This paper presents the design of a bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized (CP) antenna that uses metasurfaces. The antenna consists of two metasurfaces, each comprising an array of 2 × 4 corner truncated patches placed back-to-back on the top and bottom of the antenna. In addition, a ground plane with an etched slot is sandwiched between the substrates at the front and back, and the feed line is a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide. The antenna radiates same-sense right-handed CP waves in both the front and back directions and has overall dimensions of 48 mm × 24 mm × 3.048 mm (0.91λo × 0.45λo × 0.05λo at 5.7 GHz). The measured reflection coefficient for |S11| < -10 dB yields an impedance bandwidth of 5.21–6.26 GHz (18.4%) and an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 5.36–6 GHz (11.2%) for both front and back directions. The antenna gain is 3–5.29 dBic for both directions and has a radiation efficiency of >96% within its AR bandwidth.


The university enrollment flow among Japanese 47 prefectures for 31 years from 1972 through 2002 was analyzed. University enrollment flow data in the present study consist of 31 tables. Each table is 47×47, the (j, k) element of the i-th table, corresponding to year i, is the number of high school graduates in prefecture j who entered into universities in prefecture k in year i. If we regard the number of high school graduates in prefecture j who entered into universities in prefecture k as the similarity from prefectures j to k, these 31 tables are prefecture×prefecture×year (47×47×31) two-mode three-way similarities. Each table is not necessarily symmetric, because the number of high school graduates in prefecture k who entered into universities in prefecture k is not necessarily equal to those in prefecture j who entered into universities in prefecture j. The two-mode three-way asymmetric similarities were analyzed by the external analysis of two-mode three-way asymmetric multidimensional scaling, where the longitude and the latitude of the capitol of each prefecture were given as the externally given two-dimensional configuration of 47 prefectures. In the external analysis the two-dimensional configuration of 47 prefectures was unaltered. The result of the analysis is compatible with earlier studies obtained by analyzing similar data. The present result showed two large university enrollment regions centered at Tokyo and at Kyoto respectively which also had been suggested by several studies. The present result was compared with the result of the internal analysis of (usual) two-mode three-way asymmetric multidimensional scaling. While the result of the external analysis exaggerated asymmetric relationships among prefectures, two analyses gave results which had similar characteristics in nature.


C.I. Reactive Black 5 dye was decolourized by Nickel nanoparticles with Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agent. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The effect of pH, dye concentration, nanoparticles concentration, alkali addition, salt addition and duration of treatment on dye decolourization was studied. FT-IR analysis of the degradation products revealed the attachment of some amount of degraded product of dyes on the nanoparticles. The color removal efficiency and COD reduction were obtained as 98.9% and 56%, respectively.


Five hundred years after his death, the figure of Leonardo da Vinci continues transmitting his tireless desire to know and learn. Leonardo is the symbol of a century in which progress impacted, shattering the thickness of dogmas. In the Quattrocento, the doors were opened, ideas spread and still feed us, clear our path, and enlighten us. Florence, in Leonardo's time, was the Silicon Valley of the Renaissance. Leonardo studied the dynamics of water flow in rivers, using colors to show the flow patterns, thus defining the continuous stress on the side walls of the river. He determined, with different colors, the flow characteristics in the center and near the edges of the rivers and extrapolated those findings to the blood that flows in the arteries. Leonardo studied the coronary artery and veins, heart and bronchia in detail and made several assumptions about the cause of atherosclerosis, based on his previous hydrodynamic studies of water flow. Leonardo theorized that diseases were derived from some imperfection in the structure of the human body and addressed the issue of atherosclerosis and its correlation with aging. He accurately described a case of portal hypertension with liver cirrhosis as well as pulmonary circulation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Leonardo was the great pioneer in revealing the secrets of the heart and arteries


The utility model discloses a medical negative oxygen ion oxygen inhalation mask. The medical negative oxygen ion oxygen inhalation mask comprises an oxygen inhalation mask body, and an oxygen inlet pipe is connected to the oxygen inhalation mask body. Fixing bands are connected on the two sides of the oxygen inhalation mask body. A negative oxygen ion ventilation material is arranged in the oxygen inhalation mask body and is a sponge body with negative oxygen ions. The oxygen inhalation mask body is made of transparent material. The fixing bands are elastic bands with elasticity. Air holes are formed in the two sides of the oxygen inhalation mask body. Nose pads are arranged in the oxygen inhalation body. The medical negative oxygen ion oxygen inhalation mask has the advantages that the medical negative oxygen ion oxygen inhalation mask is practical, low in production cost, and convenient to wear and use, materials of the mask are easy to obtain, quality of inhaled oxygen can be improved, good health of people can be kept, and rehabilitation of people is promoted.


[Objective] To obtain the optimal extraction conditions for rutin from Morus alba L.leaf.[Method] Using ethanol concentration,solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction time and extraction temperature as four factors and extraction rate of rutin as an indicator,the extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal test based on single factor test.[Result] The optimum extracting combination for rutin from mulberry leaf was A3B1C1D3.In other words,the mulberry leaf extracted with 60% ethanol as solid to liquid ratio of 1∶20 at 30 ℃ for 50 min was highest in yield with absorbance of 0.171.[Conclusion] The optimal extraction process was obtained in this work,and this research provided reference for better development and application of Morus alba L. leaf.


Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is providing more speaking opportunities for second language learners. With its progress in more accurate error detecting, the application of ASR in language teaching holds huge potential to practice and improve pronunciation. The purpose of the study is to present the features and application of ASR in second language learning. This paper firstly focuses on presenting the available literature on pronunciation training. Then the effectiveness of the ASR in evaluating the pronunciation data and providing feedback is discussed by referring to some evidence. It is found that state-ofthe-art ASR is conducive as a pronunciation measurement, but the feedback provided by ASR is less effective. Keywords—pronunciation; ASR; scoring; feedback


Abstract : Model tests of three commonly used energy dissipators for storm-drain outlets were conducted to determine the limiting discharges for various sizes of stilling wells, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation type VI basins, and St. Anthony Falls stilling basins. Charts were prepared for each type of energy dissipator, showing the maximum recommended discharge that will result in good performance for given outlet diameters and structure widths in terms of the outlet diameter. With these charts and other known parameters, the designer can select the type of dissipator best suited to protect the outlet. (Author)


Justine Cenzer '18 describes what it's like to intern on Capitol Hill, an experience that's inspired her to carve a path in politics.


Significance Few patients with pancreatic cancer survive longer than 5 y, in part because most patients are identified only after their disease has progressed to an advanced stage. In this study, we show how combining mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) with protein markers can result in a screening test with improved sensitivity while retaining specificity. The combination of the ctDNA and protein markers was superior to any single marker. Moreover, the combination detected nearly two-thirds of pancreatic cancers that had no evidence of distant metastasis at the time of surgical resection. The strategy may represent an approach to detect cancers of many types at an earlier stage. The earlier diagnosis of cancer is one of the keys to reducing cancer deaths in the future. Here we describe our efforts to develop a noninvasive blood test for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We combined blood tests for KRAS gene mutations with carefully thresholded protein biomarkers to determine whether the combination of these markers was superior to any single marker. The cohort tested included 221 patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and 182 control patients without known cancer. KRAS mutations were detected in the plasma of 66 patients (30%), and every mutation found in the plasma was identical to that subsequently found in the patient's primary tumor (100% concordance). The use of KRAS in conjunction with four thresholded protein biomarkers increased the sensitivity to 64%. Only one of the 182 plasma samples from the control cohort was positive for any of the DNA or protein biomarkers (99.5% specificity). This combinatorial approach may prove useful for the earlier detection of many cancer types.


Polymers with flake reinforcement belong to a type of composite materials wherein the filler is twodimensional, e.g. flakes, platelets, ribbons, disks, etc. These fillers are usually considered for planar structures due to their capability to reinforce in two dimensions [1]. The reinforcement of glass flakes into coatings and polymers provides physical enhancements such as improved barrier characteristics, dimensional stability, surface hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical stiffness. The effectiveness of glass flake reinforcement in composite materials is dependent on the orientation of flakes inside the material matrix. For example, improved barrier properties are expected when flakes are oriented perpendicular rather than parallel to the diffusion direction. The flakes act as impermeable barriers and present a tortuous path for the diffusing environment [2]. This can delay the effects of environment exposure on the mechanical durability of these composite materials. This paper presents the results of a study evaluating the effects of flake orientation anisotropy on the aging process and durability of glass/epoxy composites. The results are compared with data obtained from unfilled neat epoxy resins. The durability of composites is discussed in terms of their capability to retain their flexural properties during exposure to aging environment.


With the expansion in the quantity of cell phone utilization, mobile applications are developing significantly in today's high-tech environment. With this high demand, the quality of mobile applications is turning into a major issue. The organizations are still finding a way to develop quality applications. The number of quality models has already been proposed for assessing the quality of a mobile application but none of them provide a holistic view towards quality assurance. The present research work proposes an empirical evaluation of the SQM-MApp quality model using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination and Choice Expressing REality) (ELECTRE-TRI) method and step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method for ranking and determining weights of chosen quality factors respectively. The proposed approach specifically is for the mobile applications that are from the gaming domain. Also, validation of the proposed approach is performed by assessing the quality of gaming applications.


