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Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994 (ICPSR 3355)
Version Date: Dec 5, 2014 View help for published
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s)
United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics
Version V8
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RECIDIVISM OF PRISONERS RELEASED IN 1994 is a database containing information on each of 38,624 sampled prisoners released from prisons in 15 states in 1994 and tracked for three years following their release. The majority of the database consists of information on each released prisoner's entire officially recorded criminal history (before and after the 1994 release). Sources for criminal history information are state and FBI automated RAP ("Records of Arrests and Prosecutions") sheets, which contain records of arrests, adjudications, and sentences. The study is the second major recidivism study conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The first study, RECIDIVISM AMONG RELEASED PRISONERS, 1983: [UNITED STATES] (ICPSR 8875), tracked over 16,000 prisoners released in 11 states in 1983 for three years. These two studies are the closest approximation to "national" recidivism studies in the United States. They are distinguished by their large sample size (over 16,000 released prisoners in the first study, 38,624 in the second), geographic breadth of coverage (11 states in the first study, 15 in the second), length of prospective tracking (three years from date of release in both studies), ability to track the movement of released prisoners across state boundaries (both studies), and multiple measures of recidivism (both studies). Demographic data include race, ethnicity, sex, and date of birth.
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Access to these BJS-sponsored data is restricted. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete a NACJD Restricted Data Use Agreement available from the ResearchDataGov website, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research.
Restricted Data Use Agreements available on the NACJD website are provided for reference only. Please visit the ResearchDataGov website to download the appropriate Restricted Data Use Agreement and submit your request. Once approved, data may be accessed from a requester secure site via ICPSR's secure download procedures.
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The following 15 state Departments of Corrections participated in the study: Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Virginia. These departments supplied Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) with information on each person released from prison in the state in 1994 (Note: Illinois releases are for fiscal year 1994 rather than calendar year 1994). These 15 states were chosen as a purposive sample, based on willingness to participate, the state's relative contribution to the overall national prison population, and the state's inclusion in the earlier study of recidivism conducted by BJS in 1983 (see ICPSR 8875). The 15 states supplied BJS with release records on 302,309 prisoners released in 1994, approximately two-thirds of all prisoners released in the nation. Using these records, the researchers drew a representative sample from each state, totaling 38,624 out of the 302,309 released prisoners, stratified by most serious conviction offense. More detailed information regarding sampling procedures can be found in the codebook that accompanies this data collection.
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Prisoners released during 1994 in the 15 states that the study covered. The 15 states account for about two-thirds of releases in the United States in a given year.
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Data Source View help for Data Source
FBI and state criminal history files, state Departments of Corrections
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- United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. ICPSR03355-v8. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2012-01-12. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR03355.v8
2014-12-05 A minor change is made to the codebook.
2012-01-12 For variable POTST, values for the state of New York were adjusted per the principal investigator.
2011-03-08 All parts are being moved to restricted access and will be available only using the restricted access procedures.
2009-02-09 Missing value codes were edited to correct for rounding and data entry errors.
2007-03-02 The principal investigator revised the data so that there are 4,834 cases instead of 4,824 for values that are less than or equal to 90 for variable DCDV.
2006-12-01 The principal investigator revised the description for variables RPRSD and RPRSITV in the codebook.
2003-08-27 The principal investigator recoded some values in variables DCDV, RPRSD, RPRSITV, and RELTYP.
2002-10-04 The principal investigator recoded some values (child victim age) in variable DCDV for 89 releases in the state of Virginia.
2002-09-25 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Created variable labels and/or value labels.
- Standardized missing values.
- Performed recodes and/or calculated derived variables.
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wrestlemania 29 is in the history books, and if everyone saw the same show last night (April 7), then there are sure to be millions (and millions) of people who'll debate the good, the bad and the ugly of yesterday's show. With the bill full of highly anticipated matches (CM Punk vs. The Undertaker, anyone?), Wrestlemania 29 saw the arrival of Fandango, the delay of Dolph Ziggler, and the redemption of John Cena. It has to be mentioned that the night had its pitfalls: no WWE divas wrestled on the card, Diddy was not welcomed by wrasslin' fans, and one match was left off the card altogether.
On the upside, the legendary Dead Man, The Undertaker, put his WrestleMania streak on the line against CM Punk. Undisputed, it was the match of the night, and everyone got their monies worth as one legend defended its legacy and another was etched in stone. And we all talked about it together in real-time.
As Monday Night Raw looms in the distance, we take a look at the best Twitter reactions over the course of the Show of Shows.


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In our website you can find the best wildlife removal in Lebanon GA that provides wildlife removal, damage repair, decontamination and exclusion work.
We ensure that we permanently help you get rid of any wildlife.
Whether it is your business or home, we can handle all wildlife problems in Lebanon GA.
We apply our massive experience and knowledge of wildlife management services to create the best solution for your human wildlife problems.
If you need help getting rid of raccoons, squirrels, birds or a mean mice infestations; we can help you.
We offer same day service, available 24/7 for emergency situations in your home.
If you are looking for an professional that can get the job done and provide you with a guarantee service, look no further.
We are a licensed and insured company with great reputation in our area.
Some of the Wildlife Removal Services we can help:
- Wildlife removal
- Permanent rodent control
- Humane wildlife trapping
- Damage repair and decontamination
- Exclusion
- Emergency wildlife removal
- Bat control
- Bird removal including pigeons and seaguls
- Attic clean up
- and more…
Every animal species is different and some of them can be very intelligent.
This can be pretty challenging for anybody to understand their behavior and be able to eliminate them from your home.
Not only their behavior is complex, it also changes from season to season.
Trying to figure them out can be very stressful. In top of that there are different licenses and states laws.
How our wildlife removal services Lebanon work:
- Site inspection of your property.
- Identify, select and execute the best wildlife solution for your problem.
- Decontaminate (if necessary) and implement exclusion work to ensure that the nuisance wildlife will not re-enter your home.
- We provide educational materials and coaching on best practices; this will ensure no further intrusions will occur in your property.
- We provide professional work. As such, we provide you with a guarantee on all work performed.
Animals we handle in Lebanon Georgia:
There are many different animals in our area that can cause problems.
We can help you with any critter that causes problems like racoons, squirrels, skunks, woodchucks/groundhogs, bats, rodents, snakes, birds, mice, etc. Don't know what's causing you issues, get in touch with us and we will inspect your home.
If you are looking for an expert, a company that can get the job done and provide you with a guarantee service, look no further.
We are a licensed and insured business with great reputation in our Lebanon GA 30146.
We don't handle feral cats or dogs. For domestic animals please call your local shelter or your city hall for more information.


