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"It's clear that I've been double-crossed / It's clear that I've been framed" Paul Muldoon
New Jersey Noir. Edited by Joyce Carol Oates. Akashic, 274 pp., $15.95, paperback.
By Janice Harayda
"Is noir the dominant sensibility of New Jersey?" a writer for New Jersey Monthly asked in a review of this book. No, that distinction belongs to tragicomedy. But New Jersey has an underside barely suggested by what Joyce Carol Oates calls the "noir drama" of The Sopranos. New Jersey Noir exposes part of it in 19 previously unpublished short stories and poems set in places far from the back rooms of strip clubs and pork-butchers' shops.
Oates notes in her wide-ranging introduction that prototypical noir fiction involves a man "whose desire for a beautiful woman has blinded him to her true, manipulative, evil self." Her book revives that tradition in Jonathan Santlofer's "Lola," a contemporary tale of a femme fatale on the PATH train from Hoboken to New York. Other stories in New Jersey Noir support Oates' view that noir treachery can involve something more complex than sexual double-dealing: "a fundamental betrayal of the spirit – an innocence devastated by the experience of social injustice or political corruption." An idealistic technician at a Newark morgue falls victim to her own naiveté and to the duplicity of a co-worker who sells corpses' hair to wig shops in S.A. Solomon's "Live for Today." A rookie cop is a pawn in a dangerous game that pits his father, a Republican U.S. Attorney, against the powerful Camden County Democratic machine in Lou Manfredo's "Soul Anatomy." And a hard-up South Jersey substitute teacher agrees to a friend's plan to sell glass eels illegally, only to run into thugs running a lethal game of pay-to-play, in "Glass Eels."
Faithful to noir conventions, the bleakness of these stories goes mostly unrelieved by devices used in other types suspense fiction, such as a wisecracking protagonist or a sentient tabby cat who helps to solve crimes. But the Pulitzer Prize–winning poet Paul Muldoon offers an inspired bit of comic relief in his satirical poem, "Noir, NJ." As he sends up noir clichés, Muldoon neatly encapsulates a theme of this book in two of his lines: "It's clear that I've been double-crossed / It's clear that I've been framed."
Best line: In her excellent 10-page introduction, Oates gives an overview of noir themes in novels, movies and television shows; of each story or poem she has chosen; and of true crimes in New Jersey that provide context for New Jersey Noir.
Worst line: Oates: "Quintessential noir centers around …"
Published: November 2011
Furthermore: The 19 original stories and poems in this collection cover New Jersey cities and towns that include Montclair, Princeton, Paramus, Rutherford, Cherry Hill, Long Branch, Asbury Park and Atlantic City. Publishers Weekly and New Jersey Monthly also reviewed the book. The Akashic Noir series has produced more than 50 other books, including London Noir, Paris Noir, Seattle Noir, Lone Star Noir and Twin Cities Noir.
Jan is an award-winning journalist and former book editor of the Plain Dealer in Cleveland. You can follow her on Twitter by clicking on the "Follow" button in the right sidebar.
© 2012 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


text:
This article was originally published in the November/December 1999 issue of Home Energy Magazine. Some formatting inconsistencies may be evident in older archive content.
| Back to Contents Page | Home Energy Index | About Home Energy |
Home Energy Magazine Online November/December 1999
Philip Wemhoff: I enjoyed your recent article in Home Energy. However, I have some comments.
The discussion about slide rules and assumed pressure drops (FSEC investigators recommend that a friction-loss coefficient of 0.05 inches water column (IWC) be used with slide rules, rather than the almost universally used 0.1 IWC.) is very disappointing. Duct sizing using recognized engineering methods is the correct approach, not these nonsensical pressure drops. In Florida, the energy code specifies how this must be done, but the code is broken by nearly every contractor, every single day. And the result is enormous problems in terms of less comfort, reduced air flow, and energy loss. The Florida Energy Code, in section 610.1.ABC.1, says that All air distribution systems shall be sized and designed in accordance with recognized engineering standards, such as the ACCA Manual D, ... and based on the following: (a) Duct size shall be determined by supply air requirements of each room (the greater of the heating load or sensible cooling load for that room); (b) the available static pressure, and; (c) the total equivalent length of the various duct runs. Friction loss data shall correspond to the type of material used in duct construction.
