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Aboriginal chiefs, Canada PM meet amid protests
Thousands of Aboriginal rights activists protested Friday in front of Canada's Parliament as Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Aboriginal chiefs attended a summit to discuss disagreements over treaty rights and other grievances.
The meeting divided the Aboriginal community, with some chiefs boycotting the summit because Governor General David Johnston, a representative of Queen Elizabeth II, did not attend. They argued his presence is imperative because he's a representative of the British monarchy and the talks center on treaty rights first established by the Royal Proclamation of 1793.
The meeting between Harper, other top government officials, National Chief Shawn Atleo and 20 other native Canadian leaders ended late Friday with plans to meet again within a month to continue the dialogue on treaties and comprehensive land claims, said Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Duncan.
Atleo declared that Harper has finally agreed to modernize and implement the ancient treaties that were always supposed to bring peace and prosperity to First Nations.
There were early indications that what Atleo saw as a critical achievement, others saw as insufficient. A spokesman for Chief Theresa Spence, whose month-old fast has galvanized a cross-country grassroots protest movement, said late Friday the results of the meeting fell short of what was required for her to abandon her liquid diet.
Atleo defended what was delivered in the meeting with the prime minister
"The implications here are massive," the grand chief of the Assembly of First Nations said
Atleo, the elected head of the Assembly of First Nations, Canada's main body of Aboriginal leaders, said earlier this week that some chiefs want the Harper government to review sections of two budget bills that amend environmental laws. They are also demanding that a formal process be established to examine long-standing treaties.
Atleo also had said he would demand a national inquiry into the disappearance or killings of hundreds of Aboriginal women over the past decades with little police investigation. He planned also to bring up the need for a commitment to ensure every Aboriginal community has a school.
The governor general was scheduled to meet separately with chiefs after the summit but some chiefs said that wasn't enough.
"They are meeting with him now, that was the appropriate response," Duncan said in response to questions from reporters about why Johnston didn't attend the meeting with Harper.
Among those boycotting was Spence, who launched a liquids-only hunger strike a month ago to demand the summit. Spence, the chief of Attawapiskat, a northern Ontario reserve, has become a central figure of Aboriginal rights protests that erupted almost two months ago against a budget bill that affects Canada's Indian Act and amends environmental laws.
Protesters say Bill C-45 undermines century-old treaties by altering the approval process for leasing Aboriginal lands to outsiders and changing environmental oversight in favor of natural resource extraction.
The "Idle No More" movement, which has shown unusual staying power and garnered a worldwide following through social media, has reopened constitutional issues involving the relationship between the federal government and the million-plus strong Aboriginal community.
Spence, who remains on a hunger strike and is camped out on an island in the Ottawa River near Parliament Hill, told the protesters before the meeting that Aboriginal people should have an opportunity to hold the government accountable for years of broken promises.
"This meeting's been overdue for so many years," she said.
Spence agreed to attend the ceremonial meeting with Johnston moments before it began Friday.
Other chiefs warned the protests will escalate unless Harper and Johnston agree to meet with them Friday together in one room at an Ottawa hotel on their own terms.
First Nations leader Gordon Peters of the Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians threatened to block major economic corridors, such as border crossings to the U.S. next week. He said roughly 200,000 Aboriginals in Ontario would launch a "day of action" Jan. 16 if their demands are not met.
First Nations would move to "stop roads, rails, transportation of goods," Peters said. "We just have to walk out on our land and stop it."
Other chiefs criticized the boycott as extreme and counterproductive.
"I'm really troubled by what looks to be a breakdown in discipline," said Grand Chief Doug Kelly of the First Nations Summit in British Columbia.
Kelly, a staunch ally of Atleo, said a "handful" of chiefs from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario are creating an appearance of division. He said Atleo was granted a mandate to negotiate with Harper by a number of chiefs.
"We didn't vote for Theresa Spence as national chief," Kelly said.


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14 Tips for Backyard Getaways
Select a spot for lounging
Take advantage of nature's lively backdrop by creating a comfortable, colorful outdoor room--perfect for escaping in your own backyard alone or with friends.With new weather-hardy furniture, fabrics and accessories to choose from, it's never been easier--or more fun--to outfit your outdoor spaces. You don't even need a patio or deck. Just set up a chaise or two and you'll have the start of a perfect place to enjoy the summer scenery.Telescope Casual (chaises)
Try teak
Guests will get a kick out of kicking off their shoes to lounge on a sofa in the yard. And this furniture--with its indoor-worthy looks--can handle life in the great outdoors: Low-maintenance, gold-tone teak has oils that resist mold and mildew. (Be aware, though, that it weathers to silver-gray unless treated with sealer.)Brown Jordan (teak love seat, lounge chair and ottoman)Room and Board (side table)
Put out stylish, weatherproof tables
The best weatherproof tables have easy-to-wipe tops, such as glass on all-weather wicker or an enamel-finish wood. To liven up your setting, add summer-color cushions or chairs, and deck the table with bowls of fruit, beach glass or pebbles.Gloster (wicker table and stools)Plum Party (melamine plates)
Make it moveable
Lightweight powder-coated aluminum is best for often-moved outdoor furniture pieces, such as stacking chairs. But remember to move your lightweight furniture inside when strong Midwest winds are coming!Telescope Casual (stacking chairs)
Choose all-weather wicker
Prefer the look of wicker? Opt for an all-weather version made of durable resin. You'll find colorful, contemporary pieces as well as traditionally styled versions that look more like you borrowed them from Grandma's porch.Jane Hamley Wells (chair)
Bring the inside out
Eating outdoors doesn't have to mean balancing plates on your lap or perching at a picnic table. Move a table to a scenic spot to create an elegant dining space that feels like an extension of your home.Create temporary shade for parties with a weatherproof fabric canopy and wood drapery rods (tent poles work, too). For a permanent solution, cover a deck or patio with a pergola, umbrella or awning.Landscaping also provides shelter, but before you put the table under a tree, make sure it doesn't drop messy seeds or fruits.Laneventure (table and benches)Bluefish Home (candle holders)Sprout Home (white gloss Midori planter)
Diversify the furniture
Flexible-use outdoor furniture gives your guests dozens of easy ways to enjoy alfresco living. This wicker ottoman, for example, can be a casual seat, a place to rest your feet or a table to hold a refreshing drink.Lebello (ottoman)
Accessorize to fit your style
Set your outdoor table with patterned (and indestructible) melamine or acrylic dishware. Pieces are so affordable you can mix and match practically every time you entertain.Rosanna (melamine plates)Janus et Cie (chair)
Pick outdoor fabrics with indoor style
The latest weatherproof acrylic fabrics for outdoor furniture have the look and feel of indoor textiles--soft chenilles, silky sheers, luxe velvets and textured boucles--yet they won't mildew or fade. Plus, you'll find them in an ever-increasing variety of colors and graphic, oversize patterns for personalizing a comfortable outdoor retreat.Janus et Cie (chaise)Waverly (pillow fabrics)Sunbrella (pillow fabrics)Laurie Bell (round pillow)Crypton In & Out (Standard Textile pillow fabrics)Grandin Road (outdoor rug)
Add planter panache
Celebrate your outdoor locale by using versatile planters to add color and oomph anywhere in your yard. Group coordinating pots of different sizes, and fill them with bright flowers that complement your outdoor decorating scheme.
Light the way
For a party or special day, hang lanterns on trees. Add votive candles to your outdoor tables, or fill glass votive holders with water brightened by food coloring.Cultural Intrigue (paper lanterns, available through Luna Bazaar)
Embrace easy color
Fresh flowers in intensely hued vases are a simple outdoor addition. Even single blooms make a dramatic impact.Design Ideas (vases)
Just add water
A blue ceramic water bowl gives a cool, fresh accent to your outdoor room. Float colorful blooms in it, or use it as a vessel for dramatic nighttime floating candles.Better yet, incorporate a burbling fountain into your landscape to give guests soothing background sound.Campania International (water bowl)
Stretch out and relax
Bring your brightest-colored towels outside and spread them in the sun or shade to anchor an alfresco picnic or provide a place for a summer read.


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Afghan massacre trial set for September
A military judge has scheduled a Sept. 3 court martial for Staff Sgt. Robert Bales, the U.S. soldier accused of massacring 16 Afghan villagers during nighttime raids last year, his lawyer said Thursday.
Civilian attorney John Henry Browne told The Associated Press that the date is too soon to give the defense team time to prepare, and they will ask the judge to reconsider. Browne had sought a trial in mid-2014.
"It's a very unrealistic trial date for us," Browne said.
Bales faces 16 counts of premeditated murder and six counts of attempted murder. He slipped away from his base in southern Afghanistan early March 11 to attack two nearby villages and returned covered in blood, prosecutors say. Most of the victims were women and children.