The invention relates to a method and a device, suitable for the measurement of quantitative photon absorption coefficient in tissue, wherein the device comprises a first light source, suitable for generating photons, a light measurement element suitable for measuring at least one of : the intensity, the frequency, the frequency deviations and phase shift of the light to be measured, an ultrasound source, suitable for the generation of a defined sound wave pattern in a defined volume element within the tissue, wherein the ultrasound source is suitable for labelling the light, originating from the first light source or a second light source that enters the defined volume element within the tissue, and an ultrasound measurement element, suitable for measuring ultrasound, originating from the defined volume element within the tissue and generated by the light of the first light source that enters the defined volume element within the tissue.


We present a study of non-resonant optical cavities for optical refrigerators. Designs have been studied to maximize pump light-trapping to improve absorption and thereby increase the efficiency of optical refrigeration. The approaches of non-resonant optical cavities by Herriott-cell and total-internal-reflection were studied. Ray-tracing simulations and experiments were performed to analyze and optimize the different light-trapping configurations. We present a trade-off analysis between performance, reliability, and manufacturability.


In this article, we develop a structural econometric model of household location, dwelling and tenure types in a in a dynamic framework with perfect information. We consider an individual living two periods. At the beginning of each period, s/he has to choose whether to stay or not where s/he lives and, in case s/he moves, choose dwelling type, tenure type and location. S/he then has to choose the optimal quantities of housing and consumption level of an outside composite good, subject to budget and other technical constraints. Borrowing is allowed at first period, but not at the second one. We assume that the interest rate is higher when borrowing for a dwelling than when saving/borrowing on the money market, and that transaction costs apply to real estate. The individual may leave a bequest to heirs at the end of his/her lifecycle, be it for strategic or altruistic reasons. The bequest is made of money and/or real estate enjoyed when alive. Real estate is then both an investment and a consumption good. We choose functional forms for utility at each period so that the resulting theoretical model of inter-temporal utility maximization is analytically tractable. Solving for tenure and dwelling types, and quantities of dwelling and composite good results in an indirect utility function computed for any potential sequence of locations. The model can then be easily formulated as mixed Nested Logit Random Utility Maximization model. The empirical application uses the 2006 French Housing Survey including retrospective information on several demographic and professional events which happened during the years before the survey. These changes are related to household moves during the same period. We use this information to define the periods considered in the empirical application.


The invention relates to a particle filtering and regenerating device for a bus. The particle filtering and regenerating device has a simple structure, small size, low manufacturing cost, and convenience in installation, and comprises a shell made of stainless steel materials, and a ceramic filter for filtering particles in tail gas discharged by the bus, wherein an air inlet pipe connected with an exhaust port of an engine is arranged on the front end of the shell; an exhaust pipe is arranged on the rear end of the shell; a bypass pipe for discharging the particles is arranged on the shell; a butterfly valve is arranged on the bypass pipe; and a pneumatic element, an electromagnetic valve and a controller for controlling the electromagnetic valve are arranged. When the bus is parked in a fixed site, a connector on the end part of the exhaust pipe is connected with a compressed air source which is outside the bus and is used for regenerating, the compressed air is injected to drop the particles from the filter, the dropped particles enter into a particle collection device outside the bus through the bypass pipe, and the size of the particle collection device corresponds to the size of a silencer on the bus, so that the modification is convenient.


Mastocytosis comprises a spectrum of related diseases, each characterized by the presence of increased numbers of mast cells in one or more organ systems. When confined to the skin, it is most often named urticaria pigmentosa, usually a benign and often asymptomatic disorder. Many organ systems, however, can be involved, with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Initially described by Nettleship in 1869 as a purely cutaneous condition, the presence of excessive mast cells was not identified until 1887 by Unna.* Approximately sixty more years passed before significant systemic involvement was well documented in the literature. Once a dermatologic curiosity, mastocytosis is now familiar and of clinical importance to general internists, oncologists, and gastroenterologists alike.


This paper presents a new approach for solving a class of infinite horizon nonlinear optimal control problems (OCPs). In this approach, a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP), derived from Pontryagin's maximum principle, is transformed into a sequence of linear time-invariant TPBVPs. Solving the latter problems in a recursive manner provides the optimal control law and the optimal trajectory in the form of uniformly convergent series. Hence, to obtain the optimal solution, only the techniques for solving linear ordinary differential equations are employed. An efficient algorithm is also presented, which has low computational complexity and a fast convergence rate. Just a few iterations are required to find an accurate enough suboptimal trajectory-control pair for the nonlinear OCP. The results not only demonstrate the efficiency, simplicity, and high accuracy of the suggested approach, but also indicate its effectiveness in practical use.


Thermocapillary convection is induced in a liquid bridge by a nonuniform surface tension distribution caused by an axial temperature difference. A toroidal vortex is formed by the thermocapillary force over the free surface. The induced flow is visualized by using fine particles as tracers. At a sufficiently high Marangoni number, three-dimensional standing and traveling oscillatory flows appear, and under certain flow conditions, the tracer particles form particle accumulation structures (PAS). In the present study, the conditions for the occurrence of PAS have been carefully investigated with focus on the spiral loop PAS (SL-PAS) that appears when the flow exhibits a traveling mode. The particles gather along a closed spiral loop that winds itself around the toroidal vortex. Observed from above, the spiral loop looks as if it is rotating azimuthally. The number of spirals corresponds with the azimuthal wave number of the traveling wave and each spiral consists of either single or double turns. The azimu...


Abstract The dimensionless vibration number (Γ) is the parameter most widely applied to quantify the vibration energy of a vibro-fluidized bed. It is defined as a function of the amplitude (A) and of the frequency of vibration (f). Most works in literature present their results as a function of Γ, which is adopted as a single parameter to explain the results on fluid dynamic behavior of vibro-fluidized beds, independent on the magnitudes of A and f. From its definition, however, it is possible to obtain identical values of Γ just by combining different values of A and f, and further studies are necessary for a better analysis of fluid dynamic behavior of vibro-fluidized beds concerning their vibration energy. Therefore, in this work the effects of dimensionless vibration number on the fluid dynamic behavior of a vibro-fluidized bed will be investigated by choosing different combinations of A and f values arranged to provide identical values of Γ. The tests were carried out for dry and wet beds, for values of Γ = 0.0 (fluidized bed), 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0. The results indicate that Γ must be used carefully when applied as the only parameter to characterize the vibration effects in a vibro-fluidized bed since very different fluid dynamic behavior was detected at a fixed Γ at different amplitudes and frequencies.


Pomegranate peel has been traditionally used as folk medicine owing to rich source of polyphenolic compounds. Aim of present research was to assess total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) & punicalagin contents (PC) of pomegranate peels obtained from three different varieties for their application as nutraceutical ingredient in food preservation industry. Phytogenic rich fractions were extracted from Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) peel using solvent methanol. Moreover, methanolic extracts were characterized in vitro to evaluate their antioxidative potential using DPPH assay. Kandhari peel polyphenols inhibited 78.23% free radicals; though extracts of Badana peel displayed least antioxidant potential. Maximum phenolics and flavonoids were documented in Kandhari peel extracts as 289.40 mg/g GAE and 58.63 mg/g RE, correspondingly, however punicalagin (118.60 mg/g) was the most predominant ellagitannin quantified. Significant correlation (r = 0.999, 0.987; N = 3) was noticed amongst total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidative capacity of experimented varieties. Correlation analysis (r = 0.975; N = 3) proposed that punicalagin might be the bioactive compound responsible for antioxidant potential of extracts. Conclusively, the study illuminated the therapeutic and nutraceutical prospective & potential use of pomegranate peel as a cache of natural antioxidant.


occurs in mammals, certain mollusks, and microorganisms, and is found in the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Moreover, NANA exists as a capping sugar in the oligosaccharide chains. These facts suggest the important role of NANA as a surface recognition molecule. Thus, NANA-related factors such as sialyl Lewis X, selectin, and siglec family proteins are being studied. In our previous paper, we reported the scavenger effect of NANA in which NANA reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an antidote; in this reaction, water, carbon dioxide, and the decarboxylated product of NANA—4-(acetylamino)-2,4-dideoxy-Dglycero-D-galacto-octonic acid (ADOA)—were generated. Such a reaction was known to occur between H2O2 and a-ketocarboxylic acids such as pyruvic acid, but in the case of NANA, which is the most complex kind of a-ketocarboxylic acid, this was not reported prior to our study. It is thought that due to the low reactivity of NANA and H2O2 in low-pH solution, this reaction was not detected until very recently. Although the reactivity of pyruvic acid and H2O2 is also strikingly pH-dependent and the reaction occurs under conditions of low pH, it is sufficiently detectable. In contrast, in the case of NANA, it was thought that the reaction velocity was extremely small at low pH, such as that in the NANA solution itself, hence rendering it difficult to detect a significant decrease in the amount of H2O2. If this reaction is occurred in the living bodies, it seemed that reaction velocity became fast under the physiology state. In this paper, we report the rate constant (k) of the NANA–H2O2 reaction under different pH and temperature conditions.


