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Today's Pick 3 Midday results are in. Here are the winning numbers for Wednesday December 16, 2020
You can find the latest Pick 3 Midday results below. At Born2Invest, we pride ourselves in bringing your Pick 3 Midday results first, as soon as the numbers are drawn.
So these are your Pick 3 Midday results for Wednesday December 16, 2020:
Does your ticket match the winning numbers? If yes, congratulations to you, the lucky winner. If no, please remember to come back to this section on Born2Invest at the next drawing date.
Most lottery tickets can be purchased directly online without the need of any physical intermediary. Some operators also specialize in accepting crypto payments such as Bitcoin. Depending on your region and country, you may also be able to participate in other games of chance, such as slots, casino games or more.
If there's one universal truth its that winning the lottery is a rare event. Not impossible, but not a common occurrence either. No matter how much you spend your time investigating strategies on how you can do better, that golden ticket will always seem out of reach. And that's because the lottery, for all its glory, is a game of chance.
And when it comes to chance, you have to be prepared to take advantage of any leads, such as the following:
- Consider a lottery pool: Playing is always a risk, either by yourself or with others. Joining a pool is ideal if you want to increase your resources and improve your odds via a combined ticket.
- Take your time in picking the best odds: There are different rules for every game, from how they are played to how much their payout is. It is important that you take the time to observe which ones have better odds before diving headfirst and making your bet. Scratch cards, for example, have better odds even if they have smaller payouts. So this might be something you can think about first.
- Dump the lucky numbers: Most people have a tendency to play the 'lucky' numbers—usually figures that everyone feels will have a chance of winning. The downside to this is that when the numbers do win, there's a bigger risk of you having to share the jackpot with someone else. To reduce this likelihood, you can opt instead to play the rarer numbers—having a unique number combination means you have a better prospect at winning a bigger payout.
- Play for second chances: Didn't get lucky the first time? Play again for one more round. The back of the lottery ticket has a form allocated that you can fill out so you can have another go. Lotteries often offer this opportunity, so don't miss it. The best part is you don't even have to spend anything!
Did you know that?
- Lottery-funded films have scored 14 Oscars and 32 BAFTAs. Examples: The King's Speech, Billy Elliot, and The Last King of Scotland all raised funds via the UK's National Lottery.
- In the US, a total of 11 states have reported earning more tax revenue from lottery sales than from income tax.
- According to the National Endowment for Financial Education, up to 70% of all lottery winners lose it all within a few years after winning their windfall. 44% of the winners of the UK National Lottery go bankrupt within a few years according to research firm The Camelot Group.
- Winning the lottery does not necessarily make you any happier. According to researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Massachusetts, the findings are as follows: "Eventually, the thrill of winning the lottery will itself wear off. If all things are judged by the extent to which they depart from a baseline of past experience, gradually even the most positive events will cease to have impact as they themselves are absorbed into the new baseline against which further events are judged."
- It may be a good idea to never talk about your lottery winnings. One New York state trust attorney puts it best: "The bigger problem arises when there is an oral (usually flippant) promise to share the proceeds."
The lottery has always generated a healthy dose of humor and cynicism among the who's who. A couple of salient examples for today:
"I've done the calculation and your chances of winning the lottery are identical whether you play or not." (Fran Lebowitz)
"There may be less of a chance of losing all the money you put into a mutual fund than there is of losing all the money you put into lottery tickets, but you're never going to win big in a mutual fund." (Robert Kiyosaki)


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The Day the World Changed
I'm not sure Americans even noticed that the world changed last week, probably because the change happened in India and it didn't involve any reality television stars and it probably wasn't mentioned on Facebook. Essentially, the India court slammed the Swiss drug company Novartis, finding that Novartis had "evergreened" its cancer medication, such that its patent barring the creation of generic copies was not applicable. It probably was the wrong decision. While companies often make minor changes in its drugs to preserve patents, the truth is that drugs are so expensive to bring to market, and they are so often brought to market to rush therapies to people with the expectation of improvement, its not clear that these changes are minor or cosmetic. Nonetheless, many manufacturing companies do extend their patents with minor tweaks, and that's where the change is going to occur.
During the bailout of GM, I often wrote about a client of mine in North Carolina who was trying to bring a new car to market–something radically new and radically environmental. As I also pointed out, it is nearly illegal if not totally illegal to invent a new car in the United States, as the protectionist policies in this country have permitted design patents to protect American car companies, as well as manufacturers of allied countries (Germany, Japan, Korea). If you decide to make a car with four tires and a steering wheel, you will spend the rest of your life in a federal court fighting patent infringement cases. I urged the Obama Administration, as did others of course, to eliminate competitive restrictions as part of the bailout of GM. Of course, since the government was nationalizing GM, why would they want competition? Even though competition creates jobs? I noted that allowing GM to fail was the best was to create a new car industry, but that's not how American labor unions see things. So, the restrictions stayed in place. My client took his company to India, as did dozens of other companies. In fact, remember that huge flow of plastic in the Pacific Ocean that sounds like the plot of a B movie? Another American company who may be mining that flow for the recycled plastic for my former client's car was also forced to take his company overseas. I hope the India law firm and its twenty lawyers that are now representing my former client are enjoying the work that I would have been doing here.
On the day after the Court in India made its decision on Novartis, and with that decision under its belt, a buyer signed a contract with my former client to buy nearly two billion cars to be sold in India, China and Brazil, with an expectation of expanding that market to the Middle East, other parts of South and Central America and Africa. The car will be a "generic," meaning, don't look for a name plate on it. My client isn't the only one getting into the generic car market. My sense is that in ten years, all cars in Asia, Central and South America and most of Africa won't have name plates, they will cost about ten percent of a branded car, and they will change the way the world drives, thinks about commerce and thinks about urban development. Parenthetically, there are only about 500 million people in the United States and Europe, so these folks have written off these markets as irrelevant.
These new generic manufacturers are making products that were designed by Americans for the American market, and they were, likely, the American success story that Obama wanted. Instead, America is being excluded from the new world because of Obama's policies. The unemployment rate is falling because the job market is collapsing. Where are the jobs? Overseas. Its really only a matter of time until people desperate for work will migrate to where the work is–from the United States to the broader world. Obama's main achievement as president may be reversing the 160 year tide of employment migration, just as he killed off the manufacturing sector and sent innovation excellence overseas.
The main problem confronting America isn't gun control, Mr. President, it's a world moving on without us because of you. As a Kenyan, you should have gotten the memo and you were expected to move away from the American-centered exceptionalism that holds that we are better because we are Americans. We are better because we are supposed to be smarter, faster and far-thinking. And since the world has already changed, it may be too late to repair the damage the past five years have wrought.


