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Godlike rail shooter purging the metropolis.
Aim - Mouse
Shoot - Left Click
More information and games: https://ushallplay.wordpress.com/2017/02/22/w14-godrail


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subset: commoncrawl


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Difference between revisions of "Talk:Euler problems"
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[[User: henk263|henk263]]
[[User: henk263|henk263]]
If it would spoil the fun, don't look at it. What's your problem?
If it would spoil the fun, don't look at it. What's your problem?
[[User:CaleGibbard|CaleGibbard]] 22:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
[[User:CaleGibbard|CaleGibbard]] 22:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
Revision as of 22:18, 23 February 2008
As one of the teammembers of Project Euler I must say that you are doing Project Euler not a great favour by maintaining this site. How is it possible that you are so blinded by your enthousiasm of a particular programming environment that you lose out of sight the true nature of Project Euler: problem solving, disregarding all differences of programming languages. As all problems are there, even the most recent ones, those responsible for this must be found among our 100%-ers. Please realise how much work of us you are spoiling with this work and stop spoling our work. Better still: remove it altogether from public domain. Threatening to consider any amendment as vandalism is really a gotspe. It's you that are vandalising our work.
Hans Klein (aka hk)
quote: On the other hand, this problem space is perfect for illustrating the power of Haskell, and for providing excellent examples of how to "think in Haskell".
The solutions to some of the harder problems are in C++, so that has nothing to do with the power of Haskell. Please remove the solutions from this page. If you want to show your Haskell solution please do so in the forum of a problem.
Stijn aka henk263
If you openly publish problems, people will be free to openly publish solutions to them. There's not a whole lot which can be done about it. This is the same issue as a game developer saying "please don't publish a walkthrough to our game". You can ask, but it's pretty much guaranteed that someone will inevitably do it.
Moreover, it doesn't harm anyone's enjoyment of the game. The pages are clearly marked as containing spoilers, and those who don't want to see the spoilers can avoid them quite easily.
CaleGibbard 18:58, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
The solutions in C++ would indeed be better off replaced by Haskell code. This is, after all the Haskell wiki. However, removing the solutions altogether would be silly. (Not to mention ineffective, as they would remain in the page history.)
If you want to have a contest with problems to which nobody can look up the solution, construct a list of problems which nobody has seen before and hold the contest all at once. Long term contests in which the problems have trivial (i.e. known) solutions won't hold up.
CaleGibbard 19:08, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
I think you misunderstand Project Euler. To my opninion it's not a contest. But by publishing worked out solutions you are spoiling the fun for those that love to solve problems. Of course not much can be done to such "look me being smart" people that haven't even to guts to design their own problems to write their programming tutorial. Moreover stealing other peoples solutions (problem 181) does not look very smart either.
Those who love to solve problems should have no problem with this site. They just won't read it. The only possible way one could have a complaint about published solutions to the problems is if one thought of the site as a contest by which people are being judged and compared. If the problems are meant only for personal use, there's no issue, since the only person one might cheat by looking at the solution is oneself.
If one had already given up on finding the solution, being able to look at a solution is potentially educational as well.
I should perhaps point out that I've not personally had any hand in constructing any of these solutions (though I did clean up the formatting on some of them not long ago), and haven't spent much time working on Project Euler myself either (the problems are not of a sort which I find interesting, there are not nearly enough universal quantifiers in them). I do, however, think that people who put useful things on this wiki should not have them arbitrarily damaged.
CaleGibbard 20:07, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
Quite a few of the recent C++ additions are just stolen from the problem's forum. I'm pretty sure that neither balakrishnan nor Daniel.is.fischer put anything here.
Cale All your arguments fail if you see that the one that put those Haskell (and C++) solutions here has even gone so far as to put the direct answers to the problems on this page http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Euler_answers. This goes too far. I urgently request that that page and this one should be removed from this Haskell wiki. This has nothing to do with Haskell anymore.
I still don't see why you should care about the solutions being published. If particular solutions can be shown to violate people's copyright, then those should be removed. Everything on this wiki is meant to be published under the simple permissive license. Otherwise, I see no reason to remove anything.
CaleGibbard 21:52, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
For me, it spoils the fun of 'climbing up the ladder'. I don't get why this list of numbers belongs in an HASKELLwiki :S
If it would spoil the fun, don't look at it. What's your problem? If your value system is so messed up that you get more satisfaction out of seeing your progress bar go up faster than other people's progress bars than from actually solving the problems yourself, then I think you probably have some serious self-evaluation to do.
CaleGibbard 22:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
These pages must be deleted.
They are not in the spirit of Project Euler.
They are ruining the fun of problems and the fun of climbing up the ladder.
I am aware that whoever posted this is probably smart and would like us all to know.
RULE #1 of Project Euler:
You do not discuss Project Euler solutions.
RULE #2 of Project Euler:
You do not discuss Project Euler solutions.
Keep it in the problem threads.
I disagree. These are clearly marked as "spoilers". Anyone who wants to participate in Project Euler and enjoy its benefits knows that they should not peek at these solutions.
On the other hand, this problem space is perfect for illustrating the power of Haskell, and for providing excellent examples of how to "think in Haskell". I would refer anyone thinking of learning Haskell to these pages - with the warning that they might first want to solve all of the problems in their current favorite programming language.
My guess is that many people would look at the first few solutions, become hooked, and then redo the rest of them on their own in Haskell without peeking!
You kill the fun!
There is only way to publish solution - just protect access to it with right solution answer, as Euler protects access to forum's threads.
But in wiki - these pages must be deleted.
Note that if you delete these pages, it will be treated as vandalism and reverted. CaleGibbard 19:56, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
Category tags are great for making the Haskell wiki easier to navigate. But having category tags on all of the detail pages of these problem sets has the opposite effect - it just clutters the category pages.
I am removing the category tags from all of the detail pages, and leaving them only on the main page.
Either restrict the access to these pages to those who have the solution or delete them, please. It's just not cricket to violate the Project Euler spirit. Daniel.is.fischer


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Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome
What is metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes the presence of a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), metabolic syndrome significantly raises the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, and/or stroke.
Most people who have metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance. The body makes insulin to move glucose (sugar) into cells for use as energy. Obesity, commonly found in people with metabolic syndrome, makes it more difficult for cells to respond to insulin. If the body cannot make enough insulin to override the resistance, the blood sugar level increases and diabetes can result. Metabolic syndrome may be a beginning of the development of type 2 diabetes.
The cluster of conditions and risk factors related to metabolic syndrome was first named in 1988. Dr. Gerald Reaven proposed that insulin resistance was central to the cause of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular artery disease. Reaven called this cluster of abnormalities "Syndrome X." Since that time, Syndrome X has come to be known by various names, including metabolic syndrome, dysmetabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance syndrome. Syndrome X is now widely known as metabolic syndrome.
The American Heart Association (AHA) recognizes metabolic syndrome as a problem of growing concern, especially for those older than 60. Research suggests that more than 47 million Americans have it. Because the population of the United States is aging, and because metabolic syndrome prevalence increases with age, the AHA has estimated that metabolic syndrome soon will become the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, ahead of cigarette smoking. Increasing rates of obesity are also thought to be related to the increasing rates of metabolic syndrome.
The cluster of metabolic factors involved, according to the NHLBI, includes:
- Abdominal obesity, in which the waist circumference measures more than 35 inches for women and more than 40 inches for men. An increased waist circumference is the form of obesity most strongly associated with metabolic syndrome.
- High blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) or higher. Normal blood pressure is defined as 120 mm Hg or lower for systolic pressure (the top number), and 80 mm Hg or lower for diastolic pressure (the bottom number). High blood pressure is strongly associated with obesity and is often found in people with insulin resistance.
- Elevated fasting blood glucose level equal to or greater than 100 MG/DL
- High triglyceride levels of more than 150 mg/dl (milligrams per deciliter). Triglycerides are a type of fat in the blood.
- HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) of less than 40 mg/dl for men and less than 50 mg/dl for women
The NHLBI and AHA recommend a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome when three or more of these factors are identified.
What causes metabolic syndrome?
