We investigate the origin of the variation of the gas mass fraction in the core of galaxy clusters, which was indicated by our work on the X-ray fundamental plane. Applying a spherical-collapse model of cluster formation and considering the effect of shocks on preheated intracluster gas, we construct a simple model to predict the spatial gas distribution of clusters. As suggested by our previous work, we assume that the core structure of clusters determined at the cluster collapse has not changed much after that. The adopted model supposes that the gas distribution characterized by the slope parameter is related to the preheated temperature. Comparison with observations of relatively hot (≳3 keV) and low-redshift clusters suggests that the preheated temperature is about 0.5-2 keV, which is higher than expected from the conventional galactic wind model and possibly suggests the need for additional heating, such as from quasars or gravitational heating on the largest scales at high redshift. The dispersion of the preheated temperature may be attributable to gravitational heating in subclusters. We calculate the central gas fraction of a cluster from the gas distribution, assuming that the global gas mass fraction is constant within a virial radius at the time of the cluster collapse. We find that the central gas density thus calculated is in good agreement with the observed one, which suggests that the variation of the gas mass fraction in cluster cores appears to be explained by breaking the self-similarity in clusters due to preheated gas. We also find that this model does not change major conclusions regarding the fundamental plane and its cosmological implications obtained in previous papers, which strongly suggests that the core structure preserves information about the cluster formation not only for the dark halo, but also for the intracluster gas.


Our main purpose is to present an algorithm which decides whether or not a condition 𝕮(X, Y) stated in sequential calculus admits a finite automata solution, and produces one if it exists. This solves a problem stated in [4] and contains, as a very special case, the answer to Case 4 left open in [6]. In an equally appealing form the result can be restated in the terminology of [7], [10], [15]: Every ω-game definable in sequential calculus is determined. Moreover the player who has a winning strategy, in fact, has a winning finite-state strategy, that is one which can effectively be played in a strong sense. The main proof, that of the central Theorem 1, will be presented at the end. We begin with a discussion of its consequences.


The sluggish water oxidation reaction represents a significant challenge in water splitting for energy storage using hydrogen. We herein report the synthesis of MnO2 nanowires with the ultrasmall diameter and aspect ratio as high as 125 on graphene using a novel in situ polymer-mediated self-assembly approach in aqueous solution and under ambient conditions. The self-assembly process is simple and controllable by the concentration and pH of the polymer solution, in which the polymer serves as a soft template to direct the growth of MnO2 nanowires and also stabilize the structure, forming a unique graphene supported MnO2 nanowire, G@MnO2 NW. This nanostructure shows the most significant improvement of the catalytic activity compared to the graphene supported MnO2 nanoparticle and commercial Pt/C toward water oxidation under both alkaline and neutral conditions, and demonstrates for the first time a remarkable effect of the shape of MnO2 nanostructures on water oxidation catalysis. For example, at 0.7 V, it produces a current density of 5.9 mA cm−2, 14.8 times that of the graphene supported MnO2 nanoparticle (4.0 mA cm−2) and 8.4 times that of Pt/C (0.7 mA cm−2) in alkaline solution. Furthermore, it displays the highest turnover frequency reported among all the Mn oxides used for water oxidation catalysis. The G@MnO2 NW shows great potential as a water oxidation catalyst for energy storage applications.


heroines in these stories eschew selfish individualism for collective engagement. Lastly, Danielle Thaler uses a historiographic approach to recent French historical fiction for young adults. She incisively probes the female protagonists, claiming they reveal the attempt to reconcile the forward-looking expectations of contemporary readers with the backward realities of women's position in the past. Set in the contexts of Africa and the Caribbean, Gloria Nne Onyeoziri's astute analysis of Maryse Condé's Desirada (1997) and Calixthe Beyala's La Petite fille du réverbère (1998) establishes childhood as the point where adolescents are shaped by the social pressures of their culture. Both novels use narrative voices that fuse the girl and the adult woman's perspectives; further, the two heroines encounter parallel racial, familial, and gender obstacles in their problematic construction of self-identity. Judith Sinanga Ohlmann interrogates the role the bodies of African girls play in maintaining family honor and social order. She points to the rituals that sexually control women depicted in the works of Mariama Bâ and Calixthe Beyala. The final articles look at current French films by women that explore adolescent themes. Claire Denis' US Go Home and Patricia Mazuy's Travolta et moi, both televised in 1994, are the subject of Marja Warehime's insightful discussion of the portrayal of young women's desire. In each case, there is a tension between the film's narrative focus on the heroine and the male-centered gender conventions of mainstream popular cinema. For Michelle Scatton-Tessier, Anne-Sophie Birot's Les Filles ne savent pas nager (2000), while part of a tradition of women's films about teenage girls dating from the 1970's, signals a new, more "honest" representation of "coming-of-age à la française" (246), one characterized by anxiety and ambiguity at all narrative and cinematic levels. The essays in Portraits de jeunes filles are highly informative if, not surprisingly, uneven in quality. The strongest ones go beyond thematic readings of works to deploy fruitful theoretical frameworks or valuable interdisciplinary methods. The volume does a great service by bringing together critical approaches to female adolescence that have usually appeared in disparate publications. For that reason, it will provide teachers and researchers with extremely useful suggestions for cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary, and crosscentury textual comparisons. Elissa Gelfand Mount Holyoke College


Abstract Since the December 2011 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference of the Parties 17 in Durban and the Rio+20 Summit on Sustainable Development, attention has turned to whether the 'Green Economy', the concept of 'natural capital' and 'Payment for Ecosystem Services' together facilitate the management of new environmentally-financialised markets whose aim is to price nature and its pollution, so as to achieve maximally efficient exploitation of resources (an example of which is carbon trading). Alternatively, if there are flaws in such markets, should society instead move towards retributive payments for 'ecological debt' based on both 'loss and damage' accounting (introduced at the UNFCCC COP18 in Doha) and environmental justice, in order that the valuing of nature is limited to fines for damages and then prohibitions on further pollution. These two countervailing philosophies play out in high-profile projects and pilot social-policy schemes in southern Africa, in ways that will teach the world foundational concepts surrounding ecological reparations.


The Journal, Chief Editor and the Authors wish to retract the Original Research article cited above in its entirety. Based on information reported after publication, this article was found to have images that were inappropriately manipulated (Figure 1B: actin panel; Figure 6A: PR1, PR5; Figure 6B: AtATH6, AtATH10). The authors and the journal regret the errors and regret any inconvenience to the readers of Frontiers in Plant Science.


Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon are investigated by taking into account the recently confirmed 2n and 3n resonances c:-, p, r; and w. The isovector parts of the form factors are analyzed by the dispersion technique, where the n·n scattering amplitude introduced by Bowcock and others is generalized to describe the two resonances simultaneously. By fixing r1n=O and r1p=r2v=r2,.., we obtain the alternative formulae for the nucleon form factors, which contain three adjustable parameters. The parameters are the common root mean square radius r, and the two Clementel-Villi coefficients x 1' and x 2• associated with the scalar parts of the form factors. The formulae· fit the empirical data excellently with r=0.866 X 10-13 em and reasonable values of other parameters. In connection with the discussion of the resonant amplitude, the existence of the socalled negative resonance is briefly discussed.


This thesis for the cosmetics industry in the direct marketing online catalog brand research projects, in-depth industry and cosmetics brand in Taiwan to promote the brand development and key success factors (KSF), its brand value and marketing strategy. In this use of "Building a Strong Brand and critical success factors model " as the study framework, the key success factors in the first search, that is, the cosmetics brand positioning and vision, brand image and strategy, and build organizational culture supports the brand to do more In-depth analysis, and to identify target pathways and consumers, and consumers for each group to detail the "needs analysis. " From the other side, the "competitive analysis " that is to think about branding the intensity of competition in the industry and competitive situation, this analysis of policies set by the "brand value "of the strategic framework model as a framework for analysis of brand competition, through the The "needs analysis"and "competitive analysis " concludes industry key success factors. At the same time and from traditional marketing 4P (Pitt & Kannemeyer, 2000), extending to the integrated marketing mix 7P1C eight of the ultimate service password of the brand in this case, through its core competencies, target market selection and marketing to differentiate Role-playing, the use of CRM and Data Mining of the key technologies to market and rapid growth of successful marketing strategies adopted. After the results of this study, seven of the cases come to the critical success factors cosmetic brand: (a) personal marketing strategy and data mining: the (b) Customer relations professional; (c) experienced management team And group support; (d) has a group of top designers; (e) a complete product line to meet the needs of different consumers; (vi) reliable professional image; (vii) flexible and exhaustive marketing promotions, orders, Shipping platform. To training in Taiwan, Greater China looking to create economies of scale.


&NA; This study examines models of SANE service in the ED and quality of care. Nurse managers of all 82 EDs in Virginia were surveyed (RR 76%). Five models emerged: 1) No SANE services (27.4%); 2) Victims transferred off‐site for services (14.5%); 3) Partial coverage of services by ED SANEs (16.1%); 4) SANEs called in from off‐site (6.5%); and 5) Full‐coverage of services by ED SANEs (35.5%). Models 4 and 5 consistently provided a higher quality of care.


This is a handbook for documenting MS Access databases. It focuses on the use of these to create applications and prototypes. This is also a short document of refer ence on creating databases and documenting known errors and peculiarities.


