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online reservation system in php mysql
Objective of Railway Ticket Reservation system
The objective and scope of my Project Railway Ticket Reservation system is to record the details various activities of user. It will simplifies the task and reduse the paper work. During implementation every user will be given appropriate training to suit their specific needs. Specific support will also be provided at key points within the academic calendar. Training will be provided on a timely basis, and you will be trained as the new is Railway Ticket Reservation system rolled out to your area of responsibility.
At the moment we are in the very early stages, so it is difficult to put a specific time on the training, but we will keep people informed as plans are developed.The system is very user friendly and it is anticipated that functions of the system will be easily accessed by administrators, academics, students and applicants.
Hence the management system for the College management has been designed to remove all the deficiency from which the present system is suffering and to ensure.
Abstract of Railway Ticket Reservation system
The client uses MS Excel, and maintains their records, however it is not possible them to share the data from multiple system in multi user environment, there is lot of duplicate work, and chance of mistake. When the records are changed they need to update each and every excel file. There is no option to find and print previous saved records. There is no security; any body can access any report and sensitive data, also no reports to summary report. This Railway Ticket Reservation system is used to overcome the entire problem which they are facing currently, and making complete atomization of manual system to computerized system.
The main limitation of the previous system of Railway Ticket Reservation system:
The existing system only provides text-based interface, which is not as user-friendly as Graphical user Interface.
Since the system is implemented in Manual, so the response is very slow.
The transactions are executed in off-line mode, hence on-line data capture and modification is not possible.
Off-line reports cannot be generated due to batch mode execution.
Hence, there is a need of reformation of the system with more advantages and flexibility. The Railway Ticket Reservation system eliminates most of the limitations of the existing software. It has the following objectives:
The main objective of Railway Ticket Reservation system is to enhance and upgrade the existing system by increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. The software improves the working methods by replacing the existing manual system with the computer-based system.
The Railway Ticket Reservation system automates each and every activity of the manual system and increases its throughput. Thus the response time of the system is very less and it works very fast.
The Railway Ticket Reservation system provides the uses a quick response with very accurate information regarding the users etc. Any details or system in an accurate manner, as and when required.
The software Railway Ticket Reservation system has a very user-friendly interface. Thus the users will feel very easy to work on it. The software provides accuracy along with a pleasant interface.Make the present manual system more interactive, speedy and user friendly.
The transaction reports of the system can be retried as and when required. Thus, there is no delay in the availability of any information, whatever needed, can be captured very quickly and easily.
Maintance Cost:
Reduce the cost of maintenance.
PROJECT CATEGORY: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
The project is entitled "Railway Ticket Reservation system",category "RDBMS". Hence before discussing any thing about the project Railway Ticket Reservation system, a brief disscussion of related basic concept is necessary.
As a software developer or as a programmer,we are expected to design and develope any program that works correctly, efficiently and the time is easy to be used by every person, who may or may not be well versed wiht computer and its capabilities.
The Project is based on the Railway Ticket Reservation system, Being the Information System it requires extensive use of some Data base Management System to store, manipulate and handle the huge and complex record, In RDBMS we can act various attributes with the database like editing the records, Modifications Deletions of the records, View the records in various formats, listing the database etc. Project can be categorized by their functioning and relation with their database and other tools can categorize project. Since this project has been developed based on the Relation Data Base Management System So Proposed system comes under RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) category, as there is need to store and manipulate a huge amount of data related to patients as per various queries.
SYSTEM DESIGN(Introduction)
The systems objectives outlined during the feasibility study serve as the basic from which the work of system design is initiated. Much of the activities involved at this stage is of technical nature requiring a certain degree of experience in designing systems, sound knowledge of computer related technology and through understanding of computers available in the market and the various facilities provided by the vendors. Nevertheless, a system cannot be designed in isolation without the active involvement of the user. The user has a vital role to play at this stage too. As we know that data collected during feasibility study wills we utilized systematically during the system design. It should, however be kept in mind that detailed study of the existing system is not necessarily over with the completion of the feasibility study. Depending on the plan of feasibility study, the level of detailed study will vary and the system design stage will also vary in the amount of investigation that still needs to be done. This investigation is generally an urgent activity during the system. Sometimes, but rarely, this investigation may form a separate stage between feasibility study and computer system design. Designing a new system is a creative process, which calls for logical as will as lateral thinking. The logical approach involves systematic moves towards the end product keeping in mind the capabilities of the personnel and the equipment at each decision making step. Lateral thought implies encompassing of ideas beyond the usual functions and equipment. This is to ensure that no efforts are being made to fit previous solutions into new situations.
System Design Considerations
The system design process is not a step-by-step adherence of clear procedures and guidelines. Though, certain clear procedures and guidelines have emerged in recent days,But still much of design work depends on knowledge and experience of the designer.When designer starts working on system design, he will face different type of problems. Many of these will be due to constraints imposed by the user or limitations of the hardware and software available in the market. Sometimes, it is difficult to enumerate the complexity of the problems and solutions there of since the variety of likely problems is so great and no solutions are exactly similar. However, following considerations should be kept in mind during the system designing phase:
Design Objectives
The primary objective of the design of course, is to deliver the requirements as specified in the feasibility reports. In general the following design objectives should be kept in mind.
The system must be stable and can be operated by people with average.
This involves accuracy, timeliness and comprehensiveness to the system output.
It is desirable to aim for a system with a minimum cost subject to the condition that it must satisfy all the requirements.
The system should be modifiable depending on the changing needs of the user. Such modifications should not entail extensive reconstructing or recreation of software. It should also be portable to different computer systems.
This is very important aspect of the design and should cover areas of hardware reliability, fall back procedures, physical security of data and provision for detection of fraud and abuse.
System design involves first logical design and then physical construction of the system. The logical design describes the structure and characteristics of features, like the outputs, inputs, files, database and procedures. The physical construction, which follows the logical design, produces actual program software, files and a working system.
Major System Design Activities
Several development activities are carried out during structured design. They are database design, implementation planning, system test preparation, system interface specification, and user documentation.
Database design
This activity deals with the design of the physical database. A key is to determine how the access paths art to be implemented.
Program design: In conjunction with database design is a decision on the programming language to be used and the flowcharting, coding, and debugging procedure prior to conversion. The operating system limits the programming languages that will run of the system.
System and program test preparation. Each aspect of the system has a separate test requirement. System testing is done after all programming and testing completed the test on system and program test requirements become a part of design specifications a prerequisite to implementation.
In contrast to the system testing is acceptance testing, which puts the system through a procedure design to convince the user that the proposed system will meet the stated requirements. Acceptance testing is technically similar to system testing but politically it is different.
Design Process
The computer system design process is an exercise of specifying how, the system will work. It is an iterative process, which is based on what the system will be do as shown in the feasibility report.Mainly, following five parts have been included in the system design process
Output Design
The starting point of the design process is the proper knowledge of system requirements which will normally be converted in terms of output.
Input Design
Once the output requirements have been finalized, the next step is to find out what data need to be made available to the system to produce the desired outputs. The basic documents in which these data are available need to be identified. If necessary, these documents may have to be revised or new documents may have to be introduced.
File Design
Once the input data is captured in the system, these may to be preserved either for a short or long period. These data will generally be stored in files in a logical manner. The designer will have to devise the techniques of storing and retrieving data from these files.
Procedure Design
This step involves specifications of how processing will be performed. In this, there are two aspects:
Computer Procedure
The computer procedure will specify what functions will be carried out on computer, what will be different programs and in what sequence the programs will be run.
Non-computer procedure
The non-computer procedure will specify the manual procedures for feeding input data, receiving outputs etc.