Because of the involvement of several interconnected factors in metabolic syndrome, the direct cause is not clearly understood. The rise in obesity, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle, contribute to risk factors for metabolic syndrome, such as high cholesterol, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure. These risk factors may lead to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Because metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are closely associated, many health care professionals believe that insulin resistance may be a cause of metabolic syndrome. However, a direct link between the two conditions has not been established. Others believe that hormone changes, caused by chronic stress, lead to the development of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and elevated blood lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol).
Other factors that are thought to contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome include genetic variations in a person's ability to break down lipids (fats) in the blood, older age, and abnormalities in the distribution of body fat.
What are the risk factors for metabolic syndrome?
A risk factor is anything that may increase a person's chance of developing a disease. It may be an activity, such as smoking, diet, family history, or many other things. Different diseases have different risk factors.
Knowing your risk factors for any disease can help to guide you into the appropriate actions, including changing behaviors and being clinically monitored for the disease.
Risk factors most closely associated with metabolic syndrome include:
- Age. The incidence of metabolic syndrome increases with age.
- Ethnicity. African-Americans and Mexican Americans are more prone to metabolic syndrome. African-American women are about 60 percent more likely than African-American men to have the syndrome.
- Body mass index (BMI) greater than 25. The BMI is calculated as a measure of body fat compared to height and weight.
- Personal or family history of diabetes. Women who have experienced diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) or people who have a family member with type 2 diabetes are at greater risk for metabolic syndrome.
- Smoking
- History of heavy drinking
- Stress
- Postmenopausal status
- High-fat diet
- Sedentary lifestyle
What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
While there are few symptoms experienced in metabolic syndrome, there may be several signs. A symptom is evidence of disease or physical disturbance that a person experiences and can describe. By contrast, a sign is objective evidence of disease as observed and interpreted by a doctor or other clinician.
Factors such as high blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, and/or overweight or obesity may be signs of metabolic syndrome. People with insulin resistance may have acanthosis nigricans, which is darkened skin areas on the back of the neck, in the armpits, and under the breasts. In general, however, people do not directly experience symptoms of metabolic syndrome.
The indications of metabolic syndrome may resemble other conditions. Consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?
The National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III, the World Health Organization, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists have each developed a set of criteria to be used as an aid in diagnosing metabolic syndrome.
Included among the criteria of these organizations are:
- Abdominal obesity
- Elevated triglycerides
- Low HDL cholesterol
- High blood pressure (hypertension) or use of antihypertensive medication (medication used to lower blood pressure)
- Elevated fasting blood glucose. A blood test used to check how much glucose is in the blood after fasting for a certain period of time
- Prothrombotic state
- Insulin resistance as identified by type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, or impaired glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance test measures the body's response to sugar)
- Other risk factors
Each organization has its own guidelines for using the above criteria to establish a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
How is metabolic syndrome treated?
Specific treatment will be determined by your doctor based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the disease
- Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Your signs and symptoms
- Expectations for the course of the disease
- Your opinion or preference
Because metabolic syndrome increases the risk for the development of more serious, chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, treatment for metabolic syndrome is important. Other conditions that may develop as a result of metabolic syndrome include:
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Fatty liver
- Cholesterol gallstones
- Asthma
- Sleep disturbances
- Some forms of cancer
Types of treatment that may be recommended for metabolic syndrome include:
- Lifestyle management. A program of weight loss and exercise provide the foundation of treatment for metabolic syndrome. Weight loss increases HDL cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol) and decreases the harmful type of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Weight loss can also reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Even a modest weight loss of five to ten percent of total weight can positively affect blood pressure and increase sensitivity to insulin, as well as reduce central obesity. Together, diet and exercise improve risk factors more than diet alone.
Other lifestyle management factors include smoking cessation and limiting alcohol consumption.
- Diet. Changes in dietary habits are important in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. According to the AHA, treatment of insulin resistance is necessary to achieve the greatest benefit for modifying metabolic risk factors. In general, the best way to treat insulin resistance is through weight loss and increased physical activity.
There is a variety of methods used to lose weight and increase physical activity. Incorporating multiple methods, such as making diet changes as well as adding exercise, may be beneficial. These methods include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Successful weight loss that is maintained over a long period of time depends on limiting energy consumed (calories) and increasing energy expenditure (exercise and daily activity).
- Fasting may result in rapid weight loss, but lean muscle mass is lost as well as fat. All-liquid diets must be medically supervised and may be used for a short period of time in people who are obese, but these diets are not the long-term answer to weight loss.
- Fads, fasting, and popular diets in which health effects have not been determined by rigorous clinical trials may not be healthy options for weight loss. However, there are dietary recommendations that, if followed, will lead to weight loss.
- To lose weight and keep it off for a lifetime, begin thinking about an individualized eating plan instead of a "diet." A plan tailored to personal likes and dislikes will have a better chance of producing sustainable weight loss. A balanced diet that is restricted in calories--1,200 to 1,400 calories for women and 1,500 to 1,800 calories for men--may work well. A registered dietician can help to make an individualized diet plan based on a person's particular situation.
- Include a variety of foods in the diet.
- All fats are not bad. It is now known that polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats provide health benefits, such as helping to keep the heart healthy. This means that nuts, seeds, and some types of oils, such as olive, safflower, and canola, have a place in a healthy eating plan.
- Choose whole grains, such as brown rice and whole wheat bread, rather than white rice and white bread. Whole grain foods are rich in nutrients compared to more processed products. They are higher in fiber and therefore absorbed by the body more slowly and do not cause a rapid spike in insulin, which can trigger hunger and cravings. The Dietary Guidelines 2010 from the USDA recommend that at least one half of the grain intake of people of all ages and all calorie levels should be whole grains.
- According to the Dietary Guidelines 2010, a person on a 2,000-calorie-per-day diet should eat 2.5 cups daily of vegetables and 2 cups of fruit a day. This amount will vary depending on the calorie needs of each person. Be sure to choose a variety of fruits and vegetables, as different fruits and vegetables contain varying amounts and types of nutrients.
- When dining out or ordering take-out food, ask for a take-home box or avoid super-size selections when you order. Many restaurant portions are too large for one person, so consider sharing an entrée or ordering an appetizer instead of a main dish from the entrée menu.
- Read food labels carefully, paying particular attention to the number of servings contained in the product and the serving size. If the label says a serving is 150 calories but the number of servings per container is three and the contents of the entire container are consumed, the number of calories consumed is triple, or 450 calories.
- Exercise. Exercise benefits people who are overweight or obese by helping to keep and add lean body mass, or muscle tissue, while losing fat. It also helps to increase the rate at which weight is lost if a person is eating healthy food according to a meal plan because muscle tissue has a higher rate of metabolism, thus burning calories faster.
Walking is an excellent choice of exercise for people who are obese. A walking program should start slowly by walking 30 minutes a day a few days a week and increase gradually to the goal of walking for longer periods most days of the week.
Exercise lowers blood pressure and can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Exercise also helps to improve emotional well-being, reduce appetite, improve sleeping ability, improve flexibility, and lower LDL cholesterol.
Consult your health care provider before starting any exercise program.
- Medication. Persons who have metabolic syndrome and who are at risk may be candidates for medication therapy, especially if other measures, such as dieting and lifestyle changes, have failed to produce acceptable results with weight loss, decreased blood pressure, lowered cholesterol levels, and/or decreased insulin resistance.
Medications may be prescribed to help lower blood pressure, improve insulin metabolism, lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol, and/or increase weight loss.
- Weight loss surgery. Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only option today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures, such as diet, exercise, and medication, have failed.
Studies have shown that all aspects of metabolic syndrome, including blood pressure, cholesterol, and increased body weight, may be improved by gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity at one year after the procedure.
There are a variety of approaches to bariatric surgery, but all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of the two. Malabsorptive procedures change the way the digestive system works. Restrictive procedures are those that severely reduce the size of the stomach to hold less food, but the digestive functions remain intact.


