The drop coating technique was applied to generate thin films of various polymer nanospheres as a basis for the preparation of AgFON (Ag films over nanospheres). In contrast to the well known spin coating technique, the chosen procedure also allows the use of multiwell (microtiter) plates as substrate, thereby opening up the possibility of a high-throughput analysis technique based on SERS. Employing commercially available spheres of polystyrene (diameter 533 nm) or silica (diameter 470 nm) and an Ag top layer 200 nm thick, SERS spectra of several food dyes were recorded; for Brillant Green (E 142), the detection limit was about 500 pg per well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ABSTRACT Cloud Computing has recently been recognized as one of the most emerging technology. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to explore different areas in Cloud Computing. Nevertheless, few areas including reliability, security and business value of Cloud Computing are yet to be explored. This paper presents a brief summary on the analysis of current gaps and new trends in cloud computing research based on extant information systems literature, industry reports, and practical experience reflections. Additionally, it highlights the significance of cloud computing and its implications for practitioner and academics. We conclude by outlining the opportunities associated with the development of Cloud Computing and noting future research directions. Keywords: cloud computing, service utilization, cloud services 1. Introduction There is no doubt that Cloud Computing is making a significant impact on Information Technology (IT). It is not merely a technology concept but also a new approach of implementing electronic commerce. An idea that computing is used similarly to the way of utility consumption (e.g., electricity), is to revolutionize the development and delivery of IT services [Brynjolfsson et al. 2010]. Traditionally, companies need to acquire hardware, software to automate and improve their business processes. Additionally, IT teams were required to support the information systems infrastructure. A rapid growth in technology poses huge challenges for companies to keep with the most up to date and current technology. In order to be with the pace of the market, companies continuously spend time and resources in IT to remain competitive [Fruhling & Digman 2000]. This situation has greatly been impacted and may change with the inception of Cloud Computing. It offers valuable and useful benefits for businesses of any size or type. Generally, customers are attracted towards the promises of Cloud Computing that include but not limited to enhancing IT resources with small upfront costs. It is suggested that companies all over the world might be slowly resizing their in-house IT infrastructure and have started using computation services available on the Internet to meet their organization needs [Carr 2008]. Cloud Computing is arguably one of the most important technological shifts within last decade. In recent years, computing has become an inexpensive commodity that is reachable and affordable to many business and individual customers. This appeals to many companies, whether small or large enterprises, because with less upfront cost than the traditional way, no software and hardware to buy, and very few things to manage, they could achieve increased level of robustness and get benefit of built in redundancy of Cloud Computing environment. Extant research suggests that Cloud Computing includes three types of models [Iyer & Henderson 2 Mell & Grance 2011]: Software as a service (SaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Under SaaS, applications (e.g., productivity, accounting or human resource applications) are provided by Cloud service provider over the Internet. Any update or change in the application is solely the responsibility of the provider. Customer pays for the service based on their opted service utilization. Under PaaS, developmental tools that help to build computer applications are managed and provided by cloud service provider over the Internet. In this situation, customers access these tools through web browser and develop new applications without installing the development tool on their local machine. In addition, customers can customize, deploy and test the newly developed applications over the Internet and without any administrative skills of computer servers. Under IaaS, customers utilize a complete set of equipments required to support their business operations. The equipments can include hardware, storage, servers, networking component, and etc. …


Special Education is undergoing a process of paradigm shift, reflected in national and international policies. The new paradigm of inclusive education challenges professional training to redefine traditional functions of special education teachers, without losing their professional identity. This article presents the results of a survey conducted by a university about the projective vision of the role of these professionals towards the demands of the XXI century. The survey questionnaire was applied to special education teachers graduated from said university, their employers, and teacher trainers. The consultation takes


In this paper, a simplified version of a model available from the literature is used to illustrate some of the issues encountered when applying a moving-horizon state estimator (MHSE) to industrial polymerization processes. Results of an online implementation will be presented. This online implementation of moving-horizon state estimation is used to investigate the effects of weight selection, initial conditions and disturbance model structure on estimator performance. Orthogonal collocation is used to discretize the equations allowing simultaneous solution of the estimation problem using commercially available numerically efficient optimization software. These results demonstrate that this class of nonlinear horizon-based estimators can be implemented on industrially relevant problems with modest computing hardware.


The fatty acid spectrum of gluten-free flours, which is predominantly represented by unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 74.78% to 85.4% of the fat fraction, has been studied. The amount of SFA in different flours varies from 14.35% to 25.09%. The total omega-3 fatty acid content in the gluten-free meals tested ranges from 1.17 g/100 g fat in millet flour to 2.46 g/100 g fat in chickpeas flour. Omega-6 fatty acids have a high value due to the high linoleic acid content. Based on the study, the extremely low content of omega-3 fatty acids has been found, as a result of which the ratio between the two groups of fatty acids-omega-6 and omega-3 is relatively high- 22.26 in the chickpeas flour, 30.07 and 30.34 for rice flours and 53.92 for millet flour. to its fatty acid composition to obtain gluten-free bread. From the study it was found that when glues of rice, millet and chickpeas are put in suitable proportions, gluten-free bread with good technological parameters can be obtained.


Objective: The objective of this research is to conduct a 4week study on two groups of stroke patientsdraw-in pelvic tilt training Group and general...


The digital video broadcasting (DVB) transmission standard DVB-T2 published by the ETSI [1] enables a new digital television format for terrestrial transmissions. It currently supersedes DVB-T transmission systems. The introduction of a complicated frame and modulation structure raises several demands to process DVB-T2 in passive radar applications. This includes challenges for the reconstruction and the processing due to different symbol lengths, modulation parameters like the length of FFTs and the overall structure. It is necessary to understand the challenges and accomplish solutions to address these changes. Different solutions were tested by the Fraunhofer FHR passive radar department, Germany for the usage in their PCL systems.


The religious concepts in romence plays of Yuan Dynasty have distinctive secular features.Binary images of religious ideas are worldly tools,which is used to achieve secular desires.Among these,the images of gods obviousely contain worldly color.So are the holy religious place and the Buddhism temples holder.The features of this kind of plays reflected the live state of that time in which they are nearlies forced away from the power,their cultural personalities are independent,and their cultural psychologies are secular,too.


Wool is remarkable among textile materials in that it possesses high extensibility and the ability to return to its original length or shape after being stretched or distorted. These properties are of advantage in such products as clothing, blankets, and carpets. It is shown that a number of the important physical properties as well as some of the chemical properties of wool are dependent upon a unique molecular structure, provided by the presence of disulfide or cystine cross-linkages between the main molecular chains of the fiber. As a result, wool fibers possess a three-dimensional molecular net-work while most other textile fibers are composed of bundles of chain-like molecules, arranged more or less parallel to the axes of the fibers. The rôle of these disulfide cross-linkages is made clear by a study of the behavior of wool before and after alteration of the mode of linkage of the sulfur. For example, the disulfide cross- linkages are readily broken to form sulfhydryl groups by the re ducing agent, thioglycolic acid. The sulfhydryl groups of the reduced fibers readily react with alkyl halides to form thioether groups with two possible results. Thus, the reaction of reduced wool with alkyl monohalides results in permanent rupture of di sulfide linkages and greatly increases the extensibility and decreases the strength of the fibers. The reaction with aliphatic dihalides introduces hydrocarbon chains between pairs of sulfur atoms of cystine molecules in the fibers. Such fibers are very similar to untreated fibers in physical properties. Wools in which the disulfide linkages have been broken by reduction, or by reduction followed by treatment with alkyl mono halides possesses much higher alkali-solubilities than untreated wool, while wools in which the disulfide cross-linkages have been replaced by new cross-linkages through reduction followed by re action with dihalides possess much lower alkali-solubilities. Since the susceptibility of wool to degradation by alkalies is one of its greatest disadvantages, practical processes that would make it stable at its cross-linkages should also enhance its durability.


Nepal. A Draft Paper Prepared during the Writing Workshop, November 5-19,2001. CIFOR, Bogar, Indonesia. Thesis, Joachin and Grady, H.M. 1991. Participatory Rapid Appraisal for Community Development. International Institut~ for Environment and Development and Save the Children Federation. Uprety, Laya Prasad.200 I. ParticipalOry Research and Gender Analysis Impact Assessment. New ERA, Kathmandu. Uprety, Laya Prasad, Narayan Sitoula and Kalpana Sharma, 200 I. Background Study for Adaptive Co-management: A FlI1al Report Submil/ed 10 CIFOR, Bogar, Indonesia. ew ERA, Kathmandu. Uprety, Laya Prasad, Narayan Sitoula and Kalpana Sharma. Adaptive and Collaborative Management 111 Community Forestry in Nepal: A Final Report of Main Case Studies of Monakamana and Andheribhajana Community Users' Groups of Sankhuwasabha District Submil/ed to CIFOR, Bogar, Indonesia. New ERA, Kathmandu. CHANGING PATTERN OF FOREST CONSUMPTION: A CASE STUDY FROM AN EASTERN HILL VILLAGE IN NEPAL


After introducing seueral basic function of the probability character for Markov Chains in random environments, we can obtain a series of relations among these functions.


