composed of the subcutaneous connective tissue. Unexpectedly, we found that the air-bleb membranes formed in the back of WBB6F1Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice contained no mast cells. The WBB6F1-Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice showed impaired SP-induced eosinophil infiltration as observed in WBB6F1-Kit /Kit mice, indicating that mast cells detected in the dermis of WBB6F1-Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice did not help SP-induced eosinophil infiltration. Subcutaneous transplantation of cultured mast cells from WBB6F1/ mice normalized SP-induced eosinophil infiltration in WBB6F1-Kit /Kit mice but not in WBB6F1-Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice. The greater number and the more dispersed distribution pattern of mast cells that appeared in the subcutaneous connective tissue of WBB6F1-Kit /Kit mice after the transplantation appeared to explain the difference between WBB6F1-Kit /Kit and WBB6F1-Mitf /Mitf mi-vga9 mice. (Am J Pathol 2004, 165:1141–1150)


The effects of heterogeneities on the steady state flow of a single fluid in a porous medium are examined. It is argued that incomplete knowledge of the permeability requires the use of a stochastic model of the system. It is shown that the problem may be written as a field theory which allows a perturbation series to be expressed by diagrammatic means. This allows the calculation of effective permeability, the mean pressure and the pressure variance. The method, as well as recovering familiar results, gives a formal means of improving the approximation and approaching more complex systems.


Back Amorphous-Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction (BACH) photovoltaic device integrates a range of high efficiency features while using low temperature (∼200 °C) fabrication processes. High efficiency features include back contact metallization, optimum interfacial passivation, and front-side and rear-side reflective coatings and scatterers for maximum light trapping. Two types of BACH cell prototypes were fabricated in this work with the best performing cell having an AM1.5G conversion efficiency of 8.1%, VOC = 0.536 V, JSC = 20 mA/cm2 and FF = 75.5%. Theoretically, the BACH solar cell concept has the potential of attaining energy conversion efficiencies in the 20 – 25% range. In this first set of cells, the BACH cell performance is limited by poor surface passivation and un-optimized cell design. Recent experiments with various passivation procedures has led to high minority carrier lifetimes in the ms range while carrying out the processes at low temperature, thus opening the way to higher efficiency BACH cells.


An on-line data acquisition computer system is described which runs background computational programs while it is acquiring data independently of and asynchronously with the program. A combination of hardware and software prevents loss of data and destruction of the system through errors in Fortran background programs.


In accordance with the plan for joint Anglo-Soviet scientific and technical collaboration on environmental problems, the comparative evaluation of systems of hydrobiological analysis of the surface water quality started in 1977 at the Regional Laboratory of the Severn-Trent Water Authority in Nottingham were continued in the spring of 1978. The investigations were carried out under the auspices of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Hydrobiological and hydrochemical samples were collected by Soviet and British specialists from the Kiev reservoir and the rivers Dnieper, Sozh, Desna and Snov. The samples were processed on the expedition ships and in the Laboratory for the Hydrobiology of Small Water Bodies of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. The possible approved methods to be adopted were evaluated from the samples using the phytoperiphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos against a background of hydrochemical characteristics. The study concludes that weather conditions complicated the work on testing the systems of biological indication of water quality and made it inadvisable to use those methods of comparison which were used when similar work was carried out in Nottingham.


Based on the theoretical hypothesis of leaf-spring analysis,a calculation method of motion trail has been put forward based on the equal arc length method. Modeling the leaf-spring by CATIA sketch and drawing motion trail of leaf-spring. Comparing the motion trail between SAE arc method and equal arc length method. The result show that equal arc length method has higher calculation accuracy and can be applied to leaf-spring design and suspension kinematic analysis.


Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia's Frontiers of Fear is an ambitious exercise in conceptual and theoretical translation, in at least two ways. It is, first, an attempt to introduce concepts and theories ...