Danny Parker: The report on our study (Field Evaluation of Efficient Building Technology with Photovoltaic Power Production in New Florida Residential Houses; FSEC-CR-1044-98. Cocoa, Florida: Florida Solar Energy Center, November 1998) does describe the proper way to do business (Manual D), but prescribing that only and not addressing what is going on in the field, I believe, is the greater travesty. Right now, 99% of residential duct systems in Florida are being sized using duct slide rules with 0.1 inch water column (IWC) pressure drop at a given air flow (the duct slide rule method, sometimes referred to as the ductalator method). The problem is that the 0.1 IWC value assumes smooth, round, metal duct (not flex duct), so even that crude assumption is violated (this would not happen if you use a flex duct multiplier to compensate for duct roughness). My simple observation is this: AC contractors use duct slide rules and undersize ducts (always). Making the simple (and achievable) change to using 0.05 IWC with a duct slide rule will not be in compliance with the proper way to do things (Manual D), but it will result in ducts that can achieve an air flow that is a much closer to the desired air flow.
Saying that everyone must use Manual D is a worthy ideal. However, it is more than a bit quixotic. Remember that only about 40% of residential ACs are sized using any quantitative method. Changing to a much lower friction coefficient, however, is something that can be implemented and will result in better sized ducts. I am also aware of the error of the duct slide rule method in dealing with branches.
So, I wish the article had mentioned Manual D as you suggest, but I still believe that, if taken, our advice would result in a dramatic improvement of the situation relative to what is going on now. Sorry to disappoint. We'll emphasize Manual D next time out.
PW: When sizing ducts, the use of one value throughout will guarantee incorrect duct size for most segments. If 0.05 is used, almost half of the runouts of the system will be oversized, creating zones that are too cold in summer, for example; the remaining runouts, usually the furthest from the air handler, will be undersized, creating zones that are too warm in summer. The result is a design and outcome failure. As you know, the modified equal friction method of Manual D requires that the available static pressure from the fan be consumed by the duct through its run from fan to outlet/inlet, with no shortage or excess at the end. Also, pressure drop per 100 ft is not an input--it is a calculated intermediate value. A contractor who knows how to do the calculations to determine the available static pressure, and correctly allocate it to supply and return, is a very rare person.
Further, a recommendation to use 0.05 IWC with duct slide rules will not help. It will still be ignored, because you have not presented overwhelming evidence as to why it should be used. You see, contractors really don't think duct sizing is important, and many don't even use ductalators anymore (the wrong answers are already etched on their memories). Education is needed. Duct size, duct leakage, and AC charge are invisible to them. It is a problem of attribution--to what do we attribute the comfort problem? Well, the answer seems clear to contractors, as demonstrated by their actions: They think the problem is AC tonnage. Duct size, leakage, and charge don't exist for them, so in their view, Manual J must produce incorrect results, and should be ignored. Contractor's conclusion: Let's make the AC larger.
What I'd love to see is an article with side-by-side comparisons of the duct sizes and attendant air flows resulting from 0.1/0.05 IWC duct slide rule method versus the proper method (Manual D). All I'm saying is that we need to promote the correct methods and not reinforce the incorrect ones. Rather than assume a faulty industry standard (and code compliance in Florida), we assume typical practice, which is substandard and a code violation. Where would we be if we assumed that all ducts must continue to leak, because leak sites are the typical practice, and that contractors can't change?
When it comes to duct sizing in Florida, almost every contractor without exception breaks the law on every job he does. Who does that hurt? The public, who in many instances, pays my salary.