Control Design
The control design indicates necessary procedures which will ensure correctness of processing, accuracy of data, timely output etc. this will ensure that the system is functioning as per plan.
Development and Deployment Design
Major responsibilities include system Requirement Study, Preparing System Design Document, Preparing the Program (Form) Specs, Peer Review of the Specs, Implement Quality procedures as per the QMS Document, Documentation of SRS Revalidation & Design Documents, thorough grasping of the user functionality and applying, approving the same in the project, Developing, Testing & Debugging of Forms, User Training and Implementation of the module.
INPUT DESIGN(Introduction)
Once the analysis and design of the system has been done, it would be necessary to identify the data that are required to be processed to produce the outputs. Input is one of the most expensive phases of the operation of a computerized system and creates sometimes a major problem. Different type of problem with a system can usually be traced back to faulty input design method needless to say, therefore, that the input data are the lifeblood of a system and have to be analyzed and designed with utmost care and consideration. Input design features can ensure the reliability of the system and generate correct reports form the accurate data. The input design also determines whether the user can interact efficiently with the system.
Elements of Input Data
Inaccurate input data are the most common cause of errors in data processing. Errors entered by data entry operators can be controlled by input design. Input data are collected and organized into groups of similar data. Once identified, appropriate input media are selected for processing.
Input Data
The goal of designing input data is to make data entry as easy, logical and error free from errors as possible. In entering data, operators need to know the following:
The allocated space for each field.
Field sequence, which much match that in the source document.
The format in which data fields are entered for example, filling out the date field is required through the edited format mm/dd/yy.
When we approach input data design, we design the source document. Let us elaborate on each step.
Source Documents
Source data are captured initially on original paper or a source document. For example, a cheque written against an account is a source document. When it reaches the bank, it is encoded with special magnetic ink character recognition so that a reader that is part of the information system of the bank can process it. Therefore, source documents initiate a processing cycle as soon as they are entered into the system. Source documents may be entered into the system from punch cards, from diskettes, or even directly through the keyboard.
A source document should be logical and easy to understand. Each area in the form should be clearly identified and should specify for the user what to write and where to write it.A source document may or may not be retained in the proposed system. Thus, each source document may be evaluated in terms of.Its continued use in the proposed system,The extent of modification for the proposed system & Replacement by an alternative source document.
Input Design Guidelines
The design of input play very significant role in getting the correct output. It covers al phases of input from creation of initial data (original recording) to actual entering the data to the system for processing. The input design is the link that ties the information system into the world of its users. Some features of design may vary depending on whether the system is batch-oriented or on-line. Here, we will discuss the various objectives of input design. They focus on:
Controlling amount of input
Avoiding delay
Avoiding errors in data
Avoiding extra steps
Keeping the process simple
Each of the five objectives of input design is briefly discussed below:
Controlling Amount of Data
An effective design controls the quantity of data for input for the following reasons:
Firstly, data preparation and data entry operations depend on people. Since labor costs are high, the cost or preparing and entering data is also high. It is quite evident, then that reducing data requirements mean lowering costs through reduced labor expense.
Secondly, the input phase of computing can be slow process and take many times longer than that needed by computers to carry out their tasks. In fact, the computer itself may sit idle until data is prepared and input for processing. By reducing input requirements, the analyst will speed the entire process from data capture to processing to provide result to users.
Avoiding Delay
When processing is delayed owing to data preparation or data entry, the cause is called a bottleneck. Avoid bottlenecks when designing input should always be one of the objectives of the analyst.
Avoiding Errors in Data
The third objective deals with errors. In one sense, the rate at which errors occur is dependent on the quantity of data. Since the lower the amount of data is inputted, there are fewer opportunities for the error to occur.
Firstly, the analyst can reduce this number by reducing the volume of data dust must be entered for each transaction.
Secondly, the analyst can also affect error rates of an operation through design. The manner in which data must be entered can reduce the chance of errors.
Still, a third aspect of error control is the need to detect errors when they do occur. Checks and balances in the data entry programs, called input validation techniques, also detect errors input.
OUTPUT DESIGN (Introduction)
Presenting the data processed by a computer-based information system in an attractive and usable form has become very essential these days' success and acceptance of a system to some extent depends on good presentation. Therefore, system analyst must know fully how to design output report in an attractive way. Many new output devices are being introduced in the market because of recent development in computer technology. System analyst must be aware of these new technologies and try to use these new output devices if possible. Currently, excellent graphic displays are widely available. Speech output systems are also fast emerging.
There are three main reasons why outputs from the computer are required. They are:
For communication to the persons concerned.
For re-input to the computer for being connected with other data and further processing.
For permanent storage.
Types of Output:
Outputs of a system can take different forms. The most common are reports, displays on screen, printed forms etc. the outputs also vary in terms of their contents, type of stationery. Frequency and timing etc. besides, due consideration also need to be given as to who will use the output and for what purpose. All these points must be kept in mind while designing outputs so that the objectives of the system are met in the best possible way.
Outputs of a data-processing system can be placed into two categories:
Application Output
Operating Output
Application Output
These are the outputs desired out of the system to meet its objectives. These are of three types:
Output as a basis for decision-making. This type of output is generally required by management for decision-making purposes.
Output as a requirement to meet a functional objective. Invoices, Excise Gate Pass, Purchase Orders are the examples of such output.
Statutory outputs: All organization is required to produce a certain amount of reports and forms as required by law.
Operating Output
These outputs are mainly generated for use of EDP staff and give various indications as to how the system operates. System logs, error messages, status indicators etc. are the examples of such output. These types of output are not concerned for the users.
It may help collecting perfect management in details. In a very short time, the collection will be obvious, simple and sensible. It will help a person to know the management of passed year perfectly and vividly. It also helps in current all works relative to College. It will be also reduced the cost of collecting the management & collection procedure will go on smoothly.
The present project has been developed to meet the aspirations indicated in the modern age. An attempt has been made through this project to do all work ease & fast. It provide current add, Update, MoveNext, MovePrevious, MoveLast, Find & Delete all facilities to accomplish the desired objectives. The facility Include in this project and the suggested activities have been organized to impart knowledge & develop skill & attitude in the College official works.
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Macitentan (Opsumit®)
Treatments for Pulmonary Hypertension
Issued by PHA's Scientific Leadership Council. Information is based on the United States Food and Drug Administration drug labeling.
Last Updated Oct. 2016
Download & Print PDF
What is macitentan?
Macitentan is an oral medication classified as an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) which is approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 patients. The goal of this therapy is to slow progression of the disease. Progression of disease in the primary research study was defined as worsening symptoms with decreasing exercise capacity and need for additional medical therapy for PAH. The need for infused PAH therapy, hospitalization for PAH, lung transplantation and death were all indicators of disease progression. The research study showing the effectiveness of the medication included mostly patients with symptoms that were rated as WHO Functional Class II-III. Macitentan also reduced hospitalization for PAH. Macitentan was approved for PAH by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013.
How does macitentan work?
Macitentan works by blocking endothelin, a substance made by the body. Endothelin causes blood vessels to narrow (constrict). It also causes abnormal growth of the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels in the lungs. This narrowing increases the pressure required to push the blood through the lungs to get oxygen. By blocking the action of endothelin, macitentan decreases the pulmonary blood pressure. This delays disease progression.
How is macitentan given?
Macitentan is taken orally, with or without food. There is one FDA-approved dose which is a 10 mg tablet (white and round pill with a "10" on one side) once daily. The tablets should not be split, crushed or chewed.
How do patients obtain macitentan?