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The Situation of Confabulation
Posted by The Situationist Staff on April 13, 2009
Helen Philips had a nice article titled "Mind fiction: Why your brain tells tall tales," in the October 2006 issue of New Scientist. Here are some excerpts.
* * *
The kind of storytelling my grandmother did after a series of strokes . . . [n]eurologists call . . . confabulation. It isn't fibbing, as there is no intent to deceive and people seem to believe what they are saying. Until fairly recently it was seen simply as a neurological deficiency – a sign of something gone wrong. Now, however, it has become apparent that healthy people confabulate too.
Confabulation is clearly far more than a result of a deficit in our memory, says William Hirstein, a neurologist and philosopher at Elmhurst College in Chicago and author of a book on the subject entitled Brain Fiction . . . . Children and many adults confabulate when pressed to talk about something they have no knowledge of, and people do it during and after hypnosis. . . . In fact, we may all confabulate routinely as we try to rationalise decisions or justify opinions. Why do you love me? Why did you buy that outfit? Why did you choose that career? At the extreme, some experts argue that we can never be sure about what is actually real and so must confabulate all the time to try to make sense of the world around us.
Confabulation was first mentioned in the medical literature in the late 1880s, applied to patients of the Russian psychiatrist Sergei Korsakoff. He described a distinctive type of memory deficit in people who had abused alcohol for many years. These people had no recollection of recent events, yet filled in the blanks spontaneously with sometimes fantastical and impossible stories.
Neurologist Oliver Sacks of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York wrote about a man with Korsakoff's syndrome in his 1985 book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Mr Thompson had no memory from moment to moment about where he was or why, or to whom he was speaking, but would invent elaborate explanations for the situations he found himself in. If someone entered the room, he might greet them as a customer of the shop he used to own. A doctor wearing a white coat might become the local butcher. To Mr Thompson, these fictions seemed plausible and he never seemed to notice that they kept changing. He behaved as though his improvised world was a perfectly normal and stable place.
* * *
So confabulation can result from an inability to recognise whether or not memories are relevant, real and current. But that's not the only time people make up stories, says Hirstein. He has found that those with delusions or false beliefs about their illnesses are among the most common confabulators. He thinks these cases reveal how we build up and interpret knowledge about ourselves and other people.
It is surprisingly common for stroke patients with paralysed limbs or even blindness to deny they have anything wrong with them, even if only for a couple of days after the event. They often make up elaborate tales to explain away their problems. One of Hirstein's patients, for example, had a paralysed arm, but believed it was normal, telling him that the dead arm lying in the bed beside her was not in fact her own. When he pointed out her wedding ring, she said with horror that someone had taken it. When asked to prove her arm was fine, by moving it, she made up an excuse about her arthritis being painful. It seems amazing that she could believe such an impossible story. Yet when Vilayanur Ramachandran of the University of California, San Diego, offered cash to patients with this kind of delusion, promising higher rewards for tasks they couldn't possibly do – such as clapping or changing a light bulb – and lower rewards for tasks they could, they would always attempt the high pay-off task, as if they genuinely had no idea they would fail.
* * *
What all these conditions have in common is an apparent discrepancy between the patient's internal knowledge or feelings and the external information they are getting from what they see. In all these cases "confabulation is a knowledge problem", says Hirstein. Whether it is a lost memory, emotional response or body image, if the knowledge isn't there, something fills the gap.
Helping to plug that gap may well be a part of the brain called the orbitofrontal cortex, which lies in the frontal lobes behind the eye sockets. The OFC is best known as part of the brain's reward system, which guides us to do pleasurable things or seek what we need, but Hirstein . . . suggest that the system has an even more basic role. It and other frontal brain regions are busy monitoring all the information generated by our senses, memory and imagination, suppressing what is not needed and sorting out what is real and relevant. According to Morten Kringelbach, a neuroscientist at the University of Oxford who studies pleasure, reward and the role of the OFC, this tracking of ongoing reality allows us to rate everything subjectively to help us work out our priorities and preferences.
* * *
Kringelbach goes even further. He suspects that confabulation is not just something people do when the system goes wrong. We may all do it routinely. Children need little encouragement to make up stories when asked to talk about something they know little about. Adults, too, can be persuaded to confabulate, as [Situationist contributor] Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and his colleague Richard Nisbett have shown. They laid out a display of four identical items of clothing and asked people to pick which they thought was the best quality. It is known that people tend to subconsciously prefer the rightmost object in a sequence if given no other choice criteria, and sure enough about four out of five participants did favour the garment on the right. Yet when asked why they made the choice they did, nobody gave position as a reason. It was always about the fineness of the weave, richer colour or superior texture. This suggests that while we may make our decisions subconsciously, we rationalise them in our consciousness, and the way we do so may be pure fiction, or confabulation.
More recent experiments by philosopher Lars Hall of Lund University in Sweden develop this idea further. People were shown pairs of cards with pictures of faces on them and asked to choose the most attractive. Unbeknown to the subject, the person showing the cards was a magician and routinely swapped the chosen card for the rejected one. The subject was then asked why they picked this face. Often the swap went completely unnoticed, and the subjects came up with elaborate explanations about hair colour, the look of the eyes or the assumed personality of the substituted face. Clearly people routinely confabulate under conditions where they cannot know why they made a particular choice. Might confabulation be as routine in justifying our everyday choices?
* * *
Even when we think we are making rational choices and decisions, this may be illusory too. The intriguing possibility is that we simply do not have access to all of the unconscious information on which we base our decisions, so we create fictions upon which to rationalise them, says Kringelbach. That may well be a good thing, he adds. If we were aware of how we made every choice we would never get anything done – we cannot hold that much information in our consciousness. Wilson backs up this idea with some numbers: he says our senses may take in more than 11 million pieces of information each second, whereas even the most liberal estimates suggest that we are conscious of just 40 of these.
Nevertheless it is an unsettling thought that perhaps all our conscious mind ever does is dream up stories in an attempt to make sense of our world. "The possibility is left open that in the most extreme case all of the people may confabulate all of the time," says Hall.
* * *
To read the entire article, including a discussion of the problem of relying on eyewitnesses, click here. To read some related Situationist posts, see "The Interior Situation of Complex Human Feelings," "Magic is in the Mind," "John Darley on "Justice as Intuitions" – Video," "The Split Brain and the Interior Situation of Theories of the Self," "Jonathan Haidt on the Situation of Moral Reasoning," and "Vilayanur Ramachandran On Your Mind."
One Response to "The Situation of Confabulation"
August 19, 2010 at 9:10 pm
[…] August 19, 2010 HEARlabs Leave a comment Go to comments from The Situationist's The Situation of Confabulation, quoting from a New Scientist piece: The kind of storytelling my grandmother did after a series of […]


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Hot Online: Steve Carell won't be in 'Office' finale
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Steve Carell won't be in the May 16 finale of "The Office," the show's producer said. Carell left the show in 2011 and reportedly didn't want his presence to overshadow the goodbyes of the other characters. "The Office" debuted in 2005.
Trending topic
Chris Kelly of the 1990s child rap duoKriss Kross died of an apparent drug overdose, police said. Kelly, aka Mac Daddy, was 34 years old. The group was known for their hit "Jump" and for wearing their clothes backwards.
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The boy's parents caught the nap-and-nugget battle while they were on a flight from Cancun to Baltimore.
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Latest Canada Frutta Si in January
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Snow melt brings drier conditions and the wildfires
Spring has finally rounded the corner, with warmer temperatures and sunshine defining the last several days and heading into the weekend.
This transition into warmer weather has made a noticeable impact on the snow cover. Many areas bare ground are starting to pop up, which means bare ground isn't far off. For many, barren ground means lawn chores and spring clean up. Unfortunately, bare ground also means wildfires.
"Grass and leaves, that stuff dries out quickly and becomes flammable," said Paul Kollmeyer, DNR fire prevention specialist. "People start burning yard waste and having campfires and that's usually we see our first wildfires."
There is an exceptionally high amount of debris to be exposed this spring. A late December ice strorm stripped branches from trees and left countless scattered throughout most northern Michiganders' yards. Though burning is the first choice for most spring lawn cleaners, it's not the best choice.
"We are urging people to consider fire-safe alternatives, such as chipping instead of burning the debris," said Bill O'Neill, the DNR's acting Forest Resources Division chief and state forester. "Chipping eliminates the risk of wildfire altogether and it reduces exposure to unhealthy smoke."
It may seem odd that wildfires spark easily in the spring, but they do. Despite the season's association with rain, the tinder on the forest floor in primed to catch a spark.
To prevent wildfires while still enjoying the outdoors and getting chores done, Kollmeyer suggests small campfires and thoroughly extinguishing any flame source before leaving.
Use plenty of water, stir, and add more water until everything is wet and no steam is produced. Turn over charred logs and wet the underside. Be sure barbecues are completely extinguished. Soak unburned pieces of charcoal in a bucket of water before disposing of them.
"Remember that if you don't take adequate precautions and the fire escapes to become a wildfire, it can cost you suppression expenses and any damages resulting from the fire can be billed back to you," Kollmeyer added.
Campfires are responsible for 10 percent of Michigan's wildfires and the problem often occurs long after campers have left the area.
"The embers from these big fires can stay hot for days," Kollmeyer noted. "If the wind picks up, these embers can fly up, land on some dry fuel, and start a fire."
Over the next 10 days, daytime highs will average in the low to mid 40s, warm enough to melt snow and dry any exposed debris.


