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We're proud to present our next installment in the Declassified Series! In case you need a reminder, we take two schools, the same class and compare them to see how they're similar or different. Our first post was written by Annie and Micah and covered Information Architecture. This time around Annie and Rebecca take on reference.
School: Indiana University-Indianapolis
Course Title: S501 Reference
Professor: Dr. Robin Moeller
Textbook(s): Cassell, K. A. & Hiremath, U. (2009). Reference and information services in the 21st century: An introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
The Pros: Many people see the reference desk as a dying thing. I've read quite a few articles that talk about taking away the reference desks and putting in more computer labs. The truth is, the role of the library is changing but that doesn't necessarily mean that people won't still have reference questions. Our class tried to really address the changing role of the reference librarian by covering different kinds of resources besides almanacs and encyclopedias, although we did touch on those too. This was one of the first classes I took in library school and I went in without knowing a ton about the library as a workplace. What was great was that it was geared towards someone like me, a total beginner.
The Cons: Of course, no class is perfect, including this one. Every week we had to present different resources that would be useful to know while you're working the ref desk. The downside to this is that it was hard to remember all the different websites, databases and reference books. The other thing is, if you don't know how to use a database or how to Boolean search, you're really at a disadvantage. I don't think it's safe to assume all library school students know how to really use databases to their advantage coming in. I'll be honest, I'm still learning. Basically, if you don't know how to search, you might have a harder time answering a patron's questions.
Another thing: you can't teach people skills; you have to develop them by actually talking to people. Part of this can be developed in classroom discussions but a lot of it has to be outside in the real world.
- listening
- asking probing questions to understand the patron's needs
- knowing how and where to search for information
- speaking in public
Learning methods:
This class was a mixture of readings, class lectures, and hands on projects. The projects really helped cement the things that we were learning in class. For example, we had to create pathfinders for a subject of our choosing. That was a good experience, now I have some sort of understanding of how to do something like that in case I ever have to. Another project that we did was observing two different reference desks for a couple hours each. That took us out of the classroom and into the workplace. The librarians I met while I was shadowing were all very nice and gave me valuable advice. It made me realize what a welcoming and encouraging profession librarianship is.
After we did our observations, we all had to do a poster presentation. At first, I thought, what? Poster presentation? Like a science fair kind of deal? That's weird. But after doing some research, I realized that poster presentations are kind of big in the library world. Making my own poster and figuring out a meaningful take away was pretty fun. Not that my poster was particularly awesome but at least I have an idea of what we're supposed to do.
I think that the hands on projects, combined with two practicums that tested our knowledge of how to find answers to questions were really effective.
- Weekly readings from the textbook and articles.
- Every week, members of the class filled out a sheet about a particular reference resource that was assigned to us. Then we had to present it in a three minute presentation.
- Create a pathfinder for a subject area and library of our choice.
- We had two practicums, in which we had an hour and a half to answer five reference questions.
- Observe two reference desks and create a poster presentation *with* take-aways.
Syllabus: Dr. Moeller is actually teaching at another school now but you can see examples of other syllabi here.
This professor is also the first teacher that I felt comfortable enough to talk to and express my doubts about my own abilities. Library school students range from professionals who have been in the field for years and new students like me who had minimal experience. It can be really intimidating in class discussions to hear people throwing around jargon when you are a n00b. When I told my professor this, she told me that I would be talking the talk and walking the walk soon. She also told me that she would never think someone didn't belong in library school, as long as they had the passion. How cool is that? I walked out of the classroom that day feeling much better about my choices.
As I mentioned in my Hack Your Program post, reference is one of the required core classes. I really didn't have a choice in taking this class but I was able to walk away with some great experiences. My professor really put it best when she told me that she can only meet students halfway, they have to bring something to the table too.
School: University of Texas at Austin
Course Title: INF 384C Introduction to Information Resources and Services
Instructor: Bonnie Brzozowski, a full-time reference librarian at Austin Public Library
Cassell, K. A. & Hiremath, U. (2009). Reference and information services in the 21st century: An introduction, 2nd ed. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
Ross, Catherine Sheldrick, Kristi Nilsen, and Marie L. Radford. Conducting the Reference Interview.
I love, love, love that this course was taught by a working librarian; in fact, this course is offered in other semesters and is taught by a well-respected professor but I decided to go for something different. Bonnie brought a wonderful perspective to our discussions about providing reference and I always left the class invigorated and inspired about the future of librarianship. She spoke frankly about the difficulties of reference work during this tumultuous time and as a class we developed ways to reinvigorate the reference position. Its true, as Annie said, that the reference desk seems antiquated, but this course really taught me the value of being able to effectively find the information people can't find for themselves.
While the course was tremendously helpful in developing practical skills, the overall coursework wasn't very challenging. Additionally, the Reference and Information Services in the 21st Century text was terribly boring–essentially a list of useful or interesting resources.
- how to effectively answer the question "Who would create/store this information?"
- understand proper and effective communication necessary for every reference interaction including how to deal with a diverse set of users with diverse needs
- learn how to ask the right questions to get to "the bottom" of reference questions
- gain experience with real-life email reference questions
- public speaking
Learning methods:
This was a 20-person course in a classroom. The first half of class was a lecture about reference resources for particular types of information (legal documents, statistics, genealogy, etc.). After the lecture, a student pair would give a presentation (see below in "assignments") and then we usually had a discussion about principles of librarianship or where librarianship as a profession was headed.
Over the course of the semester, we were expected to contribute 4 reference answers to the Internet Public Library (ipl2) database, which is a free online reference service. Though we answered real-life questions to real patrons, we also turned in our answers for a grade. This was by far my favorite aspect of the course. It provide practical experience within the safety net of an academic course. In fact, I'm still volunteering with ipl2!
Every other week we were given a list of reference questions on a particular subject (such as biographical or geographical questions) that we had to answer. We could find the answers using any appropriate source, but we typically used the sources we discussed during the lecture.
In pairs, students familiarized themselves with the intricacies and specifics of an online database and presented it to the class. Because librarians often hold trainings on using an online resource for their departments, our instructor wanted us to experience the process. My particular database was ISI Web of Science and yes, I am now VERY familiar with the peculiarities of the search functions.
Finally, we were each asked to evaluate two reference interactions–one in person and one virtually. We posed reference questions to a library of our choice and then evaluated our experiences, citing course materials for justification.
Syllabus: Our syllabus can be found here: UTrefSyllabus.
