The New Zealand Law Commission's Report on Arbitration recommends that new arbitration legislation based on the UNCITRAL Model law be enacted to replace its existing Arbitration Act 1908 and Arbitration Amendment Act 1938 (as amended).1 New Zealand's current legislation is essentially based on the English Arbitration Act 1889 and the Arbitration Act 1934. Whereas in England there have since been substantial changes in the law of arbitration, culminating in the English Arbitration Act 1979, these changes have not been made in New Zealand. It has been over 50 years since the last major amendment was made to New Zealand arbitration legislation, save for the enactment of the 1958 New York Arbitration Convention in 1982. The Law Commission's Report follows its discussion paper on Arbitration (1988) and widespread consultations, in New Zealand and abroad.

The new legislation proposed by the Law Commission is to be based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration; and the Report contains the text of a draft Arbitration Act with a detailed commentary on each provision of the draft Act and the Model Law. The Report also considers the different studies on the Model Law in Canada, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and Australia; and it comes after the enactment of the Model Law in six countries of the British Commonwealth: Australia (1988), Canada (1986-1988), Cyprus (1987), Hong Kong (1989), Nigeria (1988) and Scotland (1990). It also draws upon the valuable and (by now) large body of scholarship on the Model Law, led by the work of Dr. Gerold Herrmann and Holtzmann & Neuhaus' recent 'Guide to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration: Legislative History and Commentary'. The Report includes a large bibliography (Appendix C) and the UNCITRAL Report on the Model Law containing the UNCITRAL Secretariat's analytical commentary on its …


Modbus agreement is automation system of a kind of equipment used communication between transfer protocol.It has become a general industry standards.Standard Modbus agreement can use RS232 and RS485/422 compatible with serial interface,telecommunication lines with 2 wire connection,through the Modbus agreement that different manufacturer that control equipment can industrial network repeatedly,centralized monitoring.This paper introduces the Modbus agreement in our fertilizer production device SIS logic control system and the DCS control system,technical communication between example,through the hardware configuration and software configuration of the corresponding introduction,aims to let the reader know about Modbus common configuration method and application of the basic principle,the author in solving other equipment communication between problem provide the means.This article stresses on the SIS and DCS communication between the analysis of problems,the authentication,design and construction are introduced,and through the SIS and DCS data exchange,to improve the production management level and enhance the control function to provide a new idea.


(as the judgment implies) or at any time up to the contract's profferance and the expiry of the fourteen day period. Could PHH have entertained other offers before, if ever, sending out a draft to Mr. Pitt? The recognition by the court of a valid lock out agreement is of considerable importance. Parties now have a greater degree of certainty when entering into these, something that Watford v. Miles [1992] 2 A.C. 128 did not provide. This is of value not only in conveyancing but wherever a purchaser seeks protection as he investigates the prospective purchase. Because a lock out agreement is essentially negative, courts will not compel a sale. What is likely to be of importance is whether or not a party could obtain an injunction preventing the locked out party from dealing with others during the currency of the agreement. It is submitted that such relief should be generally available; the analogy to be made is with that of restrictive covenants in contracts for personal services. At the end of the day, however, lock out agreements will not provide a complete protection. The vendor is not bound to sell to the purchaser. Some vendors, such as those whose obligation is to obtain the best possible price, may find themselves unable to enter into lock out agreements. Finally, just as clever purchasers will be wise to insist upon a lock out agreement, canny vendors will refuse them.


Bond-slip behavior between reinforcement and concrete under push-pull cyclic loadings is numerically investigated based on a reinforcement model proposed in this paper. The equivalent reinforcing steel model considering the bond-slip effect without taking double nodes is derived through the equilibrium at each node of steel and the compatibility condition between steel and concrete. Besides a specific transformation algorithm is composed to transfer the forces and displacements from the nodes of the steel element to the nodes of the concrete element. This model first results in an effective use in the case of complex steel arrangements where the steel elements cross the sides of the concrete elements and second turns the impossibility into a possibility in consideration of the bond-slip effect in three dimensional finite element analysis. Finally, the correlation studies between numerical and experimental results under the continuously repeated large deformation stages demonstrate the validity of developed reinforcing steel model and adopted algorithms.


A new medium current ion implanter has been developed based on the EXCEED3000, which is highly reliable and widely used in 300mm fabs. The ion implanter now has to be designed so that it can precisely measure and control beam characteristics. For example beam angles have to be controlled in halo implantation because high tilt angle implantation is done according to the device geometric structure. Not only horizontal beam profile system but also vertical beam profile system are implemented in EXCEED3000AH‐G3 for the precise implantation control.


PILDAT is an independent, non-partisan and not-for-profit indigenous research and training institution with the mission to strengthen democracy and democratic institutions in Pakistan. PILDAT is a registered non-profit entity under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860, Pakistan. Any part of this publication can be used or cited with a clear reference to PILDAT. The purpose of EPI is to initiate a collective effort to reduce the mortality results from the seven EPI target diseases by immunizing children of the age 0-11 months and women of child bearing age. Although Pakistan has made impressive gains in increasing the EPI coverage in the recent years, the public awareness and thus pubic support and participation in immunization drives of the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan needs to improve further to enable us to achieve the targets set under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The elected representatives of the people in the Parliament and the Provincial Legislatures can play a very important role in enhancing the understanding and participation of their communities in the EPI initiatives. It is however critical that these elected representatives are themselves aware of the significance of EPI, its current status and the challenges being faced in this context. They should also be aware of the progress being made in their constituencies on EPI within the context of the overall national state of immunization. This briefing paper has been specially commissioned by PILDAT to give the background and current status of immunization in Pakistan with an aim to brief Parliamentarians and Provincial Legislators on this important subject. PILDAT endeavors to enhance the awareness of elected legislators to act proactively to urge the Government to address the issues in the immunization programme in Pakistan. This paper has been authored by Dr. Haris Ahmed, a senior Public Health expert with international experience. Acknowledgements PILDAT would like to acknowledge the support provided by the UNICEF for the project of Promoting Immunization programme and relating policies among Parliamentarians. The paper has been prepared under the project.


In response to the problems of the Windows executable being reverse-analyzed easily, we introduce the technology of INT3 breakpoint detection and characteristics detection in the tail of the heap in the software anti-dynamic-debugging. We also applied the multistage security policy which contains self-stored secret key decryption and the UKEY based decryption to the anti-static-analysis. When an attacker is trying to attack the program with the debugger, the detection thread will check the existence of the INT3 breakpoint in the head of the key API and the debugging-characteristics in the tail of the heap. If the analysis behavior is confirmed, the program will be terminated. At the same time, the key function will be hidden in exception handlers and the attacker will be unable to follow in the key function. According to the multilevel security policy, the program can be executed directly under low level policy, and it should be authenticated by the U-KEY to execute under the high level policy. After the experiment of effectiveness and feasibility test, we can conclude that this system is able to detect the execution environment and protect the software from reverse-attacking effectively.


Accelerated neuromorphic hardware allows the emulation of spiking neural networks with a high speed-up factor compared to classical computer simulation approaches. However, realizing a high degree of versatility and configurability in the implemented models is challenging.
In this thesis, we present two mixed-signal ASICs that improve upon previous architectures by augmenting the versatility of the modeled synapses and neurons. In the first part, we present the integration of an analog multi-compartment neuron model into the Multi-Compartment Chip. We characterize the properties of this neuron model and describe methods to compensate for deviations from ideal behavior introduced by the physical implementation. The implemented features of the multi-compartment neurons are demonstrated with a compact prototype setup. In the second part, the integration of a general-purpose microprocessor with analog models of neurons and synapses is described. This allows to define learning rules that go beyond spike-timing dependent plasticity in software without decreasing the speed-up of the underlying network emulation. In the third part, the importance of testability and pre-tapeout verification is discussed and exemplified by the design process of both chips.


[Abstract] Objective To explore the potential mechanism of Yiqijianpi traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound treatment on gastric motility of diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats. Methods Rats were treated with a single shot of STZ (tail vein injection) combined with high fat, high sugar, and irregular feeding methods for 4 weeks to induce DGP in these Rats. Then, they were randomized into the model group (normal saline 10 ml/kg), the mosapride group (mosapride 1.575 mg/kg), the high dose (5 g/kg), and the low dose TCM group (1.25 g/kg). In addition, normal rats were set as the control group (normal saline 10 ml/ kg). Each group of rats was intragastrically administered once a day for 4 weeks according to the dose and treatment indicated above. The general conditions were recorded. The changes in weight, blood glucose, gastric emptying rate, and intestinal propulsion rate were monitored. ELISA was used to detect serum levels of gastrin (GAS), plasma motilin (MTL) and substance P (SP). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the distribution and expression of tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) in the gastric antrum. The expression of stem cell factor (SCF) and tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) were detected by Western blotting. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of the gastric antrum. Results Compared with the control group, rats induced with GDP showed deteriorated disease progress, such as lower body weight ( P <0.01) and higher blood glucose levels ( P <0.01). Compared with the model group, rats that treated with different drugs showed improved parameters, such as increased body ( P <0.05). In addition, lower blood glucose levels were detected in high/low-dose TCM group ( P <0.05), with dramatic improvement in the high dose TCM group. The gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate of the model group were lower than those in the control group ( P <0.01). The gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate in the high dose of TCM and the mosapride group were higher than those in the model group ( P <0.05). Compared with the control group, the HE staining of the model group showed gastric glands of the gastric antrum were sparse and disorderly arranged with reduced numbers of blood vessels. Compared with the model group, those improved in each drug-administered group with the best-improved parameters detected in the high dose TCM group. The levels of serum GAS, plasma MTL and SP in the model group were lower than that in the control group ( P <0.01). The levels of serum GAS and plasma MTL and SP in each drug-administered group were significantly higher than the model group ( P <0.01). The expressions of SCF and c-Kit in gastric antrum of the model group were lower than those in the control group ( P <0.01). The expression of SCF in gastric antrum of each drug-administered group was higher than that in the model group ( P <0.05), among which high dose of TCM group changed most significantly ( P <0.01). The expression of c-Kit in the mosapride group and the high dose of TCM group was higher than that in the model group (all P <0.05). Conclusion Yiqijianpi compound can improve the gastric motility of DGP rats in a dose-dependent manner. It is likely that Yiqijianpi compound can promote the secretion of GAS, MTL, SP and other gastrointestinal hormones, and regulate the expression of SCF and c-Kit proteins in the gastric antrum.


