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When I worked on Michigan Avenue, in downtown Chicago, we'd frequently go across the street to Nordstrom for lunch. I know it's rude, but I've always poked fun at one-dish people – you know, the people who go to a restaurant and always order the same dish time after time (but, yes, Melissa, I love you anyway). However, the Chinese Chicken Salad at Cafe Nordstrom is so very, very good that I order it every single time.
I've created my own gluten-free version. I feel funny calling it Chinese Chicken Salad, since there's nothing Chinese about it, except the inclusion of bok choy (a Chinese cabbage) and a dressing made with rice vinegar, sesame oil and soy sauce.
BTW, in case you didn't know, soy sauce is a hidden source of gluten, since it is fermented with wheat. In fact, some soy sauces contain 50 percent wheat. Instead of soy sauce, I use San-J Wheat-Free Tamari, which is certified gluten-free by the Gluten-Free Certification Organization. La Choy Soy Sauce is also gluten-free, though I'm not fond of some of its ingredients: hydrolyzed soy protein, corn syrup and caramel color.
This colorful salad is a great take-along dish for picnics and barbecues, and it makes a satisfying, no-cook summertime meal. For ease of preparation, I use rotisserie chicken, though you could grill a chicken breast and dice it. Most rotisserie chickens are gluten-free, but check the ingredients to be sure.
My kids will actually eat this green salad. The sweet mandarin oranges, crunchy almonds and abundant veggies camouflage the chicken sufficiently for my chicken-hating older daughter.
As a fun variation, I've added gluten-free chow mein noodles that I bought at Passover (I doubt you'd be able to find them now). Add them tableside, as you serve each portion, or else they'll quickly turn into soggy strips.
Chinese Chicken Salad
(gluten-free, meat)
By Gluten-Free Nosh
printable recipe
Salad Ingredients:
- 10 ounces (about 1 head) romaine hearts, chopped or torn into bite-size pieces
3 ribs bok choy, sliced crosswise
2 cups diced cooked chicken
1 red pepper, julienned
1 yellow pepper, julienned
1 cucumber, peeled, quartered lengthwise, seeded, and sliced crosswise
1 cup shredded carrots
1 (15-ounce) can mandarin oranges, drained
1/3 cup slivered almonds, toasted
6 sprigs cilantro leaves, chopped
½ cup gluten-free chow mein noodles
Note: To make preparation easier, buy cooked rotisserie chicken, a seedless cucumber and packaged shredded carrots.
Dressing Ingredients:
- 1/4 cup rice vinegar or apple cider vinegar
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
2 tablespoons wheat-free tamari sauce
1 tablespoon fresh ginger, peeled and grated
2 teaspoons sugar
2 teaspoons sesame oil
1/8 teaspoon black pepper
- 1. Combine all dressing ingredients in a cruet, shaking to combine. (Or place all dressing ingredients in a bowl and whisk to combine.)2. Place romaine and bok choy in large salad bowl. Add chicken, red pepper, yellow pepper, cucumber, carrots, mandarin oranges, almonds and cilantro, and toss to combine.3. Pour about 1/3 cup of dressing on the salad, so that dressing clings to the leaves but does not puddle in the bottom of the salad bowl. Toss well.
4. Add gluten-free chow mein noodles to each individual serving plate immediately prior to serving.
Yield: 4 entrée-sized servings


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I recently read two blog posts that inspired this post.
The first was "Why I Want to Remain an Amateur" at Greta's Genealogy Blog. This is an absolutely wonderful post. Greta loves genealogy research, and desires to develop her research skills and abilities as much as possible, but has no desire to be paid for her genealogical activities. This post explains why not.
The second post was not new, but came through yesterday on Twitter. "APG at a Crossroads," written by Mary E. Petty at the Heirlines blog. Ms. Petty, with her husband James W. Petty, AG, CG, run the "HEIRLINES Family History & Genealogy" professional genealogical research firm, based in Salt Lake City, Utah. This post was originally written in 2006, but continues to be promoted, as its appearance on Twitter yesterday attests.
This post begins,
I think the Association of Professional Genealogisis (APG) is at a crossroads – they have to decide what master they serve. Either the hobbyist: the self designated part -timer, and / or full timer; or the career practitioner: the professionally designated genealogist, qualified by the "professional's only" track (professional genealogy education, training, experience, credentials, membership, continuing education, standardized business best practices with licensing and ethics) to serve the public as a professional genealogist?
Right now all of these groups are trying to have a piece of the consumer pie and this does not meet the number one objective of a professional business membership organization – to support the qualified practitioners and set standardized best practices, ethics, methodology, business standards etc, and behaviors to protect the qualified practitioner and the consumer.[1]
I strongly object to two points Ms. Petty raises:
(1) She asserts that only those genealogists who follow what she deems a "'professional's only' track," including "professional genealogy education, training, experience, credentials, membership, continuing education, standardized business best practices with licensing and ethics" are qualified to be considered professional genealogists. She specifically notes throughout the post that she defines a professional genealogist quite narrowly as one who conducts genealogy research for clients as their full-time career. Implicitly this excludes those whose main source of income is writing, lecturing, or some other aspect of genealogy, or those who conduct research for clients on a much more limited basis. It also explicitly excludes "the self designated part-timer, and/or full-timer."
(2) She asserts that the Association of Professional Genealogists exists only to serve these "qualified" (by her definition) practitioners.
Currently, only a single accredited university in the United States offers a Bachelor's degree program in Family History: Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah. Perhaps not coincidentally the Family History Library is in Salt Lake City, Utah. With access to the microfilmed records at the Family History Library and the degree program at Brigham Young, it seems quite natural for genealogists in Utah to qualify as "professional genealogists" under Ms. Petty's definition. On the other hand, for genealogists elsewhere in the country, is is not quite that easy. If a researcher has limited access to records, he or she has limited potential for earning income solely on client research.
I am a full-time professional genealogist. I conduct research for clients about half of my working time. The rest of the time I write, publish, lecture, teach, etc. One hundred percent of my household income stems from my genealogical activities. If I only conducted client research, I might not be able to feed my family. But my income is supplemented by other sources.
Many professional genealogists are not full-time. They may have a full-time career outside of the field of genealogy. They may be retired from another career, but choose to conduct client research on a limited basis simply because they enjoy it. They may choose to research their own families only, and not conduct client research at all. But they are skilled researchers who write and lecture prolifically in order to teach others.
All of these are professional genealogists.
According to Ms. Petty, the APG should only serve "qualified" full-time career researchers. She asks in this post, "Why are they [the APG] unwilling to set maintain and regulate the criteria for membership in their organization and set the standards for designation as a 'Professional Genealogist'?" She compares professional genealogists to "beauticians, teachers, CPA, Lawyers, and other similarly licensed (government-regulated) or professions that are self regulated."
Professional genealogists, as a career field, do not resemble any of these licensed or regulated career fields that Ms. Petty names. The field most like professional genealogy, in my opinion, is freelance writing.
One does not have to have a degree in English or journalism to be a freelance writer. One does not have to be credentialed to be a freelance writer. One does not have to write 40 hours a week, and nothing else, to be a freelance writer. One's sole qualification to be a freelance writer is that one can do the job that they are hired or paid to do. You must be able to write at a high level. Some people may be able to do this with no training whatsoever. Others may need formal education. But your value as a professional is judged by the quality of the product of your work, not by any other factors.
Likewise, one does not have to have a degree in family history or even history to be a professional genealogist. Formal or informal genealogical education (be it BYU's program, one of the Institutes, attendance at a national conference, or participation in a Continuing Education program) definitely helps one learn the best advanced research techniques, but there are other ways that one can do the same independently. A professional genealogist does not have to conduct client research full-time. A professional genealogist does not have to be credentialed.
Like a freelance writer, the sole qualification to be a professional genealogist should be that one is able to perform the job that one is hired or paid to do. One must be able to perform the research. A professional genealogist's value as a professional should be judged by the quality of the product of your work.
The Association of Professional Genealogists may be at a crossroads. But not because it should be limiting who can join. The APG should continue its policies of inclusivity rather than exclusivity.
However, the field of professional genealogy is changing. APG must be able to balance its focus. Its membership does not only consist of full-time career professional genealogists conducting research for clients. The organization now contains authors, lecturers, librarians, and many others whose income either in whole or in part comes from a field relating to genealogy. It cannot allow any one faction to control its policies, but instead recognize the diversity of its membership, and serve all of our needs.
I believe that the APG has done a fairly good job at accomplishing this goal. There is room for improvement, but I think it is moving in the right direction. It must continue to do so, and not allow narrow minds to limit its influence in the field of genealogy.

subset: commoncrawl


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Estate Planning – Major Aspects of Personal Finance Management
Appropriate estate planning can only be possible with proper appreciation of the major aspects involved in personal finance management process. Efficient estate planning attorney makes it a point realizing these aspects perfectly while making the plan.
Appropriate estate planning involves understanding various aspects of personal finance management well. Multiple aspects of such financial management are involved in the estate planning process. An efficient attorney therefore will always look at these aspects before preparing the estate management. People who are looking for inheritance, insurance and property transfer managements with efficiency will find understanding these aspects extremely useful for the purpose of preparing an all comprehensive estate planning.
Setting goals is extremely essential for preparing the perfect plan. Without the goals clearly determined it may not be possible to prepare plan that would meet all the requirements of the client. Retirement plans are examples of such goal setting. One could plan buying a house for residence after retirement at 25% of the gross income while keeping the residual portion of the income away for future investments, maintenance of the family, and other pursuits. People who are concerned with setting up multiple goals at one time may obtain the assistance of professional expert trust planning attorney that would balance the financial planning with goals set by the client for benefit optimization.
Goals that the client set up for achievement could either be long or short term. In any case setting such financial goals help direct planning. Processes like these involve adequate assessment of the financial and all other aspects of the estate and resources of the estate owner. Experienced and professional estate planning attorney would take care to prepare simplified versions of all the financial statements and legal documents so that there is no room for any confusion in the minds of the clients involved. Ordinarily balance sheets and income statements would be a couple of financial documents that helps the proper assessment of the estate to be planned.
Despite best goal setting and near perfect assessments by the Orange County lawyer proficient in these deals, best results could only accrue with perfect execution of the plans. One has to be careful about it.