From the Publisher:
Convolutional codes, among the main error control codes, are routinely used in applications for mobile telephony, satellite communications, and voice-band modems. Written by two leading authorities in coding and information theory, this book brings you a clear and comprehensive discussion of the basic principles underlying convolutional coding. This book can be used as a textbook for graduate-level electrical engineering students. It will be of key interest to researchers and engineers of wireless and mobile communication, satellite communication, and data communication.


approved: Philip L. Jackson Water right marketing and transfers represent a resource reallocation strategy that has received considerable attention in the American West owing to nearly full appropriation of water in the region. Several western states permit transfers between different uses and places of use thus allowing water to move to higher-value economic activities. While facilitating economic development, reallocation can produce adverse economic, sociocultural, and/or environmental third-party effects. The purpose of this study was to describe transfer characteristics and conformity to a conceptual model, identify spatiotemporal transfer patterns, and determine the degree of association of sociocultural factors with transfer activity in New Mexico's Rio Grande basin (1975-1995). Transfer data from the Office of the State Engineer were merged with 1990 Census data in a geographic information system and stratified into sub-basins. Analytical methods included: comparison of the data with a conceptual model of transfer types, Peuquet's Spatiotemporal Triad Framework to identify patterns on the landscape, and multivariate statistical modeling techniques to identify significant sociocultural variables. The research revealed that transfers primarily involve irrigation-to-higher value use shifts as the conceptual model proposed. Market-based transfers are critically important to expanding municipal water supplies in the study area. Transfer activity was responsible for the retirement of 2,096 acres of farmland in the Middle sub-basin, was intensely clustered in the Upper and Middle sub-basins, and particularly so for growing communities within the former. The spatiotemporal pattern of transfer activity in these communities suggests the operation of a distance-decay function related to urban expansion. Multivariate regression modeling showed variables related to rurality, farming, income, race, and development to be significant variables for the study area and Middle sub-basin. Significant variables in the Upper sub-basin were related to recreational residential development. No important associations were found to occur in the Lower subbasin. The study suggests that economic, environmental, and socio-cultural thirdparty effects of transfer activity are more likely to be felt in the more populous and urbanized Middle sub-basin. Water marketing has implications for agricultural production and land retention in this sub-basin. Third-party effects in Upper subbasin are more likely to be confined to urban places and their immediate hinterlands. °Copyright by David D. Shively June 4, 1999 All Rights Reserved Transfers of Water Rights in New Mexico's Rio Grande Basin: Spatiotemporal and Sociocultural Patterns


In this paper the general theory developed by Vladimirov et al. is extended to nonlinear (Lyapunov) stability for axisymmetric (invariant under rotations around a fixed axis) solutions of the ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamic flows for a particular situation, namely arbitrary field and poloidal flow. The appropriate norm is a sum of magnetic and kinetic energies and the mean square vector potential of the magnetic field.


The professional traditional printing machine is an indispensable tool in the process of making woodblock prints. However, the disadvantages of high cost, low cost performance, cumbersome machine, high operability and low safety are constantly revealed in the creation of prints. The common printing machines on the market do not meet the needs of users. An art printing machine based on the theory of ease of use is proposed based on the comfort, accuracy and simplicity of printmaking. Through the method of market research, combined with in-depth analysis of the user's real needs, the ease of use theory is used to analyze the human-machine features of the art printing machine and the feature differences of the print features. A comprehensive summary of the current status of the art printing machine, identified relevant issues, analysis of the factors affecting the ease of use of the art printing machine, and found a new design improvement program.


New technologies bring new insights. The existence of the first mathematical model of how the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems, and knowledge of how this can be applied to screen or treat the diabetic, enables the author to take a comprehensive view of the etiology of diabetes and obesity. This paper illustrates the dynamic relationship between the brain, physiological systems and visceral organs. It highlights that 1) blood glucose is a neurally regulated physiological system, and/or network of organs, which function coherently in order to maintain blood glucose within normal physiological limits; and 2) that dysregulation of this physiological system (regulation of blood glucose levels), by genetic or phenotypic pathologies in the organs in this system, influences the prevailing levels of insulin, directly influences brain function and hence the coherent function of this and other physiological systems and organs e.g. blood pressure, sleep, pH, digestion, sexual function, etc. In addition 3) the observation that proteins may be coiled and reactive, or uncoiled and resist reacting with their reactive substrates, leads to a greater level of understanding of the mechanisms responsible for type 2 diabetes and obesity and how such conditions could be screened and treated.


In this paper the state-of-the-art developments model-based fault diagnosis in technical processes are reviewed. Attention is focused upon both the analytical approaches that make use of the quantitative models and the knowledge-based approaches using qualitative models. Basic concepts and the advantages as well as disadvantages of different model-based fault diagnosis schemes are outlined.


A method for determining the minimum cost operation of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant is developed and applied to a plant in Erie County, New York. The plant includes an aerated grit chamber, two aeration basins, two secondary clarifiers, two solids contact clarifiers, a flotation thickener, sand-drying beds, centrifuge, an aerobic digester, two gravity sand filters, and chlorination-reaeration facilities. The complex method of constrained optimization is modified for discrete-valued variables and used with nonlinear cost and process equations to determine the minimum cost operation of the plant for a specified 12-month flow sequence. The results from the optimization are compared with actual operation of the plant.


Probably all macromolecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic, are subject to ageing phenomena. The random movements of long flexible chains must inevitably end in rigid tangled configurations. Aged, denatured, or aggregated proteins in serum will no longer be able to carry out their predetermined functions and mechanisms must exist for their removal. The catabolic mechanism for serum proteins is probably initiated by recognition of the denatured molecule


In the current economic crisis, reducing costs is a primary goal. One widely used method today is to replace proprietary software with free or open source software. In this paper I refer primarily to the open source software's because they can be tailored to specific needs of each user. A report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.


The present invention relates to a powerless hole-unclogging device for a trommel, characterized by simply removing foreign substances by using a roller device rotated by the rotating force of a drum.


A major source of noise involves flow interaction with wall-mounted attachments such as fins, guide vanes, aircraft airframe components, and wind turbine blades. In a simplified sense, these objects can be viewed as wall-mounted airfoils of finite length. A wall-mounted finite airfoil has one end immersed in the free stream and the other end fixed to a wall that is subject to a developing boundary layer. The free-end and wall junction introduce three-dimensional flow structures into the wake that affect noise generation in ways that are not yet fully understood. The primary goal of this research is to determine how airfoil end-effects and three-dimensional aerodynamics influence airfoil noise production. To accomplish this goal, anechoic wind tunnel studies have been conducted to determine the characteristics and mechanisms of flow-induced noise production for various wall-mounted finite airfoil configurations. The test models include combinations of airfoil profile shape, aspect ratio, angle of attack and free stream velocity. The motivation for this work is to gain a better understanding of sound generation from wall-mounted finite airfoils to aid future innovation in quiet aerodynamic design and optimisation.A major source of noise involves flow interaction with wall-mounted attachments such as fins, guide vanes, aircraft airframe components, and wind turbine blades. In a simplified sense, these objects can be viewed as wall-mounted airfoils of finite length. A wall-mounted finite airfoil has one end immersed in the free stream and the other end fixed to a wall that is subject to a developing boundary layer. The free-end and wall junction introduce three-dimensional flow structures into the wake that affect noise generation in ways that are not yet fully understood. The primary goal of this research is to determine how airfoil end-effects and three-dimensional aerodynamics influence airfoil noise production. To accomplish this goal, anechoic wind tunnel studies have been conducted to determine the characteristics and mechanisms of flow-induced noise production for various wall-mounted finite airfoil configurations. The test models include combinations of airfoil profile shape, aspect ratio, angle of attack an...


Abstract For children to gain maximum benefit from a second, bilateral cochlear implant clinicians need to be aware of the special needs of the family and child, and to adapt their clinical management appropriately. This article describes how the situation of the family considering a second implant is different, and how the decision to be made differs from that for a first implant. The information specific to sequential implants that should be provided so families can make an informed decision is reviewed. Programming issues unique to sequential bilateral cochlear implants are discussed. Finally, information is provided on how children may respond post-operatively, and what can be done to promote bilateral device use and the development of listening skills with the new implant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd


This paper used Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model to estimate the impacts of a monetary policy shock through the reverse repurchase rates on M3, value of the manufacturing production and inflation rate Results of the study showed that monetary shocks produced impulse responses that showed transitory cyclical fluctuations on macroeconomic variables that dissipated over time. Monetary shocks had the following properties: (1) they were associated with a fall in domestic liquidity or M3 stock; (2) they led to a transitory increase on the inflation rate or the price level as observed with the price puzzles ; and, (3) they generated sharp but temporary decline on the output of the manufacturing sector. Variance decomposition results revealed that the reverse repurchase rate (RRP) is not a significant measure of monetary policy shocks due to its insignificant effect on M3, value of the manufacturing production and inflation rate


The aim of this study was to investigate is it LLLT able to increase salivary flow rate. A sample consisting of 20 consecutive subjects were selected on a voluntary basis from patients who presented for diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia at the Oral Medicine Unit of the Medical Faculty University of Rijeka. All subjects were informed of the aims and procedures of the research, as well as of the fact that their medical data would be later used in the analysis. The Ethics Committee of Medical Faculty of Rijeka (University of Rijeka) approved this study protocol. Only those subjects who have given a written permission in form of an informed consent were included. Each subject completed a questionnaire for demographic and health information. The clinical examination was performed according to the standard clinical criteria. We mesured the whole saliva. Treatment with LLLT was an effective method to improve the quality of life of patient with xerostomia as an noninvasive, quick, safe, nonpharmaceutical intervention.


Abstract Reactions of the zirconium complexes 2 with hexachloroethane lead to the tetraphosphacubanes 4 whereas extrusion of the Cp2Zr units by means of (Ph3P)2NiCl2 gives rise to the tetraphosphacyclooctadienes 7. Polycyclic phosphorus-carbon systems such as 11 or 14 and 13 are accessible from multi-step reactions of the phosphaalkyne 5 (R = t-Bu) with dienes 9 or tropone (10), respectively. The complex 16 obtained from the spirocyclotrimerization of the phosphaalkyne 5 (R = t-Bu) with aluminum trichloride provides the starting point for the construction of the bis(homo)prismane 19 and the hexaphosphapentaprismane 20. Furthermore, the phosphorus-carbon-aluminum cage compounds 12, 23, and 24 have been prepared from the phosphaalkynes 5 and the triorganoaluminum reagents 22.