A study of the direct costs of treating pneumonia of children at Bach Mai hospital from October 2018 to March 2019 that the costs of hospital beds accounts shows for the highest proportion, then comes the cost of medicines and diagnostics. The cost of antibiotics is the highest in the cost of drugs, while the cost of diagnosis is the cost of testing. The cost of treatment is significantly related to the number of days of treatment, in addition, the severity or co-morbidity factors are affected only when considered individually. The support of health insurance can be up to more than 70% of the direct cost. The research results show that the cost of treatment in Viet Nam is lower than some countries in the region, the cost distribution is similar to that of some other domestic studies, but the cost of antibiotics has decreased significantly. Although drugs used at Bach Mai hospital are prescribing mainly generic medicines.


: Background: Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.ex Lindl .), a plant belonging to Pandanaceae family, mainly native to South-east Asian countries. Pandan leaves are widely used in South East Asia for flavouring various food products such as bakery products, sweets and even home cooking because of its distinct and pleasant aroma. This aroma is due to the presence of the compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) and is the only species of Pandanus genus with scented leaves. Many studies revealed that Pandan is a rich source of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Leaves of Pandan can be used for diuretic, cures headache, fever, arthritis etc. It exhibits several bioactivities such as antiviral, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anticancer, antimicrobial activities including food preservatives and its industrial applications. Objective: This review focuses on an overview of different literatures that includes the effect of crude extract from PA leaves on the management of various diseases, health related problems and combat them and its effect is due to the presences of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils etc. and this may be useful to the health professionals, scientists and scholars working the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop evidence-based alternative medicine to cure different kinds of diseases in man and animals. Method: For this review, we conduced searches using both scientific databases e.g., PUBMED, Science Direct, SCI-HUB and Elsevier for scientific studies, as well as, commercial search engines such as google, google patent, google scholar, India Biodiversity portal and we carried out different literatures survey that has been worked on this plant. Discussion and Conclusion: In this review article, an attempt has been made to compile the reported literatures of this plant and we have found out that Pandan is use as a source of therapeutic values against various diseases. Extensive studies can be carried out in this plant for further exploration of the necessary and potential benefit for the development of better medicinal products.


An evaluation of soil components was carried out in two pilot areas of 1.5 ha each, located in Piedra Azul and La Cienaga sectors, pertaining to the Motatan River watershed, State of Trujillo, Venezuela. The purpose of the study was to determine the adaptability of some fruit and forestry species, sorted out by agro-forestry land use types (LUT). In order to complete the evaluation, the following agro-forestry systems were selected: Cacao production (Theobroma cacao L.) + Guamo (Inga spectabilis L.) and Cacao production (Theobroma cacao L.) + Cedar (Cedrela odorata L.), Aliso production (Alnus acuminata) + Apple (Malus silvestris) and Aliso production (Alnus acuminata) + Andean blackberry (Rubus glaucus). The physical evaluation of the sample areas required the application of the F.A.O. scheme, which enabled to determine the adaptability of the LUT in the areas under study. The results obtained revealed that the sample areas were moderately suitable for the LUT reviewed.


With the advancement in technology, one thing that concerns the whole world and especially in the developing countries is the tremendous increase in the population. With such a rapid rate of increase, it is becoming difficult to recognize each and every individual because we have to maintain copies either in digital or hard copy format of every individual at different time periods of his life. Sometimes database has the required information of that particular individual, but it's of no use as it is now obsolete. With age a person's facial features changes and it becomes difficult to identify a person given an image of his at two different ages. This paper discusses a novel mechanism by which two images at different time periods of the individual life can be compared so that it can be ascertained both images are of same individual. This is done by extracting feature points of a face from which a face triangle is formed. If the ratio of areas of the triangles of both images is within a specified range then we can say both images are of same person. A range of threshold values is proposed adhering to the ratios of the areas between various age groups which can be matched with to determine whether a particular image is of the same person or not. At the same time if it is known that the images are of same person then age range can also be estimated. Experimental results show that face recognition and age range estimation both may be effectively performed and which performs with low computational effort.