Background: In the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus, the incidence of autonomic dysfunction has increased and various evaluation methods have been identified. Each of these is the classical autonomic control tests. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare autonomic function tests in cases of type I diabetes mellitus and healthy individuals. Material and Methods: In the study, 60 cases of diagnosed type I diabetes mellitus and 60 age and sex-matched healthy individuals both between the age group of 18-25 years were included. Autonomic function tests were carried out and these parameters were compared between these two groups using an unpaired t-test. Results: Deep breathing difference in patients of type I diabetes mellitus was significantly decreased as compared to healthy individuals. Valsalva ratio in patients of type I diabetes was significantly decreased as compared to healthy individuals. Postural tachycardia index in patients of type I diabetes was significantly decreased as compared to healthy individuals. The decrease in systolic blood pressure in patients with type I diabetes was substantially higher than in healthy individuals. The increase in diastolic blood pressure with isometric handgrip monitoring in patients with type I diabetes was substantially lower relative to healthy individuals. Conclusion: Deep breathing difference, Valsalva ratio, postural tachycardia index are a measure of parasympathetic function. Deranged autonomic function tests in type I diabetic patients may be due to sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction.


A high dust load from the Sahara Desert is recorded annually over the Black Sea region. To make a reliable forecast for the level of dust, many external factors such as the wind energy, the soil content in the moisture are to be considered. The physical characteristics of the aerosol particles in the atmosphere are also very important. This study focuses on the prediction of dust content for the Black Sea region by using the WRFdust model. Prolonged dust transport over the Black Sea was recorded during the period from September 25 to September 30, 2020. On these days, MODIS satellite images, return trajectories of AERONET and optical parameters of the atmosphere were analyzed.


Of the Guttiferous remains described in 1951 by Lakhanpal and Bose from the Fuller's earth bed at Kapurdi, Western Rajasthan, the leaf impressions have been assigned to two new species, Mesua tertiara and Garcinia borooahii, giving their precise description and numbers of the type specimens.


IN Tho World and Cf',ina John Gittings traces the evolution of Chinese foreign policy to the I 920s when the CCP was grappling with the problem of formulating a revolutionary strategy in a semi-colonial situation. In some of its aspects China's contemporary foreign policy behaviour has its roots, if not a parallel, in the CCP's early experimentation. Gittings regards Mao's theory of semicolonialism as the starting point of his view of the world. To put it briefly, for Mao in times of imperialist aggression the contrac!iction between imperialism and China was the principle contradiction, and it therefore overshadowed the other contradictions including the one between feudalism and the Chinese


This paper investigates the use of dierent soft contact and friction models, in Simulink, in the context of legged locomotion. The main criterion for assessing the models is the number of integration steps that are taken using variable step integration methods. The variables that are considered for the comparisons are the type of contact and friction models, the integration method, the desired integration accuracy, and mass of the colliding body.


The urban image is an important means of urban marketing, and also the strategic resources of promoting the development of a city. Taking the CCTV urban image slogans as analysis samples, the article analyzes the urban image construction elements, on which the construction modes of urban image are also refined.


The effect of food web structure on community stability and resilience has rarely been examined using empirical data. Yet there is a practical application for such studies insofar as resistance stability determines the ability of a system to "absorb" an- thropogenic stress and adjustment stability determines the reversibility of resulting damage. The stability of zooplankton food webs in 46 Precambrian Shield lakes was examined using data collected in the 1970s, when pH ranged from 3.8 to 7.0, and in 1990, when pH had increased by up to two units in some lakes. Acidification overcame resistance stability at pH < 5.0, as evidenced by decreases in species richness, numbers of predatory and com- petitive links, directed connectance, predator generalization, and linkage density, identified by analysis of variance. Adjustment stability was demonstrated by changes in food web attributes in lakes with higher pH in 1990 than in the 1 970s. Species richness, numbers of predatory and competitive links, linkage density, and predator generalization all increased relative to the 1970s values. Food web attributes of "recovering" lakes were statistically indistinguishable from those of lakes of similar pH that had not been more acidic in the 1970s. Similar trajectories of food web change were followed during environmental deg- radation and recovery. Planktonic food webs of anthropogenically acidified lakes may eventually recover to resemble their pre-acidification condition, given sufficient time with- out acidic inputs. Whether adjustment stability is a general feature of anthropogenically stressed systems remains to be determined.


Based on Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model for unsteady simulation of an axial-flow fan, this paper studies the time-frequency information in the hump region, and investigates the disturbance information of spike and modal wave under different flow coefficients based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT). The results show that before the hump point, the low-frequency modal wave occupies the main disturbance form and circularly propagates at 1/10 of the rotor speed, and the axial-flow fan does not enter the stall stage; while after the flow coefficient reduces to the hump point, the spike wave with higher frequency replaces the modal wave as the main disturbance mode while the axial-flow fan enters the stall stage. Through in-depth investigation of unsteady flow characteristics under the hump point, it is found that after experiencing the emerging spike, with the sharp increase of incidence angle, some flow distortions appear on the intake surface, and further induce some flow paths to form stall vortices. When a path goes into stall stage, the airflow state is greatly affected, the inverse flow and air separation phenomenon in the rim region increase significantly, and the flow capacity decreases significantly, so the flow capacity in the hub region increases correspondingly. The flow path distortion of tip leakage flow (TLF) and leading edge (LE) spillage caused by the stall vortices are the main inducements of rotating stall.


In Re-Making Kozarac: Agency, Reconciliation and Contested Return in Post-War Bosnia, Sebina Sivac-Bryant focuses her longitudinal study on the town of Kozarac in north-west Bosnia as one of the only successful examples of contested minority return following the 'ethnic cleansing' of the community in the 1990s. The book fills a significant gap in addressing questions of reconciliation, community rebuilding and trauma at the grass-roots level and will offer valuable lessons to researchers and practitioners working in the fields of post-conflict peacebuilding and transitional justice, writes Sarah Correia.


The Integrated Services concept is proposed as an enhancement to the current Internet architecture, to provide a better Quality of Service (QoS) than that provided by the traditional Best-Effort service. The features of the Integrated Services are explained in this report. To support Integrated Services, certain requirements are posed on the underlying link layer. These requirements are studied by the Integrated Services over Specific Link Layers (ISSLL) IETF working group. The status of this ongoing research is reported in this document. To be more specific, the solutions to provide Integrated Services over ATM, IEEE 802 LAN technologies and low-bitrate links are evaluated in detail. The ISSLL working group has not yet studied the requirements, that are posed on the underlying link layer, when this link layer is wireless. Therefore, this state of the art report is extended with an identification of the requirements that are posed on the underlying wireless link, to provide differentiated Quality of Service.


Four compounds, luteolin(1), quercetin(2) astragalin(3), rutin(4), were isolated from the methanol extract of the all part of Polytrichum commune. on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. These compounds have not been isolated from this plant.


Variations in wind forcing over summer first-year sea ice (FYI) melt ponds occur at hourly to weekly scales and are a significant contributor to backscatter (/spl sigma//spl deg/) variability observed from space borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) platforms (e.g., ENVISAT-ASAR and RADARSAT-1). This variability impairs our ability to use SAR to derive information on summer sea ice thermodynamic state and energy balance parameters such as albedo and melt pond fraction. The surface roughness contribution to like-polarized, C-band /spl sigma//spl deg/ estimates from FYI melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic is addressed through a spectral and statistical analysis of surface wave height profiles for varying wind speeds, upwind fetch lengths, and melt pond depths. Our hypothesis is that the perturbation of wind-roughened melt pond surfaces to wavelengths that are resonant to C-band SARs is driven by upwind fetch and wind speed. Significant scale surface roughness was observed even at wind speeds of 3 m s/sup -1/ resulting in /spl sigma//spl deg/ (HH) ranging from -6 dB at 20/spl deg/ incidence to -24 dB at 50/spl deg/ incidence. Results from a multivariate linear regression analysis show that 53.4% of observed variance in /spl sigma//spl deg/ (HH or VV) can be explained by wind speed (0.9 m height), upwind fetch from melt pond edges, and depth of melt ponds, with no appreciable difference in the relative contribution of those explanatory variables.