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Pope Benedict XVI stuns world, announces retirement
- Pope Benedict XVI will step down Feb. 28
- He will be the first pontiff to resign in 600 years
- Diminishing strength cited as reason behind resignation
VATICAN CITY — The conservative pope who brought tweeting to the Vatican stunned the Roman Catholic world Monday, becoming the first pope in 600 years to resign as leader of the 1 billion-member church.
Pope Benedict XVI, 85, cited age and declining health in his announcement, issued in Latin during a meeting of cardinals. The resignation, effective Feb. 28, means a conclave of cardinals will be held here next month to elect a successor.
"After having repeatedly examined my conscience before God, I have come to the certainty that my strengths due to an advanced age are no longer suited" for the task, he said.
"Both strength of mind and body are necessary, strengths which in the last few months have deteriorated in me to the extent that I have had to recognize my incapacity to adequately fulfill the ministry entrusted to me," he said.
TEXT:Pope Benedict XVI's resignation
The Rev. Federico Lombardi, a Vatican spokesman, said the process of selecting a pope will begin March 1. He said an exact date for the conclave to begin had not been determined.
"Before Easter (March 31), we will have the new pope. (Resigning) is not a decision he has just improvised," Lombardi said. "It's a decision he has pondered."
In Washington, President Obama praised Pope Benedict XVI and said he "warmly remembers" their meeting in 2009. "On behalf of Americans everywhere, Michelle and I wish to extend our appreciation and prayers," Obama said in a statement.
But not all Americans have been thrilled with Benedict's rule. His handling of sex abuse issues has drawn criticism from some victims' advocates.
"When forced to, he talks about the crimes but ignores the cover-ups, uses the past tense as if to suggest it's not still happening," said David Clohessy, the executive director of the Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests. "He has vast powers and he's done very little to make a difference."
The pope's brother, Georg Ratzinger, talking from his home in Regensburg, Germany, said the pontiff had been advised by his doctor not to take any more transatlantic trips and had been considering stepping down for months.
Ratzinger, 89, said his brother was having increasing difficulty walking and his resignation was part of a "natural process."
High-level Vatican officials will continue to conduct the business of the church until a new pope is selected. The most important tasks of the pope cannot be delegated — teachings on faith and appointing bishops.
A conclave of cardinals under the age of 80 votes on the pope. The conclave kicks off with a Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, then the cardinals gather in the Sistine Chapel. The doors are locked — "conclave" comes from the Latin for "with a key" — before meditation, prayer and voting.
If no one receives the required two-thirds of the vote, the ballots and notes are burned and a chemical is added to make the smoke appear black. The cardinals return the next day and try again, maybe a few more times.
Finally, white smoke signifies a pope has been elected. Benedict was selected on the fourth ballot.
MORE:Pope Benedict XVI first pope to resign in 600 years
The last pope to resign was Pope Gregory XII, who stepped down in 1415 in a deal to end a split in the church.
Born Joseph Ratzinger in Germany in 1927, Benedict entered the seminary at the age of 12. He has said he was unable to avoid becoming a reluctant member of the Hitler Youth. In 1943, he was drafted into the anti-aircraft defense and was captured by American forces, spending several months as a prisoner of war.
He became pope in 2005 after the death of John Paul II. Benedict led the church through much of the priest abuse tragedies, and went on to become the first social media pope, tweeting in seven languages. His personal Twitter account, @pontifex, had nearly 3 million followers within three weeks of launching in December.
Church historian Matthew Bunson said it was announced that the pope will retire to Castel Gandolfo, the papal summer retreat south of Rome, then to a small monastery where some contemplative nuns live on the Vatican grounds.
Cardinal Timothy Dolan of New York, president of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, issued a statement lauding Benedict his eight years of "selfless leadership."
"The Holy Father brought the tender heart of a pastor, the incisive mind of a scholar and the confidence of a soul united with his God in all he did."
The announcement came as a surprise to many Catholics in Rome, though they were aware the pope was ill.
"My first impression was one of incredulity," said Stefano Marino, 73, an engineer and former director of technical services at the Vatican. One of Marino's tasks had been to help orchestrate the smoke signal that indicates a new pope is chosen. "On one hand, it has to be said he has shown courage by taking responsibility and making such a decision. ... But he has also showed a weakness that John Paul II did not have – John Paul II made a strength of failing health."
Several hundred people are gathered in St. Peter's Square under grey skies, praying. The curtains were drawn on the pope's apartment on the southern side of the square.
"I was coming here anyway, to pray, I decided to stay longer when I heard the news," said Maria Rosa Martino, 35, a shopkeeper working near the Vatican. "I hope he is not in pain, suffering. He is a holy man. He would not make this decision if he could carry on. I pray for his strength."
Antonio Fiorella, 51, an off-duty security guard, sad he was saddened by the news. "We will not have another pope with a greater faith than Pope Benedict," he said. "I don't know what will happen next."
Contributing: Cathy Lynn Grossman; Eliza Collins; Emma Beck; David Jackson; Associated Press


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Burekitas are a type of small hand pies that are well known in any Sephardic household.
They are the smaller version of Burekas pastries, which are usually made with filo dough or puff pastry and are shaped into a triangular.
Burekitas are smaller, usually made with pie type thicker dough, cut into circles and folded over. The varieties of recipes are many, but all aim at the same result: crumbly, crispy dough with savory filling.
These little pastries are traditionally served for brunch on Saturday, with an array of fresh and cooked salads, hard boiled eggs or egg salad, yogurt, olives and other condiments. However, by now they are served any time, as a light meal or a snack.
No doubt these pastries require a bit of work, but the result is so tasty, it's definitely well worth the effort. I'm sure you'll agree once you'll make and taste these pastries.
* The dough is referred to as "boiled dough" in Sephardic households, although only the liquids are boiled. Some recipes use only oil, but this one is my favorite for its wonderful flavor, texture and ease of rolling.
* The potato-cheese filling shown here is the most commonly used. In some older recipes, cooked rice is used instead of the potatoes, but I can see why potatoes took over, as they offer a creamier texture. Other options are: cooked zucchini-tomato (shown HERE), or roasted eggplant with feta cheese.
* Kashkaval cheese is a type of semi-soft yellow cheese from the Balkan. If you can't find it, use mild Cheddar cheese instead.
* The baked Burekitas freeze well, in an airtight container, for up to a month. For best results, reheat them in a toaster oven, NOT the microwave.
Makes: 30-32
Prep time: 1 hour
Chilling time: 1 hour
Baking time: 25-30 minutes
For the dough:
1 stick (115 grams) butter
½ cup light olive oil
1 cup water
1 tsp salt
3 Tbs vinegar
3 ½ cups flour
For the filling:
2 medium potatoes
¼ cup feta cheese
¼ cup grated Kashkaval cheese (or mild cheddar)
2 Tbs finely grated Pecorino cheese (or Parmesan)
¼ cup Quark cheese (or thick yogurt)
1 L egg + 1 L egg white (keep the yolk for the egg wash)
Freshly ground black pepper and salt, to taste
For the topping:
1 egg yolk mix with 2 Tbs water
Sesame seeds
1. The dough: in a medium pot, combine the butter, oil and water. Bring to a boil and take off the heat. Let cool for a minute and add the salt and vinegar and mix. Add the flour and mix until the dough separates from the sides of the pot. Place in the fridge for 1 hour.
2. The filling: place the potatoes in a small pot and cover with water. Bring to a boil and cook for about 30 minutes, or until soft. Drain and bring to room temperature. Peel and mash coarsely with a fork. Add the rest of the ingredients for the filling and mix to a coarse mixture.
3. Preheat the oven to 365F (185C). Line two baking sheet pans with baking paper.
4. Divide the dough in two. Roll one portion on a lightly floured work space, to a thickness of about 0.2″ (0.5cm). Using a 3" (7.5cm) glass, or cookie cutter, cut cut out dough discs. Place 1 tsp of the filling on each circle of dough and fold. Twist the ends together with your fingers and place in the pan. Repeat with the rest of the dough and scraps. Brush the pastries with egg wash and sprinkle sesame seeds on top.