I absolutely LOVED this course. As an iSchool, UT tends to teach the theoretical, preferring for us to develop strong instincts and establish sturdy theoretical foundations. This is one of the things I love the most about the iSchool. However, this class was very practical and hands-on which let me put some of that theory to use; after finishing the course, I applied for a reference position at the UT libraries which I would never have done without taking the course. For someone with very little library experience prior to library school, this course could not have been more beneficial.
At UT, reference is not a required class but is recommended for anyone going into a library position. I personally would recommend that anyone who will have to answer reference questions in any setting (public, law, archives) take a reference course; I learned valuable skills in conducting a reference interview and how to navigate patrons' access to information resources.
Categories: Declassifed


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Last year we wrote a couple of times about a line of delightful new products, Matzel Toff. This brand specializes in covering matzah with toffee and an excellent chocolate. While chocolate covered matzah is far from being a new idea, the way Matzel Toff executes it is more than worthy of even a very sophisticated palate.
About six weeks ago, we got their latest offerings Matzel Bits! and Holy Macaroon!. While both SYR and I felt it was a great product, we never got around to post it (a serious oversight, we are thoroughly ashamed of!!!).
Matzel Bits! is made with Parve dark chocolate (kosher for Passover). Starting with Streit's finest matzah, they cover it with a layer of delicious toffee and the whole confection is then covered with dark chocolate (made from Passover sugar, Passover chocolate liquor, and Passover chocolate cocoa butter.
Holy Macaroon! is a very good, dairy, coconut macaroon covered in dark chocolate and topped with dried cranberries. Frankly, I do not much like traditional macaroons, even as a kid I couldn't stand them. These macaroons, however, are quite good and make for an interesting variation of a traditional Passover sweet.
You can order the items online at http://matzeltoff.com/ or you can pick it up at a variety of stores. In the New York area you can find these products at Pomegranate in Brooklyn, Zabar's and Eli's in Manhattan and many more.
Enjoy, gentle reader, enjoy!

subset: commoncrawl


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Full Guide
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986
Bruesewitz V Wyeth 2010 NCVIA
Bruesewitz V Wyeth Impact on vaccine safety debate
Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
VICP Fact Sheet
Current Payout
Vaccine injury table
VICP table injury explanation
Table injuries by Gibbs Law Group
Muller Brazil attorneys at law VICP settlements
Vaccine injury compensation and legal representation for GBS
Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System
About the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System
HHS Funded VAERS Investigation
Vaccine Inserts
All Inserts
List of All Current US Vaccine Inserts
Diphtheria / Tetanus / Pertussis
Pedarix [DTaP/Hep B/IPV]
Pentacel [DTaP/Hib/IPV]
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Pentacel [DTaP/Hib/IPV]
Hepatitis B
Pedarix [DTaP/Hep B/IPV]
Human papillomavirus HPV
Gardasil 9 HPV
FluMist Quadrivalent
Measles / Mumps / Rubella
Prevnar 13
Pedarix [DTaP/Hep B/IPV]
Pentacel [DTaP/Hib/IPV]
Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 Hospira
Preservative Free Phytonadione Injectable
Vaccine Ingredients / Excipients / Contaminants
CDC vaccine excipient and media summary
Vaccine ingredient glossary and details
Aluminum Adjuvants
Aluminum Adjuvant is an Acute Exposure
Aluminum involvement in neurotoxicity
Contact allergy to aluminium induced by commonly used pediatric vaccines
Aluminum hydroxide injections lead to motor deficits and motor neuron degeneration
Administration of aluminum to neonatal mice in vaccine relevant amounts is associated with long term neurological outcomes
Biopersistence and brain translocation of aluminum adjuvants of vaccines
Aluminum in childhood vaccines is unsafe
Aborted Fetal Cell DNA
MRC 5 human lung fibroblast
WI 38 human lung fibroblast
Spontaneous integration of human dna fragments into host genome
Characteristics of a new human diploid cell line walvax 2 and its suitability as a candidate for vaccine production
Thimerosal / Mercury
Effect of thimerosal, methylmercury, and mercuric chloride in Jurkat T Cell Line
Low dose mercury exposure in early life relevance of thimerosal to fetuses newborns and infants
Thimerosal induces dna breaks and cell death in cultured human neurons
Review of neurotoxicity studies of low-dose thimerosal relevant to vaccines
Polysorbate 80
The blood brain barrier bottleneck in brain drug development
Specific role of polysorbate 80 coating on the targeting of nanoparticles to the brain
Fetal Bovine Serum
The use of fetal bovine serum
Propylene Glycol
Hyperosmolality in small infants due to propylene glycol
Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases VI Prions amyloidoses and autoimmune neurological diseases
Asymptomatic Transmission & Shedding
Pertussis Whooping Cough
FDA study helps provide an understanding of rising rates of whooping cough
Acellular pertussis vaccines protect against disease but fail to prevent infection and transmission
Acellular pertussis vaccination facilitates bordetella parapertussis infection
The impact of parental postpartum pertussis vaccination on infection in infants
Finding the who in whooping cough
Live virus vaccines
Horizontal transmission of live vaccines
Post vaccine measles in a child in Italy
Vaccine associated measles five weeks post immunisation
Chicken Pox
Transmission of varicella vaccine virus from child to pregnant mother
Varicella zoster virus DNA at inoculation sites and in saliva after zostavax immunization
Comparison of virus shedding after rotavirus vaccine
Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases
Hepatitis A
Development production and postmarketing surveillance of hepatitis A vaccines in China
Horizontal transmission of mumps vaccine virus
Transmission of mumps vaccine virus in Croatia
Inactivated polio vaccine shedding
Vaccine-derived polio
Effectiveness / Outbreaks / Herd Immunity
What are the limits of adjuvanticity?