Image held by the East Melbourne library. Large, two storey terrace house. Built in 1854 by Alex McLaren. 'Halloween'. Please refer to ID 13811.


It has been well known that the cancer-related fatigue(CRF) is one of the most common and distressing side-effects of cancer or/and cancer treatment. In this study, the author reviewed the epidemical, experimental or pilot studies on the prevalence of CRF, the etiology of CRF as well as the effects of exercise intervention for cancer patients with CRF. This study also tried to find any updated exercise guideline of exercise prescription for cancer patients and cancer survivors. To date, it seems that increased pro-inflammatory cytokine activity might be the most potential underlying mechanism of CRF. However, to elucidate the correct etiology of CRF, further controlled and well designed researches are required. Through the review about the effects of exercise intervention for CRF, the author also suggest strongly that exercise should be considered as the most effective approach to deal with CRF and other side effects as well as to improve the patient`s physical function and the quality of life. There are also very important task of developing the relevant and effective exercise program for cancer patients through the cooperation among the oncologists, exercise physiologists, fitness specialists.


Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a cross-pollinating plant whose main pollinator are bees. This work was airmed at getting information about the diversity of visiting bee on sunflower inflorescence, by identifing the possible sunflower pollinators in Reconcavo Baiano region. The bees were collected on September-October of 2004, January-February and May-June of 2005 sunflowers hybrids (AG 920 and AG 930) cultivated in the entomology experimental area of Centro de Ciencias Agrarias e Ambiental da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil. Twenty six species were identified Apis mellifera (58.32%), Nannotrigona testaceicornis (18.53%) and Trigona spinipes (11.37%) were the most abundant species. The other species presented a frequency lower than relative 5%.


History shows that governments seeking to protect the state will often do so by restricting the liberty of those persons who are perceived as a threat. At such times, there is a marked shift in the relationship between the judiciary and the executive. This traditionally involves an expansion of executive power so as to order the detention of individuals with a corresponding contraction in the ability of courts to review the exercise of these powers, but it may also involve the courts being required to exercise powers of detention in an extension of their judicial functions. In both instances, the power to detain or control the movements of persons without charging them with any criminal conduct, presents a stark challenge to the very essence of the rule of law. Experience from earlier emergencies has been that altering the balance between the executive and judicial branches in this way, to allow executive detention, amounts to a disproportionate response of little benefit to national security. There are signs, however, that recent attempts at redefining executive and judicial power to enforce new laws restricting individual liberty will not go wholly unchecked by the courts. The purpose of this article is to assess whether the forms of detention which the Commonwealth Parliament has introduced into Australian law are valid in light of what that separation demands. The issue is one which arises from the face of the law itself since both types of order are made with the involvement of judicial officers — either sitting as a federal court (for COs) or acting in a purely personal capacity (for PDOs).


There are several technology developments, which should have been completed in CN 65 nm (Commercial node) device development, but passed over to CN 45 nm device development. Seven items relating with damascene process, especially connecting with planarization process, are nominated and introduced herein including new advent technologies as enabling solutions for CN 45 nm. First one is low-down-force planarization. Although there are several planarization technologies such as CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polisher), ECMP (Electrical Chemical Mechanical Polisher), ECP (Electrical Chemical Polisher), CE (Chemical Etching) and those combination technologies, it is not decided which is the best one and how low down force is optimized taking into account of CoC (Cost of Consumable) issues. In this report, all planarization technologies are explained using 'General Principle governing all planarization technologies', and allowable down force is suggested through stress analysis and fracture toughness analysis. Second one is direct polish on ULK. There may be two approaches. One is to adopt CMP hard mask which dielectric constant would not be changed by direct polish. In this case, non-uniformity of CMP in this hard mask is important. Second is to polish directly on ULK, which dielectric constant would be changed by CMP, then restoration technology should be discussed at a same time. Third one is Ru liner application. When is this technology required? Deposition for Ru seed and polishing of Ru integration are reported. Forth one is watermark free drying of ULK. Vacuum drying and IPA drying (Rotagoni) which is necessary for hydrophobic surfaces are reported. Fifth one is cleaning technologies for less than 45 nm FM. After CN 45 nm, it is difficult to distinguish several defects such as scratches or FM. In this case, soft cleaning methods such as non-contact cleaning would be required. Cavitation jet as one of non-contact type cleanings is reported with its cleaning results. Sixth one is Co-W cap process. Electro-less metal cap technology in order to enhance EM is reported. CMP after Co-W deposition may be useful in order to clean cap surfaces. Seventh one is starting material such as nanotopography and roll off which would affect on CMP performances.


In a protoplanetary disk, dust grains, which are icy or rocky microscopic particles, are present at about one percent of gas mass. The dust grains collide and adhere with each other to grow in size repeatedly in turbulent gas of a protoplanetary disk. Planetesimals are widely believed to form as a consequence of this hierarchical coagulation from submicron-size dust particles to kilometer-size bodies in a protoplanetary disk. However, it has been argued that there are several physical barriers such as bouncing and radial drift barriers in the planetesimal formation process, and these remain unresolved, especially for silicate dust. In recent years, as a possible solution to these problems, the effect of turbulent clustering of dust grains has been attracting attentions.


The spectrophotometric measurements carried out in aqueous solutions containing Nd3+ and N; ions, show the formation of a weak Nd(N3)2+ complex ion in 1:1 molar ratio. The stability constant of the complex has been measured at 25 ± 1°C, pH =5.0 and at an ionic strength =2.0 M (NaCl04), using both Scott and Dilution methods and the values are found to be (50.1 ±0.5)X 10-2 and (49.9± 1.6) X 10-2 respectively. The molar absorptivity values of the complex are (33.24 ± 0.31) and (36.3 ± 0.6) at 575 nm.


The intramolecular reductive cyclizations of o-nitrophenoxyacetophenones, o-nitrophenoxyacetate and o-nitrophe-noxyacetonitrile induced by the Sm/TiCl4 system were studied; 2H-1,4-benzoxazines are obtained in high yields under room temperature conditions.


A system of ordinary differential equations is developed to model the effect of fatty acids on chronic intestinal inflammation that is typical of a Crohn's patient. Several murine studies have shown an anti-inflammatory response when specific polyunsaturated fatty acids are included regularly in the diet. It is believed that the fatty acids serve as a specific ligand that activates the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) which is located on multiple cell types that are active in the inflammatory response. The binding of the PPAR results in a suppression of the inflammatory pathway. Results of the model indicate a muted inflammatory response when fatty acids are added regularly to the diet in mild to moderate cases of Crohn's. Results of mathematical analysis show a stable fixed point with decreased inflammatory markers and pathogen levels when fatty acids are added regularly to the diet.


Characterizing glaciotectonic deformation, glacial erosion and sedimentation, and basal hydrologic conditions of ice sheets is vital for selecting sites for nuclear waste repositories at high latitudes. Glaciotectonic deformation is enhanced by excess pore pressures that commonly persist near ice sheet margins. Depths of such deformation can extend locally to a few tens of meters, with depths up to approximately 300 m in exceptional cases. Rates of glacial erosion are highly variable (0.05–15 mm a−1), but rates <1 mm a−1 are expected in tectonically quiescent regions. Total erosion probably not exceeding several tens of meters is expected during a glacial cycle, although locally erosion could be greater. Consolidation of glacial sediments that is less than expected from independent estimates of glacier thickness indicates that heads at the bases of past ice sheets were usually within 30% of the floatation value. This conclusion is reinforced by direct measurements of water pressure beneath portions of the West Antarctic ice sheet, which indicate average heads <7 m below floatation. Landforms of the Laurentide and Scandinavian ice sheets and recent observations in Greenland indicate that high seasonal discharges of surface water are conducted to the bed, despite thick ice at subfreezing temperatures. Therefore, in models of subglacial groundwater flow used to assess sites for nuclear waste repositories, a flux upper boundary condition based on water input from only basal melting will be far more uncertain than applying a hydraulic head at the upper boundary set equal to a large fraction of the floatation value.


To improve the performance while maintaining the first end portion downsized in the mobile terminal apparatus, having an operating member of the first housing and the first end portion of the second housing having a display part may be rotatable via a hinge shaft member connected together, by rotating the first housing or the second housing, so that they overlap from each other and the operation member surface and the display member surface facing the closed state in the same direction of rotation to play open state, the display in this state surface of the part and operating part of the surface between the open at a predetermined angle, the hinge shaft member has an inclination changing means obliquely supported on the first or second housing on, and can be in the open state to change the angle.