Recent progress in motion sensing, combined with the advanced visualization, augmented reality technologies and related movement computing research, open a great range of opportunities in realtime embodied learning applied to motion domains such as dance, sports, rehabilitation, fitness and well-being. In particular, low-end devices such as Kinect, have been used recently in a variety of domains that extend the paradigm of Augmented Mirror for dance self-training. In this paper we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these paradigms and settings based on literature research, our previous work in WhoLoDancE project and reflection through an ongoing design process and prototyping of learning experiences related to dance. We focus on identified challenges through a user-centered and interdisciplinary lens with the belief that focusing on particular aspects of movement, guided by the practice itself can lead to more meaningful experiences for self-training.


Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes a spectrum of clinical manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS). Neonatal HSV infection following exposure to the virus at delivery produces severe disseminated infection and can lead to death if not effectively treated.
Objective: The aim of this study is to detect the prevalence of HSV type I, and II in encephalitic neonates.
Materials and methods: A total of 100 CSF samples were collected from encephalitic neonates from Khartoum Hospitals. HSV type I and II were detected in patients' samples using real time PCR.
Results: Among the 100 encephalitis patients, 70 (70%) were males, and 30 (30%) females.  HSV DNA was detected in Two patients (2%) using Real-time PCR. Positive sample Ct value was 19.45 were as positive control sample Ct value was 22.24. All negative samples Ct values were appear later after 36 Ct value.
Conclusion: HSV detection by real-time PCR in the present study indicated a low prevalence among encephalitic neonates included in the study poulation. Real time PCR procedure should be used in conjugation with clinical diagnosis to support a perfect sensitive, specific and quantities diagnosis.

Keywords: HSV, Encephalitis, Real-time PCR.


Background: Borderline personality disorder has been related to personality traits such as antisocial traits, impulsivity or neuroticism. However, little attention has been given to psychopathic traits and the role they play on the disorder. Objective: To review the relationship between psychopathic traits and borderline personality disorder. Methods: A review of scientific literature between 1980 and 2017 was carried out. Papers were in English and had to relate psychopathic traits to borderline personality disorder. A total of 52 articles were included in the study. After full text revision, eighteen papers were selected for review. Results: This review suggests an association between borderline personality disorder and the factor 2 of the concept of "psychopathy", but not between BPD and factor 1. Previous literature is not conclusive about the influence of gender on psychopathic features present on BPD patients. Conclusions: According to the findings recorded in this review, an epidemiological and phenomenological relationship of BPD syndrome and the psychopathic syndrome can be confirmed. However, whether this relationship reflects real comorbidity or is the result of a nosological overlapping of the impulsive/unstable diagnostic criteria of BPD and the impulsive items of factor 2 of psychopathy cannot be resolved as yet.


According to the ENR(Engineering News Record) weekly of 2009,the sequence of the top 225 international contractors is analyzed and compared with 2008.We find that: China's international contracting is in the possession of certain advantages in number,turnover also has been improved.However,compared with developed countries there is still a gap in the market shares and contract status in the particular region.And the recommendations on enhancing the core competitiveness of China's international contract are also proposed.


Aimed at perennially accumulated seismic data,we design full text retrieval programs based on Lucene.In this paper we present the general program architecture and introduce the primary modules of programs and its basic functions.We described the key implementation technologies in the programs.


Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults where median survival in unselected patients is approximately 10 months. There is no standard treatment for patients who progress on temozolomide and patients are best treated within investigational clinical protocols. Patients harbouring tumours with functional O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair enzyme have particularly poor prognosis with median overall survival of 12.7 months, compared to 21.7 months for patients with hypermethylated MGMT promoter. The pre-clinical studies have shown that Bortezomib depletes the MGMT enzyme, restoring the tumour ´s susceptibility to Temozolomide, if the chemotherapy is administered in the precise schedule when the MGMT enzyme is depleted. Additionally, Bortezomib shows an antitumour effect by blocking autophagy flux. Based on the promising pre-clinical results, a non-randomized, open label phase IB/II clinical trial was designed. The primary endpoints include assessment of safety of Bortezomib administered with Temozolomide for phase IB and median progression free survival, overall survival as well as progression free rate at 6 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS Recurrent glioblastoma patients with unmethylated MGMT promotor, progressing at least 12 weeks after completion of postoperative radiotherapy, with adequate organ function, performance status Karnofsky 70 or better and radiologically measurable lesions are screened for study inclusion. The experimental treatment consists of Bortezomib 1.3mg/m2 administered IV on days 1, 4, 7, during each 4-week chemotherapy cycle with per oral Temozolomide at 200mg/m2 5 days/week every 4 weeks starting on day 3. Study group will be compared to historical controls on conventional management. The sample size was calculated to 63 patients, ten of them were included in the phase IB. RESULTS The phase IB of the trial was completed in 2019 and the combination of Temozolomide and Bortezomib was shown to be safe and well tolerated. Until April 2021 a total number of 23 patients were included into the trial. The patients are treated at 4 different referral university hospitals in Norway. A clinical treatment benefit with both radiological tumor volume response and stable disease were observed. The patient inclusion in the trial is delayed due COVID-19. The majority of observed side effects are mild or moderate. The grade 3 or 4 adverse effects included thrombocytopenia, ataxia, muscle weakness, delirium and hyperglycemia. Patients that progressed under the treatment received another line of therapy according to the institutional practice. CONCLUSION A combination of Bortezomib and Temozolomide administered in a defined time sequence to achieve sensitization of glioblastoma to alkylating agent is safe and feasible and may represent a novel treatment option for patients with this devastating disease.


An effective layout design method for VLSI processors, called the 'macrocell approach' is presented. The approach bridges the gap between full manual layout and polycell/standard cell layout with respect to the design productivity and the performance. After precise floorplanning, functional blocks are designed into macrocells using a flexible symbolic layout method, and a VLSI chip is laid out by an automatic layout program. A 16-bit digital signal processor (DSP) was designed using 2- mu m CMOS technology. Both high packing density of 1150 transistors/mm/sup 2/ and high productivity of 6.5 transistors/day for symbolic layout were attained in the design. After fabrication, the chip operated with the first silicon, realizing high-speed operation in an application program for a 32-kb/s ADPCM CODEC (adaptive differential pulse-code modulated coder-decoder). >


The use of light traps for controlling insect pests is restricted since they kill both pests and beneficial insects. It may be a possible to reduce the numbers of beneficial insects trapped by adjusting nightly trapping time based on differences recorded in the timing of the nocturnal flight peaks of target pests and beneficials. To test this, insects were collected hourly over night using black light traps at three locations in China from 2003 to 2005. Groups of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests were selected as the target pests that we would control by trapping and groups of beneficial predatory insects the catches of which needed to be reduced. The highest numbers of Coleoptera were caught between 20:00 and 22:00 h and of most Lepidoptera between 02:00 and 04:00 h. The hourly numbers of predatory insects caught by light traps were evenly distributed throughout the night. A model was developed to describe the relationships between the cumulative proportions of insects caught and time of night. The model accurately describes the flight activity of insects that were mainly caught before midnight, after midnight and evenly throughout a night by using different parameters for the three different insect groups. A beneficial-friendly trapping strategy was developed to reduce the numbers of beneficial insects trapped, which was based on differences in the nocturnal flight activity of pests and beneficial insects and validated by a field study in Shandong province. Results show that this trapping strategy reduced the number of beneficial insects caught by 46% and the electricity consumption by 50% compared to the traditional strategy. Thus this strategy is more beneficial-friendly than the traditional trapping strategy for controlling pests.


We evaluated chemo and thermotherapy for decontaminating orange seeds against the bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), a quarantine and economically important disease worldwide. We infected orange (cv. Valencia ) seeds with bacterial inoculum and studied the potential of three different methods i.e. surface sterilization with bleach, disinfection with plant preservative mixture, and hot water treatment to eliminate the bacteria. Our findings showed that the hot water, bleach (NaOCl), and a commercially available mixture of antifungal and antibacterial compounds known as Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) were very effective in eliminating most bacterial contamination from orange seeds. Our results also showed that treatment with bleach and hot water treatment enhanced seed germination and seedling vigor. Germination rate ranged from 18.51 to 77.78%, 7.41 to 62.96% and 13.33 to 66.67% for bleach, PPM and hot water treatments, respectively. Seedling height ranged from 4.28 to 6.63cm, 4.17 to 5.94cm and 3.42 to 5.99cm for bleach, PPM and hot water treatment, respectively. Findings of this study will provide impactful and practical methods for an economical and robust seed decontamination method.