Macitentan is a limited distribution medication, which means it cannot be purchased at a local pharmacy. For women, macitentan must be prescribed by a physician through the OPSUMIT Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program because of the risk to embryo or fetus if the woman becomes pregnant (NOT ADVISED—See below). Men can receive macitentan without taking part in the OPSUMIT REMS Program, however, if they are not enrolled, they will not receive the first month of drug free of charge. Insurance approval must be obtained prior to starting therapy. OPSUMIT REMS will forward the request to an authorized specialty pharmacy. Macitentan is then sent to patients monthly by any of the following specialty pharmacies: Accredo Health Group Inc., CVS Specialty Pharmacy, Axium (Puerto Rico only) and WellCare (Exactus). It is anticipated that additional specialty pharmacies will be approved to provide macitentan in 2014.
Will insurance pay for macitentan?
It is expected that most health insurance plans will pay part of the cost of this medication. However, some plans still leave patients with a high out-of-pocket responsibility.
Depending on your insurance type, you may be eligible for assistance from the company that manufactures your therapy or from a non-profit charitable assistance organization. For more information visit www.PHAssociation.org/Help or call 301-565-3004.
What are the frequent side effects of macitentan?
Macitentan is generally well tolerated. The most frequent side effects are:
- Nasal inflammation (stuffy nose)
- Headache
- Anemia
- Bronchitis (irritation of the airways)
- Urinary tract infection
- Flu-like illness
Macitentan can cause serious birth defects if taken during pregnancy.
Liver problems can occur with ERAs like macitentan.
Low red blood cell levels can occur during the first weeks after starting therapy. In some cases, a blood transfusion may be needed, but this is not common.
Changes in sperm production may result in men taking macitentan, based on the effects of the medication that was observed in animals. Men taking macitentan should discuss this further with their health care provider.
Fluid retention is a known side effect of ERAs. It is important to notify your physician if you experience swelling or any other side effects. Treatment may be required including reducing salt and fluid in your diet, as well as a water pill (diuretic) to promote increased fluid removal through the kidneys.
How are side effects of macitentan monitored?
Because of the potential harm to the fetus, women of childbearing potential must have a pregnancy test before initiating therapy and subsequently on a monthly basis as long as a patient is receiving macitentan.
Liver problems can occur with ERAs like macitentan. Although monthly liver function tests (LFT) monitoring is not required while receiving macitentan treatment, it is important to test liver function at the outset of all treatments for PAH and, at your doctor's discretion, at periodic intervals thereafter. Macitentan should be stopped if the blood tests for liver enzymes (LFTs) are accompanied by signs and symptoms of abnormal liver function or injury or by an increased total bilirubin (another blood test for liver function) to more than 2 times normal. A physician will guide a patient in managing their liver enzymes if they become elevated. This may require that a patient stop the medication.
Red blood cell counts should be checked before initiation of macitentan therapy and periodically thereafter.
What are considerations for use of macitentan in special populations?
Macitentan should not be used in pregnancy. Macitentan has been shown to be harmful to the fetus in research studies of rats and rabbits.
Patients should not become pregnant while taking macitentan. Women must use acceptable methods of contraception when taking macitentan to prevent pregnancy. Patients may choose between one highly effective form of contraception such as intrauterine device (IUD), contraceptive implants, or tubal ligation or a combination of methods such as hormonal therapy with a barrier method or two barrier methods. If a partner's vasectomy is the chosen contraceptive method, then the patient must also use an additional method such as hormonal or barrier. In addition, a negative pregnancy test prior to the initiation of macitentan and monthly thereafter is required. If a patient becomes pregnant while taking macitentan, she should stop taking macitentan and immediately notify her doctor. It is not known whether macitentan passes into breast milk; therefore, nursing mothers should not take macitentan. Please refer to the package insert for additional information.
There has not been research to determine whether macitentan is safe or effective for children.
Macitentan is not recommended in patients with significant liver disease.
For patients with significant kidney disease, the dose of macitentan does not need to be changed.
Could a patient be allergic to macitentan?
This is possible but not likely.
What are important drug interactions with macitentan? (Please see package insert for full details)Macitentan blood levels may be increased if used with ketoconazole. The dosing should be adjusted by the doctor.
Ritonavir or ritonavir-containing combination drugs have not been studied but are likely to increase blood levels of macitentan similar to ketoconazole. The dosing should be adjusted by the doctor.
While there are changes in drug levels in the blood with combined use of sildenafil and
macitentan, the differences do not appear to be clinically important.
Macitentan does not appear to alter the effect of warfarin (Coumadin).
Patients should discuss with their physician what medications (including over the counter and herbal preparations) they are currently taking so that any potential or known drug-drug interactions can be avoided.
To view Conflict of Interest Disclosures for Members of the SLC, visit: Disclosures

subset: commoncrawl


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18 Quick Tips for Bathroom Storage
Organizing pays off
One of the smallest rooms in your house can also be one of the busiest--and most cluttered. But even an hour or two of organizing can help transform your bathroom into a more serene retreat.Click through our slides for ideas on stylish storage and easy organizing for bath necessities.
Clean out
The first step in taming your bathroom clutter: a thorough cleanout.-- Get rid of bath and shower items you haven't used in more than a month. -- Move extra items, such as duplicate bottles of shampoo or sample-size bottles of lotion, into a guest bath. -- Toss all expired medicines (check with your local waste-removal service for safe medicine disposal options).Your goal: A clean, sleek look like the one in the bathroom at left, where a tall built-in cabinet offers easy-to-reach storage between wall-hung sinks.
Contain counter clutter
Not sure which area to organize first? Try clearing off the sink and nearby countertop, a focal point in most baths.One storage solution for those who like to keep some everyday items on the counter: trays or baskets. You can simply lift the tray to clean rather than move individual items.
Corral all those necessities
Cluster similar items--makeup, medicines, toiletries--into easy-to-reach drawers or shelves and sort them with plastic or wire dividers. Depending on your budget, storage solutions can range from inexpensive drawer dividers to new or improved cabinetry.Removable drawers that can be put on the counter and then tucked away again are especially handy. At left, step-back shelves hang from a rollout rack and can be lifted out and toted where they're needed. The wire construction stands up well to moisture and lets damp items quickly dry.
Opt for pullouts
You'll love the time-saving aspect of drawers and bins that pull out in one easy motion. Pullout drawers and shelves help you avoid digging around in the dark--or buying things you already have but can't find.Even a narrow space can be put to work with a pullout, such as between or beside plumbing pipes. The pullout at left has rails to prevent items from falling off shelves while allowing easy visibility.
Make it easy to share a space
If several people share a bath, assign a bath drawer or shelf to each, and let each person be responsible for organizing personal supplies.In this bath, color-coded coordinating towels make it easy to sort linens by family member, while baskets provide quick, individualized pullout storage.
Tight on space? Look up!
If you need to add storage in a small bath, a tower-style shelving unit takes up only a smidgen of floor space and provides multiple shelves for stacking towels or stashing toiletries. Set bins or baskets on some of the shelves to house small items and eliminate a cluttered look.
Moveable storage fix
A small cart, woven basket or galvanized bin offers an inexpensive and versatile storage solution. The multishelf cart at left can hold a wide assortment of toiletries and grooming supplies. Selecting a cart on wheels makes it easy to move all your necessities from the tub to the shower or sink.
Shower storage
Skip the tub ledge for daily-use items. Instead, if you don't have built-in shelves, look for a shower caddie that hooks over the showerhead or can mount on the wall. This system, left, was designed to hang along a kitchen backsplash, but it works just as well in a bath.