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Diamond Info
- Diamond Color & Clarity I-J / VS2-SI1
- Diamond Carat Weight5.20 Carat
- Diamond Creation Method Natural, Earth Mined
- Diamond Cut Very Good
Metal Info
- Metal Color White
- Metal Type 14 Karat
- Metal Weight7 Grams
* the gram weight of the metal varies depending on ring size
Precious Stones Info
5.20 CT Emerald Cut Diamonds - Eternity Ring
- 5.20 Carat: 20 emerald cut diamonds weighing 5.20 carat
Item Description
5.20 CT Emerald Cut Diamonds - Eternity Ring
Please yourself with our 5.20 ct emerald cut diamonds - eternity ring MDL#16206. This eternity ring features 5.20 carat exclusive side diamonds. Select your choice of precious metal between 14 Karat, 18 Karat Yellow, White and Rose Gold OR Platinum. At Primestyle.com, we deal ONLY with 100% real, natural and conflict free diamonds. Our diamonds are NOT enhanced NOR treated. Shine with fashion with Primestyle diamonds eternity rings.
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Why are your prices so low?
We are the direct manufacturer of these gorgeous pieces. You are guaranteed to be buying directly from the source that is why our prices are really low as there are no middle man, no additional mark up to the prices.
Are your diamonds 100% real diamonds?
Our items are made with the finest materials but will not break your bank. We only use 100% real and naturally mined diamonds on our products. You can buy at ease knowing that you are getting genuine diamonds every time!
How long will it take to get my item delivered?
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Online The Athena Network St John's Wood Monthly Meeting for Businesswomen
12th May 2021 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm£26.46
People love to do business with individuals or businesses that have been recommended to them. Every day, just by talking to people, we're passing on business leads.
Business Networking Really Works!
Focusing exclusively on women in business fulfilling a business development role, The Athena Network offers inspiring opportunities to engage with business owners and decision makers from diverse industry sectors. Founded on values of respect and integrity, Athena groups are committed to welcoming members and visitors in a relaxed, mutually supportive and ethical environment.
Why Join The Athena Network?
The business was founded to provide women in business with opportunities to make strategic connections with professionals in a wide range of industry sectors.
At the heart of Athena's activities, networking groups meet each month over a good lunch in an attractive venue to make new contacts, develop valuable business expertise and explore visionary ideas. Additional local and regional initiatives provide excellent membership value, through motivational workshops on networking skills and business planning, social events, training courses, business retreats and one-to-one consultancy services.
Vibrant and fast-growing, The Athena Network is the leading international networking, training & development business club for female executives and entrepreneurs.


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Midwest Living Holiday Cookbook 2008
Chocolate-Pistachio Wreath Bread
Chocolate frosting tops a moist chocolate bread to create a spectacular Christmas treat -- as delightful to look at as it is to eat. Use either chopped pistachio nuts or almonds for a bit of crunch.Chocolate-Pistachio Wreath Bread
Eggnog Muffins
These tender holiday muffins, dressed up with a nutmeg-streusel topping, come from the Washington House Inn in Cedarburg, Wisconsin.Eggnog Muffins
Herbed Egg-Potato breakfast
You can assemble the cheesy Herbed Egg-Potato Bake up to two days ahead and refrigerate it. Serve with Sugared Bacon-Wrapped Smokies sausage and warm Cranberry-Apple Crisp.Herbed Egg-Potato BakeSugared Bacon-Wrapped SmokiesCranberry-Apple Crisp
Gingerbread Scones
Ginger and molasses unite in our spicy breakfast bread. Ground ginger and crystallized ginger give a double dose of the popular seasoning.Gingerbread Scones
Creamy Brie Soup
White wine, cream, white wine vinegar, Brie and fresh herbs create a rich appetizer or main dish. Our recipe also tells you how to adjust the ingredients to make Brie Fondue.Creamy Brie Soup
Stuffed Beef Tenderloin Filet
At the White Gull Inn in Fish Creek, Wisconsin, cheddar and mushrooms flavor indulgent steaks.Stuffed Beef Tenderloin Filet
Tomato Pesto Turkey and sides
Our Tomato Pesto Turkey gets an extra sparkle of flavor from herb pesto salt and pepper slipped under the skin of a turkey breast. For Chipotle Smashed Potatoes, mix yellow and sweet potatoes with cream cheese, butter, sour cream, bacon and canned chipotle pepper in adobo sauce. Brined Brussels Sprouts with Lemony Mushrooms are skillet-roasted and tossed with seasoned mushrooms.Tomato Pesto TurkeyChipotle Smashed PotatoesBrined Brussels Sprouts with Lemony Mushrooms
Persimmon, Blood Orange and Pomegranate Salad
It takes time to peel and section or slice fruit for our Persimmon, Blood Orange and Pomegranate Salad. But the result is a colorful burst of fresh flavor that's worth the effort. To save time, use 2-3 cups jarred, drained, sectioned citrus fruit in place of the four oranges. Pull-Apart Cornmeal Dinner Rolls add a soft touch to the salad plate.Persimmon, Blood Orange and Pomegranate SaladPull-Apart Cornmeal Dinner Rolls
Veggie-Cheese Chowder and more
If your family eats holiday meals early in the day, they might be hungry again by the time the sun goes down. For a special supper, try comforting Veggie-Cheese Chowder or Smoky Chili, plus a light Festive Red Slaw that combines red cabbage, apples and red or green onions with a sweet-and-sour dressing. Honey-Wheat Pan Rolls bake in muffin pans, so you'll get a nice, cloverleaf shape.Veggie-Cheese ChowderSmoky ChiliFestive Red SlawHoney-Wheat Pan Rolls
Red Velvet Cheesecake
We took the red velvet cake we love and gave it a creamy twist. Don't let the red color fool you: The flavor is all chocolate.Red Velvet Cheesecake
Pumpkin Trifle
Make-ahead Pumpkin Trifle layers cranberries, cake and pumpkin. Packaged ingredients, such as canned pumpkin, frozen pound cake, canned cranberry sauce, toffee candy bars and instant pudding mix, shorten prep time.Pumpkin Trifle
Fantasy Chocolate Pie
Dream about all the ingredients you'd like to see in a dessert, and you'll see why we named this Fantasy Chocolate Pie. It's made with three kinds of chocolate pieces plus coconut, pecans and almonds. For extra indulgence, top with whipped cream and chocolate curls.Fantasy Chocolate Pie
Chocolatey Shortbread Bites and Lemony Spritz Cookies
Finishing touches add a festive flair to these cookies. Dip Chocolatey Shortbread Bites in melted semisweet or white chocolate and top with a chocolate candy. Give extra zing to Lemony Spritz Cookies with lemon glaze and colored sugar.Chocolatey Shortbread BitesLemony Spritz Cookies
Poppy Seed Torte
The recipe for this four-layer cake-with a puddinglike filling, unmistakable poppy seed flavor and soft whipped cream frosting-comes from Wisconsin's White Gull Inn.Poppy Seed Torte
Lemon Drop Bark and Lemon Walnut Biscotti
For Lemon Drop Bark, just melt the candy coating, add the candy, and you're done -- it's that simple. The crushed lemon drops give this sweet treat some pucker.Biscotti gets its crunch from baking twice. Our citrus-speckled Lemon Walnut Biscotti recipe comes from the Inn at Kristofer's in Sister Bay, Wisconsin.Lemon Drop BarkLemon Walnut Biscotti
Five-Spice Tropical Fruit
Choose your favorite fresh fruits for this make-ahead side dish. We used papaya, kiwifruit, fresh pineapple chunks and star fruit.Five-Spice Tropical Fruit


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A lot's been said about Fantasia Barrino, and she's heard enough. The often embattled "American Idol"phemon talks to S2S Publisher Jamie Foster Brown in the April 2013 issue.
Fantasia clears up the questions and rumors surrounding her controversial relationship with babydaddyAntwaun Cook. Where do things stand between them now? Read an excerpt and find out more in the April 2013 Sister 2 Sister.
Jamie: There's nothing difficult about being with him now, right? You're stronger now.
Fantasia: I am, but I will say this: me and Antwaun, as of now, we are not together. I think it's the best thing for us all. We had to learn how to become friends again. There was so much stuff that came out. We were all hurt along the way. There's trust issues. There's just a lot of stuff that kinda got put in the mix. And I, at one point, I wanted to make everybody else happy. To love him, to make sure Zion was okay, to make sure everything—but I had to get to a place where I had to learn how to love Fantasia. I never did that, Jamie. And if I don't love myself, then I can't be in a relationship.
Jamie: What lessons do you feel he's learned?
Fantasia: He'll say, "I learned that you can't play with people's hearts." I think every man gets to a place of knowing that they wanna be faithful and they wanna be good fathers and good husbands and good boyfriends… Things play out for you to say, okay, it's time for me to man up or it's time for me to woman up. I think we both have a lot of regrets of how things just happened; it all happened so fast. I just went full-speed ahead and that's why I was tellin' you now. I think out everything before I do it. Everything.