The upland rainforests of the Australian Wet Tropics (AWT) are renowned for their diverse and highly relictual biota, and are amongst the best‐studied areas of tropical rainforest in the world. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history of many endemic AWT taxa remains poorly resolved. Here we use molecular data to show that a small thigmothermic and heat‐sensitive lizard endemic to the Thornton Uplands in the northern portion of the AWT is a palaeoendemic that likely diverged from the nearest living taxa around the early Miocene. On the basis of genetic and morphological data, we remove this taxon from the genus Calyptotis where it was formerly placed, redefine Calyptotis and describing a new monotypic genus, Calorodius gen. n. This taxon is the second microendemic, monotypic and montane vertebrate genus recognised from the AWT, and highlights the potential for small areas of upland habitat in AWT to function as evolutionary refugia. However, despite the deep divergence of this lineage, there is no strong evidence that cool‐mesic environments are ancestral to the broader radiation of sphenomorphin skinks that it sits within. The impacts of future anthropogenic climate change on this new genus are difficult to predict, but a tiny range and apparent sensitivity to even relatively moderate temperatures raise concerns, especially if accelerating climate change leads to more regular drought events and heatwaves in the mountain ranges where it occurs.


Judiciary service user expectations are usually not the same as ideas harbored in the minds of civil servants delivering such services. This discrepancy matches the definition of the service delivery GAP 1, as identified and assessed by SERVQUAL (Service Quality), a tool that for almost three decades has been employed worldwide in measuring service quality in many different industries and countries, in both private and public organizations. Through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and empirical data collected by SERVQUAL, this paper focuses on assessing this service delivery GAP 1 for the Second Court of Appeal within Costa Rica's Judicial Branch.


T HE computation of the eigensolution derivatives plays a significant role in dynamic model updating, structural design optimization, structural dynamic modification, damage detection andmany other applications. Themethods to calculate eigensolution derivatives are well established for undamped and viscous damped systems. These common methods can be divided into the modal method, Nelson's method, and the algebraic method. Fox and Kapoor [1] first proposed the modal method for symmetric undamped systems by approximating the derivative of each eigenvector as a linear combination of all undamped eigenvectors. Later, Adhikari and Friswell [2] and Adhikari [3] extended the modal method to the more general asymmetric systems with viscous and nonviscous damping, respectively. To simplify the computation of eigensolution derivatives, Nelson [4] proposed a method, which requires only the eigenvector of interest by expressing the derivative of each eigenvector as a particular solution and a homogeneous solution for symmetric undamped systems. Later, Friswell and Adhikari [5] extended Nelson's method to symmetric and asymmetric systemswith viscous damping. Recently, Adhikari and Friswell [6] extended Nelson's method to symmetric and asymmetric nonviscously damped systems. However, Nelson's method is lengthy and clumsy for programming. Lee et al. [7] derived an efficient algebraic method, which has a compact form to compute the eigensolution derivatives by solving a nonsingular linear system of algebraic equations for symmetric systems with viscous damping. Later, Guedria et al. [8] extended the algebraic method to general asymmetric systems with viscous damping. Recently, Chouchane et al. [9] wrote an excellent review of the algebraic method for symmetric and asymmetric systems with viscous damping and extended their method to the second-order and high-order derivatives of eigensolutions. In this note, the algebraic method will be extended to symmetric and asymmetric systems with nonviscous damping. The equations of motion describing free vibration of anN-degreeof-freedom (DOF) linear system with nonviscous (viscoelastic) damping can be expressed by [3,6]:


The optical response of thin silver film (of 60 nm thickness) coated on a glass prism (Kretschmann configuration) and heated by the femtosecond laser pulse of small intensity is investigated by the computational modeling. We have calculated the reflectance of p-polarized probe laser beam when it is incident onto the metal film from the glass side. Reflectance is calculated at incidence angles close to the surface plasmon resonance angle. We have considered first 100 ps after the action of femtosecond laser pulse onto the film surface. Changes in thermodynamic state and hydrodynamic motion of film material are described by the system of hydrodynamic equations taking into account different temperatures of electrons and ions (two- temperature state) and consequently two-temperature thermodynamics and kinetics at such early times. These changes define the changes in electron-ion and electron-electron collision frequencies. The collision frequencies of conduction electrons, being calculated in dependence on the density and electron and ion temperatures, allow us to find the Drude part of dielectric permittivity. Together with the interband contribution it gives possibility to calculate reflectance depending on the state of metal surface. It is shown a great importance of electron-electron interactions in the temporal behavior of reflectance at early times of laser-film interaction.


The digital image processing has introduced revolutionary developments in research fields like medicine, military, security, biometrics, robotics, satellite image processing, digital image compression, digital image enhancement, digital video processing, etc. Image enhancement is the predominant fundamental step in the image processing and digital image enhancement creates an image which is perceived by human visual system (HVS) in pleasant way. Although tremendous progress has been made in the past years on digital image enhancement process but still digital image enhancement is area of concern in the field of digital image processing. In the proposed method a non-linear generalized equalization model for image enhancement has proposed by integrating the non linear contrast enhancement and white balancing to form a unified algorithm based on the different parameter configurations into considerations. An adaptive image enhancement algorithm has been derived which yields good theoretical results based on two important histogram transform properties namely contrast gain and non linearity. Finally experimental results shows proposed method achieves good performance and low complexity over traditional state of art methods and proposed model is successful in achieving better efficiency in terms of tone correction as well as white balancing.


Crude oil with a pour point of 115 F is pumped through an insulated 18 in. pipe system in 115-130 ft of water linking the Zelda, Nora, and Cinta offshore oilfields in the Java Sea. The Zelda-Cinta line will operate at 1000 psi with flow rates from 35,000 to 150,000 bbl/day, with oil entering the line at 190 F at the Zelda platform and reaching Cinta at 140 F or higher. In the event that the line drops below safe operating temperature limits, hot salt water will automatically be circulated to displace the oil. The lines are insulated with rigid polyurethane foam that is protected by a steel jacket plus protective coating and a weighted Coating. Minimum overbend and underbend radius was 1100 ft, and curves laid in the lines had a minimum radius of 5000 ft. Despite high winds and seas, the installation was made by P.T. McDermott Indonesia without damage to either coating or insulation. Price International prepared the piping system and applied the various coatings at its Singapore yard. Insulating methods and pipeline construction are described.


n insects, spermatophore production represents a non-trivial cost to a male. Non-virgin males have been shown to produce small spermato- phores at subsequent matings. Particularly in monandrous species, it may be an issue to receive a sufficiently large spermatophore at the first and typically only mating. Females of the monandrous Speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) produce fewer offspring after mating with a non-virgin male. After mating, females spend all their active time select- ing oviposition sites and typically ignore other males. Here, we show that females did not discriminate between a virgin male and a recently mated male in our laboratory experiments. We demonstrate that the number of eupyrene sperm bundles relative to spermatophore mass dif- fered with subsequent male matings. Males transferred a significantly smaller spermatophore after the first copulation, but the spermatophore mass did not decrease further with subsequent matings. However, the number of eupyrene sperm bundles decreased linearly. Therefore, there was proportionally more eupyrene sperm in the male's second sperma- tophore compared with the first and the later spermatophores. Such a pattern has been shown in polyandrous species. Hence, it suggests that differences in sperm allocation strategy between polyandrous and mon- androus butterflies may be quantitative rather than qualitative. There was also a tendency for females that had mated with a recently mated male to have higher propensity to remate than did females that had mated with a virgin male. We discuss the results relative to the mating system in P. aegeria, including female remating opportunities in the field and male mate-locating behaviour.


The aim of this text commentary is both to analyze and organize the main pedagogic ideas that constitute Kant's educational project. The phenomenological method used by him, allows to find out his essential idea and of the human nature, and to examine how the author conceives it as well as to show the educational forms that make possible education in its two components (body and mind), and how they work together to shape the educationally illustrated project of this author. Finally, the article examines the past and current limits and limitations in this project.


【Objective】 This study focus on the prevention and treatment effect of PS04 and its metabolites against rice sheath blight,and the prevention mechanism of the PS04 on rice.【Method】 With rice seedlings as the material,grain with pathogen for inoculation,spraying was conducted at 24 h before inoculation for the protective test,and at 24 h after inoculation for the therapeutic experiments.10 d later,we investigated the disease level.Spraying fermentation and inoculation were carried out at the same time in the test of induced resistance.The activity of peroxidase(POD) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) in rice leaf sheath were measured at 1,2,3,5,and 8 d after inoculation and their dynamic change were analyzed.【Result】 Efficacy trials showed that fermentation had good temperature stability,protective and therapeutic effect,and the control effects were 93.65% and 92.02% respectively.The control effects of fermentation heated for 30 min by 100 ℃ water were 87.37% and 90.28% respectively.The concentrated and extract of PS04 all had dose-response in the protective effects and therapeutic effects.The control efficiency of concentrated PS04(6 g/L) were 69.95% and 73.85% respectively while those of extract of PS04(9 g/L) were 69.95% and 73.85% respectively.Induced resistance test indicated that the enzyme POD and enzyme PPO were improved markedly,indicating that PS04 fermentation had good disease resistance induced effect.【Conclusion】 PS04 bacteria fermentation had great protective effect and therapeutic effect against rice sheath blight in seedling stage,and induced the increase of activity of POD and PPO.