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(NewsUSA) – The "fiscal cliff" was averted, but what does this mean to homeowners? The answer: a lot. The bill, signed into affect on Jan. 2, restricts tax rates from increasing and, among other things, reinstates and extends tax credits for qualifying energy-efficient home upgrades between Jan. 1, 2012 through Dec. 31, 2013. Homeowners can earn up to $500 in tax credits with the purchase and installation of qualifying products.
"Now is an ideal time to check off some of those home improvement 'to do' items," said Trey Hoffman, global product manager at Rinnai. "In addition to the tax break, homeowners reap the benefits of these energy-efficient upgrades for years, as these products can help reduce monthly utility bills."
What qualifies as an energy-efficient upgrade? All products must meet certain efficiency criteria to qualify. A licensed contractor, builder or remodeler can help homeowners select eligible products, such as:
* Insulation materials, which help keep a house warm in the winter and cool in the summer, qualify if they meet 2009 International Energy Conservation Code requirements. The credit value is 10 percent of insulation material cost.
* Exterior windows and skylights, if Energy Star-rated, can reduce homeowner energy bills seven to 15 percent. A 10 percent credit can be earned when homeowners select Energy Star-qualified windows.
* A Tankless Water Heater can save homeowners up to 40 percent on their monthly energy bills. Qualifying tankless water heaters, such as those manufactured by Rinnai, have an Energy Factor (EF) of at least .82. A $300 credit is available to homeowners opting for a more efficient way to heat water.
"Homeowners don't always have to sacrifice luxury, aesthetics and comfort when upgrading to energy-efficient products. This is especially the case with tankless water heaters," added Hoffman. "Tankless technology affords homeowners the ability to enjoy endless hot water, while saving energy. The product's long lifespan — nearly two decades — gives homeowners peace of mind knowing they've selected an energy-efficient product that will pay them back month after month for years to come."
What documentation is needed to earn the tax credit? Homeowners need to file IRS Form 5695 with their taxes. They also need to keep receipts proving when the equipment was purchased and a copy of the manufacturer's certification.
Accountants and tax advisors can provide additional guidance. For more info on receiving the tax credit for a tankless water heater, visit www.rinnai.us/tankless-tax-credit.


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Profiles of Marines killed in mortar shell explosion
A mortar shell explosion Monday at an Army depot in Hawthorne, Nev., killed seven Marines and injured eight other servicemen. Here are profiles of the victims:
Lance Cpl. Vanderwork, who was last deployed in 2011 to serve in the war in Afghanistan, was a native of Hickory, N.C. He joined the Marines in June 2010 and was promoted to his current rank by August 2011. He received several awards including the National Defense Service Medal.
Ripperda was a football player while he attended high school in Highland, Ill., near St. Louis. He was respectful and hardworking, according to Highland High School Assistant Principal Karen Gauen, and "definitely had the discipline for the military."
Ripperda had dreams of becoming a professional chef. His aunt, Beverly Lesicko, told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch he joined the Marines for a chance to explore the world. He was scheduled to come home in May.
Marine Lance Cpl. Taylor, who worked with mortars and served tours in Afghanistan and Kuwait, had dreamed being in the Corps since watching the History Channel as a boy. He joined right after graduating from a high school in Marietta, Ohio, in 2010.
Taylor's grandfather, Larry Stephens, said Taylor was engaged to be married, with a wedding planned for May.
His fiancee's father called him an exceptional person.
"You don't meet many young men like him today," Keith Malone told The Marietta Times. "He was respectful to everyone, very humble, just happy, happy all the time."
Taylor is also survived by three sisters and a brother.
Muchnick, who'd been in the Marines for about three years, had served in Afghanistan and was considering returning to college after his enlistment was up. He played high school lacrosse and football in Westport, Conn., and later played lacrosse at Eastern Connecticut State University, where he studied business.
In a biography on the university's website, Muchnick said the one thing he would like to do before he died was "live," and his most embarrassing moment was getting caught lip-synching in a school talent show.
"He was at the top of his game when this happened," said his grandfather, Jerome Muchnick. "You can't imagine losing a very handsome, 23-year-old grandson who was vital and loving."
Pfc. Martino, who hailed from Dubois, Pa., and was preparing for a deployment to Afghanistan, aspired to be a Marine since boyhood.
"Since he was probably 8 years old he wanted to be a Marine," said his mother, Karen Perry. "That's all he wanted to do."
Martino was a talkative former high school athlete and accomplished hunter who hoped to marry his fiancee later this year, Perry said.
His mother said she first heard a radio news report about the Monday accident, then three Marines arrived at her workplace to say her son was among the seven dead.
Lance Cpl. Wild joined the Marines shortly after graduating in 2010 from Severna Park High School near Annapolis, Md. His mother, Elizabeth Wild, said he was in a weapons platoon that was scheduled to deploy in November to Afghanistan. He already had been deployed twice to Afghanistan and once to Kuwait.
Wild said her son always wanted to go into the military, like his father, who is a command chief in the Air Force Reserve at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware.
Lance Cpl. Fenn, who was from Polk City, Fla., enlisted with the Marine Corps in June 2010. He was promoted to his current rank nine months later. Fenn, who served as a mortarman, received numerous accolades including a Combat Action Ribbon and National Defense Service Medal. He was last deployed in 2011 to Afghanistan.


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The holidays are a time for celebration, spending time with family, and reflecting on the good things that occurred during the year. The holidays can be hazardous for your pet though, so to make sure your holidays are cheerful, you should take some precautions. Decorations are commonly ingested by pets, especially dogs, so try to put them out of reach. Hang garland or other ornaments high enough the dogs can't jump to grab them. A trick to keep dogs away from the tree is to place the tree in a child's playpen or dog's exercise pen. Do not underestimate your dog's desire to eat items besides food. Dogs will eat anything. Dogs will eat plastic, fabric, glass, or metal and these foreign bodies can obstruct the intestine. If not surgically removed, the pet usually dies.
Tinsel is the most dangerous decoration as it actually cuts through the intestine when ingested and is hard to diagnose on radiographs (x-rays). Pets can easily die from eating this linear foreign body unless surgery is performed. Cats are the pet most likely to do this as they are prone to eating stringy items. Symptoms of foreign body ingestion are vomiting, lethargy, poor to no appetite, and poor water consumption. Many people with cats refuse to use tinsel in their home.
These holiday decorations often require power, so there may be extension cords or electric cords more accessible to the pets. Cats and dogs have been known to chew on these cords. This can cause symptoms ranging from burns to the tongue and lips to death from pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs causing difficulty breathing). A tip to help avoid this problem is to hide the cords in hard plastic PVC pipes where possible. Also you can paint a bitter tasting substance on the cords such as bitter apple to try to dissuade them from chewing on these dangerous wires.
Holiday time usually involves family dinners with rich food and relatives who may not understand that feeding the dog table food can cause severe problems. Veterinarians see many cases of pancreatitis in dogs around the holidays from eating meat or other fatty foods. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can be mild to severe. Symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea, a painful abdomen, lethargy and a lack of appetite. The treatment for pancreatitis is hospitalization with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.
Certain plants associated with the holidays can be toxic to pets. Poinsettias can cause irritation of the mouth and stomach to cats and dogs, but in general, their toxicity is over stated. Of more toxicity are holly and especially mistletoe in both dogs and cats. Holly can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and depression. Mistletoe is very toxic, causing vomiting and diarrhea, cardiovascular collapse, trouble breathing, low heart rate, and low blood pressure.
A great resource for inquiries of what is toxic, the degree of toxicity, and proper treatment, is the ASPCA Animal Poison Center. Veterinarians with specialties in toxicology are on staff 24 hours a day, seven days a week to answer your questions. Their phone number is 1-888-426-4435. There is no state or federal funding for this poison control center so there is a $60 charge payable by credit card. They also have a web site with good information: http://www.aspca.com. There are lists of poisonous plants, common human medications that cause toxicities when ingested by pets, and other important information.
Pets may drink water used for watering the Christmas tree. Many people use additives in the water to keep the tree fresh. These, in general, are of low toxicity, but the composition may vary according to the manufacturer. The label should be inspected before use to check on the potential injury to pets. These easy precautions can help prevent sick pets and ensure your family has a happy holiday season.