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Economy to be Obama's focus in State of the Union
WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama will focus his State of the Union address on boosting job creation and economic growth at a time of high unemployment, underscoring the degree to which the economy could threaten his ability to pursue second-term priorities such as gun control, immigration policy and climate change.
Obama also may use Tuesday's prime-time address before a joint session of Congress to announce the next steps for concluding the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan by the end of 2014.
Obama's State of the Union marks his second high-profile speech to the nation in about three weeks, after his inaugural address Jan. 21 that opened his second term. White House aides see the two speeches as complementary, with Tuesday's address aimed at providing specifics to back up some of the Inauguration Day's lofty liberal rhetoric.
The president previewed the address during a meeting Thursday with House Democrats and said he would speak "about making sure that we're focused on job creation here in the United States of America." Obama said he would try to accomplish that by calling for improvements in education, boosting clean energy production, and reducing the deficit in ways that don't burden the middle class, the poor or the elderly.
While those priorities may be cheered by some Democrats, they're certain to be met with skepticism or outright opposition from many congressional Republicans, especially in the GOP-controlled House. The parties are at odds over ways to reduce the deficit. Republicans favor spending cuts; Obama prefers a combination of spending cuts and increasing tax revenue.
The president said he would address taxes and looming across-the-board budget cuts, known as the sequester, in the speech. The White House and Congress have pushed back the automatic cuts once, and Obama wants to do it again in order to create an opening for a larger deficit reduction deal.
"I am prepared, eager and anxious to do a big deal, a big package that ends this governance by crisis where every two weeks or every two months or every six months we are threatening this hard-won recovery," he said last week.
The economy has rebounded significantly from the depths of the recession and has taken a back seat for Obama since he won re-election in November. He's instead focused on campaigns to overhaul the nation's patchwork immigration laws and enact stricter gun control measures following the massacre of 20 schoolchildren in Newtown, Conn., in December.
The president also raised expectations for action this year on climate change after devoting a significant amount of time to the issue in his address at the inauguration.
But the unemployment rate is persistently high at 7.9 percent, economic growth slowed last quarter and consumer confidence is falling, so the economy could upend Obama's plans to pursue a broader domestic agenda in his final four years in office.
Tony Fratto, who worked in the White House during President George W. Bush's second term, said Obama has to show the public that he's still focused on the economy before he can get their full support for his other proposals.
"We're not in a position where he can blame anybody else for the economy now," Fratto said, "Now it's his economy."
Obama is expected to use his address to press lawmakers to back his immigration overhaul, which includes a pathway to citizenship for 11 million illegal immigrants, and his gun control proposals, including universal background checks and a ban on assault weapons.
Voting rights groups expect the president to call for changes that would make it easier for people to vote.
"I think it's important to be able to do more than one thing at a time," said David Axelrod, who served as senior adviser in the White House and Obama's re-election campaign. "But the economy is an ongoing and significant challenge that you have to keep working on."
While the centerpiece of Obama's address is expected to be his domestic agenda, the president sees a chance to outline the next steps in bringing the protracted war in Afghanistan to an end. He's facing two pressing decisions: the size and scope of the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan after the war formally ends late next year, and the next phase of the troop drawdown this year.
More than 60,000 U.S. troops are in Afghanistan.
The president could update the public on cuts to the number of U.S. nuclear weapons, a priority for his administration. Vice President Joe Biden recently told a security conference in Germany that Obama probably would use the State of the Union to discuss "advancing a comprehensive nuclear agenda to strengthen the nonproliferation regime, reduce global stockpiles and secure nuclear materials."
White House allies are nudging Obama's team to move forward on a plan to expand education for children before they enter kindergarten. They are reminding Obama's political aides that female voters gave the president a second term, serving up a 10-point gender gap.
Obama carried 55 percent of female voters, many of whom are looking to the White House for their reward. While groups such as Latinos and gays have seen policy initiatives since Election Day, women's groups have not received the same kinds of rollouts.
Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, a rising Republican star and potential 2016 presidential candidate, will deliver the GOP response following Obama's address to Congress.
The president will follow up his speech with trips across the country to promote his calls for job creation. Stops are planned Wednesday in Asheville, N.C., and Thursday in Atlanta.
Obama's speechwriters started working on the speech shortly after the Nov. 6 election. The process is being led for the first time by Cody Keenan, who is taking over as the president's chief speechwriter.


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- January 22: Missouri GM Oil Consumption Lawsuit Alive on Appeal news | 9 days ago
- January 20: GM 2.4L Ecotec Class Action Lawsuit Filed in Missouri news | 11 days ago
- January 2: GM Oil Consumption Lawsuit Dismissed news | 29 days ago
- December 23: GM May Repurchase 2022-2023 Chevy Malibu Cars recalls | 39 days ago
- December 20: Chevy Bolt EV Recall To Prevent Carpet Fires recalls | 42 days ago
NHTSA — Exterior Lighting: Brake Lights: Switch Problems
CarComplaints.com Notes: The 2000 Chevy Astro Van has a solid reputation with very low complaint rates. The only problem now is finding one with low miles.
Not only is the 2000 Astro Van reliable, but since they were built on a truck powertrain, they can tow 5,500/5,000 lbs (RWD/AWD) -- almost double what other minivans can.
The Chevy Astro is mechanically identical to the GMC Safari.
1.8hardly worth mentioning
- Crashes / Fires:
- 0 / 0
- Injuries / Deaths:
- 0 / 0
- Average Mileage:
- 90,000 miles
About These NHTSA Complaints:
This data is from the NHTSA — the US gov't agency tasked with vehicle safety. Complaints are spread across multiple & redundant categories, & are not organized by problem.
So how do you find out what problems are occurring? For this NHTSA complaint data, the only way is to read through the comments below. Any duplicates or errors? It's not us.
lights problem


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Looking for a comprehensive list of Play Schools in Kanjurmarg , Mumbai?
If yes, then you are at right place and I hope the list below benefits you.
There are a number of Play schools in Mumbai located in different areas. Our objective here is to bring you the most comprehensive, updated and a complete list of Play Schools in Kanjurmarg , Mumbai. Here's a list of the top rated Play schools in Mumbai along with their comprehensive information including address, contact e-mail ID, telephone numbers, website etc. The Play educational institutes include the schools owned by Private organizations as well as Govt. The schools listed below follow the curriculum prescribed by Play . These schools serve the basic purpose of education in best possible way by emphasizing equally on academic and co-curricular activitie
Here goes the list of Some best Play schools in Kanjurmarg , Mumbai:
Kidzee School, Mumbai
Room No.1, Mahalaxmi Hsg Soc, Nehru Nagar
Mumbai 400042
Phone: +91-22-25772051, 9869021775
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.kidzee.com