DP: You raised some important exceptions to the simple advice we provided on better duct sizing. You are right, of course; one should use Manual D for sizing duct systems. Contractors should also use Manual J to size HVAC systems! However, I still maintain that all other things equal (that is, done wrong), using 0.05 IWC with a duct slide rule will result in more appropriate air flows than the 0.1 IWC that is currently the nearly universal convention among contractors. Regardless of the method used (and this is important), the friction coefficient for flex duct--which is the rage in new construction--is not the same as that for round duct on those duct slide rules or in the tables in Manual D. This makes a big difference in the resulting air flows. Manual D says the pressure drop for flex duct is twice that of round smooth duct. [Editor's note: The book A Builder's Guide to Residential HVAC Systems (see Resources, p. 46) points out that few data are available for flex duct pressure drops other than for straight runs.]
PW: I do agree that 0.05 IWC will be beneficial. I should have said that. The main benefit is that the air flow across the coil will improve, so the user will benefit from appropriate efficiency and capacity. The downside, as I mentioned, is that the subair flows to the zones of the house will likely be wrong, causing spaces that are too warm or too cold. So, the design will be a failure from a comfort standpoint. And energy use may suffer somewhat as well, if the user adjusts the thermostat to achieve comfort conditions in an underflow space.
In any case, technology doesn't always change for the right reasons. Till you came along, Danny, India--a nation with good engineers and little air conditioning--made the best ceiling fans (see Cutting-Edge Blades Slash Fan Energy Use, HE July/Aug '99, p. 7). But Americans didn't like the looks of them when they were marketed in the 1970s and '80s. They preferred the less efficient paddle fans (now called Casablanca fans), having seen them in the Bogart movie.Oversized Boiler in Earthen Home? In A California Earthen Home (May/June '99, p. 43), the house was outfitted with what I would consider to be a grossly oversized 199,000 Btu boiler. Boilers should always be sized exclusively to the heating load of the building. It is never necessary to add more heating capacity just because you're going to be using the boiler for domestic water heating too. This is one of the most common mistakes a plumber can make, and the easiest to avoid. The reasoning is quite simple: The thermal lag of a building is many times greater than that of the 40 to 80 gallons of water in that storage tank.
Even with no heat input, a normal house takes several hours to drift a noticeable amount in temperature (even a low-mass house takes at least an hour to lose a couple of degrees of temperature). So if the water heater needs to warm up at the same time as the house, a house that's already warm couldn't drift in temperature enough for even the most paranoid homeowner to notice during the 15 or 20 minutes it takes to heat the water.
Some installers try defending their usual oversizing habits by saying, What if the house is coming out of a night setback and hot water is needed in the morning? You need that extra capacity then, right? Wrong. Here's why: Most people use a programmable thermostat for night setbacks anyway. Simply set it to come on 30 minutes sooner, so that the house and the tank of water can warm up in a reasonable amount of time. But what if the owner doesn't want to warm the house up 30 minutes sooner? That's probably fine, too, because if the boiler is sized exactly to the heating load alone, then except for 2.5% of a typical winter, the boiler has a fair margin of excess capacity anyway, so there will be no noticeable temperature drift in the house either.
Now if you still worry about those few instances when winter is particularly harsh, the water in the tank will still get hot. It might take a little longer or the house temperature might drift a degree or so, but in my opinion this is a very minor penalty when compared to the cost of the fuel saved during the other 97.5% of the winter and the equipment money saved from not buying the bigger boiler.
Michael Lamb
Editor's note: The article listed the Voyager unit as a boiler, but it is actually an 80-gallon high-efficiency water heater. (We apologize for the lack of clarity.) However, we are interested in the question of sizing and approached Scott Robbins, co-owner of Madcon Incorporated, the company that designed and installed the system, for a response. He told us:
I always try to size the system to the heating load of the building. The size of the water heater, however, is not relevant to the energy load of the house, because heat is transferred from the water heater to the radiant floor system through a heat exchanger. The water heater loses only 1/2°F per hour. It is not fired when there is a heat demand, but only when the water temperature falls enough below the setpoint differential of the water heater, which is 20°F. The large differential keeps the water heater from cycling during the typically mild weather in Sonoma, California. The Tekmar control determines the amount of energy that is needed and puts in only what is needed through an injection pump.