......................................................................................... 4 Logistics........................................................................................ 4 Dates and location....................................................................... 4 Travel arrangements............................................................................ 4 Accomodation............................................................................ 4 Field logistics................................................................................... 4 General Introduction........................................................................ 6 Regional Geology........................................................................... 6 The Khibina massif....................................................................... 8 The Lovozero massif.................................................................... 11 Excursion Stops............................................................................. 15 Day 0: Arrival at Apatity................................................................. 15 Day 1: Excursion 1. Geology of the Khibina massif................................. 15 Stop 1‐1. The southern slope of Khibina Mountains.................................. 15 Stop 1‐2. The town of Kirovsk. Ski jump lodge....................................... 17 Stop 1‐3. The road to Kuelpor......................................................... 17 Stop 1‐4. The left bank of Southern Lyavoiok river................................... 19 Stop 1‐5. The left bank of Southern Lyavoiok river................................... 19 Stop 1‐6. The Southern Lyavoiok river................................................ 20 Day 2: Mineral Deposits of the Khibina massif....................................... 22 Stop 2‐1.  The Koashva open pit....................................................... 22 Stop 2‐2. Mt. Koashva.................................................................. 25 Stop 2‐3. Mt. Koashva.................................................................. 26 Stop 2‐4. Mt. Koashva.................................................................. 28 Day 3: The Khibina massif. Visit to the Niorkpahk open pit......................... 29 Stop 3‐1. Mt. Niorkpakhk............................................................... 29 Stop 3‐2. Mt. Niorkpakhk............................................................... 29 Stop 3‐3. Mt. Niorkpakhk............................................................... 30 Stop 3‐4. Mt. Niorkpakhk............................................................... 31 Day 4: The Khibina massif. Pegmatites and hydrothermalites within ijolite, rischorrite and foyaite at Mt. Eveslogchorr........................................... 33 Stop 4‐1. Mt. Eveslogchorr.............................................................. 33 Stop 4‐2. Mt. Eveslogchorr.............................................................. 34 Stop 4‐3. Mt. Eveslogchorr.............................................................. 35 Stop 4‐4. Mt. Eveslogchorr.............................................................. 36 Stop 4‐5. Mt. Eveslogchorr.............................................................. 37 Day 5: The Khibina massif. Pegmatites and hydrothermalites within rischorrite at the Marchenko Peak.................................................................. 38 Stop 5‐1A. The Marchenko Peak...................................................... 38 Stop 5‐1B. The Marchenko Peak...................................................... 39 Stop 5‐2. The Marchenko Peak........................................................ 40 Stop 5‐3. The Marchenko Peak........................................................ 41 Stop 5‐4. The Marchenko Peak........................................................ 42 Stop 5‐5. The Marchenko Peak........................................................ 42 Day 6: The Khibina massif. Phonolite dykes, alkaline pegmatites and albitites of Mt. Takhtarvumchorr.......................................................................


The development and preparation history of MgB2 are reviewed.After comparing the lattice constant and crystal structure of different substrates with those of MgB2,and discussing the reaction conditions on different substrates and micro-electronics mechanics at present,a method to prepare the MgB2 superconductivity multilayer films is put forward.


A self-control program for reducing smoking which emphasized the use of record-keeping, positive reinforcement, punishment, stimulus control, breaking up the chain of behaviors, and other behavior modification techniques was developed and tried out with 5 Ss. The flexibility and economy of such a program suggest that more widespread tests of its effectiveness would be worthwhile.


The paper has the objective to distinguish the Central Bank of Brazil as an agent of the International Relations and to state that its actions, internal or external, have some political connotation due to the impossibility to disconnect the economic from the political. The paper also intends to demonstrate that democratization, globalization and the awareness of the need to increase the transparency of the financial, economic and political relations, besides the increase of the international cooperation, strenghtened both the international and domestic institutions or increased the urge for countries that wish to insert themselves globally to develop strong institutions, among them their respective central banks.


Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Contact Mechanics. 3. Contacts under Partial Slip. 4. Advanced Contact Mechanics. 5. Mechanics of Surfaces. 6. The Analysis of Cracks. 7. Fretting Fatigue Tests. 8. Analysis of Crack Propagation. 9. Analysis of Crack Initiation. 10. Conclusions. Appendix A: Kernels for a Dislocation in a Half-Plane. References. Index.


The need for physiotherapy in the multidisciplinary management of patients with AIDS is generally acknowledged. Physiotherapists should understand the disease, and develop appropriate attitudes towards individuals with AIDS. Data obtained from questionnaires completed at the University of the Western Cape by prospective physiotherapy students between 1991 and 1993, on knowledge of and attitudes about AIDS, were analysed. The same questionnaire was re-administered to a group of physiotherapy students completing their fourth-year of study. Although most of the students indicated accurate knowledge about AIDS, their attitudes were uncertain. Students expressed anxiety about contact with persons with AIDS. The findings suggest the need for the inclusion of AIDS education in the physiotherapy education curriculum at the University of the Western Cape.


The main role of sphere of hotel services tourist destination due, above all the fact that it offers you not only the services of temporary accommodation and food, as well as a wide spektrslug transport, communications, entertainment, excursions, sports, medical services, spa-salons. In fact, the hospitality service tourist destination performs key functions as the forms and features, including tourists, hotel product, in the formation and promotion involving all sectors and elements of tourism.


A large size vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with multiple concentric ring apertures (MCRA) is investigated. Compared with a typical VCSEL with the same outer dimension, the 804nm VCSEL with MCRA has maximal continuous wave(CW) light output power 0.23 W which is about 3 times that of a typical device. The novel laser also exhibits a stable single-lobed far field pattern with low beam divergence angle, which is suitable for free-space optical communication and optical interconnection applications.


Parkinson syndrome is one of the most often neurodegenerative diseases, which affects the Central Nervous system. James Parkinson was the first who described the clinical symptoms of factor complex, a complex which can be present as a combination of six cardinal signs: tremor, rigor, bradikinesia-hypokinesia, curve pose, lose of postural reflexes and freezing phenomena. To get to the final diagnose, the clinicians usually use the Brain Bank Criteria of UKPDS [9]. Generally, there are four categories of Parkinsonism: Idiopathic Parkinson Disease; Secondary Parkinsonism; Parkinson plus syndrome and other neurodegenerative diseases in which Parkinsonism is main clinical manifestation [7]. Idiopathic Parkinson disease is the most represented type of Parkinsonism and it is maintained in almost 80 percents of the patients with movement disorders. Mostly with unilateral presentation, well respons on Dopamine-agonists and Levodopa, characterized with general slowness and typical tremor, from 4 to 6 Herz. The basic patho-anatomical findings in patients with Idiopathic Parkinson Disease, is loss of neurons which contain neuromelanin. These neurons are located in particular parts of the brain, such as substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. Dopamine level is reduced for almost 80 percents under normal level, especially in striatum [7]. Hystopatological findings direct to presence of intracellular inclusions called Lewy-body, primary in substantia nigra, and they contain alpha-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein is present in many parts of the brain, but mostly in substantia nigra, and it is the only synuclein included in Parkinson disease. It was found that two non-sence mutations in gene of alpha-synuclein, A53T and A30P, are closely related with early appearance of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease between populations in Europe. Accumulation of this protein in dopaminergic neurons is responsible for the process of neurodegeneration [20].


Objective To investigate the clinical features of recurrent cerebral infarction(CI).Methods The clinical data of 68 cases with recurrent CI and 68 cases with incipient CI were analyzed retrospectively.The factors related to the recurrence of CI were studied combined with literature.Results In 68 cases with recurrent CI,hyperlipidemia accounted for 36.7%(18/68),hypertension for 72.1%(49/68),diabetes for 25%(17/68),hypertension with diabetes for 14.7%(10/68),hypertension with coronary heart disease for 25%(17/68).There was statistic difference between the two groups.Conclusions Hypertension,diabetes and hyperlipidemia were the factors related to the recurrent CI and other risk factors are associated with recurrent cerebral infarction.


Abstract New alternating copolymers are obtained between ethyleneimine which is nucleophilic and α, β-unsaturated acids that are electrophilic. The alternating structure was identified by IR, NMR, and elemental analyses. A reaction mechanism is elucidated in the light of polymer structure which involves a ring-opening reaction of ethyleneimine and a hydrogen transfer to the double bond of α, β-unsaturated acid which is similar to the Michael-type addition reaction. A terpolymer from ethyleneimine, methacrylic acid, and phthalic anhydride was also obtained. It indicates that the two pairs of acid/base copolymer species are cross-propagated and also that the mechanisms involved in both the polymerization of ethyleneimine with dicarboxylic anhydride and of ethyleneimine with a, 0-unsaturated acid are basically similar to each other.


Azimuthal distributions of $\eta$ and $\pi^{0}$ mesons emitted at midrapidity in collisions of 1.9 AGeV $^{58}$Ni+$^{58}$Ni and 2 AGeV $^{40}$Ca+$^{nat}$Ca are studied as a function of the number of projectile-like spectator nucleons. The observed anisotropy corresponds to a negative elliptic flow signal for $\eta$ mesons, indicating a preferred emission perpendicular to the reaction plane. The effect is smallest in peripheral Ni+Ni collisions. In contrast, for $\pi^{0}$ mesons, elliptic flow is observed only in peripheral Ni+Ni collisions, changing from positive to negative sign with increasing pion transverse momentum.