Bigger storage answers
Adding a piece of freestanding furniture can give you lots of extra space without the expense of building new cabinets. A hutch or chest of drawers--vintage or new--holds an abundance of washcloths, bath towels and other accessories. Here, a repainted $75 floor cabinet from a flea market provides room to hide and organize bath clutter.
Tub cubbies
This bathroom uses the tub area for convenient storage. Rather than a tub surround with solid panels, create a surround composed of cubbies. Use these openings to store the things you use in the tub. Place stacks of folded towels on the shelves, as well as baskets and bins for soap, shampoo, conditioner and other bath supplies.
More bath bins
Tilt-out bins require only a sliver of space within this tub surround but are roomy enough for storing rolled or folded towels--right where they're needed most. Moldings give the drawer fronts the look of stationary recessed panels when the bins are closed.
Niche nooks
Gain storage without bulky cabinets by building shelves right into the wall between studs. Areas above the tub give you plenty of space for towels and accessories.
More places for storage
If you're considering remodeling part of your bath, look to spaces such as the area behind your toilet for cabinet potential, as in the bath at left.Other ideas, for a range of budgets:--Attach a fabric skirt to a freestanding or wall-hung sink using adhesive-back hook-and-loop tape. Store supplies behind the skirt. --Use organizing inserts to make the best use of your drawers and cabinets. Look for stackable trays that are designed to slip inside drawers and take advantage of the space, top to bottom. --Put the back of a door to use with hooks for robes or an extra rack for towels.--Install high shelving around the perimeter of the bath for towels or decorative objects.


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Moisture, Leaks, and Pressures in Mobile Homes
The first challenge is to determine whether the problem is moisture condensing in the ceiling, or a roof leak, or both. To find out, look for penetrations in surfaces.
March 02, 2006
Earn Building Performance Institute Continuing Education units after reading this Home Energy article!
Take the test and earn 0.5 CE unit per article.
A version of this article appears in the March/April 2006 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
The moisture problems I want to discuss here are not necessarily the ones that are caused by high relative humidity (RH), low air exchange rates, and/or high moisture output inside the home. The problems I will address in this article are caused by the condensation of moisture in wall cavities, in attics, in the spaces between windows and storm windows, and, to a lesser degree, in the belly space.With that said, however, high RH in the home will definitely contribute to moisture problems in cavities— and it should be addressed.
"Coffee stains" on a ceiling are an obvious sign that there is a moisture condensation or leak problem in the attic. Wall cavities with significant moisture will show signs of wood rot in the baseplate and the rim joists. In either situation, mold growth can be present, especially if the siding is sealed tight or caulked.
The first challenge is to determine whether the problem is moisture condensing in the ceiling, or a roof leak, or both.To find out, look for penetrations in surfaces. It can be as simple as this: If you see holes into the attic and wall cavities from the outside of the home, suspect leaks. If you see holes into attic and wall cavities from the inside of the home, suspect moisture problems. It is possible that you will find both.
Identifying Leaks in Various Locations
Some elements of mobile home roof construction are especially prone to leak.
Roof systems with screws that attach the metal roof to the heel plate—a 1 x 2, 2 x 2, 2 x 3, or 2 x 4 located on the top wall plate on the edge of the roof—can be a problem. Any screw that is put through the roof into a solid wood member, such as a truss, will cause a leak. Usually these screws were installed to stop the roof from chattering during high winds. Screws put into plywood plates under the metal roof surrounding a vent or flue will not leak as much as screws put through a metal roof into a solid truss.
Cracks that result from metal fatigue are leak spots.These are generally found near the edge of the roof and are caused by wind or excessive walking on a roof. If the metal roof has wrinkles in it, look for stress fractures.
Leaks along seams in a metal roof are common. Severe rusting of the roof will also cause leaks. Broken mushroom vents that cover plumbing stacks are also good candidates for leakage.
The area around a bathroom vent can exhibit the same visual characteristics as a roof leak or a moisture condensation problem, but the problem can be more obvious than that. It's not unusual for a bathroom fan to be vented directly into an attic or to have a detached flex duct. Venting to the outside and fixing any leaks in the flex duct will solve the problem.
For wall leaks, look for visible penetrations in the siding or for leakage from the J-channel or the rain gutter area.
If you find none of these telltale signs of leaks, the coffee stains, rotting structure, or mold growth may be caused by a moisture and pressure problem.
Moisture, Pressures, and Condensation
Three things are necessary for moisture to become a problem in an attic or wall cavity.These things are pressure, a hole, and a condensing surface.All three can be present in mobile homes. Certain mobile home furnace closet designs will increase the chance of there being condensation problems.
These furnace closets are divided into two categories: open and enclosed. An open furnace closet is one in which the furnace is visible from the hallway; it does not have a door with a grille on it. When the fan comes on, it draws its return air directly from the hallway. It only slightly depressurizes the immediately surrounding area.
An enclosed furnace closet is one in which the furnace has its own room. To see the furnace, you must first open a door. With this construction, the furnace closet will become severely negatively pressurized when the furnace fan is activated. Any cavity with a bypass leading into the furnace closet will become negatively pressurized as well.
To understand how moisture is forced into the attic or wall cavities, you must understand the action that a furnace fan can have on the ductwork, the attic and wall cavity, and the interior of the mobile home. The furnace fan can act like a blower door. When the fan is activated, it can either pressurize or depressurize certain areas, depending on whether it is drawing outside air into the furnace closet (from a penetration in that closet), or forcing air out of the mobile home through holes in the ductwork.
Five scenarios demonstrate how furnace fan pressure can affect not only moisture in cavities, but also furnace efficiency and comfort.
1. Mobile homes with holes in the ductwork.
When there are holes in the ductwork, the main body of the mobile home will become depressurized.The furnace fan will have the same effect as a blower door in exhaust configuration.The duct leaks to the outdoors can add up to a significant supply leak, creating an overall negative pressure within the living space.
A major consequence of this scenario will be backdrafting of any atmospheric appliance in the pressure zone.This can include the water heater, if a bypass from the water heater to the main body of the house exists. Furnace efficiency will be reduced as the cold air is drawn into the negatively pressurized structure. This scenario will not usually cause cavity moisture problems, since the cold air will dry the home as it is brought in. But in hot and humid cooling climates, the flow of moist outside air into the building envelope can lead to condensation.
To test for this scenario, check the pressure from the house to the outside with the furnace air handler on, making sure to account for the baseline pressure. You would like to see 0 to -1 Pa. Use the pressure pan to test each floor register and seal all leaks in the ductwork to achieve the proper pressure reading. Don't forget to do a pressure pan reading on the furnace plenum—it is the largest duct connection in the system, with the hottest air and the highest pressure.This is easily accomplished by sealing the grates and any cracks on the blower compartment panel of the furnace itself, and depressurizing the mobile home to -50 Pa. Then take a reading by inserting a probe into the blower compartment— the closer it is to 0 Pa, the better. Be sure that there aren't any makeup air slots in the furnace cabinet, since this will cause a high negative pressure. Seal any air leakage if the plenum is easily accessible from the inside. If it is accessible only from the crawlspace, -3 Pa is the action level.
2. The interior doors are not undercut enough to allow proper air return to the furnace.
This scenario is most commonly found in mobile homes where the belly cold air return system (CARS) was eliminated by insulating the belly and installing a return air grate on the furnace door. These interior doors generally extend very close to the floor and do not allow air flow back to the main body of the house, which creates a high positive pressure in rooms with the door shut. This actively forces warm, moist air into the wall, attic, and window cavities, creating condensation and moisture problems.
