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Click here to see the numbers and origins of refugees hosted by Bahamas.
As UNHCR statistics generally rely on data from host countries, statistics on refugees alone can give an insufficient account of refugee numbers, as some host countries will not grant refugee status to certain groups. Including statistics for individuals in refugee-like situations is an attempt to account for unrecognised refugees and does not include internally displaced persons. Statistics for stateless refugees are included if available.
We have not yet identified any NGO or law firm that is offering refugees legal assistance in Bahamas. We would welcome suggestions of individuals or organizations.

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Oral B's new app controlled Bluetooth 4.0 toothbrush makes sure you brush your teeth properly, lets your dentist peek at your brushing habits and personalizes your brushing.
The toothbrush, coming to Germany in the spring, connects to the free Oral B app for the iPhone and Android, and will track your every brush stroke, collect data and chart your progress while giving you real-time guidance on how to get the job done faster and better.
"It provides the highest degree of user interaction to track your oral care habits to help improve your oral health, and we believe it will have significant impact on the future of personal oral care, providing data-based solutions for oral health, and making the relationship between dental professionals and patients a more collaborative one," said Wayne Randall, global vice president of Oral Care at Procter and Gamble.
The smart bathroom
Oral B sees the connected toothbrush, launched as part of Mobile World Congress's Connected City exhibition, as the next evolution of the smart bathroom. This plugs into a trend kickstarted by fitness trackers, and provides a useful resource for dentists.
The new brush will be available in the rest of the world in June priced at about £199 ($273), and promises to allow users to personalize their electric toothbrush, changing brush head speed, as well as brushing patterns to focus on specific problem areas in the mouth. Dentists can also programme special brushing routines.
The Oral B app connects to the brush over low-power Bluetooth 4.0, a standard which is used by a whole series of connected gadgets, including smartwatches and fitness bands. The Bush will store up to 20 brushing sessions, should the user not have their smartphone to hand, ready to sync at a later date.
The connected technology will be integrated into a whole line of smart Oral B toothbrushes at a later date.
Kolibree launched the 'world's first' connected toothbrush at CES in Janurary, but it is not yet available to buy.
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I've been dating since I was fifteen. I'm exhausted. Where are they?
I am looking for someone that I can get lost in conversation with just as easily as we can share one of those moments of comfortable silence in each others arms. I love to laugh and joke around. My job is awesome, but I know when I come home that this is where my priorities and true happiness are.
Love yourself first and everything else falls into line. You really have to love yourself to get anything done in this world.
Flirthut is a completely free dating site where people like you meet other people looking for a relationship, love or just friends. You can message Needham by signing in or registering.


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GOP Sen. Kirk announces support for gay marriage
CHICAGO -- GOP Sen. Mark Kirk of Illinois said Tuesday he supports gay marriage, becoming the second sitting Republican senator to make such an announcement in recent weeks.
Kirk, who previously opposed a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage, said in a post on his blog that "same-sex couples should have the right to civil marriage."
"Our time on this Earth is limited, I know that better than most," said Kirk, who suffered a stroke in January 2012. "Life comes down to who you love and who loves you back - government has no place in the middle."
Kirk went through months of rehabilitation before returning to work in Washington this January. He said in his blog post that when he went back to the Senate he promised himself he would return "with an open mind and greater respect for others."
Kirk is Illinois' ranking Republican lawmaker. His announcement comes less than three weeks after Sen. Rob Portman of Ohio became the first Republican in the Senate to say he supported gay marriage and one week after the U.S. Supreme Court held two days of oral arguments on the subject.
It also comes as the Illinois Legislature is giving final consideration to a measure that would make Illinois the 10th state in the nation to allow same-sex marriage.
The Illinois Senate voted in February to lift a state ban on same-sex marriage. The legislation also was approved by a House committee, but has yet to be called for a floor vote. Speaker of the House Michael Madigan said recently he believes supporters are a dozen votes short of what they need for the bill to pass.
Gov. Pat Quinn, a Chicago Democrat, has said he would sign the measure.
Kirk's announcement could give political cover to Republicans in the Illinois House who are considering a yes vote but are fearful of a backlash - or a primary challenge - from social conservatives.
The news was greeted with enthusiasm by supporters.
"We continue to see the momentum behind marriage equality grow, especially among Republicans." said Rick Garcia, Director of the Equal Marriage Illinois Project and Policy Director for The Civil Rights Agenda, Illinois' largest gay rights advocacy organization. "The momentum is stunning and we welcome it."
Kirk served five terms in Congress representing Chicago's northern suburbs before he won the 2010 race for President Barack Obama's vacated Senate seat.
He previously voted to end the policy barring gays from openly serving in the military, known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," and is a lead co-sponsor of a bill to ban employment discrimination based on sexual orientation.
He also supported Illinois GOP Chairman Pat Brady after Brady announced his support for same-sex marriage earlier this year, drawing the ire of his party's social conservative wing. When some members of the state central committee attempted to oust Brady, Kirk said Brady had his full support.


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About the project
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Young students, girls & boys, who have been attending The School of Design in Bratislava, managed to create the amount of nearly 300 videos in the length of 10 seconds each, by means of which they provide us with the reflection of their own survival of the isolation during the Corona virus pandemic. The mosaic of their art-pieces has created a diverse but concern-provoking picture of the way how today's generation of high school students perceives and handles their being in this difficult life situation.
Particular videos – art pieces and the website covidea.sk were created as a final conclusion and outcome of the specialised practical experience MADESHIP which is performed by The SCHOOL OF DESIGN in the cooperation with the advertisement agency MADE BY VACULIK. This year assignment was not connected to the propositions of campaigns or design products as it had been so in the previous years. We focused our attention to the young people themselves because we are interested in the way how they are personally touched by the actual situation.
COVIDEA project is a visual message about the actual state of being of the maturing young generation. By means of its content, this reflexion of experience of the students of The School of Design with their proper isolation should attract the interest of all of us; peers, parents, teachers but also public-law institutions and organs of public sector and state power that are able to influence by their decisions the feeling perceived by the young generation of the students, with which they have been waking up every morning.
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T-Mobile is the only major US carrier not selling the iPhone, but even before the launch of the iPhone 5 it had more than 1 million Apple phones running on its network. With the iPhone 5 using the new nano-SIM cards, T-Mobile wasn't quite ready to lure users en masse when the phone launched. But yesterday, T-Mobile stores began receiving nano-SIM cards compatible with the new iPhone.
A YouTube user posted a video showing T-Mobile's nano-SIM card being installed into an iPhone 5 purchased from Verizon, which is selling iPhones unlocked. More details on the rollout to T-Mobile stores come from TmoNews and The Verge. Since nano-SIM availability at T-Mobile stores has just started, it sounds like not all stores have them yet, and stocks are limited in those that do.
While T-Mobile is trying to woo customers with lower monthly prices and unlimited data, its network coverage lags behind rivals. The Verge notes that in many areas of the country, iPhone 5 users on T-Mobile will fall back to 2G speeds, but that the device should work on T-Mobile's 3G network in some areas. T-Mobile intends to deploy LTE services next year and says it has launched HSPA+ 4G service in the 1900MHz band that's compatible with unlocked iPhones in Seattle, Las Vegas, Washington, DC, and the New York City area. The company plans to expand HSPA+ to further markets later this year.
This past week, T-Mobile announced a proposed merger with MetroPCS to expand LTE coverage and further target no-contract customers. But the latest rumors are that Sprint will make a counter-bid to try to block the T-Mobile deal.


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Wednesday, November 16, 2011
Time after Time
At first you count your baby's age in hours, then days. Eventually, just as you counted your pregnancy in weeks, you shift to weeks. It feels precise. 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks old. It mirrors your baby books about what milestones to expect. This eventually grows impractical and unwieldy, and you switch to months. You can hardly believe that one day, sooner than you think, you'll be thinking in terms of YEARS in relation to this child's age. In fact, one day, you'll probably take his age and use it to figure out how old YOU are.
With a child's death, this sense of timing, of pace, feels similar. How could Jack have been alive and well mere seconds before I reached the water's edge? They have been looking for him for hours. Jack has been gone a day! It has been one week since our world fell apart. Two weeks. Three. Could it be a month? Do we switch to months now? But his clothes are still here. His new school shoes he never got to wear sit by the door to his room. He still gets mail for goodness sake!
When we remember in weeks, we think of a Thursday, at 6 pm. When we think in terms of months, we will think of the 8th. Double whammy of pain. Will there really come a time when we mark the passage of time solely in terms of YEARS? What about decades? I believe so. And Jack won't age, but we will. He will forever be not quite 12 ½.