In any case, we had originally suggested a 130,000 Btu boiler, but the clients wanted a larger water heater to meet the needs of future home expansion.
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Grey's Anatomy Recap: "Do You Know"
With Sandra Oh leaving Grey's Anatomy at the end of the season, the powers that be decided to give fans what they want by showing a glimpse into Cristina's future in two separate timelines - one in which she tells Owen that she wants to spend the rest of her life with him and eventually has his children, and the other where they stay together despite their different desires. Unfortunately, though, neither outcome looks very promising for the stalwart doc.
The first timeline begins when a patient ends up paralyzed in a car crash, the wife believes her husband would rather die than spend his life hooked up to machines. When the husband agrees he should be taken off the vent, Cristina realizes how very fragile life can be and tells Owen they should spend the rest of their life together. They get a house together, but you can already see there is some tension when they decide to get a dog and Cristina doesn't give Owen much of a say in the choice.
When Owen is offered a job to run the military trauma division with Teddy in Germany, Cristina is upset because it means leaving their life in Seattle behind. It brings up the bigger issue that Owen doesn't get much of a say in their relationship. Seemingly feeling guilty over not giving Owen what he wants, we see that Cristina goes against her beliefs and ends up getting pregnant.
During childbirth, Cristina admits to Meredith that she screwed up. Initially, Cristina seems distant from her child, but then she actually ends up letting mommyhood take over her life, eventually getting pregnant for a second time. Far into the future, Cristina is bestowing the Harper Avery Award to Shane, who had taken over Cristina's trial back in the day because she was too busy being a mother, which makes her later breakdown in the bathroom at the awards, unhappy with what her life has become.
The other timeline begins when the husband from the car crash declines to be taken off life support. Without the emotional toll of having saved a patient's life only for him to choose to die, Cristina does not declare to Owen that they should spend the rest of their life together. Instead, during a romp in Owen's trailer, Cristina asks Owen if he's OK with them keeping it casual. Though he says yes then, eventually it leads to them breaking up because she can't give him what he wants. However, it's not long before they're jumping back in the sack, a pattern they keep repeating.
Eventually, Owen says he wants to be with Cristina and is willing to give up the hope of children in their future. But when Cristina proves that she's too busy focusing on work to show a little compassion, it causes a fracture in their relationship. While consoling the wife of the paralyzed patient, Owen ends up on the receiving end of a kiss that he doesn't immediately stop. After avoiding Cristina for days, he tells her that he needs more from their relationship which causes them to break up once again.
Cristina then asks Meredith to keep her away from Owen for good, which causes Owen to start lashing out in the hospital, mouthing off to Jackson and eventually showing up to work drunk. He drunkenly professes his love to Cristina, saying it's hard to work at Grey Sloan and having to see Cristina every day. He begs Cristina to marry him, but she doesn't end up married. Instead, she's later bestowed with her fourth consecutive Harper Avery Award - for a moment there, it looked like she was going to be marrying Shane. Gross. Back at the hospital, Owen has become a danger to his patients and is eventually fired.
In a third reality, the one the show will move forward with, the husband does decide to be taken of the ventilator, but Cristina is interrupted by Meredith on her way to speak to Owen, changing her future entirely with a third unforeseen option in life.
What did you think of the episode? Do you still hope Cristina and Owen can make things work or is it time for them to move on?
Grey's Anatomy airs Thursdays at 9/8c on ABC.
View original Grey's Anatomy Recap: "Do You Know" at TVGuide.com
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Hot Online: Kevin Ware has surgery after horrific injury
Staff Writer
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University of Louisville basketball player Kevin Ware is recovering in the hospital after he had surgery to repair a gruesome injury. Ware was injured Sunday when he landed on his leg and it broke in two places. A rod was inserted into his tibia, ABC News reported, and he is doing well. It will be at least a year before he can play basketball again.