Use the room-to-room pressure test with the air handler on to check for this scenario.Activate the furnace blower and take a pressure reading between the room and the main body of the home with the door closed. The acceptable reading should be +3 Pa or less. If you encounter a high pressure, undercut the door or add a grate between the room and the main body of the house.This will allow air to flow back to the furnace.
3. The "enclosed" furnace closet has major penetrations in the floor or ceiling that allow the air handler to draw outside air into the furnace closet.
These penetrations are usually cutouts around the flue,makeup air vents, or holes in the floor for piping. When the air handler is activated, it sucks cold outside air into the furnace closet. This positively pressurizes the structure; forces warm, moist air into the wall, attic,and window cavities; and creates condensation and moisture problems in those cavities. The bigger the penetrations in the closet, the higher the positive pressure and the bigger the problems.
A visual inspection of the furnace closet will reveal any penetrations that need to be sealed. Use a blower door to check for penetrations behind the furnace that cannot be seen. Another test for this scenario is to check the pressure from the house to outside with the furnace air handler on, making sure to account for the baseline pressure. You want to see this reading close to 0 Pa.
4. The "enclosed" furnace closet has a major penetration in the ceiling and the roof is relatively tight to the outside.
This scenario allows the air handler to negatively pressurize the attic area, which in turn will draw warm, moist room air into the attic via plumbing chase ways in the walls or any penetrations in the ceiling. Once this air is drawn into the attic, it will condense during the winter months and freeze. Many times when we walk on the roof of a mobile home with this scenario,we can hear and feel the ice cracking under the roof.This happens when the foam core gets saturated with moisture.When the temperature warms up a bit, this ice will melt and leak onto the ceiling.
To test for this scenario, turn on the furnace air handler and take a pressure reading by inserting a pressure probe into the attic space from the main body of the house. The door to the furnace closet should be closed. If there is a negative reading of greater than -1 Pa, there can be a leak to the attic. Don't forget that leaks in the ductwork also can cause negative pressures.You should also conduct a visual inspection for penetrations.
To alleviate this problem, seal all penetrations between the furnace closet and the attic.
5. There are penetrations in the enclosed furnace closet between the attic and the belly, and the duct system leaks.
With this scenario, air is brought into the furnace closet and is forced out the ductwork.The home will stay relatively pressure neutral, depending on the size and location of the penetrations involved. We do not generally see moisture problems in these homes.
Finally, remember that if a home has no moisture problem before weatherization, we can cause one if we do not address all the pressure problems. If we just do a partial weatherization,we run the risk of leaving the home worse than we found it.
Bellies and Moisture
Generally speaking, we do not see moisture condensation problems in belly areas. Most of the deterioration of the rodent barrier is caused by water leaks from pipes and drains, or by the plumber cutting holes in the barrier to thaw pipes. I'll save the pipe freezing discussion for another time. However, just for the record, belly insulation done correctly will not cause pipes to freeze.
Now back to the rodent barrier. Some deterioration may be caused by leakage from the wall edge into the belly, especially if the skirting is not correctly installed.
If the crawlspace has a high level of ground moisture, the belly should be insulated, and the skirting should be vented or intentionally left somewhat leaky. In most cases, ground cover vapor barriers do more for crew comfort during the belly patching work than they do to stop moisture problems in the belly! Ground cover vapor barriers can't do any harm. However,my experience has shown that in most cases it's a waste to spend time and money on something that does absolutely no good. In my opinion, there should be a clear reason for laying a moisture barrier; it's not an everyday prescriptive measure.
Eliminate the Pressure Differences and Eliminate the Problem
The good news is that if we do our air sealing, duct sealing, and conductive heat loss insulation measures—insulate walls, attics, and bellies—we will alleviate the potential for moisture problems by eliminating pressure differences and stopping air flow into cavities. If we insulate the wall and attic cavities correctly, with blown fiberglass insulation to an approximate density of 1.6 lb/ft3,we reduce or stop the air flow into and through these cavities. So if you implement a complete mobile home weatherization program, not only do you save energy, but you also cure or stop moisture problems in mobile homes. For years, many agencies in the Dakotas, Colorado, Montana, and other states have been accomplishing just that with a complete mobile home weatherization program.
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Your Brain and Morality
Posted by The Situationist Staff on April 2, 2007
William Saletan of Slate has a thought-provoking piece on how activity in brain's ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which is associated with social-emotional responses, indicates to what extent one will regard a belief or action as moral or immoral. Saletan's piece is based on a fascinating study published in last week's issue of Nature on how damage to the prefrontal cortex has been found to make one more "utilitarian," or more caluclated in logic and less cognizant of the emotional and social implications of one's decision-making. We have excerpted portions of Saletan's piece below.
* * *
Imagine that killers have invaded your neighborhood. They're in your house, and you and your neighbors are hiding in the cellar. Your baby starts to cry. If you had to press your hand over the baby's face till it stopped fighting—if you had to smother it to save everyone else—would you do it?
If you're normal, you wouldn't, according to a study published last week in Nature. But if part of your brain were damaged—the ventromedial prefrontal cortex—you would. In the study, people were given hypothetical dilemmas: Would you throw a fatally injured person off a lifeboat to save everyone else? Would you kill a healthy hostage? Most normal people said no. Most people with VMPC damage said yes.
It's easy to dismiss the damaged people as freaks. But the study isn't really about them. It's about us. Neuroscience is discovering that the brain isn't a single organ. It's an assembly of modules that sometimes cooperate and sometimes compete. If you often feel as though two parts of your brain are fighting it out, that's because, in fact, they are.
Some of those fights are about morality. Maybe abortion grosses you out, but you'd rather keep it safe and legal. Or maybe homosexuality sounds icky, but you figure it's nobody's business. Emotion tells you one thing; reason tells you another. Often, the reasoning side makes calculations: Letting old people die is tragic, but medical dollars are better spent on saving kids. Throwing the wounded guy off the lifeboat feels bad, but if it will save everyone else, do it.
What's moral, in the new world, is what's normal, natural, necessary, and neurologically fit.
The catch is that what's normal, natural, necessary, and neurologically fit can change. In fact, it has been changing throughout history. As our ancestors adapted from small, kin-based groups toward elaborate nation-states, the brain evolved from reflexive emotions toward the abstract reasoning power that gave birth, in this millennium, to utilitarianism. The full story is a lot more complicated, but that's the rough outline.
And evolution doesn't stop here. Look around you. The world of touch, tribe, and taboo is fading. Acceptance of homosexuality is spreading at an amazing pace. Trade is supplanting war. Democracy and communications technology are forcing governments to promote the general welfare. Utilitarians welcome these changes, and so do I. But utility unchecked can become a monster. The Internet is liberating us from visual and physical contact. Economic globalization is crushing resistance to the bottom line. Companies are sending employees to get cheap medical care abroad. Brokers are buying organs in slums. In a utilitarian world, you do what it takes. It's all about helping people.
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2 Responses to "Your Brain and Morality"
April 3, 2007 at 4:22 am
[…] The good folks at The Situationist point to the Slate article as […]
November 27, 2007 at 12:05 am
[…] For the rest of the article, click here. For a related Situationist post, see "Your Brain and Morality." […]


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UPLAND – The City Council on Monday approved new employment contracts that include concessions offered by employees to help alleviate pressure on the city's budget.
The council approved the contracts with all seven employee groups, representing the city's 277 employees, who have agreed to pay their portion of their pensions, saving the city about $1.3 million annually when fully implemented.
"It's very difficult to give up something you have and I think what you really did was show a ton of good will to the residents of the community to help stabilize the financial situation we have," Councilman Glenn Bozar told employees Monday.