When your child was young you marked milestones, and although you wished the particularly challenging days away, you somehow hoped to slow the years down, to savor his childhood. And now, with the death of a child, you grieve as the gap between the before/after of your family's history grows ever wider, but at the same time you beg for the years to speed up, because decades without him seem like too, too much.
107 comments:
Feeling your pain right now with you!!!!!!!!!
TIGHT TIGHT HUG from a stranger!!!!!!
I get the idea of wishing time to go by fast when my two boys were young....to avoid the annoying bottles and diapers....now that they are older, I wish them to be young.
We can do hard things..........you are shear proof of it!!!!!
- November 16, 2011 at 9:12 AM
- Lynda Halliger Otvos (Lynda M O) said...
My heart goes out to you during this time of acute pain in your lives. Know that you are being held up to the Universal Healing Power.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:13 AM
- Sheelagh said...
Today marks the 6th year since our son died at the age of 31, leaving a 2 year old daughter and a 3 week old daughter. He had cancer and we knew he would leave us, but we were so not ready to say goodbye. Yes, you do mark the years eventually, and you do come to remember the good times and the joy in having had him in your life, but you never, never stop loving him and missing him and wishing he were still with you. But the absolute hurt does change - and acceptance comes. His daughters grow and I see him in them. I made a promise to myself to celebrate with all my family right from the start, the holidays and the special days we were together - to give my grandchildren a wonderful childhood as he would want. I write this post from Disney World - where some of our grandchildren are learning about the world at Epcot today. I wish you well in your journey through this grief, and send my utmost sympathy.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:28 AM
Anna..I don't know you, but I think about you everyday...Your loss is beyond what anyone should have to endure. My hope for you is that through your writing, you find some small bit of comfort, support, and love. Thank you for sharing your experiences with all of us...My heart opens a bit more with every post I read.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:32 AM
- ella said...
We're here Anna, praying for you and your family every single moment, and will continue to do so as the days, weeks, months, yes even years, pass.
(on the subject of mail, my dad, who died in 1994, still gets mail every once in a while. It's maddening.)
- November 16, 2011 at 9:34 AM
- The Green Family said...
How curiously true. My heart goes out to you and anyone that has to bear the timeline since the loss of their child.
I want you to know that you've impacted my life and thought it will never ease the pain of your loss, you remind me weekly of all the blessings in our lives and how easily it can all be changed.
Keep writing, keep mourning, keep healing, keep loving.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:47 AM
- A Speckled Trout said...
I heard someone say that having their daughter and grandson die suddenly in a horrible car wreck was like having a meteor in their life. A lovely energy of light that streaked across the sky and was there and gone in the blink of an eye. And though she would have loved to have had them around forever, she couldn't believe she got to see that beautiful meteor.
I am so very sorry.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:52 AM
For a moment....I had to step away from the computer....You take my breath away with your writing....Many moms that are reading...relate to you...many now...never ever ever want to relate to you...this pain...I am so very very very sorry for this precious loss...sweet sweet Jack. As I read this my baby boy I carry within my womb seemed to jump around as to echo...listen to her words...internalize them....live in this moment...this is all we all have...
My Dad went to heaven 11 years ago when my mom calls the caller ID relays my Dads name...I always say Hi to him....:)
I also wanted to let you know that the day after my Grandma Died...this year :( A crane appeared in my yard and stayed for over 2 1/2 hours and appeared to be just looking in our home...The crane visits often now....:) I love God whispers...hold on to those:)
Grief is a process a very very long process...it cannot be microwaved...and in the end your precious loved one is still no longer here...Those dates and times echo in your heart and you will remember them because scripturally there is a Time to be Born and a Time to Die...Here is the message of HOPE....you will see your Jack again....this is not the end....You will embrace him again...and because of you...and your gift of writing and sharing your Jack and Margaret....one day...after You, Tim, and Margaret..of course! We now all long to meet your precious Jack and thank him for the light he brought to this world, the love he had for the Lord, and his generous spirit...Too short of a life...But man may we all live in such a special way as this young man did! One Day there will be no more tears...no more pain and no more suffering....Lifting you up Anna...you are so precious....
- November 16, 2011 at 10:03 AM
- Erika said...
Prayers and hugs from this "don't-really-feel-like-were-strangers" stranger! You write so eloquently about such a painful and sacred time for you and your family. Thank you for blessing my life with your gift of expression and with your faith and love for your children. Thank you for letting so many in on your triumph over tragedy. He WILL be yours FOREVER! I hope the time goes fast enough, but slow enough for you all!
- November 16, 2011 at 10:08 AM
- Merri Ann said...
I have been following your posts since that horrible day and have never commented ... I'm a stranger to you and I have had nothing more to offer than what has been said by others ...
But today I needed to tell you that I think of you and your family daily ... every single day ... and I pray for you ... and I wish I could do something to ease your pain ...
- November 16, 2011 at 10:10 AM
- Lisa said...
Your pain is palpable. I would love to give you a big hug and if I could, even as a stranger, I would carry some of the pain for you.
Sending prayers, as always, for comfort and strength...
- November 16, 2011 at 10:11 AM
- prenni5 said...
I get it. I would want the time to speed up too so you can be reconnected with your boy in heaven. I'm sending you love and prayers today. -Annie P.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:25 AM
- Brittany..Following my Bliss said...
After just losing my dad very suddenly, I find myself relating to you in so many ways. Losing my dad has been the worst thing I have gone through in my life, but I often say that I believe an even worse pain would be to lose a child. That kind of pain is not even fathomable and I quickly push the thought out of my mind, as if that will protect me from ever having to experience that. I wish it were that simple, but sadly I know it is not. I think about your family often as I struggle through moments daily. I am sorry for your loss and pray that God will continue to give you Grace to see you through.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:25 AM
- meghann said...
I think of you & your family every day, and I read here whenever you post something new. And I comment when what you've written so moves me that I am compelled to. This is one of those writings. Your writing is a beautiful tribute to your son. My heart aches for you, every day. I'm holding you close in my heart. xo
- November 16, 2011 at 10:26 AM
"God will look to every soul like its first love because He is its first love." C.S. Lewis
Your beloved son Jack is with his "first love" our eternally loving God. May you feel his warm embrace from above, he still loves you so much and will be waiting for you at the gates of heaven.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:33 AM
"God will look to every soul like its first love because He is its first love." C.S. Lewis
Your beloved son Jack is with his "first love" our eternally loving God. May you feel his warm embrace from above, he still loves you so much and will be waiting for you at the gates of heaven.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:33 AM
"God will look to every soul like its first love because He is its first love." C.S. Lewis
Your beloved son Jack is with his "first love" our eternally loving God. May you feel his warm embrace from above, he still loves you so much and will be waiting for you at the gates of heaven.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:34 AM
- Kim said...
I pray that somehow God will continue to give you a bridge between the 'not having him with you in body' but knowing Jack is 'with you' always in spirit.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:40 AM
- Debby@Just Breathe said...
I never gave this much thought but you explained it perfectly. My heart aches for you and your family. I sit here and think about how your Christmas will be while tears stream down my face. Praying for your comfort and strength. ((HUGS))
- November 16, 2011 at 10:50 AM
- Carlyree said...
I don't have adequate words to describe how moved I am by your writing or to thank you for the much needed perspective you have granted me. I cannot imagine the horror of losing a child. It is most definitely the worst pain there is to endure. By sharing your grief with the world, though, I believe you are doing something quite amazing and profoundly inspirational. I think of you and your family daily, and I know your son is watching over you proudly.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:59 AM
Think of you every day and always wishing there was something, just something I could do to rewind time, and change this, make it never have happened.
The world is praying for you - each and every day. And our hearts weep for you. But Jack is around you....Jacks Thiftstore playlist... just tells & says it all. And what a great gift from him to comfort you at the times you desperately need it.
God Bless.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:02 AM
How hard it must be for you have to stay here and keep on living with part of your heart already in Heaven. I work at JMU and Pres. Rose issued this as part of a message he sent out in today [JMU has had a number of sudden/accidental deaths in the past month].
Per Linwood Rose: [This was past onto him after his mother passed away]---It is attributed to Henry Scott Holland, professor of divinity, Oxford University. It offered inspiration and comfort to me. Perhaps it will do the same for you.
"Death is nothing at all – I have only slipped away into the next room. I am I, and you are you. Whatever we were to each other, that we still are. Call me by my old familiar name, speak to me in the easy way you always used. Wear no forced air of solemnity or sorrow.