Information systems (IS) leadership roles have undergone fundamental changes over the past decade. Despite increased interest in recent years, little empirical research on IS managers has been done. This article presents results from a survey in Norway. The survey collected data on general leadership roles such as informational role, decisional role and interpersonal role, as well as on specific IS leadership roles such as chief architect, change leader, product developer, technology provocateur, coach and chief operating strategist. The empirical analysis indicates that strategic responsibility as well as network stage of growth influence the extent of informational role, while the extent to which the chief executive uses IT influences the extent of decisional role, and the extent to which subordinates use IT influence the extent of interpersonal role. IS managers with greater operating responsibility will be chief architects. The role of a change leader is positively influenced by the number of years in IT, the extent of IT use, the extent of strategic responsibility and the organisation's revenue, while it is negatively influenced by the number of years in the current position. Product developer can be predicted by strategic responsibility and chief executive's IT use, while technology provocateur can be predicted by the extent of IT use. Coach can be predicted by the extent of subordinates' IT use, and chief operating strategist can be predicted by the extent of strategic responsibility. Although several significant predictors of IS leadership roles were identified in this research, the search for more significant explanations should continue in future research.


The urban freight transport is responsible for the city's consumption chain, being a key factor on urban development, despite all related conflicts and problems. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of the implementation of an Urban Logistic Space as an intermediate step in the urban goods distribution, using freight vehicle and electric tricycles. Therefore, a transport network for the central region of the city of Belo Horizonte was developed through Transcad®. An applicative for location and routing was utilized to locate the urban logistic space and get delivery routes among the distribution center, this space and the final customer. The results indicate that operational costs, distance traveled, the number of vehicles and emissions are reduced with the implementation of an Urban Logistic Space, providing benefits to urban mobility.


Describes new management styles and organizational structures developed by school‐leaders in response to the challenges of the 1990s. Experiments in The Netherlands show many advantages in shared leadership, management‐teams and part‐time leadership. Also describes disadvantages and necessary conditions and procedures for implementing these new organizational structures.


The layered Ti3C2 was successfully fabricated by etching the Al layer of Ti3AlC2 with the assistance of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). By controlling the reaction time, the residual Ti3AlC2 phase in the Ti3C2 materials can be well removed by the TFA and the thickness of single Ti3C2 layer is ~10 nm. The absorption activity of the samples were also evaluated by adsorbing Congo red (CR) in the aqueous solution. The layered Ti3C2 exhibits much better absorption performance than that of pristine Ti3AlC2 and the maximum adsorption amount of CR is up to 351 mg g−1. This work develops a novel strategy to synthesize layered Ti3C2 without using the corrosive solvent.


Health is an essential development concern. Planned interventionist development identified health as one of the primary and major sector from the beginning. Among other groups, the concern for health of children and women has got momentum as they constitute the majority of the vulnerable groups. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the instruction to compel the states parties and obliges them to comply with child rights standards. Additionally, in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), special attention is given to child and maternal health. While the signatories of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) recognizes the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to the enjoyment of facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health; the health of women, girls and children had been among the top priorities within the UN system reflected through the concerns of UNFPA and WHO. In the global arena, Millennium development goals reflect the importance of health. Out of the eight Millennium Development Goals, the importance of health related priority for development is reflected through three goals, Goal 4 'reduce child mortality'; Goal 5 'improve maternal health'; and Goal 6 'combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases'. Again, one of the indicators for Goal 1, 'eradicate extreme poverty and hunger' is – 'Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age'. Other Goals, such as, Goal 2 'achieve universal education' essentially leads to the understanding that through equal access to education and with special focus on education for health and nutrition, required health outcomes may be achieved. Goal 3 focuses on promoting gender equality through eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education for empowering women to a greater extent. Such focuses are also momentous progresses toward ensuring health for mother and child. For Goal 7, 'ensure environmental sustainability', health related target is 'by 2015, halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation' and the indicators specified are 'proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural; and proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural'. Even for Goal 8, 'develop a global partnership for development', one of the targets is 'in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential medicines in developing countries'. Hence, all the MDGs exclusively focus on health as a development concern. In such a setting, as the closing year of MDGs is approaching, this paper, aims 1) to revisit the achievements of the health-related MDGs and 2) to identify the Post-2015 Challenges. The study relies on literature review as source of information to deduce the Post-2015 challenges. The major challenges identified for a comprehensive and sustainable health and nutrition service for all, include -- (a) Mental and social well-being; while the challenges are post-disaster trauma, lack of access to health facilities, taboo, discrimination, etc. (b) Adolescent reproductive health (c) Children with disabilities (d) Differences in health outcomes: Regional and socio-economic i.e. disparity in terms of rich and poor; Urban and rural conditioning (e) Quality health care service (f) Effective health education and required material support (g) Protection against abuse, exploitation and violence.This article is based on literature review. While analyzing the relevant literature, it was revealed that various research had estimated the possible challenges to be encountered in the projected years. However, a bottom up approach is required for identifying the challenges and successful implementation of the new agenda. Such bottom up approach helps to unveil stakeholders' points of view. The practical implication of the present study lies on the fact that it points to the gap that exists due to 'not hearing what the children, adolescents, mothers and health service providers say'. Even then, the question remains as to 'who listens to whom?'


This paper explores the potential for co-design to link sustainable consumption and production in the fashion industry. We review relevant research and perspectives and propose a co-design platform and an ideation toolkit in which users are encouraged to explore sustainability as a way of thinking at the early stages of the fashion design development process. We explain the rationale behind the ideation toolkit, its structure and demonstrate how to apply the toolkit to fashion design through a case study. Finally, we discuss both opportunities and challenges of co-designing the fashion system and its implementation in sustainable fashion and textile design education.


Public involvement in child care provision is a hotly debated issue. Rosen (1996) strongly advocates against public subsidies. Becker and Posner (2005) express a similar view and argue that the provision of child care services is best left to the market without public intervention. A contrary view is given in two recent books by Currie (2006) and Waldfogel (2006), who give a number of arguments for publicly subsidized child care. OECD has taken a strong interest in the subject with several projects on child care and two large reports (OECD 2001, 2006). OECD has also given some member countries strong advice to increase public funding of child care. Not only is public child care debated. In many countries it is a common phenomenon and it seems to be on the rise. In the Nordic countries publicly financed child care is widespread. In Sweden 85% of children in ages 2-5 are in child care. To a substantial part (80-85%) this child care is publicly financed. According to Blau and Currie (2006) the majority of children in the U.S. are cared for many hours per week by adults other than their parents and school teachers. Blau and Currie state that one third of the costs of child care for children under 6 are paid for by government subsidies. According to the OECD 2001 report, for a number of member countries a vast majority of children is in some form of care outside the home. Clearly, publicly subsidized child care is a common phenomenon. One may ask why? What are the rationales? If one comes to the conclusion that it is a good thing to subsidize child care a second question arises. What is the best way to subsidize child care? There are several types of questions and answers. First, why might it be beneficial with care of children outside the home in child care centers? An obvious answer is that it


Objective To evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced gray-scale sonography in the diagnosis of renal pelvic carcinoma.Methods Contrast-enhanced gray-scale ultrasonography was performed on 15 patients with hydronephrosis.Results After injection of contrast agent,the microbubble signals were seen in the renal pelvis in 9 cases which were confirmed to be renal pelvis carcinoma by biopsy.The other 6 cases showed no microbubble signals in the renal pelvis.Conclusions The detection rate of the renal pelvic carcinoma can be rasied by contrast-enhanced gray-scale sonography.


As a seismic force resisting system, steel ordinary moment frame (OMF) has been widely in regions of low and moderate seismicity. In this study, the seismic performance of the steel OMFs designed according to current seismic code was evaluated. For this purpose, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-story buildings in seismic design category (SDC) C are designed according to seismic design specifications (ASCE 7-10 and AISC 341-10). The probability of collapse of steel OMFs with Welded Unreinforced Flange-Bolted Web (WUF-B) connection was estimated according to FEMA P695. The collapse probability of the 18-story OMF in SDC C is larger than the limiting collapse probability specified in FEMA P695.


A new automatic vacuum spectrometer has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of many as six elements above neon, atomic no. 10 in the periodic table. It has been designed primarily for industrial use, where large numbers of samples must be analyzed with a maximum of speed and accuracy. This instrument will accept powdered, liquid and solid samples. Typical times of analysis for the the determination of up to six elements in powdered sinters, slags, cements and cement raw mix samples are in the order of one minute. This analysis time is made possible by the high intensity levels of characteristic radiation from the specimen, coupled with a unique mode of sample presentation that permits the introduction of specimens to the analyzing position of the instrument while maintaining a continuous operating vacuum of less than 200 microns.


The Royal Society of Canada will reconsider its decision to appoint a University of Ottawa professor to chair a panel that will assess the safety of radiowave-emitting devices such as cellular phones, following a CMAJ investigation that reveals a potential conflict of interest.

The society's


Having analyzed the examples of developing the vocational education in South Korea,France,German and Australia and their experiences of increasing the 3-year college students employment rate,this paper puts forwards some countermeasures in increasing 3-year college students employment rate.