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Blog Archives
My training session at Business & Decision Tunisia about Asp.net MVC
During 4 days, I presented a training session for the .Net team in Business & Decision Tunisia about Asp.net MVC.
In this training we talked about:
- MVC as a design pattern the history and the utility
- Microsoft's approach in Asp.net MVC
- What's new in MVC 4
- Data Access in Asp.net MVC
- How to secure an Asp.net application
- Dependency Injection in Asp.net MVC
Slides :
Demos :
Using jQuery Mobile in an ASP.NET MVC 4 and SignalR Application
The recently released ASP.NET MVC 4 beta has enhanced mobile support through the introduction of new APIs and out of box support for jQuery Mobile. The Mobile web project template helps you develop targeted mobile web applications ground up.
MVC 4 also has a new 'View Switching' functionality that helps adding Mobile capabilities to an existing site in a very clean way. In this article, we will see how we can take an existing MVC 4 application that is built for the desktop browser only and add mobile views to it.
Download the non-mobile site's code from here and follow along to make it mobile enabled.
Starting off
If we run the code now in a mobile browser, we will see the following Home page. As we can see, this is just a 're-arranged' version of the desktop site. The following meta tag (in _Layout.cshtml) helps scale things to the smaller view port of the mobile device.
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
If we navigate to the 'Review' or 'Edit' pages, we will see due to the styles applied to the text area, the mobile views are warped. WP7 (Mango) emulator's IE and an iPhone's Safari render the 'Review' page as follows. Thus, dynamic views using CSS can only go so far.
Bringing in jQuery Mobile
Nuget has two packages for jQuery mobile
jQuery.mobile – Pulls in only the jQuery Mobile js and css dependencies.
jQuery.Mobile.MVC – Pulls in all jQuery.mobile and MVC4 goodies like adding the ViewSwitcherController, adding the _Layout.mobile.cshtml
Through the Package Manager Console let's install jQuery.Mobile.MVC. The following dependencies should get installed.
Patching a minor gotcha
Once you install jQuery mobile, since all the JavaScript's get downloaded in the Scripts folder due to the bundling and minification setup by default (in _layout.cshtml), the jquery.mobile behavior will kick in for certain components like buttons and text boxes in non-mobile sites too.
To fix this, we simply create a Mobile folder under Scripts folder and move the mobile related js into it.
Similarly for Content folder, create a mobile sub-folder and move the mobile related classes in it. Also copy the Content/images into Content/mobile/images.
Now open the _Layout.mobile.cshtml and change the references to point to the correct 'mobile' folder.
Getting the View Switcher in Action
With the mobile references in place, let's run the app and refresh our Mobile view. We will see a slightly different view. The original CSS has been stripped and we have a little heading that tells us that currently the Mobile View is being shown and we could toggle back to 'Desktop View' if we wanted. However rest of the page is pretty messed up.
Clicking on Desktop view at this point will throw an error saying ViewSwitcher controller not found. This is not the fault of MVC. It's our code that bombed. Remember we have a custom controller factory that creates Controllers as required. We have not added the ViewSwitcher controller in the BlogControllerFactory class.
With that piece of code in place, we can now switch between Desktop and Mobile views, except that the mobile view looks tad worse than the Desktop view.
Adding Mobile specific Views
To introduce specific mobile views that are custom made for mobile screens, MVC4 allows you to add views with a custom display mode by appending '.displaymode' to a view. We take advantage of this by adding Index.mobile view for the Index page. The '.mobile' display mode comes by default with the jQuery.Mobile.MVC package. Later we will see how we can target different mobile browsers differently.
We use the standard MVC scaffold tooling to generate a 'List' type view for our BlogPost model class.
Now when we view the application instead of the modified desktop view, we get a custom Mobile view.
If you click on the 'Desktop View', you will see the original desktop view which is also available at the same URL on your desktop browser.
Let's do a quick recap here, because what we've got here is the crux of mobile support in MVC.
We added jQuery.Mobile.MVC from Nuget
We added a custom view with a .mobile appended to the View's name
And just like that we now can have two different views for the exact same Action or URL.
Under the Covers
The MVC4 infrastructure has under the covers done quite a bit of work for us here. There is a new DisplayModeProvider that by default ships with two modes, desktop and mobile. For desktop it checks browser agent information to see if the browser is on a mobile device or desktop device. To pick up the mobile view it checks if a corresponding .mobile view exists and if it does, uses that view.
Unless you want to add your custom views the DisplayModeProvider stays out of the picture. We will see a sample of how to use DisplayModeProvider a little later. For now let's deep dive into jQuery mobile techniques to make our mobile views more attractive.
Enabling switching from Desktop to Mobile view on Desktop Browser
Now if you visit the application from the desktop browser you will not see a switch to mobile view link because no one really wants to see the mobile view on a desktop browser. But it is an awfully handy thing to do when debugging. To enable the view switcher in Desktop browser, open _ViewSwitcher.cshtml and in the first line's if(…) condition, remove 'Request.Browser.IsMobileDevice &&'. If we remove this we will see the view switcher in desktop browser as well.
Using jQuery.mobile
Since mobile views usually have lesser screen-space showing a table/grid layout isn't usually an effective presentation layout. Instead, we keep things at a minimal and try to get users to navigate in small steps.
For our home screen instead of showing Details, Edit, Review, Delete for each row we let user navigate to a 'Details' page where there will be additional controls to do the Edit, Review and Delete. The markup for the Index.mobile.cshtml is thus reduced to the following.
Understanding the Markup
– The '@section header'
The '@section header' markup encapsulates a section that is designated as the 'header' tag in HTML5.
–
@ViewBag.Title

Shows the title of the page.
–

This is the line where we first encounter jquery mobile custom attributes. Here 'data-role' is an attribute that indicates to jQuery how the content in the container should be rendered. 'data-icon' is an attribute that defines the icon to use on the button. The various types of icons are defined here. Through all our walkthrough we will see various custom attributes that add meta information that helps jquery render the UI.
The section in this div gets rendered as a button to the right of the header.
–

This section indicates to jQuery.mobile that this div is the container for content
–

The data-role="listview" indicates that jquery should apply special rendering for the list.
–
Current Posts

The first list time has the data-role of a list-divider. This makes the list item un-clickable and it gives it different visual cues.
– Using razor sytax we add the rest of the posts. To keep things short, we only show the post.Title property.
Now when we browse to the Index page on a mobile browser the page looks as follows
As we see above this is a standard and easy on eyes view that provides a clean way to invoke the 'Create' action (header button) and the 'Details' action (list item). Next we create a Details.mobile.cshtml to create the mobile view.
Adding a Mobile Details View
When the user clicks or taps on the list items we take them to a details page where they see the entire post and can do Edit/Delete/Review if required.
We start off with a standard MVC view called Details.mobile.cshtml
We then modify the markup to give it a 'mobile' look.
The final markup looks as follows:
– The header section has the data_icon attribute set to arrow-l (arrow left) and the data_rel attribute set to back. This means the button will mimic the browser back button and also the button is to the left of the header.
– The content section is standard
– I have used a List view here though we don't really have a list, I just used the list-divider rendering to give the post title a different look from the post content.
–