Numerous game related elements such as points, badges, leaderboard, and ranking are utilized in educational context when motivation and engagement need to be boosted. Undoubtedly, influencing students' engagement has been reported as one of the gamification's pros. However, study the effects of certain game elements on dissimilar types of students is recommended by several researchers. Accordingly, a learning style is a vital factor in human learning process which is considered as an important personalization parameter in several eLearning tools. This research has used Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model (FSLSM) as personalization parameter along with 10 game elements to propose a personalized gamified learning model. A Design Science Research Approach (DSRA) has been undertaken to examine the proposed model in improving the students' scores in Data Flow Diagram (DFD) lesson during class learning process. For validating the proposed model, 50 Multiple Choice Questions for DFD web-based gamified application has been developed. An experimental study using the application has been conducted with 71 undergraduate students from School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Participants were divided into two groups: experimental and control. Additionally, the gamification application has two different modes: personalized mode (for experimental group) and non-personalized mode (for control group). Data was collected from the application database and perceived usefulness questionnaire. An independent t-test has been used to compare means of scores between the groups. Result shows that personalized gamified learning is an effective method in learning process, as well as in boosting student perceived usefulness of the application.


With the rapid advancement of nanotechnologies, it is more likely that biological systems may be exposed to an excessive amount of nanoparticles (NPs). The effect of NPs on plants, on the other hand, has yet to be investigated. The study's objective was to explore the comparative and effect of traditional salt (ZnSO 4 ), chemical and biological zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs, ZnObNPs) respectively through foliar treatment on photosynthetic traits, soluble sugars, proteins, phenols, oil content, and mineral content. 40, 90 days old seedlings of canola were foliar with distilled water (control), 50 or 100 mg/l of ZnSO4, ZnONPs, and ZnObNPs, respectively. Plants grown with ZnObNPs (100 mg/l) exhibited better growth and photosynthetic characteristics and higher levels of soluble sugars, proteins, phenols, oil content, and mineral content than non-treated plants at 50, 100, and 160 days after sowing (DAS). In conclusion, ZnObNPs can be used to improve canola plants by up-regulating the non-antioxidant defense system as phenol, osmolyte and increased oil content, mineral content.


We examine radiofrequency initiation of high pressure(1–70 Torr) inductive plasma discharges in argon, nitrogen, air and organic seed gas mixtures. Millimeter wave interferometry, optical emission and antenna wave impedance measurements for double half-turn helix and helical inductive antennas are used to interpret the rf/plasma coupling, measure the densities in the range of 1012 cm−3 and analyze the ionization and excited states of the gas mixtures. We have also carried out 193 nm excimer laser initiation of an organic gas seed plasma which is sustained at higher pressures(150 Torr) by radiofrequency coupling at 2.8 kW power levels.


Exoskeletons are a special type of collaborative robot that can be thought of as a humanoid robot clung to a human body (or a pilot). The proposed powered exoskeleton/robot is a 3 Degree of Freedom (DoF) robot and it relies on DC motors to apply the necessary joint torques which in turn require an input to drive these motors. Using Euler-Lagrange dynamics, dynamic model of this robot is developed that provides a mathematical relations among joint torques, joint angles and torque at the end effector. Force sensors at the wrist compute the desired input torque at the end effector; this dynamic model then maps the input torque to the respective joint torques that can produce the desired input torque at the end effector.


Serious games have the potential to serve as research tools in the HRM domain, educational tools for the teaching of HRM, and tools for HRM practice. In this PDW we will not only address these three use cases for serious games, we will invite participants to experience a serious game that we have designed and used for all three priory mentioned use cases. InLine is a strategic HRM serious game in which players are challenged to design a firm specific HRM configuration. InLine has been used as a research tool by enabling insight in decisions by HR-professionals regarding firm specific HR-practices over multiple years, as an educational tool for the teaching of configurational HRM, and as a decision support tool for the design of a firm specific HRM configuration in practice. The goal of the PDW is to inspire participants to consider the use of serious games in their research, education and practice of HRM. Take home deliverables for participants are (1) an exploration of the possibilities of serious game in HRM research and teaching, (2) insight into the development and implementation of serious games in HRM research and teaching, and (3) consideration and specification of the use of serious games in research and teaching trough a plenary discussion.