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466 Numerology
Numerology is the study of the relationships between numbers, and individuals. Tarot cards can help you gain insight into your relationships and attract the right people to your life. It can reveal the characteristics of your partner and help you to understand him or her better. It can help you learn about your partner's goals, aspirations, frame of mind, and their journeys. These numbers are like sign boards on the road, letting you know if something is going to turn out well or not.
The Major Arcana cards have a symbolic meaning and are arranged in a way that reflects your life path. The first card, Major, represents your journey and has numbers from one to twenty-two. For example, the Major Arcana card represents your beginning and the first steps of a life-long journey. Minor, the second card, is about growth, partnership, relationships, and foundation. Progress, on the contrary, represents progress along the path to ultimate success. The final card, Minor, is a choice between two paths. Rebirth, on the other hand, represents the end of a numerological series and the start of the process again.
The Tarot cards are arranged in a certain way to represent the journey you're on. The Major Arcana is the first step on your journey. It has numbers that range from one to twenty-two. The Major Arcana is a mixture of positive and negative numbers, and will give you valuable insight into yourself. However, you should be wary of using these cards to make a prediction, as they can be misleading.
The number three is a number that can be used to represent a team. The opposite is the three, which can be used to detach yourself from a group, or to indicate stagnation in a current phase. It can also be a sign of personal growth. It allows you to channel your energy in the best direction for your dreams. So, what are you waiting for? Take a look at the five cards and learn the meanings behind them. You might be surprised by what you discover.
You might be wondering what numbers mean when it comes to tarot and numerology. There is a common misconception between the two systems. It may be a good idea to find out more about the meanings of your tarot cards if you aren't sure. If you have any questions, it is a good idea for you to get a reading of the tarot cards. Once you're comfortable with the meanings of the tarot cards and numerology, you'll be able to interpret the messages.
Although Tarot and Numerology have many similarities, the two systems are different. The Tarot card, for example, is a sign of what lies ahead. You should use it to discover your dreams and desires. A professional should be consulted if you have any questions about how to interpret your Tarot cards. You will find the best tarot cards for your needs. This is the most important aspect of the tarot.
You can use the tarot and Numerology to interpret your dreams and make predictions. To find out the fate of a loved, you can also use tarot card. The most important aspect of tarot is the meaning of your life. This is the number of the future that will occur in your life. This is a good indicator of the direction of your relationships. The tarot cards can also help you deal with problems in your relationship or other aspects of your life.
It is a great way of getting to know yourself through numerology and tarot. This is a fun and informative way to understand your personality. For more precise interpretations, a professional can help you interpret your numerology or tarot cards. Numerology and tarot are complementary and can be used together. A tarot reading can give you insight into your life's major events.
While the One and Zero are both significant numbers, they can also be used to represent different types. For example, the twos can represent relationships while the threes can signify friendships. The twos in numerology and tarot can have the same meaning, but have different meanings. The opposite of the one is the reverse of the threes. A tarot reader might use a tarot to determine what is happening in the opposite limb of the body.


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Say that a few times quickly ..."pesto pasta salad for presto pasta nights...pesto pasta salad for presto pasta nights:D Even if it is a bit of a tongue twister it is one of the most delicious pasta salads I have had in quite some time. As always I neglect pasta far too often, but, I do try and join in on the fun whenever I do over at Presto Pasta Nights. I am therefore submitting this dish to Ruth over at Once Upon a Feast . This weeks event is being hosted by Pyschgrad, who teams up with the other half of the dynamic duo, her mom Giz over at Equal Opportunity Kitchen.
I must admit this version of pasta salad really appealed to me and peaked my interest. Not only does it cry out with two of my favourite fresh summer ingredients found locally of basil and sun-ripened tomatoes but it is also "light". Instead of mayonnaise it uses yogurt as the base. Mingling with the fresh basil sauce this salad is a must try. Basil is truly an incredible herb. Its spicy and mildly peppery flavor is a welcome addition to pasta.
You could easily substitute the grated Parmesan cheese with some feta and make a Greek version that would be "to die for"!!!
3 cups packed fresh basil
1 cup packed fresh parsley
1 - 2 garlic cloves, chopped
1 tablespoon lemon juice
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon pepper
1/3 cup pine nuts, toasted
1/2 cup olive oil
1/2 cup grated Parmesan
1 pound gemelli or other short pasta
1 cup plain 2% Greek yogurt
2 pints cherry or grape tomatoes, halved
To make pesto: In a food processor puree basil, parsley, garlic, lemon juice, salt, pepper and pine nuts until smooth. With motor running, add olive oil and process until a thick paste forms. Add Parmesan and pulse twice. Season with more salt and pepper, if desired.
To make salad: Cook pasta according to package directions until al dente. Drain and run under cold water to stop cooking.
In a large bowl, combine pesto and Greek yogurt and stir until well blended. Add cold pasta and toss to coat with dressing. Top with tomatoes. Serve salad at room temperature or cover and refrigerate to serve chilled


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You know how the Academy Awards people often give a special award announced before the ceremony? This year the tradition comes to the Delete Key Awards, which recognize authors who don't use their delete keys enough.
The first Delete Key Award for Lifetime Achievement goes to Randy Pausch (1960–2008), the computer science professor who wrote The Last Lecture after learning that he had pancreatic cancer.
Like many books considered for tomorrow's Delete Key Awards shortlist, Pausch's bestseller shows his love of clichés. Unlike the authors of other candidates, Pausch admitted in his book that he loved well-worn phrases. He also explained why: He taught students who didn't know the clichés and for whom they seemed fresh.
Pausch's honesty was unique among the authors considered for Delete Key Awards since their inception in 2007. It sets him apart from the many writers who pretend – or really believe – that their clichés offer startling insights. And Pausch used his clichés with enough wit and charm to endear him to legions and make him the star of a YouTube video that more than 9 million people have watched and that led to a book contract.
For these reasons, Randy Pausch receives the first special Delete Key Award for Lifetime Achievement for the line:
"I liked my students to win one for the Gipper, to go out and execute, to keep the drive alive, to march down the field, to avoid costly turnovers and to win games in the trenches even if they were gonna feel it on Monday."
A review of and reading group guide to The Last Lecture (Hyperion, 224, $21.95) appeared on One-Minute Book Reviews on May 30, 2008.
The finalists for the 2009 Delete Key Awards will be announced tomorrow beginning at 10 a.m. Eastern Time, at roughly 30–minute intervals, that will include samples of their bad writing. The full shortlist will be posted by 5 p.m. and the winners named on March 16.
© 2009 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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Heat rally past Bulls to advance, 94-91
MIAMI - A fast start and faster finish were enough to send the Miami Heat back to the Eastern Conference finals.
LeBron James scored 23 points, Dwyane Wade added 18 and the Heat rallied from an 11-point second-half deficit to beat the Chicago Bulls 94-91 on Wednesday night and close out their second-round series in five games.
Chris Bosh scored 12 points and Udonis Haslem added 10 for Miami, which ran out to a 22-4 lead, then was outscored by a whopping 29 points over the next 27 minutes before recovering. The Heat outscored the Bulls 25-14 in the fourth.
Carlos Boozer finished with 26 points and 14 rebounds for the Bulls, who were without Derrick Rose for the 99th straight game. Nate Robinson and Jimmy Butler missed potential tying 3-pointers on the final possession of the season for Chicago, which dropped the last four games of the series.
Robinson scored 21 points, Butler had 19, and Richard Hamilton 15 for the Bulls.
And there was drama, all the way to the end.
Robinson's 3-pointer with 1:43 left got the Bulls to 94-91, and Butler knocked the ball away from Chris Bosh for a turnover on the ensuing Miami possession. But Boozer missed an open 15-footer with about a minute remaining and, when Wade knocked the ball off Boozer's leg after a Miami miss with 45 seconds left, the Heat retained possession - with a fresh shot clock to boot.
But Miami didn't score, and the Bulls had a final chance. Robinson missed a 3, and Butler faked his way free for a good look that hit the rim, before bouncing away.
Time expired, and the Heat lingered on the court in celebration. Wade held on to the game ball as he shook a few fans' hands, and he, James and Bosh exchanged some high-fives - the last three Miami players to leave the floor.
Shane Battier opened the fourth quarter with a 3-pointer to get Miami within five. Another 3-pointer from Battier - over Boozer, his fellow Duke alum - came not long afterward, and he connected on a pair of free throws after being fouled on a 3-point try to cut Chicago's lead to 81-79.
Norris Cole had a pair of baskets, the second being a left-handed driving dunk, to put Miami on top, and the Heat found a way to close it out from there.
Miami will open the East finals at home next week, and it'll be a playoff rematch from its march to the title last season. If Indiana beats New York - the Pacers lead that series 3-1 - on Thursday, then the Heat and Pacers will meet for Game 1 in Miami on Monday night. If the Knicks extend the Pacers to at least six games, then the East finals would open Wednesday night, regardless of opponent.
The Heat will almost surely be big favorites against either Indiana or New York, though it's certain either opponent would enter a series against Miami with plenty of confidence. The Knicks went 3-1 against the Heat this season, outscoring them by 11.5 points per game and winning both of their games at Miami convincingly. The Pacers went 2-1 against the Heat, winning twice in Indianapolis and losing their lone game in Miami.
To put that in some more perspective, the Heat went 2-5 against the Knicks and Pacers, and are now 72-12 against all other NBA clubs this season.
Then again, given how Miami has played over the last 3¬Ω months, the notion of the Heat losing to anybody four times might seem downright impossible. The Heat lost at Indiana on Feb. 1. They won at Toronto two days later, the first victory in what became a run of 27 straight wins - and the start of a stretch that has seen Miami now go 45-3 in its last 48 games.
More than half the league - 17 of the other 29 teams - didn't win 45 games, total, this season, even including playoffs.
No one would have thought the ending would be so exciting after the way this one started.
Marco Belinelli took the Bulls' first shot, a woefully short airball. Joakim Noah took their second shot, a very long airball. Their third possession was a turnover.
The night was shaping up like a Chicago disaster. It was 10-0 before half the crowd was in their seats, and 22-4 just past the midpoint of the opening quarter. Since the start of Game 4, in barely over 53 minutes of play, the Heat had outscored the Bulls by 40 points. Everyone in the building - except for the 20 or so guys in red uniforms or wearing suits on the Chicago bench - had to be thinking that the series was over.
If so, then they were all wrong.
Game 5 turned into a microcosm of the Bulls' season. They were unfazed, unflappable, unrelenting in the face of being counted out.
And before long, the massive deficit was a thing of the past.
Boozer went 6 for 7 in the opening quarter, his layup late in the period getting the Bulls within seven before James scored to end the first and give Miami a 30-21 lead. The Bulls were undeterred, and just kept getting stops on one end, making baskets on the other. Butler's 3-pointer with 4:46 left in the half gave Chicago its first advantage of the night, 38-36.
To recap, the game started with a 22-4 Heat run - and in the 13 minutes that immediately followed, the Bulls rebutted with a 34-14 burst.
By halftime, it was 53-47. In the third, after Chicago briefly led by 11 - remember, they were down 18, making that a 29-point turnaround - the Bulls took a 77-69 edge into the final 12 minutes.
NOTES: Miami is 6-0 in its last six chances to close out a series. ... Wade, in a particularly comical pregame moment, compared his ongoing issues with a bruised right knee to an Almond Joy candy bar. "Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't," which was Wade's way of saying that sometimes the knee feels better than others. ... Kirk Hinrich's calf injury is improving, the Bulls said, but not to the point where he could play.