Laugh as we always laughed at the little jokes we enjoyed together. Play, smile, think of me, pray for me. Let my name be ever the household word that it always was. Let it be spoken without the ghost of a shadow on it. Life means all that it ever meant… There is absolutely unbroken continuity.
Why should I be out of mind because I am out of sight? I am waiting for you – for an interval – somewhere near just around the corner. All is well."
Grace and peace be with you and Tim and Margaret.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:02 AM
What a beautiful post and observation of the ways we mark time and monumental shifts.
Sending so much love as you also touch the timeless essence and timeless capacity to love.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:05 AM
- Stimey said...
Sending you love, Anna.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:07 AM
- M. said...
This was one of the hardest for me to read so far. As of this morning at 8:37 I switched from days to weeks, as Henry is one week old today. I continue to think and pray for you. I will always remember that day just 2 months before the day Henry was born. I hope the counting gets easier over time for you.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:20 AM
dear anna, thank you for sharing your story, your journey, your sweet son with us. whenever i read one of your posts, i find myself nodding my head, yes, yes, yes (and may i say i love that you cuss sometimes, when i saw the picture of the creek bed what i said out loud was 'that pissy little thing?', instead of shitty). then i scroll down to a picture of jack and say hi, you don't know me, but i feel like i kind of know you, hope you are enjoying heaven, but i find myself then shaking my head, when i see that sweet face, no, no, no. your writing is truly priceless. thank you again for sharing. cannot express how sorry i am that you lost your dear, sweet, precious son.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:42 AM
- New Mom said...
Is it crazy that I sometimes feel like we're already in heaven now? If a lifetime for God lasts only for a blink of an eye, then according to God's time, we are already with Him... we just haven't caught up yet! I pray this for your family: May the good times slow down, and the hard times speed up, and may you feel a sense of the heavenly worship you are already taking part in. And as always, Thank you, Lord, for Jack.
- November 16, 2011 at 11:42 AM
- Laura said...
I grew up in Vienna and went to Marshall...am friends with Allie and Brooke Lee. Please know that I think of you often and send many loving thoughts your way! And I wish I had gotten to meet Jack-- what a sweet and special person.
- November 16, 2011 at 12:24 PM
- Princess Kate said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- November 16, 2011 at 12:59 PM
- Princess Kate said...
My son asked me this morning why I am so sad about Jack's passing (we pray for Jack and your family nightly) and I told him that the loss of a child is the most painful experience in life. I then went on to share with him how Jack is living still in all of us. He has made our family hug harder, listen deeper, enjoy more fully, and believe in God more strongly. He's making a difference Anna. I know it doesn't stop the pain but I hope it gives you some comfort.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:02 PM
- SouthLakesMom said...
My friend's son has a "wasting disease". He's a bright active 3 year old now, but probably won't live past 20. It's a different kind of pain -- counting every minute but having to live in days, weeks, years -- planning for a future without him. I'm not sure what's worse, the suddenness of Jack being ripped from your lives or the watching a child slowly fail. It sucks both ways.
Your words are so powerful, Anna, and the feelings you share here have such power to direct people's eyes towards the things that really matter.
And I love the jacked-up cell phone. Truly.
Prayers...especially over these upcoming holidays. They will be hard. You and Tim and Margaret will be lifted.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:21 PM
- Kate Coveny Hood said...
Sending all of you love. This is so damn hard.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:29 PM
- Leslie said...
This whole post makes perfect sense. I am so very sorry, Anna. I am SO VERY SORRY.
Praying for you, Tim and Margaret every single day.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:35 PM
Your stories are a true inspiration to all who read. You Anna are a blessing to others through your posts. I also keep updated through your dear friend Cynthia, my dear neighbor here in Greensboro. You are always in my prayers. I know it will not get easier, but you will get stronger!!!!!!! Constantly in my prsyers!!!
- November 16, 2011 at 1:49 PM
Your words are so powerful. I can almost taste how much you miss him.
I don't know about time. It is slow when you are a child and fast when you are an adult, but with crazy stops and starts. Jack's accident has thrown everything out of whack for all of you. Thank you for explaining it to us.
- November 16, 2011 at 1:59 PM
- Unknown said...
My heart aches for you, Anna. You're such a beautiful writer, and there is no doubt in my mind when I read what you've written about Jack just how much he was loved.
- November 16, 2011 at 2:13 PM
- IrishRN07 said...
Here's a thought: If there is no time in heaven, no one there is waiting. So while you are experiencing every agonizing moment without him, Jack is not missing you... because you are already there with him.
- November 16, 2011 at 2:33 PM
my heart hurts so badly for you Anna... i just spent a few minutes writing this and that only to delete what i said... none of what i say or anyone else for that matter can help you... when all you want is your boy back to snuggle. time does heal; the pain remains for a life time. your daughter is beautiful - she looks just like Jack. my heart hurts for you - wishing you strength in the mos to come..xoxo Patty
- November 16, 2011 at 2:38 PM
- Rach said...
Very eloquently and poignantly written. You explained it perfectly.
Hugs and prayers,
- November 16, 2011 at 2:53 PM
- DawnGes said...
Time is of the essence.
Praying, longing, pondering... Anna, you are loved.
- November 16, 2011 at 3:08 PM
Just so you know, a heart can break for someone unknown and far-away....
- November 16, 2011 at 3:50 PM
- Terri said...
You write so eloquently, Anna. You have a real gift. And instead of crawling into bed and pulling the covers over your head, you bravely get up and face each day. Each painful day... I pray that that awfully heavy burden eases a bit for you. The holidays are quickly approaching and I know you will have a rough time. This will be my first Christmas without my mom and I dread what is usually my favorite time of year. Hugs to you, my friend.
- November 16, 2011 at 3:52 PM
- NanaDiana said...
I cannot imagine what you are going through now that the Holidays are so near. God bless you- xo Diana
- November 16, 2011 at 3:56 PM
- Pamela said...
My heart will never stop breaking for you. I check your blog every day. Reading your words and learning more about your wonderful Jack makes me see God, and hope, and eternity.
- November 16, 2011 at 4:23 PM
- Unknown said...
It's been 5 1/2 years since my daughter died. Whenever I hear a date, I immediately think "that was before Shana died" or "that was after Shana died". Every time. I wonder if there'll come a time when I don't do that.
- November 16, 2011 at 5:29 PM
Never have I ever wished so much that I could take the heartache away from someone and carry it myself.
- November 16, 2011 at 5:30 PM
- irene kane said...
And, God has no measure of time. Neither does your sweet Jack. It is us mortals that are burdened and limited by space and time! For all we know, we are all already with our loved ones gone before us.... We just don't know it.... God bless!
- November 16, 2011 at 5:32 PM
- Ellen aka Ellie said...
I remember the night after my mom's death I said to a friend, "I'm never going to see my mom again, how will I live." (Of course, now I know I will see her again, but you know what I meant.)
It's been 20 years this month without a mom. Twenty. That is stunning.
I understand it's different and much deeper to lose a child. Please don't ever think I'm saying it's equal, but I also know you know losing a parent is impactful also.
When Mac was small, I knew that if he died, I would be lost. You have Margaret to hold you to earth.
- November 16, 2011 at 5:38 PM
- Michelle said...
I found myself hugging my laptop, as if I could somehow send a friend's healing touch through my wireless network. I know that won't work, but I do know that my prayer might, so know that you are prayed for, dear sister in Christ.
- November 16, 2011 at 5:46 PM
- margaret said...
Hi Anna, I wish I could e-mail this to you because a blog comment seems somewhat improper. But I don't know how to do that, so here goes. I think of you often, and my thoughts have gone to you and your family every time I've heard this song by Josh Garrels called "Flood Waters". I just wanted to share it with you because it's really a remarkable song and so pertinent. God bless you.
- November 16, 2011 at 6:24 PM
just watched Modern Family and there was a quick reference to a Paul Simon song. I looked it up and immediately thought of you and this post, especially the line about a "course of a lifetime" as that was what you were talking about today. Sending virtual hugs. Here are the lyrics:
No I would not give you false hope
On this strange and mournful day
But the mother and child reunion
Is only a motion away
Little darling of mine.
I can't for the life of me
Remember a sadder day
I know they say let it be
But it just don't work out that way
And the course of the lifetimes runs
Over and over again.
No I would not give...
I just can't believe it's go
Though it seems strange to say
I never been laid so low
In such a mysterious way
And the course of a lifetime runs
Over and over again.
But I would not give...
The mother and child reunion
Is only a motion away
Oh the mother and child reunion
Is only a moment away.
- November 16, 2011 at 7:13 PM
- Aimee said...