This tag encapsulates the post content while maintaining the linefeeds.
– Button Rendering
We have three buttons for three different actions. Each with a built-in icon.
The final UI looks as follows on a mobile browser
Now arguably that's not the best mobile UI by far, however we get an idea of how jQuery mobile helps us build a Mobile specific page.
Using similar markup we create the Review, Edit and Delete pages and when done they looks as follows:
Adding a view specifically for a Device
So far we have seen how we can add views that simply go by whether the browser is on a Mobile or Desktop device. What if we want to handle different devices separately; For example target WP7 separate from iOS? This is where we get DisplayModeProvider in the play.
We have to register a new DisplayMode in the Global.asax. To register the mode we have to give it a name and provide a condition that will help determine the device that we are targeting.
Let us say we want to add a special mode for iPhones only. The following code registers the new display mode
We are providing a lambda expression that checks the HttpContext's User Agent for the term iPhone, through do a case insensitive search. If the condition is satisfied the DisplayProvider will look for a view that ends with iphone.cshtml. Note we are inserting it at position 0 of all the modes so, this condition is evaluated first. If this condition fails the generic 'mobile' view kicks in which falls through to the generic view.
Adding an iPhone View
Just to test it out, we will add a Index view for the iphone that has two lines per list instead of the one line per list we have here.
Add a new Index view with the name Index.iphone.cshtml. The following markup adds two lines for each Post in the application.
There is nothing new from a markup perspective except that for each line item has two lines, one wrapped as header and another as a paragraph.
When we publish this code, it looks as follows on the iPhone:
The same page on Windows Phone (emulator) looks as follows
The same page on IE9 looks as follows
To see the app in action, visit the application from different devices at http://apps.sumitmaitra.com/funwithsignalr/
The best part is SignalR works across ALL these browsers. Isn't that cool?
We saw how we can use jQuery.Mobile.MVC package, that is a part of MVC4, leverages jQuery.mobile and HTML5 to create targeted views for each device. Best part is the routing is transparent so all devices are actually looking at the same URL.
We should use mobile views because
It helps us tailor views to specific devices
It helps reduce bandwidth usage over mobile devices by giving us option to remove un-necessary graphics from Mobile views.
Gives us the ability to build UI much closer to native mobile devices in look and behavior.
The only major 'con' of this approach is initial increase in effort for new views, however this is mostly mitigated in the long run because maintaining separate views usually means lesser 'cross-platform' hacks hence cleaner and easier to maintain markup.
With ASP.NET MVC 4, we are really looking at a very powerful framework that enables you to develop rich web applications for any target device (and audience).
The entire source code of this article can be downloaded over here


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text:
Any longtime reader of Ars will know that for years now we've seen case after case of what's come to be known as "sextortion."
It's a familiar script: boy chats up girl (or sometimes boy) online, hacks her or his e-mail, asks for or steals nude photos, and threatens the victim with the possibility of publicizing those photos, before eventually getting caught. In recent years, we've brought you these sordid tales from Mississippi, California, Michigan, and New Hampshire. They're all quite disturbing.
On Tuesday, yet another man from the Golden State was caught—Karen "Gary" Kazaryan, 27, who was arrested by the FBI. The Glendale man was indicted (PDF) last week on 30 total counts of "Extortion, Threatening Letters, False Personation, Identity Theft, and Contact by Electronic Communication with Intent to Annoy," as well as "knowingly and without lawful authority [possessing and using the] identification of other persons."
Specifically the indictment charges him with gaining unauthorized access to e-mail, Skype, and Facebook accounts of over 100 victims in California alone, and 250 more from other states.
A statement released today by the United States Attorney's Office for the Central District of California says Kazaryan faces a "statutory maximum penalty of 105 years in federal prison," if convicted on all counts.
At least three victims are now "fearful" of the Internet
Special Agent Tanith Rogers of the FBI—who has a long history of dealing with such sextortion cases—wrote the search warrant, which provides many horrifying details of the suspect's modus operandi.
In one such occasion, as described in the 40-page search warrant from 2011 (PDF)—unsealed for the first time on Tuesday—the suspect logged in fraudulently as user "L.A." and sent an instant message on Facebook to her friend, "A.M."
On this November 2010 evening, the faux L.A. asked A.M. to Skype chat with him, but after a while A.M. realized that this L.A. was not her actual friend. A.M. called L.A. by phone, who confirmed that she was not on Skype, and when A.M. confronted the suspect via Skype chat, he told A.M. that he had a topless photo of A.M.'s sister D.M. and another friend, M.O.
The search warrant describes this photo as showing D.M. and M.O. topless in a hot tub, "wearing thong-type underwear that exposed their buttocks."
The suspect then apparently changed the Skype profile image to show that he actually had the photo and demanded that A.M. and D.M. take off their tops and show him their breasts or he would post the photo on their Facebook walls. He gave them 10 seconds to comply.
When they did not, the suspect logged onto L.A.'s Facebook account, posted the photo, and alerted A.M. that he had done so.
"A.M. and D.M. were scared and felt threatened by the unknown subject," the warrant continues. "They were crying and both then showed their breasts to the unknown person on Skype. The unknown person said they did not show them for a long enough period of time and demanded that they do it again. The girls complied to his demand and he took the link to the photos off of their Facebook pages. The victim then logged immediately off of Skype."
As a result of their experience, Agent Rogers wrote that L.A., A.M., and M.O. have all shut down their Facebook accounts, changed their e-mail addresses, and "are fearful of using the Internet and computers."