With the aid of appraisal target system and taking population modernization into consideration,the paper reviews and analyses the history and the present situation of Yugu's population development.After comparing it with the entire nation and other minorities with smaller population,the paper makes the following conclusion: the minority has already realized its modernization of child-bearing;its upgrading of cultural quality is slower;its development of population structure lags behind,so such minorities should give top priority for to adjusting their population structure.


This talk will describe recent experiments aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the recognition of the translation initiation site in an mRNA by the eukaryotic protein synthesis machinery. This is arguably the most important reading of the genetic code during gene expression because if it goes awry a miscoded protein will be produced. Upon recognition of the initiation codon, a signal is sent to the central G protein initiation factor eIF2 to irreversibly hydrolyze its bound GTP and release the methionyl initiator tRNA into the P site of the small ribosomal subunit. This event is the first committed step in translation initiation; after it happens the complex must proceed with initiation at that point on the mRNA or abort the process. Thus the irreversible hydrolysis of GTP by eIF2 must be regulated exquisitely carefully such that it does not happen at the wrong place on the mRNA but happens very rapidly at the right place. We have been exploring the molecular mechanics of the formation of the 43S·mRNA pre‐initiation complex, its identification of the start codon in the mRNA, and the triggering of irreversible GTP hydrolysis by eIF2. The work employs a reconstituted yeast translation initiation system, and the roles and mechanisms of each of the key components of the initiation machinery required for these central steps are being elucidated through a thermodynamic and kinetic dissection of the pathway. In collaboration with Alan Hinnebusch's lab at the NIH, we have also been studying a number of mutant versions of initiation factors that produce well characterized phenotypes in vivo, such as reduction in the fidelity of initiation codon recognition. These studies thus synergistically harness the power of yeast genetics and molecular biology to the detailed biophysical and biochemical studies possible in vitro.


Equipping approximate dynamic programming (ADP) with inputconstraints has a tremendous significance. This enables ADP to be applied tothe systems with actuator limitations, which is quite common for dynamicalsystems. In a conventional constrained ADP framework, the optimal control issearched via a policy iteration algorithm, where the value under a constrainedcontrol is solved from a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation while theconstrained control policy is improved based on the current estimated value.This concise and applicable method has been widely-used. However, the con-vergence of the existing policy iteration algorithm may possesses a theoreticaldifficulty, which might be caused by forcibly evaluating the same trajectoryeven though the control policy has already changed. This problem will beexplored in this paper.


Abstract This article demonstrates the feasibility of converting a heavy-water research reactor from natural to low-enriched uranium in order to slow the production of weapon-usable plutonium, even if the core cannot be physically reconfigured. The analysis was performed for Iran's IR-40 reactor at Arak in support of negotiations with Iran, but the methods have application to future reactors that present similar nonproliferation challenges. Two methods are considered, and both retain identical power, thermal-hydraulic, and safety profiles as the original reactor design. The conversion options can be implemented at any time during the reactor's life. The two methods have competing effects on achievable burnup, and they can be combined to produce an optimized core that matches both the fresh-core reactivity and maximum burnup of the original reactor. For the IR-40 example, the optimized design produces weapon-grade plutonium at only about 19% of the rate of the unmodified reactor for the same power level. Additionally, a reactor so converted could not be readily converted back to natural-uranium fuel without replacement heavy water, and it would retain the ability to produce medical isotopes at rates that exceed the original design through the use of LEU targets.


As popular teaching means and learning mode in recent years,multimedia teaching and self-study mode have been mostly used in basic stage of teaching.In order to meet the teaching requirement for senior English majors,we adopt corpus and WIKI to explore the self-study mode of senior English majors in hope of making some significant contributions in this field.


In this paper, we introduce a new class of convex functions, which is called nonconvex functions. We show that this class unifies several previously known and new classes of convex functions. We derive several new inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for nonconvex functions. Some special cases are also discussed. Results proved in this paper continue to hold for these special cases.


This paper analyses qualitative aspects of interaction of rotational motion and density change due to heat release in firewhirls. The mechanisms of firewhirl stabilisation, elongation and, possibly, breakdown are discussed in general and in the context of significant density change, which affects firewhirl dynamics and can delay or inhibit the breakdown. The details of these mechanisms are not understood well and need further investigation. This paper also presents a qualitative theory of vortex breakdown for firewhirls and other tornado-like flows.


Abstract In contrast to societies where socialization takes place through the transmission of anonymous and hence overpowering traditions, the typical way of socialization for Western people is through productive dialogue guided by the search for objectivity. Postmodernism, however, fosters a form of dialogue in which people should not look for objective knowledge but should simply register their diverse opinions. Just this type of dialogue has been the norm in Russia for centuries. As a result, Russian cultural and political initiative has been dominated by an all‐powerful state. In the West, we now witness a similar process, as the culture of nonjudgmental relativism consolidates its dominance over an increasingly postmodern society.


The market for e-books has been established during the past several years. Many e-book readers are commercially available, and millions of e-book titles are available for purchase or free download. E-paper technology has matured enough to be used as the screen for dedicated e-book readers which make reading possible with the familiar feel of reading printed books. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the status of the e-book, including the architecture and features of e-book readers, market adoption and e-book industry ecosystem.


This paper investigates a new kind of cooperative control problem, formation-containment control for multiple nonlinear Euler-Lagrange systems composed of leaders and followers under directed communication topology. The formation-containment control problem is an improvement upon the existing containment control problem in which the states of leaders are assumed to have spanned to a convex hull. First, to make each leader converge to the desired time-varying formation, an adaptive formation control algorithm based on neural-networks is proposed for leader systems with uncertainties and disturbances. Secondly, by designing proper auxiliary variables for follower systems, a distributed containment control law is provided such that all followers converge to the convex hull spanned by the controlled leaders. Finally, a mathematical simulation is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control algorithms.


Natural processes have been developed to produce nanostructures that involve recognition between biomolecules and inorganic surfaces. Such methods have been exploited in the production of nanomaterials for use as catalysts, biosensors, batteries, and components for directed assembly; however, the interactions at the biotic/abiotic interface remain unclear. These interactions are likely to control the activity of the nanostructures, which could be optimized based upon the peptide sequence and arrangement on the nanomaterial surface. Whilst these studies have demonstrated the unique activity of such bio-enabled materials, to the best of our knowledge, no research is available that probes the critical effects of the surface peptide on nanomaterial activity. Previous reports have suggested that peptides bind to surfaces in a different manner to individual amino acids; 9] therefore, by understanding these interactions, the design of bionanomaterials that have superior functionality may be possible. The Pd4 peptide (Table 1), was isolated using a phage display technique with an affinity for palladium. 9] Using this sequence, palladium particles, which have a diameter of approximately 1.9 nm, were prepared that were active for Stille coupling reactions in water, at room temperature, with palladium loadings of 0.005 mol % (Scheme 1). Modeling of the peptide–nanoparticle interactions suggested that the histidine residues at positions 6 and 11 were most likely


This paper presents the results of a calculation to determine the site specific seismic hazard appropriate for the deep soil site at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) which is to be used in the risk assessment studies being conducted for the High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR). The calculations use as input the seismic hazard defined for the bedrock outcrop by a study conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Variability in site soil properties were included in the calculations to obtain the seismic hazard at the ground surface and compare these results with those using the generic amplification factors from the LLNL study. 9 refs., 8 figs.


labourers. Also, the reader is not quite sure of the position Dr. Bandopadhyay would take on the celebrated debate on agricultural labourers in Madras Presidency initiated by Prof. Dharma Kumar. Besides, a crucial missing link is the absence of a discussion on the credit markets. The above, however, does not detract from the richness of empirical details and the solid contribution the author makes towards a better understand-


In this paper we discuss the dynamics of the cosmological Bartnick-McKinnon analogue with $n=1$ and $\Lambda=\Lambda_{reg}(n)$ . We derive boundary conditions from energy considerations. Numerical simulations are carried out to show the existence of a non-stationary solution.


Abstract Aims The study aims to investigate the impact of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) management on the incidence of pocket haematoma in patients undergoing pacemaker or implantable cardioverter–defibrillator implantation. Methods and results All consecutive patients receiving DOAC and undergoing cardiac electronic device implantation were included in a large multicentre prospective observational study (NCT 03879473). The primary endpoint was clinically relevant haematoma within 30 days after implantation. Overall, 789 patients were enrolled [median age 80 (IQR 72–85) years old, 36.4% women, median CHA2DS2-VASc score 4 (IQR 0–8)], of which 632 (80.1%) received a pacemaker implantation. Antiplatelet therapy was combined with DOAC in 146 patients (18.5%). Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were interrupted 52 (IQR 37–62) h before the procedure and resumed 31 (IQR 21–47) h later. Ninety-six percent of the patients had at least 12 h DOAC interruption before the procedure, and 78% had at least 12 h DOAC interruption after the procedure. Overall, anticoagulation was interrupted for 72 (IQR 48–96) h. Pre- or post-procedural heparin bridging was used in 8.2% and 3.9%, respectively. Timing of DOAC interruption of resumption was not associated with clinically relevant haematoma. Clinically relevant haematoma occurred in 26 patients (3.3%), and thromboembolic events occurred in 5 patients (0.6%). Conclusion In this large real-life registry where most patients had DOAC interruption, clinically relevant haematoma was rare. Despite DOAC interruption and high CHA2DS2-VASc score, thromboembolic events occurred seldomly, highlighting that bleeding exceeds thromboembolic risk in this peri-procedural period. Future research is needed to identify risk factors for clinically relevant haematoma and meaningfully guide clinicians in optimizing DOAC management.


Cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus with different proportions of mulberry branch powder was studied in order to confer a way of mulberry branch comprehensive utilization.The medium formulas were 7 kinds with different proportions of mulberry branch powder from 26%~52%.The experiments showed that different percentage of mulberry branch powder were used as medium would result in different growth speed,different amount of output and different biology efficiency of Pleurotus geesteranus.The best medium formula was mulberry powder 77%,rice or wheat bran 20%,white sugar 1%,calcium superphosphate 1%,gypsum 1%.


Dynamic on-line color separation measurement of printed graphic images is a process which is difficult to accomplish in real time. Variations in the paper and ink quality can significantly add to the difficulty in measuring the area coverage of each of the primary colors. For some applications, this type of measurement must often be performed while the graphic image is moving, thus requiring the sensor to both measure and process the image data in real time. An optical technique for primary color separation in graphic color ink images will be described. A suitable system model has been developed which includes the contributions from the optical source, paper, inks and system optics. Detection algorithms and computer software have also been developed to simulate the color separation process. In addition, a laboratory detection system has been assembled and used to test the validity of the system model. The system model, algorithms, and the experimental detection system will be discussed, and the results of this color separation capability will be presented for both the simulation mode and the actual laboratory measurement mode.


Composites exhibit larger dispersion in their material properties compared to conventional materials due to larger number of parameters associated with their manufacturing processes. A finite element method has been used for arriving at an eigenvalue problem using higher order shear deformation theory for initial buckling of laminated composite plates. The material properties have been modeled as basic random variables. A mean-centered first order perturbation technique has been used to find the probabilistic characteristics of the buckling loads with different edge conditions. Results have been compared with Monte Carlo simulation, and those available in literature.


The service restoration problem in distribution power systems has already been addressed with regard to this issue, for purposes such as the minimization of unrecovered load and power supply loss, considerations of priority sections, and preparation of switching procedures. However, since this involves the application of a number of methods, the related algorithms are complex. In this paper, in order to resolve this issue we first apply GA as an optimization method for investigation purposes, to simplify the algorithms used. Next, to confirm this proposed method's effects in reducing computing time, we consider the efficacy of the proposed method by using smaller numbers of generations and individual sizes than have been used in the past. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by the system when failure occurs. It is clear that the proposed method, consisting of GA only, is superior in terms of average fitness values and the ability to reduce computation times. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(1): 10–19, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20752


With the increasingly tensed usable water resoures,rainwater has become a new usable water resources with its advantages of low cost and simple handling method.In this paper,the authors analyzes the main mode,optimized design and investment efficiency of rain water-using system of ecological areas.


Gingival enlargements are commonly seen especially localized. Most of these enlargements are non-neoplastic and rather reactive by nature. On clinical examination, it is not always possible to differentiate one specific gingival enlargement from other. Clinically, differentiating one from the other as a specific entity is often not possible. To identify these lesions, histopathological examination is required. One of such seen entities is peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) that is diagnosed by histopathological examination. Peripheral ossifying is a reactive benign lesion. A clinical report of 23 years old male with POF maxillary left canine and premolar region is reported with treatment and 1-year follow-up.


A simple unified reaction has been developed in the syntheses of various vinylsilanes and silylated butadienes by the nickel-catalyzed coupling of dithioacetals with appropriate Grignard reagents


Measurements by laser-Doppler velocimeter were performed in a wind-wave tank to investigate the structure of the water surface boundary layer under capillary-gravity wind waves in the generation area. The wave and velocity field main features were determined through the analysis of the instantaneous signals, the mean vertical profiles and the spectra and crosspectra. For moderate wind speed, these observations reveal the existence of a strong coupling between the drift current and wave development at the water surface. During the laminar to turbulent transition stage, 'convective' disturbances at the dominant wave frequency are shown within the upper 2mm layer of the water flow. These motions would be efficient for transferring momentum and gas across the top water surface boundary layer.


Chirocentric 3D user interfaces are sometimes hailed as the "holy grail" of human-computer interaction. However, implementations of these UIs can require cumbersome devices (such as tethered wearable datagloves), be limited in terms of functionality or obscure the algorithms used for hand pose and gesture recognition. These limitations inhibit designing, deploying and formally evaluating such interfaces. To ameliorate this situation, we describe the implementation of a practical chirocentric UI platform, targeted at immersive virtual environments with infrared tracking systems. Our main contributions are two machine learning techniques for the recognition of hand gestures (trajectories of the user's hands over time) and hand poses (configurations of the user's fingers) based on marker clouds and rigid body data. We report on the preliminary use of our system for the implementation of a bimanual 3DUI for a large immersive tiled display. We conclude with plans on using our system as a platform for the design and evaluation of bimanual chirocentric UIs, based on the Framework for Interaction Fidelity Analysis (FIFA).


La fauna de las falacias is bound to be an essential reference in the study of fallacies, a traditional and defining issue in argumentation theory. Vega combines a critical and a historical analysis to lay the foundation for a thorough understanding of fallacious discourse. This understanding is achieved by adding to the dialectical, logical and rhetorical perspectives, a socio-institutional approach focusing on discourse in the public sphere. I discuss this approach, suggesting that its core is the view of argumentation as a form of legitimation.


In this paper we expand the national multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model ORANI-IT, allowing for a number of fiscal tools. The outcome is a computable general equilibrium tax model of Italy, developed at the Department of Treasury of the Italian Ministry of the Economy and Finance, in collaboration with the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS), and currently managed at Sogei S.p.A. (IT Economia - Modelli di Previsione ed Analisi Statistiche). The paper demonstrates in considerable detail the methodology to incorporate a fiscal extension, that mainly consists in including a detailed tax information into existing commodity and production tax matrices, to the existing national model. In particular, the procedure to accommodate national data on tax revenues within the model's database and explicitly model the full range of indirect taxes within the theoretical structure is reported. Within the fiscal extension, the model includes a comprehensive model of Value-Added-Tax (VAT), which accounts for all the typical features of a complex VAT system - such as multi-production, multiple tax rates, different degrees of exemptions and refundability factors - as well as of EU-specific matters relating to taxation of intra-EU exports, and to the scope of VAT and exemptions of public interest. Interestingly, the framework developed in this paper for Italy may be extendible to other European countries, which fall within the EU VAT legislation. The model also features a special emphasis on sectors national accounts, with a detailed system of equations describing government and households budget revenues and expenditures and transactions with the rest of the world. The output is a powerful tool for acquiring new insights on the current fiscal system, through the assessment of tailored fiscal reforms, which can consist of either changes in tax rates and tax bases. Future research may be pursued in the application of the model for evaluating alternative policies.


This study aims to providing a conceptual model for gaining sustainable competitive advantage based on knowledge management, organizational innovation and agility. For this scientific purpose, sustainable competitive advantage approaches reviewed and the newest and also the most complete one that eliminates previous approaches disadvantages, dynamic capabilities view, identified. Based on selected SCA approach, knowledge management, organizational innovation and agility dynamic capabilities and their inter-relationships recognized from the literature. Finally after a deep literature reviewing, primary model suggested and validated in two stages. In first stage five experts of strategic management who were very familiar with KM, innovation and agility concepts revised the model. In second stage based on proposed model a questionnaire suggested for model validation. Questionnaire validity confirmed according to experts views and considered in interview and responding sessions with 30 experts and its reliability gained 0.708 in Cronbach's alpha method. Collected answered questionnaires analyzed with SPSS software. Results indicated the model approximately high validity.


[462-35-1] C4H8BF4N (MW 156.91)

InChI = 1S/C4H8N.BF4/c1-3-5-4-2;2-1(3,4)5/h3H2,1-2H3;/q+1;-1

InChIKey = HHVVEXVMCIRJBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(reagent for the dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles1)

Form Supplied in: needles; very unstable; not commercially available.

Preparative Methods: this salt can be prepared by N-alkylation of Acetonitrile with Triethyloxonium Tetrafluoroborate (eq 1),2 or by C-alkylation of isocyanides.1 The treatment of O,O,O-triethyl phosphorothioate with equimolar amounts of Nitrosonium Tetrafluoroborate in anhydrous acetonitrile gave the N-ethylacetonitrilium ion in moderate yield (eq 2).3

(1)

(2)

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: powerful alkylating agent similar to triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate; treat with due caution.