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Omarosa was fired last night from "Celebrity Apprentice." Everyone's favorite villain got the boot from Donald Trump after a showdown with Piers Morgan.
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Capacity: 20-35 Litre
Interior: Interior Compartment
Interior: Interior Zipper Pocket
Interior: Interior Slot Pocket
Interior: Cell Phone Pocket
Handle/Strap Type: Soft Handle
Item Type: Backpacks
Decoration: None
Closure Type: zipper
Rain Cover: No
Exterior: None
Carrying System: Arcuate Shoulder Strap
Lining Material: Polyester
Shipping & Returns
We ship items within one to two days of receiving an order. From that point, it takes about 10-20 days for the items to arrive and customers will receive orders via our international courier partners. As soon as your product ships, you'll receive a tracking number that will let you keep tabs of where your order is at all times.
With customs charges, we can not guarantee that you will or will not be charged any customs and taxes duties. Any customs charges are applied at the discretion of the carrier and local laws and all customs charges will be payable by the customer and will not be covered by TOPGOLDMAN. For more accurate information, we'd suggest getting in touch with your local customs office for delivery charges at your end.
Returns Policy
Our policy lasts 28 days. If you would like to return an item, you must notify TOPGOLDMAN within 14 days from the date of delivery. You will then have 14 days from the notification date to return your item to the following address;
Returns Department, 13 Cairns Mews, London, SE18, 4JZ United Kingdom
Please mark 'Returned Items' clearly on the outer packaging of your parcel to prevent any import charges and taxes being applied.
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it, only unworn, unwashed and unused products with original labels attached qualify for a return without repairs and with their corresponding purchase receipt. It must also be in the original packaging. The refund will not include the cost of the original shipping and packaging.
You cannot exchange or return items of underwear, swimsuits without hygienic sticker, earrings, hosiery or socks. We also do not accept products that are intimate or sanitary goods, hazardous materials, or flammable liquids or gases. Shipping costs are non-refundable. If you receive a refund, the cost of shipping will be deducted from your refund. To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase


text:
Haire headed back to circuit court
firstname.lastname@example.com?HILLSDALE — Jacob Nathaniel Haire, 22, of Hillsdale is headed back to Hillsdale County Circuit Court next week and is expected to plead guilty to one count of second degree criminal sexual conduct.?
Haire is scheduled to be arraigned on Monday for the second degree charge along with a charge of third degree criminal sexual conduct.?
Haire was already bound over to circuit court once in February for a pretrial conference, but the case was sent back down to district court after an agreement could not be reached.?
During his appearance in district court Wednesday, Haire's lawyer, public defender John Lovinger, said Haire will be pleading guilty to the second degree charge and the third degree charge will be dropped at the time of sentencing. Also as part of the deal, prosecutors will not seek any other charges related to the incidents that brought on the current charges.?
Haire is accused of placing his hands down the pants of a 12-year-old girl last April and squeezing her buttocks. Because the girl was under the age of 13, it warrants a second degree charge.?
The third degree charge was brought after it was alleged that Haire had sex with a 13-year-old girl. Both charges carry a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison; however, the second degree charge also carries a lifetime of electronic monitoring upon completion of parole.?
Haire has previously been charged with third degree criminal sexual conduct in Jackson County, but that charge was dismissed in November of last year.?
In June 2011, Haire pleaded no contest to a charge of disorderly person, jostling. In November 2008, he pleaded guilty to larceny in a building for a case where he admitted to stealing a computer and two cameras from a home in North Adams. A charge of home invasion was dropped during that case. Haire served 12 months probation and paid $120 in fines.


text:
Morning Minutes: April 8
Staff Writer
State Journal-Register
Morning Minutes: April 8
Word of the Day
Ascertain as-er-TEYN (verb) To find out definitely; learn with certainty or assurance; determine - dictionary.com
Website of the Day
In Twin Peaks
The cult-classic TV show "Twin Peaks" appeared on this day in 1990. This site has pictures of what famous locations from the show look like now, along with other fun facts about the show.