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Introduction to dissolved oxygen
Why is oxygen important? For us humans, if we have oxygen, we survive...yay! If not, we don't...boo. So, superficially, this may not seem like a very important parameter to know - you either have oxygen, or you don't. However, for many microorganisms, there are a lot of shades of gray.
For a bacteria or a yeast, different amounts of oxygen produce different results. For instance, starving a yeast cell of oxygen produces ethanol as a metabolite product instead of carbon dioxide. Starving a lake of oxygen not only prevents fishies from living in it, but also promotes the formation of large algae surfaces. Cool, right?
The biggest problem with measuring dissolved oxygen currently is the cost of the equipment available to do it. Typically, dissolved oxygen probes run well into the $400+ range, thus placing them well out of the realm of hobbyists. The cost is not wholly unwarranted - dissolved oxygen meters used a platinum catalyzed reaction with very specific membranes to measure oxygen response. By cutting out the platinum catalyst and the specialized membrane, the cost of a DO meter could drop considerably...enter the optode!
Building a dissolved oxygen probe
How an optode works
In order to reduce cost, we'll be building a dissolved oxygen optode instead of the more common dissolved oxygen electrode.
In an electrode, a small change in a voltage or current is used to detect a change in oxygen concentration. In an optode, a small change in reflected light intensity is used to detect changes in oxygen concentration:
There are advantages and disadvantages to each system.
Properties of commercial dissolved oxygen electrodes:
- Very robust - easily waterproofed
- Very accurate
- Need to recalibrate is rare due to non-reactive nature of the membrane and platinum
- Very small amperages are produced - an amplifier circuit must be built at the amp meter position
- Very, very expensive - $400 and up
Properties of commercial dissolved oxygen optodes:
- Film must be intact for proper sensing - not as robust
- Film must be permeable to oxygen, but impermeable to media (i.e. water)
- Calibration is difficult - more frequent recalibration necessary due to film degradation
- Chemicals in sensing foil respond at visual wavelengths, so background light can interfere with accuracy and precision
- Very cheap components needed
- No need for an amplifier circuit!
- Commercial probes are very, very expensive - $400 and up as well, but based on the design components, could it be made for cheap?
Although the optode has several drawbacks that make it impractical for some uses, there are enough benefits in its simplistic design to make it a potential probe that can handle many situations for $20 or less!
Background & plans to overcome technical hurdles
Flourescent Film Material
The sensor film material must not only fluoresce when exposed to light, but it must also fluoresce at different intensity levels depending on the amount of oxygen in contact with the film. Thankfully, some really smart chemists have already thought of a material to do this...get ready...its a mouthful! The chemical is formally named Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II). Since this is such a mouthful, we'll be referring to this chemical in the rest of the document as Ru(dppf) which is chemistry-speak for the above name.
Because ruthenium is a metal missing 2 valence electrons (that's the II in the full name for Ru(dppf)), you can only purchase this chemical in one of many complexes. A complex in chemistry is when ions of an opposite charge are associated to an already charged, but unstable molecule. This creates a bond that stabilizes the unstable molecule making it safe and/or easy to handle. Typically, the complexing agent doesn't change the properties of the molecule its bonded to - it just holds on for the ride.
For our application, choice of a complexing molecule isn't very important, so we found the cheapest complex of Ru(dppf) that we could, and ordered some! It happens to be the Ru(dppf) complex (shown to the right).
Our particular part is product number 76886 from Sigma-Aldrich, which at the time of this writing was selling for $59/mg. Yes. You read that correctly - per milligram! If this material is so expensive? How do we expect to make a dO sensor for cheap? Thankfully, we don't need much of it...1mg was enough for us to make 5-6 films to test, thus bringing the price of this chemical to only $10 - $12 per film. Not too bad when you consider a commercial probe costs in the $400 range!
Detecting Film Fluorescence
Now that we have identified a film material which we know will change color when exposed to varying oxygen levels, how will we be able to detect its change in color? Thankfully, the optical properties of Ru(dppf) are very well known and the manufacturer is very happy to provide technical information on their data sheet:
The graph to the left is showing us two very valuable pieces of information. The curve near the left part of the graph is the absorbance curve. The higher this curve travels on the y-axis, the more light is absorbed by the Ru(dppf). When Ru(dppf) absorbs light, it immediately re-radiates it at a different color. The color that the Ru(dppf) emits is given in the right hand part of the graph known as the emission curve. Note that it does not emit a single wavelength of light - instead it is a range starting at ~550nm, and extending into the infrared spectrum.
What does it all mean? What this graph means is that if we can illuminate our Ru(dppf) film with a bright light which has a wavelength near 455nm, our film will respond by emitting quite a bit of light ranging from 550nm (orange) - infrared. Cool! If we take a quick peek into our electronics catalogue, we quickly find several high intensity blue LEDs with 470nm wavelengths for $1.40/each. Additionally, because infrared is such a popular frequency for use in remote controls, it is very simple to find phototransistors that are very sensitive to light near 940nm for only $0.35!
A phototransistor varies the amount of current flowing through the collector/emitter junction based on the amount of light impacting on the phototransistor's light sensing surface. The amount of current produced can very simply, and reliably be read by a using a voltage divider circuit plugged into one of our Arduino's A-D converters. Additionally, if we take a quick peek at the datasheet for the mentioned phototransistor, we can see that the listed phototransistor is extremely insensitive to light emitting at wavelengths lower than 500nm. Therefore, with a proper LED mount design, it may be possible to detect the orange light given off by the Ru(dppf) film without having to implement an optical filter...neato!
Film Permeability to Atmosphere
We need to ensure that the Ru(dppf) complex only senses oxygen change from the side of the film that our experiment is on, not the side of the film that the LEDs are on. Although this may seem to be a difficult problem at first, thankfully there are many polymers which have vastly differing oxygen diffusion properties. Additionally, it is very common that polymers list a number known as an oxygen diffusion coefficient. For super extra credit, and if you wanna be a chemistry geek, you can figure out what this means mathematically by studying Fick's law of diffusion. However, a short explanation of this will suffice for our needs.
The higher the value of the diffusion coefficient, the faster oxygen will move a certain distance. So, in order to block oxygen from getting to one side of the film, you want to use a film with a very small diffusion coefficient, and/or a thick layer of film. If you want to allow oxygen to easily transport through a film, use a thin film with a very high diffusion coefficient...simple as that!
For our project, we ended up using a 0.002" thick layer of mylar film ($1.90/foot) as the oxygen permeable film, and sandwiched our Ru(dppf) film between the mylar film and a ~0.5cm thick layer of clear vinyl adhesive ($3/tube...but you don't need much) as an oxygen barrier layer. Details on the construction of this film can be found below.
Water & Light Sealing
Since this device operates in the visual light spectrum, it must be sealed from ambient light in order to ensure low signal noise. Additionally, since the sensor is designed to measure dissolved oxygen, it must also be able to be submerged in a fluid. Although both these goals could be easily accomplished by building a custom mount on a mill or lathe, it would also make the overall device much less transferable to those without access to these expensive pieces of machinery.
Instead, I turned to the plumbing aisle of my local hardware store, and found enough elbows, o-rings, and PVC cement to make a water and light tight mounting structure for under $10 that can be assembled without any special tools or training! See details below in the build section.
How to build it
List of Supplies and links for purchase
Below is a list of links to the suppliers needed to get all the parts to build your own! Cost is listed on a per sensor basis, although you may have to buy more than the listed amount of cash from one supplier to get started.
Optode Film
- 0.1 - 0.2mg Ruthenium(II)-dppf dichloride complex (~$12)
- 0.002" clear Mylar film (~$0.50)
- Clear Vinyl adhesive (~$0.50)
- Pure Acetone Nail Polish Remover (~$0.10)
Electronics and Control
- 1x 470nm high intensity blue LED ($1.35)
- 1x 940nm phototransistor ($0.35)
- 1x 1k ohm resistor ($0.03)
- 1x 100 ohm resistor ($0.03)
- ~2 feet of old telephone cable to make your life easier (look in dumpsters people...jeez)
Mount and Housing
- 2x ~0.5" diameter circles of 0.75" thick scrap wood (again...look in dumpsters).
- 2x 1/2" CPVC couplings ($0.19/ea = $0.38 total)
- 2x 1/2" CPVC elbows ($0.19/ea = $0.38 total)
- 1x 3/4" CPVC compression coupling ($3.67)
- ~2 feet 1/2" ID CPVC Pipe ($0.78)
- CPVC Primer (~$1.00)
- CPVC Cement (~$1.00)
Total Projected Cost: $22.07 (oh yeah...did I mention commercial probes cost in excess of $400?!
Safety and Hazard Stuff
- Acetone (nail polish remover) is a solvent. Don't play with it around fire. Try to play with it in a ventilated area.
- The Ru(dppf) complex doesn't have any specific hazards associated with it, so you can throw it away in small quantities at home. It will stain everything it touches bright orange like crazy though - gloves and/or bad clothes are handy.
Build the Mount
Step 1: When you are done, these need to fit inside the 3/4" CPVC compression coupling. These parts hold the LED and phototransistor needed to illuminate/measure the optode film. I decided to cut these pieces out of 3/4" thick scrap wood on a scroll saw. I traced 0.875" diameter circles onto a piece of wood, then got to work on a scroll saw:
After sawing, I sanded down the edges to make the pieces pretty circles that fit snugly inside the 3/4" compression coupling. At this point, you should have 2x 3/4" diameter circles that fit snugly inside the 3/4" compression coupling. Check to make sure this is true!
Step 2: Using a drill press, I cut 1/16" holes for the LED and phototransistor leads. Additionally, I cut a 1/4" diameter hole to expose the phototransistor (which will sit below the blue LED). Note that holes do need to line up between layers, so using a drill press will make life easier. At this point, you should have something that looks like this:
Step 3: Insert the LED and phototransistor into the holes to makes sure there is a good fit, and all the leads stick out the bottom of your mount. If this all checks out, wood glue the two layers together, fixing the position of the blue LED and phototransistor. It is important that the phototransistor be attached on the bottom layer to filter out excess light coming from the blue LED.
Step 4: Get out your CPVC fittings and cut 2x ~3" length from your 1/2" CPVC pipe. Prime, then cement these fittings together in a zigzag shape (think tetris) to act as a light trap. Cement one side to a coupler. The below drawing should help with the description:
Step 5: Attach the remaining 1/2" coupler to one side of the 1/2" CPVC pipe
Make the Film
Step 1: Dissolve your Ru(dppf) complex in ~1mL acetone (nail polish remover). Do not attempt to take the Ru(dppf) complex out of the bottle!! There is such a tiny amount in the bottle that you will surely lose a fair amount due to handling. Instead, add the acetone directly to the bottle the compound was shipped in, and confirm it dissolves. You should have a very bright orange solution without any particles in it. Using an eyedropper or something similar for this step will help immensely.
Step 2: Cut a ~1.5"x1.5" square of mylar filmfrom your stock mylar sheet using scissors.
Step 3: Using a hot glue gun, lay down a hot glue "circle" that is approximately 0.5" in diameter. This will act as a dam to prevent your acetone/Ru(dppf) mixture from spreading all over the film.
Step 4: Using an eyedropper, deposit ~1/5th of the amount of solution made in step 1 into the center of the circle. Allow this to dry uncovered until you can't see any solvent remaining. Overnight is not a bad idea. Do not use heat. Heat will not only cause the mylar film to distort, but it will also destroy the Ru(dppf) complex thus making it non-fluorescent! Do like your mom always told you and be patient. When you are done, you should have a film that looks something like the film on the right. The other films show what happens if you try to rush things. Note the hazy centers! You want a bright, non-hazy layer ideally:
Learning and Important Information: This part of the project did not go so well. Trying to creating a uniform film in this manner is not a good idea as you can see in the pictures. In fact, due to the non-uniformity of the film, no reliable sensor measurement could be obtained :(. Several other ways of producing a thin film were attempted including:
- Using a galvanized washer as a barrier instead so it could be removed (surface tension pulled the solution under the washer instead)
- Using no barrier at all (the film became too thin to fluoresce)
- Using 2 aluminum plates pressed on both sides to produce a thin film (the film became too thin to fluoresce in this situation too)
- Constantly moving the mylar sheet to prevent movement of the solvent to the outside (there is no overcoming surface tension! This just didn't work)
- Suggestions on solving this difficult problem would be desired! Knife coating, or some other de-facto coating mechanism is an option I considered here, but it would also require some specialized equipment that isn't available to everyone.
Step 5: After you are convinced the nail polish remover has evaporated, seal the top of the film (non-mylar side) with the vinyl glue. This prevents oxygen from reaching the reverse side of the optode film.
Step 6: Lastly, mount the film in the 3/4" compression housing. The film should sit over a coupler, with the mylar side facing the experiment. Pull the o-ring down over the sides of the film to create a waterproof barrier for the circuitry, then insert the coupler into the 3/4" compression housing (even though the sizes are mismatched, these fit together quite nicely, and are waterproof due to the rubber o-rings.
Build the Circuit
Design the following circuit on a breadboard or a protoboard of your choice (note: arduino pin assignments can be changed, but the code is setup to use those listed by default):
Arduino code to blink the LED and read from the phototransistor is available here. A-D values are printed to the serial monitor in this implementation.
Assemble Everything
Make sure everything is working like it is supposed to - does the LED turn on? Does it illuminate the film? If it is all working, slide it into the the compression fitting (see the orange?? COOOOL!)
After the mount is in place, screw both ends of the compression fitting on, and you've got a light proof, waterproof mount!
Making it cooler
So, I do need to bring this up one more time: This optode did not work. I'm 90% sure it had to do with not being able to produce a film of uniform coverage in a reliable manner. Suggestions here are welcomed! So, undoubtedly, this would be the way to make it waaaaay cooler.
In addition, this probe was not made with any type of calibration, so it would only be useful for tracking relative changes in dissolved oxygen in a single system. Adding a calibrated system to the arduino code would make results transferable probe to probe.
Geeking out
There is more than 1 way to use fluorescence to measure oxygen. Instead of using intensity of light produced (easiest to implement, but hardest to calibrate), you could instead measure the decay rate - i.e. the amount of time it takes for the film to go from illuminated to non-illuminated in the presence of no light. If you couple this with a red LED (which the film will not absorb), you have an internal standard that need not be calibrated for a very, very long time. Awesome! The problem is, this decay rate is very fast - on the nanosecond order, so the backend electronics would need to be more sophisticated. In addition, the red LED would likely not be properly filtered out by the phototransistor, thus requiring the need for a bandpass filter, raising complexity and cost.
- I promise people have gotten this to work - check this out!