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The Photographer Series: Brian Bielmann
A man among boys (or you could say he's just older than the rest of us), Brian Bielmann gave TransWorld SURF a much-needed dose of credibility when we first began the magazine back in 1999. "Uncle Brian" as we call him, has been shooting longer than many of us have been alive and his body of work is that of legendary status. He's always been a kid at heart and never afraid to experiment with something new and exciting like flash photography, infrared, and back in the day, digital photography. A master storyteller and best-guy-ever to travel with, one of the things we'll miss most after this ride is over is having a cold Hinano after a day of shooting with Uncle Brian. Thanks for the memories Brian, we love you!
TransWorld SURF: How long have you been shooting surf photos?
Brian Bielmann: 35 years
Favorite wave to shoot?
Favorite subjects to shoot?
Waves from underwater.
Favorite spot to shoot outside of Hawaii?
What kind of fins do you use when swimming?
Current go-to camera?
Canon 1DX with SPL waterhousing.
Gnarliest experience while shooting in the water?
Pipeline. I've had about four or five near death mishaps (at least they seemed that way at the time!).
What photographers work do you admire?
Art Brewer, Howard Schatz, Danny Clinch, and Robbie Crawford.
Best advice you could give an up and coming photographer?
You better be able to get the job done and you better be cool or no one will ever want to work with you.
What else?
Thanks Transworld SURF for having faith in me all these years. Working for the mag was more fun than anybody should ever have and I loved every minute of it. Keep an eye on my instagram account at instagram.com/brianbielmann and my Facebook Fan Page at facebook.com/BrianBielmann.Photography
For access to exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube!


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Eagles extend division lead
SAULT STE. MARIE — The Soo Eagles won their sixth straight game and added to their NAHL North Division lead with a 4-3 triumph over Port Huron Saturday night at Pullar Stadium.
Chris Waterstreet scored two goal for the Eagles, who led 4-0 midway through the second period. Michael Covach and Mike Sabatini scored one goal apiece, while Matt Menta had two assists for the Eagles (23-8-3).
The Fighting Falcons got within 4-1 on Brett DAndrea's goal at 19:03 of the second period, and scored twice more in the third but could not get the equalizer.
Soo goaltender Zach Nagelvoort made 25 saves, while Max Milosek had 34 saves for the Fighting Falcons.
The Eagles also beat the Fighting Falcons 4-2 Friday night.
The Eagles continue their homestead with games against Kalamazoo Jan. 4-5 at the Pullar.


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BE Admission Tamil Nadu, BE Fee Details, BE Seats in Tamil Nadu|2020-21
Admission Edu offers BE Admission Tamil Nadu for the academic year 2020-21 under management and NRI quota/seats in Tamil Nadu's top colleges and universities. One amongst the top leading BE Admission guidance companies in Tamil Nadu offering direct BE Admission in Tamil Nadu. Aspirants can now get complete BE Admission and fee details directly from Admission Edu Consultants. To start things with, all aspiring students for BE Admission Tamil Nadu must register now with admissionedu.com by filling up the form aside and our expert BE Admission consultant will do it all for you.
BE stands for Bachelor of Engineering where student will learn and get trained in all aspects of the stream with expert professors and trainers of the college. All colleges in various states of India has already started BE Admission 2020 and the seat booking has already started in almost 99% of the colleges listed across the country.
Admission Edu only provides direct BE Admission under management and NRI quota. We have a wide range of courses and admission amenities to provide you with. Our experts are available round the clock to assist you and get your BE Admission Tamil Nadu done with best support and the cheapest and affordable college seat package.
Getting your BE Admission was never easier than this before as Admission Edu Consultants Tamil Nadu are here to serve you with the best BE Course Details with direct admission assistance at the College.


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Hunter Green Wedding Shoes with a feminine pearl and crystal bow design on the side of the shoes.
- Medium heel ( 2 1/2 inches)
- Satin upper
- Leather Sole
- Peep toe
- Designed in the USA
If you are concerned about ordering the correct size, please consider adding our try before we dye service. We send you a sample wedding shoe to try on. You return the Wedding Shoes to us (at your expense) and let us know if this is the correct size for your final pair or if you would like a different size. Takes the guesswork out of ordering your Bridal Shoes on line!


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I will admit that I am only a recent convert to typographic concerns. Until the middle of last year, I was content with everything being Times New Roman, size 12, single-spaced in Microsoft Word. It took constant prodding from a good friend of mine, a fellow professional genealogist, who also has a background in design, to make me see the light.
Readers don't notice design. They don't notice typography. But if it is bad, they won't read. And what is the point of spending the time to write a book or an article or a blog or a webpage, if no one wants to read it?
As I have noted before when discussing presentations, design can have a direct effect on learning. People are less likely to learn from a poorly-designed medium. This is no less true for a family history book, society newsletter, or blog than it is for a PowerPoint presentation. It just seems to be discussed less by those of us self-publishing, whether it be a society publication, a family history for a private audience, or a book of abstracts.
The image on this blog post coins an adage: "Good typography is invisible. Bad typography is everywhere."
Of course, there is also an opposing viewpoint. In a 2010 study Princeton University researchers conclude that learning in a print medium may actually benefit from horrible typography. The theory is that print material set in ugly typefaces force readers to concentrate harder to read the material, and therefore they retain more of the information. Read "Hideous fonts may boost reading comprehension," for more information.
Regardless of your opinion on the subject, one thing is certain: typography matters. Pay attention the next time you read a book, journal, or newsletter. What do you think of the font, line spacing, character spacing, etc.? Does the typography add to or detract from the readability of the material? Does it add to or detract from your ability to understand the material you are reading?
Adam Christopher, "9th February, 2011: Typography matters," Adamchristopher.co.uk blog, posted 9 February 2011 (http://www.adamchristopher.co.uk : accessed 14 January 2012).
C. Diemand-Yauman, et al., "Fortune favors the Bold (and the Italicized): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes," Cognition (2010); (http://web.princeton.edu/sites/opplab/papers/Diemand-Yauman_Oppenheimer_2010.pdf : accessed 14 January 2012).
Laura Miller, "Hideous fonts may boost reading comprehension," Salon web magazine, posted 18 January 2011, under topic "Readers and Reading" (http://www.salon.com/topic/readers_and_reading : accessed 14 January 2012).


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PHILADELPHIA – Practice had concluded Tuesday, and most of his teammates already had walked off the floor at PCOM. Nonetheless, Spencer Hawes kept his workout going.
Hawes, with the rebounding and passing help of 76ers assistant coach Brian James, attempted more than 40 3-pointers from all spots around the arc, just as many free throws, and a couple dozen turnaround jumpers from inside 10 feet.
The pressure's on for Hawes and his post-playing brethren, even if they're not feeling it from their coach.
'That's what you want. That's what you play for,' Hawes said. 'You'd rather have it that way than the other way around. I think we have to be more consistent. We've seen, when we click, what we're capable of.'
The Sixers earlier this week discovered they'll be without Andrew Bynum for at least another five weeks, maybe more. And veteran center Kwame Brown, who could be a go for tonight's home game against winless Detroit, has played one of the Sixers' seven games with a left calf strain.
So the responsibility to score in the paint, rebound at both ends and defend against other teams' biggest bodies falls on Hawes, Lavoy Allen and Thad Young – and, to a lesser extent, rookie forward Arnett Moultrie.
Less than 32 percent of the Sixers' offense (200 of their 631 total points) has come from their post players.
'We don't have any back-to-basket players, so you can't try to make somebody who they aren't,' Sixers coach Doug Collins said, following Tuesday's hour-long practice. 'We have to try to execute.
'Without Andrew and Kwame, we don't have a big, strong, physical guy. Last night, I played Thad at center for about 20 minutes. We've got to get more consistent, better games from Spencer and Lavoy. That's the truth.'
That being said, Collins hasn't been disappointed with his team's play. The Sixers, after having their three-game winning streak halted Monday by Milwaukee, resided in second place in the Atlantic Division. And two of their three losses had come against scorching-hot New York.
Had Collins been told during a six-win preseason that, without Bynum until possibly January, his team would muster four wins in their first seven games, he'd almost certainly take it.
'When I look at all the things that have happened, and we're 4-3, to me, I don't think we're underachieved,' Collins said. 'Am I disappointed in our record? Absolutely not. I think what happens is the expectations people have – are they for this team or what this team might be? What are the expectations? Has this team underachieved?'
Not exactly, though the Sixers could be getting more from Hawes and Allen.
Collins has said he's unwilling to use Hawes, primarily a starter in his career, outside of his bench capacity. Collins needs Hawes' passing ability, size and production on the second team, which is significantly smaller with Bynum saddled by injury and Brown unreliable when it comes to minutes.
For the time being, because Collins prefers to pair Young with a fellow big, the Sixers are stuck with Allen in the starting five. The second-year man out of Temple has shown nothing this season, averaging four points and three rebounds in 20 minutes per game.
'Especially with Bynum out, I carry bigger responsibility on the team,' Allen said. 'I'm struggling a little bit in the beginning, but my teammates are behind me. They're going to help me get back into it.'
NOTE: The NBA unveiled its ballot for the 2013 All-Star Game, to be played Feb. 17 at Houston's Toyota Center, and four Sixers made the cut: Andrew Bynum, Thad Young, Spencer Hawes and Jrue Holiday. Bynum has yet to play a game and Hawes has yet to start a game. Hey, nobody said the system was perfect.