Antibodies are not required for immunity against some viruses
B cell maintenance protects against fatal viral infection independent of adaptive immunity
Severe tetanus in immunized patients with high anti tetanus titers
Rapid Identification of Measles Virus Vaccine Genotype
Three Cochrane Reviews on influenza vaccines have been stabilised
Waning Protection
Measles virus neutralizing antibody response after a third dose of MMR
Measles outbreak traced to fully vaccinated patient
Vaccine development needs a booster shot
Waning protection after fifth dose of acellular pertussis vaccine
ACIP votes down use of LAIV for 2016-2017 flu season
Potential Consequences of Not Using Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine
CDC vaccine panel brings back FluMist for 2018-19 season
Update ACIP Recommendations for the use of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine 2018-19 season
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine LAIV
Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations
LA Countywide Outbreak Of Whooping Cough
Chickenpox outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population
Influenza outbreak in a vaccinated population USS Ardent 2014
Major measles epidemic in the region of Quebec despite a 99 percent vaccine coverage
Measles outbreak in a fully immunized secondary school population
Whooping cough outbreak on long island
Fordham university mumps outbreak jumps campuses
Influenza potentially made stronger by vaccines
Herd Immunity
Herd immunity and compulsory vaccination does the theory justify the law
Necessity Of Vaccination
Before the Vaccines
Vital statistics measles reports from general practitioners
Decline in Disease Mortality
The questionable contribution of medical measures to the decline of mortality in the United States in the twentieth century
CDC history of drinking water treatment
CDC vital statistics death rates for measles and diphtheria
CDC vital statistics death rates for tuberculosis and typhoid fever
Effective Treatments
In vitro inhibition of mumps virus by retinoids
Ascorbic acid vitamin C treatment of whooping cough
Rotavirus neutralisation by human milk
Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis
Vitamin B6 prevents cognitive impairment in experimental pneumococcal meningitis
Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia
A randomized controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
Routine high dose vitamin A therapy for children hospitalized with measles
Low serum retinol is associated with increased severity of measles
Measles severity and serum retinol vitamin A concentration among children in the United States
Persistent measles infection in malnourished children
Vitamin A for the treatment of children with measles A systematic review
Vitamin A supplements for children could save six hundred thousand lives a year
Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality and illness in children under five A systematic review and meta analysis
Retinoids inhibit measles virus in vitro via nuclear retinoid receptor signaling pathways
Retinoids inhibit measles virus through a type one IFN dependent bystander effect
The Case of Polio
Epidemiology and prevention of poliomyelitis
Adverse Reactions
A positive association found between autism prevalence and childhoood vaccination uptake across the US population
Do aluminum adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism
A possible central mechanism in autism spectrum disorders
Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnoses
Aluminum in brain tissue in autism
Impact of environmental factors on the prevalence of autistic disorder after 1979
Epidemiologic and molecular relationship between vaccine manufacture and autism spectrum disorder prevalence
Newborn immune activation may have long term negative impact on brain function
Family to receive first ever vaccine autism court award
High rates of autism found in federal vaccine injury program
What is regressive autism and why does it occur?
Congitive dysfunction associated with aluminum hydroxide induced macrophagic myofaciitis
Descriptive analysis of 300 patients from the international ASIA syndrome registry
Adjuvants and vaccines induced autoimmunity animal models
HPV vaccination syndrome a questionnaire based study
Chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia following immunization with the Hepatitis B vaccine
Evolution of multiple sclerosis in France since hepatitis B vaccination
POTS with chronic fatigue after HPV vaccination as part of ASIA
ASIA 2013 unveiling the pathogenic clinical and diagnostic aspects
Autoimmune autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants animal models as proof of concept
Macrophagic myofaciitis characterization and pathophysiology
The common immunogenic etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome from infections to vaccines via adjuvants to the asia syndrome
Macrophagic myofaciitis a vaccine alum autoimmune related disease
Editorial on ASIA highlighting different perspectives for diffuse chronic pain
Chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis
Identical twins with macrophagic myofaciitis
Aluminum phagocytosis in quadriceps muscle following vaccination in children
The development of rheumatoid arthritis after recombinant hepatitis B vaccination
Transverse myelitis and vaccines a multi analysis
The spectrum of post vaccination inflammatory cns demyelinating syndromes
Hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of cns inflammatory demyelination in childhood
Evolution of multiple sclerosis in France since hepatitis B vaccination
Febrile Seizures
Measles Mumps Rubella Varicella vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures
HPV vaccine and primary ovarian failure
A lowered probability of pregnancy in females who received HPV vaccine
Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine
Genetic Susceptibilities
Genetic basis for adverse events following smallpox vaccination
TellMeGen genetic testing Hypersensitivity to vaccination
Adverse events following 12 and 18 month vaccinations
Children who get flu vaccine have three times risk of hospitalization for flu
Increased risk of noninfluenza respiratory virus infection with receipt of vaccine
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Enhances Colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in Mice
Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Increases Pneumococcal Translocation and Persistence Within the Middle Ear
Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during acute otitis media
Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in the short period after vaccination
Neuropsychiatric Disorder
Vaccines linked to mental disorders by Yale study
Temporal association of neuropsychiatric disorders following vaccination of children and adolescents
Nonfebrile Seizures
Nonfebrile seizures after MMRV virus combination vaccination
Optic Neuritis
Optic neuritis following DTaP and inactivated polio combined vaccine
Optic neuritis in pregnancy after Tdap vaccination
Rapid onset optic neuritis following measles vaccine in India
Adverse neurologic reactions after both doses of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine with optic neuritis and demyelination
The role of infection and vaccination in the genesis of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis in children
SIDS / Death
Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses given
Simultaneous sudden infant death syndrome
VICP sids court ruling
Incentives / Marketing / Misconduct
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
SPIDER Bites CDC
The CDC is being influenced by corporate and political interests
Data Manipulation
How many scientists fabricate and falsify research
The Cochrane HPV vaccine review was incomplete and ignored important evidence of bias
Do Not Believe Everything You Read About Flu Deaths
Mistaken Identity Seasonal influenza versus Influenza like illness
Three long running Cochrane Reviews on influenza vaccine
Association of Tdap Vaccination With Acute Events and Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Pregnant Women
Infant Hospitalizations and Mortality After Maternal Vaccination
The present status of polio vaccines
The Truth About the Polio Vaccines
Department of Health and Human Services
ICAN HHS Lawsuit
Pay for Performance Provider Incentive Programs
IEHP Pay for Performance program immunizations
2018 P4P Guide for independent physician associations
2015 California Medicaid Provider Incentive Program
2016 BCBS Michigan provider incentive program
2017 BCBS Michigan performance recognition program
2017 Indiana Medicaid pay for performance
Increasing uptake of influenza vaccination
Global Vaccine Market Features and Trends
Medical Education
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research Education and Practice
Vaccine Manufacturers
Merck has some explaining to do over its MMR vaccine claims
GlaxoSmithKline Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement


text: PHILADELPHIA (AP) The mayor of Philadelphia is apologizing for the profanity used by rapper Nicki Minaj and comedian Marlon Wayans during a family-friendly July Fourth concert.Mayor Michael Nutter said Monday that cursing hasn't been problem at the show in recent years. He says performers are supposed to adhere to network TV standards.The free outdoor concert, which featured multiple acts, was aired live on WPVI-TV. The station censored the broadcast when foul language was used.Nutter says The Roots and singer Ed Sheeran edited their songs to avoid profanity but were still bleeped, creating the appearance they cursed.He says performers Jennifer Hudson and Aloe Blacc kept it clean, although Vicci Martinez used one inappropriate word.A TV station spokesman did not immediately return a request for comment Tuesday.