Although most theories of choice are cognitive, recent research has emphasized the role of emotions. We used a novel context––the Mad Cow crisis in France––to investigate how emotions alter choice even when consequences are held constant. A field study showed that individuals reduced beef consumption in months after many newspaper articles featured the emotional label ''Mad Cow,'' but beef consumption was unaffected after articles featured scientific labels for the same disease. The reverse pattern held for the disease-related actions of a government bureaucracy. A lab study showed that the Mad Cow label induces people to make choices based solely on emotional reactions, whereas scientific labels induce people to consider their own probability judgments. Although the Mad Cow label produces less rational behavior than scientific labels, it is two to four times more common in the environment. Across the social sciences, standard theories of individual decision making under risk are consequentialist, assuming people decide by weighing the outcomes or consequences associated with various alternatives, and cognitive, assuming people weigh consequences dispassionately and nonemotionally. Recent research has challenged both assumptions. The cognitive assumption has been challenged by Slovic and his colleagues' work on the affect heuristic, which has shown that individuals' choices are influenced in pervasive ways by their emotions (Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002). In a review, Kahneman and Frederick (2002) conceded that this affect heuristic is sufficiently important that researchers could have missed it earlier only because of ''the narrowly cognitive focus that characterized psychology for some decades'' (p. 56). The cognitive and consequentialist assumptions were both challenged by Loewenstein, Weber, Hsee, and Welch (2001), who proposed a risk-as-feelings hypothesis positing that people infer risk directly from their emotions, not from evaluating consequences cognitively. For example, people pay more for airline travel insurance covering death from ''terrorist acts'' (a vivid, emotional alternative) than for insurance covering death from ''all possible causes'' (a less emotional but more inclusive category; Johnson, Hershey, Meszaros, & Kunreuther, 1993). People perceive risks on the basis of the dread (i.e., anxiety and lack of control) they feel when contemplating hazards (Slovic, 1987), and they are less sensitive to probability when contemplating a vivid, emotionally involving stimulus (e.g., a brief electric shock) than when contemplating a more impoverished stimulus (e.g., the loss of $20; Rottenstreich & Hsee, 2001). To examine how emotions influence important decisions, we investigated a unique context: the Mad Cow crisis in France. An ideal test of how emotions alter choice would examine a situation in which consequences are constant but emotions vary. Such tests are generally infeasible––different affective domains involve different consequences. Research on dread has considered hazards that vary widely in affect and consequences (e.g., nuclear power, vaccines, food additives), and even careful lab experiments have difficulty manipulating affect while holding consequences constant (e.g., electric shock vs. losing $20). The advantage of studying Mad Cow disease is that it offers alternate frames for the same disease (and thus an identical set of consequences). One frame is more affective and vivid (''Mad Cow''), and others are more abstract and scientific (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, CJD, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE). These frames hold consequences constant even while emotions vary. Thinking about Mad Cow disease also provokes strong emotion, whereas Loewenstein et al. (2001) noted that most laboratory work has involved ''relatively mild emotions'' (p. 280). Mad Cow disease creates strong emotions because it involves Address correspondence to Marwan Sinaceur, 518 Memorial Way, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015; e-mail: sinaceur@ stanford.edu. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Volume 16—Number 3 247 Copyright r 2005 American Psychological Society contamination and death (see Rozin, Haidt, & McCauley, 1993). Not surprisingly, it created a major social and political crisis in France (Peretti-Watel, 2001). Finally, Mad Cow disease allowed us to study whether more or less affective frames prevail in the social environment. Although research has often shown framing effects in laboratory settings, such experiments typically present people with one frame or the other in a carefully balanced design. This disease allowed us to assess how frames arise and spread in a natural environment. We thought it would be interesting to examine whether the scientific frame or the vivid, affective Mad Cow frame prevailed when they competed in the social marketplace of ideas. TWO SYSTEMS OF JUDGMENT Research suggests that humans are equipped with two systems of reasoning (Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000): An associative system works through similarity relationships and temporal contiguity; a deliberative system works through abstract symbolic structures, logically and systematically. The associative system is ''spontaneous, intuitive, effortless and fast,'' whereas the deliberative system is ''deliberate, effortful, and slow'' (Kahneman & Frederick, 2002, p. 49). Because affective reactions are spontaneous and unavoidable (Zajonc, 1980), risk perceptions are often driven by the associative system (Finucane, Alhakami, Slovic, & Johnson, 2000; Loewenstein et al., 2001; Slovic et al., 2002). As hazards involve more emotion, risk perceptions increase (e.g., Hsee & Rottenstreich, 2004; Johnson et al., 1993; Rottenstreich & Hsee, 2001), and emotional associations may override crisp numerical estimates (Windschitl & Weber, 1999). It is natural to ask when the second, deliberative system will override the faster associative system (Frederick, 2003; Kahneman & Frederick, 2002; Stanovich & West, 2000, pp. 657–658). In the case of Mad Cow disease, thinking about the hazard may––regardless of frame––produce negative affect; the key question is how that initial affective reaction is used or corrected by the deliberative system. In the following sections, we describe two mechanisms that might have cued the deliberative system in the context of Mad Cow disease in France: At the level of individual consumers, the deliberative system might have been cued by the scientific labels for the disease. At the level of institutional actors, such as government bureaucracies, it might have been cued by routines and procedures that made the decision more deliberative. CUING THE DELIBERATIVE SYSTEM IN INDIVIDUALS: THE EFFECT OF LABELS We suggest that the Mad Cow label may evoke the associative system, whereas scientific labels (BSE or CJD) may evoke the deliberative system. People are more likely to override the associative system the more obvious the value of abstract information. When they are thinking like statisticians (rather than as clinical psychologists), people consider statistical base-rate information (Schwarz et al., 1991), and they use probabilities more appropriately when they confront a hazard that is abstract or symbolic, rather than concrete and emotional (Rottenstreich & Hsee, 2001). In French, the Mad Cow label and scientific labels have quite different semantic connotations. Although the ''bovine'' in BSE is the formal species name in French and typically appears in scientific or technical discussions, vache (the French word for ''cow'' in ''Mad Cow'') is used to refer to cows as animals and to the beef that people consume, so it is associated in a more immediate and concrete way with food. Contaminated food elicits strong disgust (Rozin et al., 1993), and rumors of food contamination often arouse social panics (Fine, 1992). Additionally, ''madness'' has negative emotional associations because it evokes a lack of control and predictability (Foucault, 1967/1988); it has been used in France to counter the credibility of science in discussions of genetic engineering (e.g., ''mad corn''; Fournier, 1998). In contrast, labels such as BSE and CJD, because they are strongly associated with science, may induce people to consider risks more deliberatively. Language theorists have argued that naming a disease makes people feel as if they have delimited it (Eco, 1994/1995). Girard (1982) quipped that ''a disease well named seems half cured'' (p. 11). In sum, the Mad Cow label seems more likely to trigger the associative system, whereas the scientific labels for this disease are more likely to trigger the deliberative system. CUING THE DELIBERATIVE SYSTEM IN ORGANIZATIONS: THE EFFECT OF ROUTINES AND PROCEDURES Collectives, such as government agencies, also react to risks. We suggest that the routines and procedures of such collectives make them more likely than individuals to decide deliberatively. Since Weber, organizational research has noted that bureaucracies employ rules and procedures that make decisions more deliberative (e.g., Simon, 1976; Weber, 1946). Individuals are more deliberate and less emotional when they have more time to make a decision (Finucane et al., 2000), and bureaucratic routines are designed to produce slower, more consensual decisions (e.g., Crozier & Friedberg, 1980). Conscious application of decision rules reduces the likelihood that individuals will rely on the associative system (Kahneman & Frederick, 2002), and bureaucratic routines require formal decision rules to be used. Bureaucrats are often required to reason in terms of probabilities, frequencies, and acceptable risk; individuals are not (Fischhoff, Lichtenstein, Slovic, Derby, & Keeney, 1981; Powell & Leiss, 1997, pp. 27–29). 248 Volume 16—Number 3 Emotion and Deliberation in a Crisis


In the practical application of TV tracking, it is very important to realize the automatic recognition and suppression of the target signal in the field of view. A memristor-based target suppression and feature recognition circuit is proposed in this paper, which uses a simple method to suppress redundant targets and identify targets more accurately. The circuit consists of two selective input modules, two target suppression modules, two feature recognition modules and a signal processing module. The selection input module can realize the selection of multiple features of a single object in the field of view. The designed target suppression module realizes the suppression of redundant interference targets through a simple circuit and reduces the influence of interference signals on the recognition system. According to the characteristic information of the target signal, the feature recognition module finally realizes the recognition of the target signal. The circuit designed in this work can overcome the blindness of the suppression target, improve the accuracy of TV tracking, and provide a reference for TV tracking hardware circuit.