The Army is seeking the death penalty. Lt. Col. Gary Dangerfield, a spokesman at Joint Base Lewis-McChord south of Seattle, where Bales was based and where he is being held, said he could not immediately confirm the trial date.
Browne said the judge has scheduled questioning of potential jurors to begin Aug. 19, and dates for pre-trial motions to be filed and argued April 23-26 and June 4-7.
Browne and co-counsel Emma Scanlan have each traveled to Afghanistan to investigate the case, but Browne insists another trip by at least one member of the defense team would be necessary before the trial.
One hurdle to that is financial, he said. He has repeatedly noted that his firm is working for Bales for free — Bales also has appointed military defense counsel.
If Browne can't raise the money for another trip to Afghanistan, he said, his firm might have to withdraw from the case — which, he noted, could set the trial back more than a year.
Associated Press writer Rachel La Corte contributed from Olympia, Wash.


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OUGN 2012 Third Day March 26, 2012Posted by mwidlake in Meeting notes, Private Life.
Tags: Meeting, user group, VLDB
The last day of the three (and second on the ferry and of the conference proper) had a lot of talks I wanted to see, especially Dan Morgan talking about "Insanely large Databases". It was a good talk, with an interesting interlude when a very loud announcement let us know we had docked at Kiel. Dan handled it with aplomb. Dan was talking about one specific experience he had suffered recently and he covered quite a few things I did and some I planned to but never got that far – but he had more technical details about the issues he had encountered, so all in all probably of more immediate use to the audience than my talk. It was a very good session. I have to confess, there were times I laughed out loud as memories flooded in, prompted by his wise words – I fear others may have interpreted differently but, honestly, I was laughing tears of shared pain.
I was also looking forward to seeing Uwe Hesse talk about Dataguard. I'd had the pleasure of spending a lot of time and a few beers chatting with Uwe over the last few days. His presentation was very well done (as it should be, he's a professional trainer! He exceeded my expectations, though). And I loved the last bit, where he demonstrated how, under 11G R2 (R1 as well???), if you have a physical standby, a block corruption can be fixed "on the fly" and invisibly to the end user. I just love that feature and, though I knew about it already, seeing it demonstrated and the errors appearing in the alert log – though the user query runs fine – was sweet.
The rest of the sessions I saw were also good {Maria Colgan on preventing sub-optimal plans which was, mostly, about avoiding implicit data conversions, which I think all developers and designers should have drummed into their heads with rubber hammers; Doug Burns on those OEM performance graphs which continue to get better and better} – but I had to given in and go for a sleep. These anti-seasickness pills seem to work but make me dozy. I'd love it if those anti-travel-sickness pills were really placebos and I had a placebo side effect 🙂
The last day was rounded off with a nice meal and one or two (or three, or four) beers in a bar and some excellent times. I of course spent time with the Other Martins (we could not disband the cluster too easily), Doug, Holger, Maria, our Norwegian hosts and many more of the other people there. If only I had managed to fit in the other 10, 15 people I wanted to see but I'm getting old and I was very, very, very tired.
I have to say, it was one of the best conferences I have ever been to. OUGN 2013? Get yourself on that boat.


text: Though not an actual word, Oilo's roots are steeped in the Hawaiian words, "lio" (small sprout) and "ho'oilo" (the cool, rainy season). Oilo is about turning your nursery into the most comfortable, clean, and carefree sanctuary in your home. Because a more enjoyable nursery, means a more constant and enduring bond between you and your baby.


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New biography claims more Salinger books due out
NEW YORK — The authors of a new J.D. Salinger biography are claiming they have cracked one of publishing's greatest mysteries: What "The Catcher in the Rye" novelist was working on during the last half century of his life.
Starting between 2015 and 2020, a series of posthumous Salinger releases are planned, according to "Salinger," co-written by David Shields and Shane Salerno and scheduled to be published Sept. 3. The Associated Press obtained an early copy. Salerno's documentary on the author opens Sept. 6. In January, it will air on PBS as an installment of "American Masters."
Providing by far the most detailed report of previously unreleased material, the book's authors cite "two independent and separate sources" who they say have "documented and verified" the information.
One of the Salinger books would center on "Catcher" protagonist Holden Caulfield and his family, including a revised version of an early, unpublished story "The Last and Best of the Peter Pans." Other volumes would draw on Salinger's World War II years and his immersion in Eastern religion.
A publication called "The Family Glass" would feature additional stories about the Glass family of "Franny and Zooey" and other Salinger works.
"Salinger" does not identify a prospective publisher. Spokesman Terry Adams of Little, Brown and Company, which released "Catcher" and Salinger's three other books, declined to comment Sunday. Salinger's son, Matt Salinger, who helps run the author's literary estate, was not immediately available for comment.
If the books do appear, they may well not be through Little, Brown. In the mid-1990s, Salinger agreed to allow a small Virginia-based press, Orchises, to issue his novella "Hapworth 16, 1924," which first appeared in The New Yorker in 1965. But after news leaked of the planned publication, Salinger changed his mind and "Hapworth" was canceled.
No Salinger book came out after the early 1960s, as the author increasingly withdrew from public life. Over the past 50 years, there has been endless and conflicting speculation over what Salinger had been doing during his self-imposed retirement. That Salinger continued to write is well documented. Friends, neighbors and family members all reported that Salinger was writing in his final years and the author himself told The New York Times in 1974 that he wrote daily, though only for himself.
"There is a marvelous peace in not publishing," he said at the time.
But there is no consensus on what he was writing and no physical evidence of what Salinger had reportedly stashed in a safe in his home in Cornish, N.H. The Salinger estate, run partly by Matt Salinger and Salinger's widow, Colleen O'Neill, has remained silent on the subject since the author's death in January 2010. The two did not cooperate with Salerno and Shields.
Until now, neither Salerno nor Shields has been defined by his expertise on Salinger. Salerno is a Hollywood screenwriter whose credits include "Armageddon," the Oliver Stone film "Savages" and a planned sequel to James Cameron's blockbuster "Avatar." Shields is an award-winning author whose books include the novel "Dead Languages"; a nonfiction work on pro basketball that was a National Book Critics Circle prize finalist; and "Reality Hunger," a self-described "manifesto" for modern literature.
Their 700-page Salinger biography has new information well beyond any possible posthumous fiction. Nine years in the making and thoroughly documented, "Salinger" features many rare photographs and letters; unprecedented detail about the author's World War II years and brief first marriage; a revelatory interview with the former teenage girl, Jean Miller, who inspired his classic story "For Esme — With Love and Squalor"; and an account of how Salinger, who supposedly shunned Hollywood for much of his life, nearly agreed to allow "Esme" to be adapted into a feature film.
"Salinger" both fleshes out and challenges aspects of the author's legend. He is portrayed as deeply traumatized by his war experiences and stunned by his post-"Catcher" fame. But he also comes off as far less reclusive and detached than long believed. He does agree to the occasional interview, even initiating discussion with The New York Times, and appears sensitive to his public image. His affinity for young people is not confined to his books, and Salinger's biographers closely track his history of intense attachments to teens, from Oona O'Neill in the 1940s to Joyce Maynard in the 1970s.
The book is structured as an oral history, featuring hundreds of new and old interviews, excerpts from newspaper accounts and previous biographies and commentary from Shields and Salerno. Those quoted range from Salinger's children to authors Tom Wolfe and Gore Vidal to Mark David Chapman, who cited "Catcher" as a reason he murdered John Lennon in 1980.
Salerno has been promising to make headlines ever since announcing the biography and film shortly after Salinger's death. Earlier this year, he quickly arranged lucrative deals with the Weinstein Co. for a feature film, the producers of "American Masters" for TV rights and Simon & Schuster for the book. The filmmaker himself has proved as effective as Salinger at keeping a secret, with only a handful of people even knowing of the project's existence during Salinger's lifetime. Salerno spent some $2 million of his own money and traveled throughout the U.S. and Europe in search of material. He is also adept at revealing secrets, with recent stories by The Associated Press and other media outlets, featuring photographs never previously published.
Salinger never authorized a biography, but several unauthorized books have come out over the past 30 years, notably one by Ian Hamilton. In 1987, Salinger successfully blocked release of Hamilton's "J.D. Salinger: A Writer's Life," citing the use of previously unpublished letters. Hamilton described his legal battle in "Searching for J.D. Salinger," published in 1988.


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Bays oust Bulldogs in district basketball opener
BRIMLEY – Three appears to be the magic number for the Brimley Bays in district play this season.
Monday night's 60-35 win over the Rudyard Bulldogs on the first night of postseason play, marked the first of three games the Bays need to win to claim a district crown.
Another reason the number three is important for the Bays is that it's the number of times the Bays have beaten Rudyard this season. It's also the number of wins they'll need to have against Pickford to reach the championship game. If Brimley faces DeTour for the district crown, it will require a third win over the Raiders. On the other hand, if the Bays face Cedarville in the title game, it will be the Bays trying to buck the rule of three and knock off the Trojans the one time that it matters most.