This research is one of the freight forwarding companies in Indonesia to various regions or cities. However, the presence of many freight forwarding companies has caused many competitors to make it less a priority for SMEs to deliver goods. The purpose of this study is to design a marketing strategy for freight forwarding services based on consumer preferences and perceptions. The method used in this research is Multidimensional Scaling. This method is one procedure for classifying consumer preferences and perceptions based on visual similarities in a geometry. The results of this study are in the form of a proposed marketing strategy for freight forwarding services based on the 7P (Marketing Mix) mix concept.


The purpose of the article to determine the position of Britain in the cultural and political sphere of the life of Byzantium in the era of the late Middle Ages. The research methodology consists of the application of methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization of facts, comparison, and generalization of research results. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the problems of relations between Byzantium and Britain in the era of the late Middle Ages are investigated, and a hypothesis is put forward about the colonization of a part of the Crimean peninsula by English Varangians over several centuries, cultural and political interaction between the Byzantine Empire and Britain at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries is considered. Conclusions. Byzantium was the center of Christianity and the eastern outpost of Christendom, which stimulated British interest in Byzantium. The conquest of Great Britain by Normandy in 1066 triggers crisis and emigration processes, as a result of which some of the British find refuge in Byzantium. During the same period, the Byzantine army became increasingly dependent on the services of mercenaries. By the end of the XIIth century, the British constituted the main contingent of the foreign mercenary army, personally loyal to the emperor. The British, who were part of the personal guard of the Byzantine emperor, and recreated a colony called "New England" on the territory of the Crimean peninsula, continued to identify themselves as British without losing touch with the culture of their people. The last visit of the Byzantine emperor to London in 1400 did not bring significant political dividends for the empire but promoted cultural exchange between the two countries. In the last decades of the empire's existence, these contacts were fading.


A new, total‐immersion three‐dimensional histoculture (TIH) method was developed to evaluate growth of tissue containing a mixture of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer in vitro.


This paper reviews the formulation process of the 2006 version of the new Gymnastics Technology Grading Standard of Second and Third Level Athlete(hereinafter referred to the new standard) and analyzes the issues emerged in the analysis of the promotion process from different perspectives.It reckons that the new standard is feasible in the middle school course.But it is necessary to establish a sustainable development concept to facilitate the long-term sound development.The paper also points out that the gymnastic teacher is in a shortage and the mental pressure become an obstacle of the school gymnastics' development.The hierarchical curriculum meeting the demand of the students with different ages and the model of co-hosting gymnastic competition by the Ministry of Health and the sport bureau is yet to be achieved.They are the major issues in the promotion process of the new standard.Focusing on these issues,the paper proposes countermeasures to provide references for the promotion of the new standard in China's provinces and cities.


Over one hundred years ago, Sir William Osler, took up the Chair as the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, after distinguished careers as professor in medicine at McGill University in Montreal, the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. He was a superb clinical and a great teacher, and will be remembered for his contributions to medicine, including the establishment of medical residency programmes. He insisted that students learned from seeing and talking to patients, rather than just from dry didactic lectures as was the traditional teaching method of the time. And in referring to continuing medical education, he said, 'The hardest conviction to get into the mind of a beginner is that the education upon which he is engaged is not a college course, not a medical course, but a life course, for which the work of a few years under a teacher is but a preparation


A method of reducing floating sludge in a sewage treatment plant by reducing the elememtaren nitrogen contained in the water-activated sludge mixture by means of oxygen or by oxygen-enriched air, characterized in that the water-activated sludge mixture is passed prior to entry into the secondary settling tank through a Stickstoffkontaktor and thereby serving at least one of the targeted degassing of the water-activated sludge mixture and acted upon from the other side with oxygen membrane is passed, wherein the nitrogen concentration, the formation of scum at least largely in the water-activated sludge mixture in the Stickstoffkontaktor a preventing concentration is lowered, wherein the material exchange in the direct contact of the two phases takes place at the pore openings of the membrane and flows neither liquid nor gas through the membrane and wherein the oxygen supply in the Stickstoffkontaktor depending on the concentration of the elemental nitrogen is regulated in the flow of the activated sludge basin and a derivative of the oxygen from the Stickstoffkontaktor is performed via aeration elements below the membrane in discontinuous operation.


FIELD: information technology. SUBSTANCE: local clock signal (CLK) and a frame (Frame) are formed on the side of a first assembly (REC). The clock signal (CLK) and the frame (Frame) are transmitted, using synchronous transmission with a predictable propagation time, to a second assembly (RE). A reference clock signal (GPS) is received at the side of the second assembly (RE), and phase difference (PDIF) and time difference (TDIF) between the transmitted clock signal (CLK) on the one hand and the reference clock signal (GPS) on the other hand are determined. The phase difference (PDIF) and the time difference (TDIF) are transmitted from the second assembly (RE) to the first assembly (REC) via a link without predictable propagation time. The phase difference (PDIF) and the time difference (TDIF) are used at the side of the first assembly (REC) to determine a control action (SG) which controls formation of the local clock signal (CLK), such that the first and the second assemblies (REC, RE) are synchronised in time. EFFECT: high synchronisation accuracy. 16 cl, 2 dwg


Methods: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective study conducted at our center to evaluate the effect of combining pharmacological neurohormonal blockade with CF LVAD on cardiac recovery. After CF LVAD placement, subjects received heart failure medications (HFMEDs) and then underwent a CF LVAD weaning study to evaluate changes in native cardiac function by echocardiography. Subjects were categorized into groups that did and did not tolerate MRAs. Changes in LV ejection fraction (EF) pre and post LVAD (weaning study) were compared by a two factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.


This paper develops a new model for studying multi-echelon inventory systems with stochastic demand. For the model we assume that each site in the system orders at preset times according to an order-up-to policy, that delivery times are deterministic, and that the demand processes are stochastic with independent increments. We introduce a new scheme for allocating stock in short supply, which we call virtual allocation and which permits significant tractability. We exercise the model on a set of test problems for two-echelon systems to get insight into the structure of good policies. We find that the least-inventory policy puts the safety stock at the retail sites (lower echelon) with the central warehouse (upper echelon) primarily serving as a central ordering agent. Nevertheless, the test problems show some benefit from holding stock at the central warehouse, even though it will stock out with high probability. Furthermore we are able to show that the virtual allocation rule is near optinal for the set of test problems.


Portions of this research were supported by the National Cancer Institute (1R33CA155252), the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and the NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (8 P41 GM10349310). This project was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER) Panomics program at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and performed in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a DOE OBER national scientific user facility on the PNNL campus. PNNL is a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the DOE under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.


In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma , Varettoni et al . analyze immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements in patients with Waldenstr ö m macroglobulinemia and immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal gammopthy of undetermined signifi cance (MGUS) [1]. Th ey detect that immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) subgroup usage is much greater for IGHV3 than in normal peripheral blood, and IGHV gene usage is much greater for IGHV3-23. Th e heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR) clusters do not occur with an appreciable frequency, and do not support a B-cell receptor-driven pathogenesis for Waldenstr ö m macroglobulinemia. Precursor B-cells that mature in the bone marrow may undergo apoptosis or develop into mature naive B-cells that, following exposure to antigen, develop into shortlived plasma cells, or may alternatively enter the germinal center, where somatic hypermutation and heavy chain class switching occur. Th e transformed cells of the germinal center then either undergo apoptosis or develop into centrocytes. Post-germinal center cells include long-lived plasma cells and memory or marginal zone B-cells. B-cells are activated within the germinal center. Activation can also occur outside of the germinal center and leads to memory type B-cells. Somatic hypermutation introduces mutations in the variable region of immunoglobulin genes with a frequency one million times higher than the spontaneous mutation rates seen in somatic cells. Mistargeting of somatic hypermutation can result in the development of B-cell malignancies [2]. Lymphomas that derive from a naive pre-germinal center B-cell will lack somatic hypermutation. Germinal center-derived lymphomas such as large cell lymphoma and follicular lymphomas display somatic hypermutation. A post-germinal center B-cell, which has been stimulated to diff erentiate into an immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cell, is believed to be the precursor to lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Secretion of monoclonal IgM gives rise to the symptom complex known as Waldenstr ö m macroglobulinemia (WM) [3]. WM is defi ned as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with an IgM monoclonal protein of any concentration. Th e neoplastic cells express monotypic IgM and light chain and pan-B-cell antigens and are usually negative for CD5 and CD10 [4]. Decades ago, WM was simply considered a low-grade lymphoproliferative disorder; however, it is a distinct entity, and t(9;14), as is seen in other lymphomas and immunoglobulin heavy chain translocations, is often not observed. Th e t(11;18) that defi nes marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is absent; and the t(11;14), evident in mantle cell lymphoma, is also absent. Deletions of chromosome 13q14, as reported in myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), are uncommon; t(14;18), as seen in follicular lymphoma, is not encountered. Th e most common cytogenetic abnormality is deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6, rarely seen in other lymphomas, suggesting a truly distinct entity [5]. WM, clinically, is often diffi cult to diagnose and can be confused with splenic marginal zone lymphoma, type II cryoglobulinemia, mucosal-associated lymphoid tumors and amyloidosis [6]. Fortunately, the recent detection of MYD88 L265P somatic mutation, as a defi ning genetic event in WM, reaffi rms that this is a truly unique form of lymphoma that is not related to any of the other lymphomas in the World Health Organization classifi cation. Th is mutation that stimulates nuclear factor κ B (NF κ B) has been reported in over 90% of patients with WM, and assays to detect and quantify the expression of the mutation show the mutation to be present in 93% of cases of WM but in only 10% of patients with splenic MZL and in 4% of patients with CLL. Th is will allow the genetic tests to be used diagnostically, and the possibility exists that the expression of the mutation may allow response assessment akin to Bcr – Abl expression in monitoring the response of chronic myelogenous leukemia to tyrosine kinase inhibitors [7]. Th e MYD88 L265P somatic mutation is also present in IgM MGUS, suggesting that this is the precursor disease to WM and that a transforming mutation converting MGUS to WM is not necessary. MYD88 L265P is probably a driver mutation, providing a growth advantage to the WM clone [8]. Recently, immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene features were also analyzed, and the occurrence of MYD88 L eu k L ym ph om a D ow nl oa de d fr om in fo rm ah ea lth ca re .c om b y U ni ve rs ity o f C on ne ct ic ut o n 10 /2 8/ 14