The basis for the frequent occurrence of an elevation of the plasma urate concentration in patients with gout has interested investigators for many years. Increased urate production, decreased nonrenal urate disposal, and decreased urinary urate excretion all have been considered as possible causes of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. 1-6 In an attempt to clarify this problem, we have examined the role of the kidneys in regulating plasma urate concentration by studying patients who are likely to have increased endogenous urate production due to diseases unrelated to primary gout. Adult male patients with leukemia were studied. Their plasma uric acid concentrations, 24-hour urinary urate excretion, and urate-to-creatinine excretion ratios were compared with the results of similar studies performed on normal subjects and on patients with gout. Methods Twelve male patients with acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloblastic, or chronic myelocytic leukemia were studied. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were excluded from the


Using different photopyroelectric configurations, we have experimentally studied the frequency dependence of the thermal properties of the glass former glycerol near its glass transition. With our method, an unambiguous and separate determination of the frequency dependence of the specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity is possible. Within experimental uncertainty, in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 1100 Hz, unlike the specific heat capacity, the thermal conductivity of glycerol does not show any frequency dependence through the glass transition region. We have also extended the thermal spectroscopy frequency range to 100 kHz, which is one decade higher than other methods.


In this work, the main reasons for the breakage of 500 kV transmission line are studied. Under low temperature condition, the coverage of the ice results in the disconnection between the aluminum tube and the steel anchor of strain clamp. Using macroscopic analysis, structure stress analysis, force analysis and mechanical property test, the fractured strain clamps are investigated. The crimping of the aluminum tube on the polished rod not on the grooves of the steel anchor leads to the damage of the strain clamps, which is defined as improper crimping. When improper crimping emerges, there will be only friction force between the aluminum tube and the steel anchor without shear force, and the tension of the conductor will be mainly supported by the steel strands which should be supported by both the aluminum tube and steel stands. Therefore, the breaking force of the strain clamp will greatly decrease. The failure analysis helps to promote the proper hydraulic crimping process and the safe operation of the transmission line.


100-105 g of food grains, oilseeds, nuts, dry fruits and processed foods were filled into glass jars and 30 3-4 wk old Tribolium castaneum adults introduced in the middle. Methyl iodide was introduced as a vapour, under a slight suction, exposure periods of 24 or 48 h being used. Tabulated data show the dosage required for 100% effect and the methyl iodide residue remaining in the food. Residues were as follows (ppm): red gram splits, 1.14; Bengal gram splits, 0.73; black gram splits, 0.43, green gram splits, 0.65; groundnut kernels, 0.22; groundnut meal, 0.45; cashew kernels, 2.2; walnuts, 0.96; almond kernels, 0.97; sesame seed, 1.19; coriander, 0.96; groundnut cake, 0.80; and coffee beans, 0.83. It therefore appears possible to utilize methyl iodide for fumigation of stored products, especially for in-package and rigid container treatments of processed foods, dry fruits, nuts and spices.


Green buildings conserve precious natural resources and increase our standard of living. Green building, in principle, seeks to reduce the negative impact on our atmosphere and natural environment. This effort is marked by the existence of a green building rating. However, currently, not many construction stakeholders have used this rating system. Therefore, this paper attempts to illustrate the critical points of the green building concept based on stakeholder knowledge and, at the same time, offers new ranking criteria. This paper then chooses a general analytic approach, including literature on green buildings' ranking and Indonesian religious values. AHP was selected as a method in this study to provide an overview of how much stakeholder confidence for spiritual values in green criteria. This study shows different weight values on the requirements for green buildings based on religious values and Greenship. Most of the stakeholders chose the Water criterion at 27.66% as a substantial point value for realizing a sustainable site, while in Greenship, almost all the criteria have the same weight. Confidently, the criteria and value weights used in realizing a sustainable site align with religious values because the implementation will be more straightforward.