During titanium layer deposition with a hollow cathode arc discharge the integral energy influx to the substrate has been monitored by measuring temperature gradients. Discharge power and substrate voltage have been varied. Simultaneously, the plasma parameters in front of the substrate were determined by means of Langmuir‐probe measurements. From the integral energy influx and the plasma parameters the contributions of the charge carriers and the heat radiation to the substrate heating were calculated. The contribution of the titanium condensation heat could be estimated by means of Rutherford backscattering and ellipsometrical measurements. It was found that heat radiation and charge carriers mainly contribute to the integral substrate heating. The contribution of condensation can be neglected.


Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been used for treatment of depression and psychosis for a long time. A less known way of use is as a maintenance treatment for keeping patients stable during remission. Recently ECT has been increasingly used for schizophrenia and depression after remission of the acute exacerbation. Methods: In this study, we examined files of 24 patients diagnosed as having treatment-resistant schizophrenia (14) or recurrent depression (10) who were treated with ECT on an outpatient basis. Results: Patients with depression and schizophrenia were followed up for minimum 2 months and maximum 54 months with ECT. The remission rate in both groups were 70%. None of the patients quitted treatment due to adverse effects. Conclusion: Biases and stigmatization cause a decreased rate of use of ECT in outpatient settings. However, the literature indicates that the morbidity and morbidity due to ECT are negligible. Although our data were collected retrospectively, they showed that ECT might be an option for a maintenance or continuation treatment of recurrent depression and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Our findings should be supported by randomized studies.


In this paper describes a method for adaptive, parameter-independent, on-line channels' weight estimation, based on entropy in the output probabilities from ANN classifiers, rather than the noise level or SNR estimation. A recursive formula for channel combination calculation, based on the approximation of all possible channels combination, is deduced. The proposed method has been used to develop a multi-channel distributed speech recognition (DSR) system. From experiments a conclusion can be drawn that the use of the proposed method results in an absolute system accuracy improvement of 12.4% in comparison with the base one-channel DSR system from the ETSI Aurora Project.


Mainsprings are coiled steel ribbons that have been used as a power source for centuries. A major disadvantage of mainsprings is that they do not deliver a uniform torque during unwinding. In service mainsprings are subjected to low cycle fatigue loading, which can be either uniaxial or biaxial. They can either fail in fatigue or fail by becoming tired due to shakedown into a shape where they no longer deliver adequate torque. Some features of the behaviour of mainsprings used as power sources are described and illustrated by examples. Detailed theoretical analysis is difficult so mainsprings are usually designed by using well established rules of thumb. Correct lubrication is important.


We compute the b BK parameter and the mass differenceMLS of the K 0 - ¯ K 0 system by means of the chiral quark model. The chiral coefficients of therelevantS = 2 and �S = 1 chiral lagrangians are computed via quark-loop integration. We include the relevant effects of one-loop corrections in chiral perturbation theory. The final result is very sensitive to non-factorizable corrections of O(�SN) coming from gluon condensation. The size of the gluon condensate is determined by fitting the experimental value of the amplitude K + → � + � 0 . By varying all the relevant parameters we obtain


............................................................................................................................................ III OPSOMMING .......................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ XII CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 1 1.


A new fluorescent PET sensor (1) has been synthesized, the fluorescence of which switches "On" with a blue-to-green color change in the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+, or Pb2+ (OR logic). X-ray structure analyses of 1 and its Zn2+ complex reveal that the solid-state conformation is in accordance with the results observed in solution. Sensor 1 also acts as an "Off-On-Off" switch stimulated by protons. The H+-driven "Off-On-Off" switch is integrated with a Zn2+-, Cd2+-, or Pb2+-induced OR logic gate to construct a first INH logic gate employing these ionic inputs. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)


A robust computational model for simulating the long-term evolution of incised and restored or rehabilitated stream corridors is presented. The physically based model simulates the three main processes that shape incised streams: hydraulics, sediment transport, and streambed and bank adjustments. A generalized implicit Preissmann scheme is used for the spatial and temporal discretization of the flow governing equations to accommodate large time steps and cross sections spaced at irregular intervals. The solution method introduces several enhancements that increase its robustness, specifically to simulate flashy flows. Transport of cohesive or cohesionless graded bed material is based on a total-load concept, and suspended and bed load transport modes are accounted for through nonequilibrium effects. The model simulates channel width adjustment by hydraulic erosion and gravitational mass failure of heterogeneous bank material. The present paper focuses mainly on the treatment of streamflow hydraulics and evolution of graded streambeds, and reports simulations of published experiments on degrading and aggrading channels with graded bed material. Description and validation of the model's stream- bank erosion component and the application of the model to incised stream systems are presented elsewhere.


Presence of missing values in the dataset leads to difficult for data analysis in data mining task. In this research work, student dataset is taken contains marks of four different subjects in engineering college. Mean, Mode, Median Imputation were used to deal with challenges of incomplete data. By using MSE and RMSE on dataset using with proposed Method and imputation methods like Mean, Mode, and Median Imputation on the dataset and found out to be values of Mean Squared Error and Root Mean Squared Error for the dataset. Accuracy also found out to be using Proposed Method with Imputation Technique. Experimental observation it was found that, MSE and RMSE gradually decreases when size of the databases is gradually increases by using proposed Method. Also MSE and RMSE gradually increase when size of the databases is gradually increases by using simple imputation technique. Accuracy is also increases with increases size of the databases. Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology Journal Website: www.computerscijournal.org ISSN: 0974-6471, Vol. 10, No. (4) 2017, Pg. 773-779


Production of electricity and heat in cogeneration in high power efficiency conditions strictly depends on Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant's basic equipment availability. Related to this, a study on forecast reliability of determinant subsystems, in producing combined heat and power, meaning - steam boilers, steam turbines and electric generators, was made. The study that concluded with the presented results has been made in CHP plant Oradea considering a few, presumable operating schemes, three for summer and two for winter period. For each of these five variants, Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) has been prepared, then there were determined the reliability and availability of each subsystem considering their maintainability and different time periods assigned for corrective maintenance.


(Seoul) Korean has been analyzed as having an Accentual Phrase (AP) with a L(HL)H tonal pattern for APs beginning with a lenis segment (Jun, 1998). This tonal information modulates Korean listeners' speech segmentation (Kim & Cho, 2009; Tremblay, Shin, Kim, & Cho, 2018). This study investigates whether French- and English-speaking late learners of Korean can also use this tonal information. French has similarly been analyzed as having an AP with a L(HL)H tonal pattern (Jun & Fougeron, 2002). In contrast, English words are often stressed initially (Cutler & Carter, 1987), with nuclear-pitch-accented words beginning with a H tone (Beckman, 1986). French, English, and Korean listeners completed an eye-tracking experiment. They heard sentences containing a temporary ambiguity between an AP-initial target (saesinbu-ga]AP [masul-eul 'the-new-bride-subj magic-obj') and a disyllabic competitor spanning the AP boundary (gama"palanquin"). Stimuli were resynthesized to orthogonally manipulate the AP-final and AP-initial tones (H/L). Results show that learners eventually used the AP-final and AP-initial tones like Korean listeners, but French listeners made earlier use of both tones than English listeners, even if the AP-initial tone is less crucial to French speech segmentation (Tremblay, Broersma, Coughlin, & Choi, 2016). Speech segmentation is thus very adaptive, even among late learners. (Seoul) Korean has been analyzed as having an Accentual Phrase (AP) with a L(HL)H tonal pattern for APs beginning with a lenis segment (Jun, 1998). This tonal information modulates Korean listeners' speech segmentation (Kim & Cho, 2009; Tremblay, Shin, Kim, & Cho, 2018). This study investigates whether French- and English-speaking late learners of Korean can also use this tonal information. French has similarly been analyzed as having an AP with a L(HL)H tonal pattern (Jun & Fougeron, 2002). In contrast, English words are often stressed initially (Cutler & Carter, 1987), with nuclear-pitch-accented words beginning with a H tone (Beckman, 1986). French, English, and Korean listeners completed an eye-tracking experiment. They heard sentences containing a temporary ambiguity between an AP-initial target (saesinbu-ga]AP [masul-eul 'the-new-bride-subj magic-obj') and a disyllabic competitor spanning the AP boundary (gama"palanquin"). Stimuli were resynthesized to orthogonally manipulate the AP-final and AP-ini...


Abstract Statistical experimental designs were applied for the optimization of medium constituents for L-Asparaginase production by Serratia marcescens NCIM 2919 in solid state fermentation (SSF) using sesame oil cake (SOC) as the sole substrate. Using Plackett–Burman design (PBD), moisture content of substrate, glucose and NaNO3 were identifi ed as signifi cant variables which highly infl uenced L-Asparaginase production and these variables were subsequently optimized using a Doehlert experimental design (DD). Besides reducing the number of experiments required for optimization, this technique allowed to quantify the amount of L-Asparaginase in any part of the experimental domain. The optimum conditions were found to be moisture content of the substrate 68.64 (%), glucose 3.093 (%w/w) and NaNO3 1.013 (%w/w). L-Asparaginase activity at these optimum conditions was 110.795 U/g ds (Units/g of dried sesame oil cake waste as substrate)


In Nigeria, literature on the integration of traffic of pavement condition and traffic characteristics in predicting road traffic accident frequency on 2-lane highways are scanty, hence this article to fill the gap. A comparison of road traffic accident frequency prediction models on IIesha-Akure-Owo road based on the data observed between 2012 and 2014 is presented. Negative Binomial (NB), Ordered Logistic (OL) and Zero Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) models were used to model the frequency of road traffic accident occurrence using road traffic accident data from the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) and pavement conditions parameters from pavement evaluation unit of the Federal Ministry of Works, Kaduna. The explanatory variables were: annual average daily traffic (aadt), shoulder factor (sf), rut depth (rd), pavement condition index (pci), and international roughness index (iri). The explanatory variables that were statistically significant for the three models are aadt, sf and iri with the estimated coefficients having the expected signs. The number of road traffic accident on the road increases with the traffic volume and the international roughness index while it decreases with shoulder factor. The systematic variation explained by the models amounts to 87.7, 78.1 and 74.4% for NB, ZINB and OL respectively. The research findings suggest the accident prediction models that should be integrated into pavement rehabilitation.