Objectives To explore the influential factors related to the quality of life and psychological health of perimenopausal women and provide information to facilities concerned in health educa- tion.Methods 600 perimenopausal women from 2 communities of Binzhou City as well as those from institutions and units who were having physical examination in our hospital were surveyed with GQOLI-74 and SCL-90 scales.Results There was a correlation between the quality of life and age,occupation,marital status,children-parents rapport and economic income.The results of SCL-90 scale showed that perimenopausal women had the emotion of depression and anxiety.Con- clusion Nursing care providers and family members should not only attach importance to the physical health of perimenopausal women,but also psychological status and health education, which can help these women have the capacity of positive psychological defense,improve the qualities of their life and satisfy their emotional needs.


In order to suppress high frequency (HF) noise, a Faraday shield was used in a HF isolation coaxial transformer design. The effect of the Faraday shield on current and flux distribution and the power loss compared with the no shield case is numerically analyzed for different winding arrangements under both open circuit and short circuit conditions. An optimized shield thickness and its position between the primary and secondary windings are determined by taking into account the coil configurations and load conditions. The intra- and inter- capacitances of a HF transformer with a shield or no shield case were also numerically analyzed. The calculated inter - capacitance is in good agreement with the experimental result.


The title compounds were promptly obtained in fair to good yields as distillable liquids by admixing 1,3,5-triarylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazines (1) with n-butyl nitrite (2) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 and were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and MS. The pure products were invariably made up of geometric isomers which did not interconvert rapidly at room temperature. o-Substituents could cause difficulties in the free rotations of the aryl substituent about the C–N bond as well of the α-butoxymethyl group. The reaction is believed to occur on the monomeric imines derived from the thermal equilibration of their trimeric and dimeric precursors. Aliphatic hexahydrotriazines were found to be unreactive under the present conditions.


Stem cell research is one of the hot spots in life science in recent years. Recent progress in the field has given new hopes to treat and even cure diverse degenerative disorders and incurable diseases in human. Single pigmented ciliary margin cells clonally proliferate in vitro to form sphere colonies of cells that can differentiate into retinal-specific cell types, including rod photoreceptors, bipolar neurons, and Muller glia. Retinal stem cell (RSC) transplantation is considered as a promising therapeutic approach for eye degenerative diseases, which are major causes of blindness. So, research of RSC will provide new treatments for retinal degenerative disease, for instance, hereditary retinal dystrophy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and so on. In this review, we explored some research advancements about culture and identity, proliferation, differentiation, transplantation, and signal mechanism of retinal stem cells.


The author discusses the problem of teaching intercultural communication for higher education establishment students in foreign language classes, and states that the understanding of another way of life and mastering native speakers' speech behaviour are the most difficult aspects of mastering a foreign language for intercultural communication, and therefore educational process organization on the basis of social-role interaction is an effective way of intercultural communicative competence development.


We present Min-Rounds BC (MRBC), a distributed-memory algorithm in the CONGEST model that computes the betweenness centrality (BC) of every vertex in a directed unweighted n-node graph in O(n) rounds. Min-Rounds BC also computes all-pairs-shortest-paths (APSP) in such graphs. It improves the number of rounds by at least a constant factor over previous results for unweighted directed APSP and for unweighted BC, both directed and undirected. We implemented MRBC in D-Galois, a state-of-the-art distributed graph analytics system, incorporated additional optimizations enabled by the D-Galois model, and evaluated its performance on a production cluster with up to 256 hosts using power-law and road networks. Compared to the BC algorithm of Brandes, on average, MRBC reduces the number of rounds by 14.0× and the communication time by 2.8× for the graphs in our test suite. As a result, MRBC is 2.1× faster on average than Brandes BC for real-world web-crawls on 256 hosts.


A new method for encryption of computer data (text, pictures, or binary files) makes use of a sequence of graphically generated inversions on the bit pattern, keyed to a pseudo-random number generator. The method is easy, fast and fun. Decryption requires knowledge of the secret code number used at encryption. The argument for "uncrackability" of this scheme is only heuristic; but I believe that it is practically immune from attack. I invite readers to see if they can prove otherwise.


Nurses must balance confidentiality with welfare issues when working with young patients. Bridgit Dimond discusses the legal principles that should be considered


Aims: This cross-sectional study evaluated the status of serum carnitine level and its possible explanatory factors in Iranian HIV-positive patients. Materials & methods: During a 1-year period, 210 HIV-positive patients older than 18 years of age were enrolled in the study. Serum carnitine concentrations of the patients were measured using radioimmunoassay kits. Probable correlations between the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics with their serum levels of carnitine were determined in this study. Results: In comparison with normal serum concentration of carnitine in a healthy population, 63.45% of the patients had carnitine deficiency. Receiving antiretroviral regimen, duration of HIV infection, receiving fibrate drugs, serum total cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and serum triglyceride had significant correlations with serum level of carnitine of the patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that carnitine deficiency is prevalent in Iranian HIV/AIDS patients. Nutritio...


Provided is a substrate with a built-in component, wherein resin flow due to thermocompression bonding is inhibited in a region provided with wiring conductors or vias and defects in the vias or the wiring conductors are prevented. Resin flow towards the outside of a frame-shaped electrode is inhibited during thermocompression bonding by encircling the periphery of a built-in component with the frame-shaped electrode. As a consequence, it is possible to prevent defects in the vias or the wiring conductors disposed on the outside of the frame-shaped electrode.


Niobium, titanium, and tungsten in high temperature alloys are determined singly or in combination by direct spectrophotometric procedure. Background correction techniques eliminate the hydrolysis separation step as well as the use of local standards to correct for natural color interference. (auth)


This paper comprehensively analyzes the bad switch of the auxiliary contacts of bus side breaker in REB103 bus differential protection,so as to reduce or even put and end to the harm may caused by bad contact of the auxiliary contacts.


This apparatus comprises a fan (3) driven by a motor (4) for sucking an air flow rate through filters (5, 6, 7) which are mounted upstream of the fan. Calibration curves of the volumetric flow (V) delivered by the fan is recorded in the form of families of curves relating to a known ambient pressure, each family of curves containing a reference calibration curve for a predetermined operating state. A control unit (15) is connected to the motor (4) and a data memory (16) for extrapolating from a family of curves for the engine (4).


In this paper we present a new algorithm for obtaining the optimal approximation of high-order linear continuous time systems. The reduced-order model is determined by a recuraive optimization procedure which minimizes a positive definite function of the integral squared impulse response error between the full and reduced-order model. The proposed optimization algorithm involving the performance index of the complicated nonlinear type is formulated in terms of linear equations which can be easily solved in a recursive manner. By introducing a Routh table and its reverse elimination procedure for solving the linear equations, the computational efficiency is greatly improved.


This article explores the actual pedagogical problem of improvement of art education of students of pedagogical faculties. The peculiarities of the system approach to modeling the training of future primary school teachers in the field of art education by means of innovative technologies. Our model of professional training of future primary school teachers in the field of art education by means of innovative technologies is a dynamic system. The author's model, we consider as a system of interconnected elements: goals, objectives, methodological approaches and principles of structural and functional components, content, forms, methods, results, and criteria and indicators of levels of readiness of the future teachers of elementary school to professional work in the field of art education by means of innovative technologies. The purpose of vocational and educational training of specialists to provide elementary school art education of primary school pupils is the formation of professional pedagogical consciousness of an elementary school teacher and the readiness of the future experts in the implementation of the process of artistic and aesthetic education of younger schoolboys the formation of personal and public importance of worldview as professionals, their individual determination in the world of art, as well as the activation of artistic self-realization, self-development and self-identity, creativity and innovation in professional activity. The methodological basis for constructing an effective model, we consider the situation: humanistic, individually oriented, system-synergetic, cultural, axiological, technological competence and the activity approaches.