Brimley left no doubt what it's capable of on Monday night. The Bays had their foot on the gas early and exploded for an 11-0 lead before Rudyard was able to get on the board with 2:48 left in the first quarter. The 'Dogs started in a 2-1-2 zone defense that the Bays did not find particularly puzzling. Tommy Aikens scored six of the Bays' first 11 and forced Rudyard coach Tracy Peterson into a second timeout and a man-to-man defense.
"We ran into a hot team tonight," said Peterson of Brimley."You really can't say enough about the way they played tonight. They deserve a lot of credit."
The change in defense seemed to help the Bulldogs as they slowly climbed back into the game. At the end of the first quarter they trailed 18-9 and went into the half trailing by 12, 32-20. The Bays had two starters with two fouls as Dakota Bowen and Danny Lothrop had each picked up a pair. The bad news though was that Alex Wonders, the Rudyard point-guard had picked up his third with just under 2:00 left.
"We were able to play with them for a half," Peterson said."I thought if we could come out and get a couple baskets to open the second half, we could get back in it."
It didn't work out that way though as it was Brimley that came out and put up four quick points, extending the lead to 36-20. The was plenty of time left on the clock, but the game was essentially over at that point as Rudyard never got closer than 14 points the rest of the way.
Brimley coach Matt Bathey was extremely pleased to see his team go on a little run at the beginning of each half.
"That's huge for us when we can do that," he said. "If we can get that early lead, we really feed off that and we just keep going."
The Bays did just that as they continued to push the pace and knock down open shots. They were also dominant on the boards. Rebound numbers for Rudyard were not immediately available, but both coaches were quick to bring up the disparity.
"They really killed us on the offensive glass," Peterson said of Brimley. "We weren't able to keep them from getting second and third shots, and we had a lot of one-and-done possessions. Shane Beaune really stepped up for them when Lothrop got into foul trouble."
Bathey agreed with Peterson's assessment.
"We don't have a deep bench, but we're pretty well rounded," he said. Guys can play different positions, and when Dan went out, Shane really started rebounding the ball well for us."
Beaune garnered eight rebounds and also led Brimley in scoring with 15 points. The Bays were balanced with four starters hitting double figures in the scoring column. Aikens and Bowen had 12 points each. Aikens also had 10 rebounds, while Bowen had five assists and four steals. Lothrop chipped in with 11 points. The only starter who did not hit double figures was point guard Jayson Aikens, who ended up just two assists and two points shy of a triple-double after leading the team in rebounds with 12.
"I really can't say enough about Jayson," Bathey said. "He has been our leader all season and really stepped up with a huge game on both ends of the floor. He shut his player down defensively and almost ended up with a triple-double."
Rudyard (7-14) was led in the scoring column by Jake Harrison and Brady VanSloten, each of whom had eight points.
Brimley (18-3), will be in action again on Wednesday at 6 pm against Pickford, while Cedarville and DeTour will renew acquaintances at 7:30.
RUDYARD – Trotter 4, Harrison 8, Steikar 2, Hesselink 1, VanSloten 8, Cody Mesnard 7, LaPonsie 5. FT: 5-11; F: 11; Fouled out: Wonders; 3PFG: 2 (VanSloten 2).
BRIMLEY – Carrick 2, J. Aikens 8, Beaune 15, Lothrop 11, T. Aikens 12, Bowen 12. FT: 8-14; F: 11; Fouled out: none; 3PFG: none.


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This article was originally published in the November/December 1993 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Home Energy Home Page | Back Issues of Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online November/December 1993
The Floods and the Feds
The Mississippi and its tributaries have receded, but the flood's damage is still being calculated. One of the unknowns is the impact of the flood on energy efficiency. The initial reports are grim.
Wet insulation may be the most expensive and frustrating sort of damage to repair. Most insulation acts as a wick, drawing moisture up to heights that escaped flooding. Fiberglass, cellulose, and rock wool insulation provide almost no insulation value when wet and retain moisture long after flood waters have subsided. Even after it dries, the material is often clumped, settled, and rearranged so as to permanently reduce its insulation value. Unfortunately, moisture damage is not confined to the insulation. By retaining moisture long after the flood has receded, wet insulation can exacerbate damage to walls and other building components. The only solution--removal, drying, careful inspection for other damaged materials, and re-insulation--may be more expensive than starting over.
Major appliances must also be replaced because extended immersion in dirty water destroys key components of furnaces, water heaters, and refrigerators. Again, the cost of these replacements is enormous. There is some benefit here, however, because the replacement appliances are likely to be much more efficient than the originals. Homeowners may be staggering from the costs of repairing their homes, but at least their utility bills will be lower.
Major natural disasters occur regularly in the United States, yet we were surprised to find that there is no central source of information on how to restore energy efficiency in damaged buildings. If energy-efficiency measures are not incorporated into reconstruction, they won't happen except at a much higher cost later on. This is where the federal government can play a role. We expected (somewhat naively) that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) would have this responsibility.
Natural disasters--including floods--happen several times a year in various places across the country. It is easy to imagine training videos, and perhaps even diagnostic techniques and equipment, which could be used by local builders and FEMA offices. Similar packages could be prepared for communities hit by earthquakes, hurricanes or fires. This information would assist in energy-efficient reconstruction. Unfortunately, FEMA has its hands full just feeding and clothing the disaster victims, so other institutions will have to take on this responsibility. These include the affected utilities, state energy offices, and the Department of Energy.
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"Ketogenic" is a term that refers to a low-carb diet, such as the Atkins diet. You want to consume more calories from fat and protein, and less carbohydrates. The easiest carbs to digest are sugar, soda, pastries and white bread.
How Keto Works
Your body will eventually run out of fuel (blood sugar), if you consume less than 50g of carbs per day. This usually takes between 3 and 4 days. This is when you can start to use fat and protein for energy. You may lose weight. This is known as ketosis. The ketogenic diet, which is short-term and focuses on weight loss rather that pursuing health benefits, is important.Ketogenic Diet Movie
Are you trying to lose weight?
The ketogenic diet can help you lose weight faster than other diets in the first three to six months. It may be that it takes more calories for fat to be converted into energy than it does for carbs to be converted into energy. However, it is possible that a high-fat and high-protein diet will satisfy you better, which may lead to fewer calories.
Insulin is a hormone that allows your body to store or use sugar as fuel. The ketogenic diet allows you to burn this fuel quickly so that you don't have to store it. Your body will make and use less insulin. These lower insulin levels could help you protect yourself against certain types of cancer, or slow down the growth of cancer cells. This is a subject that requires more research.
Heart Disease
Although it seems odd that a diet that requires more fat can increase "good" cholesterol while lowering "bad", ketogenic diets have been linked to this effect. These diets may have lower levels of insulin, which can prevent your body from making more cholesterol. This means that you are less likely to develop high blood pressure, hardened arterial walls, heart disease, or other conditions. However, it's not clear how long these effects will last.
Other Disorders of the Nervous System
These diseases affect the brain and spine as well as the nerves linking them. One of these is epilepsy, but other conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's, and sleep disorders may also be affected by the ketogenic diet. Scientists don't know why but the ketones that your body produces when it breaks down fat for fuel may help protect your brain cells.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
This happens when the ovaries of a woman get bigger than they need to be. Small fluid-filled sacs develop around the eggs. It can be caused by high levels of insulin. Ketogenic diets that lower insulin levels and require less may be able to treat this condition.
The ketogenic diet can help endurance athletes, such as cyclists and runners, when they train. It can increase your body's ability to use oxygen when you work hard over time. It may be beneficial in training but it may not be as effective as other diets to achieve peak performance.
Side Effects
These are less serious than the more common conditions: constipation, mildly low blood sugar or indigestion. Low-carb diets may cause kidney stones and high acid levels in the body (acidosis), but this is less common. The "keto flu" can also occur, which can cause fatigue, headaches, weakness, irritability, and weakness.
Take Care of Your Diet
Your kidneys can become very sensitive when your body is trying to burn fat. If you have other health conditions, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, it can make it difficult to start a ketogenic diet or go back to normal. You should not change your diet if you have any of the above conditions.
How can you reset your metabolism with the keto diet in just 21 days?
Although science suggests that your metabolism doesn't need to be reset, studies have shown that people who follow low-carb diets such as the keto diet are able to lose weight more quickly.
It is not yet known if the keto diet can help people lose weight.
Lee explained to Healthline that many times a diet is a fad and then people begin to lose weight. Lee said this happened with the Atkins diet. People discover that the benefits of a fad diet are temporary and they stop using them.
Lee explained that "the short-term reaction does not mean that you are resetting metabolism for the long term."
Dr. Dr. Joe Feuerstein is an associate professor of clinical Medicine at Columbia University. He also directs integrative medicine at Stamford Hospital. Through his consultation service, thousands of patients are treated for weight loss each year. He has used the ketogenic diet for several patients.