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Rebuilding Together Tulsa
In 2008, Rebuilding Together Tulsa (RTT) introduced its Energy Efficiency program that, along with energy efficiency, incorporates broader green housing principles such as water efficiency, and indoor environmental health. This program provided 34 low-income homeowners with energy efficiency modifications, such as installing insulation, sealing air leaks, replacing doors and windows, installing CFLs, and replacing air filters. As a result, these 34 homeowners saved a total of over 80,000 kWh of electricity over the course of a year. This translates into an annual savings of approximately $188 on each homeowner's electricity bill, and a total of $6,400 in savings for low-income homeowners in Tulsa. As most RTT clients have an average annual income of $9,200, this $188 in utility bill savings represents 2% of their income, a significant savings for low-income families facing difficult financial decisions.
RTT Chief Executive Officer Jennifer Barcus-Schafer says of the program, "We are pleased to offer our clients modest energy efficiency repairs that make an impact on their home, their finances, and their lives." Each homeowner served by RTT receives a home- owner education packet and an analysis of other repairs that may be needed, including water efficiency repairs and repairs that affect indoor environmental health. RTT also has five certified lead-based paint renovators, to address indoor environmental health issues and ensure compliance with EPA lead regulations (see "Taking the Lead on Lead," p. 44).
RTT is an affiliate of the national affordable-housing nonprofit Rebuilding Together, Inc. This organization works to preserve affordable homeownership and revitalize communities through a network of more than 200 affiliates that provide rehabilitation services and critical repairs to the homes of low-income Americans at no cost to the homeowner. As economic pressure on low-income families grows, more and more families must choose between vital necessities and essential home repairs and modifications. Rebuilding Together seeks to help these homeowners stay safe and healthy in their own homes.
While the green movement has gained momentum in the past few years, Rebuilding Together affiliates have been utilizing green practices—and providing green home rehabilitation—since the organization was founded over 20 years ago. Rebuilding Together's Green Housing initiative is a national program that provides education and resources for affiliates to incorporate green housing principles into their core businesses. Rebuilding Together believes that home repair and rehabilitation are inherently green. Through the repairs that Rebuilding Together affiliates make, homeowners save money on utility bills, thrive in healthier and safer home environments, and are better able to afford other essential needs. Rebuilding Together has shown what green home rehabilitation means: a safe and healthy home that is affordable to live in and that improves the residents' quality of life.
RTT Makes One Home More Energy Efficient
The repairs done on the home of Mr. and Mrs. C and their family are a testament to the effectiveness of RTT's green housing work. RTT was able to address the immediate needs of this deserving family while also applying the principles of green building. The couple was at the cusp of retirement in February 2008 when Mr. C was injured on the job. Because of his injuries, Mr. C had to rely on Social Security to support his family, which includes three foster children. Mrs. C became a bus driver to help support her family and ensure that they could keep their foster children, who are siblings, together. Nevertheless, the family could not afford to make necessary repairs to their home. Their windows were in such poor condition that the family had to hang plastic and fabric to keep out the cold air, and the siding was rotting away, letting in air, moisture, and pests. Sadly, RTT notes that many low-income homeowners live in similar conditions, which is one reason why even modest energy efficiency repairs make such a big difference to these homeowners.
RTT secured funding for the project and began by having the family's roof replaced. It considers roof replacement an essential first step, as a roof in disrepair leaks, and leaks cause water damage in the home, leading to mold, rot, and poor indoor air quality. Light-colored shingles were used to reflect the sun and further increase efficiency. After the roof was complete, volunteers from RTT removed all the rotten siding and damaged wood from the exterior of the home and RTT installed Hardiplank with a Tyvek underlayment. RTT also installed three new energy-efficient windows, and two windows were removed and sided over. Attic insulation was blown in (R-30 or R-38), gaps and cracks were caulked, insulation gaskets were installed, new switch plates and plug plates were mounted, and all of the incandescent light bulbs were changed to CFLs. Upon completion of the work, the homeowners commented, "Our house already has a 10°F difference. That insulation helped a bunch." The observed difference was reflected in energy savings on the home's utility bills following the repairs. In total, these repairs saved the family 20% on their electric bills—a savings that will have a significant impact on this family's budget and the environment.
Strong Partnerships Increase Impact
RTT's green housing efforts are supported by a range of partnerships that have made the program a true success, and have enabled RTT to incorporate green-housing principles into more of its work. The organization recently signed a two-year contract with American Electric Power-Public Service Company of Oklahoma (AEP-PSO), the local electric utility, to incorporate energy-efficient repairs for homeowners into its work. This contract will have a value of over $350,000 in repairs and testing. RTT leverages this funding with the funds it has secured for roof replacement to ensure that the home will be as energy efficient as possible. Through this partnership, each home first receives roof work, if needed; energy-efficient repairs are made after that. The partnering of these two programs has significantly reduced clients' energy usage.
The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kWh of electricity per year. In the first year of the Energy Efficiency program, the 34 homeowners served by the program saved approximately 2,400 kWh per homeowner. These savings "mean a lot to our homeowners," says Barcus-Schafer. "Many times they have to make the tough choice between basic needs, like food and medication, and paying their high utility bills. These repairs keep the bills manageable for our clients. That is one less thing they need to worry about."
Planning to Save Resources
RTT takes a whole-house approach to green housing by incorporating energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental health, and homeowner education into its projects. Annually, RTT averages 150 home repairs, and each home receives one or more of these green housing features. RTT strives to meet the needs of each homeowner in a comprehensive way by addressing all of the green repairs at once. Over the past two years, RTT has created a neighborhood approach to better serve whole neighborhoods, increasing the impact of their services on the neighborhood and conserving resources. They then move to other neighborhoods and serve qualifying candidates in that neighborhood. This approach creates a true community impact where improvements to multiple homes in a neighborhood help to revitalize the area. In addition, this approach decreases administrative and project costs and allows RTT to consolidate efforts, resources, and volunteers. RTT seeks to continue to expand and improve its energy efficiency program to help more homeowners live in safe and healthy homes.
Amanda Walz is the program manager for Green Housing and Government Relations at Rebuilding Together's national headquarters in Washington, D.C.
For more information:
Contact the author at email@example.com.
To learn more about Rebuilding Togetherand find an affiliate near you, please visit www.rebuildingtogether.org or call (800)473-4229.
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Politicians who disavow political motives are playing politics
Pat Cunningham
In a speech about gun control last night in Hartford, Conn., President Obama said:
This is not about politics. This is about doing the right thing for all the families that are here that have been torn apart by gun violence. It's about them and all the families going forward, so we can prevent this from happening again….Every once in a while, we set politics aside, and we just do what's right.
While I agree with Obama's objectives in this matter, I think his disavowal of politics is pure poppycock. It's part and parcel of the widespread, but foolish, notion ...


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Georgia, Alabama meet for a shot at the national title
ATLANTA - The national championship could be decided with a dream matchup between two of college football's most storied programs: Notre Dame vs. Alabama.
Of course, Georgia might have something to say about that.
The third-ranked Bulldogs are eager to wake up some echoes of their own.
Coach Mark Richt's team will take on No. 2 Alabama in a Southeastern Conference title game that essentially serves as a national semifinal. The winner of today's contest at the Georgia Dome will surely land a spot against top-ranked Notre Dame in the BCS title game at Miami on Jan. 7.
While Alabama (11-1) is a seven-point favorite to remain on course for its third crown in four years, Georgia (11-1) wants to carve out its own legacy, something beyond the great teams of the early 1980s led by Herschel Walker.
"We respect and honor those guys that played ahead of us, but we really need to give the fans something else to talk about," linebacker Christian Robinson said. "If that's all we have to talk about, we must not be doing anything special."
Georgia won its only Associated Press national title in 1980, Walker's freshman year. The Bulldogs were in position to win another two years later, the running back's final season between the hedges, but Penn State knocked them off in the Sugar Bowl.
In an interesting twist, Walker announced this week that he'll soon be opening a restaurant in Athens after the first of the year.
By then, the Bulldogs hope they've cooked up another national title.
All those who've come along since Walker will be cheering on this team, including Denver Broncos cornerback Champ Bailey. He played at Georgia in the late '90s and planned to give the Bulldogs a pep talk by phone.
"We can't let this one slide," Bailey said. "This is one of those once-in-a-lifetime opportunities because I'm tired of people talking about Herschel Walker. That was 30-something years ago. There's been a lot of things happen between now and then, but no championships. That's why they still talk about him."
Indeed, even though Georgia finished No. 2 in the AP rankings in 2007, this is the best shot at finishing No. 1 since the Walker era. If the Bulldogs win the next two games, they're the champions.
Something to prove
"We're hungry," Robinson said. "We've got something to prove."
So does Alabama.
A year ago, the Crimson Tide didn't even make it to Atlanta for the SEC championship game - LSU won the Western Division - but Alabama got a do-over against the Tigers for the BCS title. Even with a resounding 21-0 victory, there are still those who think the Tide didn't deserve a second chance after losing to LSU in the regular season.
If Alabama beats Georgia and Notre Dame, no one can say the Tide didn't earn it, despite an upset loss to Johnny Manziel and Texas A&M.
"There is a lot more pressure, but that is what we like," running back Eddie Lacy said. "You come to Alabama to be in situations like this and play in games like this."
The SEC finalists are remarkably similar on paper.
- Georgia's Aaron Murray is the nation's top-rated passer, just ahead of Alabama's AJ McCarron.
- The Crimson Tide has a dynamic running back duo with Lacy (1,001 yards, 14 touchdowns) and freshman T.J. Yeldon (847 yards, 10 TDs). So does Georgia with a pair of freshmen, Todd Gurley (1,138 yards, 14 touchdowns) and Keith Marshall (720 yards, eight TDs.)
- Each squad has lost a couple of key receivers to injuries.
- Alabama leads the nation in points allowed (9.2 per game) and total defense (233.7 yards). Georgia has been just as stout since senior safety Shawn Williams called out his defensive teammates before a big game against Florida, accusing them on playing "soft." Over the last five weeks, the Bulldogs have surrendered just 43 points.
"This matchup is right on," Georgia receiver Tavarres King said. "These are two great teams, two physical teams, that get after it every Saturday. It should be a fun game."
Alabama has played in plenty of epic contests over the last five years, and coach Nick Saban is one of the best at preparing his players for these sort of pressure-packed settings.
In fact, from the way the Crimson Tide was talking all week, this is no big deal.
"Just another game," McCarron said. "That's the biggest thing everyone just needs to remember. Don't make the game bigger than what it is. Just another Saturday."
This is still rather new for the Bulldogs.
Over Murray's first two seasons as the starting quarterback, Georgia failed to beat a team in the Top 10. That streak continued in the only loss this season, a 35-7 blowout at South Carolina. But a 17-9 victory over then-No. 3 Florida propelled the Bulldogs to the top of the SEC East, and a favorable schedule helped keep them there.
"Before that Florida game, nobody thought we could win a big game," Robinson said. "Well, we did that. So we can mark that off and go on to something else - winning a championship."
This game will likely be decided in the trenches, especially by the performance of Georgia's young offensive line.
The Bulldogs have a sophomore at center (David Andrews) and a freshman at right tackle (John Theus), so they could have their hands full trying to control an Alabama front that is so dominating, not much blitzing is required to get pressure on the quarterback and clog up the running lanes.
But the Crimson Tide was exposed a bit in a last-minute win over LSU and the shocking loss to the Aggies, giving up more than 400 yards in each game. Georgia will be counting on Murray to finally come up big on the biggest stage, a goal that has eluded him during his record-breaking career in Athens. He was awful against South Carolina, completing just 11 of 31 for 109 yards. He threw three interceptions against Florida, but the defense bailed him out.
Showing how much this game meant, Murray - normally one of the most media-friendly players on the team - has done no interviews since a 42-10 win over Georgia Tech last weekend.
Alabama will have to keep an eye on Jarvis Jones, a terror in Georgia's 3-4 defense. Despite being nagged by injuries and missing two games, the junior linebacker has 10.5 sacks and 19.5 tackles behind the line of scrimmage. He is up for numerous national awards and perhaps has a chance to earn his way to New York for the Heisman ceremony if he comes up huge against the Crimson Tide.
"You certainly have to have a plan to try and help the players that have to block him, so hopefully he can't just get in one-on-one situations where it's a difficult circumstance for somebody," Saban said. "There have been games this year where he has made a phenomenal amount of plays, like sacks and causing fumbles. The guy is probably one of the best defensive players in the country in terms of his play-making ability."
Jones and his teammates want to show they match up well with a team such as Alabama.
And mess up that dream matchup in Miami, for good measure.
"All you hear is Bama this, Bama that," cornerback Damian Swann. "We know we're just as good as them, if not better."