1 The role of bradykinin B1 receptors in the thermal hyperalgesia following unilateral ultra‐violet (u.v.) irradiation of the hindpaw of rats has been investigated. 2 In non‐irradiated (naive) animals the B1 receptor agonist des‐Arg9‐bradykinin and bradykinin (BK) (up to 1 μmol kg−1 i.v.) had no effect on withdrawal latency to a noxious heat stimulus when administered 60 min before testing. 3 Following exposure of one hindpaw to strong u.v. irradiation the withdrawal latency of the u.v.‐treated paw to radiant noxious heat fell by a maximum of 50% after 48 h. There was no reduction in latency in the contralateral paw. 4 des‐Arg9‐BK (1–100 nmol kg−1 i.v.) administered 24 h after u.v. exposure caused a further dose‐dependent fall (50 ± 4% reduction from saline injected animals at 100 nmol kg−1 i.v.) in withdrawal latency in the u.v.‐treated paw when measured 60 min after injection. The withdrawal latency of the contralateral paw was also reduced but to a lesser extent following des‐Arg9‐BK (100 nmol kg−1 i.v.) with a maximum reduction of 19 ± 3%. 5 Bradykinin also induced a further reduction in withdrawal latency (33 ± 5% reduction at 1 μmol kg−1) although it was not as effective as des‐Arg9‐BK. Bradykinin did not reduce the withdrawal latency in the contralateral paw. 6 The hyperalgesic action of both des‐Arg9‐BK (10 nmol kg−1 i.v.) and bradykinin (100 nmol kg−1 i.v.) were antagonized by the B1 receptor antagonist, des‐Arg9,Leu8‐BK (200 nmol kg−1 i.v.) but not by the B2 receptor antagonist, HOE 140 (0.5 μmol kg−1 i.v.). 7 The results suggest that in conditions of inflammatory hyperalgesia bradykinin B1 receptors are induced both locally and distant to the inflamed area, activation of which leads to further thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, in these conditions bradykinin appears to act predominantly via B1 receptors, presumably after degradation to des‐Arg9‐BK.


A digital fuzzy controller with variable number of inputs and outputs is implemented using VHDL. A direct data stream (DDS) architecture, featuring highly parallel structure, is used for the controller. The classic digital, three stage, pipeline fuzzy logic controller is also implemented with VHDL. Both VHDL models are simulated and tested using the inverted pendulum example. Results of DDS model simulation are compared with those obtained from a classic controller showing unquestionable speedup (up to 33%) of the fuzzy logic inferencing using DDS architecture over the classic one.<<ETX>>


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Spinal anaesthesia is relatively easy to perform and can potentially be excellent for below the umbilicus. However, it can also give rise to serious side-effects and complications. To perform a safe procedure, the anaesthetist must have adequate knowledge of the indications and contra-indications, and of the relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of spinal anaesthesia. The patient must be assessed before administration of the spinal anaesthetic and the theatre must be correctly prepared. The anaesthetist must be familiar with the correct technique. After administration of the anaesthetic, the patient must be monitored so that side-effects and complications are recognised immediately and treated early. Sedatives must be titrated with care. During the postoperative period the patient should be admitted to the recovery room and monitored.


In Indonesia, the categorisation of the hospital ward is determined based on the number of beds. Third class hospital ward (the lowest class) is the ward which consists of more than four beds inside the room. This type of ward is typical in a developing country and might have different acoustic problems compared to the standard ward. This study aims to understand the soundscape dimension in a third-class hospital ward. Two experiments were conducted: the development of semantic scales and the identification of soundscape dimensions. The semantic scales were developed by asking the patient about the feeling in the ward. Most of the terms used to describe the environment are negative terms such as annoying, boring, scary, upset, and uncomfortable. Interestingly, the perception ratings indicate that the patients feel positive about the sound environment. Principal component analysis is used to analyse the rating resulting in five soundscape dimensions. The dimensions are Privacy, Disturbance, Dynamic, Fear, and Satisfaction. These dimensions indicate the important aspect which needs to be understood in increasing the quality of third-class hospital ward.


The residence time distribution (RTD) of food and inert particles flowing in a swept surface heat exchanger at room temperature was investigated. The effects of selected experimental conditions on RTD include particle shape (cube, cylinder, and sphere), particle concentration (10, 20, and 30% w/v), particle type (potato, carrot, turkey, green peas, and polystyrene), fluid viscosity (water, 0.5% CMC, and 1.0% CMC), bulk flow rate (5.8 x 10 -4 , 7.28 x 10 -4 , and 8.71 x 10 -4 m 3 /s) and shaft rotational speed (30, 60, and 90 rpm). Although turkey cubes were denser than other food particles, they moved faster than potato and carrot particles. Mean particle normalized residence time (MNPRT) of food particles (green peas) were found to be significantly higher than that of simulated particles polystyrene). Cylindrical particles stayed longer than cubic particles in water, but not significantly in CMC solution. MNPRT values were found to be dependent on viscosity. Increasing particle concentration (up to 30%) tended to decrease MNPRT. Both bulk flow rate and shaft rotational speed tend to decrease MNPRT, thus reducing the lethality achieved. The distribution of residence time curves were narrowed by decreasing particle concentration, bulk flow rate, and shaft rotational speed, and by using fluids with high viscosity. In general, particle velocity was found to be higher than the average bulk velocity. The fastest particle velocity was found to be 3.23 times the average bulk velocity while the ratio was 0.382 for the slowest.


In this talk we will describe the unique photonic technology that provides the reference for the local oscillator system of the ALMA millimeter wave radio telescope as well as describing the "down-stream" part of the local oscillator system.


This paper describes the results of a project which employed impulse radar to detect faults existing beneath the surface of an asphalt-covered bridge deck at Papineau Creek, Ontario. A simple but enlightening mathematical analysis is provided which accurately predicts the waveforms actually observed. The methodology clearly demonstrates the usefulness of impulse radar as a diagnostic tool in remote sensing. Amongst the problems discussed and solved are: the identification of faults due to debonding, scaling, and delamination; the measurement of asphalt thickness at selected locations on the bridge deck and hence the determination of average thickness over the entire bridge deck; and the automated processing of the data using a computer. A comparison of the radar detected faults with those detected using conventional methods is provided. A set of parameters has been developed which permits data to be reduced to a simple set of measurements that can be plotted for visual inspection.


With the combination of modern poetry and the network,the network hypertext formed by the text,sound and images integrated and multimedia poetry fully demonstrated the advantages of network media.Network poems have been grown into modern trends in the development of a new one.Network poem in its place,the process of development,showing a number of unique advantages,but also has its own weaknesses and flaws which are difficult to overcome.This paper attempts to reflect current status of poetry in the network through overall revealing Network's development.


Evidence-based medicine(EBM) is a scientific and systematic research methodology which has great value in nuclear medicine teaching.EBM can help clinicians develop scientific concept of medical care and research attitude so as to produce new-type medical talents and promote the upgrading of teachers' quality and further development of nuclear medicine education.


Two CCD's, one 2 bits long and one 64 bits long, were fabricated from silicon on sapphire wafers. The 2-bit device is a resistive gate structure which can be operated ten times faster (2 MHz) than the normal structure of the same size. The reason is found to be due to the special structure of the resistive gate structure. The 64-bit device is processed on bulk silicon so that a direct comparison can be made. Both SOS and bulk silicon can be operated at 20 MHz or higher. At high-frequency operation, both devices have about the same transfer efficiency. But at the low-frequency end, the SOS device shows the dark current to be very high with the device barely operating at 600 KHz.


In this thesis we propose a new simulation platform specifically designed for modeling parallel and distributed architectures, which consists on integrating the model of the four basic systems into a single simulation platform. Those systems consist of storage system, memory system, processing system and network system. The main characteristics of this platform are flexibility, to embrace the widest range of possible designs; scalability, to check the limits of extending the architecture designs; and the necessary trade-offs between the execution time and the accuracy obtained. This simulation platform is aimed to model both existent and new designs of HPC architectures and applications. Then, depending on the user's requirements, the model can be focused on a set of the basic systems, or by the contrary on the complete system. Therefore, a complete distributed system can be modeled by integrating those basic systems in the model, each one with the corresponding level of detail, which provides a high level of flexibility. Moreover, it provides a good compromise between accuracy and performance, and flexibility provided for building a wide range of architectures with different configurations. A validation process of the proposed simulation platform has been fulfilled by comparing the results obtained in real architectures with those obtained in the analogous simulated environments. Furthermore, in order to evaluate and analyze how evolve both scalability and bottlenecks existent on a typical HPC multi-core architecture using different configurations, a set of experiments have been achieved. Basically those experiments consist on executing the two application models (HPC and checkpointing applications) in several HPC architectures. Finally, performance results of the simulation itself for executing the corresponding experiments have been achieved. The main purpose of this process is to calculate both the amount of time and memory needed for executing a specific simulation, depending of the size of the environment to be modeled, and the hardware resources available for executing each simulation. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


In different banks of the country some studies have been done, however, this study investigates the effective factors on nonperforming assets and the credit risk of loans in Melli bank.Population of the study, are legal and real customers inMelliBank of Iran on northern branches of Tehran during the years 1386-1394, and 100 samples were selected and evaluated by stratified random sampling method. To identify factors influencing credit risk, logistic regression was used.Based on the results of the study, and the total significance of regression by the use of LR statistic, independent variables such as collateral, the amount of collateral, the type of legal entity or individual customers,the degree of branch and the interest rate have a significant relationship with the dependent variable (deferred facilities and bank loans) and the duration of the repayment doesn't have a significant relationship with the dependent variable. The results in addition to imply affirmation of economic and financial theories regarding effective factors on credit risk, indicate that effective factors on credit risk of legal and real customers inMelliBank of Iran have a lot in common with the effective factors on credit risk of legal and real customers in other banks.