Keywords:


Experimental results are presented which characterize the behaviour of a loose, fine-grained, water-saturated sand tested under globally undrained and drained conditions in a plane strain apparatus. The objective of this investigation is to provide insight into the phenomenon of shear banding in loose sand. Together with local measurements of boundary forces and deformations, stereophotogrammetry is used to investigate the progression of strain localization in plane strain compression. Typical results and findings concerning the evolution of non-homogeneous deformation are presented in detail. Shear banding occurred in both undrained and drained experiments on loose masonry sand. In general, temporary modes of strain localization, observed during macroscopically 'uniform' deformations of a specimen, gave way to a single, persistent shear band. A clear pattern of onset of the formation of the persistent shear band, mobilization of the maximum effective friction and complete formation of the band was observ...


The efficiency of Quantum Characterisation, Verification, and Validation (QCVV) protocols highly hinges on the agreement between the assumed noise model and the underlying error mechanisms. As a matter of fact, errors in Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) incorporate various aspects of context-dependability which are overlooked by the majority of the commonly used QCVV protocols. As QCVV protocols are indispensable when it comes to characterizing and evaluating quantum operations, there is a serious need for a detailed characterization taking into account such aspects. In this work, we address these shortcomings by designing a context-aware version of the gate set tomography (GST) protocol. Our experiment selection approach is based on a polynomial quantification of the accumulation of errors within the designed circuits. Using simulated QPUs, we show that this technique enables a characterization with an inaccuracy reaching $10^{-5}$. Furthermore, we use our proposed protocol to experimentally infer context-dependent errors, namely crosstalk and memory effects, in a publicly accessible cloud-based superconducting qubits platform. Our results show that when the GST is upgraded to include such features of context-awareness, a large coherence in the errors is observed. These findings open up possibilities of drastically reducing the errors within the currently demonstrated QPUs.


AbstractTransportation problems with varying demands are solved in two steps: first the primal algorithm is used to find an initial optimal solution, and secondly the solution is reoptimized for the altered parameters by means of the dual method. However, recent computation studies clearly indicate that the dual transportation algorithm is less efficient than the primal method.It is relatively easy to interpret the post-optimization problem as a transshipment problem. Consequently, an efficient method is available in the form of the primal network code. In this paper, an alternate primal solution procedure is proposed. A simple variant of the primal transportation algorithm is given which solves both problems, the initial optimization as well as the post-optimization. This modified version is then tested within the framework of the most efficient computer codes for the primal method.


At the LaAlO$_3$-SrTiO$_3$ interface, electronic phase transitions can be triggered by modulation of the charge carrier density, making this system an excellent prospect for the realization of versatile electronic devices. Here, we report repeatable transistor operation in locally gated LaAlO$_3$-SrTiO$_3$ field-effect devices of which the LaAlO$_3$ dielectric is only four unit cells thin, the critical thickness for conduction at this interface. This extremely thin dielectric allows a very efficient charge modulation of ${\sim}3.2\times10^{13}$ cm$^{-2}$ within a gate-voltage window of $\pm1$ V, as extracted from capacitance-voltage measurements. These also reveal a large stray capacitance between gate and source, presenting a complication for nanoscale device operation. Despite the small LaAlO$_3$ thickness, we observe a negligible gate leakage current, which we ascribe to the extension of the conducting states into the SrTiO$_3$ substrate.


Molecular quantitative trait loci (molQTL), which can provide functional evidence on the mechanisms underlying phenotype-genotype associations, are increasingly used in drug target validation and safety assessment. In particular, protein abundance QTLs (pQTLs) and gene expression QTLs (eQTLs) are the most commonly used for this purpose. However, questions remain on how to best consolidate results from pQTLs and eQTLs for target validation. In this study, we combined blood cell-derived eQTLs and plasma-derived pQTLs to form QTL pairs representing each gene and its product. We performed a series of enrichment analyses to identify features of QTL pairs that provide consistent evidence for drug targets based on the concordance of the direction of effect of the pQTL and eQTL. We repeated these analyses using eQŢLs derived in 49 tissues. We found that 25-30% of blood-cell derived QTL pairs have discordant effects. The difference in tissues of origin for molecular markers contributes to, but is not likely a major source of, this observed discordance. Finally, druggable genes were as likely to have discordant QTL pairs as concordant. Our analyses suggest combining and consolidating evidence from pQTLs and eQTLs for drug target validation is crucial and should be done whenever possible, as many potential drug targets show discordance between the two molecular phenotypes that could be misleading if only one is considered. We also encourage investigating QTL tissue-specificity in target validation applications to help identify reasons for discordance and emphasise that concordance and discordance of QTL pairs across tissues are both informative in target validation.


Summary
Seeds of Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. given short exposures to light from a green safe lamp transmitting most of its energy in the 500 to 600 nm region of the spectrum germinated to a high percentage in darkness. The possibility is discussed that the small amount of blue light (400 to 500 nm) or the relatively large amount of yellow-orange light (550 to 600 nm) transmitted by the safe lamp, rather than green light (500 to 550 nm) per se, may have stimulated germination. However, green light previously has been shown to stimulate seeds to germinate, and great caution should be exercised in treating as dark controls, seeds that have been exposed to light from a green safe lamp.


Abstract The present study reveals the adsorption of heavy metals, especially Pb2+ from aqueous media by p-tetrathioureacalix[4]arene based Merrifield resin (1). The adsorption behavior of toxic Pb2+ metal was evaluated through batch experiments and various parameters such as dosage, concentration and temperature were optimized. From the kinetic study, it has been noticed that adsorption mechanism follows pseudo-second order kinetic model. In addition, thermodynamic constants of adsorption phenomena for Pb2+ was found to be ΔH = 0.098 kJ/mol and ΔS = 0.339 kJ/mol, the positive value of ΔH suggest endothermic nature and spontaneity of process estimated by negative value of ΔG. The experimental data was carried out by applying different isotherm equations such as Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich, (D–R). From the analysis it could be clearly understood that Pb2+ has been adsorbed chemically onto the surface of resin (1).In this view, calix[4]arene based resin (1) is very potential in minimize t...


The production process of esterification system in polyester plant changed greatly after capacity expansion rectification, and the difficulty in control increased. After the processing conditions as esterification temperature , liquid level of esterification reactor, mol ratio of EG to PTA and esterification pressure were optimized, quality of the product became stable, and energy consumption and single consumption of main material EG and PTA decreased.


The utility model provides a windproof net clamping leg structure for an automobile skylight. The windproof net clamping leg structure comprises a clamping leg body and a guide rail. The clamping leg body is provided with a windproof net rotating shaft mounting part, the clamping leg body is clamped into a clamping groove of the guide rail, and the clamping leg body is a plasticity deformation piece. A plurality of pairs of first protrusions and second protrusions are correspondingly arranged on the two side faces of the clamping leg body and the side wall of the clamping groove respectively, the first protrusions are located below the second protrusions, the first protrusions and the second protrusions are meshed with each other in the radial direction, and the meshed surfaces of the first protrusions and the second protrusions are planes. A positioning boss is arranged at any side of the clamping leg body, a positioning groove is correspondingly formed in the side wall of the clamping groove, and the positioning boss is clamped into the positioning groove. According to the windproof net clamping leg structure for the automobile skylight, the positioning groove can be formed in different positions of the clamping groove of the guide rail so as to be suitable for different mounting position needs, windproof nets of different sizes can use the same clamping leg to be fixedly mounted, parts can continue to be used, platformization can be better achieved, and the development cost of the parts is greatly lowered.


Some parasite vaccines, developed for use in the veterinary field, are available in the market. Such vaccines usually contain live or attenuated parasites. Aside from these, a few parasite vaccines have also been prepared using recombinant technology. The objective of this review is to provide information about the antiparasitic vaccines available for use in the veterinary field globally. Keywords: Parasite, vaccine, veterinary medicine.


Human emotion is a concrete form of human communication, and the research on emotion recognition is increasing gradually. In recent years, researchers have paid more attention to multi-modal emotion recognition. This paper presents a deep neural network for emotion recognition based on speech spectrum. Spectrograms contain comprehensive information about speech and are useful for emotion recognition. We tried the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), the combination of voice to make use of CNN feature extraction, using LSTM network reserve the temporal information, the voice information extracted from spectrogram, and the emotion recognition task. This study adopts the university of southern California's Interactive Emotion Capture (IEMOCAP) dataset as the data collection. We use the speech spectrogram as input, for six kind of mood, and the final weighted accuracy is 61%, the unweighted accuracy is 56%.