5. Bake for 25-30 minutes, until the pastries are golden-brown. Serve warm.


text:
Paul Newman risked losing fans and roles by campaigning in 1968 for the Democratic candidate for president, Sen. Eugene McCarthy, who opposed the Vietnam War. Eric Lax explains why in his Newman: Paul Newman: Biography (Turner, 1996):
"Newman was one of the earliest backers of McCarthy, and his support came at a time when most people considered those who opposed the war to be cowards or even traitors. Newman's appearance always brought out the news media. He presented himself to audiences not as a celebrity but as a parent, concerned about the future and believing that McCarthy offered the most hope.
"'I am indifferent to your political persuasion,' he would begin. 'I am not a public speaker. I am not a politician. I'm not here because I'm an actor. I'm here because I've got six kids. I don't want it written on my gravestone, 'He was not part of his times.' The times are too critical to be dissenting in your own bathroom.'"
The quote first appeared in the New York Times on April 22, 1968.
© 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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Lo-Fi Version
Time is now: 5th February 2023 - 01:32 AM


text:
WASHINGTON—Sales of new homes fell in February after climbing to the highest level in more than four years in January.
Sales of new homes dropped to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 411,000 in February, the Commerce Department reported Tuesday. That is a decline of 4.6 per cent from the January level of 431,000, which had been the strongest sales pace since September 2008.
The decline in February still left sales 12.3 per cent higher than a year ago. While sales remain below the 700,000 level considered healthy, the housing recovery is gaining strength and is starting to look sustainable. Steady job creation and near record-low mortgage rates are spurring sales.
The median price of a new home sold in February was $246,800, up 2.9 per cent from a year ago.
By region of the country, sales were up only in the Midwest, which saw a 13.7 per cent increase. Sales fell in every other region, led by a 13.3 per cent drop in the Northeast, where severe winter weather likely dampened activity. Sales were down 9.7 per cent in the South and fell 2.1 per cent in the West.
Last week, the National Association of Realtors reported that sales of previously owned homes rose 0.8 per cent in February to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.98 million units. That was the fastest sales pace since November 2009 when a temporary home buyer tax credit had boosted sales.
The rise in demand is helping to boost sales and prices in most markets. Low inventories have been a problem but the Realtors reported a gain in the number of homes on the market at the end of February compared to January. It was the first monthly rise in inventories of previously owned homes since April although the increase still left the total 19 per cent below a year ago.
But analysts saw the increase as a hopeful sign that more homeowners are gaining confidence in the housing recovery and becoming willing to put their homes up for sale, helping to alleviate an inventory squeeze which had held back sales in many markets.
Low inventories are just one of several constraints. First-time home buyers are viewed as critical to any sustainable housing recovery, but their numbers are still below healthy levels. They made up 30 per cent of existing home sales in February, still well below the 40 per cent that is typical in a healthy market.
Since the housing bubble burst more than six years ago, banks have imposed tighter credit conditions and required larger down payments. Those changes have left many would-be buyers unable to qualify for the super-low mortgage rates which have been spurred by the Federal Reserve's efforts to ease credit as a way to give the economy a boost.
Rising demand for homes has encouraged builders to boost construction. Builders started work at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 910,000 in February, the second fastest pace since June 2008. Applications for building permits rose to 946,000, the highest level since June 2008.


text:
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text:
Morning Minutes: April 27
Morning Minutes: April 27
Word of the Day
Xenophobe ZEN-uh-fohb (noun) A person who fears or hates foreigners, strange customs, etc. - dictionary.com
Website of the Day
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler, a 16th-century scientist, believed the universe was created on this day in 4977 B.C. While modern science has disproved this theory, his laws of planetary motion were and made him the founder of celestial mechanics. This website from NASA explains Kepler's contributions to the study of planets.
Number to Know
22 million: Number of people who cast ballots in South Africa's 1994 election.
This Day in History
April 27, 1994: South Africa holds first mulitracial elections; Nelson Mandela is elected president.
Today's Featured Birthday
DJ/voice actor Casey Kasem (81)
Daily Quote
"While there's life, there's hope." - Marcus Tullius Cicero


text:
User talk:Pistevo
- 1 Accept Revised?
- 2 Monastery of Pantanassa, Australia
- 3 List of Parishes in Victoria article
- 4 Please explain..
- 5 Australian Orthodox weblinks
- 6 Chrysostom Homily
- 7 I need help
- 8 Rolling back
- 9 Active appeal
- 10 Africa
- 11 URGENT - Ambush by computer generated Users
- 12 OSRM article?!?!
- 13 Req for involvement
- 14 Appologies and thanks...
Accept Revised?
Dear Pistevo,
There's been a request to use some of your edited content on Wikipedia. Would you mind putting the Acceptrevised template on your user page to clarify the copyright (you can add it like this: {{acceptrevised}}? That would be very helpful! Thanks, — FrJohn (talk) 08:53, April 25, 2007 (PDT)
Monastery of Pantanassa, Australia
Hi Pistevo, I thought I might send you a little note to let you know that I have grown up with two of the monks at this monastery (before they were monks). As such, one of the monk's sister is my close friend and she has a million to one photos of this monastery. I have asked her if she would email me some so that we can upload them onto this site. Since you have been looking after all the Australian related pages i thought I might let you know so that you can upload pictures and format them yourself. Do you have an email? I dont know how to give you my email in a private way so you can contact me ...any ideas? Vasiliki 14:30, January 20, 2008 (PST)
PS. I also visit the monastery of Panaghia Gorgoipikoos in Geelong on a monthly basis and am also very close to the abbess. Is there any information you would like me to get from there that you think would be a good idea for this site. Vasiliki 14:33, January 20, 2008 (PST)
List of Parishes in Victoria article
Hi Pistevo, in the Sandbox ...its in a previous version ... I have a list of the Parishes in Victoria sorted (with only a few left to go) ... Do you think that this format works? If the answer is yes, how do I go about changing the original article? Do i need to get a adminstrators vote or do I need to simply speak with the originator of the article (you) in this instance? In any case, could you take a look and tell me what you think before I sort of go about 'rapping up' that loose end ... Vasiliki 17:36, March 20, 2008 (PDT)
- AusGreek net ... I just wanted to point out that it had many links that you might have wanted to incorporate into the articles ... As for the parishes list ... I am definately aware of the fact that there are various outside of Melbourne as such ... I think how you dealt with it in the original article is still very much appropriate ...also, once I have the parishes sorted into the geographical councils/suburgbs i wont include those councils/suburbs that are empty, I guess i wanted your thoughts about it bc I had promised to help you out but I was stuck on how to do it, should I do it at the Council level and then have the suburbs as a second level or just list according to suburbs and leave it at that ...Vasiliki 18:06, March 20, 2008 (PDT)
Please explain..
Why you have endorsed the revision of the article you rolled back to, before protecting the article? Thank you. Cebactokpatop 13:29, March 6, 2008 (PST)
Thank you for your explanation, that reveals your siding with one side in the dispute. Such a behavior is not appropriate for a sysop, and I will have to question your competence before respective authorities further. Cebactokpatop 05:13, March 7, 2008 (PST)
Australian Orthodox weblinks
Do you know about this site AusGREEK NET.COM? I figure you might like to use it in updating the OrthodoxWiki Australian articles ... Vasiliki 17:39, March 20, 2008 (PDT)
Chrysostom Homily
I was just thinking half hour ago that it was time to update that section and you went ahead and did it!! Xristos Anesti! Vasiliki 03:07, April 29, 2008 (UTC)
I need help
Hello, I would like to post my dissertation from Pennsylvania State University entitled THE RELEVANCE OF THE MARONITE AND MELKITE CHURCHES WITHIN THE CATHOLIC ECCLESIAL COMMUNION I guess I need technical help more than anything, as I am not sure how this website works and am not technically inclined
Thank you very much
Rolling back
This vandal worked with a pair of accounts. Rolling back won't work. :/ We have to go into each article's history and find a version before these two accounts got into it. —Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!) 11:51, June 10, 2008 (UTC)
- Not sure. In any event, this pairing technique is particularly annoying. —Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!) 11:57, June 10, 2008 (UTC)
Active appeal
There's currently an active appeal over at OrthodoxWiki talk:Administrators. If as an admin, you would like to participate, please feel free to do so. Thanks! —Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!) 16:02, August 19, 2008 (UTC)
Thanks for stepping on correcting the titles for the bishops. I had gotten confused on some of them, based on the Patriarchate's texts and other comments. I was especially confused on Kenya when I tries to put together items for Successions. You seem more informed on Africa, so I hope you may have info to extend the successions of the older dioceses. Wsk 00:00, August 28, 2008 (UTC)
URGENT - Ambush by computer generated Users
Hi, we are being ambushed by computer generated User accounts ... Vasiliki 04:09, December 17, 2008 (UTC) This is the first creation log: (User creation log); 03:34 . . NovicOolol (Talk | contribs) (Created the user NovicOolol (Talk | contribs))
OSRM article?!?!