Number to Know
3: Number of studio albums released by Kurt Cobain's band, Nirvana.
This Day in History
April 8, 1994: Kurt Cobain is found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot to the head.
Today's Featured Birthday
Actress Robin Wright (47)
Daily Quote
"Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect." - Mark Twain


text:
Barcode of Life Data Systems
The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), is a web platform that provides an integrated environment for the assembly and use of DNA barcode data. It delivers an online database for collection and management of specimen, distributional, and molecular data as well as analytical tools to support their validation. Over the past few years, BOLD has grown to become a powerful online workbench and the central informatics hub of the DNA barcoding community. BOLD is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA Barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids in the publication of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. http://www.boldsystems.org/.
Publish Logs:
- December 22, 2020 10:49 Completed: 14:21:45.000 Status: completed
- May 17, 2018 10:00 Completed: 13:01:42.000 Status: stopped


text:
Send Results to This Email:
Street Address:
Street Address:
It looks like International Paper won't have a political fight on its hands after all.
The company has decided on trying to complete a deal with local economic development that would include incentives to help IP keep and expand its headquarters presence here.
Those incentives would include multiple 15-year tax freezes on new and existing buildings, a more palatable proposition than a 30-year tax freeze that it looked at one point like the company was interested in, according to sources.
An Economic Development Growth Engine Board meeting was expected next week to vote on the project.
Shelby County Commissioner Mike Ritz said the company would be seeking a payment-in-lieu-of-taxes benefit on "a good number of pieces of real estate" but not on IP's corporate airplanes.
"They worked it out, like we'd hoped they would," Ritz said. "There was just no chance they'd get past 15 years with the County Commission."
In other IP-related news, the company is selling the building products division of Temple-Inland Inc. for $750 million in cash to Georgia-Pacific LLC.
The assets in the sale include 16 manufacturing plants that make particleboard, fiberboard and gypsum wallboard as well as five solid wood mills. International Paper CEO John Faraci said the assets and division are not a part of IP¹s core strategy but have value. International Paper expects to complete the sale in the first quarter of 2013 and the company intends to use the money from the sale to reduce its debt.
International Paper bought Temple-Inland, of Austin, Texas, in a $4.5 billion transaction that began in late 2011 and was completed in February.
The announcement Thursday, Dec. 13, caps a busy week for the global paper and packaging company headquartered in Memphis.
For more on the International Paper deal and an in-depth look at how cities use incentives to attract and retain companies, see this week's cover story, Page 14.
Downtown Candle Co., a boutique candle concept by Eumora Reese, is slated to open its first brick-and-mortar location in February in the South Main Historic Arts District at 107 E. G.E. Patterson Ave.
The retailer will fill the 1,500-square-foot bay recently vacated by Delphinium Boutique in between Hoot + Louise and The Arcade Restaurant.
Downtown Candle Co.'s candles are made from pure soybeans and botanical oils and are packed in recycled boxes. Reese, a Downtown resident, has been crafting candles for seven years, but didn't brand the business until this past January.
"I wanted to be Downtown in the South Main area with the foot traffic and the entertainment district," Reese said.
Downtown Candle Co. has booths at several events throughout the year, including the Cooper-Young Festival, Germantown Festival and trade shows at Agricenter International and The Cannon Center for Performing Arts.
"We do a lot of those shows and the demand just really, really grew," Reese said.
Reese said Downtown Candle Co. is hoping to open during South Main's monthly Trolley Night in February.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced charges Monday, Dec. 10, against eight former members of the boards of five Morgan Keegan mutual funds for "violating their asset pricing responsibilities under the federal securities laws."
The Memphis-based funds, according to regulators, were invested in some securities backed by subprime mortgages and "fraudulently overstated the value of their securities" as the housing market was collapsing in 2007.
The SEC and other state regulators previously charged the funds' managers with fraud, and Morgan Keegan – which has since been sold to Raymond James Financial Inc. – later agreed to pay a fine to settle the charges.