Gel formation without chemical cross-links requires strong physical bonds, as observed in diverse molecular and macromolecular systems or supramolecular assemblies above a critical concentration. Here, we present a new molecular amphiphile of propeller-like hexaphenylbenzene derivative bearing two short poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains which forms reversible physical gels comprising long (∼2.2 μm) bundles of hydrogel fibrils in coexistence with spherical micelles. Combination of topological (entanglement-like) interactions between the fibers and specific hydrophobic interactions due to the helicity of the PEG chains is proposed to account for the hydrogelation in the semidilute regime. The present supramolecular hydrogels, which are based on small molecules, exhibit extraordinary properties with an exceptionally strong dependence of the shear modulus on concentration, akin to the behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight cellulose-based fibers.


Ferroelectrics is expected to be an alternative to traditional solar cells, because its bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) may overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit. Here, we propose that a family of p...


Macrofungi survey was carried out from 21st to 26th of August, 2017 during the Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA) Scientific Expedition at Batu Timbang Area, Imbak Canyon, Sabah. The purpose of the study was to survey the diversity of mushroom forming-fungi or macrofungi because such study and information is poorly documented and limited in Malaysia. In this scientific expedition, we obtained a total of 106 species from 13 different families within Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. The most dominant family found was Polyporaceae with 25 species were collected, 23% of the total samples collected. We identified four different species of edible mushrooms and two deadly poisonous mushrooms. About 47% unidentified group will be subjected for DNA analysis. Apart from that, we characterized some of the polypore till genus or species level. The most interesting species from this study area were Earliella scabrosa and Panus similis that were recorded to have a medicinal properties. A glowing mushroom, Mycena illuminans is a new record for the Imbak Canyon region. Diversity of the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms which are specific to dipterocarp trees in Batu Timbang should be explored. Endemic and IUCN red listed species like Buglossoporus sp. found in the study area should be preserved for DNA. Future studies are needed in order to conserve the hidden knowledge of undescribed groups of mushroom from this region.


This review describes the capability of analytical pyrolysis-based techniques to provide data on lignin composition and on the chemical alteration undergone by lignin in archaeological wooden objects. Applications of Direct Exposure Mass Spectrometry (DE-MS), Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), and single and double-shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) in archaeological lignin characterisation are described. With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.


AbstrcatLitopenaeus vannamei(body weight of 0.084g)were fed on basal diet with 0.0%,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5% of the peptides for 37 days respectively, with basal diet as the control. Activities of protease and amylase of hepatopancreas, stomach and the intestine of Litopenaeus vannamei were measured. The result showed that the peptides had no significant effect on the activities of tryptase in the hepatopancreas(P0.05). Activities of pepsin of the stomach and the hepatopancreas and activities of tryptase and amylase of the stomach and the intestine in 1.0% group and 1.5% group were significantly higher than that of the control(P0.01). The activity of amylaes of the hepatopancreas in 1.5% group was notably significantly higher that of the control(P(0.05)).


To analyse 28-day readmission rates of patient attendances to acute medical unit (AMU), compare it to the national average, understand the reasons behind readmissions and identify any possible strategies for their prevention.

All patient electronic records were analysed retrospectively for the outcome of attendances to AMU in September 2014 and readmission within 28 days of discharge.

The 28-day readmission rates for readmissions for …


A brief history of investigations of Lyr, an emission-line binary and one of the first ever discovered Be stars is presented. A rather fast progress in the understanding of this enigmatic object during the past fifteen years is then discussed in some detail. The current picture of β Lyr is that it is an eclipsing binary in a stage of mass transfer between the components. The mass-losing star is a B6-8II object, with a mass of about 3 M⊙, which is filling the Roche lobe and sending material towards its more massive companion at a rate of about 2 × 10—5 M⊙ yr—1. This leads to the observed rapid increase of the orbital period at a rate of 19 s per year. The mass-gaining star is as early B star with a mass of about 13 M⊙. It is completely hidden inside an opaque accretion disk, jet-like structures, perpendicular to the orbital plane and a light-scattering halo above the poles of the star. The observed radiation of the disk corresponds to an effective temperature which is much lower than what would correspond to an early B star. The disk shields the radiation of the central star in the directions along the orbital plane and redistributes it in the directions perpendicular to it. That is why the mass-losing star appears brighter of the two in the optical region of the spectrum. At present, rather reliable estimates of all basic properties of the binary and its components are available. However, in spite of great progress in understanding the system in recent years, some disagreement between the existing models and observed phase variations still remains, both for continuum and line spectrum, which deserves further effort.


This study was designed to compare the effects of the thoracic flexibility training (TFT) and lumbar stabilization training (LST) in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The visual analog scale (VAS), autonomic nerve activity (ANA), standard deviation normal to normal (SDNN), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and Beck depression index (BDI) were measured in patients with CLBP. Twenty-two participants were divided into two groups: TFT (n = 11) or the LST (n = 11) group. Both groups received standard physical therapy and in addition, TFT and LST were trained 3 times a week during 4 weeks. The VAS, ANA, SDNN, ODI, and BDI were measured after the training. Both groups significantly improved in VAS, ANA, SDNN, ODI, and BDI compared to the baseline (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the VAS, ANA, SDNN, ODI, and BDI significantly improved in the TFT group compared to the LST group (p < 0.05). The results of present research demonstrate that both trainings are improving lumbar pain, heart rate variability, disability, and depression. However, TFT was more effective improving the VAS, ANA, SDNN, ODI, and BDI.


Let $p$ be a prime number and $r$ a non-negative integer. In this paper, we prove that there exists an anti-equivalence between the category of weak $(\varphi,\hat{G})$-modules of height $r$ and a certain subcategory of the category of Galois stable lattices in potentially semi-stable $p$-adic representations with Hodge-Tate weights in $[0,r]$. This gives an answer to a Tong Liu's question about the essential image of a functor on weak $(\varphi,\hat{G})$-modules. For a proof, following Liu's methods, we construct linear algebraic data which classify lattices in potentially semi-stable representations.


A study involving 338 students in six different lower‐division physics courses is reported in which students' Piagetian levels of intellectual development as determined by a written questionnaire versus final semester grades are compared. A good correlation would provide the instructor with a useful counseling tool while a poor or zero correlation would not. In either case, the questionnaire results can guide the selection of instructional materials and techniques for the class. The correlation coefficients were found to be positive, but low, for the grades A, B, and C, and the statistical scatter diagrams show a wide spread of Piagetian levels of intellectual development within each letter grade level. Other factors than the ability to think logically appear to be of greater importance for the D group, and no correlation can be seen for the W's and F's. The wide spread of Piagetian levels of thought for each grade level suggests that students can somehow attain passing, if not high, grades in the more el...


At the University of Valencia, more than ten years ago, various groups of researchers from different university departments became interested in the systematic study of Road Traffic its regulatory as well as safety aspects. As a result of these efforts, two research groups were formed: the Research Unit in Traffic Psychology and Traffic Safety (later, Transport Psychology and Traffic Safety) and the Integrated Laboratory of Intelligent Systems and Information Technology in Traffic (LISITT). The Research Unit focused on the study of problems involving the human factor and the area of Traffic Safety, while the LISITT group was more involved in Traffic Control and the development of new Computer and Telematic applications in this field. These two research groups formed the embryo of INTRAS at the University of Valencia, and were later joined by other distinguished researchers who work in diverse fields of study. This broad group includes more than 40 university


The utility model discloses a negative pressure protecting therapeutic apparatus for a wound surface, relating to negative pressure therapeutic equipment for wounds. The negative pressure protecting therapeutic apparatus consists of a control instrument, a negative pressure suction pump, a liquid collecting bottle, a suction pipe and a catheter, wherein the negative pressure suction pump is communicated with the upper part of the liquid collecting bottle through a negative pressure pipe; the upper part of the liquid collecting bottle is communicated with the suction pipe buried in dressing through the catheter; a blood concentration sensor is also buried in the dressing; and the control instrument is respectively connected with the negative pressure suction pump and the blood concentration sensor. The control instrument consists of a data acquisition circuit, an analysis circuit, a storage circuit, an executive circuit and a display circuit; and a panel of the control instrument comprises a power switch, an input number key, a number display window, an alarm lamp and a buzzer. With the added functions of wound inspection and exudation detection, the negative pressure protecting therapeutic apparatus for the wound surface can timely detect and find out whether blood exudes from a wound and then give an alarm, thus facilitating medical care personnel timely to adopt corresponding treatment measures. Therefore, the safety and the practicability of the negative pressure protecting therapeutic apparatus for the wound surface are favorably enhanced.


. Non-Interventionist Objective Divine Action (NIO- DA), introduced by Robert John Russell, is a model of divine action drawing upon insights from quantum mechanics. It presents an intriguing and significant challenge to classical conceptions of divine action with far-reaching consequences. When applying NIODA to theistic evolution, however, significant questions emerge that require attention. We identify and assess two sets of concerns. The first relates to quantum physics, particularly whether and how quantum occurrences influence mutations and evolution. We argue that the current empirical evidence is ambiguous in its support of the kinds of quantum action that Russell proposes, though emerging data from quantum biology look promising. The second set of concerns is metaphysical, especially concerning the problem of evil. NIODA gives Godextensive agency over evolution and genetics, which has adverse consequences for theodicy. We propose potential solutions to the problems highlighted in our article, both metaphysical and physical, to improve the viability of NIODA's application to theistic evolution.