Some of the employee groups have agreed to begin paying their full pension beginning July 1, while the general and mid-management employee groups will tier their pensions and will be paying their full share in 2014.
Executive management employees, department heads and the city manager, agreed to pay their portion of their pensions in July 2012.
"In essence, they all agreed in some form to pay that pension cost," said Stephanie Mendenhall, the city's administrative services director.
All current employee contracts will expire in June.
The new contracts are through June 30, 2015 and also include changes required by the California Public Employees' Pension Reform Act of 2013, which raised the retirement age and lowered the amount of pension employees are eligible for upon retirement.
"Upland's city employees have taken action to protect the services provided to the citizens of the city of Upland," said Bob Blough, general manager of the San Bernardino Public Employees Association which represents Upland's general and mid-management employees.
"They are proud to be employees of the city, and look forward to the future improvement of Upland's economic condition. We will closely monitor the city's handling of this new opportunity for the future."
In November the City Council gave City Manager Stephen Dunn approval to look into several ways to reduce costs to the city, including asking employee groups to make concessions.
Dunn's recommendations also included looking into outsourcing public safety services as well as contracting out other city services with the goal of freeing up money in the annual budget.
Since all of the city's employees have agreed to the concessions, outsourcing public safety has been taken off the table.
"We came to you as a body in late November and told you that this was very unusual time for the city and that it was a time that we all had to work together to save our city," said Councilman Brendan Brandt to the employees on Monday. "You just didn't give that lip service. You knew we had a deadline that we had to get these done."
Upland firefighters are already paying 5.8 percent of their pension contribution.
In October, fire and police unions approached the city with an offer to pay their full pension in return for a contract extension.
The City Council rejected the offer because agreeing to the extension would have prevented them from considering outsourcing.
"Obviously this has been a long, challenging process for the whole city and our biggest concern during this whole process was the overall safety for the citizens," said Michael Carney, president of the Upland Firefighters Association.
"Even though our department has dealt with a lot of challenges over the past few years, we were able to come through once again and help the city and continue to provide a high level of service to our citizens."
Some employee groups made other changes to their contracts:
The city's general employees who do not have health coverage with the city will have an option to cash out $300 of their cafeteria benefit.
The Upland firefighters have agreed to allow the city to reduce minimum staffing requirements on up to 45 shifts from 12 association members to 11, which will expire in June 30, 2016.
Upland police captains who use less than 40 hours of sick leave per year will be allowed to request to cash out 20 hours of sick leave. They will not be required to deposit the 60 hours annually from the vacation buy-back program into their retirement health savings account.
Upland police officers will also be allowed to cash out 20 hours of sick leave if they use less than 40 hours per year. Officers who have used at least 40 hours of accrued vacation per year may also request to cash out up to 40 hours.
Reach Sandra via email, call her at 909-483-8555, or find her on Twitter @UplandNow.


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Adults and kids alike can benefit from the boost in self-confidence that comes from having a great-looking smile with beautifully aligned teeth. Orthodontic treatment can even improve chewing, speaking and oral hygiene in certain cases. And with today's virtually invisible orthodontic appliances, it's possible to keep your treatment a private matter… until your new smile is unveiled, of course! Read more about Orthodontics.
It's never too early to get your child started on the path toward a lifetime of good oral health, and there are many services to do exactly that. Monitoring your child's dental growth and development, and preventing and intercepting dental diseases along the way, is the primary focus of pediatric dentistry. Read more about Pediatric Dentistry.
If you want to keep your teeth for life — a completely reasonable goal in this day and age — you need to make sure the tissues that surround them are also healthy. Should gum problems arise, you may need periodontal therapy to restore diseased tissues to health. Read more about Periodontal Therapy.
In the field of dentistry, new technology is constantly changing the way diseases are diagnosed, routine procedures are performed, and illnesses are prevented. Although they may seem unfamiliar at first, new and improved dental technologies offer plenty of real benefits for patients. Read more about Technology.
Your first appointment is an exciting time! It's a chance for you to learn about the treatments and services that can help give you the best smile possible. It all starts with the initial consultation.
You should plan to spend at least an hour at the first visit. That's to ensure that no one has to rush, and that you get plenty of time to ask any questions you may have. You will meet one of the receptionists or patient coordinators, who will take some information from you and bring you through the office. Then it's time for some diagnostic work and an exam.
A big part of the first visit is to determine what treatment is necessary to correct any problems found — and whether to begin now, or wait until a later time. The procedure starts by taking a set of regular photographs of the teeth in their present state. Next, a series of radiographic (X-ray) images will be taken. These show what's going on underneath the gums: the position and growth of bones and joints, and the teeth that are still below the gum line.
In some cases, an impression (mold) of the teeth is also taken to create an exact replica of the bite. This helps reveal exactly what the problem is and how best to treat it. The impression is made by biting down on some soft putty-like material for a few moments; then it's removed.
After that, it's time for the exam. Besides looking in the mouth, we you may be asked questions, such as whether the jaws make noise when the mouth is opening or closing, or if there are any problems chewing or swallowing. Taken together, this information will yield a proper diagnosis so a treatment plan can be finalized at the first visit.
Following the exam, you may be told that things are just fine — or, treatment may be recommended. It might begin right away or at a later time, depending on the developmental stage of the teeth and jaws. Many times, you'll be advised to return for periodic checkups until it's time to start.
Whether you're starting now or later, the first visit is the best time to ask questions about the process. Topics to discuss include treatment choices, what to expect at the different stages of the process, and any of the following:
When you leave the office, you should have a better understanding of how you can get the best possible smile.
Early Orthodontic Evaluation Early detection of orthodontic problems in young children may make it easier to correct those problems in the long run. Waiting until all of the permanent (adult) teeth have come in, or until facial growth is nearly complete, may make correction of some problems more difficult or even impossible. An early childhood orthodontic evaluation can yield excellent results... Read Article
The Magic of Orthodontics Proper alignment of the teeth is basic to "Smile Design." Their position dictates how they work together and affects the way you look and smile. Only orthodontic treatment can move teeth into the right position. Simply put, when things look right, they probably are right. Learn the basics of smile analysis and design and whether the magic of orthodontics will work for you... Read Article


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Tripp Road bridge replacement moves forward
HILLSDALE — The Hillsdale County Road Commission continued preparation for the repair of the Tripp Road bridge, discussing the project during Thursday's meeting.
Stanley Clingerman, Hillsdale County Road Commission engineer-manager, said there has been questions about the possibility of endangered mussels in the streambed.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources has issued an Endangered Species Permit authorizing the capture, temporary possession and relocation of state listed mussels if they are found before construction. Before the project can begin the road commission is waiting for the federal government to authorize acquisition of easements.
Clingerman said he is hoping to have easements and final plans and proposals done be the end of March for the June 7 bid letting process.
If all of the permits are acquired the project could begin in July and be finished up by the end of fall.
During the meeting the board approved a resolution supporting four applications for the 2016 local bridge program. Those bridges included Litchfield Road over Sand Creek, Montgomery Road over west branch St. Joseph of Maumee River, Hartley Road over east branch St. Joseph of Maumee River and Lake Pleasant Road over Beebe Creek.
Clingerman said the first two bridges on the list are the worst two bridges and need attention as soon as possible. He is also looking at acquiring information, design proposals to replace the superstructure of the two bridges. Design proposals from consulting engineering firms are due by April 19.
The proposals are a back-up plan to rehabilitate those bridges using STP funds. The county hasn't been successful in getting the bridges replaced with local bridge funds in the past.
"Those two bridges are a hindrance to traffic we need to get them fixed," Clingerman said.