Am I reading what you said right on the Admins page? You want an OSRM (or -- just slightly safer-- a comparative Sarum rite) article? Do you not envision the bloodshed of at least a half-dozen or so booted users that would ensue off such, myself likely unwillingly included? --JosephSuaiden 22:21, February 18, 2009 (UTC)
Req for involvement
Hey, would you mind taking a look at the comments here and getting involved? I reverted for what seemed to me to be obvious reasons (esp. somewhat POV language), but as our Ozzie-in-Chief, I thought perhaps you might be better suited to handle this. Thanks! —Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!) 13:10, April 24, 2009 (UTC)
Appologies and thanks...
I know my prior post may have appeared hostile and on the front foot. For this I appologise both to yourself and Fr Andrew. I only hope that you both understand that I am a young Orthodox Serb that is constantly choked by iggnorance amongst the powers that be and your involvement (ammendmants) were refreshing to read.
I and many other interested persons appreciate your consideration and ammendments to the page.
Thankyou for the fairness you have displayed.


text:
Little Lilies knit
MD-05-YDRegular price $ 12.00
The Meadow collection is 100% GOTS-certified organic, ensuring that it is produced in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. Fabric is 44-45" in width. All prints are designed and manufactured by Monaluna. The fabric is not treated with fire-retardant, and is therefore not intended for use in children's sleepwear.


text:
American Patchwork & Quilting April 2014
See the featured quilts and web-exclusive color options and projects from the American Patchwork & Quilting April 2014 issue.
April 2014
The April 2014 issue of American Patchwork & Quilting is on sale from February 4--April 1.
Missed it? Order a digital issue here.
Grand Central Quilt Winners
Readers from 25 states entered our 2013 challenge to commemorate a landmark building turning 100.
Profile: Bonnie Sullivan
In stitching up success, designer Bonnie Sullivan of All Through the Night Designs uses nearly every room in her house.
April 2014 Favorite Finds
Angles With Ease book and Triangler ruler
$17 (book) and $14.95 (ruler); ankastreasures.com
Fabric book panels from Quilting Treasures
quiltingtreasures.com for nearest retailer
Quilt It with Love: The Project Linus Story
$19.95; sterlingpublishing.com
Quiltspirations "playing" cards from LoveBug Studios
$14.95; quiltspirations.com
Stamp of Approval
Designer: Tonya Alexander
Inspired by a Postage Stamp quilt, a designer creates a springtime beauty from a scrappy assortment of prints.
Get the digital issue here.
Stamp of Approval Color Option
Scrappy Squares
A sophisticated and subdued palette of Japanese taupe fabrics form scrappy squares. A dark outer border grounds the quilt and allows the blocks to take center stage.
Best Buds
Designer: Kristyne Czepuryk of Pretty By Hand
Fabrics: Scrumptious collection by Bonnie & Camille for Moda Fabrics
A pair of hand-embroidered projects uses sweet stitched flowers to make gifts that are pretty as a picture.
Get the digital issue here.
Petal by Petal
Designer: Laurel Keith
Build imaginative floral blocks one piece at a time to showcase your hand-applique skills. A Sawtooth border provides the perfect frame.
Get the digital issue here.
Petal by Petal Color Option
Hanging Tapestry
Surround an appliquéd block with a sawtooth inner border and a floral outer border for a look reminiscent of Jacobean embroideries and other fanciful tapestries.
Alpha Bits & Pieces
Designer: Sandy Klop of American Jane
Fabrics: Pot Luck collection by American Jane for Moda Fabrics
Learn your A-B-C's and quilt block 1-2-3's with a wall hanging that uses fussy-cut panel print letters to frame a variety of pieced blocks.
Get the digital issue here.
Alpha Bits & Pieces Color Option
Designer: Laura Boehnke
Fabrics: Almost Amish collection by Debbie Beaves and Cotton Supreme solids, both for RJR Fabrics
Instead of using the dot/check multiprint found in the original quilt, Laura fussy-cut classic quilt blocks from a panel. She used coordinating solids to allow the prints and fussy-cut classic quilt blocks to be the center of attention.
Folk-Al Point
Designer: Bonnie Sullivan of All Through The Night
Fabrics: Folk Art Home collection by Bonnie Sullivan for Maywood Studio
No, it's not applique! Surround squares of a favorite fabric with clever sashing that puts the squares front and center and forms the look of a two-block quilt.
Get the digital issue here.
Folk-Al Point Color Option
Striking Stars
Sashing units become the star of this wall hanging. Four Square-in-a-Square blocks provide the perfect foil for the five stars formed by the sashing.
Swirls and Whirls
Designer: Sherri McConnell
Like gusts of wind, swirl quilting spins bright pinwheels across a crisp white quilt top.
Swirls and Whirls Color Option
Girly Swirls
Purple, coral, navy, and gray team up for a snappy wall hanging. Use the same coral or purple print in each block's corners, then alternate the blocks for an interesting secondary pattern when the blocks are set side by side.
Cameo Appearance
Designer: Janet Nesbitt of The Buggy Barn
Most fabrics: Love to Garden collection by Anni Downs for Henry Glass & Co.
Basket units frame your favorite motifs fussy-cut from a panel print. Subdued hues transition perfectly from a long winter to early spring, as hints of color begin to emerge.
Get the digital issue here.
Cameo Appearance Color Option
Framed Flowers
Sew a flowery springtime wall hanging by fussy-cutting a detail from your favorite big floral print. Fabrics in rich green and red hues add plenty of texture and bright color. A bold print border serves as a modern frame.
Play It Again
Designer: Laurie Simpson of Minick and Simpson
Fabrics: Midwinter Reds collection by Minick and Simpson for Moda Fabrics
Find pattern ideas in unexpected places, such as an antique game board, which comes to life here in a geometric table topper of bold reds and warm neutrals.
Get the digital issue here.
Play It Again Color Option
Designer: Laura Boehnke
Fabrics: Enchantment collection by Lonni Rossi for Andover Fabrics
With careful placement of a deep orange fabric, Laura brought the square formed by the A and B blocks to the forefront. Her table topper was an experiment in blending light and dark prints and in creative the look of transparency and layers.
Stitches to Savor
Designer: Sue Spargo
Consider these beyond-the-basics stitches when you're ready to embellish a project. Get the first five 2014 issues to learn 10 embroidery stitches. A project in the December 2014 issue will incorporate the year's stitches.


text:
Today's News: Our Take - Justified Postmortem: Graham Yost Answers Our Burning Questions
[WARNING: The following story contains spoilers from the Season 4 finale of FX's Justitfied. Read at your own risk.]
Justified's season finales have generally lived up to their names. Just as "Bulletville," "Bloody Harlan" and "Slaughterhouse" were as violent and intense as you'd expect, the Season 4 finale, "Ghosts" was at times often hauntingly quiet. But that's not to say that no bullets flew.
Having pretty much wrapped up the season-long search for the mysterious Drew Thompson (Jim Beaver) in this season's penultimate episode, trigger-happy Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens (Timothy Olyphant) was eager to settle into his 30-day suspension by spending some quality time with his pregnant ex-wife Winona (Natalie Zea). Unfortunately, Winona was being held captive by the thugs of Nicky Augustine (Mike O'Malley), the Detroit mobster who had hoped to catch (and kill) Drew Thompson first.