There is provided a floatation device for supporting at least one photovoltaic solar panel above a body of water. Preferably, the floatation device includes a base that is able to float on or in the body of water, and at least one support to position the at least one photovoltaic solar panel at an angle to the base. At least one coupling member is used to couple the floatation device to an adjacent floatation device. In various embodiments an array of floatation devices holding solar panels can be constructed that can be rotated on the body of water to relatively easily track the motion of the sun across the sky during the day. The pitch angle of solar panels can be fixed or varied. Optionally, the base includes at least one opening.


This latest instalment in the Baylor Handbook on the Greek New Testament series is a welcome addition. Clause by clause, and often phrase by phrase, the authors comment on the grammatical, syntactical and, in this instance, even the rhetorical aspects of the text. The authors are aware of the more recent developments in the study of Greek and make good use of this. For example, they accept the importance of aspect in understanding the Greek verb, without jettisoning the notion of tense altogether – a perfectly sensible position. Admirable is the attention given to punctuation and paragraphing issues, while exegetical discussions often either inspire the discussion of grammatical points or, reversely, grammar is used to sharpen existing exegetical discussion. In one aspect, the book is not doing what it could have done, and that is in the discussion of textual variants – here the authors are mainly repeating Metzger and/or Thiselton. This book serves everyone whose Greek is a bit rusty or who wants to have a quick reference to relevant grammatical discussions. It is also a great tool to lay the technical basis for any advanced course on Greek exegesis of 1 Corinthians. Given the authors' sensible choices in selecting material to discuss, many readers of the Greek text will benefit from these two volumes in their reading of this letter.


Gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory is extended to handle perturbations induced by seeds. A calculation of the Sachs-Wolfe effect is presented. A second-order differential equation for the growth of density perturbations is derived and the perturbation of Liouville's equation for collisionless particles is also given. The results are illustrated by a simple analytic example of a single texture knot, where we calculate the induced perturbations of the energy of microwave photons, of baryonic matter, and of collisionless particles. DURRER, Ruth. Gauge invariant cosmological perturbation theory with seeds. Physical Review. D, 1990, vol. 42, no. 8, p. 2533-2540 DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.42.2533 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:1014 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.


The diurnal variation of the solar quiet (Sq) in the geomagnetic north-south component (H) and geomagnetic east- west component (D), along the Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) stations in Egypt during year 2009 have been studied. MAGDAS was successfully installed at two stations in Egypt Fayum (FYM) and Aswan (ASW). Several forms of Abnormal Quiet Days (AQDs) have been found in both of Sq (H) and Sq (D). These AQDs of Sq (H) are expected to be related to counter or reversed electrojet while AQDs of Sq (D) is presumably due to the currents of the (2, 3) mode.


Best practice in the automotive product development process Comparative analysis of the point- and set-based models of concurrent engineering Capabilities framework for the automotive development process at Toyota Real option model of the automotive development process Optimizing the development process in dynamic and uncertain environments


Under steady-state conditions when fluid temperature is constant, there is no damping and time lag and temperature measurement can be accomplished with high degree of accuracy. However, when fluid temperature is varying rapidly as during start-up, quite appreciable differences occur between the actual fluid temperature and the measured temperature. This is due to the time required for the transfer of heat to the thermocouple placed inside a heavy thermometer pocket. In this paper, two different techniques for determining transient fluid temperature based on the first and second order thermometer model are presented. The fluid temperature was determined using the temperature indicated by the thermometer, which was suddenly immersed into boiling water. To demonstrate the applicability of the presented method to actual data, the time constants for the three sheathed thermocouples with different diameters, placed in the air stream, were estimated as a function of the air velocity.