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Wellington, New Zealand, 29-30 September 2012
Announcing a two-day International Conference, hosted by the School of English, Film, Theatre, and Media Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
Click here for the complete flyer.
We invite proposals for 20-minute papers on all aspects of Romantic voyaging, the period, its context and its authors. Papers which address the larger issues of 'voyaging' will be welcome too. The conference will include an opportunity to admire some of the treasures of the Rare Book collection of the Alexander Turnbull Library. There will also be time to explore the bracing sea-front and beautiful streets of Wellington with its numerous restaurants and bars, and to ascend via the famous cable car to the Botanical Gardens.
The keynote speakers are:
Dr Ruth Lightbourne (Alexander Turnbull Library)
Professor Vincent O'Sullivan, DCNZM
Professor Nicholas Roe (St Andrews University, Scotland)
250 word proposals for papers of no more than 2750 words together with a brief c.v. should occupy no more than 2 sides of A4 in a Word document (they will be copied into a composite file). Please do not send as a pdf. E-mail to the Conference Organizer Heidi Thomson heidi (dot) thomson (at) vuw.ac.nz by 1 April 2012. All other enquiries should also be e-mailed to this address.
The Charles Brown Bursary of NZ $550 will be available to enable one unfunded postgraduate scholar working in the field of Romantic Literature (currently enrolled at either MA or PhD level) to travel to and deliver a paper at this conference. Please bring this announcement to the attention of qualified applicants.
Registration and website details are to follow.
Delegates need to arrange their own accommodation. There are a large number of Hotels and B&Bs in Wellington. Hotels within walking distance of the conference venue include: Novotel, Rydges, Intercontinental, Ibis, Bolton, Kingsgate Hotel
The following website is useful for arranging accommodation: http://www.wellingtonnz.com/accommodation


text:
Hot online: Mitt pumping his own gas
Staff Writer
Journal Star
Trending topic
People have been posting plenty of pictures of former presidential candidate Mitt Romney since the election doing everyday things. The most recent shot is of Romney pumping gas in California.
Check this out
The reviews are in for the remake of the 1984 movie "Red Dawn," and that aren't exactly glowing. After sitting on the shelf for more than a year, the movie is set to open this week.
Hot video: Basketball record shattered by short guard


text:
"Hard to believe that he beat out a million other sperm."
– From the Pretty Good Joke Book
On the Saturday children's reviews on this site, I've said that joke books can make wonderful gifts for children, especially for 5-to-9-year-olds. But joke books can also be good gifts for adults.
One that might appeal to many families is the Pretty Good Joke Book (Highbridge, 2000), introduced by Garrison Keillor, which collects hundreds of the jokes told on the "Joke Show" segment of Prairie Home Companion and has had a variety of sequels and editions, including one on CD. All entries were wholesome enough for National Public Radio. (Even the "adults-only" and "totally tasteless" sections look like monuments to good taste next to the workof comedians like Denis Leary and Jim Norton.) The jokes fall into 30 categories, including bar, insult, lawyer, religion, musician, yo'mama and Iowa and Minnesota jokes. And though some trade on the sex-role or other stereotypes found on any drugstore greeting-card rack, it's hard to fault those that anyone might have occasion to use, such as: "Hard to believe that he beat out a million other sperm."
© 2009 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


text:
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A beautiful Flower Agate Mini Palm.
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Exhibit on real Johnny Appleseed will hit the road
If you picture Johnny Appleseed as a loner wearing a tin pot for a hat and flinging apple seeds while meandering through the countryside, experts say you're wrong.
They're hoping that a traveling exhibit funded by an anonymous donation to a western Ohio center and museum will help clear misconceptions about the folk hero and the real man behind the legend.
"We want people around the country to know the real person, not just the myths and folklore," said Cheryl Ogden, director of the Johnny Appleseed Educational Center and Museum at Urbana University in Urbana. "We want them to know John Chapman's values of hard work, compassion and generosity."
Chapman, known as Johnny Appleseed to generations of Americans, was a pioneer nurseryman in the late 18th and early 19th centuries credited with introducing apple trees to portions of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and West Virginia. While colorful stories and films depicting him living outdoors and wearing ragged clothes are probably partially true, researchers doubt he wore a pot on his head or just gave his seedlings and nurseries away.
"He apparently dressed, ate and lived as simply as a human being could," said Andrew Masich, president and CEO of Pittsburgh's Senator John Heinz History Center. "But he made money by selling seeds and planting trees for settlers."
At the same time, there are documented accounts of him going barefoot after giving his shoes to someone in need. He also widely distributed religious tracts as a missionary of the Swedenborgian Church, a Christian faith embracing individualism and spiritual growth.
Chapman, who never married and apparently had no children, was born in 1774 in Leominster, Massachusetts, where a small replica of his home now stands. Researchers say Chapman headed west in the 1790s after the Northwest Territory opened to settlers, and he began planting nurseries with apple seeds from cider mills. He traveled ahead of settlers, selecting sites for his nurseries and planting and caring for the young trees. When settlers eventually arrived, those sites would be ready for sale, and Chapman also sold seedlings for them to plant.
"He was excellent about anticipating where settlers were going next," Ogden said.
Having fruit trees on their property was especially important for settlers, who had to show improvement on homesteaded parcels to claim land grants. The apples from the trees, while not good for eating, were used to make hard cider. Settlers used apple cider vinegar to preserve fruits, vegetables and meats.
David C. Wilson, a Leominster Historical Society trustee, says the "simple man of simple pleasures" became an icon to many settlers.
"A new nation needs folk heroes," Wilson said.
Documentation indicates Chapman traveled for more than 50 years before he died in 1845 in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where a grave marker stands on land where he is believed to be buried. One of the earliest national accounts of "Johnny Appleseed" was an 1871 article in Harper's New Monthly Magazine describing him as a "pioneer hero."
He also has been memorialized through markers including a statue in Cincinnati's Spring Grove Cemetery of a barefoot Chapman lifting a seedling with one hand while holding a book in the other. Johnny Appleseed festivals are celebrated in many states. Officials with the Johnny Appleseed festival in Fort Wayne say more than 250,000 people attended last year's celebration.
While the traveling exhibit won't be ready until at least fall 2015, Ogden says, it will be interactive and include a mobile app that will superimpose computer-generated images of Johnny Appleseed telling his own story.
And Chapman's story - legend and fact - is expected to continue.