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Blammo! 30 Rock's Liz Lemon Gets Married! Or Did She?
[Spoiler alert, dummies: This post reveals Liz Lemon's marital status so if you haven't seen this week's 30 Rock, grab some Cheesy Blasters and get to it!]
Harry Truman was right! Anything's possible!
On Thursday's episode of 30 Rock, Liz Lemon - or should we call her Tina, wink wink - said "I do" and married boyfriend Criss Chross (James Marsden) at New York City Hall with her boss and mentor Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin), her ex-boyfriend Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters) and Tony Bennett looking on.
The happy ending followed a very sad beginning, when Liz (Tina Fey) learned she wasn't pregnant and drowned her sorrows in a big ol' plate of disco fries. During her pity party she stumbled upon Dennis Duffy, his beer-chugging wife and their adopted child "Black Dennis" - an encounter that inspired Liz and Criss to get engaged "Top Gun-style" because being married would help their adoption chances.
Fifty Shades of Lame! Check out TV's unsexiest sex scenes
It wasn't the most romantic proposal in the world - a few light years from it - but it hit just the right tone for 30 Rock fans, who know all too well that being a mom has always been much more important to her than being a wife. Ergo (not Argo, dummy!), Liz donned her oldest sweatshirt and no bra to show Criss what a silly informality she thought getting married was. After all, Liz never, ever lets society tell her how to think, damnit! Fortunately, Criss knew what was really up and pretended to forget his birth certificate and invited Dennis along to get Liz to admit she did care about their big day, just a little.
In the end, our girl got to be a princess for a day - Princess Leia, to be exact - but she did it on her terms. Now all she has to figure out is how to tell Criss they're not going to name their child "Frisbee"!
What did you think of Liz Lemon's big day? Was it all you imagined it would be? Do you think it was the right time for her to tie the knot? Weigh in with your thoughts on the wacky ceremony and the episode overall (can we talk about that Harriet Tubman dream sequence?)!
View original Blammo! 30 Rock's Liz Lemon Gets Married! Or Did She? at TVGuide.com
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Today in the News: Vatican decides what retiring pope will be called
News to know
Two days beforePope Benedict XVIsteps down, Vatican officials decided what the retiring pontiff should be called: Benedict XVI, his holiness, pope emeritus, emeritus pope and Roman pontifex emeritus, according to CNN. The name issue had been in the news since Benedict announced his retirement, since no pope had retired in 600 years. After he retires, Benedict will live a life a seclusion and prayer, Vatican officials say.
Quote of note
"This juxtaposition of this great beauty and this wonderful country and this horrible tragedy is just really shocking. We all feel terrible." - Photographer Christopher Michel, talking to CNN about ahot air balloon accident in Egypt that killed at least 19 of its 21 occupants after the balloon exploded and fell about 1,000 feet to the ground. Michel was in another balloon when the accident happened.
Hot video: 20 years since World Trade Center bombing
Twenty years ago today, terrorists made their first attempt to bring down the World Trade Center.
GateHouse News Service


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Study: Credit report errors are common
One in five consumers had an error in a credit report issued by a major agency, according to a government study released Monday.
The Federal Trade Commission study also said that 5 percent of the consumers identified errors in their reports that could lead to them paying more for mortgages, auto loans or other financial products.
The study looked at reports for 1,001 consumers issued by the three major agencies -- Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. The FTC hired researchers to help consumers identify potential errors.
The study closely matches the results of a yearlong investigation by The Columbus Dispatch. The Ohio newspaper's report last year said that thousands of consumers were denied loans because of errors on their credit reports.
The FTC says the findings underline the importance of consumers checking their credit reports.
Consumers are entitled to a free copy of their credit report each year from each of the three reporting agencies.
The FTC study also found that 20 percent of consumers had an error that was corrected by a reporting agency after the consumer disputed it. About 10 percent of consumers had their credit score changed after a reporting agency corrected errors in their reports.
The Consumer Data Industry Association, which represents the credit reporting agencies and other data companies, said the FTC study showed that the proportion of credit reports with errors that could increase the rates consumers would pay was small.
The study confirmed "that credit reports are highly accurate, and play a critical role in facilitating access to fair and affordable consumer credit," the association said in a statement.
In September, the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau gained the authority to write and enforce rules for the credit reporting industry and to monitor the compliance of the three agencies. Prior to that, the reporting agencies weren't subject to ongoing monitoring by federal examiners.