I can only imagine how painful it is to lose a child. :( You just never know whose next in line to succomb such a horrific tragic accident like sweet Jack's. :( Breaks my heart. If only we had a crystal ball.
I really like the way you write and express yourself, Jack sure has one amazing momma! :)
- November 16, 2011 at 7:36 PM
- Jenn @ Juggling Life said...
Your loss has given you an eloquence that I know you would relinquish in a flash to have Jack back; I believe your beautiful writing and insights are bringing comfort to others who have experienced a loss.
- November 16, 2011 at 7:50 PM
Thinking of you and your family everyday...praying....lifting you up....hoping the pain fades. My heart breaks for your loss and how much you miss your beautiful boy. I'm so sorry Anna. Know that you are loved - even by a stranger! xxoo
- November 16, 2011 at 8:13 PM
Maybe it's inappropriate; maybe it's not. But one of my dearest friends (whom I've never met in real life, but through her blog and Facebook, I've come to admire beyond words) writes her heart out about her dear Conner. Conner lost his fight with Cystic Fybrosis last year at the way too young age of seven. His mom, Sarah, writes about it so eloquently on her blog. I couldnt help but think maybe it would provide you with "you're not alone" at the very least.
My heart goes out to you. In ways I'm not sure I've let my heart feel for someone since Sarah touched my heart. And I get the feeling Jack would've liked Conner, too. So maybe by sharing Sarah's blog, you will feel a bit of comfort I'm the community (that no one wants to be a part of), but that can be full of beautiful moments if one has to endure such complete and total devastation. I wish I knew why. I don't have a clue. I just know Who holds it all in His hands.
(Sarah's blog)
My prayers continue to be with you, Anna, as you face what all of us can never imagine. I am so so so sorry it happened to Jack. And to you.
- November 16, 2011 at 9:06 PM
- Laura at Ms. Smartie Pants said...
You articulate your feelings so well, I can't help but wonder if some day you will be able to help others who will go thru what you are. Continuing to lift you all up!
- November 16, 2011 at 9:08 PM
- Kim @ A Brush of Whimsy said...
Hugs, Anna.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:09 PM
- Alexandra said...
Oh, dear Anna:
I can't even imagine what this feels like. I know you try hard with words, but I don't think anyone can give a voice to the pain you must feel.
I am so sorry. This is an unbelievable loss and pivotal moment in your life.
- November 16, 2011 at 10:10 PM
- Patricia said...
Words that usually come so easily to me, are no where to be found now. How to comfort a Mother with such pain - we (Mothers) can all understand and feel your deep, wrenching pain in our hearts also. Your dear son Jack is in our Heavenly Father's strong embrace, and one day you will all be together again....Know you have many praying for you, and trying to share this grief and pain you feel.....
- November 17, 2011 at 5:49 AM
- Mediterrangirl said...
My mother heart is breaking with yours Anna. Sending you and your family love an prayers.
- November 17, 2011 at 6:50 AM
- Penelope Swithinbank said...
Thank you for your openness and honesty. A year ago I saw a car sweep my 90 year old mother away in its path and it has been a hard twelve months of learning to live without her. What you write speaks to my heart - and my heart goes out to you in your pain too.
- Penelope
- November 17, 2011 at 11:11 AM
- ALI said...
Hugs & prayers.
- November 17, 2011 at 11:22 AM
- Heidi said...
I've been catching up and thinking how your blog is a resting place. I don't know if it is for you, but I suspect it is for the many people that visit here. There is such honesty and grace here. Thank you, thank you for writing - for sharing your heart here.
- November 17, 2011 at 11:41 AM
- mia said...
Anna, I wish there was some way to help carry your burden..... I continue to pray for you and your family... I hope you find some joy on your trip to L.A.
Hugs, mia
- November 17, 2011 at 12:35 PM
You are so poetically eloquent. And you changed your "about me." :(
Praying for you and hoping that you and M have the time of your lives at the AMAs. I hope it is a time where you both can forget your cares, get caught up in the moment and will have forever to cherish memories.
Love you, friend!
- November 17, 2011 at 12:50 PM
This is beautifully written... and, although difficult to read, it is always comforting to me to think of things in terms of counting.
The day I was driving to Virginia for Jack's service, I was amazed by the beautiful sky... and listened to the radio as some reminisced about the anniversary of 9/11. I was thinking about what an incredibly difficult day it was for so many. Whether counting days, months, or years there is surely always a wish to turn back the clock... even if for just one minute.
But I am also so amazed that these moments we count by are used to count the blessings for the time that came before and even the most unlikely blessings in the aftermath.
Anna, my still heart aches. I am still counting with you.
- November 17, 2011 at 1:46 PM
This is beautifully written... and, although difficult to read, it is always comforting to me to think of things in terms of counting.
The day I was driving to Virginia for Jack's service, I was amazed by the beautiful sky... and listened to the radio as some reminisced about the anniversary of 9/11. I was thinking about what an incredibly difficult day it was for so many. Whether counting days, months, or years there is surely always a wish to turn back the clock... even if for just one minute.
But I am also so amazed that these moments we count by are used to count the blessings for the time that came before and even the most unlikely blessings in the aftermath.
Anna, my still heart aches. I am still counting with you.
- November 17, 2011 at 1:46 PM
- Dawn said...
I work with families who have lost loved ones in truck crashes. Similar to your loss, they struggle with the sudden, unexpected grief. I have help from Kathleen O'Sullivan who is a grief counselor, and not that I'm saying you need to see one, but she has just started a blog to help some of us get through the holidays. Here it is: http://inthenameofthefire.wordpress.com/ They are short pieces, one each day, help for us that are trying to cope without someone we love during these holiday times. I hope it helps. Hugs to you and the whole family.
- November 17, 2011 at 3:09 PM
- Dawn said...
I work with families who have lost loved ones in truck crashes. Similar to your loss, they struggle with the sudden, unexpected grief. I have help from Kathleen O'Sullivan who is a grief counselor, and not that I'm saying you need to see one, but she has just started a blog to help some of us get through the holidays. Here it is: http://inthenameofthefire.wordpress.com/ They are short pieces, one each day, help for us that are trying to cope without someone we love during these holiday times. I hope it helps. Hugs to you and the whole family.
- November 17, 2011 at 3:09 PM
Dear Anna: Another eloquent, poignant entry. Our family prays for your family every day and every night -- it sounds trite, I know, but we truly ache for you, Tim and Margaret. Continued thoughts and prayers for your little family and travel mercies for you and Margaret -- praying that the two of you make memories! (((hugs))) Mariann Alicea
- November 17, 2011 at 5:17 PM
I found your blog through friends & haven't
posted because I feel so inadequate. I've
read many of your back posts & want to tell you
I think about you often. I'm fairly sure you
would have heard of Rich Mullens? He wrote
powerful, prayerful songs. In "If I Stand,"
he sings, "If I stand, let me stand on the promise that You will pull me through. And if I fall let me fall on the grace that first brought me to you...and if I weep let it be as a man who is longing for his home." I can't possibly hope any of his songs will help you, but I felt several times that maybe I should post about them. After reading your post tonight I found myself thinking of that song, and how you are "longing for your home" with Jack. You and your family have changed me and I am praying for you. JKMJ
- November 17, 2011 at 5:27 PM
- Law Momma said...
I just can not imagine. So I will not try to say anything other than that I'm here... reading... and praying for you.
- November 17, 2011 at 6:10 PM
- K A B L O O E Y said...
Another post that reads like crystal. How you render your thoughts so precisely and with such beauty, yet without ever dipping into cliche is beyond me. Your posts move me beyond words. The reader who mentioned Mother and Child Reunion struck on a good one -- a beautiful song. Also: my mom lives in the same place I grew up, so her address and phone # have been the same for 50 years. My dad still occasionally gets mail there and when she calls me, the caller ID flashes his name. At first this was bittersweet and kind of shocking, but it turned into a little treat that's been making me smile for nearly 20 years. (my word verification is "prair," I think they just spelled it wrong)
- November 17, 2011 at 6:39 PM
- Michelle DeRusha said...
This is what I keep coming back to the most often when I think of you and Margaret and Tim (aside from when I am praying for you of course). I just think that a lifetime must feel so long right now. And so I am praying that God is with you every single step of the way, and that you feel and see his presence with you, each minute, hour, week, month, year and decade until you all meet face to face.
- November 17, 2011 at 6:56 PM
- Ann Imig said...
Anna this is breathtaking. I feel so honored to read your heart.
- November 17, 2011 at 7:08 PM
- the mama bird diaries said...