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Data Format and Reduction
You are here
NICI Data Format and Reduction
This page describing the NICI data format is organized as follows:
- MEF Format
- Science Detector Readout
- World Coordinate System
- Data Processing
- Example NICI MEF Header
MEF File Format
NICI data are processed by the Gemini Data-Handling System (DHS) and written in Multi-Extension FITS (MEF) format similar to other Gemini Instruments. The NICI MEF format contains a Primary Header followed by two extensions:
- Primary Header
- Extension 1: Red (holmes) channel header and data
- Extension 2: Blue (watson) channel header and data
See the bottom of this page for an example NICI header.
Primary Header
The primary header contains keywords common to both channels: date and time, telescope configuration, environment, and instrument configuration items such as the AO system and Focal Plane Mask. Due to GSA requirements, the primary header also contains channel-specific keywords such as the filter and integration times that are repeated in the extension headers.
The two extensions contain the data for each channel, called "red" and "blue" (or "holmes" and "watson" respectively, in much of NICI's engineering documentation). Both detectors are always read out and both extensions are always written, even when one channel may not have useful data eg. when the Dichroic Wheel is set to Mirror or Open. The first extension is always the Red channel and the second the Blue channel.
Extension Headers
The header of each extension contains information specific to the channel, such as the filter, the detector integration time and coadds, and the World Coordinate System (WCS). Although separate integration parameters are specified for each channel, in NICI's current implementation the detectors are read out identically so the two sets of parameters have the save values. However, the two WCS's indicate the different reflections and a slight rotation between the two channels (see the WCS section for details).
Extension Data
The image data are written in 32-bit floating point format. The pixel in the upper left corner of each detector is the first written to its corresponding extension. Note that by default most image viewers display the first pixel in the lower left corner, so NICI images will appear flipped up-down unless the data or image are inverted.
Science Detector Readout
Each of the two science detectors is paired with an array controller which contains real-time clocking patterns programmed into firmware, and a pixel server: a rackmount computer running linux which reads and processes data from the controller.
The detectors are read out using a sample-up-ramp algorithm as follows:
- Each detector is read non-destructively by array controller every 0.38 s up to a total of N NDR's. The equivalent exposure time, which is listed as Exposure Time in the OT and ITIME_R and ITIME_B in the headers, is therefore (N-1)*0.38s.
- At the end of the ramp, the pixel server software fits a slope m to the sampled values for each pixel and computes (N-1)*m as the signal value.
- If NCOADDS > 1, the detectors are reset and another ramp begins. The successive frames are coadded in the pixel server memory.
- After the desired number of coadds are taken, the controller passes the accumulated coadds to the DHS which writes the MEF extensions. The saved signal value is represented as S = NCOADDS * (N-1) * m.
Note that the recorded values are sums, not averages, so they may have to be scaled accordingly during data reduction, eg. to compare science and calibration data possibly taken with different NCOADDs. For example: for ADU per 0.38 s frame, compute S / (NCOADDS *(N-1)) for ADU per second, compute S / (NCOADDS * (N-1) * 0.38)
World Coordinate System
Each of the two NICI extensions contains a set of World Coordinate System (WCS) records for that channel's science data array.
Related to the WCS are two parameters: Instrument Position Angle (IPA)
and Instrument Alignment Angle (IAA). The IPA is the position angle
on sky, in degrees east of north, which is up on the science detector;
i.e. IPA = 0 means that North will be up. The IAA is the rotation
between the telescope and science detector reference frames. IPA
and IAA are related by:
CassRotator Angle = IPA - Parallactic Angle - IAA + 180 deg.
For example, if a science detector is mounted exactly aligned with the telescope frame, IAA = 0. To achieve IPA = 0 (North up on detector) on the meridian where parallactic angle = 0, the CassRotator would be set to 180.
Because the TCS uses the IAA to position the Cass Rotator and thus the physical rotation of the instrument relative to sky, setting the IAA accurately is required to achieve the correct IPA that is requested by an observation. If NICI is dismounted from the telescope and moved to another port, or even if it is remounted on the same port, slight variances in the mounting require the IAA to be updated. After the IAA is set properly, instrument software parameters are updated to generate a correct WCS.
Image Distortion
The Gemini-standard WCS indicates the pixel scale and orientation of the data, but it does not include higher order terms such as distortion. With NICI, to measure and correct distortion the following procedure is used.
- A rectangular grid mask in the Fiber Optic Calibration Source (FOCS) is inserted into the beam, illuminated with GCAL, and imaged with the science camera. This mask is at the telescope focal plane, above the NICI AO system, so the total distortion from both the AO and science camera optics is present in the images.
- A perfectly rectilinear grid of points is fitted to the imaged mask spots over the inner ~ 512 pixels. The offset, spot separation, and rotation of the grid are adjusted to obtain the best least-squares fit. Only the inner section of the image, where distortion is small, is used for this initial step so that overall scale and rotation are not affected by the larger distortion near the edges and corners.
- The position differences between the grid points and the spots are measured and fitted to an 3rd order polynomial using the IDL routine POLY_WARP. This routine generates a set of fitting coefficients kx and ky.
- Science data are corrected by reading the files of fitting coefficients and applying them with the IDL routine POLY_2D.
- Grid mask image, Red (holmes) channel
- Grid mask image, Blue (watson) channel
- Dark image, Red channel
- Dark image, Blue channel
- kx and ky coefficients, Red channel (IDL savefile)
- kx and ky coefficients, Blue channel (IDL savefile)
Examples of the data and fitting coefficients:
A simple example of applying the distortion corrections in IDL is:
;; Open MEF file and read Red (holmes) and Blue (watson) extensions fits_open, 'S20110101_S0001.fits', fcb fits_read, fcb, imh, hdrh, exten_no=1, /no_pdu fits_read, fcb, imw, hdrw, exten_no=2, /no_pdu ;; Warp holmes channel restore, 'niciwarp_focs_2010dec_h.sav' imh_w = poly_2d(imh, kx, ky, 2, cubic=-0.5) ;; Warp watson channel restore, 'niciwarp_focs_2010dec_w.sav' imw_w = poly_2d(imw, kx, ky, 2, cubic=-0.5)
Calibrating the IAA and WCS
The following procedure is used to calibrate the IAA and WCS.
- A high-precision binary star or astrometric field is imaged with the AO loop closed.
- The images are distortion-corrected using the above procedure.
- The Red (holmes) channel position angle is measured and a new IAA value computed. (Strictly speaking, the IAA is correct for the Red channel only, due to the 1.1 degree rotation between the two detectors.)
- The new IAA is applied, the data retaken, and the cycle is repeated until the IAA is correct.
- The new WCS coefficients for both channels (including the 1.1 deg relative rotation of the Blue channel) are derived from the measured alignment and pixel scale, then applied to the instrument software which generates the WCS during observing.