FEATHERS, in common with other structures, are at times liable to show abnormal characters, the reasons for which can at most be only imperfectly understood. Feathers of birds, teeth of mammals, etc., and many other structures, as is well known, are all produced as epidermal growths having some connection with a mesoblastic papilla at the base of a follicle which is sometimes only secondarily formed. Probably all such structures which are in connection with a single papilla or follicle have been observed at one time or another to present the condition of Dichotomy or, more generally speaking, of 'bifurcation' as an abnormality. It would seem that, as the tooth is the structure whose wellbeing or the reverse impresses itself upon the individual the most, dichotomised teeth have had more attention paid to them than have cases of dichotomy in other analogous organs. This is only natural, since so many isolated specimens must pass under the observation of dentists every day. Bifurcated or 'double' feathers have, however, been noted on several occasions, and if we knew where to look for recorded instances of the abnormality, quite a large amount of information might be collected in reference to this subject.' I have had in my possession since the spring of 1901 a domestic pigeon which has in every ' crop' of feathers presented two bifurcated rectrices-the feather nearest to the middle line on each side of the tail. When I first saw the bird, it was not many weeks old, and it then had the two bifurcated feathers in exactly the same place in which they have always been presented-they being the same two follicles which constantly give rise to this abnormal type of feather. I think it worth while mentioning this particularly, because many ornithologists lay great stress on the constant difference between the first


YOUNG CHILDREN'S MATHEMATICAL PATTERNING
Jillian Fox
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Mathematical patterning is fundamental to the development of mathematics. Steen (1990), in fact, argued that "Mathematics is the science and language of patterns" (p. 5). The years prior to formal schooling (pre-compulsory education and care services) are widely recognised as a period of critical development where the salient role of patterning features significantly.
In a multi-case study children's engagement in mathematical patterning experiences was investigated as was the teachers' involvement in, and influence on these experiences. The study was conducted in one preschool and one preparatory year setting. These sites were typical learning environments for Queensland children in the year prior to compulsory schooling. Multiple sources of data were collected. These data comprised semi-structured interviews with each teacher, copies of their daily programs and video-taped observation of the classes. Ten episodes of mathematical patterning were identified and categorised as teacher-planned, teacher-initiated, or child-initiated. Two episodes were initiated by children and the other eight were guided by the teachers. The nature of the teacher intervention in the child-initiated activities was of particular interest. Frameworks were developed to guide the examination of these episodes, with these frameworks being informed by the conceptual framework of Stein, Grover and Henningsen (1996).
The findings of this case study suggest that child-initiated episodes containing mathematical patterning are productive learning occurrences. During unstructured play times, children initiated activities that explored repeating patterns, pattern language, and the elements of linear patterns. These episodes were rich opportunities where children shared, refined, and developed their knowledge of patterns. Thus, child-initiated experiences can be powerful learning opportunities with the potential to develop children's knowledge of mathematical patterning in meaningful contexts.
The findings also suggest that teachers' understanding of patterning as well as their engagement in, and influence on child-initiated episodes impacts significantly on the outcomes of the event. Teachers play a myriad of salient roles to assist the development of mathematical patterning. The role of the teacher in questioning, providing resources, being involved, and offering encouragement has the potential to enrich mathematical patterning experiences and extend the children's existing knowledge. Likewise, teachers' limited knowledge of patterning concepts and processes, and the confines of their teaching competencies can hinder the outcomes of patterning events.
The poster will illustrate some of the above findings and will include a focus on how teachers' intervention can either extend or inhibit children's development of mathematical patterning.
Many early childhood professionals now agree that children should be "guided if not taught" to do some mathematics (Ginsburg et. al., 1999). When teachers understand what to teach, when to teach, and how to teach, they can provide rich opportunities for children to engage in patterning experiences, and capitalise on child-initiated learning activities.
Ginsburg, H. P., Inoue, N. & Seo, K. H. (1999). Young children doing mathematics: Observations of everyday activities. In J. Copely (Ed.). Mathematics in the early years (pp.88-99). Reston, VA. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Steen, L. A. (Ed.). (1990). On the shoulders of giants: New approaches to numeracy. Washington DC: National Academy Press in Stein, M. K., Grover, B. W. & Henningsen, M. (1996). Building student capacity for mathematical thinking and reasoning: An analysis of mathematical tasks used in reform classrooms. American Education Research Journal, 33, 455-488.