"Investors rely on board members to establish an accurate process for valuing their mutual fund investments," said Robert Khuzami, director of the SEC's enforcement division, in a statement about the action.
"Otherwise, they are left in the dark about the value of their investments and handicapped in their ability to make informed decisions.
Had the board not abdicated its responsibilities, investors may have stood a better chance of preserving their hard-earned nest assets."
Morgan Keegan issued a statement in response to the action blasting the action as the SEC "retroactively" regulating by enforcement an area the board has not provided "meaningful guidance" in through the normal regulatory process.
The eight fund directors named in the enforcement action are J. Kenneth Alderman of Birmingham, Ala.; Jack R. Blair of Germantown; Albert C. Johnson of Hoover, Ala.; James Stillman R. McFadden of Germantown; Allen B. Morgan Jr. of Memphis; W. Randall Pittman of Birmingham; Mary S. Stone of Birmingham; and Archie W. Willis III of Memphis.
Memphis-based creative company Bigfish will host a free health care social media meet-up next week.
The event on Dec. 19 will be held starting at noon at the Bigfish office on the second floor of Minglewood Hall.
The one-hour discussion will focus on audience building, segmentation and monetization specific to health care and nonprofit organizations, and it will include a light lunch.
John Avola, liaison of iMarketing social and mobile at ALSAC/St. Jude Children's Research Hospital will serve as a guest speaker. Tim Nicholson, Bigfish president, and Addie McGowan, director of social media, will lead the discussion.
Bigfish creates brands, develops social media solutions and designs websites for membership organizations, foundations, small businesses and health care professionals.
The company's social media portfolio includes a host of local nonprofit organizations.
They include Boys & Girls Club of Greater Memphis, Baptist Memorial Health Care Corp., McDonald Murrmann Women's Clinic, Pediatrics East, The Next Thing You Do, Best Lawn and Marx-Bensdorf Realtors.
Visit www.gobigfishgo.com/hcsm to register for the event.
The number of Americans seeking unemployment benefits fell sharply for a fourth straight week, a sign that the job market may be improving.
The Labor Department said Thursday that weekly applications for unemployment benefits fell 29,000 last week to a seasonally adjusted 343,000, the lowest in two months. It is the second-lowest total this year.
Applications are a proxy for layoffs, so the drop indicates that companies are cutting fewer jobs. But employers also need to step up hiring to rapidly push down the unemployment rate.
The drop suggests that companies aren't laying off workers in advance of the "fiscal cliff," the package of tax increases and spending cuts set to take effect early next year.
"Worries about the fiscal cliff are not translating into any significant weakening in the labor market yet," said Jim O'Sullivan, an economist at High Frequency Economics. "Today's reading suggests net improvement, although it is just one week."
Applications spiked five weeks ago because of Superstorm Sandy. The storm's impact has now faded. The four-week average, a less volatile measure, fell 27,000 to 381,500.
Before the storm, applications had fluctuated between 360,000 and 390,000 this year.
The storm had little effect on overall hiring in November. Employers added 146,000 jobs last month, the government said last week. That's about the same as the average monthly gain of 150,000 in the past year.
The unemployment rate fell to 7.7 percent – a four-year low – from 7.9 percent in October. But the decline occurred mostly because more people without jobs gave up looking for work. The government counts people without jobs as unemployed only if they're actively seeking one.
The total number of people receiving benefits rose to 5.6 million in the week that ended Nov. 24, the latest period for which data are available. That's nearly 700,000 more than in the previous week. The figure isn't seasonally adjusted, so it can be volatile from week to week.
David Alexander, the former CEO of Citi Trends, is the new president of TruGreen lawn care company, leaders of The ServiceMaster Co. announced Tuesday, Dec. 11.
ServiceMaster CEO Hank Mullany announced the appointment of Alexander two months after TruGreen president Tom Brackett announced his resignation and one month after ServiceMaster posted a third quarter operating loss of $724 million, much of the loss attributed to TruGreen's performance.
TruGreen is one of seven businesses and franchises providing home and commercial services as part of ServiceMaster, which is based in Memphis.