ABSTRACT To the Editor:— The studies of Drs. J. G. Allen, L. O. Jacobson and their associates at the Argonne National Laboratory on the mechanism of the hemorrhagic phases of thrombopenia, leukemia and radiation morbidity were the subject of recent editorial comment (The Journal, Dec. 27, 1947, p. 1156) but neither in the editorial nor in the publications cited was there mention of the significant pioneer work of M. Volkert and E. Hertel (Ugesk. f. laeger31:781-786 [Aug. 5] 1943), who demonstrated the relationship of heparinemia to the hemorrhagic phases of the malignant hematologic dyscrasias, certain human atopies and certain instances of hepatopathy. The oversight was excusable, inasmuch as wartime inaccessibility of foreign periodicals and their abstracts led to an almost complete reduplication of Volkert and Hertel's work by the group with which I was associated at Halloran General Hospital before we were aware of it. In the latest report


Introducing atmospheric delays in the GNSS RTK positioning model significantly weakens the ambiguity resolution performance, causing for instance long times to reliably fix the ambiguities when differential ionospheric delays have to be estimated. In order to overcome this problem, the combination of two strategies is proposed in this paper: the joint processing of five GNSS and partial ambiguity resolution. For GLONASS, the recently introduced integer estimable FDMA model from [1] is employed. We analyze two different partial ambiguity resolution schemes, both with simulations and real GNSS data from an 88.5 km baseline. The results show that instantaneous centimeter level positioning is possible with the ionosphere weighted model, and that on average only 3.5 epochs are required to reach the centimeter level with the ionosphere float model.


AIM:To investigate the eruption and caries status of first permanent molar in children aged 7-9 in Urumqi.METHODS:Stratified sampling method was used to randomly select 2422 children aged 7-9 from 21 schools in Urumqi.The second national oral health epidemiological survey method was used to conduct the survey.Caries prevalence rate,mean DMFT,filling rate and non-eruption rate of first permanent molars were recorded.The correlation of gender and age with caries prevalence was analyzed.RESULTS:The prevalence rate of caries was 18.04%,with an average of 0.32 caries.Caries increased with the increase of age.Female showed a slightly higher prevalence of caries than male.Caries was more likely to happen on occlusal and palatal surfaces in maxilla,and occlusal and buccal surfaces in mandible.Non-eruption rate of first molars was 11.23%.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of caries among 7-9 year old children in first permanent molars has an increasing tendency with the increase of age.More caries prevention and treatment measures should be taken to improve the oral health status of 7-9 year old children in Urumqi.


Purpose To assess the effects of object position in the field of view (FOV) and application of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm on the diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the detection of vertical root fractures (VRFs). Materials and Methods Sixty human single-canal premolars received root canal treatment. VRFs were induced in 30 endodontically treated teeth. The teeth were then divided into 4 groups, with 2 groups receiving metal posts and the remaining 2 only having an empty post space. The roots from different groups were mounted in a phantom made of cow rib bone, and CBCT scans were obtained for the 4 different groups. Three observers evaluated the images independently. Results The highest frequency of correct diagnoses of VRFs was obtained with the object positioned centrally in the FOV, using the MAR algorithm. Peripheral positioning of the object without the MAR algorithm yielded the highest sensitivity for the first observer (66.7%). For the second and third observers, a central position improved sensitivity, with or without the MAR algorithm. In the presence of metal posts, central positioning of the object in the FOV significantly increased the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to peripheral positioning. Conclusion Diagnostic accuracy was higher with central positioning than with peripheral positioning, irrespective of whether the MAR algorithm was applied. However, the effect of the MAR algorithm was more significant with central positioning than with peripheral positioning of the object in the FOV. The clinical experience and expertise of the observers may serve as a confounder in this respect.


Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers emitting at 850 nm have been developed that are capable of 10-Gb/s operation at high temperatures. Measurements are made at 10 and 12.5 Gb/s at temperatures up to 150/spl deg/C.


We present preliminary results about nanocrystalline iron and nickel produced by ball milling under different thermodynamic conditions. The average grain size and the lattice strain were determined by means of XRD profile broadening analysis. The elastic modulus and internal friction were measured for the two systems as a function of temperature. A marked structural relaxation effect starting at 600 K is experienced.


Objective To study the rektionship between apoptosis of MCF-7/ADR cells induced by Toremifene and the expression of Fas/FasL、P53 and Caspaae- 3 genes. Methods Different doses (0.24μg/ml、2.4μg/ml、24μg/ml) Toremifene were used to induce the apoptosis of MCF-7/ADR cells; MTT method was used for detecting DNA synthesizing activity. The expression of Fas/FasL、p53 and Caspase-3 protein was detected by immunohistochemical method. Results The MCF-7/ADR cells treated by different doses Toremifene demonstrated prominent morphologcial features and retardation of cellular growth accordingly, whose IR{ inhibiting rate) had relationship with doses ( P 0.05) . The expression of Fas/FasL、 p53 and Caspase-3 protein was up-regulated. Conclusion Toremifene not only can induce the apoptosis of MCF-7/ADR cells and enhance the Fas/FasL、p53 and Caspase-3 genes but also is related to the start of conducting Caspase apoptosis message and p53 induced apoptosis.


This study determines the optimal substrate-level used by proteolytic acid lactic bacteria to produce a product expressed in substrate affinity constant (Ks). Proteolytic lactic acid bacteria were isolated from cow colostrum, carried out at the Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Proteolytic lactic acid bacteria was rejuvenated first in a solid medium, and the amount is multiplied in MRS broth medium to be used as stock. Proteolytic lactic acid bacteria was observed for growth on a defined medium with five variations of glucose substrate levels. The glucose levels were given at 0.15%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, and 0% with three replications and one negative control at each level. Proteolytic lactic acid bacteria were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Observations were made every two hours. The results of the absorbance observations were used to calculate the Ks value. The Ks value was used to determine the substrate level in the next liquid fermentation. The Ks and µmax values obtained in the proteolytic lactic acid bacteria were 0.0569 gram/100 ml and 0.0125 per hour, respectively.


Once it was decided that the VISTA infra-red survey telescope would be built on Paranal and operated by ESO it was clear that there would be many long term advantages in basing the control system on that of the VLTs. Benefits over developing a new system such as lower development costs or disadvantages such as constraints on the design were not the most important factors in deciding how to implement the TCS, but now that the telescope is complete the pros and cons of re-using an existing system can be evaluated. This paper reviews the lessons learned during construction and commissioning and attempts to show where reusing an existing system was a help and where it was a hindrance. It highlights those things that could have been done differently to better exploit the fact the we were using a system that was already proven to work and where, with hindsight, we would have been better to re-implement components from scratch rather than modifying an existing one.


"The Political Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Britain." Anthony F. Heath, Stephen D. Fisher, Gemma Rosenblatt, David Sanders and Maria Sobolewska. Oxford University Press. August 2013. --- In this book the authors set out to explore the extent and nature of the political integration of Britain's growing ethnic minority population. The analysis is based on the largest and broadest academic survey ever of the political attitudes and behaviour of Britain's main ethnic minority groups, the 2010 Ethnic Minority British Election Study, in conjunction with the nationally representative British Election Study and other surveys. Ron Johnston finds that this book represents quantitative social science at its very best: theoretically-driven, sophisticatedly-designed, and excellently presented.


We introduce the copula-marginal algorithm (CMA), a commercially viable technique to generate and manipulate a much wider variety of copulas than those commonly used by practitioners. CMA consists of two steps: separation, to decompose arbitrary joint distributions into their copula and marginals; and combination, to glue arbitrary copulas and marginals into new joint distributions.Unlike traditional copula techniques, CMA a) is not restricted to few parametric copulas such as elliptical or Archimedean; b) never requires the explicit computation of marginal cdf's or quantile functions; c) does not assume equal probabilities for all the scenarios, and thus allows for advanced techniques such as importance sampling or entropy pooling; d) allows for arbitrary transformations of copulas. Furthermore, the implementation of CMA is also computationally very efficient in arbitrary large dimensions.To illustrate benefits and applications of CMA, we propose two case studies: stress-testing with a panic copula which hits non-symmetrically the downside and displays non-equal, risk-premium adjusted probabilities; and arbitrary rotations of the panic copula.Documented code for all the algorithms and the applications is available for download.


In this paper, I propose to extend a model of grammar in which lexical spellout and phonological computation occur in the same component (e.g., serial OT with Optimal Interleaving (Wolf, 2008)) with a family of morphological markedness constraints.  These constraints punish realization of morpho-syntactically marked combinations of features.  They form a markedness hierarchy in which constraints against more marked feature(s) are ranked higher than constraints against less marked feature(s).  Inclusion of such constraints provides a natural way to account for certain cases of non-realization of morphological contrasts in marked contexts (zero marking), as well as cases of syncretism in which a marked paradigm cell in certain contexts becomes occupied by an exponent typically used in less marked cells.  Analyses of both types of cases are discussed in this paper.  Moreover, this model predicts tradeoffs and interactions between morphological markedness and phonological constraints.  Russian Genitive Plural allomorphy, discussed in this paper, provides one example of such interactions.