Two novel aromatic polyamide supports bearing aromatic bromine and i ine functionality have been synthesised and tested for the solid-supported polymerization of AB 2 type monomer 4-(5-hexynyloxy)-β,β-dibromostyrene via Pd-catalysed cross-coupling of vinyl halides and terminal acetylenes. It was found that the solid-supported polymerization leads to a decrease in molecular weight and increase in the degree of branching from 17 000-18 000 g mol -1 to 8000-4000 g mol -1 and from 30-35% to 50-65 %, respectively, compared to solution polymerization. All other things being equal, the decrease in molecular weight of hyperbranched polymer on solid-supported polymerization is a function of the distance between adjacent active sites of the polymer support.


This research aims to specify the relationship between job characteristics and teachers productivity in Iran-Tabriz region one primary schools in study year of 2010-2011. The methodology of research is correlation and descriptive and it is applied from purpose viewpoint. The statistical population involves 634 individuals and 242 teachers were selected according to Morgan sampling table. The data were collected by two standard job characteristics and teachers productivity questionnaire and they were analyzed by software SPSS, Spearman correlation coefficient, inter group one way independent t test, Yumen-Whitney and Krosal-Valise tests. The results show that Tabriz region one primary schools teachers motivational potential power is average and their productivity is higher than average. There is a significant relationship between job characteristics (skill diversity, job nature, free hand in work and feedback) and Tabriz region one primary schools teacher's productivity, but there is no relationship between job nature and importance and teachers' productivity and different motivational potential power is not different based on studies among both genders.


In Northern Ireland, approximately 200 babies per year are born with congenital heart disease. Although the incidence of congenital heart disease and other pediatric cardiac pathology remains largely static, there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that the number of referrals for specialist assessment continues to increase. The general impression is that nonspecialists are increasingly reluctant to provide reassurance or take responsibility for patients presenting with symptoms of possible cardiac etiology, and such increased demand has obvious implications for allocation of limited resources. We aimed to determine the volume and range of outpatient referrals to tertiary pediatric cardiology services.


The invention discloses an exhaust pipe joint of a diffusion furnace for producing a crystalline silicon solar cell, which comprises a joint body. The inner bore of the joint is divided into an exhaust pipe bonding section and a tail pipe bonding section of a large quartz pipe; the internal diameter of the tail pipe bonding section of the large quartz pipe is greater than that of the exhaust pipe bonding section; and the joint body is provided with a protective gas hole which is communicated with the tail pipe bonding section of the large quartz pipe at the end in the joint body. The exhaust pipe joint has the advantages of simple structure, convenient manufacturing, capability of effectively preventing the tail pipe of the large quartz pipe from bonding with the exhaust pipe, and convenient disassembly and replacement; and through repeated verification of a field process, the structure cannot have any negative effect on product quality.


Detent force is the main component of thrust ripple which is one of the unique characteristics of permanent magnetic linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). This paper briefly analyzes the causes and features of the detent force, and presents an improved structure of PMLSM on the basis of position shift and phase shift superposition method of multiple motors. The finite element method is used to simulate the effect, it turns out that this structure has good effect on the reduction of the detent force.


Yangzhou, once the central place of literati and urban culture, is still one of the most important centres of traditional culture in China today. Over the years particular regional forms of art and ...


Introduction: This study compared the amount of canal transportation, canal centering ability after instrumentation and time required for shaping of canal with WaveOne Primary Reciprocating file and OneShape Rotary file. Method: Thirty intact mesial roots of mandibular first molars were divided into Group I and Group II. Specimens in Group I were shaped with WaveOne Primary reciprocating files to the working length (WL) and specimens in Group II were shaped with OneShape Rotary file to the WL. Time required to prepare each canal was recorded. All the specimens were submitted to micro-computed tomography (µCT) unit for Pre- and post-instrumentation scan. Images were reconstructed and cross-sections corresponding to distances 3, 6 and 9 mm from the anatomic apex were selected for analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal Wallis and paired t test. Results: Overall, both rotary files maintained root canal curvatures well. During canal preparation, OneShape file performed significantly better in the apical third when compared to the WaveOne Reciprocating file. WaveOne file required reasonably less time to prepare canal when rather than OneShape file.


We present a quantitative morphological classification of a sample of low redshift galaxy clusters extracted from the SDSS C4 cluster catalogue. Based on a wavelet analysis of both the galaxy velocity distribution and projected distribution, four morphological classes have been defined: regular, major multimodal, minor multimodal and irregular unimodal clusters. The method is applied to a subsample of 224 C4 clusters: 79 clusters (35%) are classified as regular, 51 (23%) as major multimodal, 16 (7%) as minor multimodal and 78 (35%) as irregular unimodal clusters.


Adolescent bystanders (i.e., witnesses to violence) can prevent sexual and dating violence among their peers and create a safer social environment if they detect the opportunity. The current study prospectively examined the association of demographic (i.e., age, gender, sexual orientation), psychosocial (i.e., knowledge, rape myth acceptance, victim empathy), and behavioral (i.e., binge drinking) factors with bystander opportunity detection in situations regarding sexual and dating violence among adolescents (N = 1,322, 50.3% girls/women, 88.9% White/non-Hispanic, 85.9% heterosexual, 18.6% free/reduced lunch, aged 13–19). Sexual minority girls, adolescents with greater victim empathy, and binge drinkers were more likely to detect bystander opportunity than heterosexual girls, boys, adolescents with less victim empathy, and nonbinge drinkers. These findings suggest that current theoretical frameworks used to understand bystander opportunity and action may be enhanced by the consideration of demographic and personal characteristics.


..................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................1 1.1 Background................................................................................................................1 1.2 Incentive.....................................................................................................................2 1.3 Research Development ..............................................................................................3 1.4 Objectives ..................................................................................................................5 1.5 References..................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 – STATIC TESTING OF STRUCTURAL POLYPROPYLENE WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES................................................................................7 2.1 Abstract ......................................................................................................................7 2.2 Introduction................................................................................................................8 2.3 Materials ....................................................................................................................9 2.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties ........................................................................10 2.5 Results......................................................................................................................11 2.5.1 Extrusion Quality ............................................................................................. 11 2.5.2 Mechanical Properties...................................................................................... 12 2.5.3 – Physical Properties........................................................................................ 15 vi 2.6 Conclusions..............................................................................................................17 2.7 References................................................................................................................18 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF A WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITE BRIDGE DECK MEMBER ....................................................................................................................24 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................24 3.2 Introduction..............................................................................................................24 3.3 Background..............................................................................................................27 3.4 Design Procedures ...................................................................................................29 3.4.1 Allowable Design Stress .................................................................................. 29 3.4.2 AASHTO Applied Load .................................................................................. 32 3.5 Application...............................................................................................................34 3.5.1 Allowable Design Stress of a WPC ................................................................. 34 3.5.2 Span Tables...................................................................................................... 36 3.5.3 Example Application ....................................................................................... 37 3.6 Conclusions..............................................................................................................39 3.7 References................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 4 FATIGUE RESPONSE OF A WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITE ............45 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................45 4.2 Introduction..............................................................................................................45 4.3 Methods and Materials.............................................................................................47 4.4 Results......................................................................................................................49 4.4.1 Internal Heating ............................................................................................... 49 4.4.2 Test Parameters................................................................................................ 50 vii 4.4.3 Formulation...................................................................................................... 52 4.4.4 Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 53 4.5 Fatigue Life Analysis...............................................................................................54 4.5.1 Power Law Model............................................................................................ 54 4.5.2 Weibull Distribution ........................................................................................ 55 4.5.3 Predicted Static Strength.................................................................................. 56 4.6 Discussion ................................................................................................................57 4.7 Conclusions..............................................................................................................58 4.8 References................................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................70 5.1 Conclusions..............................................................................................................70 5.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................72 APPENDIX A – DECK BOARD AREA AND MOMENT OF INERTIA CALCULATIONS.......................................................................................................74 APPENDIX B – STATIC TESTS .....................................................................................76 B.1 Summary .................................................................................................................77 B.2 Load-displacement plots for 22 statically tested PP-based WPCs..........................78 B.3 Load-displacement plots for statically tested PP-WPCs for fatigue testing............89 B.4 Typical Test Setups for Flexure and Shear Tests Conducted..................................90 APPENDIX C – APPLIED MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE CALCULATIONS FOR AASHTO BRIDGE DECK LOADING..............................92


The role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in cartilage growth was studied in primary cultures of rat rib growth plate chondrocytes. Growth factors effects on expression of the proto‐oncogene c‐fos, DNA synthesis, differentiation, and morphological changes were analyzed by in situ hybridization, 3H‐thymidine incorporation, and light and fluorescence microscopy. In serum‐deprived cells, bFGF induced a transient expression of c‐fos with a maximal effect 15–30 minutes after stimulation. After 24 h of culture it had a slightly lower stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis than IGF‐I, but became a significantly more potent mitogen than IGF‐I after 48 and 72 h. The stimulatory effect of bFGF on DNA synthesis coincided with a decrease in collagen type II and IGF‐II expression. In contrast, IGF‐I alone stimulated expression of these genes. In bFGF‐treated cultures, cell morphology and the appearance of actin filaments was changed. Polygonal chondrocytes became elongated, fibroblast‐like, and the smooth actin filaments were brush‐like and disrupted. Addition of IGF‐I reduced these changes without affecting c‐fos expression induced by bFGF. Our results suggest that bFGF stimulates cell proliferation by preventing terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. This effect is mediated by induction of c‐fos expression and a decrease in the steady‐state levels of transcripts for collagen II and IGF‐II.