Agriculture in the world represents an important role in the development of many countries, making it essential to study strategies that allow friendly agricultural practices that respect the environment and are in accordance with the care of the planet. The use of soil for agricultural practices in each country is dynamic and depends on the economic and social context in each case. In this scenario, the use of the soil for agricultural activity related to the cultivation of medicinal plants for applications in the pharmaceutical, food, pigment and fertilizer industry has gained special interest. One of the most important plants in the Colombian market of medicinal plants is Calendula officinalis, a species that does not represent a relevant agricultural crop area, but is given importance by its use in the pharmaceutical industry.. Approximately 70% of phytomedication laboratories use it as a raw material due to its pharmacological qualities, determined by molecules associated with secondary metabolism. Considering the new policies and guidelines on soil care and the restricted use of agrochemicals, is important the search for less aggressive fertilization schemes that give added value to productive systems. In that sense, biofertilizers based on plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPRs) appear as a good option to increase the production of secondary metabolites of industrial interest in medicinal species. This work evaluates the effect of the application of plant growth promoting bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii, and Pseudomonas fluorescences) on the growth and production of flavonoids in marigold . One month old plants were used, which were inoculated with the microorganisms alone or in a consortium. Plant growth and flower production were evaluated for 2 months. Flavonoid determination and routine quantification (main flower flavonoid) was performed using UHPLC. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the most effective treatments to promote the growth of marigold plants and the production of flavonoids, particularly "routine" were T2 (A. chroococcum) T5 (A.vinelandii and P. fluorescens) and T6 (A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens).


Strong absorption signatures in the helium line at 1083 nm have recently been detected in transmission spectra of several close-in exoplanets. This absorption line originates from neutral helium atoms in an excited, metastable 23S state. The population of helium atoms in this excited state is governed by the spectral shape and intensity of the incident stellar radiation field. We investigate what kind of stellar environments are most favorable for populating the metastable helium state in extended planetary atmospheres. Our results suggest that planets orbiting at close separations from late-type stars—particularly K-stars—are the most promising candidates for transit absorption signals at 1083 nm. This result is supported by observations, as all four exoplanets with currently reported helium detections orbit K-type stars. In general, conditions for exciting helium atoms become more favorable at closer orbital separations, and around stars with higher levels of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flux, which ionizes the helium ground state, and lower levels of mid-ultraviolet (mid-UV) flux, which ionizes the helium metastable state.


The so-called advanced DC converter-based railway power supply system is presented as a very promising configuration capable of overcoming the principal drawbacks of conventional systems whilst providing additional advanced functionalities. The main objective of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to introduce a simulation model capable of determining the steady state operation of advanced and traditional systems. Secondly, to conduct an analysis and comparison of the systems performance for a high speed railway line.


Suitable dispersing agents in suspension concentrate of cyanazine and atrazine mixture were screened by flowing point test. And their concentrations in suspension were determined through mass fraction-viscosity curve. In order to select the better ratio of different adjuvants the experiment was conducted by the orthogonal design. According to the layered rate and suspensibility of different combinations the better formulation was found. The storage experiment and control experiment on weed in corn field was also carried by this formulation. The results indicated that the orthogonal design could reduce the experimental time and cost, so it is an ideal method for the studying of pesticide formulation.


An investigation of transition metal alloys having crystal structures favorable for superconductivity has resulted in the discovery of two new superconductors:


Abstract : As a Pacific power, the United States has made a strategic commitment to rebalance to this vital region. Analysis of strategic, service, and combatant commander guidance compared against U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) and its numbered fleets' mission statements highlights a disparity between U.S. Third Fleet (C3F), the training fleet, and U.S. Seventh Fleet (C7F), the operational fleet. This paper explains how this disparity must be rebalanced to accomplish and best support the Defense Strategic Guidance (DSG) national objectives. This paper recommends that PACFLT operationalize C3F and move it forward into the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. Having two operational commanders forward will create focused maritime theaters in East Asia (C7F) and South Asia-Oceania (C3F). This improves PACFLT's command and control mechanisms, reduces the tyranny of distance associated with this vast region, and enhances regional engagement. Additionally, this move would create standardization for the Navy by placing Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces, in charge of all manning, training, and equipment issues for the service. This paper acknowledges the complexities of moving a headquarters, selecting a location, and creating new geographic seams, but presents an implementation plan and notional timeline to mitigate these concerns. The recommendations made throughout this paper, specifically the decisions to operationalize C3F, the Pacific Fleet Balancing Commission, and the move forward are sensible and should be adopted.


AbstractACE inhibitors improve exercise capacity in older adults without cardiovascular disease and in aged rodents. We hypothesised that chronic ACE inhibitor treatment may attenuate frailty through changes in cardiac function. Female C57BL/6 mice (12 months) were given enalapril (40 mg/kg/day; n=10) or control (n=10) for 3 months. Frailty was quantified with the mouse clinical frailty index (FI). Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a tail-cuff and in vivo cardiac function was measured using echocardiography. Cardiomyocytes were isolated for field-stimulation and voltage clamp experiments (2 Hz). FI scores were significantly lower in the enalapril group when compared to control mice (0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.21 ± 0.03, p<0.05) after 3 months. BP, heart structure and contractile function were not significantly different between the enalapril and control groups. Field stimulation experiments showed that enalapril treatment increased cell shortening (1.6 ± 0.2 vs 3.0 ± 0.5 %, p<0.001), velocity-to-peak contraction (0.068 ± 0.005 vs 0.133 ± 0.016 µm/ms, p<0.001) and ½ relaxation (0.044 ± 0.005 vs 0.100 ± 0.016 µm/ms, p<0.001), with no change in underlying calcium transients. Under voltage clamp conditions both calcium transients (37.6 ± 3.2 vs 49.0 ± 3.9 nM, p<0.05) and contractions (5.7 ± 0.7 vs 8.9 ± 0.9 %, p<0.05) were increased by enalapril treatment. Calcium current and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium content were unchanged. These results show that enalapril attenuates frailty in middle-aged animals, even in the absence of cardiovascular disease, and suggest that ACE inhibitor treatment may increase calcium release from the SR.


Acoustic output in human speech is commonly considered to result from the combination of a source of sound energy modulated by the transfer function determined by the supralaryngeal vocal tract. This process is central to the source-filter theory of voice production (Fant 1960) and applies well to the description of vocal sounds produced by other terrestrial mammals (see McComb & Reby 2009 for a review). This source-filter theory of voice production postulates that phonation consists of the combination of two independent events. First, air passes from the lungs through the glottis, where an harmonic signal ("source signal") is generated by the vibration of the vocal folds. Then the source signal passes through the supra-laryngeal vocal cavities, where vocal tract resonance properties selectively attenuate or reinforce certain harmonics of the source signal. In this second step, the vocal tract acts as a filter. The most emphasized frequencies are called 'formants'. In non-human primates, including lemurs, the resulting signal, a linear combination of the two previously described independent mechanisms, finally radiates through the mouth or nostrils into the environment (Fitch


In this work, we perform numerical studies of the unsteady response of laminar diffusion flamelets relevant to the near field (x/d < 30) of high-Reynolds-number gaseous-fuel jets that are injected into high-pressure and high-temperature chambers. A large-eddy simulation database of a 70,000-Reynolds-number variable-density round jet is employed to compute turbulent time histories of the scalar dissipation rate in the near field. With this information, studies of diffusion flamelets subjected to scalar dissipation rate fluctuations are performed in which the unsteady flamelet equations are solved with the assumption of unity species Lewis number. The commonly employed diesel fuel surrogate n-heptane is chosen as the fuel, and its oxidation chemistry is modeled by a kinetic mechanism incorporating 159 species among 1540 reaction steps. Results show that in the simulated near field of the 70,000-Reynolds-number jet, transient temporary flame-weakening events followed by flame recovery are probable. Although the flame temperature, major species, and pollutants such as unburned hydrocarbons show a relatively fast response and good agreement with steady flamelet predictions, the pollutant, nitric oxide, responds with a significant phase lag, rendering steady flamelets inadequate. The analysis is extrapolated to higher-Reynolds-number jets with higher-intensity scalar dissipation rate fluctuations, in which transient flame-extinction/reignition events are observed. The applicability of steady flamelets to predict temperature and species responses during extinction/ reignition is assessed, and the implications of extinction/reignition events for jet near-field phenomena, such as flame liftoff, are explored.


In order to improve the ecological performance of PVC and reduce the cost,the PVC composites with the different contents of the walnut shell grain are prepared using the infusion technology under normal pressure,using PVC resin as matrix and walnut shell grain as filler.The sound insulation property and the internal structure of the composites are tested by the double channel acoustic analyzer,SEM and other apparatus.The feasibility of the sound insulation PVC composite prepared with walnut shell grain as filler is discussed.The results shows that the walnut shell grain can be used as PVC's filled material,so as to save the cost.The certain content of walnut shell grain can improve the sound insulation property of the composite.However,the sound insulation property of the composite has no evident improvement,as the content of the walnut shell grain increases.


are reduced and VSMC ⁄pericyte coverage is increased, suggesting that vessel remodelling and stabilization are occurring. In summary, this study is the first to investigate the spatial and temporal expression patterns of blood vessel, myofibroblast and VSMC ⁄pericyte markers during angiogenesis in healing human surgical wounds. These data demonstrate the first evidence that neovascularization associated with the repair of human surgical wounds involves looping angiogenesis and progenitor cells as well as endogenous endothelial cell proliferation, and further work is now required to elucidate the precise mechanisms involved, to improve current treatment strategies for nonhealing wounds.