"I think his free-spirited lifestyle is something that in our workaday lives still appeals to us today," Masich said.


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Damp can be a real headache once it sets in your basement, and can be costly to repair if left too long. Fortunately you can compare quotes from basement waterproofing Meppershall services to start saving with our free service.
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Average Meppershall basement waterproofing prices will mostly depend on the size of your basement and how wet it gets. If your walls only hold moisture, repairs will be less expensive than if water stands in the middle of it. The age of your home and amount of drainage around it also play a part in the cost of repairs. Finding a trusted contractor is important, which is where our free service can help you save both time and money.
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A. As with most projects, the cost of waterproofing your basement will depend on a number of factors. Your home's position, current water drainage system and the surrounding terrain will play a large role. Additionally, if your basement floods and will need extensive waterproofing, this will cost more than if your walls only allow a little condensation and moisture to appear. For an accurate quote, it's possible to request a no obligation quote from our website and we will arrange for up to 4 professionals to get in touch at no cost.
Q. How long will Meppershall basement waterproofing last?
A. Installing French drains or similar irrigation systems will provide you with a lifetime of protection against damp. Even so, you may periodically need to replace sump pumps or add a fresh coat of waterproofing material to your Meppershall basement walls to continue noticing the benefits. Regular inspections are required in order to determine when maintenance such as this might be needed.
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Thermostat Setbacks - Do They Really Work?
During the heating and cooling seasons of 2002–2003, the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) ran a series of trials to determine actual energy savings from thermostat setback and setforward.
November 06, 2008
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A version of this article appears in the November/December 2008 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
The Twin Research House facility at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) was built in 1998. It consists of two identical two-story houses built to R-2000 standards by a local Ottawa builder. Features of these houses include low-e argon-filled windows and a simulated occupancy system. (For more on the Twin House facility, see "Do CFLs Save Whole-House Energy?" p. 20). During the winter heating season of 2002–2003, the CCHT, where I work, ran a series of trials in the twin houses—one referred to as the reference house and the other the test house—to determine actual energy savings from thermostat setback, and to examine the resulting house temperatures and recovery times.
Three different winter setback settings were examined and compared to the benchmark, which was 72°F (22°C). These settings were 64°F (18°C) night setback; 64°F (18°C) day and night setback; and 61°F (16°C) day and night setback. We also performed a set of summer trials to determine the effect of thermostat setting on A/C performance, and we examined summer indoor humidity levels.
Data Collection
Two modified gas meters with a pulse output connected to the main data acquisition system (DAS) monitored the gas consumption of the furnace. The total gas consumption data were collected at five-minute intervals. Two electric pulse meters measured furnace and A/C electrical consumption. These data were collected at five-minute intervals by the DAS. Furnace fan on time was measured, indicating the total amount of time the furnace fan circulation motor ran at high speed (heating or cooling mode), as opposed to circulation speed. On-time data were collected by another DAS in place to monitor transient performance of mechanical equipment at much shorter time intervals—10 seconds.
In addition to measuring energy consumption, we wanted to understand the overall effect of thermostat setback on the house and on the occupants' needs. During both summer and winter trials, we examined house floor temperatures (basement, ground floor, and second floor). We examined window and drywall surface temperatures during winter experiments only, in order to determine condensation risks.
We chose five days for temperature analysis in each of the thermostat trials in the twin houses. Five consecutive days were not available in all cases. Instead, days were chosen to include the coldest possible outdoor temperature in winter or the hottest possible outdoor temperature in summer, when outdoor temperature would have the greatest effect on energy use inside.
Changes in basement, ground floor, and second-floor air temperatures were tracked using thermocouples in key locations in both houses to help us to understand the overall effect of thermostat setback. These temperatures were measured at a point half way up the wall. The thermostat itself is located in the hallway of the ground floor, beside the ground floor thermocouple. Drywall surface temperatures were also measured to ensure that these temperatures did not approach the dew point of the surrounding air, which would lead to condensation problems (see Figure 1). Air at 72°F and 30% humidity will condense on a surface with a temperature below 38.7°F (3.7°C).
Window temperature measurements were also important in our analysis. If the temperature of the glass or the window frame drops below the dew point of the ambient air, condensation (or ice) will form and may cause water damage to the surrounding wall. All windows in the CCHT houses are argon-filled double-pane units with a low-e coating. Window surface temperatures were measured at five different locations on each window (see Figure 2). Three different windows were examined: in bedroom 2, a second floor south facing window; in the living room, a ground floor north facing window; and in the dining room, a ground floor south facing window.
The ground floor thermocouple, located beside the thermostat, was used as the basis for recovery time calculations. The temperature of this thermocouple is captured at five-minute intervals by the main DAS. This gives a better resolution for calculating recovery time than other thermocouples in the house, whose temperatures are recorded hourly. The benchmark condition was examined to determine the relationship between the daily average ground floor temperature of the reference house and that of the test house. This ground floor temperature correlation was then used to determine the expected average ground floor temperature of the test house for any given day during the setback and setforward trials. This expected average was set as the threshold temperature for determining recovery time. Recovery time was calculated from the moment when the thermostat automatically reset to 72°F to the moment when the house reached the threshold temperature.
Humidity Measurements
Humidity is an important factor in determining occupant comfort. During the winter setback experiments, relative humidity (RH) in the houses was very low (about 10%). This was because there were no real occupants, and no humidifiers were run. In the summer, water is removed from the air in the form of condensation on the indoor air conditioner coil. During the summer trials, this condensation was collected and measured by means of a tipping scale.
The RH of each floor is recorded hourly by the main DAS. RH measurements in conjunction with hourly temperature measurements were used to calculate the humidity ratio of air (grams of vapor per kilogram of air) for each floor of the house. The three humidity ratios—for basement, ground floor, and second floor—were then averaged to generate an average house humidity ratio. This allowed us to compare the moisture content of the test house with that of the reference house.
Outdoor temperature and humidity were measured and recorded every five minutes by means of a thermocouple and humidity sensor mounted on the exterior of the reference house. During the summer experiments, solar radiation incident on the south wall of the reference house was measured at five-minute intervals by a wall-mounted pyronometer. These data were then used to separate cloudy days from sunny days during the setforward experiment. A total vertical solar radiation of 8.5 megajoules per square meter (MJ/m2) per day was arbitrarily chosen to divide cloudy days from sunny days.