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Birth Control in Flagstaff, AZ
Flagstaff Health Center offers the following birth control methods:
- birth control education
- birth control implant
- birth control patch
- birth control pill
- birth control shot
- birth control vaginal ring (NuvaRing)
- condom
- emergency contraception (morning-after pill)
- fertility awareness method
- IUD (hormonal)
- IUD (copper)
- outercourse and abstinence education
- safer sex education
Birth control services are available:
- during all business hours by appointment
Birth control pill refills are available during open business hours. At this health center you can come in for appointments that do not require a medical exam.
We do not provide childcare services. We request that you please make childcare arrangements.*
Here's what you need to know about birth control at this health center:
If required, you may have to schedule a Pap test or a breast exam before getting a hormonal birth control method.
Prices and Payment Information
Please contact this health center for birth control services pricing information.
There may be additional charges for lab and blood work.
Payment is expected at time of service unless other arrangements have been made.
Some birth control services may be covered by your insurance. If you want to use your insurance, please be sure to have your insurance information at the time of your visit.


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Difference between revisions of "Cost Analysis"
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Ceynowa, Klaus and André Coners. ''Cost Management for University Libraries.'' München: Saur, 2003. (IFLA Publications 104)
Ceynowa, Klaus and André Coners. ''Cost Management for University Libraries.'' München: Saur, 2003. (IFLA Publications 104)
Chao, Dolly. "Cost Comparisons Between Bibliographic Utilities and CD-ROM-Based Cataloging Systems." ''Library Hi Tech'' (Issue 27) 7:3 (1989) pp. 49-52. Although comparing older technologies, this article discusses the major cost areas to consider when selecting an automated system for '''cataloging'''. These are: purchase/one-time costs; ongoing costs; and staff resource costs. Sample worksheets are included for calculating costs in each of these areas for either a bibliographic utility or a CD-ROM-based cataloging system.
Chao, Dolly. "Cost Comparisons Between Bibliographic Utilities and CD-ROM-Based Cataloging Systems." ''Library Hi Tech'' (Issue 27) 7:3 (1989) pp. 49-52. Although comparing older technologies, this article discusses the major cost areas to consider when selecting an automated system for '''cataloging'''. These are: purchase/one-time costs; ongoing costs; and staff resource costs. Sample worksheets are included for calculating costs in each of these areas for either a bibliographic utility or a CD-ROM-based cataloging system.
Revision as of 14:30, 13 December 2012
A common question to ALA is "How much does it cost a library to ...?" And it doesn't matter if the task is "to catalog a book," or "to answer a reference question," or "maintain a serial title," the answer is always, "It depends on how your library is structured and what you include in the cost factors." This page collects various references to costing methodologies and studies.
In general, costs is one of those common questions for which there is no easy answer because each library is administered differently. It is also one of those areas where technology hasn't changed the basic process, though it has made certain aspects of gathering data easier. The subject of cost analysis has been addressed by a number of different committees within ALA over the years. It is also a common business function--and requires getting out your calculator, sharp pencils, and thinking skills.
In brief, what's entailed is determining what costs support a function (staff salaries and benefits, supplies, allocable building support costs, etc.) and over how many units of output (borrowing and lending transactions performed, for example) those costs can be applied to get the cost per transaction. In some cases the literature will report the ranges of costs found by different institutions, so that you can get a sense of whether your institution is "in the ballpark."
ALCTS Technical Services Costs Committee. "Guide to Cost Analysis of Acquisitions and Cataloging in Libraries." ALCTS Newsletter 2:5 (1991) pp. 49-52. The purpose of the Guide is to aid the user in arriving at a per unit cost for any acquisitions or cataloging function. Using pertinent budget and production statistics, plus the Guide to Cost Analysis of Acquisitions and Cataloging in Libraries table included in the article, the technical processing manager may arrive at a figure. Step-by-step instructions for using the Guide are included, as well as an extensive list of sample variables to be measured in technical services cost studies.
Berry, Louise. "The Library Shopper." The Bottom Line 3:4 (1989) pp. 31. In a small sidebar, the author reports per-book costs for cataloging in her library. She reports that: (1) a library technical assistant cataloging "children's books, fiction, and easy nonfiction" costs $1.76 per book; and (2) a department head doing "original and problem cataloging" costs $8.40 per book. Calculating methodology is not provided.
Boucher, Virginia. "Appendix EE" Interlibrary Loan Practices Handbook. Chicago: ALA, 1996. Presents a step-by-step process for figuring out the average cost of an interlibrary loan transaction. For information on the average cost for these transactions in academic and research libraries, as tracked by the Association for Research Libraries, most recently by Mary E. Jackson, the references on the the InterLibrary Loan page for a bibliography.
Dudden, Rosalind F. Using Benchmarking, Needs Assessment, Quality Improvement, Outcome Measurement, and Library Standards. New York, NY.: Neal-Schuman, 2007. This guide aims to explain the most important and popular assessment techniques in straight-forward language, and to use step-by-step instructions to teach the reader how to perform evaluation studies with skill and competence. Includes a CD-ROM.
Calvi, Elise, and Yvonne Carignan, Liz Dube, and Whitney Pape. Preservation Manager's Guide to Cost Analysis. Chicago: ALA, 2006. ISBN-13: 978-0-8389-8365-2 Real world examples to illustrate how and when to apply cost analysis methodologies in a preservation program. Includes work analysis, quantifying resources, impact analysis.
Ceynowa, Klaus and André Coners. Cost Management for University Libraries. München: Saur, 2003. (IFLA Publications 104)
Chambers, Joan. "Determining the Cost of An Interlibrary Loan in North American Research Libraries: Initial Study." 62nd IFLA General Conference - Conference Proceedings - August 25-31, 1996.
Chao, Dolly. "Cost Comparisons Between Bibliographic Utilities and CD-ROM-Based Cataloging Systems." Library Hi Tech (Issue 27) 7:3 (1989) pp. 49-52. Although comparing older technologies, this article discusses the major cost areas to consider when selecting an automated system for cataloging. These are: purchase/one-time costs; ongoing costs; and staff resource costs. Sample worksheets are included for calculating costs in each of these areas for either a bibliographic utility or a CD-ROM-based cataloging system.
Cooper, Michael D. "The Costs of Providing Electronic Journal Access and Printed Copies of Journals to University Users." Library Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 323-351. Six models for analyzing costs options for the University of California.
Crane, Lisa L. "Cost Factors in Digital Projects: A Model Useful in Other Applications," In Smallwood, Carol, ed. The Frugal Librarian: Thriving in Tough Economic Times (Chicago: ALA, 2011).