This article determines the thickness dpk of the bismuth layer at which its impedance becomes equal to the characteristic impedance of the field of two electromagnetic waves propagating towards each other in a vacuum. For the first time such a calculation was performed by Kaplan in his article [6]. The impetus for re-examining this problem was the 29-fold discrepancy between the value of the mean free path l0 in the bulk bismuth at room temperature, obtained in the work of Pippard and Chambers [7] and used by Kaplan for his calculation, and the estimate of l0 given in the paper by Cronin et al. [12]. To resolve this contradiction, in the second section of the present article, the mean free path l0 in bismuth has been re-estimated, taking into account the strongly anisotropic energy spectrum of quasiparticles in this material from the very beginning. The set of values of the effective masses and Fermi energies of electrons ϵe and holes ϵh that had been measured in the work of Brandt et al. [15] at liquid helium temperatures was the basis for calculating l0. To determine the Fermi velocities at room temperature, the values of energies ϵe and ϵh were corrected in accordance with the change in the concentration of charge carriers with an increase in temperature from 4.2 K to 300 K. The characteristic electron and hole relaxation times were calculated on the basis of the values of mobilities of charge carriers, measured in the work of Michenaud and Issi [16], and their effective masses, taken from the referred above article by Brandt with coworkers. The values of the Fermi velocities and characteristic relaxation times obtained in this way made it possible to estimate the mean free paths along the main directions of the electron and hole ellipsoids in bismuth. It turned out that at room temperature the characteristic mean free path l0 is about 1800 Å, which is 1.8 times greater than the estimate of l0 given in the article by Cronin et al., and 16 times less than the value of l0 used by Kaplan for calculation of the thickness dpk in his work above. It is clear that such a significant discrepancy is a sufficient basis for re-calculating dpk using the new value of l0 found in the present paper. In the third section of this article, it is discussed how justified the choice of a zero value for the specularity coefficient p, made in Kaplan's work, is. Based on the analysis of the available literature on that issue, a nonzero value of this parameter was substantiated and arguments were given in favor of choosing the specularity coefficient p equal to 0.56, in accordance with the results of the work by Hoffman and Frankl [21]. Calculating the dpk thickness for a given specularity value and the new mean free path l0 which was obtained in the second section of this article yields dpk equal to 177 Å, that is almost five times less than the value of dpk found by Kaplan. It is clear that such a small value of the thickness of the bismuth layer will seriously complicate its separation from the supporting substrate. This makes the prospects for using such layers in the spectroscopic systems mentioned in the Introduction of the present paper rather vague. Unfortunately, this is not the only problem standing in the way of using the unique electrodynamic properties of bismuth layers of the dpk thickness. As mentioned in the fourth section, an uncontrolled change in the specularity coefficient p due to the appearance of a surface electric charge on the layer can also make it difficult to work with this object. Since the problem of producing free-standing bismuth layers of the dpk thickness has not yet been solved, it is difficult to say how serious the problems associated with their uncontrolled electrification will be. As noted in the fourth section of the present paper, much of the significant discrepancy between Kaplan's estimates of the dpk thickness in bismuth and those made in this work is due to the greatly overestimated value of the mean free path l0 borrowed by Kaplan from the Pippard and Chambers article. Therefore, in the final section of the current paper, it is discussed the reasons why these authors obtained such a huge value of l0 in bismuth at room temperature. It is suggested that the large value of l0 obtained in their work is a consequence of the application of the Reuter and Sondheimer theory, which is valid in the case of a spherical Fermi surface, for the analysis of experimental data on the anomalous skin effect in strongly anisotropic bismuth. The final section also discusses one controversial thesis from Kaplan's article concerning the magnitude of dpk in nickel. It is shown that the value of this parameter given in his paper is caused by the use of an erroneous value of the mean free path in this metal.


Results of a scenario identification, a fault tree construction and an analysis for a loss of cooling accident in a High Activity Liquid Waste (HALW) tank of a typical model of reprocessing facility, is rendered together with considerations of the system reliability improvement by changing the model design. Model plant data, basic failure frequency data and a fault tree analysis code named FTL have been introduced from NUKEM Gmbh, Germany. They are throughly reviewed and reevaluated at JAERI, and improved to apply to Japanese facilities. A general systematic method for constructing fault trees is used to avoid missing scenarios, thus all of the 10 conceivable accident scenarios for "HALW storage tank without cooling, HALW boiling" are identified, and a total failure frequency are calculated to be in the 90% confidence interval of (1.1–5.8)×10″−6/yr for the German model plant.


This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork, the aim of which was to explore the functionality of cocaine (used in conjunction with alcohol and on its own) in the subcultural milieu of the English football firm. The study was originally concerned with the use of violence associated with cocaine use among football fans on match days but, like much ethnography, the research evolved beyond its original remit to include the extension of football firm violence within the night time economy (NTE). The study is unique in giving a voice to this group of individuals and permitting them to be active interpreters of their own world. It included 20 interviews with members of football firms who habitually took part in violent exchanges and found that concurrent use of cocaine and alcohol fulfilled three main functions: the facilitation of extreme violence; the acquisition of 'time out'; and the construction of a (hyper-)masculine identity. These functions were not confined to the subcultural context of the football firm, but had also become an integral component of their mainstream leisure pursuits within the NTE. The findings from this explorative study also contribute answers to the under researched question of whether those 'who are violent in the NTE are also violent in other contexts' (Finney, 2004: 5).


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The Assets Wall analysis is an important method for stock asset life cycle management,mainly applicable in scenarios of medium / long-term planning management of assets operation,maintenance and transformation. In the case study of Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company,this paper expounds the following steps in the assets wall analysis: the assets wall establishment,life expectancy analysis,future technological transformation prediction,reset scale prediction,equipment defects and commissioning time analysis and maintenance workload prediction.


This is the first issue published under my editorship, and I wanted to briefly outline my vision for Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice. I believe this journal provides a unique opportunity for industrial and organizational (I–O) psychologists to engage in meaningful conversations about important topics in the field. The ideal conversation starts with a focal article challenging the field to think about new issues or new approaches to familiar issues, and it includes commentary that builds on the focal article in a constructive way, either offering different perspectives or extending the arguments of the focal article in new ways. The end result should be a set of new insights about how we understand and apply the science of I–O psychology. The journal is dedicated to science, practice, and the interchange between the two, and I strongly encourage input from a variety of settings and viewpoints. That being said, I reject utterly the notion that science is one thing and practice is another and that each camp in our field owns their unique piece of turf. I do not believe you can be a good practitioner without being a good scientist or that you can be a good I–O psychologist without applying what we learn in academic research to organizations. I encourage authors whose primary affiliation is academic to think carefully and realistically about implications for practice and for authors whose primary affiliation is in an organization or consulting firm to think carefully about the scientific justification for their practice in organizations. Above all, both focal articles and comment articles should have something to say. Focal articles that do little more than praise mom, the flag, and apple pie, or comment articles that point out the flaws in the scholarship and character of focal article, authors make no real contribution and won't be given space in this journal.


Effects of tobacco seed dressing with imidacloprid of 4 different doses against Myzus persicae and on tobacco growth were studied by floating seedlings and field plot experiment. Results showed that treatments of seed dressing with 48.27 μL per one thousand tobacco seeds imidacloprod could inhibit seed germination and delay germination time, and inhibit underground growth during early stage, while make no significant difference to growth during seedling stage. As for the control of Myzus persicae, the treatments showed supreme control effect of 69.63%. They also showed a significantly positive effect on economical characters of tobacco in after transplant growth.


Measuring redshifted CO line emission is an unambiguous method for obtaining an accurate redshift and total cold gas content of optically faint, dusty starburst systems. Here, we report the first successful spectroscopic redshift determination of AzTEC J095942.9+022938 ("COSMOS AzTEC-1"), the brightest 1.1mm continuum source found in the AzTEC/JCMT survey (Scott et al. 2008), through a clear detection of the redshifted CO (4-3) and CO (5-4) lines using the Redshift Search Receiver on the Large Millimeter Telescope. The CO redshift of $z=4.3420\pm0.0004$ is confirmed by the detection of the redshifted 158 micron [C II] line using the Submillimeter Array. The new redshift and Herschel photometry yield $L_{FIR}=(1.1\pm0.1)\times 10^{13} L_\odot$ and $SFR = 1300\, M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. Its molecular gas mass derived using the ULIRG conversion factor is $1.4\pm0.2 \times 10^{11} M_\odot$ while the total ISM mass derived from the 1.1mm dust continuum is $3.7\pm0.7 \times 10^{11} M_\odot$ assuming dust temperature of 35 K. Our dynamical mass analysis suggests that the compact gas disk ($r\approx 1.1$ kpc, inferred from dust continuum and SED analysis) has to be nearly face-on, providing a natural explanation for the uncommonly bright, compact stellar light seen by the HST. The [C II] line luminosity $L_{[C~II]} = 7.8\pm1.1 \times 10^9 L_\odot$ is remarkably high, but it is only 0.04 per cent of the total IR luminosity. AzTEC COSMOS-1 and other high redshift sources with a spatially resolved size extend the tight trend seen between [C II]/FIR ratio and $\Sigma_{FIR}$ among IR-bright galaxies reported by Diaz-Santos et al. (2013) by more than an order of magnitude, supporting the explanation that the higher intensity of the IR radiation field is responsible for the "[C II] deficiency" seen among luminous starburst galaxies.


The polycarboxylate terpolymer superplasticizer MAPEG-MA-SMAS is prepared by copolymerization of esterification intermediate(MAPEG),methyl acrylate(MA) and sodium methallyl sulfonate(SMAS).The effect of copolymerization reaction on the performance of superplasticizer is studied.Relative molecule weight and its distribution of superplasticizer are measured by GPC.The microstructure of cement is characterized by SEM.The results show that the superplasticizer with good performance can be obtained under the following conditions:1.0∶0.5∶0.5 molar ratio of MAPEG,MA and SMAS,85℃ of the polymerization reaction temperature,7 h of the polymerization reaction time and 3.6%(based on total monomer mass) of the dosage of initiator.The initial fluidity of cement paste can reach 325 mm with 0.3% of the superplasticizer.GPC result shows that the mean molecular weight(Mw) and polydispersity(Mw/Mn) of the superplasticizer are 15 345 and 2.087,respectively.SEM result shows the amount of macropors of cement are reduced by adding the superplasticizer,and the crystals grow more perfect.