So beautiful and so heart breaking. xo
- November 17, 2011 at 8:30 PM
- November 17, 2011 at 11:32 PM
- Unknown said...
Your loss is so big, just so big. Lifting you up to the Lord and praying.
- November 18, 2011 at 6:41 AM
Thinking of you today and always. Safe travels to CA!
- November 18, 2011 at 11:57 AM
Your journey has a higher purpose and though the last thing that you want is to be chosen to go down this path, your ability to share so openly is immensely important to those who are following you. You have renewed/strengthened the faith of many through your poignant testimony. Peace and comfort to you, Margaret, and Tim.
a ball, some weeds, carrot tops
- November 18, 2011 at 12:58 PM
thinking of you and hoping you are able to relax and rest your mind and especially able to enjoy watching Margaret enjoy some fun and happiness. I know coming home will be hard when this trip is over and want to reassure you that everyone is here to support and lift you up at that time. I have read this post several times. Just want to recommend again Joan Didion's book, The Year of Magical Thinking. Not that you are ready or want to read it now, but you may find comfort in it and relate to it when you are ready for it.
- November 18, 2011 at 7:51 PM
- Peggy said...
Oh Anna, my heart aches for you!
I have commented once before, but you may not remember or have read it since you have hundreds of followers :) I am a friend of Katie's, the woman who made that inspiring video about Jack and Operation Christmas Child. Well I just wanted you to know that I have shared the video on my blog. Sometimes I feel guilty about blogging about other people without their knowledge. My prayers are with your family.
- November 19, 2011 at 1:23 AM
- A Speckled Trout said...
I bet this is what it was like when Jack made his way home. Times a thousand.......
- November 19, 2011 at 10:04 AM
- Julie said...
Mother to mother, so many of us are with you. xoxo
- November 19, 2011 at 10:27 AM
In all my years of internet searching and blog reading I have never posted a comment to a site... not one.
A college friend posted your link (on Face book) a few days after Jack's accident. Reading your story a dread came over me and hasn't left. It's surreal bearing (anonymous) witness to a life that so (seemingly) parallels mine. My 'Jack and Margaret' are 7 and 6 (17 months apart). I've often thought the one true negative of motherhood is the vulnerability that comes with the job. I won't let myself go so far as to TRULY imagine what it would be like to walk in your shoes. I don't know if I've ever heard a story with as many heartbreaking aspects as yours (surely by now you're thanking me for the spirit lift).
I wish I had a creative, inspiring way to say what so many others have said... our hearts ache for your family. Please keep writing to us and for us. You are an inspiration even in your brokenness.
Peace be with you and your family.
P.S. I love the (shaky) video of your children. This simple clip (no offense) truly captured an authentic sibling moment/spirit.
- November 19, 2011 at 9:02 PM
- Varda said...
That you can turn your pain into such beauty is a gift to us all. I am hoping that finding words for it eases your heart, too. Hugs from here.
- November 20, 2011 at 5:24 AM
Just thinking of you, Tim, and Margaret - and hoping you are enjoying a GREAT time on Margaret's Excellent Adventure.
(Is it weird that I think so often of a family I've never met? Somehow, I don't think so. When, with the click of a mouse, you stumble across a family SO special - - they tend to touch your heart and forever leave their mark. )
- November 20, 2011 at 10:28 AM
- Annie said...
Watching the awards and thinking of you and especially Margaret. And Jack of course.
- November 20, 2011 at 5:49 PM
Thinking of you at the AMAs right now, and hoping Margaret is having a joyful time!
- November 20, 2011 at 7:37 PM
- Katie said...
You never stop loving him and missing him, no matter if it's been only days or many years. But I simply cannot believe that our "Do You Know Jack" project for Operation Christmas Child was not a coincidence. My brother was killed at 16 in a car accident 20 years ago on Nov. 12. I had been praying to God to show me how I could help turn my pain after all these years into something good-- maybe something that could help someone else going through the same sort of pain. And then, I stumbled across a lovely blog called "An Inch of Gray".
God brought us together (or perhaps my Scott and your Jack) and I am proud to report that our church beat our record by turning in 306 boxes this year. Yay, God! ;)
Hugs and love,
- November 20, 2011 at 9:23 PM
- Me said...
Only a Mother would feel this way and understand what you have written. My heart hurts for you and my mind thinks of you and Jack daily. Looking forward to hearing about your fantastic trip to the awards show and how excited your daughter must of been!
- November 21, 2011 at 5:21 AM
Anna, have you considered printing out or forming some sort of blogbook of all the happy memories you have of Jack? Your blog is full of so many stories about him. I'm just thinking that sometime down the line, Margaret may appreciate that. Maybe she'd appreciate it now. When I lost a dear loved one suddenly, unexpectedly and tragically at her age it was so hard to see past their death. So hard. My mother suggested that I try hard to write down the happy memories, the fun times, their ways of talking, words they used, annoying habits even. It helped then and it helps now that I have all these amazing memories preserved.
- November 21, 2011 at 6:42 AM
- Laura at Ms. Smartie Pants said...
I thought of you guys so much at the awards, someone needed to come and slap the smile off of my face. Thought about how much all of this meant to Margaret, thought about the high you all were on, thought about the 3 of you sitting there and wishing it was 4, thought about you cringing when some of those costumes came out and some of that dancing and thrusting was going on. :) Prayed so hard that Margaret was standing next to the Bieb smiling big with his arm around her in a pic. I hope your adventure was spectacular! And I will be thinking of you all this week and lifting you up! Blessings to you all Anna!
- November 21, 2011 at 8:48 AM
- Mason and Lindsey McIntyre said...
I found your blog through another blog I read (Kayla Aimee) and I just wanted you to know that I'm praying for you and your sweet family. I can't even begin to imagine what you're going through and I pray that God's peace be with you this week and in the weeks/months to come. Hope you enjoyed the AMA's and have a great time at the Today Show!
- November 21, 2011 at 10:39 AM
- anymommy said...
Oh. I'm just breathless with the beauty of this. And crushed by the sadness that underlies it. I send you so much love every day.
- November 21, 2011 at 2:13 PM
- Erin said...
I loved reading your beautiful and achingly sad words. I too have lost a son... i know such feelings. Time is never as it was before. I have been without my adored son for 5 years... I now finally feel as though I am moving toward, rather than away from him. The pain is still raw and terrible at times. But I have been able to find great joy also... when I thought 5 years ago that the stone in my chest would stay just that... a cold stone. I have been "surprised by joy", and I find so much solace in our son's beautiful and happy life. I sense you feel that about your precious Jack's life. May you find moments of solace, and even joy, as you make your way through the brutal first year of grief.
- November 21, 2011 at 7:20 PM
- Andrea said...
Anna, I am new to your blog and have just spent the past hour or so reading about what your family has experienced, I am so truly sorry for your loss. I will keep you all in my thoughts and prayers and in my heart. May you find whatever possible strength to keep moving forward day by day.
- November 21, 2011 at 10:38 PM
- rickybollinger said...
i pray to god for anna...
testosterone levels
- November 22, 2011 at 3:00 AM
Just felt i should be praying for you now. So i am.
in prayer, mandy
- November 22, 2011 at 4:30 AM
- Unknown said...
I just found your blog through a link from YoungHouseLove...I live in Charlottesville, and remember hearing your story and my heart breaking and praying for you all. Now I find your blog randomly....I am so glad to keep reading your story and your words. I hope it's helping you in your grief. I will continue to keep you in my prayers and you miss Jack and your heart continues to break. I am so sorry.
- November 22, 2011 at 4:59 AM
- Unknown said...
Also, if you feel like it, check out my friend's blog: http://www.homes1ck.blogspot.com/
There son died in a drowning accident also. She is a few years further down the road, and could be a huge source of support.
- November 22, 2011 at 5:02 AM
- Jen said...
Thinking of you especially this week, when you will mark yet another milestone of grief with your first family Thanksgiving without your sweet Jack. My heart aches to know that - on yet another Thursday evening - you will be considering those things you are thankful for, while at the same time missing terribly one of those things you are MOST thankful for in this life. Love and prayers to your family continually.
- November 22, 2011 at 9:53 AM
Your pain is evident, but your faith also comes through so clearly. May that faith hold you up and carry you.
I don't know how you can survive this, or how my friend can survive losing her 3yr old son tragically either - but know that you are surrounded by prayer - all over the world.
Blessings and strength to you.
C.V. in B.C.
- November 22, 2011 at 11:34 PM
- Christy said...
Oh Anna, I'm so, so sorry. I'm crying too hard to think of anything comforting. I love you and pray for you all, all the time.