"The ketogenic diet has proven to be very effective in clinical practice. One patient lost almost 100 pounds by following this diet. He clarified that the keto diet doesn't work for everyone. It is effective for weight loss.
Feuerstein does not recommend that you follow the diet for the long-term.
Sisson's "The Keto Reset Diet" aims to "reprogramme your genes and long-term recalibration your appetite and metabolic hormones in order to fat- and keto-burn and avoid carbohydrate dependence."
The keto diet is believed to be effective because it restricts carb intake and causes the body's search for energy in stored fats, or ketone bodies. This process is called ketosis. The body then turns to ketones for energy, until it can eat carbs again.
According to Will Little's KetoSchool post, within the first three weeks of ketosis the body adapts rapidly and uses a decreasing quantity of ketones to fuel its cells. So contrary to popular belief, you don't produce or burn very many ketone bodies as soon as you start the diet.
Dugas doesn't see any advantage in burning carbs for energy over fat.
"Our bodies are flexible and our brains regulate blood glucose. She explained that your body will only use what is available. "Carbs, fat, and protein can all be used to get calories. All of these are broken down to maintain blood sugar."
How about long-term keto use?
Two-year study on different weight loss strategies showed that people who eat different amounts of macronutrients are able to lose as much as the keto group over the long term.
This is likely because the keto diet works in the same way that other diets do: You burn more calories than what you eat.
The difference between fat and protein is that people feel fuller for longer periods of time than they do with carbs.
Dugas explained that "excluding food groups is a way to make you eat less." You'll eat less if you eliminate a major food group. Research shows that certain people are more successful on a low carb diet than others.
Dugas stated that the macronutrient breakdown is not as important as the fact that people eat a healthy diet. It's all about finding the right fit.
Lee suggested that you choose a diet that is easy to follow and lose no more than one to two kilos per week. He explained that drastic changes in the environment can cause a shock to your metabolism and mood.
Dugas stated, "As a physician, I don't like the keto diet. But I do believe that our current diets have too many sugars and that we could really benefit from eating more carbohydrates."
More research is needed to determine how long-term the keto diet affects weight loss.
Lee pointed out that there have been studies showing moderation and variation are the key factors to healthy diets.
You don't have to stop eating carbs in order to reset your metabolism and lose weight.
5 facts about the Keto Diet for Beginners
These are seven facts to know before you decide to try the keto diet.
1. Once you have started the Keto Diet, it is impossible to stop it.
Keto is more than a diet. It is a lifestyle. This is because once you begin it, you cannot stop it like other diets. To lose weight, gain muscle mass and keep your body healthy, you must follow the Keto Diet.
Keto Diet encourages various health benefits. Keto Diet alters the body's metabolic function, which means your body will have to adapt. Your body can become confused if you stop following the Keto Diet. This could lead to a slower metabolism, which may cause weight gain and other health complications. Although it can be difficult to adhere to the Keto Diet as a beginner, it is possible to stay consistent.
2. Keto takes time to show results
People who lost weight almost instantly after the Keto Diet may have been something you've heard of. It may not work for you. Keto is quick to help people lose weight if they have a lot of weight. The general rule is that the quicker you lose weight, the faster it will happen. It takes longer if you only have a small amount of weight to lose. You'll experience a slower weight loss if you aren't very bulky. The Keto Diet can take some time for results to be visible.
Health experts recommend that slow weight loss is better and more sustainable. If you don't notice a rapid reduction in weight, stick with your Keto Diet
3. The degree of ketosis can vary from one person to the next
4. The Keto flu can be fatal
5. Keto Diet can have an impact on your workouts
You may feel drained at the beginning of the Keto Diet. This could impact your ability to train and your performance. This happens because your body has changed from carb-burning to fat-burning. You may feel weak at first. You'll soon adapt to the Keto Diet and your strength will increase.


text:
An enhanced version of the standard Thermal armor plating. Uses advanced magnetic field generators to strengthen the Nanobot Plating integrity.
Penalty: Using more than one type of this module or similar modules that affect the same attribute on the ship will be penalized.
Powergrid Usage
Cpu Usage
Structure Hitpoints
Activation Cost
Activation Time / Duration
Tech Level
Meta Level
Thermal Damage Resistance Bonus
Overload Hardening Bonus
Heat Damage
Required Thermodynamics Level
Required Skill 1Level
Em Damage Resistance Bonus
Explosive Damage Resistance Bonus
Kinetic Damage Resistance Bonus
Heat Absorbtion Rate Modifier


text:
March 01, 2013
Genomewide diversity in the Levant (Haber et al. 2013)
Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture
Marc Haber et al.
The Levant is a region in the Near East with an impressive record of continuous human existence and major cultural developments since the Paleolithic period. Genetic and archeological studies present solid evidence placing the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula as the first stepping-stone outside Africa. There is, however, little understanding of demographic changes in the Middle East, particularly the Levant, after the first Out-of-Africa expansion and how the Levantine peoples relate genetically to each other and to their neighbors. In this study we analyze more than 500,000 genome-wide SNPs in 1,341 new samples from the Levant and compare them to samples from 48 populations worldwide. Our results show recent genetic stratifications in the Levant are driven by the religious affiliations of the populations within the region. Cultural changes within the last two millennia appear to have facilitated/maintained admixture between culturally similar populations from the Levant, Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. The same cultural changes seem to have resulted in genetic isolation of other groups by limiting admixture with culturally different neighboring populations. Consequently, Levant populations today fall into two main groups: one sharing more genetic characteristics with modern-day Europeans and Central Asians, and the other with closer genetic affinities to other Middle Easterners and Africans. Finally, we identify a putative Levantine ancestral component that diverged from other Middle Easterners ~23,700–15,500 years ago during the last glacial period, and diverged from Europeans ~15,900–9,100 years ago between the last glacial warming and the start of the Neolithic.
51 comments:
- Kurti said...
On the map, a Syrian sample between Turkish and Iranian caught my attention, this individual might have Kurdish origin. while the other Syrians fall into the Levant cluster.
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 1:35:00 am
- fmgarzam said...
Is like all my wishes come true.
A giant step in helping our understanding of the Iberian converso phenomena.
Cultural/Tribal/Religious and Geographic and Genetic factors processed and plotted in a simple to understand way.
I only wish Spencer Wells added something about the Phoenicians there.
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 3:18:00 am
- mr. Knows When said...
What is even more striking is that Jewish poulations people are closer related to the Lebanese than the Palestinians. It seems almost if the Palestinians did not absorb any Jewish populations.
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 12:34:00 pm
- Rob said...
if these conclusions are indeed correct, that it is highly interesting that cultural differences can in fact lead to, and be associated with, genetic differentiation.
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 2:49:00 pm
- Katharós said...
I think the history of the south Levant is more complex then the explanation Islamic expansion, because the southerly regions of the Levant and the bordering Sinai are known to be ruled by Semitic nomads and ethnic Arabs long before the rise of Islam what is quite interesting in an Afroasiatic context.
The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 9:12:00 pm
- fmgarzam said...
If somehow known migrations are added, say 25, 20, 10 to 13, 4 to 6, 0.5 to 2, centuries' ago, like Phoenician, Jewish, Moorish, Byzantine, European Expansion and recent times', a new a whole new idea on how to see history, and culture (even finance) will be disclosed.
A good example would be to trace the Jews (and Conversos) that got finally to be accepted in England 400 years ago, and finally became denizens (after being expelled in XIIIth century).
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 9:23:00 pm
- Unknown said...
Yes, fascinating indeed! It seems, as one person noted, that contemporary Jewish samples are closest to populations of the northern coastal Levant as far south as the Druze who also life along the coast (Carmel) and in Lebanon. Perhaps, the Levantine archaeological idea that the Israelites were formed in part from disaffected Late Bronze Age Canaanites is not far from the truth. Also the autosomal dichotomy clearly is reflected in our Y chromosome ideas of J2a-M410 being frequent in high rainfall areas and J1e-P58 being amplified in frequency in low rainfall areas of the Near East and Arabian Peninsula
- Saturday, March 02, 2013 9:35:00 pm
- Rob said...
@ Roy
" autosomal dichotomy clearly is reflected in our Y chromosome ideas of J2a-M410 being frequent in high rainfall areas and J1e-P58 being autosomal dichotomy clearly is reflected in our Y chromosome ideas of J2a-M410 being frequent in high rainfall areas and J1e-P58 being amplified"
Yep. But also what else underlies this ?
- Sunday, March 03, 2013 4:39:00 am
- Fanty said...
I find it interesting that Libanese Christians are like Jews of Druze and Libanese Moslems are like Syrians.
- Sunday, March 03, 2013 10:27:00 am
- Slumbery said...
mr. Know When; Roy King:
The modern Izraeli Jewish population is not really suitable to say anything about inter-Levant population connections in the past. Lebanese are closer to Europeans than Palestinians and Jews are closer to them, because most of them back-migrants from Europe and they have European admixture.