We use the 12 datasets from the well-studied evaluation suite introduced by (Kornblith et al., 2019) and add 15 additional datasets in order to assess the performance of models on a wider variety of distributions and tasks. These datasets include MNIST, the Facial Expression Recognition 2013 dataset (Goodfellow et al., 2015), STL-10 (Coates et al., 2011), EuroSAT (Helber et al., 2019), the NWPURESISC45 dataset (Cheng et al., 2017), the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) dataset (Stallkamp et al., 2011), the KITTI dataset (Geiger et al., 2012), PatchCamelyon (Veeling et al., 2018), the UCF101 action recognition dataset (Soomro et al., 2012), Kinetics 700 (Carreira et al., 2019), 2,500 random samples of the CLEVR dataset (Johnson et al., 2017), the Hateful Memes dataset (Kiela et al., 2020), and the ImageNet-1k dataset (Deng et al., 2012). For the two video datasets (UCF101 and Kinetics700), we use the middle frame of each video clip as the input image. STL-10 and UCF101 have multiple predefined train/validation/test splits, 10 and 3 respectively, and we report the average over all splits. Details on each dataset and the corresponding evaluation metrics are provided in Table 2.


One of the main problems for any start-up is to find funds for the idea development, product/service creation and promoting it in the market (Binks & Ennew, 1996). In Russia banks form the main demand for fintech products and services. However, there is a belief that Russian fintech ecosystem is not well developed. This research aims at exploring which barriers for fintech start-up ecosystem development are present in Russia as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for a fintech start-up to attract bank as an investor in the context of Russian experience. Qualitative interviews with experts of Russian financial industry, including representatives from banks, a regulatory institute, IT corporations (n=32) as well as quantitative survey of fintech start-ups (n=37) provide data for this research. This study uses crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to examine the presence of complex causality relationships between factors describing fintech start-up and receiving investment from banks. Major findings of this research corroborate the belief that Russian fintech start-up ecosystem is weakly developed. The one reason for that is the gap between what fintech start-ups offer and what market actually needs. Necessary condition for receiving bank?s investments according to crisp set QCA is having a business plan. Other conditions this research explores are sufficient and include: having a core competence in market and consumer understanding, income source as a commission per transaction, payments-related start-up?s products or services, not aiming at owning the business while doing start-up project and also readiness of the product or service. The sufficient conditions might be absent or present in certain configurations. Finally, in Russia banks finding start-up offerings unsatisfactory choose not to invest in them or to create incubators but rather develop fintech internally. This research contributes to the literature on QCA (Ragin et al., 2006; Skaaning, 2007), as well as financial technologies (Shim & Shin, 2016) and develops knowledge on fintech start-ups in particular.


Rapid Control Prototyping or RCP is a process which lets the engineer quickly test and iterate the control strategies on a dedicated hardware equipped with a real-time operating system and with real input/output devices: the plant under control is real and the control strategy is executed in real-time in a hardware that can be commanded through a host computer where data recording capabilities for tuning and debugging purposes are required.


This manuscript outlines some of the elds within geophysics, with emphasis on solid-Earth geophysics, gives references to some of the applications of modern statistical methods in geophysics, and lists some online sources of large geophysical data sets. Geophysics, the physics of Earth, is an extremely old and broad eld. Physical properties of Earth have been studied since antiquity. That lodestones align in preferential directions has been known since the sixth century BC 126]. Perhaps the rst \modern" scientiic treatise, Epistola de Magnete (Petrus Perigrinus, 1259), addressed geomagnetism 117]. The hypothesis that Earth is spherical is generally attributed to Pythagoras, 6th century BC, and Aristotle is credited with six arguments that the Earth is spherical. The rst scientiic measurement of Earth's circumference is attributed to Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC 1]. His measurement is about 15% larger than the modern estimate. Earthquakes are referred to in historical records as early as 1800 BC in China, with catalogs of seismicity dating back to about 700BC. A \seismometer" indicating the direction to the earthquake was constructed in 132 AD by the Chinese philosopher Chang Heng 40]. Until the emergence of particle physics, Earth was the primary object of study by physicists , including Gauss, Gilbert, Kelvin, and Newton, who might well be labeled geophysicists were they alive today. The \physics" in geophysics is predominantly classical: continuum mechanics, electromagnetics, magnetohydrodynamics, Newtonian gravitation, and thermo-dynamics. (Notably, however, geophysical experiments have been used to test the hypothesis that there is a \\fth force," i.e., that the gravitational constant is not constant 153, 218].) The \pre-Maxwell" equations suuce to model many electrical and magnetic phenomena in geophysics 15]. As mainstream physics has moved to study smaller objects and more distant ones, geophysics has moved closer to geology, and its mathematical content has become generally more dilute, with important singularities. The subject is driven largely by observation 1


EMBO Reports (2019) e48173

Philanthropy is a bright light in a dim reality of medical research and drug development. Only 1 in 10,000 academic discoveries make their way into a new therapy or diagnostics that helps patients. Those few discoveries that are taken up by biotech or pharma companies take 15 years and over US$1 billion to bring a new product to the market—if they ever make it that far. Moreover, there are between 7,000 and 9,600 known rare diseases, for which there are 773 FDA‐approved orphan drugs as of 2019 (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/listResult.cfm). These data are primarily US‐centric, but they represent the challenges faced around the world.

> Time and again, philanthropy has shown to wield a profound and outsized impact because it is not subject to the same constraints as other sources of capital.

Philanthropy is a relatively small player in the medical research ecosystem. It accounts for < 3% of all of US funding for R&D (https://www.researchamerica.org/sites/default/files/Policy_Advocacy/2013-2017InvestmentReportFall2018.pdf), which pales in comparison with the billions of dollars spent by government entities, such as the NIH, and the biopharma industry. Yet, underdog as it may be, it can still punch well above its weight. Time and again, philanthropy has shown to wield a profound and outsized impact because it is not subject to the same constraints as other sources of capital.

Michael Milken, a medical philanthropist and Chairman of the Milken Institute, said "Philanthropy is far more than just writing checks. It takes an entrepreneurial approach that seeks out best practices and empowers people to change the world" (https://givingpledge.org/Pledger.aspx?id=245). When philanthropists and foundations fully embrace the unique attributes of their capital and use it strategically to fill key funding gaps, incentivize new behaviors, and innovate the medical research system, we see positive impacts for science and for patients.

### Philanthropy primed for long‐term growth

The United States is in a second …


We report a correction to the numerical procedure, in which the source vector lacked a factor 1/2 and the integration in Eq. (19) was incorrect. The errors are inconsequential for the main results.


Taking the forecast of placer gold in Fushun-Qingyuan area, Liaoning Province as an example, this paper discusses the application of remote sensing method in placer gold exploration. The favorable conditions for primary gold concentration are interpreted by images from earth resource satellite. The favorable morphology is interpreted by aerophotographs. The potential areas for placer gold are then forecasted.


This paper reports on the results of the study to identify technologies that could have a significant impact on Earth Science mission operations when looking out at the 5-15 year horizon (through 2025). The potential benefits of the new technologies will be discussed, as well as recommendations for early research and development, prototyping, or analysis for these technologies.


The Christian church has long used mediums other than the printed word to tell its story. Story-telling has taken many forms, and in certain historical periods there has been significant use of painting and graphic art.


Innovated education" is a requirement of educational practice more than an educational policy. Although innovation is regarded as a principle or policy in PE teaching reforms, it has not been effectively carried out in the following practical measures adapted to the teaching reforms such as the construction of teaching circumstance, the in-service training of PE teachers, the amendment to teaching materials and the organization of class teaching. Therefore, the author analyzed the issues of innovated education in three aspects: 1) the practicability of innovated education; 2) the early practice of the innovation of physical education; 3) physical education and the development of man's intelligence.


Attempts to 'republicanize' and 'democratize' the Quai d'Orsay before 1900 had limited impact on the practices and predispositions of the foreign ministry personnel. More important was the ministry's response to changes in the international sphere in the late nineteenth century and again after the First World War. The explosion of international trade and introduction of new communications technologies vastly expanded both the speed at which international politics took place and the amount of information required to manage foreign policy. The institutional reforms and restructuring of 1907, mostly the handiwork of Philippe Berthelot, were a response to these transformations. Among the most important consequences of these reforms was the emergence of a new generation of increasingly professional officials, better equipped to adapt to the challenges of the post-1918 era.


Joshua Curtiss Department of Psychology, Yale University 2 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205 USA firstname.lastname@example.com David H. Klemanski (Corresponding Author) Department of Psychology, Yale University 2 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8205 USA email@example.com Background: This paper investigates the differential ability of three components of low mindfulness to uniquely predict symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression, while controlling for psychological inflexibility, a construct conceptually related to low mindfulness. Also examined was the meditational role of several mindfulness facets in the relationship between psychological inflexibility and symptoms of each disorder. Methods: Using a clinical sample (n=153) containing mostly patients with GAD or depression, we conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses and mediation analyses to determine unique relationships. Results: Whereas deficits in adopting a non-reactive perspective exhibited incremental validity beyond psychological inflexibility in predicting symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, deficits in acting with awareness did so in predicting symptoms of depression. Results of mediation analyses corroborated this pattern, as the relationships psychological inflexibility exhibited with symptoms of GAD and of depression were mediated by non-reactivity and acting with awareness, respectively. Limitations: The cross-sectional design of this study precludes causal interpretations of the mediation models. Conclusion: Findings corroborate the following conclusions: i) the lack of present oriented awareness experienced by individuals with symptoms of depression is not completely accounted for by psychological inflexibility nor by symptoms of GAD; ii) the reactive approach to automatic thoughts adopted by those with symptoms of GAD is not completely accounted for by psychological inflexibility nor by symptoms of depression. These conclusions suggest that it would be profitable for mindfulness-based therapies to concentrate on these specific mindfulness deficits to ameliorate the severity of GAD and depression.