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Ranch Legacy Tonneau Cover RFLEG-FDCC09-UJ
- Our Price: $1,897.15
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- Part Number: RFLEG-FDCC09-UJ
- Rating: (15)
Legacy Tonneau Cover
- Part #: RFLEG-FDCC09-UJ
- Factory Paint Code: UJ
- Factory Paint Code: UJ - Sterling Grey Metallic
$1,897.15Free Shipping
Select your vehicle details above to ensure item compatibility.
- Keep your style fresh and your tools protected with the Ranch Legacy Tonneau Cover
- Color-match your cover to your truck's finish
- High-quality fiberglass construction
- Handsome contoured molding
- Hinged-lid design, with hydraulic lift-assist arms for convenient payload access
- Rotary latch lock: impenetrable when lid down and tailgate closed
- Triple-seal waterproofing system, "wrap-over" edges for streamlined look
- Black Powder Coat frame finish resists corrosion
- No drill installation, all mounting hardware included
- Finish off your system with your choice of Ranch Tonneau Cover Accessories
- 1-Year Warranty on Components
- Lifetime Warranty on Structure and Paint (click "Return Information" above for important return policy details)
Every other truck accessory wishes it were a tonneau cover. Similarly, every other tonneau cover wishes it were a Ranch Legacy Tonneau Cover.
The Legacy delivers ultimate protection with a seamless look that perfectly matches your truck. Heavy-duty fiberglass gives this hinged lid tonneau the weight it needs to properly protect your cargo. Lift-assist arms allow you convenient access to your truck bed, and a rotary latch locks everything into place. Best of all, the Ranch Legacy Tonneau Cover comes painted with premier DuPont paint to match your truck's paint job exactly. Upon purchase, you will choose your truck's color from a wide variety of vehicle-specific options, and these stylish contoured tonneaus will match up perfectly with your truck's original color.
Everything else you'd expect out of a well-made tonneau is available, as well. Triple-seal waterproofing keeps your cargo safe from leaks, while a "wrap-over" cover design gives it a seamless look when flush with your bed rails. A Black Powder Coat finish protects the frame from corrosion, and all mounting hardware is included for the Legacy's no-drill installation.
Hinged lid fiberglass tonneau covers bring a level of protection and durability unmatched in other tonneaus. The Ranch Legacy Tonneau Cover does so with a stylish touch that is the perfect compliment to your vehicle. Backed by a Lifetime Warranty against paint and structure, parts are covered for one year.
Note: Ranch tonneau covers are custom-painted to correspond with your original factory paint job and thus cannot be returned.
Ranch RFLEG-FDCC09-UJ fits:
- 2009-2014 Ford F-150
There are no reviews for this application.
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San Jose Tours & Sightseeing
Explore tours & sightseeing attractions in San Jose! Bike, ride, walk & sample your way around food, art, tourist attractions & more that are unique to San Jose. Find the perfect guided city tour in San Jose today!
Explore tours & sightseeing attractions in San Jose! Bike, ride, walk & sample your way around food, art, tourist attractions & more that are unique to San Jose. Find the perfect guided city tour in San Jose today!
Pick the perfect experience gift or buy an egift card and let your recipient choose their own adventure.
After checking out, you can easily print or email your Experience Voucher. While delivery is instant, the memories will last a lifetime.
Your recipient can book their experience at their convenience either online or by calling us. And if they'd prefer to do another one, they can easily exchange it.
Our trusted vendors and passionate team will ensure that your recipient will be treated to the experience of a lifetime—making memories that will last for years to come.
Our experienced team takes the risk out of gift-giving with handpicked experiences that are guaranteed to delight. We only work with top-rated experience providers and offer flexible policies to make giving a great gift a no-brainer—no matter who you're shopping for.Learn More
We offer 30-day returns or your recipient can easily exchange their gift for anything else in our marketplace, anytime—free of charge.
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The Obama administration is warning that automatic spending cuts scheduled to take effect March 1 will result in travel delays at major airports and require traffic-disrupting shutdowns of air traffic control towers at smaller facilities.
Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood says the across the board reductions will require trimming $600 million this year form the Federal Aviation Administration. LaHood says that will mean furloughing air traffic controllers, which in turn will reduce the ability to guide planes in and out of airports.
He says travelers could experience 90 minute delays or more in major cities.
The transportation reductions are part of broader, cuts that will hit across government agencies that will begin to kick in at the end of next week.
LaHood's appearance in the White House briefing room was part of a continuing campaign by Cabinet members and other administration officials aimed at buttressing President Barack Obama's appeal to Congress to replace the cuts with tax increases and targeted reductions. Congressional Republicans oppose any additional tax increases.
Asked whether it appeared inevitable that the cuts would materialize, press secretary Jay Carney said: "We obviously are discouraged by the line that Republican leaders have taken, which is the book is closed on revenue. ... We remain hopeful and we will continue to engage with Congress."
LaHood, a former Republican congressman from Illinois, denied that he was simply describing a worst-case scenario that would scare the public and put pressure on Republican lawmakers. He said the effect of the cuts will begin to be felt around the beginning of April.
"What I'm trying to do is wake up members of the Congress with the idea that they need to come to the table so we don't have to have this kind of calamity in air services in America," he said.
LaHood said the main reason the White House had asked him to appear before White House-based reporters was because he is a Republican making the case for Obama with Republican lawmakers.


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Hot Online: Clark Kent quits Daily Planet
Trending topic
In tomorrow's issue of "Superman," Clark Kent quits the Daily Planet. The alter ego of Superman has been a reporter at the Planet since 1938. DC Entertainment said, "Clark Kent, after a heated discussion with Morgan Edge (the owner of The Daily Planet's parent company), leaves his position as a reporter at The Daily Planet. This is the beginning of a multi-faceted storyline that will challenge Clark on all levels - personally and professionally, as both himself and as Superman. This is not the first time in DC Comics history that Clark Kent has left the Planet, and this time the resignation reflects present-day issues - the balance of journalism vs. entertainment, the role of new media, the rise of the citizen journalist, etc."
Check this out
The San Francisco Giants slaughtered the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 7 of the National League Championship Series on Monday night and are headed to the World Series. The Giants came back from a three-games-to-one deficit to take the series against the Cards. They will face the Detroit Tigers in the World Series.
Hot video: Mitik the baby walrus adjusts to life at the New York Aquarium
Mitik the walrus is settling in nicely at his new home at the New York Aquarium. He was rescued from the Arctic Ocean earlier in the year. This adorable video says it all: http://landing.newsinc.com/shared/video.html?vcid=23853848&freewheel=90108&sitesection=gatehouse.
GateHouse News Service


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Morneau energized by atmosphere surrounding Bucs
New teammates, Hurdle excited to acquire '06 AL MVP for run toward postseason
PITTSBURGH -- The Pirates went all-in Saturday, with general manager Neal Huntington pushing another stack of chips in the middle of the table to land Justin Morneau.
In his second roster-altering trade in four days, Huntington acquired the first baseman from Minnesota in exchange for outfielder Alex Presley, and either a player to be named later or cash. According to MLB.com sources, the second player will be pitcher Duke Welker.
"We're excited. Justin is excited about the opportunity," Pirates manager Clint Hurdle said shortly before the Pirates and Cardinals started their game at PNC Park in a flat-footed tie for the National League Central lead.
Morneau, in Arlington, Texas, with the rest of the Twins when the deal was announced, made it to Pittsburgh at about 7:50 p.m. ET, came out of the Fort Pitt Tunnel as the game was heading into the fifth inning and was in uniform in the dugout by the seventh of a game in which his new mates had a big lead.
First impressions were scintillating.
"To look up and see the stands full, and the boys up big ... it was pretty special," Morneau said in a media conference following the Bucs' 7-1 win over the Cardinals. "It's something I'll probably never forget.
"A first-place team, you're always excited to become a part of that. I've been paying attention from the other league, and they play the game hard and play it right. Hopefully it'll be a long run and fun run, and I've stepped into something that's enjoyable."
To make Morneau eligible for postseason play, the Pirates cleared roster space for him by optioning Andrew Lambo to Double-A Altoona. Also optioned to the Curve was right-hander Jared Hughes, with his place on the 25-man roster being taken by righty Stolmy Pimentel.
"We felt this move gives us a better chance to not only play in October, but play deeper. Justin complements us going forward -- especially getting him in front of the Clemente Wall," Huntington said of Morneau, who arrives as a hot hitter with nine August home runs.
The deal endows the Bucs with the 2006 American League MVP after 11 years in Minnesota. Morneau, 32, had a .259/.315./426 slash line, with 17 home runs and 74 RBIs in 127 games this season. However, nine of the homers and 21 of the RBIs have come this month.
"There's a lot of emotion and adrenaline I hadn't had in a while," said Morneau, a lifelong Twins player who had to waive a no-trade clause to join up. "I'm excited by this opportunity, of doing something every day to help this team win, to do whatever it takes to get in the playoffs."
"We saw tangible reasons why he hit nine homers this month," Huntington said. "He gives us a deeper, more talented team, gives Clint a lot of options. We've upgraded our everyday lineup, and also our bench, to make Clint's job easier. He's got a lot of weapons to help us win a game."
Those weapons include outfielder Marlon Byrd and catcher John Buck, acquired in a Tuesday deal from the Mets.
Between them, Byrd and Morneau seriously impact Garrett Jones, who plays their positions and paced Friday night's series-opening 5-0 win over St. Louis by driving in four runs on three hits.
Seeing history repeat is Jones, who was signed in 2008 by the Pirates as a Minor League free agent in the Twins system whose path was blocked by Morneau.
"For me, it's all about winning right now," Jones said. "It's baseball. He's definitely an upgrade for us, and he'll help. We've been friends for a long time. It'll be fun to watch him play again, and hopefully I can still get in there and help the team when I get a chance."
"We'll look at the versatility of Jones. Byrd can play all over the outfield, so maybe [Jones will] find some time back in right," said Hurdle. "We have less than 30 games to play; some of these moves have been made based on opportunities that have been given for five months. We looked at how we could best strengthen ourselves for the last 28 games of the season, and into the postseason."
Morneau has one month remaining on a six-year, $80 million deal he'd signed with the Twins. The Pirates are covering the $2.265 million remaining on the contract, to "Bob Nutting's credit," Huntington said.
"He allowed us to go significantly over budget," the GM said of the club's chairman. "We appreciate Bob for the financial flexibility to do something like this."
The deal reunited Morneau with World Baseball Classic Team Canada teammate Russell Martin -- and with Francisco Liriano, the ace of the Bucs' staff who had similar status with the 2005-12 Twins.
"He's a great guy, and a greater player. I played with him for five years," Liriano said. "It's great to see him back in the same uniform."
"I've seen him since he was a rookie," Morneau said of the pitcher, "and he can be as good as anybody in baseball. You always pay attention to former teammates, and he's got the stuff to put together and be one of the best pitchers in the game."