The board also opened bids for three new one-ton dump trucks to replace three 1997-1998 trucks. The bid for the trucks were awarded to Stillwell Ford and the bid for equipping the truck with a dump bed went to Knapheide Truck Equipment out of Flint. The low bid for the truck was $20,915 and the low bid for equipping the truck $6,480 a piece.
Clingerman said both bids are under what was budgeted for replacement.
Looking ahead to spring and summer, the road commission will be looking to hire laborers and people to help mow along the county roads. The board approved wages of $9 for laborers and $9.50 for mowers Labors will help with seal coating on the county roads.
"We have a few vacancies this year," he said.
The Spring bid letting was also scheduled:
• March 21 — state park lawn mowing and two backhoe trailers
• April 4 — corrugated plastic and steel pipe and corrugated steel pipe arches
• April 18 — asphalt mixes and resurfacing


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In Dan Reid, we find the connection that bridges two iconic series. As the nephew and trusted companion of The Lone Ranger, he was a young boy in the wild west, doing his part to ensure justice on the frontier. As the father of billionaire playboy Britt Reid (alias The Green Hornet), he discovers that his son has been secretly carrying on the family tradition.
This collector's set of Dan Reid adventures includes the origin story of The Lone Ranger, the classic 1942 story arc introducing Dan as the Ranger's nephew, some of Dan's more memorable western adventures, and the earliest installments in The Green Hornet story arc that memorializes the family ties. For fans of both The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet, these critical chapters of their shared history make for exciting listening.
Includes a Program Guide by Martin Grams, Jr.
Episodes Include: The Lone Ranger: Pico Gonzales (The Last Bullet) 02-05-47, Heading North 12-14-42; Design For Murder 12-16-42, Rope's End 12-18-42; Law Of The Apex 12-21-42, Dan's Strange Behavior 12-23-42; A Nephew Is Found 12-25-42, Dan Finds Crime 09-06-43; Mal Nugent (Rustler's Return) 09-08-43, Bolivar & Hacksaw 03-08-44; Tricky 08-23-44, Frank, Luke Brady (North Star) 05-20-46; Mort Pierce (Cigars and Ashes) 08-06-54, The Green Hornet: Exposed 10-28-47; Graft Crosses A Bridge 11-04-47, Too Hot To Handle 11-11-47
Please note: This CD-R product is manufactured on demand using recordable media. This allows us to make a wider range of series and episodes available.


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Let us say that a sentence is periphrastic if and only if there is a single word in that sentence such that we can remove the word and the result (i) is grammatical, and (ii) has the same truth value as the original sentence. For example:
[1] Roy murdered someone.
is periphrastic, since it is equivalent to:
[2] Roy murdered.
Thus, a sentence is not periphrastic if, for any word in the sentence, the result of removing the word is not grammatical, or the result of removing that word has a different truth value.
It should be noted that I am introducing "periphrastic" as a technical term here, and its use as defined above is different from (but connected to) its meaning in everyday English (further, the meaning here is significantly different from its technical meaning in grammar).
The notion of a sentence being periphrastic in this sense is simple, and at first glance we might think that we will always be able to determine whether a sentence is periphrastic merely by checking all of the sentences that can be obtained by removing one word. But like many other simple notions such as truth and knowability, it leads to puzzles – in this case, puzzles very similar to the truth-teller:
This sentence is true.
Consider the following sentence:
[3] I am periphrastic.
(We assume here that "I" is an informal way for a sentence to refer to itself).
Now, [3] is either periphrastic or not. But there seems to be no way to determine which it is.
If [3] is periphrastic, then there must be some word that we can remove from [3] such that the result is grammatical and true (since if [3] is periphrastic then, since that is what it says, it is true). The only way to remove a single word from [3] and obtain a grammatical result is:
[4] I am.
This sentence states that [4] exists, and is clearly true. Thus, the claim that [3] is periphrastic (and hence true) is completely consistent.
If [3] is not periphrastic, however, then the result of removing any word must either be ungrammatical or true (since [3] says that it is periphrastic, and thus in this case [3] is false). But, again, the only way to remove a single word from [3] and obtain a grammatical result is again [4], which is true. Thus, the claim that [3] is not periphrastic (and hence false) is completely consistent.
There would seem to be no other evidence that could settle the matter. Thus, even though it is obvious that [3] is either periphrastic or it is not, determining which seems impossible.
Interestingly, although most notions that allow for the construction of a truth-teller type puzzle also admit of a Liar-like paradoxical construction, I have failed to find an example of a paradoxical sentence that involves the idea of sentences being periphrastic. The obvious candidate to look at is:
[5] I am not periphrastic.
But there is nothing paradoxical about [5] – it is perfectly consistent to assume that [5] is false, and hence (contrary to what it says) periphrastic, since:
[6] I am not.
is a sentence obtained from [5] via the deletion of a single word that then has the same truth value as [5] – they are both false.
Perhaps my readers can do better. Is there a clearly paradoxical sentence that can be constructed using the notion of a sentence being periphrastic?
Featured image: Pieces Of The Puzzle by Hans. Public domain via Pixabay.


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Solid wood framed, 3D bathymetric (underwater topographic map) chart carved in Baltic Birch wood. Intricate detail is carved in relief and laser etched creating a unique print & accurate work of art. The textured finishing techniques bring out the natural wooden grain of the Baltic Birch. This nautical work of art is an excellent gift and addition to any decor.
Scroll over image to see all detailed features on map. See additional images for close-ups.
Wood frame, ready to hang
Crystal clear Plexiglas
Approximate weight: 8 lbs
Learn more about 3D Nautical Wood Maps


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Are goats trying to take over the world? Just ask WWSB reporter Linda Carson and see more evidence on the RidicuList.
Post by: Anderson Cooper
Filed under: 360° Radar
I once saw a goat tied to a tire inside a three board fence. I watched this goat climb between the first and second boards and then pull the tire through! Free!
god is angry at the goats for screaming at me, just kidding, god is a figment of people faith, they dont consider the fact that a man wrote the bible, and another man excuse for enslaving men and woman was to make people christian, or you can say he wanted control over there minds to control there actions, either way the way i put it is say this god exist, then this ultimately means he is a slave master even in death, think about it logically, you will never be free, he will have control, just look at the devil, he cant have a opinion without being thrown out of heaven, at least he got the good deal and slave master of hell, but critic him and he not going to give you up to god, this so called god and devil are icons of slave masters, with sides of good and evil, i rather be a democrat or republican then sale or give my soul away and be a slave of either good or bad for eternity, so people stop the non logical thinking and live life and stop violating people on the street that leaves you alone... "LIFE POWER"... and stop saying black power, its offensive, okkk, its ok im african american, and one more thing do what ever you want and dont hender yourself with purpose just do whats rights and if you wanna kick rock do it, just dont kick it to me and respect others, p.s., im bored
Monday morning. Oh so needed that laugh!
The screaming "goat" is actually a sheep.
Seeing you giggle, Anderson, is funnier than the funny things you show us. Another great one!
Anderson Cooper goes beyond the headlines to tell stories from many points of view, so you can make up your own mind about the news. Tune in weeknights at 8 and 10 ET on CNN.
Questions or comments? Send an email
Want to know more? Go behind the scenes with AC361°


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Anderson Cooper tells the story of a little girl who found herself in big trouble because of an overdue book. The ordeal lands on the RidicuList.