At the time of the winter setback experiment, the pyronometer had not yet been installed. In order to see the effect of solar radiation on the thermostat experiment, the outer brick temperature of the south-facing wall of the reference house was used to differentiate between sunny and cloudy days. On a sunny day, this temperature can rise 68°F (20°C) or more above the surrounding outdoor temperature. On a cloudy day, the brick temperature tracks the outdoor temperature within a few degrees. A difference of 68°F (20°C) or more between outdoor temperature and brick temperature was arbitrarily chosen to indicate sunny days, and a difference of less than 41°F (5°C) was arbitrarily chosen to indicate cloudy days. Days where the temperature difference fell between the high and low thresholds were labeled as mixed.
It should be noted that because of the nature of the data, summer data were divided into two groups (sunny and cloudy), while winter data were divided into three groups (sunny, cloudy, and mixed). Most winter days were either perfectly sunny or perfectly cloudy; there were only two days that could be classified as mixed. As a result, sunny and cloudy data formed two very distinct trends, with two days of mixed data clearly not belonging to either trend. In summer, there were very few completely sunny days or completely cloudy days. In essence, almost all of the summer days were mixed. For this reason, we chose a threshold to separate mixed days into two trends: cloudy and sunny. As mentioned above, we used a pyronometer to measure vertical solar radiation in the summer, with a threshold of 8.5 megajoules per square meter (MJ/m2) to distinguish between sunny and cloudy days. As expected, given the mixed summer weather, resultant summer trends show more scatter than winter trends.
To compare the performance of the houses, we plotted daily energy consumption. During the heating season, the midefficiency furnaces in the two houses consumed almost the same amount of gas. Unfortunately, they did not consume the same amount of electricity. This resulted from differences in the power draw (wattage) of the two motors at heating speed in the twin houses. These power differences are due partly to static-pressure differences in the ductwork, which place different loads on the two motors, and partly to differences inherent in the motors themselves.
Similar trends are apparent in the summer benchmarking results. During the 2003 cooling season, on-times and air conditioner consumption were similar for the two houses. However, differences in furnace fan motor performance resulted in higher electrical consumption for the test house.
Care should be taken in applying the results of this study to other homes. Thermostat setback savings will be different for different houses and different mechanical setups. Furthermore, the CCHT houses have different features than many houses, and these differences mean that the results of the study might not always apply to other homes. The CCHT houses are built to R-2000 standards; therefore, they hold heat better than older houses. As a result, they don't cool down as quickly during setback for example, and there is less benefit to the strategy. This was seen in warmer weather, where savings were negligible. Also, during thermostat setback, lower quality windows and insulation could lead to lower surface temperatures and additional condensation problems.
Do Thermostat Adjustments Save Energy?
The winter experiments demonstrated that setting back the thermostat during the day and night saved energy in the CCHT test house (see Tables 1 and 2). As the setback temperature decreased, savings increased. Also, higher savings (expressed as a percentage) were achieved on colder days, with longer furnace on-times.
A night and daytime setback of 64°F (18°C) reduced the length of time the furnace ran, resulting in furnace fan electrical savings of up to 6.4% and furnace gas consumption savings of up to 17% on the coldest day. A night and daytime setback of 61°F (16°C) saved up to 8.1% and 21% in electrical and gas consumption respectively. On warm or sunny days, the heating demand is less, and so savings were reduced. Projecting these results to the entire heating season revealed furnace gas seasonal savings of 13% with the 61°F (16°C) day and night setback, and 10% with the 64°F (18°C) day and night setback. Predicted furnace fan electrical savings were lower for the season: 2.3% and 1.9% savings for the 61°F and 64°F night and daytime setbacks respectively.
Recovery times from thermostat setback were all less than two hours, and were usually less than one hour. The lower the temperature the house was allowed to reach (the lower the thermostat setback setting), the longer the recovery time. Because of this effect, the thermostat setback temperature and setback times should be chosen wisely to ensure occupant comfort in the early morning, after the nighttime setback, and during the early evening, after the daytime setback. Settings should be anticipated to allow the house ample time to reheat to a comfortable temperature before the occupants get up or return home from work.
Measured drywall surface temperatures remained above 55°F (12.7°C) for the 61°F setback, and above 64°F (17.8°C) for the 64°F setback. (It should be noted that surface temperatures were measured at the center of an insulated wall cavity. Lower surface temperatures could be expected on the wall stud framing, at the bottom plates, at corners, or in sections with poorer thermal characteristics.) Based on these measurements, no drywall condensation problems would be expected in the CCHT test house during the setback experiments, unless RH levels were above 55%. Based on current Health Canada recommendations, the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation suggests that RH be kept between 30% and 50%, and at 30% when exterior temperatures are below 14°F (-10°C). Excesses in humidity can lead to window condensation, stains on walls and ceilings, structural damage, and mold, which can cause allergic reactions. Humidity levels fluctuate with the number and activities of the occupants. Breath and perspiration, cooking, showering, bathing, and washing can all increase humidity levels in the home.
Window surface temperatures in both houses, on the other hand, were problematic. The frame of the window reached temperatures as low as 27°F (-2.6°C), even under benchmark conditions, with no setback. We would expect this to lead to condensation and ice problems on the frame, unless RH levels were kept below 19%—not a comfortable level—and below the CMHC recommended 30%.
Thermostat setforward savings increased with outdoor temperature and solar gains (see Table 3). Thermostat setforward produced savings of up to 21% in A/C electrical consumption and 5.2% in furnace fan consumption in the test house on the hottest, sunniest day, totaling over 6.3 kWh electrical savings for that day. Unfortunately, the energy savings from setforward were offset by poor recovery time—up to seven hours for these same hot days—the same length of time as the setforward itself. This could make the house very uncomfortable for the occupants during hot summer evenings.
Thermostat setforward savings were substantially reduced on cloudy days. If all days during the summer were cloudy, we would expect test house electrical savings of only 2.8% on A/C and furnace electrical consumption, as opposed to 13% electrical savings for a completely sunny summer.
With current house technology, it is much easier to add heat to an indoor environment than to remove it. For this reason, the summer energy-saving strategy needs to be different from the winter energy-saving strategy. Setting the thermostat to a higher temperature proved to be a more effective summer strategy than employing a daytime setforward. During the cooling experiments, the higher temperature setting produced consistently greater savings than the setforward strategy, as would be expected—furnace circulation fan and A/C electrical savings of 23% for the cooling season were calculated, based on monitored results. Not only did the higher temperature setting produce similar savings on cool and hot summer days, but savings were not reduced on cloudy days. The drawback of the higher temperature setting is that, unlike the setforward strategy, it slightly increases indoor humidity. This increase in both temperature and humidity could make the house less comfortable for the occupants.