Probably the Lebanese Druze and Christian populations changed the least in the last 2 millenia (less Arab admixture), but we do not know if they were typical for the entire levant to begin with.
- Sunday, March 03, 2013 12:58:00 pm
- Fizooli said...
Looks to me as if both natural and man made environments drive social behavior, which then commands genetic mutations. Perhaps that is how everything else evolves, but with the distinction of the Levant being the ultimate enigma on Earth, where due to its being the bridge between Africa, Asia and Europe, it continues to experience the most social change and with it, genetic mutations?
- Sunday, March 03, 2013 6:14:00 pm
- Blender said...
"Lebanese are closer to Europeans than Palestinians and Jews are closer to them, because most of them back-migrants from Europe and they have European admixture."
You know this statement is totally speculative, right?
- Sunday, March 03, 2013 11:23:00 pm
- Nathan Paul said...
Just curious Hoe can levant has continuous human existence?. and major cultural developments?.
From OOA there was initial Arabian Oasis. After that it is all back migration.
Human herds moved to greener pastures of Europe and Asia. Europe and Asia has more continuous existence genetically. Even culturally also compared to Egypt, Greece and South Asia, Levant is a non existent outpost and what is it's contribution to civilization?.
- Monday, March 04, 2013 6:37:00 am
- eurologist said...
...the Levant being the ultimate enigma on Earth, where due to its being the bridge between Africa, Asia and Europe, it continues to experience the most social change and with it, genetic mutations?
Remember that the vast majority of SNP differences ("mutations") between populations is from whatever those population inherited from progenitor groups and what those lost due to drift, starting tens of thousands of years ago.
Southern Arabs are different from Northern Levantine because (i) they were rather different and separate populations during LGM, (ii) the former have significant African admixture, and (iii) the latter have significant European and West Asian admixture (in fact, at the beginning of the neolithic, they may just have been one of the several closely-related Anatolian/ West Asian populations).
Finally, it is obvious that modern Jews largely are not derived from people who at one time lived in Palestine.
- Monday, March 04, 2013 10:56:00 am
- mr. Knows When said...
@ Slumberry
I am aware of the admixture but I'm not sure if this explains all of it, even Muslim Lebanese are not closely related to the Palestinians...so even if Lebanese have crusader ancestry or more recent, why is there still a big gap between those two groups.
But who knows maybe Palestinians share with Jewish populations some particular DNA that is unique for Israel. But since this graph was only designed to show global geograpical trends, who can tell?
- Monday, March 04, 2013 2:06:00 pm
- Fanty said...
"Levant is a non existent outpost and what is it's contribution to civilization?"
The Religions of 2/3 of the world population maybe.
- Monday, March 04, 2013 5:18:00 pm
- Slumbery said...
What do you mean? Do you think the European admixture of the European Jews is simple speculation? Actually the other way would be much more surprising and speculative. They spent here a very long time, even for an "isolated" population. Or do you know actual reserach results that contradict this?
Just compare the different Jew populations here: http://dodecad.blogspot.hu/2012/10/globe13-calculator.html and you will see how much more European are the Ashkenazi Jews compared to the Middle Eastern groups. (The traditional ME gropups, not the modern population of Izrael of course.)
Also I red other articles with the same results.
mr. Know When
It is possible that this is not the whole explanation, the other side can be what I said about Lebanese being closer to the 2ky ago population.
Now, this is an actual speculation, but I think Palestinians are not really the straight descendands of the ancient non-Jew local population of the area, so they do not have strong genetical bonds with the Jews from that time. Also the last 100 year was not enough to mix them (religion strongly slow down the process).
- Monday, March 04, 2013 6:51:00 pm
- Unknown said...
Fanty is right.
That is the only reason Levant gets more focus in genetic research.
otherwise no genetic and historic contribution.
- Tuesday, March 05, 2013 7:56:00 am
- Rob said...
With regard to Jewish populations, I remember reading an article (by what appears to be a Jewish/ Israeli author) which essentially proposed that Jews are actually Proselytes to Judaism of a 'genetically' Italian origin. The presence of J2 had been a 'red herring' which people simply assumed to 'prove' their middle eastern origin, a J2 which rather could be of Italian (or general European Mediterranean) origin which grew in their sub-population due to drift etc. Autosomally, he found them to be more related to Europeans than other middle Eastern populations.
- Tuesday, March 05, 2013 4:25:00 pm
- Blender said...
Your "because" is what is totally speculative. The first statement (an observation of the proximity of populations on the PCA) is an observation from the paper. The second statement (about the population history of Jews) is related to studies independent of this. The connexion between both ideas is yours, and in lack of any further supporting evidence, the attribution of the PCA pattern to the known process is speculative.
I hope my remark is clearer now.
- Tuesday, March 05, 2013 6:32:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
I find it interesting that so many are desperate to place the Jews outside the ME...When if the Jews are that closely related to both Druze populations, the Lebanese, and the Cypriots...then they are obviously not terribly foreign-derived. One can very reasonably presume that the original Canaanites were more similar to the modern Lebanese and Druze than any other populations...that includes the "Palestinians".
The reason why the Cypriots are so closely related to the Northern Levantine populations is quite simply a matter of history. Cyprus/ Alashiya has had long contact with that region of the ME dating back to Ugarit (a NW Semitic polity) in the written record, but likely starting even before then. The Phoenicians were next in colonizing that island...at least the eastern parts. Cyprus/ Alashiya had trade contacts as far east as Akkad and Sumer.
The Canaanites occupied the more northerly parts of Canaan down as far as Jerusalem and it's surroundings. The population thinned out south of Jerusalem. Among the Canaanites were Hurrians and Anatolian Indo-Europeans as well (Northern ME populations).
It is a well-known fact of history that there were several depopulations, movements, and replacements of Canaanitic peoples from that region during the Assyrian, Babylonian, Hellenistic, and Roman eras. Many Canaanite populations fail to be recollected, especially, after the Babylonian conquest. The Phoenicians largely escaped being replaced, moved, or depopulated, though, they lost their language and culture. The genetically very closely related Amorites and Aramaens also escaped this (who may have in fact been the same people...we do not rightly know, however, there are some tantalizing clues) also escaped this.
The Nabateans moved into the area inhabited by the Edomites (a Canaanitic people, later known as Idumaeans during the Hellenistic and Roman Eras) and established a strong trade polity. The Nabateans were, essentially, North Arabians who came to dominate the local Canaanitic population. Their language was likely that of the Old/ Ancient North Arabian type. Trade through that region and population movements are likely what caused the Palestinians as a whole to be divergent from the other Levantines. The Syrians are also affected by this, but to a lesser degree. The breakaway Palmyrene Empire drew trade away from Nabatea as the trading power of Nabatea waned under Rome.
History attests to the depopulations, replacements, and movements of peoples. There were Romans and Greeks who lived in the Levant during the Hellenitic and Roman eras. The Philistines were likely of Aegean origin and later mostly absorbed by the Jews. These movements, especially, from Arabia and surrounding lands, continued well into the modern era reinforcing the genetics of the previous movements. We must also consider the genetic impact of the Crusaders.
That is why you see the differences between the north and south in the Levant.
This is but a snapshot of the history of the region...not intended to be exhaustive.
- Tuesday, March 05, 2013 9:08:00 pm
- Katharós said...
I think ultimately the southern Levant stands strong in a consecutive historical Middle-Eastern/Afro-Asiatic context.
If indeed Jewish populations absorbed coastal populations is questionable, the city state of Gaza for instance was pagan and anti Jewish & Christian throughout history till they were forced to convert to Christianity in 407 A.D.
- Wednesday, March 06, 2013 1:16:00 pm
- fmgarzam said...
Some of the comments on this posting serve to self demonstrate the need of a better understanding of the Levantine genetic and memetic contribution to our culture and the world. Something that was blacked out by the Greco-Roman cannon adopted in the occident after the dark ages.
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION: Nobody has noticed that we are talking here about culturally segregationist human groups. Whose customs prevailed until today in not so rare a case.
- Wednesday, March 06, 2013 6:42:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Creative!
Been a long time, haha
I am quite certain that the Philistines fail to be mentioned after the Babylonian conquest. All the sources I checked pretty much agree with that. All of them follow the line of the Philistines being completely absorbed or assimilated (by Canaanitic culture and language). One can reasonably presume that there was a great deal of intermixing (Jews are known to do that despite Biblical prohibitions). There were many Jews in Gaza before and after the conquest, especially, after (the Aegean element never more than half of it's population) and it is no secret that Jews had a tendency to worship "foreign" gods. You read that throughout the Bible and in extra-Biblical sources. We must also take into account that not all Jews left Israel at that time long after the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem. Many Jews followed Christianity at that time also.