Health problem from fluoride contaminated water is more acute in rural and small urban communities. Defluoridation of low contaminated water by inexpensive adsorbents is a substantial practice worldwide. In the study, low-cost sorbents have been investigated as replacements for current costly methods of removing the excess fluoride from water below the certain concentration. The adsorption capacity of iron oxide and cement clay in fluoride removal was investigated by the batch method. The equilibrium time was attained in 3 h and 2 h for iron oxide and cement clay, respectively. Optimum adsorbent dosage was found to be 5 g/dm. Initial fluoride concentrations for the adsorption studies were 1.24 and 12.2 mg/dm. Fluoride adsorption isotherm fitted well the Freundlich isotherm with the coefficient of determination >0.99 for both adsorbents. The fluoride adsorption capacity of iron oxide was found higher than that of cement clay due to the high surface area and charge of iron oxide. However both substances can reduce F contamination below the acceptable limits of 1.5 mg/dm for less contaminated water.


The influence of the composition and thermal history on the type of lattice developed has been studied by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements in three vinyl alcohol−ethylene, VAE, copolymers with different compositions, which were crystallized from the melt at various cooling rates. The results are compared with those of the corresponding homopolymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and low-density polyethylene. Both the composition and the cooling rate have been found to determine the crystalline structure of these VAE copolymers. Thus, for the samples slowly crystallized from the melt, a monoclinic lattice is obtained for copolymers VAE71 and VAE68 (with compositions of 71 and 68 mol % VA, respectively) while an orthorhombic lattice has been found for copolymer VAE56 (56 mol % VA). The effect of the cooling rate is very important, since copolymers VAE71 and VAE68 lead to the orthorhombic form when the samples are quenched from the melt. Copolymer VAE56 has been found to crystallize in an orthorhombic lattice...


ABSTRACT1

 1

 The views expressed in this paper are only those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting those of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. Email addresses: mailto:email@example.com;email@example.com;email@example.com

 We examine the empirical link between loans and economic activity in Turkey with a focus on the components of loans by borrower (household/business) and by purpose of use (housing/personal) as well as currency of denomination (domestic/foreign). We estimate a separate VAR model for each type of loan and each GDP expenditure item to analyse whether different types of loans have different effects on economic activity and through what channels. According to our empirical results, credit shocks have statistically significant impact on economic activity, especially within the first two quarters. We find that shocks that expand household and TL-denominated business loans by the same rate have quite similar effects on private consumption, final domestic demand and GDP, while household loans has a much smaller impact on investment compared to business loans. While shocks to FX-denominated business loans have significant effect on total investment, they have much weaker effect on private consumption and GDP. The effect of housing loans on investment is found to be comparable to that of business loans, suggesting strong feedback between demand for housing and construction investment. We investigate the robustness of findings to alternative data samples, as well as some alternative identifying restrictions.


To assess whether vaginal secretions and breast milk of women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).


The thermoelectric properties near ambient temperature of half-Heusler alloys based on LnPdSb, where Ln=Ho, Er, and Dy are reported. The Seebeck coefficients are large, between 60 and 250 μV/K, and the materials are p type. The resistivities are between 0.6 and 20 mΩ cm. Thermal conductivities are between approximately 5.0 and 3.5 W/mK at 300 K, and are smallest in intentionally disordered materials. The highest ambient temperature ZT obtained is 0.06. Band-structure calculations are presented for LuPdSb. It is suggested that half-Heusler alloys with 18 electrons per formula unit may represent a large class of thermoelectric materials.


—Workflow scheduling is one of the key issues in the management of workflow execution. Typically, a workflow application can be modeled as a Directed-Acyclic Graph (DAG). In this paper, we present GoDAG, an approach that can learn to well schedule workflows on multi-resource clusters. GoDAG directly learns the scheduling policy from experience through deep reinforcement learning. In order to adapt deep reinforce- ment learning methods, we propose a novel state representation, a practical action space and a corresponding reward definition for workflow scheduling problem. We implement a GoDAG prototype and a simulator to simulate task running on multi- resource clusters. In the evaluation, we compare the GoDAG with three state-of-the-art heuristics. The results show that GoDAG outperforms the baseline heuristics, leading to less average makespan to different workflow structures.


The theme for this address was inspired by a comment from Vandra Masemann, which she made during a discussion we had in Toronto at the annual meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society held in April 1999. This was one of those moments that make being a part of the comparative education community so rewarding. Her words went something like this: ''Ruth, I think I've come around to your view that we need metanarratives after all.'' She went on to talk about the importance of a coherent moral and epistemological framework for the education of her children in the Montessori schools, where they spent their early years. This came from the scholar who could be credited with starting the postmodern debate in comparative education with her award-winning address and article, ''Ways of Knowing,'' which was given and published just over 10 years ago!1 One year later, Val Rust's provocative presidential address on the implications of postmodern theory for comparative education appeared in the Comparative Education Review,2 and in the years since Rolland Paulston has kindly sent me a series of works that map the various positions on two sides of the spectrum: modernist metanarratives, rational actor, critical modernist, and reflexive modernity versus postmodern deconstructions, radical alterity, semiotic society, reflexive practitioner, and social cartography.3 I must admit to finding the postmodern literature extremely seductive, particularly its openness to multiple perspectives, its alterity, and its sense of infinite possibility. I especially enjoyed dipping into the area of narrative inquiry,4 and I have found the use of narrative in some recent China research very rewarding. I thus find myself somewhere between the position of reflexive practitioner, on one side of Paulston's spectrum, and reflexive modernity, on the other. My reason for taking up the retrospective theme of redeeming moder-


: Gene duplication is the major resource with which to generate new genes, which provide raw material for novel functions evolution. Thus, to elucidate the gene family evolution after duplication events is of vital importance. Anthocyanin O -methyltransferases (AOMTs) have been recognized as being capable of anthocyanin methylation, which increases anthocyanin diversity and stability and improves the protection of plants from environmental stress. Meanwhile, no detailed identification or genome-wide analysis of the AOMT gene family members in pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) have been reported. Three published pomegranate genome sequences offer substantial resources with which to explore gene evolution based on the whole genome. Altogether, 58 identified OMTs from pomegranate and five other species were divided into the AOMT group and the OMT group, according to their phylogenetic tree and AOMTs derived from OMTs. AOMTs in the same subclade have a similar gene structure and protein conserved motifs. The PgAOMT family evolved and expanded primarily via whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication. PgAOMTs expression pattern in peel and aril development by qRT-PCR verification indicated that PgAOMTs had tissue-specific patterns. The main fates of AOMTs were neo- or non-functionalization after duplication events. High expression genes of PgOMT04 and PgOMT09 were speculated to contribute to "Taishanhong" pomegranate's bright red peel color. Finally, we integrated the above analysis in order to infer the evolutionary scenario of AOMT family.


Magnetic measurements performed on low‐susceptibility materials often generate concern for the contribution of the sample holder's moment to the resultant measurement value. In this article, we present a unique design of a sample holder and accompanying calibration technique used to obtain accurate magnetic‐moment values from compact, low‐susceptibility samples measured with the quantum design magnetic properties measurement system superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The sample holder design is simple, highly symmetric, easily fabricated, useful over the full temperature range of the magnetometer and is amenable to a correction algorithm that allows the experimentalist to determine accurately the contribution of the sample holder to the measured value. The sample holder is modeled as a semi‐infinite linear density of dipoles, and the response of the internal SQUID coil sections to these dipoles is summed to represent the system response to the sample holder. When the correcti...


1. The Italian production system of statistics is deeply changing, moving towards a register based statistics production system. It will be based on an 'Integrated System of Statistical Registers' (ISSR) composed of base registers and satellite registers. Base registers contain the identifier of a statistical unit and some core information (core variables) while satellite registers contain thematic variables. The registers will be built by exploiting administrative and survey data. The system is thought to be integrated in order to overcome the problems related to the traditional stove-pipe production systems. Moreover, given the increasing availability of administrative sources, further advantages are expected in terms of reduction of costs and of response burden, and the possibility of having micro data at disaggregated levels may enhance the production of detailed statistics. On the other hand, such a system poses a number of new statistical questions. Firstly, given the nature of the registers, micro-data is the required statistical output. Other problems are typical of administrative sources: delay in the availability of the administrative data may affect the benefit related to their use, moreover coverage problems may arise, in fact although administrative data generally completely enumerate units of the population they refer to, such a population can be a subset of the statistical target population. Finally, issues related to the classifications adopted in the administrative data may complicate their usage. We will show later on that those issues will characterize our mass-imputation application.


ABSTRACT This study provides LCA reference benchmarks for residential buildings in Northern Italy and Denmark. Furthermore, the benchmark derivation process is analysed to highlight the trade-offs that relate to the methodological choices made by benchmark developers, considering the objectives of the stakeholders. Reference benchmarks for the two contexts are calculated based on national samples of residential buildings. A comparative analysis pinpoints the methodological factors regarding system boundaries, inventory requirements and databases that, from a calculation aspect, affect the benchmarks. Results thus highlight the uniqueness of each benchmarking system put into practice, and emphasize the need for clear calculation rules and transparency within each benchmark system. The identified trade-offs from the derivation process furthermore indicate the inherent need to balance the different interests relating to the stakeholders' roles when applying the benchmark. The mapping of different trade-offs presented in this study provides benchmark stakeholders with an overview that allows for open discussion about which priorities and choices will fit a specific context of benchmark application.