- November 23, 2011 at 7:39 AM
- Suburban Correspondent said...
This will be a hard Thanksgiving. I'm sorry. Just keep pedaling, even though it feels that each day you make it through takes you further away from your missing 12-year-old. The only way out is through.
- November 23, 2011 at 1:31 PM
Sending love and so so many hugs from Australia
- November 24, 2011 at 4:09 AM
How wonderful to know Margaret got her wish!!!
- November 24, 2011 at 7:01 PM


text:
Library of Michigan approves new Superior District Library
This week, the Library of Michigan approved an agreement between Chippewa County, Mackinac County, and the City of Sault Ste. Marie, creating the Superior District Library. Incorporating the territory served by Bayliss Public Library with its six branches and Rudyard School Public Library, the new library system will continue to bring quality library service to a large portion of the Eastern Upper Peninsula.
The Superior District Library will be governed by a six-member board, appointed by the three participating governmental units.
With the district library, residents served by Rudyard library will no longer have to pay an annual non-resident fee. Library cards issued at any of the system's libraries can be used at any other participating libraries, and materials can be returned at any one of them, as well. Services that the libraries provide will remain the same. Programming will continue to grow and be available throughout the district.
For more information about the new Superior District Library and its governing body, contact Ken Miller at Bayliss Public Library, 541 Library Drive in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, or at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Types of Hearing Loss
Hearing loss is described by varying degrees, not percentages. Hearing loss may be mild, moderate, moderately-severe, severe, or profound, and it can vary across pitches. A person's hearing deficit is determined by a simple hearing test where the amount of volume loss you experience is compared to an average of many other adult listeners with normal auditory ability.
The volume, or intensity, of sounds you hear is measured in decibels (dB), with 0 dB being the softest whisper and 120 dB being a jet engine. The softest sounds a person can hear are called thresholds. Normal hearing thresholds for adults are considered 0 to 25 dB.
Conductive Hearing Loss
Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the way sound is conducted to the inner ear and a structure called the cochlea. The problem may lie in the ear canal, eardrum (tympanic membrane), or the middle ear (ossicles and Eustachian tube). The inner ear remains unaffected in this type of hearing loss.
Symptoms of Conductive Hearing Loss
Individuals with conductive hearing loss may report:
- That sounds are muffled
- That sounds are very low or quiet
Causes of Conductive Hearing Loss
Some causes of conductive hearing loss can include:
- Outer or middle ear infections
- Complete earwax blockage
- Deterioration of the middle ear bones (ossicles)
- Otosclerosis - Fixation of the ossicles
- Perforated tympanic membrane (TM) - A hole in the eardrum
- Absence of the outer ear or middle ear structures
Conductive hearing loss may be temporary or permanent, depending on the source of the problem. Medical management can correct some cases of conductive hearing loss, while amplification may be a recommended treatment option in long-standing or permanent cases.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Sensorineural (sen-sor-ee-nuhral) hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the sensory receptors of the hearing system, specifically in the cochlea of the inner ear. The majority of sensorineural hearing loss occurs as a result of an abnormality or damage to the hair cells in the cochlea. This abnormality prevents sound from being transmitted to the brain normally, which results in a hearing loss.
Symptoms of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Individuals with sensorineural hearing loss may report:
- Muffled speech
- Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
- Difficulty hearing in background noise
- That others do not speak clearly
Causes of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- Congenital - These hair cells have been abnormal since birth, which is considered a congenital condition.
- Damage to hair cells - A deficit in hearing also occurs when the cells are damaged as a result of genetics, infection, drugs, trauma, or over-exposure to noise (late-onset or acquired).
- Presbycusis - Hair cells are damaged as a result of the aging process, which causes a kind of hearing loss known as presbycusis (pres-be-cue-sis).
Sensorineural hearing losses are generally permanent and may stay stable or worsen over time. Routine hearing tests are needed to monitor the hearing loss. Amplification is the most common treatment, which includes hearing aids or cochlear implants in the most severe cases.
Mixed Hearing Loss
Mixed hearing loss occurs when a person has an existing sensorineural hearing loss in combination with a conductive hearing loss. This type of hearing deficit is considered a mix of sensorineural and conductive hearing losses, which means there is a problem in the inner ear as well as in the outer and/or middle ear.
The conductive hearing loss may be temporary or permanent, depending on the source of the problem. Mixed hearing loss can sometimes be treated with medical management, and hearing aids are a common treatment recommendation.
Neural Hearing Loss
Neural hearing loss occurs when the auditory nerve that carries impulses from the cochlea to the brain is missing or abnormal. This form of hearing deficit is difficult to diagnose, as the exact location of neural hearing loss is not always evident to hearing specialists.
To treat neural hearing loss, amplification may be recommended in some cases, depending on the severity of the damage to the hearing nerve. Individuals with neural hearing loss often have difficulty understanding speech, even when it is loud enough, especially in background noise.
Causes of Neural Hearing Loss
Some causes of neural hearing loss include:
- Genetics
- Acoustic tumors
- In-utero exposure to certain infections
- Severe jaundice in infancy
- Low birth weight associated with premature birth


text:
Chew on this.
The Hershey Co. is launching a new candy line, its first new brand in 30 years, with a soft caramel creme called Lancaster. And for the first time it is taking a double-barreled approach, debuting the candy in both the U.S. and China.
The move comes as China increasingly becomes a focus for U.S.-based consumer goods companies that are seeking to offset slower growth in developed markets like North America. Hershey, which makes candy such as Kit Kat, Twizzlers and Hershey's Kisses, said its most recent quarter that new products in both the U.S. and overseas helped its net income rise 18 percent.
"China and the U.S. are major focus markets for the company," said Steven Schiller, senior vice president of sweets and refreshment. China is the second largest sweets market behind the U.S., he added.
The Lancaster name stems from founder Milton Hershey's first candy company, The Lancaster Caramel Co. founded in 1886. And the candy comes after two-and-a-half years of research into consumer tastes and the global confectionery market.
A category the company calls "comforting richness" -- caramel or milk-based soft candy -- was under tapped, Hershey found, even though at $1.5 billion dollars it was big business in China.
Caramel is also a fast-growing category globally, Schiller said, growing faster than chocolate and other non-chocolate candies. "It is one of the fastest growing segments in the food industry," Schiller said.
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
So Hershey developed caramels that could fit into the niche. The products in each country aren't completely the same, but tailored to their markets. In the U.S., Lancaster caramel's will come in three flavors: caramel, vanilla and caramel, and vanilla and raspberry. In China, where the company already sells Hershey's Kisses, Hershey and Ice Breakers, the candies will be more similar to milk-based candies that are popular in that country.
The target demographic is men and women in their twenties and early thirties. The candy will hit store shelves in January 2014 and come in two sizes for about $4 and $2.50. In China, it has already launched in three cities, with wider distribution set for 2014.


text:
Testing Duct Leakage Assumptions
In Midwest houses where little or no ductwork runs though unconditioned spaces, normal assumptions about duct leakage to the outside may not apply.
March 09, 2009
Earn Building Performance Institute Continuing Education units after reading this Home Energy article!
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A version of this article appears in the March/April 2009 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
Many homes in Wisconsin and throughout the Midwest have little or no ductwork that runs through unconditioned spaces. Because of this, national standards for testing and required default assumptions for duct leakage can impose an unnecessary burden on midwestern housing stock. The standards are primarily based on leakage data from homes in other parts of the country where basements are less common and where many homes have substantial amounts of ductwork in the attic or crawlspace.
The goals of a study we performed in 2007 and 2008 for the Wisconsin Focus on Energy program were to quantify duct leakage to the outside in new homes with exterior duct runs and to compare several methods of measuring this leakage. We wondered how actual duct leakage to the outside compares to current national default values (as defined by RESNET), and whether Wisconsin homes can be reliably screened for duct leakage using less-expensive methods than duct pressurization. Note that while interior leakage and pressure imbalances can also be significant issues with ducted heating systems, these were not a particular focus for the study.
The homes for the study were identified through Focus on Energy staff and the network of Wisconsin energy consultants associated with the Wisconsin Energy Star Homes program. The 19 new homes (all unoccupied at the time of testing) were assessed between February 2007 and February 2008, using a daylong protocol involving four methods of duct leakage assessment: duct pressurization testing (Duct Blaster); pressure pan testing; blower-door-based duct leakage assessment using the Delta-Q method; and nulling testing.