During NICI's history, we have steadily upgraded these procedures in order to improve the WCS accuracy. Our goal was to achieve a rotation accuracy of about 0.1 degree (1 pixel across NICI's 1024-pixel field is equivalent to 0.056 deg). Before November 2010, the binary stars 70 Oph and HDO 171 B-C were imaged for these calibrations. Stars with very precise orbits based on speckle imaging are required to reach 0.1 deg accuracy; we found that many binary orbits are insufficiently precise, and typical star pairs and star fields suffer from significant proper motion effects. These binaries' positions appeared to be sufficiently precise, but the components spanned only about 1/2 the field and saturated slightly with the AO loop closed, which limited the NICI measurement accuracy.
Starting in November 2010 we began to use an LMC field that has been characterized for JWST calibrations. The field contains one 11 mag star for AO guiding, plus a dozen faint stars which can be detected with NICI. The distortion-corrected position data are fitted to a model which yields typical errors below 1 pixel rms.
A reference to the JWST LMC field is at:
Photometric and Astrometric Calibration of the JWST Instrument Complement, R. Diaz-Miller, 2006
Note that the distortion correction is incorporated into the WCS measurement; therefore in order to achieve consistent astrometric results the above distortion correction must be applied.
The following table summarizes the NICI port changes and subsequent IAA and WCS revisions.
|NICI IAA and WCS Measurements
|Mounting Date
|WCS Revision Date
|Red Scale
|Blue Scale
|Example Dataset
|70 Oph
|Eng files 20101024 1-11
|70 Oph
Table Description:
- Mounting Date: The date NICI was mounted or remounted on the telescope.
- Port : The port on which NICI was mounted, 5 = side-looking, 1 = up-looking.
- WCS Revision Date : The date that the IAA and WCS parameters were updated for the final time after a remounting. Note that this date can be several days or weeks after the mounting date, due to delays caused by instrument problems or weather. (See below.)
- Target : Target observed for alignment measurements.
- IAA : IAA value derived from alignment, for N up at IPA=0 on distortion-corrected Red channel data.
- Red Scale : Red channel pixel scale, in mas/pixel.
- Blue Scale : Blue channel pixel scale, in mas/pixel.
- Example Data : An example astrometric data set, taken after the WCS update when possible.
- This table does not include details of the astrometric measurement efforts between the dates of an instrument mounting and the "final" WCS. Often, multiple measurement and correction cycles over several days or weeks were required due to instrument problems or poor weather. In some cases, we were forced to take science data with an incorrect WCS before the final astrometric solution was available. Information on correcting science data taken in these intermediate periods is available on request.
- The relative rotation of the Blue channel relative to the Red is 1.1 degrees. Before 2010 Nov 22, the Blue channel WCS was incorrectly set to a relative angle of 0.8 degrees, due to a previous measurement error on one of the binary stars. Information on correcting this error is available on request.
- The Blue channel pixel scale is approximately 1.002 times the Red channel scale. Before 2010 Nov 22, this is not represented in the two WCS's (both are set to the same scale), due to the limited precision of the binary star measurements. With the LMC astrometric field, however, the difference is detectable, so the WCS's now represent the different scales.
- The uncertainty of the rotation measurement is approximately +-0.05 deg, as judged from both the precision of fitting the distortion-corrected images (typically 0.5 - 1.0 pixels), and the variation in the fitted angle between different images. Note that a 1 pixel shift across the width of the detector (1024 pixels) is equivalent to a rotation of 0.056 degrees.
- The uncertainty in the pixel scale is also around 1 pixel across the detector, or 0.1%. Variations at the 0.1 - 0.2% level are present between the individual measurements.
- The principal source of measurement error appears to be variability in PSF shape and quality across the field due to anisoplanatism in the AO correction. However, the distortion correction is also probably an important factor. We have not thoroughly investigated the sources of error at the 0.1% or 0.05 degree level.
The IDL program
Data Processing
At present, the Gemini IRAF package does not include specific routines for processing NICI data. However, processing follows typical imaging data reduction pipeline steps (as for NIRI, for example). An experimental Python package for processing of NICI ADI/ASDI data using the LOCI algorithm is available, but it is not officially supported.
Example NICI Header
Extracted from file S20110117S0029.fits The keywords have been sorted into groups, and explanatory notes added for each group. PRIMARY HEADER -------------- # DATE-OBS and TIME-OBS are generated by the low-level Instrument # Controller and most accurately indicate the start of the integration. DATE-OBS= '2011-01-17' / UTC Date of observation (YYYY-MM-DD) TIME-OBS= '01:28:01' / UTC at array controller start of integration # Other times are generated by the higher-level software and are less accurate. UT = '01:27:58.1' / UTC at observation start MJD_OBS = 55578.0619 / MJD of start of obseration # Standard FITS keywords OBSERVAT= 'Gemini-South' / Name of telescope (Gemini-North|Gemini-South) TELESCOP= 'Gemini-South' / Gemini-South INSTRUME= 'NICI ' / Instrument used to acquire data # Observers OBSERVER= 'Lee, Hayward' / Gemini Observers SSA = 'Wenderoth' / Gemini SSAs # Gemini program, observation, and data labels OBSTYPE = 'OBJECT ' / Observation type OBSCLASS= 'partnerCal' / Observe class GEMPRGID= 'GS-CAL20110117' / Gemini Science Program ID OBSID = 'GS-CAL20110117-2' / Gemini Observation ID DATALAB = 'GS-CAL20110117-2-018' / DHS Data Label # Observing conditions as set by Observer in SeqExec at time of observation RAWIQ = '70-percentile' / Raw Image Quality RAWCC = '50-percentile' / Raw Cloud Cover RAWWV = '80-percentile' / Raw Water Vapour/Transparency RAWBG = '80-percentile' / Raw Background # Data assessment and release status RAWPIREQ= 'UNKNOWN ' / PI Requirements Met RAWGEMQA= 'UNKNOWN ' / Gemini Quality Assessment RELEASE = '2011-01-17' / End of proprietary period YYYY-MM-DD # Target and Pointing data from the TCS # Not to be confused with the WCS in the extensions OBJECT = 'f606w_11.341' / Object Name FRAME = 'FK5 ' / Target coordinate system EQUINOX = 2000. / Equinox of coordinate system EPOCH = 2000. / Target Coordinate Epoch RA = 80.48629583 / Target Right Ascension DEC = -69.44843889 / Target Declination PMRA = 0. / Target Proper Motion in RA PMDEC = 0. / Target Proper Motion in Declination PARALLAX= 0. / Target Parallax RADVEL = 0. / Target Heliocentric Radial Velocity RATRGOFF= 0. / Target offset in RA in arcsec DECTRGOF= 0. / Target offset in DEC in arcsec RATRACK = 0. / Differential tracking rate RA DECTRACK= 0. / Differential tracking rate Dec WAVELENG= 16520. / Effective Target Wavelength TRKFRAME= 'FK5 ' / Tracking co-ordinate TRKEQUIN= 2000. / Tracking equinox XOFFSET = -3.53700546226 / Telescope offset in x in arcsec YOFFSET = 0.699708767922 / Telescope offset in y in arcsec POFFSET = -2. / Telescope offset in p in arcsec QOFFSET = -3. / Telescope offset in q in arcsec RAOFFSET= 2. / Telescope offset in RA in arcsec DECOFFSE= 3. / Telescope offset in DEC in arcsec # Additional Pointing Data HA = '-00:52:22.05' / Telescope hour angle ELEVATIO= 50.1760388888889 / Current Elevation AZIMUTH = 172.835761111111 / Current Azimuth AIRMASS = 1.301 / Mean airmass for the observation AMSTART = 1.301 / Airmass at start of exposure AMEND = 1.301 / Airmass at end of exposure PA = 0. / Sky Position Angle at start of exposure # Telescope Configuration INPORT = 1 / Number of ISS port where instrument is located CRPA = -49.5685362028393 / Current Cass Rotator Position Angle CRMODE = 'FOLLOW ' / Cass Rotator Mode CGUIDMOD= 'Basic ' / Carousel Mode M2BAFFLE= 'RETRACTED' / Position of M2 baffle M2CENBAF= 