Marianne Armstrong is a buildings researcher focusing on the heat and moisture performance of building envelopes at the National Research Council Canada in Ottawa, Canada.
The Canadian Centre for Housing Technology is jointly operated by the National Research Council, Natural Resources Canada, and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.
For more information:
A full report on the project described in this article is available from the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT). Go to www.ccht-cctr.gc.ca.
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Happy Anniversary: iTunes Celebrates a Decade, Faces New Challenges
NEW YORK | When Apple launched its iTunes music store a decade ago amid the ashes of Napster, the music industry -- reeling from the effects of online piracy -- was anxious to see how the new music service would shake out.
"The sky was falling, and iTunes provided a place where we were going to monetize music and in theory stem the tide of piracy. So, it was certainly a solution for the time," said Michael McDonald, who co-founded ATO Records with Dave Matthews and whose Mick Management roster includes John Mayer and Ray LaMontagne.
The iTunes music store became much more than a solution; it changed how we consume music and access entertainment. It's not only music's biggest retailer, it also dominates the digital video market, capturing 67 percent of the TV show sale market and 65 percent of the movie sale market, according to information company NPD group. Its apps are the most profitable, it has expanded to books and magazines, and it is now available in 119 countries. This week, iTunes posted a record $2.4 billion in revenue in first-quarter earnings.
"They revolutionized the retail landscape by making a truly interactive and very user-friendly space and platform, and they managed to do it by keeping a great music experience attached to what was very difficult technology," said Scott Borchetta, head of Big Machine Records, home to Taylor Swift, Tim McGraw and Rascal Flatts. "They made it very easy to buy music digitally, and that's why I think they've run so quickly in the lead for that space and continue to dominate the space."
But as iTunes celebrates its 10-year mark Sunday, it faces renewed scrutiny on how it will continue to dominate in the next decade -- or whether it can. With competition from subscription services like Spotify and other services like Amazon.com, Netflix, Hulu and others, iTunes will likely need to reinvent itself to remain at the top of the digital entertainment perch.
Apple Inc.'s Eddy Cue, senior vice president of Internet software and services, refused to comment on reports that the company will launch a radio service or some other service to compete with Spotify.
"We've been able to add and expand and do a lot of things to make the product even that much better," said Cue, who was integral to the creation of iTunes. "Why it's going to be great for the next 10 years is because people still want access and want more of what's available today."
At first only available to Mac users, iTunes debuted two years after Apple's groundbreaking iPod. With a catalog of 200,000 songs -- compared with tens and tens of millions of songs available today -- iTunes entered an industry being upended by illegal downloading yet still skeptical of the new music store.
There were more than grumbles when Apple co-founder Steve Jobs set parameters making all songs available at a cap of 99 cents (today, songs can cost up to $1.29) and giving listeners more control of what they could do with music collection in terms of portability and ownership.
"In the case of the labels, we felt and we were able to convince them that we had a business proposition that would be better for them in the long term, and gave them an opportunity to compete with piracy," Cue recalled.
"So our message to them was the only way to beat piracy wasn't lawsuits or TV ads or anything, but to actually offer what was available through piracy and people would actually pay for it if you did that. So we had to get them to all agree. As part of that, you had to get them to agree to all of the same rights."
Some in the industry grumbled about having to accept Jobs' rules; some still do (while digital sales rise, album sales have decreased and the industry's profits have continued to drop over the decade).
"To me, it's been one of the biggest assets to the music business in the last 10 years, but you'll hear from the labels that Steve Jobs ruined the music business," McDonald said.
"But to me, it's allowed a place to expose artists who are gaining popularity in all genres, and although it has impacted the album sales, I think it has become a real barometer of what's good and what's popular," he said. "Singles artists aren't selling albums. Well, they never should have. But album artists continue to sell albums. If anything, it's given a revenue stream to what would have been the Wild West."
Lady Antebellum's entire career has been in the iTunes era, and it's a key part of their sales. "We found out that ... just around 20 percent of our sales is iTunes," said Charles Kelley. "iTunes is just something we've always embraced."
iTunes "changed the music industry completely" and "gave people the power as opposed to record companies the power, in a way," said singer-actress Jennifer Lopez.
"It has its pros and cons, I think, for artists," she said. "I'm an artist, so I look at it from an artist point of view. But we're in a new age. It's like anything else. You've got to accept it."
That new age includes the growing popularity of services like Spotify and Rdio, where listeners can stream music for free and can pay a set price to listen and collect songs. Industry watchers have heard rumors that an iRadio could be launched that would be something like Pandora, the popular Internet radio site.
"We don't know all the specifics of what it might be and when it might come, but what we've heard so far, it will compete with those other online services," Borchetta said.
Cue refused to comment on the speculation. He said users still favor the iTunes model compared with subscription services.
"(A premium subscription) costs $10 a month, that's $120 a year, and most average music customers don't spend that kind of money," he said. "If you buy it on ownership, you own it, and a subscription model, your subscription never ends if you want to keep listening to it, so you're paying that $10 or more for life.
"If you're starting your music collection from existing songs, which a lot of us already have from that standpoint, you're looking to acquire new songs, even today, at 99 cents or $1.29, or $9.99 or $7.99 for an album, it is very economical and a better value for subscription music."
McDonald believes subscription services may become the standard.
"My generation and probably the generation after me still have this idea of ownership and pride in what we own in a record collection, and I think we always thought it spoke to who we are. I think the younger generations, and certainly the ones coming up, the idea of ownership in the way that we thought about it is irrelevant, and I think they're just consuming content, and that's not better or worse," he said. "So in that way, the subscription models are going to make more sense."
But he doesn't count Apple out in that future: "It may be that Apple and iTunes are going to create the best user space to own that space as well."


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You are logged into your remote server via SSH and happily plucking along at your keyboard and then it happens. Suddenly, the characters stop moving and then you get the dreaded 'Connection Closed' message.
You have just lost your session. You were halfway through some task and now you have to start over. Ugh. Well you can prevent this from happening by using screen. The Linux screen tool can not only save you from disconnection disasters, but it also can increase your productivity by using multiple windows within one SSH session. I use this tool all of the time in our server management work." An older tutorial, and even though I have little to no knowledge about screen, I know one thing: lots of people swear by it.


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This post is written by GradHacker writers and is part of our crossover week, check out Hack Library School's advice about advisor/advisee relations on their blog here: GradHacker.
In graduate school, creating the perfect advisor/advisee relationship can be a daunting if not impossible task. Trent, Cory and Katy give their advice on navigating this relationship: find someone who you can work with, be proactive, and be explicit about what you want out of grad school.