A complex interaction between a stern tunnel thruster and main propellers is reckoned to be responsible for a considerable decay of the DP system performance during manoeuvring operations, in terms of drop of turning moment with increasing loading on the main propellers. In the present work a RANS method is used to depict the flow field and to investigate the hydrodynamic forces acting on a modified version of an offshore vessel model with two main ducted propellers and a tunnel thruster integrated in the stern skeg. The model was previously investigated in model tests carried out in the large towing tank at the Marine Technology Centre in Trondheim. In this work different loading conditions for the main propellers and for the tunnel thruster are considered in accordance with the model tests. The commercial solver Fluent is applied to study the viscous turbulent flow around the ship hull. The propellers in the ducts as well as the one in the tunnel are represented by an actuator disk approximation, and appropriate distributions of thrust and tangential velocity are imposed on the fan disks. Validation of the numerical results is made by comparison against the experimental data. Results are in good agreement with model tests and the thrust loss effects are well represented by CFD calculations. The final aims are to provide physical understanding of the causes of the loss of turning moment, and to investigate the use of RANS calculations as a tool for propeller-thruster and propellerhull interaction studies, so that the propeller arrangement and DP system design can be readily optimised with respect to manoeuvring efficiency.


The forestry sector would benefit from Austria's participation in the single EC market since export restrictions for timber would fall. Besides, it would facilitate the establishment of foreign subsidiaries and hence enhance competition for domestic timber. Of crucial importance, however, would be for Austria to be given a voting right in EC decisions on standards for timber quality and air pollution.


Specifying the meaning of virtues and the relationship among the moral items is the kernel part of virtual ethics which still plays a significant role in raising human nature, and attaining self-improvement in modern life. Compared with citizen morality and institutionalized norms, virtual ethics is characterized by nobility and spontaneity. Explanation of virtues is of urgent practical significance as well as of important academic value to the study of virtual ethics. However, to define the basic virtues of modern humans, general and longlasting criteria and modern ethics should both be taken into account.


Nonoxidic ceramics are used as supporting structures in kilns. As a rule the instantanous damage is accompanied by high costs. The damage frequency is a function of the firing temperature and time, the material properties, the geometry of the component and the loading. Knowledge of these correlations provides the user with the possibility of minimizing the damage costs by means of suitable material selection and timely replacement of the components. The procedure presented in the following is based on the combination of numerical studies with statistically-evaluated experiments.


Natural gas and oil are rapidly increasing across the country due to technological developments that have made extraction of unconventional resources, such as shale gas and tight gas has economically possible. Due to expansion of operations to locations where the industry has never been active, emissions of air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds create potential environmental and public health impacts to the society and to the environment. This study reviews the air pollutant occurs in the oil and gas industry and the effects to the human health and to the environment.


In this paper we establish some sufficient conditions of convergence for the Generalized Accelerated Overrelaxation iterative method (GAOR), when the matrix A of Ax = b belongs to the class Cl and is an H-matrix


Submitted for the DAMOP05 Meeting of The American Physical Society Influence of atomic coherence diffusion on EIT and stored light YANHONG XIAO, IRINA NOVIKOVA, DAVID PHILLIPS, RONALD WALSWORTH, Harvard-Smithsonian — We report an experimental study of the effect of atomic coherence diffusion on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and stored light in Rb vapor cells. Due to diffusion of ground state coherence over the full volume of the cell – i.e., beyond the laser beam volume – we observe much longer storage times than expected from the time scale associated with the lowest order diffusion mode through the laser beam, as well as the retrieval of multiple pulses when long intervals are used between retrievals. Ronald Walsworth Harvard-Smithsonian Date submitted: 02 Feb 2005 Electronic form version 1.4


Dr. George I. Werner is Director of Physical Education and Athletics, Spokane Public Schools, West 503 Fourth Avenue, Spokane 4, Washington. PHYSICAL education should be required for all students in the secondary school. Various systems require students to take physical education for two, three, or four years. Physical education is usually scheduled two or three periods per week. In some schools it is offered


This paper outlines the features of responsive architecture with emphasis on sensing-based kinetic design. The emphasis of our work is mainly on developing kinetic design methods that apply to responsive architecture. The kinetic design method is demonstrated by an experimental system called Mimosa. Mimosa is a responsive architecture prototype that can alter its shape in response to climate conditions. The implementation, experience, and lessons learned from the development of sensing-based kinetic design for responsive architecture will be reported in this paper.


Through research on software testing model selection, seeking the most appropriate testing method to achieve most reasonable testing volume and optimal testing result. Described in detail about the core content of Yin-Yang software testing theory; According to research data of Software Productivity Research, U.S.A, with overall consideration about time, labour, resource, and requirements, generates a software testing model which is made up of software testing method and testing volume distribution. By data comparison, the research outcome is successful as anticipated. This is an innovative research on software testing model selection.


Orientation:  Readiness to change is a critical element for the successful implementation of organisational change. Work engagement ensures that employees are committed to the organisations' goals and is an important driver for organisational success. It is important that organisations sustain work engagement during organisational changes. Research purpose:  To investigate the relationship between readiness to change and work engagement within an accounting firm. Motivation for the study:  A change process can only be implemented successfully if there is a level of readiness to change. When readiness exists, resistance to change is reduced. Engaged employees remain enthusiastic about their organisation and choose to remain with the organisation. Change agents need to consider work engagement as an integral part of the change process, that is, before, during and after change has taken place. Work engagement and readiness to change are important elements for successful organisational change. Research design, approach and method:  A cross-sectional survey design was utilised to collect the data. A convenience sample of employees and top management from the accounting firm ( n  = 340) were included. Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Pearson's product-moment correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Scheffe tests, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to analyse the data. Main findings:  Results indicated a practical and statistically significant relationship between readiness to change and work engagement. High levels of work engagement will generate high levels of readiness to change. Further to this, readiness to change is influenced by employees' work engagement and an organisation's change processes. Practical or managerial implications:  An employee's work engagement and an organisation's processes of change influence an employee's readiness to change. Therefore, organisations need to sustain work engagement and improve change processes. Contribution:  The contribution of this study is that it has provided new insights into the relationships between readiness to change and work engagement in a South African context.


This article adopts a socio-visual constructivist approach to explain how the Kony 2012 video became a site of intense symbolic struggle regarding how to represent humanity in the digital age and, in the process, one of the most viral and intensely contested cultural artifacts of the last few years. The first section demonstrates that the video employs the visual conventions of personification and rescue, which form part of an iconographic repertoire coding certain events as humanitarian crises recognizable as such by Euro-American audiences. Conversely, the author examines how these tropes drew upon a neocolonial framing of humanitarianism, one that Ugandan and Western critics questioned and against which they offered an alternative vision of the post-civil war realities of northern Uganda. However, to avoid pictorial reification, the article's second section retraces the institutional and actor-based networks through which still and moving images from Kony 2012 and its associated campaign circulated. The concept of pictorial exponentiality is introduced to explain how these images multiplied in digital public spaces through the accelerating digital cycles. This section also examines the concept of digital feedback loops to make sense of the non-linear and institutionally 'flattened' social relations binding pictorial actors debating the video's representational content and responding to each other via social media- and web-based exchanges. Kony 2012 was a key marker of an era during which the visual politics and ethics of portrayal of the human unfold digitally, through social media and online video platforms as much as conventional institutions of image production and dissemination. By treating the video as a cultural artifact whose viral rise and fall are attributable to the pictorial conventions upon which it drew and the structure of the networks through which it circulated, the article reveals how understandings of humanity are visually constituted, contested, and undone in the digital age.


Without appropriate instructional supports, differences associated with autism spectrum disorder affect successful access to the general curriculum. Individuals who have autism without comorbid intellectual disabilities and language deficits require specific accommodations appropriate to their individual needs. Assistive technology and Universal Design for Learning are approaches appropriate for accommodating the needs of this population. The review examines the empirical research on technology-based accommodations targeting differences that manifest as a result of autism spectrum disorder. Results indicate that specific technologies include effective accommodations for social communication, restricted interests, and cognitive differences. Research on technology-based accommodations for motor and sensory differences is limited; however, practice implications and future research needs are discussed.


Subject. The article considers the Russian movement of money from the base to the stock.
Objectives. The aim is to determine parameters of the Russian movement of money from the base to the stock.
Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the method of statistical, neural network, and cluster analysis.
Results. The study found that money supply growth steadily exceeds the corresponding dynamics of monetary base. The article shows a lagging change in the key rate relative to inflation. The paper highlights the basis of the Russian movement of money from the base to the stock, i.e. claims on the State administration bodies of credit institutions held by funds in the escrow accounts of individuals. The findings showed the importance of claims on other sectors, securities, insurance technical reserves of the financial sector, debt securities of the Central Bank for the Russian movement of money from base to stock.
Conclusions. The parameters of the Russian movement of money from the base to the stock, related to the banking system and requirements to the population, government bodies, and other sectors, will help the government to effectively use the potential of the economy in the transition from a catching-up development model to a leading one.