'OPEN ' / Position of M2 central hole baffle IAA = 247.5 / Instrument Alignment Angle SFRT2 = -0.373 / Science fold rotation angle (degrees) SFTILT = 3.17 / Science fold tilt angle (degrees) SFLINEAR= -357.15 / Science fold linear position (mm) AOFOLD = 'park-pos.' / AO Pick-Off Mirror Position PWFS1_ST= 'parked ' / PWFS1 probe state (frozen,guiding,parked) PWFS2_ST= 'guiding ' / PWFS2 probe state (frozen,guiding,parked) OIWFS_ST= 'guiding ' / OIWFS probe state (frozen,guiding,parked) AOWFS_ST= 'parked ' / AOWFS probe state (frozen,guiding,parked) P2FOCUS = -0.06 / PWFS2 Focus Offset (mm) # Peripheral Wavefront Sensor pointing data OBSEPOCH= 0. / Epoch at start of exposure P2AOBJEC= 'GSC0916200265' / Object Name for PWFS 2, Chop A P2AFRAME= 'FK5 ' / PWFS2 Target co-ordinate system P2AEQUIN= 2000. / Equinox for PWFS2 guide star coordinates P2AEPOCH= 2000. / Epoch for PWFS2 guide star coordinates P2ARA = 80.57442917 / RA of PWFS2 guide star P2ADEC = -69.35331111 / Declination of PWFS2 guide star P2APMRA = 0. / PWFS2 Proper Motion in RA P2APMDEC= 0. / PWFS2 Proper Motion in Declination P2ARV = 0. / PWFS2 Heliocentric Radial Velocity P2APARAL= 0. / PWFS2 Parallax of Target P2AWAVEL= 6500. / PWFS2 Effective Target Wavelength # On-Instrument Wavefront Sensor (i.e. the NICI AO System) pointing data OIAOBJEC= 'f606w_11.341' / Object Name for OIWFS, Chop A OIAFRAME= 'FK5 ' / OIWFS Target co-ordinate system OIAEQUIN= 2000. / Equinox for OIWFS guide star coordinates OIAEPOCH= 2000. / Epoch for OIWFS guide star coordinates OIARA = 80.48629583 / RA of OIWFS guide star OIADEC = -69.44843889 / Declination of OIWFS guide star OIAPMRA = 0. / OIWFS Proper Motion in RA OIAPMDEC= 0. / OIWFS Proper Motion in Declination OIARV = 0. / OIWFS Heliocentric Radial Velocity OIAPARAL= 0. / OIWFS Parallax of Target OIAWAVEL= 7000. / OIWFS Effective Target Wavelength # Telescope environment # Also provided in furlongs per fortnight and other imperial units (not shown) HUMIDITY= 14. / The relative humidity (fraction, 0..101). TAMBIENT= 13.1 / The ambient temp (C). DEWPOINT= -13.7 / The dew point (C). PRESSURE= 547.7044 / The atmospheric pressure (mm Hg). WINDSPEE= 4.5 / The wind speed (m/s). WINDDIRE= 349. / The wind direction (degrees). # NICI AO System Configuration FOCS = 'Open ' / Fiber Optic Calib. Src. FOCS_OFF= -4. / Fiber Optic Calib. Src. Offset FOCSLASR= F / Laser calibration source on FOCSIR = F / IR calibration source on TTSM = '{7105 -8301}' / TipTilt Position NDFW = 'Open ' / Neutral Density Filter Wheel LPSTATE = 'feedback' / AO loop state: idle | feedback | pr.imat | ttdm PRSERVO = 'pr ' / AO primary servo state: off | pr TTSERVO = 'off ' / AO secondary (TT) servo state: off | dm PRGAIN = 0.11 / AO pr.gain EFD = 0.565087 / AO extra focal distance DMFRNTEL= 0.26 / AO DM Front electrode (UH DM only) CNTLMAT = 'uhdm_20110107_3500BCDavg.inv.' / AO Control Matrix HVAPS = T / AO DM HVA Power Supply State APD1PS = T / AO APD1 Power Supply State APD2PS = T / AO APD2 Power Supply State HVACHAS = T / AO HVA Chassis State CNTRCHAS= T / AO Counter Chassis State LPOPTON = F / AO Loop Optimizer running AOCHNGD = F / AO parameters changed during capture FOCOFFEN= F / AO Focus offload to telescope enable TTOFFEN = F / AO TT offload to telescope enable TTGSIGN = -1. / AO tt.sign APDTEMP = 1.7 / AO APD temperature sensor (deg C) MEMSTK = 3501 / AO membrane stroke LP_SEC = 197332 / AO Loop Counter status (seconds since boot) TTGAIN = 0. / AO tt.gain MEMPHA = 67000 / AO membrane phase MEMFRQ = 1300 / AO membrane frequency DCFLOOR = 0.0001 / AO DC threshold/floor PRGSIGN = -1. / AO pr.sign LPCOADDS= 1 / AO loop Coadds LOOPFRQ = 1300 / AO Loop Update Rate LPCOUNT = 256526878 / AO Loop Counter at capture start (cycles since # NICI Science Camera Configuration -- elements common to both channels FPMW = 'Clear_G5710' / Focal Plane Mask Wheel FPMW_OFF= 0.02 / Focal Plane Mask Offset (deg) PMW = '95_G5731' / Pupil Mask Wheel SMR = 16.01 / Spider Mask Rotator angle (deg) SMRMODE = 'FIXED ' / Spider Mask Mode DICHROIC= 'H-50/50_G5701' / Dichroic Wheel # Red Channel Configuration (records duplicated in Ext 1 header) BIAS_R = 'mid ' / Red detector bias MODE_R = 'sur ' / Red exposure mode SLOWCT_R= 24 / Red detector slow counts ITIME_R = 30.02 / Red integration time NDR_R = 80 / Red non-destructive reads NCOADD_R= 1 / Red number of co-adds FILTER_R= 'CH4-H4%L_G0740' / Red Filter Wheel PI = 'Open ' / Pupil Imager # Blue Channel Configuration (records duplicated in Ext 2 header) BIAS_B = 'mid ' / Blue detector bias MODE_B = 'sur ' / Blue exposure mode SLOWCT_B= 24 / Blue detector slow counts ITIME_B = 30.02 / Blue integration time NDR_B = 80 / Blue non-destructive reads NCOADD_B= 1 / Blue number of co-adds FILTER_B= 'CH4-H4%S_G0743' / Blue Filter Wheel Extension 1: Red (holmes) Channel --------------------------------- # Required FITS keywords XTENSION= 'IMAGE ' / IMAGE extension BITPIX = -32 / number of bits per data pixel NAXIS = 2 / number of data axes NAXIS1 = 1024 / length of data axis 1 NAXIS2 = 1024 / length of data axis 2 # Gemini keywords FRMNAME = 'dhsPut-nici-data1' / Name assigned to a frame of data. FRAMEID = '2 ' / Gemini frame identifier DATATYPE= ' ' EXTNAME = 'SCI ' / Extension Name EXTVER = -1 / Number assigned to a FITS extension. PCOUNT = 0 / required keyword; must = 0 GCOUNT = 1 / required keyword; must = 1 # Channel and Detector CHANNEL = 'RED ' / Science Camera Channel DETNAME = 'SCA-47814' / Sensor Chip Assembly Number # Red Channel Configuration SUBARRAY= ' { 0 0 512 512 } ' / Region of interest BIAS_R = 'mid ' / Red detector bias MODE_R = 'sur ' / Red exposure mode SLOWCT_R= 24 / Red detector slow counts ITIME_R = 30.02 / Red integration time NDR_R = 80 / Red non-destructive reads NCOADD_R= 1 / Red number of co-adds FILTER_R= 'CH4-H4%L_G0740' / Red Filter Wheel PI = 'Open ' / Pupil Imager # WCS for Red Channel RADECSYS= 'FK5 ' / R.A./DEC. coordinate system reference CTYPE1 = 'RA---TAN' / R.A. in tangent plane projection CTYPE2 = 'DEC--TAN' / DEC. in tangent plane projection CRVAL1 = 80.4883844 / RA at Ref pix in decimal degrees CRVAL2 = -69.4482734 / DEC at Ref pix in decimal degrees CRPIX1 = 413.999522 / Ref pix of axis 1 CRPIX2 = 594.997314 / Ref pix of axis 2 CD1_1 = 5.01646534E-06 / WCS matrix element 1 1 CD1_2 = 8.26096075E-11 / WCS matrix element 1 2 CD2_1 = -3.29874171E-10 / WCS matrix element 2 1 CD2_2 = -5.01703714E-06 / WCS matrix element 2 2 Extension 2: Blue (watson) Channel ---------------------------------- # Required FITS keywords XTENSION= 'IMAGE ' / IMAGE extension BITPIX = -32 / number of bits per data pixel NAXIS = 2 / number of data axes NAXIS1 = 1024 / length of data axis 1 NAXIS2 = 1024 / length of data axis 2 # Gemini keywords FRMNAME = 'dhsPut-nici-data2' / Name assigned to a frame of data. FRAMEID = '3 ' / Gemini frame identifier DATATYPE= ' ' EXTNAME = 'SCI ' / Extension Name EXTVER = -1 / Number assigned to a FITS extension. PCOUNT = 0 / required keyword; must = 0 GCOUNT = 1 / required keyword; must = 1 # Channel and Detector CHANNEL = 'BLUE ' / Science Camera Channel DETNAME = 'SCA-47815' / Sensor Chip Assembly Number # Blue Channel Configuration SUBARRAY= ' { 0 0 512 512 } ' / Region of interest BIAS_B = 'mid ' / Blue detector bias MODE_B = 'sur ' / Blue exposure mode SLOWCT_B= 24 / Blue detector slow counts ITIME_B = 30.02 / Blue integration time NDR_B = 80 / Blue non-destructive reads NCOADD_B= 1 / Blue number of co-adds FILTER_B= 'CH4-H4%S_G0743' / Blue Filter Wheel # WCS for Blue Channel RADECSYS= 'FK5 ' / R.A./DEC. coordinate system reference CTYPE1 = 'RA---TAN' / R.A. in tangent plane projection CTYPE2 = 'DEC--TAN' / DEC. in tangent plane projection CRVAL1 = 80.4883844 / RA at Ref pix in decimal degrees CRVAL2 = -69.4482734 / DEC at Ref pix in decimal degrees CRPIX1 = 570.000515 / Ref pix of axis 1 CRPIX2 = 650.997321 / Ref pix of axis 2 CD1_1 = -5.0159887E-06 / WCS matrix element 1 1 CD1_2 = -6.99793144E-08 / WCS matrix element 1 2 CD2_1 = 7.03997325E-08 / WCS matrix element 2 1 CD2_2 = -5.01655469E-06 / WCS matrix element 2 2