The vast majority of Wisconsin homes have forced-air furnaces that are located in a full basement with exposed
sheet-metal ductwork. Most new Wisconsin homes have no ductwork outside the conditioned envelope, and duct runs to upper floors typically pass through interior wall cavities. Because current program rules require duct leakage testing if any part of the duct system lies outside the conditioned envelope of the building, all of the homes in the study had at least some exterior ductwork, However, the study homes varied in the extent to which the ductwork was exposed to conditions outside the thermal envelope of the home:
LOW-EXPOSURE HOMES. Eight homes had most of ductwork inside the conditioned envelope; these were typically homes with only the supply runs for a bonus room over a garage outside the conditioned envelope.
MODERATE-EXPOSURE HOMES. Seven homes had a mix of inside and outside ductwork; these were typically two-story homes with second-floor supplies through the attic.
HIGH-EXPOSURE HOMES. Four homes had most of ductwork outside the conditioned envelope; these were typically slab-on-grade homes with duct runs through the attic and the heating system located in a mechanical closet in the garage. The three single-story homes were all in this group (the other homes in the study were all multistory).
The homes in the study had an average of about 17 supply registers and 7 return registers, or about 130 ft2 and 330 ft2 of floor area per register for supply and return registers, respectively.
The Delta-Q approach to measuring duct leakage is attractive, because it can be done using a computer-controlled blower door and the ability to flip the air handler on and off repeatedly, thus eliminating the time and expense of sealing registers in order to set up and run a direct duct pressurization test. But the calculations are considerably more complex than standard blower door testing, and researchers are still debating the finer points of how best to implement the Delta-Q algorithms. Moreover, the duct leakage "signal" that Delta-Q is trying to measure is often small and can be difficult to distinguish from wind-induced pressure changes.
The Energy Conservatory recently enlisted a group of volunteers to conduct repeated Delta-Q tests in a number of homes. As Figure A shows, the duct leakage estimates sometimes clustered tightly together (Homes A and B) and sometimes showed variations of several hundred CFM (Homes F and G) as a result of variations in windiness during testing.
A recent study by Darryl Dickerhoff and Iain Walker at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory examines the issue of wind-induced pressure changes and provides guidance on recognizing anomalies in Delta-Q test data.
Until experts settle on a method for quantifying the reliability of Delta-Q tests, practitioners in the field should follow a few guidelines to help ensure reliable test results:
Avoid windy test conditions. Test early in the morning or late in the day, when winds tend to be lighter, and try to avoid days when high winds are forecast.
Learn to recognize wind-induced anomalies in the Delta-Q data and repeat test sequences that show these anomalies.
For the house pressure measurement, carefully place the outdoor pressure reference tube in a protected location, and be sure none of the open manometer taps or open ends of tubing are ever directly exposed to the air stream from the blower door. This outdoor pressure reference tube can be placed on a side of the house other than the one where the blower door is installed. Note, however, that the outdoor pressure tube for referencing the blower door fan during pressurization mode should be on the blower door side of the house.
Test Methods
The protocol we used employed four methods to assess duct leakage in each home.
Duct Pressurization
Duct pressurization is used to measure total duct system leakage (and leakage to the outside) only at artificially induced duct pressures. Measuring total duct system leakage involves masking all registers, pressurizing the duct system with a calibrated fan (typically to 25 Pa), and then recording air flow through the fan at the known level of pressurization —much as a standard blower door test measures house leakage at a known pressure.
To measure leakage to the outside, a blower door is used to pressurize the house. The duct pressurization fan is then used to zero out any pressure differences between the ducts and the house; the flow through the duct pressurization fan with the duct pressure zeroed with respect to the (pressurized) house represents the level of duct leakage to the outside. Because this testing is conducted at artificially induced pressures, the results do not necessarily indicate the amount of leakage that occurs under actual operating conditions.
For the study, total duct system leakage was measured at 25 Pa, and leakage to the outside was measured at 25 Pa, 50 Pa, and 100 Pa. In addition, to gauge the sensitivity of the leakage-to-outside results to measurement of the pressure difference between the ducts and the house, flow readings were taken at 0 Pa, 0.2 Pa, 0.5 Pa, and 1 Pa of pressure difference between the ducts and the house.
All of this testing was repeated twice—once for the entire duct system (supply and return), and once for the supply side of the duct system only. The latter test was done by installing an airtight block in the filter slot to isolate the supply ductwork from the return ductwork. Return leakage was then estimated by subtracting supply leakage from the supply-and-return measurements.
The Delta-Q test involves measuring blower door flow across a wide range of house-to-outside pressures, both with the air handler operating and without it operating, and then statistically extracting the estimated leakage from the resulting data. The process has been greatly facilitated with software developed by the Energy Conservatory that largely automates the process.
Unlike duct pressurization, Delta-Q measurements of duct leakage to the outside are meant to reflect leakage under actual operating conditions. Also Delta-Q testing does not require equipment beyond a blower door that can be controlled by a laptop computer. At present there are two test methods: ramping, in which the blower door is quickly operated through a range of house pressures while recording data on air flow and house pressure; and stations, which involves collecting data at each of a number of discrete pressure levels.
There are also various approaches to analyzing the data collected under a Delta-Q test to estimate duct leakage. We generally used the scanning technique, which assumes that a single pressure on each of the supply and return sides can characterize the leakage.
For this study, a protocol of multiple Delta-Q tests was implemented at each site. These tests involved both ramping and stations testing, as well as repeat tests and control tests to help assess the reliability of the Delta-Q method (a control test is a Delta-Q test in which the air handler is never turned on, and for which the actual leakage from air handler operation is therefore known to be zero).
The idea behind the nulling approach is that duct leakage to the outside induces a pressure difference across the building shell. An equal air flow in the opposite direction will nullify that pressure difference; if the opposing air flow is created with a calibrated fan, then the air flow through the fan can be measured and the amount of duct leakage thus quantified.
Though simple in theory, nulling is difficult to implement in practice. This is because the house-to-outside pressure differences induced by duct leakage are generally very small (often less than 1 Pa), making the duct leakage signal difficult to distinguish among pressure readings that vary from moment to moment due to wind. This makes it necessary to average readings over time to average out wind effects reliably.
With the assistance of Collin Olson of the Energy Conservatory, we developed a semiautomated, computer-driven nulling procedure that cycled the air handler on and off (at 15- to 20-second intervals) over 20 to 30 cycles, while recording house-to-outside pressure. This process was repeated for several nulling fan flow levels that were chosen to attempt to bracket the flow needed to nullify the duct leakage. We then used linear regression to estimate the nullling flow (and a confidence interval for the regression-based estimate).
As with duct pressurization, the entire process was repeated twice—once for the entire duct system (which estimates
the amount of unbalanced duct leakage, that is, which of the supply or return leakage is greater and by how much); and once with the return side of the duct system isolated. (In the latter case, a second Duct Blaster was needed to provide air flow to the air handler at a pressure mimicking the return side of the duct system.) The estimated return leakage was the difference between the entire duct system nulling test (that is, the unbalanced nulling test) and the supply-only nulling test.
Pressure Pan Testing
Pressure pan testing is not a duct leakage quantification approach, but rather a leakage diagnostic tool. It involves depressurizing the house with a blower door (typically to -50 Pa) with the air handler off, and then sequentially placing a gasketed pan (or other occlusion device, such as tape or a pillow) over each supply or return register and measuring the pressure difference across the pan. The size of the pressure reading indicates the degree to which the duct in question is connected to the outdoors: Large readings indicate significant leaks. This is similar to zone pressure testing of unconditioned zones in a house, but specially crafted for ducts.
Interpreting pressure pan readings can be tricky. The closer a given hole in the ducts is to the register being measured, the larger the pressure pan reading for that register. Therefore, small readings at a number of registers may indicate a large leak that is far away from the reading locations or small leaks at the boots; the energy implications for these two types of leak are very different. Also, registers that are close together (that is back-to-back through an interior wall) can lead to false low readings.
For this study, pressure pan readings were taken for all supply and return registers while the house was depressurized to 50 Pa.
Testing the Test Methods
We found that duct pressurization generally yielded higher estimates of duct leakage than either nulling or Delta-Q, suggesting that duct leakage under actual operating pressure is usually less than the 25 Pa level used for standard duct pressurization testing (see Figure 1). Just as one should not consider a blower door test to be a measurement of actual infiltration rates, so one should not assume that duct leakage from pressurization testing reflects leakage under actual operating conditions.