In many industrialized countries around the world, there has been a reduction in traffic crashes involving alcohol impaired drivers in the past decade. Unfortunately, this same reduction has not always occurred for alcohol- related fatal crashes involving adult pedestrians. These pedestrians tend to have very high blood alcohol levels and to be chronic alcohol abusers. Thus, prevention and intervention is challenging. Differences in culture, geography, and transportation alternatives lead to the need for different analyses of the problem and different strategies across countries. In an attempt to define and deal with this problem, the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) established an Alcohol-Involved Pedestrian Working Group. This ICADTS working group has been exploring the nature of the problem and what has occurred in different countries as well as the measures that are being taken or planned for dealing with this problem. Participating countries include Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, India, and the United States. This paper briefly summarizes the findings of the working group thus far, in particular highlighting research carried out in the United States and Great Britain. Research on additional countries will be reviewed by the working group in the future.


This short essay contains a reflection on the Chilcott Inquiry into Iraq. The comments critically critique's the relationship of the inquiry to the requirements of legal rules and principles - both national and international.


The University of Sharjah is a leading educational and research institution in the Gulf region. To stimulate the different aspects of sustainability in education and research as well as to ensure the implementation of sustainability concepts throughout the University campus operations, the concept of sustainability circles is implemented. The University being in hot-arid-zone and mostly surrounded by desert terrain relies on unconventional water conservation programs and initiatives such as the use of innovation & technology, reuse and recycling of water, and awareness campaigns. In line with such programs, the use of potable water is limited for hygiene purposes and wastewater generated within the University is reused after treatment to irrigate the vast green spaces through the most efficient irrigation water application systems. Examples of water conservation practices include use of efficient water devices, reuse of treated greywater for toilet flushing at a selected location, water quality monitoring, preservation to conserve water for its intended use, promoting waterless car wash on the campus grounds etc. On-campus water is also conserved through disseminating knowledge and awareness to the University community and beyond through various sustainability related programs and initiatives organized by Sustainability Office for water conservation and environmental protection.


We study charged scalar perturbations in the background of a regular magnetic black hole. In this case, the charged scalar perturbation does not result in superradiance. By using careful time-domain analysis, we show that the charge of scalar field can change the real part of quasinormal frequency, but has little impact on the imaginary part of quasinormal frequency and the behavior of the late-time tail. Therefore, the regular magnetic black hole may be stable under the perturbations of charged scalar field at the linear level.


flexible polyurethane foam which satisfies the requirements of FMVSS 302, which is obtained by reacting a) organic polyisocyanates and / or modified with b) a polyol component containing b1) 90 to 99 parts by weight of a polyether polyol having an index of OH 20 to 200 mg KOH / g and a functionality of 2 to 4 and b2) 1 to 10 parts by weight of a polieteresterpoliol with an OH number of 150 to 450 mg KOH / g and a functionality of 2 to 3, in the presence c) water and / or other blowing agents, d) catalysts, e) stabilizers, optionally f) flame retardants are selected exclusively from the group of compounds reactive phosphorus or non-reactive halogen-free and containing a triaryl compound phosphoric acid and / or alkyl phosphoric acid and / or tetraalquildifosfonato, and optionally g) further auxiliaries and additives.


Studies of civil jury verdicts have been a prominent feature of the Institute for Civil Justice's research agenda since its inception. This work has included the creation of a database for the analysis of jury verdicts and descriptive and analytic studies of verdict trends. Our current research extends our jury verdict work in two significant directions: First, it provides additional detail about punitive damage awards in cases in our existing database in which the plaintiff complains of financial injuries—cases in which punitive damages are awarded relatively more frequently than in other types of cases. Second, the database has been extended to include verdicts reached in Alabama from 1992 to 1997.


Wireless sensor networks play an important role in monitoring and collecting data from difficult geographical terrains. They find useful applications in various fields ranging from environmental monitoring to monitoring parameters within patients in hospitals. Constraints such as limited battery life and less processing capability of the sensors make the routing of WSNs a tedious and challenging task. A great emphasis is laid on the development of alternate sources of power and energy efficient routing protocol to maximize network life. This paper proposes clustering and shortest path based straight forward routing for solar powered wireless sensor networks. For clustering k-means clustering algorithm is proposed. A feedforward neural network based shortest path routing is proposed for routing within clusters. The simulation results show that the proposed neural networks provide quick solutions for route calculation comparing to other existing neural networks.


In this paper, we aim at designing set of unimodular sequences with very small Integrated Sidelobe Level (ISL) values that are very close to the available lower bound on the ISL. The set of sequences designed in this paper, are applicable in Code-Division-Multiplexing Multiple Input Multiple Output (CDM-MIMO) radar systems which are attractive for emerging applications in automotive. The resulting problem is formulated as a constrained optimization, whereby we use the Coordinate Descent (CD) framework to tackle it, iteratively. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the robustness and performance improvements of the proposed method in meeting the lower bound on the ISL.


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and the safety of xiaoyin particle in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.Methods 156 cases patients with psoriasis vulgaris were randomly divided into treatment group and control group,each of 78 cases.Treatment group were treated with xiaoyin particle.Control group were treated with compound qingdai capsule.The course of two group was both eight weeks.After the treatment,compared the clinical efficacy,adverse reactions and prognosis of two groups.Results The total effective rate of treatment group(76.3%) was higher than that of controle group(52.0%),the difference was statistically significant(P0.01).The adverse reaction rate of treatment group(3.9%) was lower than that of controle group(14.7%),the recurrence rate of treatment group(15.4%) was lower than that of controle group(58.3%)(P0.05).Conclusion Xiaoyin paticle in the treatmeat of psoriasis vulgaris has higher effective rate,lower recurrence rate and fewer adverse rate in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with xiaoyin particles.


Abstract The micro-cracks in a material lead to a reduction in its overall strength and service life. The emerging capsule-based self-healing system provides a new strategy for repairing the cracks, effectively delaying the potential damage of the matrix, and prolonging the service life of composite materials. Determining the optimal size and dosage of microcapsules required to repair cracks in the matrix is essential for the development and design of capsule-based self-healing materials. This paper presents a novel two-dimensional capsule-based self-healing model composite material whose surface is paved by reproducible and random cells and some microcapsules are randomly dispersed in those cells to investigate the rupture behavior of microcapsules forced by growing cracks. An analytical model is proposed from the viewpoint of geometrical probability to express the probability characteristics of the embedded microcapsules stimulated by linear cracks in a two-dimensional capsule-based self-healing model composite. Additionally, the effect of the size and dosage of the embedded microcapsules on the intersection probability is analyzed, and the maximal probability is also found to improve the self-healing efficiency. Finally, the accuracies of these probability values and theoretical solutions are verified via computer simulation, and the results show that the developed model of the geometrical probability of the crack intersection with microcapsules randomly distributed in the cells of the matrix will help to provide a theoretical basis for the quantitative design of capsule-based self-healing materials.


This study aims to determine the success or failure of the information services provided to improve understanding of careers for the head of the sand coolie family in the Pitameh Village Tanjung Saba Nan XX Rt 004 / Rw 001 Lubuk Begalung District Padang City. This research uses the type of Action research. This research was conducted with a two-cycle method. Tools for collecting data are laiseg and observation sheets. Based on observations in this first cycle service, the activeness of the client in participating in information service activities stated in the presentation scale is 33.3% so that the client is categorized in Very Poor evaluation and has not yet gained knowledge new about other work that can be done when the weather conditions are bad, so the next cycle needs to be done. Based on observations during the service delivery process, an increase in client activity was stated in the presentation scale was 83.3% so that the client was categorized in Good rating. Then the results obtained from the two cycles obtained that the implementation of information services was successful. Key Words : Information Services, Career, Coolie