Trent: The most important advice I could ever give anyone about advisors regards compatibility: If your relationship with your advisor is rocky, or you don't feel you're compatible, then you need to change advisors. You shouldn't worry about ramifications if you change. If they are professional, then they'll understand and encourage you to do so. A good advisor will have something academically in common with you, urge you to seek out classes you're interested in, that pertain to you thesis or dissertation, and that will get you closer to graduating.
Cory: The advisor/advisee relationship can stressful, nurturing, or non-existent. I think it is easy as grad students to forget that our own attitudes can often shape this relationship. For example, when I started my Master's program, my advisor was a Shakespearean scholar (I was researching post-colonialism!) who retired halfway through my program and who I met with only once. My bad attitude about the seemingly poor match up really meant that I lost out on a year of advising with someone who could've pointed me in the right direction, helped me find resources, or just be a mentor (albeit with different research interests).
The relationship with your advisor is definitely a two-way street, and while we are incredibly busy, we need to keep in mind that our professors are as well. Now, I try to be more proactive about talking with my advisor. For me, it was also important to build a friendly rapport on a personal level–I need to know that my advisor is human. This help me foster understanding so that when I'm stressed out about something in my personal life, I can also cut them slack when they're behind on something because of a stressor in their personal life.
Again, it is important to gauge what kind of advisor you have while figuring out how you work best. Sometimes you really don't have a choice about your advisor if your field of specialization dictates whom you work with–make sure you find an outlet for a professor who you do connect with on various levels. There are plenty of people in your department who will be able to mentor you unofficially if that personality type is what you need to keep on track.
Katy: Having a good relationship with your advisor is key to success not only in your department, but also in your future. As Cory noted, this is a two way street. Your advisor is there to guide you through the process of getting your graduate degree, so you need to be proactive in using them as a resource. However, they are not the sole source of knowledge and advice on pursuing your degree. You need to be clear with your advisor about what you want to study and the type of career you want in the end. To get the advice that will be most helpful you need to be explicit about your goals so that your advisor can help you out.
It's also important to realize that your advisor may not have all the answers. It is beneficial in some cases to have a number of different mentors in addition to your advisor. Not all professors have the same knowledge about what the job market is like today, or how research is proceeding in certain areas. By expanding beyond the advice of a single advisor you are able to make more informed decisions. Advisors are not infallible, so it's better to get advice from a diversity of sources. In the end it is your decision to make whether it pleases your advisor or not. You need to be explicit about what you want, strategic in choosing which advice to take and follow the path that is going to fit with your ambitions.
Categories: Education & Curriculum


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One of the notable features announced with the release of Android 4.2 yesterday was support for multiple users on a single Android device. Google's list of 4.2 features, though, makes it very clear that multiple users is supported only on Android 4.2 tablets, not phones.
TechCrunch speculates that the limitation is due to a patent—US 2005/0107114 A1, "Multi-user mobile telephone," to be specific. The patent was filed in late 2004, granted in 2005, and was penned by then-current Symbian employee Tim O'Cock. The abstract makes it pretty clear that it envisions several different people, each with their own personalizations, using a single device:
A mobile telephone is designed to be used by several different end-users at different times. A first end-user can alter the mobile telephone so that it operates in a manner specific to that first end-user and a subsequent end-user can alter the mobile telephone so that it operates in a manner specific to that subsequent end-user; each end-user has only to respond to prompts displayed on a screen in order to alter the mobile telephone so that it operates in a manner specific to that end-user.
The USPTO lists the patent's current assignment with both Tim O'Cock and Symbian Limited, with both pointed back to Nokia. TechCrunch guesses that the original intent behind the patent was to take revenue from emerging markets by providing an easy method for lots of different folks to share a single phone; in areas of the world where cellular phones are expensive, a feature which lets several people use the same phone gives that phone a competitive advantage.
It's easy to see how this patent might be a potential stumbling block to any company wanting to implement a similar feature. The patent language is broad enough to cover just about any possible implementation of multiple user accounts, and even though no Nokia phone has shown up with anything like "multiple users" on the feature list, anyone with something similar in mind would have to deal with licensing from Nokia.
The loophole which Google is using to bring the feature to tablets is that the patent language very clearly states "mobile telephone" over and over again. In 2004 when the application was filed, consumer-grade tablet devices were but a twinkle in technologists' eyes (stylus-driven "tablet" notebook computers notwithstanding). The patent narrowly applies to phones, not "mobile communications devices" or anything else.
However, the "freedom to tinker" mindset which pervades the Android ecosystem might win out here. If the feature is available in tablets, it is likely only a matter of time before enterprising Android 4.2 hackers (and I mean hackers in the good sense of the word) find a way to enable the functionality on their handsets.


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Raising Hope
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Last semester I took an Academic Libraries class that required me to interview an academic librarian. I reached out to Courtney Young to help me complete this assignment. Ms. Young is Head Librarian & Associate Professor of Women's Studies at Penn State Greater Allegheny and serves on the ALA Executive Board.
The goal of the project was to get a real world perspective on some of the special academic library issues we had discussed throughout the semester. While I drafted interview questions to address this objective–I couldn't help but see the interview as an opportunity. I was pretty confident that my interviewee had a hand in hiring at her library. Getting an interview can be tough, getting feedback from a hiring manager can be even more difficult. Knowing the struggle that many of my peers are facing in the job market, I thought it would be a good idea to ask her what she looks for in a job candidate. Courtney Young had some brilliant and unexpected advice that I hope you can put to use as you look towards the future and begin your job search.
Takeaway 1: Passion Matters
As Ms. Young and I discussed the issues of job candidates, she indicated that passionate prospects stand out to her. She urges job hunters not to apply for any and every open position–but the ones that they are truly excited about. If you apply for everything, the "any job will do" spirit will come through in application materials. As I think about Ms. Young's advice, I can see the merits of saving your time and resources applying and researching jobs that you are genuinely interested in–instead of spreading yourself thin trying to apply for everything.
Takeaway 2: Put Your Cover Letter to Work
Ms. Young had a great take on resumes and cover letters–"The resume is the skeleton. The cover letter is connective tissue, muscle and fat that build up the skeleton." While your resume shows the basics–use your cover letter to convey your excitement about the position and show how you are a great fit. Be sure to use your resume to put a positive spin on a job requirement you may not live up to. If you're passionate about a job, don't give up in your cover letter. Be upfront that you'll need to grow your knowledge in the area–and communicate your enthusiasm to do so.
Job searching is hard work. Hopefully you can take these tidbits and put them to use. Happy hunting.
Categories: Job Searching, Professional Life


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