We also found that the reliability of measured leakage to the outside from duct pressurization tests depends on the level of leakage to the interior: High interior leakage makes for less-precise measurements of exterior leakage. This happens for two reasons. First, a substantial amount of air from the pressurization fan can flow through interior leaks if the duct-to-house pressure deviates even slightly from zero, making measurements of the flow at zero duct-to-house pressure inherently less precise. Second, large leaks to the interior can create nonuniformities of pressure in the duct system. These nonuniformities can create flows to the interior that add to—or subtract from—leakage to the outside. For both of these reasons, it is very important to seal registers properly before conducting leakage-to-outside tests using duct pressurization. And for both of these reasons, exterior leakage measurements in homes that use building cavities or panned joists as duct runs are subject to substantial error.
The test data indicate that the Delta-Q method of assessing duct leakage has promise, but the results are sensitive to wind, as evidenced by the fact that we sometimes obtained Delta-Q estimates that deviated substantially from zero during control tests when the air handler was never operated. Working with Collin Olson at the Energy Conservatory, we developed an approximate method to assess the reliability of Delta-Q estimates of duct leakage, but additional methodological work is under way in this area (see "State of Delta-Q").
Finally, the pressure pan data generally did a good job of flagging homes where duct leakage was a problem. This suggests that pressure pan readings can probably be used to screen for significant duct leakage for homes that have low or moderate exterior duct exposure and have the air handler in a conditioned basement. If the high-pressure portions of the duct system are inside the conditioned space, then pressure pan readings are likely to detect any but the most trivial leakage. For all types of homes, high pressure pan readings indicate sizable holes somewhere in the duct system.
Assessing Wisconsin's Ducts
In the 15 low- and moderate-exposure homes, the test results suggested duct leakage under actual operating conditions that was generally less than 5%. The four sites with most or all ductwork outside the conditioned envelope, however, showed considerably higher leakage rates, as Figure 1 shows. (Note that the analysis methods used for nulling and Delta-Q tests allow for negative estimates of duct leakage, even though this is physically nonsensical. This is done to avoid a positive bias in estimated leakage when measured leakage is close to zero.)
We used methods specified in ASHRAE Standard 152 to estimate overall duct system losses, based on the characteristics of the duct system, and on the measured leakage for each site. This method takes into account duct location and insulation level as well as measured leakage to the outside to estimate seasonal losses due to conduction and leakage. (We generally used the nulling estimates of duct leakage for this analysis, but we used the median of the Delta-Q estimates in cases where the nulling results were not available or were not reliable.)
The results suggest seasonal duct losses of less than 5% for the sites with minimal exterior duct exposure; of 5%–15% for the sites with a mix of interior and exterior ductwork; and of up to 30% for the four sites with mostly exterior ductwork (see Figure 2, p. 32, which shows heating losses). Note, though, that for all but the four high-exposure sites, the estimates suggest that duct leakage plays very little role in overall duct system losses; rather, conduction losses dominate the estimated losses.
As a point of reference, for a typical new Wisconsin home with about 1,000 annual hours of heating system operation and 300 annual hours of cooling, 10% distribution system losses would add about $95 per year to heating costs (at
$1.25 per therm) and about $7 per year to cooling costs (at $.10/kWh)—assuming that the system air handler is not operated continuously.
Current RESNET standards require a default assumption of 12% duct system distribution efficiency losses where ducts are located in conditioned space, and 20% losses for ducts located outside of conditioned space. Based on this standard, untested low-exposure homes would be subject to default estimated duct losses that were close to 12%, moderate-exposure homes would have defaults somewhere between 12% and 20%, and high-exposure homes would have default distribution losses of about 20%.
When these defaults are compared to the estimates based on the test data, only the high-exposure homes appear to be comparable; the default assumption for duct system losses in the low- and moderate-exposure homes are significantly higher than the field data would suggest.
The results strongly suggest that the best use of valuable on-site testing time may be to use simple pressure pan screening for low- and moderate-exposure homes, where the air handler and the high-pressure parts of the duct system are inside conditioned space. However, current standards require home performance professionals to choose between a full-fledged duct pressurization test or relatively high default duct loss estimates, and thus discourage simpler diagnostics and screens for homes that have little exterior duct exposure. We encourage the refinement of duct leakage test standards to accommodate simpler duct leakage diagnostics in these types of home.
Scott Pigg is a senior project manager at the Energy Center of Wisconsin, a private nonprofit based in Madison, Wisconsin, that conducts objective research and provides information and continuing education on energy issues to businesses, professionals, and policymakers nationwide.
Paul Francisco is a research specialist at the Building Research Council of the University of Illinois, which focuses on researching building energy and indoor air quality issues.
For more information:
The full technical report for this study can be downloaded from the Energy Center of Wisconsin at www.ecw.org.
You can also download the study by Dickerhoff and Walker. Go to http://epb.lbl.gov/publications/residential_ted.html
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text:
AMD is expected to release its 65nm products soon. Moving beyond the 65nm Brisbane die shrink and Windsor FX, AMD has a couple of other tricks up its sleeves. AMD plans to transition from its Cities core products to new Stars cores. This transition uses AMD's new core naming scheme. While AMD has typically named its processor cores after cities, the new naming scheme uses star names.
The Stars family includes the upcoming Agena FX, Agena, Kuma, Rana and Spica cores. AMD will be introducing plenty of architectural changes with the upcoming Stars family. Stars family processors will switch over to AMD's previously announced HyperTransport 3.0 architecture. Previously, Star processors have been referred to as Revision H or K8L — if that's not confusing enough, AMD calls the architecture of the Stars family Greyhound. While Stars family processors use the HyperTransport 3.0 protocol, it will be backwards compatible with HyperTransport 1.0 systems.
HyperTransport 3.0 is expected to provide twice the amount of bandwidth between the processor and chipset. It will also allow the processor and internal north bridge to operate at different frequencies as well. With HyperTransport 3.0, the north bridge can operate at 75% of the maximum clock frequency of the processor. AMD roadmaps claim the greater bandwidth of HyperTransport 3.0 is important for PCIe 2.0 and upcoming multi-GPU, integrated graphics and multiprocessor performance.
In addition to HyperTransport 3.0, Stars family processors feature a 128-bit floating point unit for each CPU core, DDR2-1066 support, SSE4A instructions and a split power plane. Split power planes allow the processor and internal north bridge to operate at different voltages and speeds. The advantages of split power planes are it allows the north bridge speed and voltage to never change during Cool'n'Quiet power saving measures. With split power planes the Stars processors require separate PLLs for the processor and internal north bridge.
Stars family processors will use socket AM2+, with the exception of the Agena FX. Nevertheless, Stars family processors will be backwards compatible on socket AM2 motherboards, though performance is sacrificed by falling back to HyperTransport 1.0. AMD's documentation no longer refers to AM3; it appears AM2+ is the expected socket AM3.
Beginning in Q3'2007 AMD is expected to release its first Stars quad-core processors. The new quad-core processors are based on AMD's Agena and Agena FX cores. Targeting AMD's 4×4 platform is the Agena FX core. Agena FX will only be available on Socket 1207+ and offer dual processor functionality. The vanilla Agena core will be available on single processor socket AM2+ platforms.
Agena FX and Agena based processors offer identical features. New to the Agena FX and Agena cores is a shared L3 cache. 2MB of L3 cache will be shared between all four processor cores. The L2 cache will be 2MB as well. Clock frequencies of 2.7 GHz to 2.9 GHz are initially expected. The HyperTransport 3.0 frequency for Agena FX and Agena cores is expected to be clocked at 4000 MHz. Agena FX and Agena core processors will be manufacturing using a 65nm process and carry 125W TDPs. The first Agena FX and Agena based processors are expected to arrive in Q3'2007.
AMD will be releasing new Kuma core dual-core processors in Q3'07 as well. The new Kuma core processors feature HyperTransport 3.0 clocked at 4000 MHz, 1MB of L2 cache and 2MB of shared L3 cache. Kuma processors are expected to arrive in 2.0 GHz to 2.9 GHz frequencies for socket AM2+. TDP for Kuma core processors is expected at 89W and 65W.
Single-core products won't be left out of the Stars family either. AMD will release single-core Rana and Spica cores towards the end of 2007. Rana core processors will be replacing Orleans and Lima Athlon 64 single-core processors while Spica will be replacing single-core Venice Athlon 64 and Manilla Sempron processors. AMD's roadmap doesn't reveal too much on Rana and Spica. Nevertheless, Rana and Spica will feature HyperTransport 3.0 and socket AM2+ compatibility.
Improving dual-core compatibility for gaming
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ZMAX will come with a Snapdragon 400 processor and 720p display
UC Davis dares to go where Toyota won't with the Prius
An Apple spokesperson fires back over Microsoft's latest commercials
Engadget gets the scoop on Dell's latest "ultra-portable" notebook


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