Post by: Anderson Cooper
Filed under: The RidicuList
I understand how this is portrayed with the police officer comming to the house to get overdue libary books. after what sounded like several attempts to contact the people with overdue books why cant the libary send someone to resolve tthis. it could have been anything as simple as a phonenumber that was not updated at the libary, i doubt that the officer had any intention other than asking the people if they knew that they had some outstanding books and left it at that. i know that police have better things to do on a day to day basis they chase down lidary books, but the police dept. did agree to do this so what is the big deal.
Please lose the Ridiculist or at least make it interesting. It is too long and frankly boring.
Anderson Cooper goes beyond the headlines to tell stories from many points of view, so you can make up your own mind about the news. Tune in weeknights at 8 and 10 ET on CNN.
Questions or comments? Send an email
Want to know more? Go behind the scenes with AC361°


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GH Wood Design Specializes in Fine Furniture and Extraordinary Interiors for Your Living Space
GH Wood Design Specializes in Fine Furniture and Extraordinary Interiors for Your Living Space
Servicing San Diego to Santa Barbara for Over 35 Years
GH Wood Design is a full service Interior Design firm and Custom Furniture & Cabinetry manufacturer. Since it was established in 1981, GH Wood Design has been manufacturing all its custom pieces locally. We have been cultivating a loyal residential and commercial clientele from Arcadia for the past 35 years. Its dedication to its clients, quality products and innovative designs set it apart from other design firms and contractors.
Custom Cabinets in Arcadia for Over 35 Years
Our StoryGH Wood Design was started in 1981. In the beginning, our family-owned shop started off as a small cabinet store. Even then, we were well known for our dedication to providing our customers with unique, quality pieces of furniture. As the years went by, our business began to change. Later we expanded our offerings to include design and remodeling services. Over time, we also extended our showroom to include a wider variety of custom furniture.
Today, our business looks very different than it did in 1981. What started out as a humble custom cabinet shop has transformed into the established design company we are today. Although we have grown considerably over the years, we are still proudly a family owned and operated business. Our company has come to be known as one of the top design firms in Southern California. We've been honored by several industry awards and have a long list of dedicated clients who continue to turn to us for their design needs time and again.
We are so grateful for our long-term clients who continue to use our services and refer their friends and family to GH Wood Design. We are dedicated to continuously maintain our high standards for quality furnishings and top-tier service. We know that our clients have many design firms to choose from for their residential and commercial interior design needs. That's why we treat each and every design project with utmost care and attention to detail. We believe always going above and beyond for our clients is the best way to maintain the great reputation we've worked so hard to earn in our industry.
Arcadia Interior DesignAt GH Wood Design, we believe that a great interior design job begins with understanding our client. When you work with one of our in-house interior designers, you can rest knowing that the end result of your project will be something that is truly customized to your unique aesthetic and lifestyle. We go the extra mile to get to know our clients and where they pull their own design inspiration from. In addition, we want to know as much as we can about how you plan to utilize your space because design is nothing if it's not functional as well. Our designers are masters when it comes to crafting unique spaces that are perfectly suited to each individual we work with.
Taking on an interior design project can be a very daunting task. There are many decisions to be made from furnishings to finishes. A few of our clients come in with a very specific direction of what they want out of their interior design project, while others aren't so sure. Whatever the case, our design experts are here to help you turn your vision, big or small, into a reality. With years of experience under our belts, we can take your smallest piece of design inspiration and help you turn it into a clear concept that will wow you for years to come.
Whether you're looking to revamp a single space in your home, or if you looking to take on a complete home or office redesign, no job is too big or too small for our committed design team. Upon contacting our office, you will be invited to visit us in our showroom for a private consultation. This is where we will get to know you and what your hopes and expectations are for your design projects. If you have samples of anything that has inspired you or details you would like to see in your design project, feel free to bring them in and share them with our design team.
After your meeting, your designer will get to work on putting a bid together for your project based on your budget. We understand that every client's budget is different. Your design professional at GH Wood will never push you into going over a budget you're comfortable with. In fact, we will do everything in our power to incorporate everything you want into your design project using your set budget. We are often able to make recommendations on areas where you can splurge and where you can afford to cut back to help you stay within your desired design budget. And while sometimes we do have to recommend certain compromises, of course we will always try to incorporate as many items on your wishlist in your final design as possible.
After you've had the opportunity to review and approve your project estimate, it's time for the fun part! During the product selection process, we will guide you through your options for color schemes, furniture, and all of the small details that will make up your new design. This can often be simultaneously the most enjoyable and the most overwhelming part of the design process for our clients. For that reason, our expert designers will take special care to present you with the perfect components that will fit in your overall vision.
Once the construction phase begins, rest assured that your dedicated interior decorator will keep you informed about any details concerning the project schedule including deliveries, installment dates, and which when subcontractors will be working in your home. We are committed to keeping our clients up to date on all the details about their design project, however, you can trust that your interior designer is making sure everything is running smoothly at all times. Once the project is complete, your designer will do a final walk-through with you to make sure that you are thrilled with every detail of your project.
We stand by our work and are never satisfied until our clients are happy with their new space. Contact us today to learn more about our design services and to schedule your free consultation.
Residential & Commercial Remodeling ArcadiaAt GH Wood Design, we are more than just the top interior designers in Arcadia. In addition to interior design, we also offer complete commercial and home remodel services as well. From custom kitchens to beautiful bathrooms, we can help you transform your home into.
Our remodeling firm specializes in supplying clients with high-quality custom cabinets, designers stone counters, designer flooring, and more. All of our cabinetry and stone fabrications are custom-made at our manufacturing facility. Our craftsmen take special care to make sure each piece is made with our high-quality specifications in mind. Unlike other interior remodelers, we don't ever push one-size-fits-all wholesale cabinets on our clients. Instead, your residential interior design will feature pieces that are truly customized for your home. Contact our office to speak to one of our home remodeling experts about all of our services.
For our commercial clients. We offer interior remodeling along with our commercial interior design services. We service all types of industries including: Commercial Offices: Let our interior remodelers help you enhance your workspace with custom cabinetry and workstations, updated electrical components, lighting, and more. Once our remodeling staff has set the foundation for your space, our commercial interior designers can step in and add the design components that will make your office a place that your employees will look forward to stepping into day after day.
Hospitality: Our dedicated hotel interior designer can help you improve the look of your hotel. With our remodeling services, we are able to offer complete redesigns of your reception, bar areas, and restaurants. Our in-house contractors will take care of any flooring, plumbing, and electrical upgrades, while our hotel interior decorator will see to your updated furniture, furnishings, and other small details.
Custom FurnitureAlthough we've become distinguished for our design services, at GH Wood, we've never forgotten that our roots started in quality furniture. Today, our showroom is full of samples of high-quality custom furniture that you won't find anywhere else. Because all of our furniture is custom made, our clients have a variety of finishes to choose from that enables them to create a piece that is certainly unique to their aesthetic. Once you've chosen the details for your custom furniture piece, our experts craftsmen will get to work creating your order at our Glendora manufacturing facility. Our furniture is created with the utmost attention to detail. We take pride in providing our clients with only the highest quality of custom furniture. That's why so many of our clients return to us again and again for their custom furniture needs.
Visit Our ShowroomIf you're new to GH Wood Design, or if you're a past client looking for a new piece for your home or office, we encourage you to visit our showroom to see everything we have to offer. Here, one of our knowledgeable design associates can help you with anything you need from selecting a single piece of custom furniture to planning a complete interior design in your home or office. Come experience for yourself what makes GH Wood Design so different from other firms. We have proudly been serving Arcadia for over thirty-five years and look forward to serving you on your next design project. If you're looking for high end interior design or custom cabinetry, look no further than GH Wood Design.
View our Gallery or Contact Us today for more information or to request an estimate.