Daugherty, Richard M. "Costs" in Streamlining Library Services: What We Do, How Much Time It Takes, What It Costs, and How We Can Do It Better. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2008.
Eakin, Lori and Jeffrey Pomerantz. "Virtual Reference, Real Money: Modeling Costs in Virtual Reference Services." Portal: Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 9, no. 1 (2009), p. 133-164.
Franklin, Brinley. "Managing the Electronic Collection with Cost Per Use Data." Presentation at the 70th IFLA Conference and Council, August 22-27, 2004.
Harris, George D. "Historic Cataloging Costs, Issues, and Trends." Library Quarterly 59:1 (Jan. 1989) pp 1-21. The author looks at cataloging costs from 1876 to 1986. He conducted a 1986 survey of 179 of the largest academic libraries; he had 117 responses. For these libraries, the cost of copy cataloging was used in finding the average costs of 34 libraries. Other libraries gave a range of figures; with these, the author used the lower figure. For libraries that gave one figure for both monographs and serials into one figure, the highest figure was $53.00 and the lowest was $14.67. For libraries giving separate figures for monographs, the range was from $32.00 for original cataloging at one university to a low of $6.43 at another. The study found the average cataloging costs for 34 libraries as $17.17 and the median as $15.00. The author cautions readers that "'cataloging costs' means something different at every single library in the country."
Hirshon, Arnold and Barbara Winters. Outsourcing Technical Services: A How-to-do-it Manual for Librarians. New York: Neal-Schuman, 1995. In order to determine whether outsourcing a function is the right decision, it is necessary to analyze all relevant costs.
Intner, Sheila S. "Numerology 2: Technical Services Costs." Technicalities, Sept./Oct. 2005, Vol. 25, no. 5, p. 1, 10-12. Costing of library technical services in lay terms.
Jackson, Mary E. "Assessing ILL/DD Services Study: Initial Observations (PDF)." ARL, No. 230/231 (October/December 2003): 21-22. Update to "Measuring the Performance" article in the December 1997 issue (see citation below).
Jackson, Mary E. Measuring the Performance of Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery Services (PDF). ARL: A Bimonthly Newsletter of Research Library Issues and Actions Issue 195.(December 1997). Jackson found that on average, the unit cost to research libraries to borrow an item on interlibrary loan is $18.35, and the cost to lend an item is $9.48. Average borrowing turnaround time is 16 calendar days, the borrowing fill rate is 85%, and the lending fill rate is 58%.
Kantor, Paul B. "Library Cost Analysis," Library Trends (Fall 1989): 171-88.
Kingma, Bruce. The Economics of Information: A Guide to Economic and Cost-Benefit Analysis for Information Professionals. 2d ed. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 2001. This is a text-book treatment of economics as applied to examples in the field of library and information management, including publishing. There is a thorough discussion of fixed and variable costs, as well as marginal costs and cost/benefit analysis.
Kusack, James Michael. "Understanding and Controlling the Costs of Library Services." Library Administration & Management 16:3 (Summer 2002) pp. 151-155. Kusack reviews the reasons for preparing costs studies and provides a guide to using the resultant information of effective management decisions. His is a common-sense, narrative review of the steps involved in determining the costs of operations, services, or space.
Landesman, Margaret. "The Cost of Reference." Library Journal November 15, 2001, p. 8-10.
Leung, Shirley W. "Study of the Cataloging Costs at the University of California, Riverside." Technical Services Quarterly 5:1 (1987) pp 57-66. This study was conducted at one University. While the figures cited are specific to that University at one particular time, the model can by used by other libraries to determine their own costs. For 1984, this library's average costs for all levels of cataloging (per unit) were $14.65, for original cataloging $44.53, for variant cataloging $17.61, for copy offline cataloging $10.40, and for copy online cataloging $8.22.
McCain, C., et. al., Cataloging efficiency and effectiveness [time and cost data from 26 academic libraries]. Library Resources & Technical Services v.46, no. 1 (January 2002) p. 23-31
Montgomery, Carol Hansen and Donald W. King, "Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and Electronic Journal Collections: A First Step Towards a Comprehensive Analysis," D-Lib Magazine 8, no. 10 (October 2002)
Morris, Dilys E. "Staff Time and Costs for Cataloging." Library Resources & Technical Services 36:1 (Jan. 1992) pp. 79-95. Morris reports on the first three years of a longitudinal study begun in 1987 by the Iowa State University Library Technical Services Division. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in task times, staffing patterns, and personnel costs as automation was expanded. During sample weeks, technical services staff recorded the time worked according to defined tasks grouped within cost centers. Salary data was also recorded for the sample weeks. Results show the proportion of time spent at tasks, trends and changes over time, and per-title cataloging time and costs.
Oldfield, William R. "Cataloguing and Catalogue Maintenance: Functional Cost Allocation System." Technical Services Quarterly 5:2 (1987) pp 55-65. The author describes a functional cost-allocation system applicable to any university library through the identification of 11 generic cataloging functions. An annual unit cost for each function allows the rate of increase or decrease to be monitored.
Outsourcing Cataloging, Authority Work and Physical Processing: A Checklist of Considerations. Chicago: ALA, 1995. Among the points on the checklist is a thorough understanding of the costs.
Piorun, Mary, and Lisa A. Palmer. 2008. "Digitizing dissertations for an institutional repository: a process and cost analysis." Journal Of The Medical Library Association 96, no. 3: 223-229.
Poll, Roswitha. "Library Management with Cost Data." Presentation at the 70th IFLA General Conference and Council, August 22-27, 2004.
Riemer, John J. "Reality Check: ROI for Bibliographic Control." Technicalities, May/June 2011, v. 31, no. 3, p. 1, 6-9. See also Final Report of the Task Force on Cost/Value Assessment of Bibliographic Control' submitted to the Heads of Technical Services in Large Research Libraries Interest Group, June 18, 2010.
Saffady, William. "The Cost of Automated Cataloging Support: An Analysis and Comparison of Selected Products and Services." Library Technical Reports 25:4 (July-August 1989). This issue of LTR is primarily devoted to automated commercial cataloging products and services and their comparative costs. The author describes the major commercial products (i.e., bibliographic utilities, cataloging via online information services, CD-ROM cataloging systems, and microfiche and printed cataloging tools) and creates a model through which the costs of cataloging with these systems can be directly compared.
Smith, G. Stevenson. "Cost Concepts and Decision Making", Chapter 2 in Managerial Accounting for Libraries and Other Not-for-Profit Organizations, Second Ed. Chicago, ALA, 2002.
Snyder, Herbert and Elisabeth Davenport. Costing and Pricing in the Digital Age. A Practical Guide for Information Services. London: Library Association, 1997.
Wilson, Thomas C. "Purchasing and Total Cost Analysis," in his The Systems Librarian: Designing Roles, Defining Skills. Chicago, ALA, 2008, p. 105-121.