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When I first arrived in Richmond, Va, in 1962 – straight from Montevideo, Uruguay, where I grew up – my first Shabbos on American shores, my parents and I attended a big kiddush in our new shul. Alongside the standard kugel, chulent, pastries and spirits, I got my first taste of a very delicious dark red liqueur with a strong, not overly sweet, black cherry flavor. It was love at first sip for me and Cherry Heering! Through the years, whether in Richmond, NY, Detroit, Eretz Yisroel, or wherever life's path took me, there was always that familiar, delicious bottle of Cherry Heering calling my name at every kiddush, every simcha, every family get together.
Like an old friend, seeing Cherry Heering among the liqueurs adorning the table, brings back warm memories and great moments of my past. At each son's bar mitzva Cherry Heering was there, a guest tmidi – a constant complement to our simchas, warming hearts, with its distinct familiar cherry flavor, admittedly the cordial of initiation to each of my three sons.
After the 90's, it disappeared from Jewish liquor stores and I missed it. Now it's back, as good as ever along with an additional coffee flavour choice! Since 1818 Cherry Heering, has been appearing all over the world and is sold in over 100 countries. In 1936 it became the main ingredient of that most celebrated of cocktails the Singapore Sling. Not all the ingredients of this cocktail are kosher today but you can still make delicious drinks with Cherry Heering and Coffee Heering. Here are some of my favorite ones:
Coffee Sourz
- 1 part Heering Coffee Liqueur
- 1 part lemon juice
- 1 part simple syrup
Fill a shaker with ice. Add ingredients, shake well and serve in a rocks glass. Garnish with a lemon slice and a cherry.
Cherry Royal
- 1 part Cherry Heering Liqueur
- 4 parts champagne or sparkling wine
Pour Cherry Heering liqueur and champagne into a champagne flute and serve ice cold.
Cherry Fizz
- 2 oz Cherry Heering Liqueur
- Juice of 1/2 lemon
- Carbonated water
- 1 Cherry
Shake Cherry Heering and lemon juice over ice and pour into a highball glass with 2 ice cubes in it. Ad carbonated water and a cherry.
I just picked a few bottles (full size and mini size for the mishloach manot on Purim) of each Peter Heering flavor at Liquors Galore (1212 Avenue J in Brooklyn 11230) but it's also available all over.
It can and will greatly enhance your Purim as Rukhl Schaechter and Eve Jochnovich tell us in the following video:
Do you have any memories of Cherry Heering? Why not share with us?
Meanwhile, enjoy, gentle reader, enjoy!