The "Marna/s" you mention in your link seems to have been associated with a Cretan deity, a type of Hellenistic Dagon. The etymology of Marna/s seems to be firmly Semitic (Aramaic) though referring to a Cretan deity. I read a source about how Marna/s was associated with the Arabs of that day.
I have found no source that says that Gaza was anti-Jewish. In fact, the opposite. The Jewish presence in Gaza is well-attested through ancient times. In fact, in the 4th century (301AD/ CE to 400AD/ CE), Gaza served as the primary port of commerce for the Jews of the Holy Land. Also, a 6th (501AD/ CE to 600AD/ CE) century mosaic from a large synagogue was found on the seashore in Gaza. A direct attestation to the "sizeable" Jewish population of that region.
The Christians were a presence since Christianity's earliest days...not much welcome, but they were there.
As an unrelated side note, I should have also mentioned the long Egyptian presence in the Levant in my first post. A presence that extended into modern times. Also the long time Aegean connection to the ME.
To bring this back around to the topic at hand, the Jews SHOULD clearly evince some relation to the Italians and Greeks...the Southern Italians have plentiful Greek ancestry and it can be extended to even central Italy...Lazio (where Rome is). The populations of Greece and the Aegean have had a long history of contact with the ME. Since we know that...why do people want to say that Jews are Italians and Greeks??? There where not many converts to Judaism from Greece or Italy because of the strength of Christianity in those places. Since Constantine, the rights of the Jews were greatly restricted.
We need to be much less simplistic because the history of the Jews is not so simplistic. Beyond the Jews, the history of the ME is not so simplistic.
- Wednesday, March 06, 2013 9:52:00 pm
- Katharós said...
The Gaza synagogue was a Byzantine period synagogue. The largest and oldest mosque in Gaza is actually the former temple of Dagon/Marnas. And depending on the viewpoint, still is.
Indeed, Gaza was at the end of the Arabian spice road so naturally everyone and especially Nabataeans and Arabs had a vital interest in Gaza as a seaport.Even Herodotus mentions a city called Jenysus "Khan Yunis " (near Gaza) that was ruled by Arabian Kings.
By Herodotus Written 440 B.C.E
Book III
Now the only entrance into Egypt is by this desert: the country from Phoenicia to the borders of the city Cadytis belongs to the people called the Palaestine Syrians; from Cadytis, which it appears to me is a city almost as large as Sardis, the marts upon the coast till you reach Jenysus are the Arabian king's; after Jenysus the Syrians again come in, and extend to Lake Serbonis, near the place where Mount Casius juts out into the sea. At Lake Serbonis, where the tale goes that Typhon hid himself, Egypt begins. Now the whole tract between Jenysus on the one side, and Lake Serbonis and Mount Casius on the other, and this is no small space, being as much as three days' journey, is a dry desert without a drop of water.
Seriously, if one leaves modern day geopolitical issues aside it is truly surprising to see how deeply Semitic nomadic pastoralists are interwoven with the history of the southern Levant. Which makes me wonder about later Aramaic and Arabic speaking groups of Pre-Islamic Arabia and their relation to the original Hebrews. Especially regarding YHWH and his Midian north Arabian connection.
- Thursday, March 07, 2013 8:41:00 am
- mregdna said...
Levantine jews settled in the roman empire including North-Africa, Italy, France etc. There was conversion and admixture with local people during the first centuries. Later, because of massive expulsions many Jews (called Ashkenazim) moved from France to central Europe and east Europe where they mixed with Jews from the Khazar empire including Caucasian Jews (north Caucase was part of the Empire). My hypothesis is that the Altaic component (Asian Turks) was maybe very low among Khazars, there was more Caucasians or Iranians among them.
- Thursday, March 07, 2013 2:02:00 pm
- mr. Knows When said...
@ Slumberry
"but I think Palestinians are not really the straight descendants of the ancient non-Jew local population of the area, so they do not have strong genetic bonds with the Jews from that time."
Exactly, that is the implication that I find so astonishing.
- Thursday, March 07, 2013 8:35:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Creative!
Modern day geopolitics in the region is very, very messy. Don't want to get into that.
Also, I was not arguing who had the biggest temples...just showing that the Jews had an ancient and "sizable" presence there. The Jews, for a time, ruled over Gaza (or at least part it) in the very late BCE era under the Hasmoneans.
I am in complete agreement with you about the southern Levant. The North Arabian Arabs via Nabatea made Gaza quite wealthy...many of them lived there also. So we should expect to see genetic contributions from the North Arabian Arabs, but also from Northern Egypt. I wish Egypt had been part of this study. I think Northern Egyptians were more similar to northern Levantines than to southern ones. Southern Egyptians would be more similar to Arabians and NE Africans, both with a pull toward the Berbers or Arabized Berbers of the Maghreb.
About the origins of Yah, the Kenite Hypothesis is an interesting tack...but it raises some problems and questions.
The relationship between Hebrew and Aramaic is pretty straightforward. Hebrew is, linguistically, a first cousin to Aramaic and more of a second cousin to Ancient North Arabian. We know that the Aramaeans had long contact with the North Arabians because names found in some Ancient North Arabian inscriptions are of Aramaic derivation. We also know that the Nabateans were Aramaic speakers and then almost seemlessly transitioned to a North Arabian language as more North Arabians moved in that region and influenced the language. A cursive form of the Nabatean script later developed into Arabic script. We also know that North Arabians lived as far north as Syria as attested from from epigraphic South Arabian inscriptions and "graffiti" (Safaitic...of 3 varieties) used to write Ancient North Arabian languages. I think the Itureans, known as J/Yetur in the Bible (quite possibly North Arabian) lived that far north.
To me, it is quite clear that there is a northern Levantine component in the Palestians, but it is admixed with North Arabians as would explain the Palestinians being intermediate between north Levantines and North Arabians, but closer to the North Arabians because of historical Pre-Islamic and post-Islamic conquest movements that we mentioned earlier. I also think it may depend on which Palestinians you test. Just like with the Jews...there is some variation within the population.
Again, we agree on the southern Levant.
- Thursday, March 07, 2013 11:24:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
There is some confusion among the commenters of this thread on the linguistic landscape of North Arabia. North Arabia has never been an Aramaic-speaking region. Aramaic was only the written language there, the spoken language being Arabic. The Arabic writing developed only a few centuries prior to Islam, and it was exclusively used for writing short and simple inscriptions and taking notes, high culture writings such as books, letters, legal writings and monumental inscriptions remaining to be exclusively written in Aramaic, prior to Islam (the Quran is probably the first book written in Arabic). Nabataeans were Arab, spoke Arabic, and used Aramaic only for writing or to communicate with the Aramaic-speaking foreigners to their north.
- Friday, March 08, 2013 5:35:00 am
- eurologist said...
"but I think Palestinians are not really the straight descendants of the ancient non-Jew local population of the area, so they do not have strong genetic bonds with the Jews from that time."
This (if I understand correctly) presumes that (i) ancient Jews would in the PCA analysis fall were modern Jews are now, and (ii) the ancient non-Jew local population was similar to where modern Jews now are.
In reality, modern Palestinians cluster with Syrians and Jordanians, as expected - a southern group not only related to southern Arabs, but also to Iraqis.
On the other hand, Jews cluster with non-Muslim Lebanese and Cypriots and are in-between Muslim Lebanese and Caucasians and SE Europeans, as expected.
IMO this shows that modern Jews, apart from their recent European admixture, are mostly related to ancient northern coastal Levantines (and likely, people of the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey), decedents of the Anatolian Neolithic, and that ancient Jews might have been mostly, as well, regardless their Semitic language.
- Friday, March 08, 2013 1:55:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hello, Onur!
Rereading statements and I didn't read where it said that Aramaic was spoken in North Arabia to the exclusion of Old North Arabian or that North Arabia was an Aramaic speaking region.
There is confusion, but it is not on the part of the commentators.
What was said was that there was contact (linguistic, trade and commerce) between Aramaic speakers and North Arabians. There are Aramaic names attested in some North Arabian inscriptions. That did not say that Aramaic was the language of North Arabia. The Nabateans were likely from the Hejaz region and spoke some form of North Arabian. The Aramaic language in the region developed locally which means there had to have already been Aramaic speakers in the region (the, aforementioned, Idumaens...those who were not assimilated by the Jews and those who did not become refugees in Egypt) when Nabateans came in and later overwhelmed them. Given that Idumea was conquered by the Jews during the Hasmonean dynasty , there may have been a minority of Hebrew speakers there also.
As for the rest of what you said about the Nabatean script...I already said that.
So, again, if there is confusion, it is not on the part of the commentators.
- Friday, March 08, 2013 10:25:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
Rereading statements and I didn't read where it said that Aramaic was spoken in North Arabia to the exclusion of Old North Arabian or that North Arabia was an Aramaic speaking region.
There is confusion, but it is not on the part of the commentators.
AdygheChabadi, are you sure?