Justified Finale: Will Boyd and Ava get their happy ending?
Though Raylan quickly dispatched the thugs with a few slugs to the chest, the only way to ensure Winona and the unborn baby's safety was to settle his beef with Nicky once and for all. But in order to keep his job, Raylan couldn't play executioner. So, after Nicky failed to give himself up, Raylan smoothly called in a favor to Nicky's boss Sammy Tonin to do the mutually beneficial dirty work while Raylan went about quietly patching up the drywall in his dead father's house.
Meanwhile, Boyd (Walton Goggins) and Ava (Joelle Carter) dealt with "ghosts" of their own as they tried to move the body of Delroy, the former owner of a whorehouse that Ava shot in self-defense at the end of Season 3. But when the police found the body first, Ava was forced to steal the corpse with a little help from undertaker Lee Paxton (Sam Anderson). Unfortunately, Paxton turned on Boyd and Ava in the middle of their body-snatching caper, and Ava was arrested.
So, what's next for Boyd and Ava now that she's headed to jail? Is Raylan in line for a promotion after catching Drew Thompson? And what was that kiss between Raylan and Winona? We took all our burning questions to executive producer Graham Yost.
This year you tried something different in telling a season-long mystery about the identity of Drew Thompson. How do you think it worked out overall?
Graham Yost: I won't lie: We were nervous about it. We didn't know if we could pull it off and there are still a few things ... we wish we had followed up on. But for the most part, we were pretty happy with how it played out. We think there were several episodes in this season that were among our best and that overall it was a strong season.
Spring TV: Get scoop on your favorite returning shows
Given that the Drew story wrapped up before the finale, you didn't have something like last year's bloody showdown. It was a considerably quieter finale.
Yost: We found ourselves referring to Quentin Tarantino's work a lot in the last third of the season. The way Kill Bill was structured, there was the big huge shootout at the club and [then] all of the confrontations got smaller and smaller until the very end when Thurman is sitting across the table from Carradine. The last episode starts really big [with] Raylan and Winona versus these three thugs in the nursery. Then things got smaller and smaller until it's just Raylan and Nicky Augustine in the back of the limo. We didn't feel that we would be satisfied if Raylan just pulled a gun and shot Nicky.
Ultimately, Raylan used his brain instead of his gun by calling in Sammy Tonin.
Yost: We felt that was satisfying without the guns going off and someone getting their arm chopped off. We can't do the same thing again and again, especially if we think we've done it at all well. In this case, we just thought this was a smart way for Raylan to eliminate the threat to Winona and the baby and not lose his job as Marshal.
Is there also an element of Raylan not wanting to let down his surrogate father Art (Nick Searcy)? He did give Raylan an ultimatum.
Yost: I think you're absolutely right. Also, if you think about it, [Raylan's] really splitting the difference between ... how Arlo [Raymond J. Barry) handled things and how [his mother] Frances handled things. Frances looked to be the conciliator and make peace and Arlo wanted to scorch earth. Raylan ends up finding that perhaps he exists somewhere in the middle.
I know you don't have Natalie Zea as a series regular anymore, but that last scene with Raylan and Winona seemed awfully charged.
Yost: I did not anticipate the level of emotion and love that we would find between the two of them in this last episode. We've so often played Winona as cranky and upset with Raylan. But even though it was because of Raylan that she found herself in a nursery with a gun to her belly, he managed to dispatch those guys and eliminate the threat. There was something there. And the long kiss they gave, that wasn't necessarily planned. That's stuff that developed. But I was surprised by the emotion between them, and it really gave me a feeling that we want to see as much of Winona as we can.
Justified executive producer Graham Yost talks Season 4 homestretch
Moving to our other couple of Boyd and Ava, did you know early on that you were going to tear them apart at the end of the season?
Yost: Yes. That was something we plotted out pretty early on in the season. We just liked the idea of them reaching a peak in their lives, in their bond with each other, in the middle of the season with the proposal. And we liked the idea of both Boyd and Raylan being at sort of the peak of their careers. Raylan is the guy who got Drew Thompson, and, without any knowledge of the Marshal Service, managed to coordinate the death of Nicky Augustine. He's at the top of everything, but now Winonna's even farther out of his life. And Boyd, similarly, with Wynn Duffy's return, is now going to be the King of Harlan. But for the time being, he's lost Ava.
Boyd seemed conflicted when he accepted Duffy's proposal. Will he definitely see that through?
Yost: Yes. I mean, he wants money and he wants security and all of that. But he also is just obsessed with his loss of Ava at this point and what is he going to do about that.
So, Ava's arrest isn't something that might make him reconsider his life choices?
Yost: No, I think Boyd would separate the two. [Boyd] getting his criminal empire is not why Ava's going to jail. That was just something that happened and he has to deal with [it]. Boyd has made peace with the fact he's a criminal. In fact, he embraces it, even revels in it. And, as he would say it, he's not just a criminal, he's an outlaw.
Will he be seeking an outlaw's revenge on Lee Paxton and Mooney for their role in Ava's arrest?
Yost: We'll see. The thing about Boyd is that if he just went out and killed him, that's not very interesting or surprising. What can he do with their fear? But they're certainly in trouble given Boyd's track record. I think it's safe to assume Boyd will do whatever he can in Season 5 to get Ava out of jail.
Spring TV: Get scoop on the must-see new shows
So, Ava will still be in jail when the show comes back? Will that continue her transition into an outlaw as well?
Yost: Yes, we will see her in jail. I can't imagine Ava wanting to just keep her head down and stay out of trouble. I've got a feeling that trouble will find her. If you put people in a corner, you see what their character really is. We've seen that side to Ava, and I imagine there will be tougher times for her to come.
You once again used the song, "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" in the finale. Why did you skip last season?
Yost: Well, our feeling was that Quarles [Neal McDonough] didn't die at the end of season 3. He got his arm chopped off, but you can tie a belt around his bicep and save his life. So, it just didn't feel appropriate to use the song. This year, with the death of Arlo, we felt it was almost more appropriate than any other use we had of it.
Now that Raylan has buried Arlo and (metaphor alert!) patched the hole in the wall, will he move on from Arlo's death?
Yost: I think it's always going to be something that rattles around in his head. I can't imagine him completely free of that ever. My dad passed away a year-and-a-half ago; my mom, more recently. And they're always with us in one way or another. I had nothing like Raylan's relationship with Arlo. I had a great dad and we had a great relationship, but he's still a part of my life. So I can see it still being something in Raylan's life.
Raylan seemed to believe that by catching Drew Thompson, he was in line for career advancement. Is that something you want to follow up on?
Yost: Yeah. He has made some strides, but we need to talk to our technical advisor about what would be the next step. I can't really see Raylan being a Chief Deputy. I just can't see him doing Art's job, but you never know.
Well, Art has been talking about retirement.
Yost: It's interesting. Even if we did retire him, they often get called back in for special assignments and to help out in places. I can't see this show about Deputy Marshals in Kentucky not involving Art Mullen. We just wanted to be a little cognizant of the reality of someone that age and how long he's been in the service. And we do have a very compressed timeline.
So, Winona's going to be pregnant for the next two years, right?
Yost: [Laughs] No. I can't guarantee it, but I'm pretty sure we'll see little Raylette next season.
Last year, you said you saw the show running for six seasons. You've just been renewed for a fifth. Are you approaching next season as a setup of the ultimate ending?
Yost: We're going to plan on six and we'll see if there's any change to that over the next few months as we start to break stories. I'm sure the studio and the network would like more, but there are financial considerations and there are also big story concerns. We might find room for more, but we're not planning on that. We try to think of each season at a time, but at the beginning of this past season we were thinking in terms of, "What are the big moves we can do in [Seasons] 4, 5 and 6?" And while we don't by any means have it all laid out, there are at least ideas and rough targets of things we want to explore that seem to suggest six seasons.
What did you think of the finale?
View original Justified Postmortem: Graham Yost Answers Our Burning Questions at TVGuide.com
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text:
Patients & Families
For Health Professionals
Spina bifida is a birth defect that happens when a baby's backbone (spine) does not form normally. As a result, the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out of it may be damaged.