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Low-Pain Gain: Performing a Snapshot Audit
The only change in the family lifestyle was learning to turn on the power to an electronic device before using it.
May 06, 2009
A version of this article appears in the May/June 2009 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
I started sizing the PV system for our home by researching our history of electricity usage in past utility bills and found that we consumed an average of about 660 kWh per month. This was well below the national average. But when an estimate for an offsetting PV system came back at around $45,000, I was alarmed.
In order to parse our electricity bill further, I figured our average hourly usage and I was astounded. Our average electrical consumption was almost 900 watts. Where could all this electricity be going?
To get to the bottom of things, I purchased and installed The Energy Detective (TED) whole-house electricity monitor. It worked well, but I was frustrated because it told only how much electricity was being used, not where it was being used. I would watch in fascination as the monitor spiked 100 watts with no apparent cause, or I would sit in a dark house, refrigerator unplugged and everything off, while the monitor glowed to 200 watts.
It was obvious that I needed to find the devices responsible for the observed aggregate flow—something that required measuring current flows with greater resolution. Since the whole-house monitor was measuring current flows at the two main 120V electrical conductors at the home's main electrical panel, reducing the flow by turning breakers off would limit the flow at the main conductors to just the breakers that were operating. I switched all the breakers off, and then switched them back on one by one, noting the current flow associated with each breaker. (Turning the breakers off one by one and noting the reduction in overall flow is a potentially more accurate method, depending on the contributing devices). I was astonished. With no lights, building systems, or appliances apparently operating, current was flowing at almost half of the breakers!
Gathering Tools
Cycling breakers was too disruptive for a viable protocol. In addition, the visual resolution on The Energy Detective was too crude to register very low flows (although it logs those flows); also, cycling current in the system might temporarily alter demand to some devices, skewing the results. However, resolution by circuit seemed adequate for an initial investigation, although findings on some circuits would probably require limited additional investigation. I searched for an appropriate tool.
The AEMC SL206 Dual (manual) Range Current Probe was the most compact instrument I could find that would measure the ranges of current I expected to see. It can measure from a few milliamps to over 50 amps. Its size mattered because it would be used in a cramped electrical panel. At the same time, it was reasonably accurate. It was still not ideal. Greater compactness, more accuracy, and lower sensing capabilities would all be better, but it was the best I could find. Since this device is only a probe, which converts current to voltage but has no display, it must be used with a voltage-sensing device, such as a multimeter.
I also picked up a clamp-on meter and line splitter, which made auditing individual plug loads convenient, and a plug load monitor, that allowed limited logging of cycling loads. If you opt to get a clamp-on meter for this application, make sure it has the range capability to work down to 5 milliamps or less, so that it will detect low flows. These low-flow meters are usually referred to as leakage meters.
Developing the Audit Method
To better understand electricity flows in a home, I sought a simple way to get the most information for the effort. However, since the method I am about to describe is not a prolonged monitoring of electricity flows—but rather an instantaneous snapshot—some of the blanks have to be filled in with educated guesses. This exposes both the advantages and the limitations of the method. Its primary advantage is that it is fast and relatively cheap.
|Current versus Power in Nonlinear Devices
In the methodology I describe, I convert current measurements to power (watts) by multiplying by voltage. This assumes that the power factor of the current drawing devices (real power divided by apparent power (volts x amps)) equals one. However, this is often not the case, due to either non-sinusoidal waveforms—typical of electronics, including most CFLs—or to voltage and current waveforms being out of phase—typical of motor-driven loads, including things such as refrigerators and furnaces. This can pose problems, including overestimating potential savings.
This issue can be overcome by always using a true-root-mean-square (TRMS) power meter, which compensates for power factor contributions of both distorted and out-of-phase waveforms. While the Kill-A-Watt plug load monitor and the TED whole house monitor report TRMS power (the Kill-A-Watt can also display power factors), the AEMC probe and the clamp meter I discuss do not. Unfortunately, although I have searched for a compact, affordable TRMS power meter with the range and sensitivity the method requires, I have not yet found one.
Alternatively you can simply be aware of the issue and compensate the best you can. For instance, be suspicious of readings from devices if those readings do not fall within an expected range. (Typical ranges are available from various sources. See, for example www.standby.lbl.gov/summary-table). If looking at lighting, sum the rated wattage of the fixtures for comparison to measured values. Where possible, compare your readings to manufacturer's claims or validate them with a Kill-A-Watt or other TRMS power meter. And above all, keep in mind the nature of the audit. If an action is indicated with a 50% or more annualized return despite a moderate error in power conversion, it will still be indicated were the error corrected. If, on the other hand, you are parsing the last few percentage points to justify doing something, you should be using a more refined method.
The method can be summarized as follows: (1) identify all the current flows in a home as either active or passive; (2) isolate and audit the passive flows, noting contributing devices; (3) inventory the active devices and estimate their consumption; and (4) compare the findings to the historical consumption as shown by utility billings. The resulting data will give a rough picture of overall system flows, which can be used to inform a conservation strategy and predict the results of implementing it.
The passive flows are the base load flows—the near-constant background electricity usage that is not associated with actively operating appliances, lights, or building systems. The passive flows are associated mainly with idling electronics, such as unused furnace controls, TVs, or touch pad appliances. The active flows are everything else—the flows that are associated with devices that are switched or cycled on and off by occupants, timers, thermostats, and so forth. (Note that many devices, such as appliances and electronics, fall into both categories.) Because this method is static, it is best suited to evaluate conservation opportunities presented by examining passive flows. If the audit indicates large active flows, additional investigation using a different method, would be called for.
To isolate passive flows, switch off all dynamic and transitory loads, so that the instrumentation does not sense them. All lights and appliances are turned off; thermostats are set back so no demand is placed on conditioning units; and timed loads are disabled, as though the house were empty. Note that nothing should be disconnected. Many devices produce both active and passive flows, and disconnecting them during the audit will skew the results.
Next, I read the current flows at each circuit by removing the panel cover and inserting the current probe. I enter each reading into a spreadsheet, along with the circuit location. I assign the noted flows to one of six broad categories: lighting; entertainment; outlets (plug loads not part of any other category); building services (furnaces, water heaters, and so on); appliances; and miscellaneous (primarily mixed circuits containing more than one of the other categories). This makes it easier to examine usage patterns and pinpoints areas where electricity is being wasted. Table 1 shows the audited pre-conservation current values for our home.
I use the passive flow audit results to survey the system so that individual devices, or groups of devices, can be assigned to the circuit flows noted. The more accurately the home's electrical system is mapped, the less detective work this requires. A circuit designation as noted in the panel box may accurately describe the connected devices. If not, the system will have to be mapped. Even if the system is already well mapped, when considering certain conservation strategies it will be necessary to individually audit some devices or groups of devices if they are connected to a single circuit. This would be done to ascertain their contributions to noted aggregate flow so the conservation potential of altering their operation can be investigated. For plug loads I do this with a line splitter and a clamp-on meter. For integrally wired loads, I find somewhere to interrupt the circuit that isolates the device or device group and use the AEMC probe and multimeter or a clamp-on meter, whichever is appropriate.
For active flows, I usually inventory the home and then interview the occupants to see how the contributing devices are operated. How much effort I put into doing this depends on how much energy a given device uses, and how willing (or able) the occupants are to reduce that usage. For example, lighting systems are often a source of significant active consumption, and can often be modified relatively easily to reduce that consumption. For this reason, they often warrant investigation. The active-component consumption of a microwave that is used only occasionally probably isn't worth considering, since not only is cumulative consumption low, but the occupant would probably be unwilling to give up the convenience. The passive component of the same microwave, which in all likelihood exceeds the active component, is probably worth investigating.
Refrigerators present a special case. Since the length and frequency of their cycling affects overall consumption, a snapshot audit is insufficient. To get a rough estimate of how much a refrigerator is consuming, I monitor it over the course of the audit with a plug load monitor and insert the average rating in the spreadsheet. However, if the refrigerator is being considered for replacement, a longer monitoring is required, at least three or four days, to allow cycling through the defrost cycle. If the refrigerator is not on a dedicated circuit, I disconnect it during the circuit audit, so that I can measure the other flows on the circuit.
To estimate total system performance, I sum the audited passive flows in the spreadsheet in each category and then convert to watts by multiplying by the voltage and then add active flow estimates (see Table 1). These estimates can be derived in several ways. For lighting, I like to sum the wattages of lamps that are frequently used and multiply the total by the number of hours of daily use. Then I divide the product by 24 to find average hourly usage.
For other active flows, I usually simply enter an "Active Adjustment" factor—little more than an educated guess, which can get slightly more refined in the next step—as a multiplier of the passive flows for the same category. The product is then added to the Passive Watts and multiplied by the number of hours in a month to obtain the "Projected Monthly kWh" by category. The projected monthly kWh in all categories are summed to give the "Total Projected kWh/month."
Next I examine historical utility data and compare these data to the projection. For this, I like to average a year's worth of utility bills. Active-flow assumptions can then be adjusted in order to make the consumption predicted by the audit approximate that shown by historical utility data. Manipulating active flows like this essentially takes the portion of the historically observed consumption that cannot be accounted for in the audited passive flows and spreads it across the consumption categories. As I explained above, how accurate you choose to be in treating active flows will depend on the emphasis of the audit, and on whether a particular active flow is a good conservation target. Keep in mind that the purpose of the audit is not to predict overall usage, but to identify conservation targets. Truing up the audit predictions with the historical data by manipulating the active flows simply estimates the overall flows as closely as practicable, given the data we have.
Plugging the Leaks: Using an Audit to Green a Home
With the current flows in our house identified and quantified, I could see much more clearly where our electricity was going, and what steps we could take to reduce. I studied the spreadsheet and made a list of the contributors to overall consumption that were primarily operating passively. As applicable, I tested individual devices or groups of devices to ascertain their contribution to the aggregate flows noted. Through this process I discovered, for example
- Unused X-10 automated switches and receptacles consumed between 2 and 3 watts each. This accounted for some of the noted flows at lighting circuits when no lights were turned on.
- The warm-air furnaces consumed between 6 and 11 watts each continuously, and the tankless water heater consumed about 4 watts.
- Entertainment electronics stacks consumed between 10 and 60 watts each continuously.
- An idle computer and its peripherals consumed over 100 watts continuously.
- Garage door openers consumed about 6 watts each continuously.
- The telephone answering system consumed about 5 watts continuously.
In all, the passive flows accounted for well over half of our electricity consumption. A few simple steps could save a lot of energy. We considered doing the following things:
- Remove X-10 components from the system.
- Put electronics stacks on switched power strips.
- Cycle current to the furnaces off in non-heating months by switching the circuit off at the breaker. (This can alternatively be done at the furnace, if the unit does not have a dedicated circuit.)
- Install a switched power strip at the microwave oven.
- Install switched circuits to the garage door openers so they could be turned off when a car was in the garage.
- Replace the incandescent lamps of all commonly used light fixtures with CFLs or LEDs.
The effects of implementing these measures can be roughly quantified. I calculated the potential electricity savings using the data I had measured in the audit and estimated the cost of having an electrician or a skilled handyman perform each task. Savings are calculated using a blended tiered rate of approximately $0.22/kWh, applicable in my utility area between approximately 350 and 550 kWh consumption per month. The costs of implementing these measures are low, and returns on investment are favorable (see Table 2).
When we implemented all of the conservation measures I listed, I was shocked, but in a good way. Comparing July through December 2006 to the same period in 2007, average monthly consumption falls from 660 kWh to less than 360 kWh, a reduction of more than 45% and very close to the predicted savings. Since the reduction moved us to a lower rate tier, the result was a cost savings of almost 65%.
Our savings are even more impressive when you consider that because we now needed less electricity to run our home, we were able to install a smaller PV system. We shaved our average consumption by just over 400 watts. In our climate zone, offsetting baseload with PV solar capacity costs about $50 installed cost per baseload watt. This means that we saved approximately $20,000 in PV system costs.
These simple measures have had minimal impact on our lifestyle. The most intrusive change was having to power up a computer to use the Internet, although I found that I had simply gotten used to hopping online, and not having instant access cut down on my tendency to do so. Other than that, the only change in our lifestyle was learning to turn on power to a unit before using it.
A Final Note
The most startling realization that came out of developing this audit process is the high energy cost of having so many electronic devices idling in our electrical systems. This is something I try to impress on my clients, especially those who are considering installing a PV system. A forgotten 5W transformer equals a 500W light bulb burning 15 minutes a day. An unused entertainment stack pulling 25 watts is like 15 10W CFLs left on for four hours. This seems insane, especially when we consider that the utility derived from these idling devices is almost zero. The folly is multiplied when we buy PV systems to offset this consumption, essentially paying for all that waste up front.
It is as though we cannot turn our homes off. As an architect, I look to specify electrical devices that don't add to a home's baseload, but I often find it difficult. Furnaces, water heaters, phone systems, intercoms, sprinkler systems, lighting controls, gate operators, computers, entertainment systems, and countless other items shed energy continuously. Depending on how a device is used, this can go on for months, or even years, without resulting in any convenience or utility. Although some of this is changing as new regulations limit the baseloads of some electronics, the existing installed base of energy-wasting devices is huge, and many items are still unregulated. Users are largely unaware of this constant energy drain, and even well intentioned consumers, who shut off the proverbial lights as a nod toward conservation, often have no idea what is actually happening at the electric meter. We need to sound the alarm.
Frank Bergamaschi is a California licensed architect and currently practices in San Francisco.
>> For more information:
The method of measuring the current flow for each breaker by turning the breakers on one by one is described in Parker, Danny, et al. "How Much Energy Are We Using?" available on the web at: www.fscc.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-CR-1665-06-pdf
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There are three main areas of navigation which are available on every page on this site. The main organization menu will always be shown horizontally across the page and will contain links to pages with information which is not specific to any single team, league, tournament, or vendor. The left-hand column will contain a menu listing either all the leagues & teams setup for the current season or all the pages available for the selected league, team, tournament, or vendor. Lastly, the very top-right of each page will contain links to a contact page, a sitemap, this help page, and other helpful links.
The site will operate in the following modes*: Organization, League, Team, Tournament, and Vendor. The default mode is Organization, and it is the parent of the other modes. The site can be returned to organization mode by clicking any of the items in the main menu. When the site is in any other mode, all information displayed is filtered to show only items relevant to that league, team, tournament, or vendor. Administrators also have the ability to mark certain information as major, which will make those items visible on the relevant pages in both the parent and child modes (if there are any).
Each mode will have the option to add various types of pages to its menu, such as a home page, a calendar, a news archive, and so on. Some page types will only be available in certain modes, such as a roster page which is only available in team mode. The URL (or web address) of most page types has been made as intuitive as possible where you could guess the address of the page if you are unable to locate it in the menu. For example, the organization calendar is available here: http://raiderssports.ca/Calendar. Some of the most common page types include:
Every page on this site is printer-friendly! Using your browser's built-in print button will automatically remove the header, left column, and right-column (if there is one) on the page being printed. Most pages also include a print button which mimics the built-in print button of your browser.
We always recommend that you use the website as your primary source for scheduling information. However, there are a few tools included with the site which allow you to import scheduling information found on this site into other calendars. These options include 1) Clicking the "Export" link found at the top of any team's calendar page, 2) Using the WebCal feature for live updates of the schedule into other programs (Read More Here), or 3) Using www.mycal.ca to combine multiple teams' schedules into a single calendar.
All updates & other maintenance for this site is accomplished through a web-based administrator-only area called the Control Panel. If you have been provided with a username and password for the Control Panel, you can click the Login link at the top of this page, and enter your credentials to become logged in. If your login is successful, a new link will appear in the very top of the page for the Control Panel. For more information about how to use the Control Panel, please check out the support website.
This website is built on the MicroAge Basics Sports Organization Website platform, or MBSportsWeb for short. The vision behind the platform since day one has been to enable sports organizations to create & maintain high-quality, data-intensive websites with as little effort as possible. The core of the product is its built-in scheduling capabilities which allow the organization's scheduler(s) to efficiently maintain a dynamic, on-demand schedule online with the added benefit of automatic notifications which can be setup to alert the individuals affected by a schedule change. For more information about MBSportsWeb or to get your organization online, click the link at the very bottom-right of this page and complete the form.
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Central swimmer ready to make a splash
In the course of her swimming career at Central Catholic High School, Mary Mazey has set a standard for herself.
Look for Mazey to continue to meet and exceed that standard this season.
"Mary has looked very good so far in practice," Central Catholic head coach Mark Rogers said. "This is the best she has looked all four years she has been here."
Things look good in general for the Central girls swim team. The Crusaders head into the season with several key swimmers back and will have some talented underclassmen once again this year. But having the returning district champion in the 100 breaststroke in Mazey is particularly exciting.
The fact that Mazey has not had to relearn her mechanics this year has been a big help.
"One of her biggest strengths is her height," Rogers said. "She has really long limbs. Every year from freshman year to junior year, she would grow in the offseason. This year she is finally done growing. This is really the first opportunity she is going to have to work with the same body from the previous year. She isn't going to have to relearn anything this year."
Mazey has been solely focusing on improving her performance, and last year's positive results have served to motivate Mazey even more.
"She looks better all the way around," Rogers said. "She looks really strong. I think her performance in the 200 at sectionals last year really made her hungry. Breaking two minutes in the 200 is a really big deal, and her time at the sectional was 2:01. I think knowing she was so close made her a lot hungrier."
Getting under two minutes is indeed one of Mazey's personal goals for the upcoming season.
"I would like to make it back to state in the 100 breaststroke and 200 freestyle," Mazey said. "Breaking two minutes in the 200 freestyle is also something that I really want to do."
Mazey sought out competition this offseason in her quest to get better, competing for the Meyers Lake YMCA swim team where she impressed. Mazey recently won the 100 breaststroke, 200 free and 400 free at the Geauga Otters Invitational for Myers Lake.
"I think with a mentally strong swimmer like Mary competing in the offseason helps," Rogers said. "There are some swimmers that need a break at the end of the season because of all the pressure they face throughout the year in competition. Mary has always been mentally strong though, and she can handle that type of work load. It also provided her with the opportunity to work with different coaches. Those types of experiences only help a swimmer like her."
Mazey tried to push herself every step of the way.
"Competing for the YMCA helped me a lot," Mazey said. "I went to a lot of the early morning practices. Those are the harder practices. I also did some weight lifting. My experiences there have really helped me focus. Working with them also prevented me from slacking off this summer. It was a great experience."
Those experiences have all ready produced a tangible results.
"I've really worked on the 100 breaststroke and the 200 free," Mazey said. "So far I've been able to drop time in both events. I'm hoping that will continue."
Although Mazey's wants to have a successful year as an individual, her biggest goals are focused on the team.
"I really hope the team does well this season," Mazey said. "My biggest goal is for us to get more swimmers through the sectional and district and into the state meet. I would really like to see some of our relay teams reach the state meet. Those are the most important things to me. We are really close as a team. We are like a family."
Reach Cliff at 330-580-8494 or email@example.com