We present progress towards the generation of photon triplet states and realisation of a tunable source of entangled photons. In both cases, control of the phase-matching is achieved through gas-pressure tuning.


Abstract : In the swage autofrettage process, partial autofrettage was achieved by driving an oversized mandrel through the cylinders to cause plastic deformation. In this work, we made experimental and theoretical investigations of residual stresses in a swaged asymmetric thick-walled cylinder with small wall variations. Hoop and radial residual stress distributions, as well as angular hoop stress variations at the inside and outside diameter of the cylinder, were determined by using a single-exposure position-sensitive scintillation x-ray diffraction detection system. Our experimental results were in good agreement with the residual stress distributions predicted from Tresca's hydraulic autofrettage model. Deviations of hoop residual stress at the bore may be attributed to Bauschinger's effect. Finite element analysis using ABAQUS code on a Convex supercomputer was used to model the swage autofrettage process. Small angular residual stress variations were predicted due to the eccentricity of the cylinder. The finite element model predictions of residual stress distribution were in general agreement with experimental results except near the bore. Preliminary results of an alternative finite element method showed a reduced compressive hoop stress near the bore, similar to the results obtained by assuming Bauschinger's effect. Residual Stress, Finite Element Analysis, Pressure Vessel, Reverse Yielding, Eccentric Cylinder, X-Ray Diffraction, Swage Autofrettage, Bauschinger's Effect, ABA US Code


Several publications have obtained promising results when using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) for history matching reservoir simulation models, see Evensen et al.(2007) and references therein. This paper gives a basic introduction to the history matching problem and its solution by the EnKF, and its relation to the problem considered by other methods for assisted history matching.


The orbit of the Chelyabinsk object is calculated, applying the least‐squares method directly to astrometric positions. The dynamical evolution of this object in the past is studied by integrating equations of motion for particles with orbits from the confidence region. It is found that the majority of the Chelyabinsk clones reach the near‐Sun state. Sixty‐seven percent of these objects have collisions with the Sun for 15 Myr in our numerical simulations. The distribution of minimum solar distances shows that the most probable time for the encounters of the Chelyabinsk object with the Sun lies in the interval from −0.8 Myr to −2 Myr. This is consistent with the estimate of a cosmic ray exposure age of 1.2 Myr (Popova et al. 2013). A parent body of the Chelyabinsk object should experience strong tidal and thermal effects at this time. The possible association of the Chelyabinsk object with 86039 (1999 NC43) and 2008 DJ is discussed.


Context: Software transfer is one of the approaches to globalize software development that prescribes transferring a software product from an original development site to another site. This approac ...


Purpose

This concluding paper filters out meaningful marketing strategies that could be used to re-position and re-establish tourism destinations struggling with negative image. Drawing from a collection of case studies around the world, this paper aims to provide evidence from post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destinations to anchor the overall conclusion of the theme issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper summarizes key issues faced by destinations plagued with a negative image and identifies adaptive marketing strategies based on existing marketing theories and success stories from struggling destinations.

Findings

Destinations with a negative image are mostly post-colonial, post-conflict or post disaster destinations (or all of the three combined), and despite their poor (if no) marketing strategies, they continue to struggle to find their share in the tourism market. This paper highlights four main challenges of such destinations and proposes that adaptive marketing strategies can turn the situation of struggling destinations to a situation of emerging destinations. Marketing strategies that are cited in this theme are based on empirical evidence and they are communication strategy, differentiation and promotion of responsible and health tourism, heritage tourism, cluster tourism and the involvement of destination marketing organisations.

Originality/value

This paper takes a somewhat different approach and proposes adaptive marketing strategies for struggling destinations. These are based on the notion that the consequences of not addressing negative image also impacts on established destinations that have to cope with increased capacity. The value of this paper is that it draws from empirical evidence, each unique in their own right and re-establishes how post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destinations could improve while highlighting their potential and limiting factors.