The characteristic and influencing factors of low concentration Pb(superscript 2+) adsorption onto the immobilized bacteria from the activated sludge in the sewage treatment plant was studied. The results show that the adsorption process of Pb(superscript 2+) onto the immobilized bacteria was a dynamic process, and achieved the equilibrium state whthin 180 min. With the increase of the Pb(superscript 2+) concentration, the number of the immobilized bacteria was positively related with the adsorptive capacity. The highest uptake capacity was obtained at an initial pH value of 6 and an intensity value of 0.01 mol/L. The environmental temperature's influence on the adsorptive capacity of Pb(superscript 2+) included two steps. The adsorption rate showed an increasing trend with the quality of the adsorbent raised, but the adsorptive capacity of Pb(superscript 2+) by unit mass showed a descending trend. The concomitant Cd(superscript 2+) reduced the adsorptive capacity of the immobilized bacteria for Pb(superscript 2+).


This paper studies the problem of robust controller design for systems with integral quadratic constrained uncer- tainties.By combining the method of Youla parameterization with the criterion of robust stability,the problem of robust con- troller design is converted into that of convex feasibility in RH~∞space,and is further converted into that of finding solutions for a frequency dependent linear matrix inequality.Thus,the robust controller can be achieved by the method of rational matrix in- terpolation on border.


This paper reports on the mask quality printability for 6% attenuated phase-shift masks (PSM) using 193nm lithography. It is part of a systematic assessment of the impact of mask defects on the printed image. Our previous work [1-3] focused on defect printability of binary masks. Furthermore, an attenuated PSM is also used to print contact holes (CH), as it improves the process latitudes. In this paper we focus on the 2D quality of the CH on the mask. Due to mask-writer effects, the ideally square CH becomes rounded on the mask. The 2D mask quality determines the printed image, together with the exposure conditions and wafer stack. In a first section the influence of programmed mask defects on a 6% attenuated PSM is evaluated. The 100nm gatestyle design is based on the Defect Sensitivity Monitor (DSM of ASML MaskTools). We consider two different degrees of optical proximity correction (OPC), i.e., no OPC, and both serifs and scatter bars (SB). The mask contains programmed soft defects made from resist dots to mimic opaque defects such as bumps and spots. The wafers are exposed on an ASML PA55500/950 scanner with 193nm conventional illumination (O.7?) using a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.63. The printing results are compared to aerial image simulations taking into account the actual mask contours. A comparison table, which classifies the defect based on the induced linewidth deviation, is drawn from it. The second section deals with 2D quality of CH on a 6% attenuated PSM. The design contains CH of various sizes and in various pitches. The CH are provided with serifs on the corners, thereby varying size and placement. These serifs are intended as a correction to the design to incorporate possible mask-writer-generated rounding of the ideally square CH. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of such serifs in the design towards wafer printing. The wafers are exposed on an ASML PA55500/1 100 scanner with 193nm conventional illumination (O.6?) using a NA of 0.7. The accuracy of the aerial image simulation is examined using the experimental printability data.


DNA molecules withinchromosomesundergo constant, dynamic changes yet maintain the integrity of the primary DNA sequence. DNA replication, adjustment of helical density, resolution of catenenes, repair of DNA damage, and homologous recombination each involvebreakage and religation of the phosphate backbone of the double helix. Although the analysis of dsDNAbreaks is facile, the analysisof ssDNAnicks is not. The principalimpediment is that conventional, one-dimensional electrophoresis methods cannot readily detect ssDNAnicks in the context of dsDNAbreaks. We therefore developed a twodimensional (native/denaturing) gel electrophoresis approachto map the positions of ssDNAnicks.Analysisof cohesive ends of lambda phage DNA, UV-nicked DNA molecules, and DNA treated with ssDNA nicking endonuclease N-BbvcIBrevealed that the method can detect and map with precision the positions of ssDNAnicks. Titration experiments revealed the ability to detect and quantitate nicked DNA moleculespresent at a frequency of 1%of totalDNA molecules.This method can be used both to scan rapidly through large regions of the genome of interest and to map withhigh-resolution the location of ssDNAnicks in populations of dsDNAmolecules.It is ofutility for the analysisof ssDNAnicksinvolvedin a variety of chromosomal processes.


Guiding nitrenes away from a migration Nitrogen conventionally shares its electrons in three bonds with one or more partners. A singly bonded nitrogen, or nitrene, is exceptionally reactive and can insert itself into normally inert C–H bonds. If the nitrene forms next to a carbonyl center, though, it tends to react with the C–C bond on the other side instead. Hong et al. used theory to guide the design of an iridium catalyst that inhibits this rearrangement, steering the nitrene toward C–H insertion to form a variety of useful lactam rings. Science, this issue p. 1016 Theory guides design of a catalyst to cyclize amides via a nitrene intermediate otherwise prone to a competing rearrangement. Intramolecular insertion of metal nitrenes into carbon-hydrogen bonds to form γ-lactam rings has traditionally been hindered by competing isocyanate formation. We report the application of theory and mechanism studies to optimize a class of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium(III) catalysts for suppression of this competing pathway. Modulation of the stereoelectronic properties of the auxiliary bidentate ligands to be more electron-donating was suggested by density functional theory calculations to lower the C–H insertion barrier favoring the desired reaction. These catalysts transform a wide range of 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-ones, carbonylnitrene precursors easily accessible from carboxylic acids, into the corresponding γ-lactams via sp3 and sp2 C–H amidation with exceptional selectivity. The power of this method was further demonstrated by the successful late-stage functionalization of amino acid derivatives and other bioactive molecules.


Much of macroeconomic theorizing rests on assumptions that define the short-run output adjustment of a mass-production economy. The demand effect of investment on output, assumed much faster than its supply effect, works through employment expanding pari passu with changes in capacity utilization while productivity remains constant. Using linear Structural VAR and Time-Varying Parameter Structural VAR models, we document important changes in the short-run output adjustment in the USA. The link between changes in employment, capacity utilization and investment has weakened, while productivity became more responsive following demand shifts caused by investment since the early 1990s.


Increasing economic integration inevitably draws states to coordinate their tax policies, yet policymakers are eager to protect their autonomous "tax sovereignty." Tax cooperation and autonomy are balanced in transnational networks, especially the OECD, where state representatives, experts, and interest groups engage in continuous negotiation to develop nonbinding, or "soft" global tax policy norms. While the merits of these norms have prompted much scholarly analysis, little is understood about the nature and significance of using networks to develop tax policy norms in this manner. This Article demonstrates how and why states use the unique soft governance structure of the OECD to develop global tax policy norms and achieve national tax policy goals, and explores some of the implications of this particular means of balancing the competing goals of international cooperation and national autonomy in a politically, socially, and economically globalized world.


n one of Dr. Diane Skiba's last columns, she described the "invisible health care provider" as a way to illustrate health care made possible by transforming big data collected from personal and medical devices into actionable information using artificial intelligence (AI; Skiba, 2018). This column presents basic information about AI and identifies opportunities with AI and associated risks. AI is the science of using computers to mimic human abilities (Nevala, 2017): speech, sensory abilities, movement, and so much more. Machine learning is a subset of AI; the computer uses a large training set of data to look for relationships and later applies the relationships to a new set of data to make predicted outcomes (Nevala, 2017). AI and machine learning were first discussed in research literature in the 1970s; however, because of limitations in computing power, few tangible advances in technology occurred until recently (Kulikowski, 2019). Now, AI is embedded in the human experience without our realizing it. For example, most email and texting applications suggest word choices, mimicking the speech patterns of their human users. Online shopping sites now suggest buying itemsbased on past purchases. These advanced technologies work in the background and have the potential to change human society in the future (Anderson, Rainie, & Luchsinger, 2018). But what does this mean for health care and nursing? In health care, the promise of AI includes the discovery of disease etiologies; the ability to select a treatment option for patients based on predicted outcomes; and calculation of disease risk based on genetic, environmental, and social factors (Galimova, Buzaev, Ramilevich, Yuldybaev, & Shaykhulova, 2019). The reality is more complicated. In order to use the vast amount of data created from personal and medical devices, the complexity of aligning of data must be addressed because data are different in terms of what the Vendome Group (2015) calls the 6Vs: volume (amount of data), variety (different structures of data), veracity (the trustworthiness of the data), velocity (frequency of data coming into the system), visualization (presentation of outcomes in an actionable manner), and value (usefulness in improving health care outcomes). In addition, when new data are quite different from the training set, the algorithm produced from


The leachate is a source of contamination of surface water and groundwater if not pretreated. Indeed, its complex structure and pollutant load makes treatment very difficult to meet the limits required by the standards. The study presented in this work aimed to develop techniques for treatment of leachate. Two techniques were studied. The first involves treatment by electrocoagulation with aluminum electrode, the second is a sand filter with a diameter between 0.44 and 0.55 mm. Initially, we characterized the sample in the rough. Thereafter, we followed the evolution of abatement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (TSS). Secondly, we performed a comparative study on the germination of seeds of sorghum and Lucernes by use of leachate unprocessed or processed and at different concentrations. Treatment of leachate by electrocoagulation-filtration significantly reduced the intensity of their color that resulted in a decrease in pollution load of mineral and organic matter, especially in color, BOD5 and COD. This, allowed him to act favorably on the germination of seeds of sorghum and Lucernes. Leachate treated at different concentrations has no effect on the germination of Sorghum and Lucernes. The application of the raw leachate to inhibit germination of the total grain examined.