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GARDEN CITY, Kan. (AP) Officials in Finney County say plans are moving forward to renovate the historic Windsor Hotel in downtown Garden City.
The Garden City Telegram reports that Don Harness, president of the Finney County Preservation Alliance, said at a meeting Wednesday that the process of renovating the 93-room hotel continues. Harness also says there will likely be more activity this year.
The Windsor was built in 1887. The $12 million renovation includes senior living apartments, retail shops and offices, as well as a restaurant and banquet facilities.
The project will use both state and federal historic tax credits, as well as a bond through the city of Garden City.


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Democracy Now! is a national, daily, independent, award-winning news program hosted by journalists Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzalez. Pioneering the largest public media collaboration in the U.S., Democracy Now! is broadcast on Pacifica, NPR, community, and college radio stations; on public access, PBS, satellite television; and on the internet. DN!'s podcast is one of the most popular on the web.
- September 06, 2016 at 7:00am – 8am


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Jackery Mini Premium 3350Mah Charge With 2.0A
The Jackery Explorer 500 portable power bank can provide plenty of power and port options. It is lightweight but has plenty of power. It has almost as many input and output ports as its larger siblings. Like its big brother, the Explorer 1000, it is also durable and small. The Explorer 300 is a great choice if you are looking for a portable battery. It's the perfect size to fit in a backpack, hiking bag or other portable storage device.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 comes with two-year warranties and responsive customer support. It also has a pure sine wave inverter that allows you to use it with sensitive electronic devices. The Jackery is easy to store and can simultaneously charge two smartphones. The charger also features a USB port that can charge other mobile devices. This is a great option if you frequently travel. The device has many positive features, including a two-year limited warranty and an excellent customer support team.
The design of the Jackery is both stylish and innovative. The Jackery's large, clear LCD display makes reading easy. It displays both the type and output of the input and the temperature. This allows you to power multiple gadgets simultaneously, regardless of where you are. The jackery also comes with a handy wall adapter. The USB port is ideal for charging other devices that need electricity. Its battery capacity is up to 900 mAh.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 is backed by a two-year warranty, and it is compatible with most smartphones. The company has responsive customer support and a good warranty policy for its products. The solar panels are portable and fold up when not in use, so they are not a permanent obstruction when the battery is not charging. The 100W solar panel can charge the unit in just five hours and can last for hours. If you're looking for a portable power source, consider the Jackery.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 is backed by a two-year warranty and includes responsive customer service. The 100W solar panel can be used outdoors and is very portable. Its foldable design protects the panels' surfaces. The Jackery's 100W solar panels can charge the device in just five hours. The unit can run for days without interruption. And if you're in an emergency, a few hours of sunlight can provide you with the power you need.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 has a 100-watt solar panel. It is lightweight and portable. A Jackery 100W solar panel is capable of charging devices that consume a lot. The charger can be used at work or at home. The temperature and type of device the battery is charging will determine the battery's charge capacity. It can be connected to the grid safely, making it ideal for travel.
The Jackery Explorer 1000's sun panel is intended for outdoor use. To protect its surfaces, it folds down when not in use. A 100W solar panel can charge a Jackery unit in just five hours and keep it running for up to one month. The Jackery Explorer 1000 is an intelligent, portable power station with a rechargeable battery. It will provide enough power to meet your daily needs as well as those of your family members and friends.
A Jackery battery charger has a sleek and stylish design that looks great outdoors. The LCD screen is easy-to-read and features clear indicators for input and output. With a 100W solar panel, the device can be charged quickly and continuously. The Jackery unit's charging time will vary depending on the battery type, but it won't take long before it runs low. If you want to use the device on the road, you can charge it for five hours or even longer.
The Jackery Explorer 1000's large, easy-to-read display is easy to read. Its battery life exceeds expectations, and its adjustable solar panel is compatible with many types of devices. It can charge an iPad or a laptop, for example. Jackery chargers also have the ability to charge iPhones. It can also charge a smartphone. And it is easy to carry around with its adjustable stand. This battery charger can be carried anywhere, and its portable design is portable.


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Home » Full Catalogue » BANDA ELASTICA: Aqui, alla y aculla
BANDA ELASTICA: Aqui, alla y aculla
A career retrospective from this impressive and versatile Mexican rock/composed/improvised/ chamber group, featuring guitar, drums, percussion, marimba, bass, flute, saxophone. Ranging from 1994 to 2008, New York to Trondheim and at home in Queretaro - with various guests - saxophonists Miguel Angel Samperione and Dave Barret, violinist Alejandro Sanchez and percussionist Chris Cutler - along the way, this is a band that keeps moving and changing. A solid body of work.
Code: CDLN-50
Price: £14.50


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3 jailed in alleged B&E, theft from a Cheboygan County residence
Three suspects are jailed in connection with the breaking and entering of a residence in Cheboygan County's Forest Township.
Jewelry was stolen from the residence on Dec. 16 in addition to various video game units and games.
When Michigan State Police Troopers interviewed the victim, a possible lead in the case developed as the victim knew the suspects.
"Troopers received information from the victim that the suspects had sold some of the jewelry to a local gold dealer," said Sgt. Mark Tamlyn. "The gold dealer totally cooperated with troopers, and gave two of the suspects' names."
The tip first led investigators to Jacob Weiss, 32, who was interviewed and subsequently arrested. Next, the trail took police to a private residence to locate Casey Dodder, 30, and 27-year-old Bethany Lucier, who also were taken into custody.
"During the arrest of Dodder they (investigators) located a substance that tested positive for heroin," Tamlyn added.
The trio has been arraigned in Cheboygan County 89th District Court. Lucier is being held on a $100,000 cash or surety bond. Bond amounts for Dodder and Weiss have yet to be determined.
All the stolen items have been recovered, Tamlyn said, with the exception of a pair of rings still being sought.