Creative said*:
"Which makes me wonder about later Aramaic and Arabic speaking groups of Pre-Islamic Arabia and their relation to the original Hebrews."
You said*:
"We also know that the Nabateans were Aramaic speakers and then almost seemlessly transitioned to a North Arabian language as more North Arabians moved in that region and influenced the language."
* All emphases are mine.
Nabataeans were never Aramaic speakers beyond as a second language. Their mother tongue and daily spoken language was Arabic.
The Aramaic language in the region developed locally which means there had to have already been Aramaic speakers in the region (the, aforementioned, Idumaens...those who were not assimilated by the Jews and those who did not become refugees in Egypt) when Nabateans came in and later overwhelmed them.
You are wrong. We don't have any evidence of North Arabia ever being an Aramaic-speaking land, some northern parts of it were once Canaanite-speaking (e.g., Idumaeans a.k.a Edomites, who were Canaanite-speaking, not Aramaic-speaking) before switching to Arabic already during pre-Islamic times, but no evidence of ever being Aramaic-speaking. Nabataeans wrote in Aramaic because by that time Aramaic had become the lingua franca and most widely spoken language in the Levant and Mesopotamia and, as I explained in my previous post, Arabic was not a written language yet.
- Saturday, March 09, 2013 9:18:00 am
- AdygheChabadi said...
(Part 1)
Hi, Onur!
Okay, it is on and popping...challenge accepted. You challenged the queen and now she is going to show you why she is the boss.
At an earlier time, like the Jews, the Edomites/ Idumeans spoke a form of Canaanitic. Under the rule of the Babylonians, the Edomites/ Idumeans began to adopted Aramaic. How do we know this? Hebrew had already died as an everyday language by the time the Babylonian Captivity ended sometime in the late 500's BCE. Furthermore, the Edomites/ Idumeans were invaded and annexed by the Babylonians, under the reign of Nabonidus in 553 BCE, perhaps as a retaliation for Edomite/ Idumean looting incursions into Judea. The Jews were still in exile at that point and would be for another 15 years. During that time the Edomites/ Idumeans moved into the Northern Negev perhaps because of pressure from the incoming North Arabians (Nabateans) and under the influence from the Aramaic speaking Jews became Aramaic speakers themselves. The Babylonians themselves lost their Akkadian tongue sometime earlier under the rule of the Neo-Assyrians. By the time the Babylonians were able to free themselves from Assyria, in the later decades of the 600's BCE, Aramaic was already the everyday spoken language in there. The Neo-Assyrians made Aramaic one of the two official languages of the empire...the other being Akkadian. At the fall of Assyria, the Babylonians acquired the Neo-Assyrian territories by default.
Already by the 4th century BCE (the period of Persian dominance) Aramaic was quite prevalent in Edom/ Idumaea. We know this because of the vast number of Aramaic ostraca found in Idumean territory. We also know the ethnic composition, to a great degree, of the territory because of the names on the Ostraca. Of the approximately 1300 names identifiied so far, 32% are Arab, 27% are Idumean, 25% are "West Semitic", 10% are Judean, 5% are Phoenician, and 1% are various other smaller ethnicities. My earlier statement about Jews being in the Edomite/ Idumean territory is proven here. There is further evidence of Aramaic being spoken in Edomite/ Idumean territory in a paper by Tania Notarius of Hebrew University named, "?q(n) 'wood' in the Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea: A Note on the Reflex of Proto-Semitic /*s/ in Imperial Aramaic" of which the abstract states: "A new spelling of the Aramaic lexeme 'wood' has been revealed. The note deals with the paleographic, orthographic, phonetic and phonemic implications of this spelling. It is claimed that in Idumean Aramaic of the fourth century BCE the reflex of the Proto-Semitic lateral fricative emphatic was realized as pharyngeal approximant ayin, what brought to the dissimilation of the first of two pharyngeals in this lexeme." (Italic emphasis is mine throughout). Furthermore, in the book, "Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia" edited by Roger D. Woodard and publish in 2008 by Cambridge University Press, M.C.A MacDonald (a foremost authority on Ancient North Arabian) states in Chapter 8 (entitled, "Ancient North Arabian"), on page 191, in section 3.1.3 (entitled, "Emphatics") : "In Nabatean, native Aramaic words, show the cognate of North Arabian /ḍ/ as /'/ (/ʕ/) (e.g., Nabatean 'r ՙ ՚ against Safaitic 'rḍ "earth, land"), as is normal from Imperial Aramaic onward." (Italic emphasis is mine throughout).
- Sunday, March 10, 2013 4:04:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
(Part 2)
Still furthermore, Wikipedia (which I hate citing because of article errors, but this one is well-cited) states, "The language of the Nabataean inscriptions, attested from the 2nd century BCE, shows a local development of the Aramaic language, which had ceased to have super-regional importance after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire (330 BC). The Nabataean alphabet itself also developed out of the Aramaic alphabet. This Aramaic dialect was increasingly affected by the Arabic dialect of the local population. From the 4th century, the Arabic influence becomes overwhelming, in a way that it may be said the Nabataean language shifted seamlessly from Aramaic to Arabic. The Arabic alphabet itself developed out of cursive variants of the Nabataean script in the 5th century. It is strange, I said the same thing.
Furthermore, the Jews conquered Edom/ Idumea under the Hasmoneans. The Jews forced the Edomites/ Idumeans to convert to the Jewish faith. By the time of the Hasmoneans, the Jews would have been Aramaic speakers for many centuries. King Herod, the Roman client king of Judea, was born to an Edomite/ Idumean father and Nabatean mother. It is known that by the time of Herod "the Great" Aramaic was widely spoken in Edom/ Idumea by the "Judenized" Edomites/ Idumeans who were forcibly converted by the Jews under the Hasmoneans...those that did not become refugees in Egypt. As a matter of fact, Herod like many Edomites/ Idumeans considered himself Jewish, though the Pharisee did not see him as such.
What do we know about Edomite/ Idumean territory? We know that it encompassed what became the heart of the Nabatean Empire. Petra was in the eastern part of Edom/ Idumea. We know that a part Edom/ Idumea became part of Judea...along with Samaria. The more southern and eastern parts became part of the heartland of the Nabatean Empire.
So, I AM CORRECT in saying that the Edomites/ Idumeans who stayed in their homeland spoke Aramaic and that it became more and more influenced over time by North Arabian so much so that it seemlessly transitioned into full North Arabian later. Also, as implied by M.C.A. MacDonald (a foremost authority of North Arabian), there are native Aramaic words in Nabatean. (Facetiously) I wonder where these "native" Aramaic words came from.
Again, it was never said that North Arabia was Aramaic speaking. I said there are Aramaic names in SOME North Arabian inscriptions which means that there were some Arameans that were among the North Arabians because of trade or otherwise. Furthermore, one of the Kings of Qedar, whose capital was centered on Adummatu/ Dumah, was named Hazael…an Aramaic name. He was either North Arabian with an Aramaic name or an actual Aramean.
As can be seen, you are the one in gross error.
Onur, never argue with a girl…you will always be wrong.
- Sunday, March 10, 2013 4:11:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
Two questions:
What evidence do you have that non-Judaized Edomites ever spoke Aramaic as the mother tongue?
What evidence do you have that Nabataeans ever spoke Aramaic as the mother tongue?
- Monday, March 11, 2013 9:14:00 am
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Onur!
Both questions were answered in all of my rather comprehensive comments.
- Tuesday, March 12, 2013 1:16:00 am
- Onur Dincer said...
Edomites (by Edomites I mean the non-Judaized ones) kept writing in the Edomite language (a Canaanite language) until being Arabized by Nabataeans. If, as you claim, Edomites were linguistically Aramized before being Arabized, then why did they keep writing in an insignificant language such as Edomite until being Arabized rather than switching to writing in Aramaic? After Arabization, they began to write - but only write, not speak - in Aramaic, just like Nabataeans.
Nabataeans and the other cultured pre-Islamic Northern Arabs wrote in Aramaic while speaking in Arabic, because they had lacked any writing before Aramaic became the lingua franca in the norhern Semitic world. Edomites, OTOH, had already had writing.
- Tuesday, March 12, 2013 7:33:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Onur!
You are persistent...We have hashed this out already. If the Nabateans had no writing then why are there North Arabian inscriptions in epigraphic South Arabian found all over what is now Northern Saudi Arabia all the way up into Syria and as far west as the "Sinai" and as far south and east as historical Al-Bahryn which includes the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula down to the borders of Oman, and also includes the island of Awal (modern-day Bahrain). If the Nabateans were part of that dialectical continuum, then how can you say they did not have a written language. Those inscriptions came from someone. In fact, the Nabateans are always associated with the people of Qedar as allies or relatives. Even in the Assyrian records this is done. So it is quite possible Qedar and the Nabatu spoke the same dialect of Old North Arabian. But, here is a quandry for you...in the Assyrian annals, the Nabatu/ Nabatayu are listed as Arameans, not Aribi/ Arabs. By the way, Arabs used the word "nabatu" to denote Arameans. However, it is not true that were actually Aramean...more likely they were "true" Arabs (we know that because of onomastics) that had been strongly influenced by the Arameans. They spell their names in sightly different ways which suggest that they may not have all been of one tribe or people. Also, a Nabatu people are mentioned in southern Arabia.