With development of Chinese national strength and international status,Chinese language and culture have become more and more hot in the world,so teaching Chinese as the second language has entered a new era.With globalization in the world to further promotion,as well as the deepening of Chinese growing influence,Chinese language and chinese culture are increasingly important component of soft power.The paper discussed the current spread of Chinese language and culture and analyzed the feasibility of integrating information network,digital language classrooms,the campus network environment,and digital teaching resources to achieve the advance of teaching Chinese as Foreign language and improving Chinese culture broadcasting industry.


This paper investigates the causal relationship between military expenditure, economic growth, and real capital stock in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and MIST (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, and Turkey) countries. For this purpose, the period from 1990 to 2013 is examined using with the bootstrap panel Granger causality method. Results show that there is cross-sectional dependency and country-specific heterogeneity across BRICS and MIST countries. It is also concluded that a positive unidirectional causality from military expenditure to economic growth exists in China. By contrast, there is negative unidirectional causality from military expenditures to economic growth in Turkey. In addition, the feedback hypothesis is confirmed for Russia and the neutrality hypothesis is supported by the data from Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico and South Africa.


Deployment system provides the ability to deploy a multi-node distributed application, such as a cloud computing platform application having a plurality of interconnected nodes for performing a dedicated job. Deployment system includes a deployment director to provision a foundation comprising one or more virtual machines to host multiple nodes of cloud computing platform application (VM). Deployment director, based on the mapping between the plurality of dedicated job to be executed by the base and cloud computing platform application in the deployment manifest plurality of jobs (for example, application package and configuration) and, at provisioned VM It is dispersed in the deployment agent running. Deployment agent applies a job to each VM (e.g., start the application), to deploy the cloud computing platform application.


This chapter examines whether the view of the jury in cases involving forensic evidence can be changed from that of "naive automatons" to that of "sophisticated decision makers"; whether the defense and prosecution must provide the jurors with information to help them develop a schema upon which to evaluate the forensic evidence; and whether to remove decision making from the expert forensic scientist and return it to the jury. The chapter uses secondary sources of information collected from criminal cases, the current federal law, as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court dealing with expert testimony, studies of how to enable juries confronted with forensic evidence, as well as a framework of learning theory and persuasion games. I argue that expert forensic scientists make errors. Juries are capable of making decisions based on complex forensic evidence if provided the knowledge within which to develop schema to evaluate that evidence. Competition between the defense and prosecution in presenting interpretations of scientifically valid evidence, as well as providing schema to enable the jury to evaluate the information, provides juries with the ability to arrive at a full information decision. Expert nullification of jury decision making should be halted and decision making returned to the jury. The value of this chapter is to integrate learning theory from cognitive psychology with one-shot and extended persuasion games to evaluate the roles of the jury and the expert forensic scientists within the criminal justice system.


Scholars investigating the ancient scholia to Sophocles have long been limited to dated critical editions. The scholia to Ajax, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes have received editions within the last century (edited respectively by G.A. Christodoulou [1977], V. de Marco [1952] and T. Janz [2004] in an unpublished Oxford D.Phil. thesis), while, for the other plays, the latest edition available has long been P.N. Papageorgiou's 1888 omnibus edition. In recent years X. has produced welcome new editions for Sophocles' Electra (2010), Women of Trachis (2010) and Oedipus at Colonus (2018). To these we can now add this most recent volume on the scholia to Antigone. Thorough, welldocumented and with a focused editorial philosophy, X.'s latest edition happily follows the path laid out by the previous three volumes. The text opens with a brief preface, where X. details his goals for this edition, namely, that he will 'restore the scholia vetera to Antigone in their earliest recoverable version and corpus' (p. v). Those who have not read X.'s earlier volumes will lack the full details of the methodology that undergirds this theoretical claim. This is unfortunate, as X. makes a powerful case in the introduction to his edition to the scholia to Electra for presenting a purely 'Laurentian' version, finally stating that to publish an edition with mixed versions would end in 'creating a hybrid version and establishing a scholion which originated from nobody's conscious decision but the editor's; such an item never had any existence in the real world' (2010, p. 22). A slightly more detailed introduction that elucidates the basics of his critical philosophy would be helpful for new readers or those interested in only the scholia in this volume. The omission is understandable, however, as it would be tedious to repeat this material in every new volume, with the introductions to the scholia to Women of Trachis and Oedipus at Colonus being similarly brief. Moreover, X. makes this omission clear in the preface and duly cites the relevant explanatory material from earlier volumes throughout this edition. After the preface comes a description of the surviving manuscripts with scholia to Antigone and the data establishing the familial relations between them. Here, he follows the same model as in the earlier volumes, exhaustively cataloguing the conjunctive and disjunctive features that exist across the twelve manuscripts consulted. X. does not limit himself to evaluating the relationships between manuscripts, but also offers valuable insights on individual manuscripts discovered in this investigation, such as his conclusion that the extensive errors found in Lp militate against the conclusion of some palaeographers that its author was Marcus Musurus. This section concludes with a stemma codicum, THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 52


For data detection in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems over mobile wireless channels, the inter-carrier interference (ICI) term arising from Doppler spread is correlated with the desired carrier term. In this paper, we carry out detailed analysis on the power correlation between the ICI and the desired signal term. Explicit closed-form expression for the covariance function of the ICI and the desired carrier power is derived for frequency-selective Ricean fading channels. This expression shows that, in the normal Doppler spread range corresponding to practical vehicular speeds, the ICI power is appreciably correlated with the desired carrier power.


Establish how the type of leadership in humanized care influences the hospitalization staff of Clinica Nuestra. The type of research is correlational, it measures the degree of relationship between the institutional leadership style of the Clinica Nuestra and the influence of this on the provision of the service by the health professionals in the hospitalization area. The relationship that exists between health personnel and a patient is a link that has had multiple interpretations of what is the ideal, but transcending this, it becomes the basis for forming that link between the person who needs help and the health service provider. Tools were taken in the study: the survey to identify profiles of Leadership and the questionnaire to identify humanization needs and tabulation of data.


— Printed electronics technology is a promising way of fabricating low-cost electronics without the need for masking and etching. In recent years, additive printing techniques, such as inkjet and screen printing, have been adopted to fabricate low-cost and large-area electronics on flexible substrates. In this work, the design of a 3-axial normal and shear force sensor was developed, that consists of four miniaturized printed capacitors. The partially overlapping electrodes are arranged in a manner so that force sensitivity in orthogonal directions is achieved. The base unit of this sensor has been fabricated using inkjet-printing and characterized. The force response of this sensor was investigated in a force range from 0.1 N to 8 N, the normal-force sensitivity was determined to be S z = 5.2 fF/N and the shear-force sensitivity was S y = 13.1 fF/N. Due to its sensing range, this sensor could be applicable in tactile sensing systems.


Since its discovery as an oncogene in 2014, mutations and amplifications in the small GTPase RIT1 (Ras-like in all tissues) have been associated with lung adenocarcinoma, myeloid malignancies, and uterine carcinosarcoma. Genome-sequencing studies in lung adenocarcinoma tumors have found that RIT1 is mutated in 2% of cases and amplified in another 14%. Several oncogenic mutations have been characterized, with the M90I variant (RIT1M90I) being most prevalent. Although targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, there are no targeted therapies available for RIT1-driven diseases, and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the only treatment option. Given its structure as a small GTPase, RIT1 itself may be difficult to drug, but identifying therapeutic vulnerabilities of RIT1-driven cancers could reveal druggable targets. Indeed, through CRISPR screening our lab recently identified the deubiquitinase USP9X as a potential regulator of RIT1 abundance and function. We hypothesize that USP9X positively regulates RIT1 protein abundance, meaning that USP9X inhibition would decrease RIT1 protein levels. It has previously been found that the protein abundance of RIT1 is important for its function, thus USP9X inhibitors could represent a novel targeted therapy for RIT1-driven diseases. There are currently two small molecule inhibitors—WP1130 and G9—that have been shown to target USP9X. We've tested these inhibitors in PC9 lung adenocarcinoma cells and found that WP1130 significantly reduced the abundance of endogenous wild-type RIT1 to 56.21% (p=0.0125, 95% CI = -71.96 to -15.61) compared to DMSO-treated cells. In a USP9X knockout (KO) PC9 cell line, treatment with WP1130 did not significantly affect RIT1 protein abundance (p=0.6001). These effects appear to be due to USP9X-targeted regulation of RIT1 given that the protein abundance of CDC20—a known target of USP9X—was reduced to 71.7% in response to WP1130 treatment (p=0.0380, 95% CI = -52.74 to -3.861), but CDC20 levels were not significantly affected in USP9X KO PC9 cells (p=0.4510). We have also tested G9 in PC9 cells and found a similar trend, but further work is ongoing to identify appropriate dosing of this inhibitor. In addition to testing the effects of WP1130 in PC9 cells, we also assessed how USP9X inhibition affects RIT1-mutant cells. For this we turned to the NCI-H2110 cell line, which is the only commercially available cell line harboring an endogenous RIT1M90I mutation. A dose response curve revealed that PC9 cells may be more sensitive to WP1130 than NCI-H2110 cells (IC50 in PC9 cells = 0.5059μM; IC50 in NCI-H2110 cells = 1.344 μM). This suggests that USP9X inhibition may be more effective at targeting wild-type RIT1, but this hypothesis must be further explored in vitro and in vivo. In summary, this work is poised to address a major unmet clinical need for the treatment of diseases characterized by RIT1 mutations and amplifications. USP9X inhibition could be a tractable means of reducing RIT1 protein abundance and abrogating the growth of RIT1-driven tumors.
 Citation Format: Amanda Riley, Athea Vichas, Alice Berger. Pharmacological inhibition of USP9X as a novel targeted therapy for RIT1-driven lung adenocarcinoma and other cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting RAS; 2023 Mar 5-8; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2023;21(5_Suppl):Abstract nr B028.