The term spina bifida comes from Latin and literally means "split" or "open" spine. This defect happens at the end of the first month of pregnancy, when a baby's spine and spinal cord (a bundle of nerves that runs down the center of the spine) are developing.
Sometimes, the defect causes an opening in the back, which is visible. The spinal cord and its coverings sometimes push through this opening. Other times, there is no opening and the defect remains hidden under the skin.
Depending on the severity of the defect and where it is on the spine, symptoms vary. Mild defects may cause few or no problems, while more severe defects can cause serious problems, including weakness, loss of bladder control, or paralysis.
Children with an exposed opening on the back will need surgery to close it.
Low levels of the vitamin folic acid during pregnancy are linked to spina bifida. Folic acid plays a large role in cell growth and development, as well as tissue formation. Not having enough folic acid in the diet before and during early pregnancy can increase a woman's risk of spina bifida and other neural tube defects.
The causes of spina bifida in pregnancies where mothers took prenatal vitamins and got enough folic acid are largely unknown. Some evidence suggests that genes may play a role, but most babies born with spina bifida have no family history of the condition.
A high fever during pregnancy may increase a woman's chances of having a baby with spina bifida. Women with epilepsy who have taken the drug valproic acid to control seizures also are at an increased risk of having a baby with spina bifida.
The two forms of spina bifida are spina bifida occulta and spina bifida aperta:
Expectant parents may be able to find out if a baby has spina bifida by taking certain prenatal tests. The alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test is a blood test done between the 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy. This test measures how much AFP, which the fetus produces, has passed in the mother's bloodstream. If the amount is high, a repeat test may be done to make sure that the result is correct. If the second result is high, it could mean that a baby has spina bifida. In this case, other tests will be done to double-check and confirm the diagnosis.
In most cases of spina bifida aperta, doctors can see the defect on a prenatal ultrasound. Amniocentesis also can help determine whether a baby has spina bifida. A needle is inserted through the mother's belly and into the uterus to collect fluid that is tested for AFP.
Usually, spina bifida occulta is not found until after a baby is born. To diagnose the condition in these cases, doctors may do an ultrasound on younger babies (less than 3 months old). For older babies, and to confirm results in younger babies, doctors may rely on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or computed tomography (CT) scan.
Treatment for spina bifida depends on its severity. Because spina bifida can involve many different body systems, like the nervous and skeletal systems, children may need support from a team of medical professionals. This team may include doctors (such as neurosurgeons, urologists, and orthopedic surgeons), physical and occupational therapists, and social workers.
Babies with spina bifida occulta might not need any treatment, unless their spinal cord is tethered. Tethering can lead to problems later in life (during growth spurts) so it's necessary to surgically detach the spinal cord from surrounding tissue. After surgery, babies usually have no long-term health problems, but may need surgery again later in childhood if the spinal cord reattaches.
Babies with a meningocele need surgery to push the meninges back into the body and close the hole in the vertebrae or skull. This is usually done in the first few months of life.
Babies with a myelomeningocele need surgery 1 to 2 days after birth to protect the exposed area and central nervous system, and to prevent these areas from becoming infected. If a myelomeningocele is detected early enough during a woman's pregnancy, the fetus can be operated on to correct the defect during the 25th week of pregnancy. During surgery, doctors detach the spinal cord from the skin, push the spinal cord back into place, and close the opening.
Babies who have hydrocephalus also need surgery to ease the buildup of fluid around the brain. This may require an endoscopic third ventriculostomy procedure or a shunt procedure:
After recovery from surgery, babies born with a meningocele or myelomeningocele may need long-term care to help treat any underlying conditions that result from their spina bifida. Those with paralysis may eventually need walking aids like leg braces, walkers, or a wheelchair. Children with myelomeningocele who also have hydrocephalus will need the continuing care of a neurosurgeon, and they may have learning difficulties in school that require special services.
With the right medical care, kids can go on to lead normal, active lives. The goal is to create a lifestyle for them and their families in which their disability interferes as little as possible with normal everyday activities.
Many cases of spina bifida can be prevented if women of childbearing age take 0.4 milligrams (400 micrograms) of folic acid every day before pregnancy and continue to take it throughout the first trimester. Some women may have to take more folic acid, especially if they are taking the medicine valproic acid for epilepsy or depression.
Because many women don't find out that they're pregnant until 4 to 5 weeks into the pregnancy, it is important to start taking folic acid before becoming pregnant. This provides the best protection for an unborn baby. Good sources of folic acid include eggs, orange juice, and dark green leafy vegetables. Many multivitamins contain the recommended dose of folic acid, too.


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Difference between revisions of "Arrays"
CaleGibbard (talk | contribs)
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IO monad:
IO monad:
import Data.Array.IO
import Data.Array.IO
main = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 37 :: IO (IOArray Int Int)
main = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 37 :: IO (IOArray Int Int)
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writeArray arr 1 64
writeArray arr 1 64
readArray arr 1 >>= print
readArray arr 1 >>= print
This program creates an array of 10 elements with all values initially set to 37. Then it reads and prints the first element of the array. After that, the
This program creates an array of 10 elements with all values initially set to 37. Then it reads and prints the first element of the array. After that, the
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array types allow one to work with mutable arrays in the ST monad:
array types allow one to work with mutable arrays in the ST monad:
import Control.Monad.ST
import Control.Monad.ST
import Data.Array.ST
import Data.Array.ST
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main = print $ runST buildPair
main = print $ runST buildPair
Believe it or not, now you know all that is needed to use any
Believe it or not, now you know all that is needed to use any
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returned by the function passed as argument to 'withStorableArray'.
returned by the function passed as argument to 'withStorableArray'.
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
import Data.Array.Storable
import Data.Array.Storable
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foreign import ccall unsafe "string.h"
foreign import ccall unsafe "string.h"
memset :: Ptr a -> CInt -> CSize -> IO ()
memset :: Ptr a -> CInt -> CSize -> IO ()
If you want to use this pointer afterwards, ensure that you call
If you want to use this pointer afterwards, ensure that you call
Revision as of 04:13, 9 March 2006
- This work is not available under the simple permissive license. If you contributed to this page, please license your contribution.
Haskell'98 supports just one array constructor type, namely Array, which gives you immutable boxed arrays. "Immutable" means that these arrays, like any other pure functional data structure, have contents fixed at construction time. You can't modify them, only query. There are "modification" operations, but they just return new array and don't modify the original one. This makes it possible using Arrays in pure functional code along with lists. "Boxed" means that array elements are just ordinary Haskell (lazy) values, which are evaluated on need, and even can contain bottom (undefined) value. You can learn how to use these arrays at http://haskell.org/tutorial/arrays.html and I recommend that you read this before proceeding to rest of this page
Nowadays three Haskell compilers - GHC, Hugs and NHC - ship with the same set of Hierarchical Libraries, and these libraries contain a new implementation of arrays which is backward compatible with the Haskell'98 one, but which has far more features. Suffice it to say that these libraries support 9 types of array constructors: Array, UArray, IOArray, IOUArray, STArray, STUArray, DiffArray, DiffUArray and StorableArray. It is no wonder that the array libraries are a source of so much confusion for new Haskellers. However, they are actually very simple - each provides just one of two interfaces, and one of these you already know.