As far as the Edomite language is concerned...(see below)
Edomite (plural Edomites)
(biblical) A person descended from Esau (Edom)
A Canaanite Semitic language spoken by the Edomites in southwestern Jordan in the first millennium BCE, extinct from the 6th century BCE. (emphasis mine)
If there is something I will amend, it will be my statement on their (the Nabateans) origins. They may have not originated in the Hejaz but farther north (modern eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia) along with Qedar. This is also reflective of modern scholarships confusion over their origins (the Nabateans).
Again, the evidence is not in your theory's favor.
- Wednesday, March 13, 2013 3:25:00 am
- Onur Dincer said...
Hi, Adyghe,
Actually, North Arabians acquired the Aramaic alphabet (to write in Aramaic) and the South Arabian alphabet (to write in Arabic, or more correctly, Ancient North Arabian) almost concurrently. But, like I said previously, writing in the North Arabian varieties (first with the South Arabian alphabet, later with the predecessor of the Arabic alphabet) was pretty limited and mostly reserved for writings of lower culture.
As for the Edomites, you have yet to demonstrate that they ever spoke Aramaic as mother tongue.
- Thursday, March 14, 2013 9:49:00 am
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Onur!
We have simply hijacked this thread with this discussion...Dienekes has been quite tolerant.
I agree with you about the concurrent adoptions of Epigraphic South Arabian and Aramaic scripts among North Arabians.
As for the Edomites, I said it all before. The Edomites gave up their Canaanitic language for Aramaic. The evidence is presented rather clearly in my previous posts. Edomite became extinct in the 6th Century BCE.
Just accept that you were wrong so this can end.
Sorry for the typos in my previous post...did it in a hurry.
- Friday, March 15, 2013 11:19:00 am
- Onur Dincer said...
Hi, Adyghe,
I read in an academic book (via Google Books) about the existence of an inscription written in the Edomite language from the Hellenistic times, but can't remember which book it is. If I find the reference, I will gladly share it with you. I would not hesitate to admit that I was wrong if I really thought that I was wrong.
- Friday, March 15, 2013 6:41:00 pm
- Slumbery said...
Sorry for the late answers, I was a bit distracted from this blog.
This speculation can explain a part of the pattern. A good working hypothesis until it is either proven or disproven.
(BTW, I just did not understand why you picked out my comment, most of the comments in this entire blog are speculations and this is not so bad thing.)
"This (if I understand correctly) presumes that (i) ancient Jews would in the PCA analysis fall were modern Jews are now, and (ii) the ancient non-Jew local population was similar to where modern Jews now are."
I did not say this, neither I think this is implied by my statement. All I assumed that there had to be admixture between ancient Jews and ancient non-Jews, so they had to be closer to each other that modern Jews and Palestinians. On this PCA chart they are actally very far, without any overlap even between outlying samples. This suggest that the Palestinians do not have majority ancestry from a population that got Jew admixture (ancient non-Jews).
"IMO this shows that modern Jews, apart from their recent European admixture, are mostly related to ancient northern coastal Levantines (and likely, people of the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey), decedents of the Anatolian Neolithic, and that ancient Jews might have been mostly, as well, regardless their Semitic language. "
Exept that the Syrians do not cluster with Palestinians so clearly, they seem to be very diverse in this sample.
- Sunday, March 17, 2013 8:00:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Onur!
I think the thing you were talking about is in this link?
I think you will find this link informative and helpful:
- Tuesday, March 19, 2013 12:08:00 pm
- Unknown said...
@ Dr Rob
This was at the tip of my mind, having read it somewhere on Dienekes site, that is that autosomally Italians were related to Spaniards and Askenazi Jews and then third to Greeks.
It's almost like the Catholic church might have been correct in their anxiety that people where leaving the Church and converting to Judiasm...
- Tuesday, March 19, 2013 6:41:00 pm
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Tror Billy!
It is not that the Italians were converting to Judaism...It was Jews being forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism. There are Crypto-Jews ("hidden" Jews) in the Italian population, not many...but they are there. Also, there were merchants and workers/ slaves from the Levant that lived in Italy also due to the Roman Empire's very cosmopolitan nature. There was just lots of contact between Rome and the Levant...hard to quantify it. When and how it got there and why. I think much of it comes from Greece and the Greeks though, given Greece's proximity to the Levant and to Italy and because we know of the Greeks having had established well-known colonies (Magna Graecia) in Italy. Also we must not ever fail to mention the possible autosomal genetic impact of the Etruscans if indeed they were from Anatolia. The many of the great ancient civilizations were quite mobile obviously.
Also I agree with much of what the other commentors said. The Palestinians do not seem to be of the Northern Levantine derivation overall, but they are not entirely of Arabian extract either. So there is some Northern Levantine admixture there, apparently small, but significant enough to keep them from being entirely Arabian.
- Tuesday, March 19, 2013 9:20:00 pm
- Unknown said...
@ AdygheChabi
I understand that is one of the theories out there. That would probably explode and over amplify the Judiac population. I don't doubt that "some" forced conversion occured. However at every turn it seems that "forced conversions" as the default answer. The previous study showed a connection with Askenazi Jews not Sephardic...anyways I think there's something mysterious there to be explored. Perhaps, another theory of legionares in the outskirts of Europe? Europeans in newly Muslim conquered territory choosing Judiasm vs. Islam? A reverse Schindler's list? Romans taking Judiac wives? False historical memories, i.e. groups self identifying and then being used in studies...?
- Tuesday, March 19, 2013 11:03:00 pm
- Unknown said...
I just found this from another study regarding the Italian/EEJ connection ...in the conclusion "The close genetic resemblance to Italians accords with the historical presumption that Ashkenazi Jews started their migrations across Europe in Italy and with historical evidence that conversion to Judaism was common in ancient Rome. The reasons for the discrepancy between the biparental markers and the uniparental markers are discussed. " Found in the research "The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms" Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin
- Tuesday, March 19, 2013 11:14:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
I think the thing you were talking about is in this link?
Yes it is.
- Wednesday, March 20, 2013 10:34:00 am
- AdygheChabadi said...
Hi, Tror Billy!
I think there is a tendency to engage in fantastical theorization at times by people. When simple explanations tend to fit much better. I think this happens with the Jews and the origins of the groups subsumed there in. I think we tend to overestimate the conversion of non-Jews to Judaism. Certainly and obviously conversions happened, but not at all massively.
The Jews are overall, much more related to the northern Levantine populations than to Italians. There were plenty of other related northern Levantine populations that were very much a presence in the Roman Empire. They would have migrated to Italy and Rome proper for whatever reason...by force or otherwise. We must not forget that the Eastern Roman Empire was centered in Byzantium/ Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey), so there was obvious exchange between the eastern empire and it's western counterpart. I still think the Greeks and their non-Greek predecessors/ ancestors (Minoans, Tyrsenians/ Tyrrhenians, Anatolians, and whatever), through the Greeks, had far more genetic impact on Italy and indeed Rome itself than any other population. The impact of the Greeks, if not genetically, is linguistically and culturally is extremely well-evidenced from that time all over that part of the world. We must also consider the impact of the Etruscans who may have influenced the Romans, at least culturally, more than the Greeks. If the Etruscans did indeed come from Anatolia, they had to have had some degree of genetic impact on the populations they colonized. We must not discount the impact of the Phoenicians (ancestral to the modern Lebanese and, thus, related strongly genetically and linguistically to the Jews) either. They established colonies all around the Mediterranean rim. And going way, way back in time, the spread of the Neolithic from Anatolia and the Near East to Italy and it's genetic impact on populations already present.
So I think the relation of Italians to the Jews is a result population movements from Greece and the Near East from the Neolithic down to the present day. Among those population movements during the time of the Roman Empire from the eastern Mediterranean was a comparatively small contingent of Jews.
- Thursday, March 21, 2013 8:30:00 am
- eurologist said...
Exept that the Syrians do not cluster with Palestinians so clearly, they seem to be very diverse in this sample.
I agree, of course.
- Thursday, March 21, 2013 2:21:00 pm
- Fiend of 9 worlds said...
Wait, what? Ashkenazi jews didn't come from france, but from 'scythia' east of crimea. The French expulsion was centuries later.
And they are a distinct ethnicity with some unique genetics. It's really the small area of rhineland that could be called ashkenazi, not every single jew in europe east of spain and west of russia as seems to have become popular usage.
- Friday, March 29, 2013 1:24:00 pm


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