A general form, based upon configuration interactions, but including correlation to hasten convergence, is proposed for two‐electron wavefunctions. The advantages of the correlation treatment developed include the ability to remove the singularity in the interelectronic potential from the Schrodinger equation. The results of sample calculations for hydride ion and helium are presented.In addition, the results obtained in the application of our one‐ and two‐electron treatments to the systems HeH++, HeH+, and linear and triangular H3++ and H3+ are discussed in detail, the accurate potential energy surfaces for the latter molecules having been elucidated.


Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a newly identified herpesvirus and a causative agent of exanthem subitum (roseola infantum).1 Serologic studies have shown that a substantial proportion of adults are positive for the antibody to HHV-6 and that infection with the virus occurs during the first year of life.2 The virus persists throughout adult life and frequently is shed in the saliva. 3,4 However, the disease does not usually develop during the first months of life. It is probable that maternally acquired antibody to HHV-6 protects infants from the disease.2 In this paper we discuss a 21-day-old boy with exanthem subitum, who had HHV-6 viremia in the febrile stage of his illness and had a seroconversion to the virus.


In one of the few experimental studies dealing with a bona fide telecast, changes in information and meanings were investigated in connection with the televising of a congressional sub-committee hearing. The author is research assistant professor in the Institute of Communications Research at Illinois


A non-linear short-wave propagation model is used for the simulation of low-frequency waves induced by short-wave groups. The model is based on the higher order Boussinesq-type equations for the propagation of breaking and non-breaking waves in nearshore areas. The 2DH (two horizontal dimensions) Boussinesq model is used to calculate the resonant response of harbours due to bound waves generated by short-wave groups. The results are compared with experimental data available in the literature. In these experiments, bound long waves are generated by carrier bichromatic short waves, which form regular wave groups. The results of the model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The 1DH Boussinesq model is applied in the surf zone to simulate surf beat generation by a time-varying breakpoint and the reflected long wave induced by bichromatic wave groups. A new breaking criterion is introduced, based on the relative trough Froude number. Model generation of the surf beat is also shown to...


Background and Aim: Many organizational factors can be used as determinants of unsafe behaviors; one of the most prominent is the safety climate. The chemical industry has a great potential for catastrophic accidents due to the critical process parameters and the significant volume of hydrocarbon materials. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the components of occupational safety climate and the occurrence of unsafe behaviors in the chemical industry. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in the petrochemical industry in the south of Iran. In this study, 269 operational personnel were surveyed. To analyze the safety climate, the standard occupational safety climate questionnaire was used. To study the occurrence of unsafe behaviors, a checklist of unsafe behaviors was used according to the causes of accidents that have occurred in the studied industry during the last 15 years. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression in SPSS software version 25. Results: Significant inverse relationship was observed between the workplace safety dimension and unsafe behavior. There was also a significant relationship between the dimension of management commitment and the experience of accident and near-miss and unsafe behavior (P-Value <0.05). The regression model results showed that the most critical factors affecting the occurrence of unsafe behaviors included the components of management commitment, workplace safety, probability of ignoring the error, education level, and work experience (R = 0.559, P-Value <0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the dimension of management commitment, level of workplace safety, level of education, and work experience in chemical industries are among important and influential factors in the occurrence of unsafe behaviors. Therefore, paying attention to these issues can be a practical step towards reducing unsafe behaviors and consequently reducing the accidents in mentioned


A novel DC-rail parallel resonant zero voltage transition soft-switching inverter was proposed to achieve high efficiency and high performance in the inverter.Auxiliary resonant unit was added to DC link of conventional inverter to realize soft-switching operation of all switching devices in the inverter.Switching devices in the auxiliary resonant unit could also be operated under soft-switching.In addition,the bulk capacitor was avoided in the circuit and there was no center tap potential variation problem.Power ratings of the resonant components and auxiliary switches the proposed circuit required are small.The control is simple and less dependant on load current.The equivalent circuits at different operation modes,the analysis of the circuit and the method of parameter design were presented.A 10 kW laboratory prototype had been built.Experimental results were proposed to confirm validity of soft-switching inverter presented.


I read with great interest the recent article by Parseghian and colleagues ([1][1]), presenting a review of the mechanisms underlying the innate and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. This "in-depth review" of the resistance mechanisms, however, does not include the possible host antibody


Environmental influence on shell allometric growth in Nacella (Patinigera) deaurata (Gmelin, 1791) from the Beagle Channel, Argentina. The allometric relationships among a variety of shell characters were studied in P. deaurata, which inhabits the lower intertidal zone in Beagle Channel. Shell height and weight as well as inner volume were significantly higher in specimens living on coasts exposed to strong wave action. It is suggested that individuals inhabiting exposed surfaces are obliged to have a stronger grip, and consequently the mantle does not extend past the edge, resulting in shell height increase. The variations observed are related to the different exposures to wave action. Desiccation is not an important factor in the habitat of this species


ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship age cohorts, or generations, have had with regards to alcohol expenditure over time. Articles from popular publications claim Millennials are 'killing' the alcohol industry due to their lack of consumption, but provide little empirical analysis of any academic rigour to make such claims. These claims do matter, as they have implications for the alcohol industry itself as well as investors and policymakers. This paper uses four cross-sectional decadal datasets spanning from 1986 to 2016 from the Bureau of Labour Statistics Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey (CEX) to determine the validity of these claims, while controlling for factors such as income, expenditures, and demographics. The question being explored is, ceteris paribus, does the Millennial generational expenditure on alcohol differ from previous generations? Left-censored Tobit I models indicate that Millennials spend more on alcohol than previous generations, contradicting the claims of these articles. Following the regression analysis is a discussion of the results and their implications.


Abstract The importance of personal branding is evident in every aspect of business and consumerism. From the social demise of corporate executives to college students being suspended from school to individuals going from obscurity to online superstars, the power of branding is a significant career factor. Given its importance, the impact of personal branding on the employability of early career professionals is important to explore. This research investigates job seekers' personal branding and its effect on their employment prospects. The study examines the perspectives of both early career job seekers and employers.


The paper presents the viewpoint of the authors concerning the concept of state innovation policy on the basis of economic synergy and evolution theoretical propositions. The improvement of approaches to the innovation policy formation is necessitated by the behavior changes in the innovation activity of subjects and by the spreading of the open model of the innovation process management at the microlevel. The paper reveals synergy methodological principles in the context of the innovation policy formation, the significance of every management level from the viewpoint of organization and self-organization processes. The necessity of spatial-level interactions both "subject-object" and "subject-subject" is substantiated.


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Pinosomes (arrow) form in Ad2-infected cells.Many virus species are taken into their host via receptor-mediated endocytosis, after which the virus particle is temporarily contained within endosomes. For genome propagation, most viruses must escape into the cytosol. New


18F‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose position emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET) has been proven as a sensitive and reliable tool for diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). More attention was paid to this kind of imaging because of the shortage of MRI, EEG, and CSF findings. FDG‐PET has been assessed in a few small studies and case reports showing apparent abnormalities in cases where MRI does not. Here, we summarized the patterns (specific or not) in AE with different antibodies detected and the clinical outlook for the wide application of FDG‐PET considering some limitations. Specific patterns based on antibody subtypes and clinical symptoms were critical for identifying suspicious AE, the most common of which was the anteroposterior gradient in anti‐ N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and the medial temporal lobe hypermetabolism in limbic encephalitis. And the dynamic changes of metabolic presentations in different phases provided us the potential to inspect the evolution of AE and predict the functional outcomes. Except for the visual assessment, quantitative analysis was recently reported in some voxel‐based studies of regions of interest, which suggested some clues of the future evaluation of metabolic abnormalities. Large prospective studies need to be conducted controlling the time from symptom onset to examination with the same standard of FDG‐PET scanning.


pastoralists in a Eastern Province of Kenya. Gabra people transfer their camels as gifts, and on the basis of short term loan, trade and "trust". Trust, the most ordinary of these four, is a long term loan. Usually, an owner trusts out (loans) most of his camels to other Gabra, and he lives on camels trusted in (borrowed) from other Gabra. Trustees can keep trusted camels as long as the owner does not ask for their return. Trustees have the right of use of the camel and what it produces, most importantly milk. As well, trustees can in turn, trust offspring to another Gabra. Trustors and trustees are recognized as ' jal" (special friend), connected by the trusting of camels. This •gjal" chain creates multiple networks in the Gabra society. The first part of this paper outlines the trust system of the Gabra and analyzes the relationships which are found in the •gjal" networks. There are two important relationships. One is a direct relationship between trustor and trustee, characterized by intimacy and loose reciprocity. The other is an indirect relationship between the owner of a camel and the trustees of that camel's offspring. A camel owner has the right to demand a gift from the trustee, however, in some cases, this demand is deemed too high, and the trustee does not accede to the owner's demand, in which case the owner will compulsorily recall his camel from that trustee. The latter relationship is particular to the Gabra trust system. Secondly, this paper analyzes three features which the trust system