- 1 Immutable arrays (module Data.Array.IArray)
- 2 Mutable IO arrays (module Data.Array.IO)
- 3 Mutable arrays in ST monad (module Data.Array.ST)
- 4 DiffArray (module Data.Array.Diff)
- 5 Unboxed arrays
- 6 StorableArray (module Data.Array.Storable)
- 7 The Haskell Array Preprocessor (STPP)
- 8 Unsafe indexing, freezing/thawing, running over array elements
- 9 GHC-specific topics
- 10 Notes for contributors to this page
Immutable arrays (module Data.Array.IArray)
The first interface provided by the new array library, is defined by type class IArray (which stands for "immutable array" and defined in the module Data.Array.IArray and defines the same operations that were defined for Array in Haskell'98. The big difference is that it is now a typeclass and there are 4 array type constructors, each of which implements this interface: Array, UArray, DiffArray, and DiffUArray. We will later describe the differences between them and the cases when these other types are preferable to use instead of the good old Array. Also note that to use Array type constructor together with other new array types, you need to import Data.Array.IArray module instead of Data.Array
Mutable IO arrays (module Data.Array.IO)
The second interface is defined by the type class MArray (which stands for "mutable array" and is defined in the module Data.Array.MArray and contains operations to update array elements in-place. Mutable arrays are very similar to IORefs, only they contain multiple values. Type constructors for mutable arrays are IOArray and IOUArray and operations which create, update and query these arrays all belong to the IO monad:
import Data.Array.IO
main = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 37 :: IO (IOArray Int Int)
readArray arr 1 >>= print
writeArray arr 1 64
readArray arr 1 >>= print
This program creates an array of 10 elements with all values initially set to 37. Then it reads and prints the first element of the array. After that, the program modifies the first element of the array and then reads and prints it again. The type declaration in the second line is necessary because our little program doesn't provide enough context to allow the compiler to determine the concrete type of `arr`.
Mutable arrays in ST monad (module Data.Array.ST)
In the same way that IORef has its more general cousin STRef, IOArray has a more general version STArray (and similarly, IOUArray is parodied by STUArray). These array types allow one to work with mutable arrays in the ST monad:
import Control.Monad.ST
import Data.Array.ST
buildPair = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 127 :: ST s (STArray s Int Int)
a <- readArray arr 1
writeArray arr 1 216
b <- readArray arr 1
return (a,b)
main = print $ runST buildPair
Believe it or not, now you know all that is needed to use any array type. Unless you are interested in speed issues, just use Array, IOArray and STArray where appropriate. The following topics are almost exclusively about selecting the proper array type to make programs run faster.
DiffArray (module Data.Array.Diff)
As we already stated, the update operation on immutable arrays (IArray) just creates a new copy of the array, which is very inefficient, but it is a pure operation which can be used in pure functions. On the other hand, updates on mutable arrays (MArray) are efficient but can be done only in monadic code. DiffArray combines the best of both worlds - it supports interface of IArray and therefore can be used in a pure functional way, but internally uses the efficient update of MArrays.
How does this trick work? DiffArray has a pure external interface, but internally it represented as a reference to an IOArray.
When the '//' operator is applied to a diff array, its contents are physically updated in place. The old array silently changes its representation without changing the visible behavior: it stores a link to the new current array along with the difference to be applied to get the old contents.
So if a diff array is used in a single-threaded style, that is, after '//' application the old version is no longer used, a!i takes O(1) time and a//d takes O(length d). Accessing elements of older versions gradually becomes slower.
Updating an array which is not current makes a physical copy. The resulting array is unlinked from the old family. So you can obtain a version which is guaranteed to be current and thus have fast element access by a//[].
The library provides two "differential" array constructors - DiffArray, made internally from IOArray, and DiffUArray, based on IOUArray. If you really need to, you can construct new "differential" array types from any 'MArray' types living in the 'IO' monad. See the module documentation for further details.
Unboxed arrays
In most implementations of lazy evaluation, values are represented at runtime as pointers to either their value, or code for computing their value. This extra level of indirection, together with any extra tags needed by the runtime, is known as a box. The default "boxed" arrays consist of many of these boxes, each of which may compute its value separately. This allows for many neat tricks, like recursively defining an array's elements in terms of one another, or only computing the specific elements of the array which are ever needed. However, for large arrays, it costs a lot in terms of overhead, and if the entire array is always needed, it can be a waste.
Unboxed arrays are more like arrays in C - they contain just the plain values without this extra level of indirection, so that, for example, an array of 1024 values of type Int32 will use only 4 kb of memory. Moreover, indexing of such arrays can be significantly faster.
Of course, unboxed arrays have their own disadvantages. First, unboxed arrays can be made only of plain values having a fixed size - Int, Word, Char, Bool, Ptr, Double, etc. (see the full list in the Data.Array.Unboxed module). You can even implement unboxed arrays yourself for other simple types, including enumerations. But Integer, String and any other types defined with variable size cannot be elements of unboxed arrays. Second, without that extra level of indirection, all of the elements in an unboxed array must be evaluated when the array is evaluated, so you lose the benefits of lazy evaluation. Indexing the array to read just one element will construct the entire array. This is not much of a loss if you will eventually need the whole array, but it does prevent recursively defining the array elements in terms of each other, and may be too expensive if you only ever need specific values. Nevertheless, unboxed arrays are a very useful optimization instrument, and I recommend using them as much as possible.
All main array types in the library have unboxed counterparts:
Array - UArray (module Data.Array.Unboxed) IOArray - IOUArray (module Data.Array.IO) STArray - STUArray (module Data.Array.ST) DiffArray - DiffUArray (module Data.Array.Diff)
So, basically replacing boxed arrays in your program with unboxed ones is very simple - just add 'U' to the type signatures, and you are done! Of course, if you change Array to UArray, you also need to add "Data.Array.Unboxed" to your imports list.
StorableArray (module Data.Array.Storable)
A storable array is an IO-mutable array which stores its contents in a contiguous memory block living in the C heap. Elements are stored according to the class 'Storable'. You can obtain the pointer to the array contents to manipulate elements from languages like C.
It is similar to 'IOUArray' (in particular, it implements the same MArray interface) but slower. The advantage is that it's compatible with C through the foreign function interface. The memory addresses of storable arrays are fixed, so you can pass them to C routines.
The pointer to the array contents is obtained by 'withStorableArray'. The idea is similar to 'ForeignPtr' (used internally here). The pointer should be used only during execution of the 'IO' action returned by the function passed as argument to 'withStorableArray'.
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
import Data.Array.Storable
import Foreign.Ptr
import Foreign.C.Types
main = do arr <- newArray (1,10) 37 :: IO (StorableArray Int Int)
readArray arr 1 >>= print
withStorableArray arr $ \ptr ->
memset ptr 0 40
readArray arr 1 >>= print
foreign import ccall unsafe "string.h"
memset :: Ptr a -> CInt -> CSize -> IO ()
If you want to use this pointer afterwards, ensure that you call 'touchStorableArray' AFTER the last use of the pointer, so that the array will be not freed too early.
The Haskell Array Preprocessor (STPP)
Using mutable arrays in Haskell (IO and ST ones) is not very handy. But there is one tool which adds syntax sugar and makes using of such arrays very close to that in imperative languages. It is written by Hal Daume III and you can get it as http://www.isi.edu/~hdaume/STPP/stpp.tar.gz
Using this tool, you can index array elements in arbitrary complex expressions with just "arr[|i|]" notation and this preprocessor will automatically convert such syntax forms to appropriate calls to 'readArray' and 'writeArray'. Multi-dimensional arrays are also supported, with indexing in the form "arr[|i|][|j|]". See further descriptions at http://www.isi.edu/~hdaume/STPP/
Unsafe indexing, freezing/thawing, running over array elements
GHC-specific topics
Parallel arrays (module GHC.PArr)
Welcome to machine: Array#, MutableArray#, ByteArray#, MutableByteArray#, pinned and moveable byte arrays
Notes for contributors to this page
if you have any questions, please ask at the IRC/maillist. if you have any answers, please submit them directly to this page. please don't sign your contributions, so that anyone will feel free to further improve this page. but if you are compiler/Array libraries author - please sign your text to let us know that it is the Last Word of Truth :-)


text:
Hot Online: Nanny caught on tape hitting baby
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A nanny for a New York couple wascaught on tape smacking a 5-month-old babyfor not taking her bottle, according to reports. The parents of the baby told police they were suspicious about the nanny's behavior and set up a hidden camera to record the nanny. She can be seen on a YouTube video shaking the baby and smacking her in the face and on the legs.
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Lucy Lawless was sentenced by a New Zealand judge for trespassing during a protest, and received a $547 fine and has to complete 120 hours of community service. Lawless, who gained fame playing Xena the warrior princess, was protesting with Greenpeace activists last year and climbed aboard a drilling vessel that was headed to the Arctic.
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Rodeo clown tossed by bull, lands on feet.
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