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Galva drive-in could use your vote; could save theater
Like small-town drive-in movie theater owners all across the U.S., Justin West is facing an uphill battle.
A push from you could really help him.
West, owner of Galva Autovue Drive-In Theatre, is showing films on his screens for the ninth year this summer. But unless he gets a monetary boost, it could be the theater's last year.
Hollywood is pushing for all theaters to convert from 35mm projection to digital movie projection. West said that over 80 percent of theaters in the U.S. have made the change. Most, though, are big-city theaters with revenue which can afford to make the switch.
"Like my little seasonal drive-in, the rest are still running 35mm film," he said. "However, the supply of such prints is expected to substantially diminish, if not disappear entirely by the end of 2013.
"If theaters do not convert, they will have no choice but to close. This will leave A LOT of small-town America 'culturally-challenged,' and, in the case of outdoor theaters, 'nostalgically-challenged.'"
West said the cost of converting to digital would be about $140,000 for his two-screen theater – $70,000 per screen. That's a huge chunk for a theater in his market size.
"When you consider that drive-ins in the northern U.S. climes typically run maybe four months out of the year (spring and summer) and that small-town locations may operate weekends-only during those four months, well . . . attempting to amortize such an expenditure is daunting at best," West said.
Simply put, without the funding to convert to digital projection, Galva Autovue will have to close.
The public can help West's chances by participating in a Honda America-sponsored contest going on now. In the contest, Honda will award digital projectors to the top five vote-getting drive-ins. Vote at www.projectdrivein.com or by texting to 444-999 with the message, "VOTE50." You can vote daily either online or by texting.
Voting ends Sept. 9.


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Sea of Poppies ranks higher on Amazon than any 2008 Man Booker Prize finalist except the winner, The White Tiger. Why didn't that award go to its author, Amitav Ghosh, an Indian-Begali resident of New York? A review in last weekend's Wall Street Journal argues that the book has serious defects:
"Sea of Poppies means to explore grand themes — colonialism, commerce and caste among them. But the novel falls short of the praise heaped on it, weighted down by the burden of Mr. Ghosh's sermonizing."
Reviewer Abheek Bhattacharya adds that the novel "is roped with enough storylines to rig a four-masted schooler and populated by so many characters that you need a manifest" to keep track of them:
"Mr. Ghosh has said that this novel is just the first in a trilogy on the British Opium Wars. Perhaps by the trilogy's end the tale will assume the coherence and fullness that its first installment lacks."
Read the full review at online.wsj.com/article/SB122429055763246745.html
© 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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Dancing's Aly Raisman: Hopefully My Butt Will Be an Advantage This Week
Len Goodman wants Aly Raisman to stick her butt in on Dancing with the Stars - but that won't happen this week. "It's Latin Night and we have the salsa, so you have to move your butt," she tells TVGuide.com. "Sorry, Len!" But butt-shaking isn't the only thing the Olympic champ is focused on this week. Find out what else she and Mark Ballas have planned.
Get the scoop on 39 must-see finales
How's the salsa going?
Aly Raisman: Good. I've been traveling this week, so it's been kind of crazy. We practiced until 12:15 a.m. Friday. But the salsa's going really well. I love these fast, fun dances, so I feel very good about it.
You said you really liked the samba and cha-cha. Is there anything you can take from those and apply here?
Raisman: Mostly just the performance aspect. I know I have to let myself go out there. But they're very different dances even if they might look slightly similar. I found myself doing the bouncing technique like in the samba, which is wrong in the salsa, so Mark's been really working with me on technique. I really want to nail the technique this week. I'm really happy with how I've been doing, but I want to do a clean routine. It's Week 7 and we're more than halfway done, so you want to step it up and show your improvement.
Is it a straightforward salsa?
Raisman: I don't know. [Laughs] Our routine is also very, very crazy! I laugh just thinking about it. We're going to dance like no one's watching.
So your butt will be sticking out.
Raisman: [Laughs] Yeah, so hopefully my butt will be an advantage this week!
Are you happy it's Latin Night and not Ballroom Night so you don't have to work on that this week?
Raisman: [Laughs] Sort of. Yeah, in the Latin dances, you have to use your butt. The more you shake it, the better. It's funny because in gymnastics, the judges would always tell me that my butt was sticking out too much too, so I thought it was funny that they gave me the same correction. The thing is, Mark said could feel my hips [in our foxtrot] so it was correct. But, you know, sometimes you can't really help it. There were also, like, 12,000 crystals on my ballgown, so that obviously added to the volume and weight. I loved the gown though.
Read Derek Hough's Dancing blog
And you guys won the team dance. How did that feel after your first rehearsal was a total bust?
Raisman: That was awesome. I think the Team Samba was my favorite dance this season so far. It was so much fun. We were all hysterically laughing the whole time. I love the '70s clothing. The guys' mustaches were hilarious! Mark is obsessed with his. I would've worn an afro, but they didn't have that much. I always knew it would come together at the end I totally trusted the pros. They are so creative. I watched Derek [Hough] with Shawn [Johnson] and Kellie [Pickler], and he's amazing. Mark is my partner, so I know what he's capable of. Sharna [Burgess]' done a fantastic job with Andy [Dick], and Peta [Murgatroyd]'s very creative. They had a lot of great ideas. It was just about finding the right one and honestly, I think we were all just tired the first night!
How did you feel about Victor [Ortiz] leaving?
Raisman: We all miss him. We miss everyone. He and Lindsay [Arnold] were really, really fun. They were so cute out there on the floor. We're all going to keep in touch with Victor and we're definitely going to go watch him fight. We'll do a victory dance after he wins!
There will be a dance-off on the results show for everyone except the top-scoring couple on Tuesday. What do you know about it? Are you nervous?
Raisman: I just know that the top scorer will be safe and there will be three dance styles - the cha-cha, jive and rumba. I'm a little nervous since the only style I've done from the three is the cha-cha, but I'm just trying to focus on the salsa right now.
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You were very emotional last week after the bombings in Boston. How are you doing this week?
Raisman: I'm definitely doing better this week. What Mark said to me really helped - do it for them and try to bring them joy. It's definitely motivating me. I want to do well for everyone back home and everyone in Boston who's been so amazing to me. I just want to thank them and tell them I love them. Last week was really tough because I was watching the news and trying to see if they caught the guy and was texting and calling all my friends. It was harder to focus, but I got through it. Mark was really helpful. I'm still obviously upset about it and always will be, but I'm feeling better this week.
The show's also spotlighting dance instructor Adrianne Haslet-Davis, who lost her foot in the bombing, this week, and you trained at her studio.
Raisman: Yeah. She's such an inspiration and is so positive. She says she will dance again and we all know she will. It will definitely be a very powerful and moving moment for sure. I can't wait to see it.
Dancing with the Stars airs Mondays at 8/7c on ABC.
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