Alexander's resume shows that before he was with Citi Trends, an urban retailer based in Savannah, Ga., he served as president and chief operating officer at Family Dollar Stores.
More recently he was a retail consultant for Apax Partners of London. And for two years, he was chairman, president and CEO of Portrait Corp. of America.
Changes at TruGreen were the first order of business for Mullany when he became ServiceMaster CEO in April 2011. Brackett was an interim choice to be head of TruGreen because of his experience at the Terminix division of ServiceMaster. He became the permanent head of the lawn care business as it changed its sales methods and offering of services.
Mullany has been interim president of TruGreen since Brackett's departure.
Jeff Webb, founder and CEO of Memphis-based Varsity Brands Inc., will be the new president and chief operating officer effective Jan. 1 at Herff Jones Inc., a manufacturer of graduation-related items like yearbooks, rings, caps and gowns.
Herff Jones' current president and CEO Joe Slaughter is retiring as of June 30, 2014. In addition to his new role, Webb will remain the CEO of Varsity, which employs nearly 850 full-time staff, 250 of whom are based in the Memphis area.
Webb started Varsity out of his apartment in Memphis in 1974. Today, the company produces more than 1 million uniforms annually, and educates more than 320,000 athletes annually at camps nationwide.
A year after he donated $1 million to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Eric Trump has donated $20 million to the Memphis medical and research institution.
The son of Donald Trump pledged the $20 million through his Eric Trump Foundation for a new surgical and intensive care center wing to the hospital.
The foundation has as its mission raising money for terminally ill children at St. Jude. It already funds a research lab working on Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia. It was childhood leukemia that was the initial focus of St. Jude when it opened in 1962.
The Eric Trump Foundation's chief fundraiser is a September golf tournament and auction at Trump National Golf Club in Westchester, N.Y.
The Federal Reserve projects the unemployment rate will stay elevated until late 2015, suggesting it will keep short-term interest rates low for the next three years.
The latest economic forecasts released Wednesday after the Fed's final meeting of the year were little changed from September. But they coincided with a new communication strategy announced by the Fed that links future interest rate hikes with unemployment below 6.5 percent.
The unemployment rate was 7.7 percent in November.
The central bank said that it expects economic growth to improve next year but that it will be no stronger than 3 percent. Growth could increase to 3.5 percent in 2014 and 3.7 percent in 2015.
Unemployment will fall no lower than 7.4 percent next year and 6.8 percent by the end of 2014, the Fed projects. The earliest the Fed sees unemployment dropping below 6.5 percent is the end of 2015.
The Fed said it plans to keep its key short-term interest rate near zero as long as unemployment remains above 6.5 percent and inflation is expected to stay below 2.5 percent.
The latest forecast projects inflation will stay at or below 2 percent for the next three years. That gives the Fed more leeway to pursue aggressive measures.
In an effort to drive the unemployment rate lower, the Fed said after its meeting that it will spend a total of $85 billion a month to sustain an aggressive drive to keep long-term interest rates low. The goal is to encourage more borrowing and spending, which drives economic growth.
The Fed said it will continue buying bonds until the job market shows substantial improvement.
A survey of U.S. chief executives shows the number of large companies that plan to add jobs or hire more workers is essentially unchanged versus three months ago, although fewer expect hiring to decrease.
The Business Roundtable said Wednesday that 29 percent of its member CEOs plan to increase hiring over the next six months, the same as in September when the group released its previous quarterly survey.
But only 29 percent expect hiring to decrease versus 34 percent in the previous report.
CEOs are slightly more pessimistic about their future sales, capital spending and the overall U.S. economy, amid uncertainty over the impact of budget cuts and tax increases that are set to take effect at the start of next year.
CEOs are worried about the pending U.S. budget changes, known as the "fiscal cliff."
Earlier this month, all the Roundtable members delivered letters to the White House and to congressional leaders urging a compromise that includes more revenue, even if it means raising tax rates, and structural and benefit changes to social programs.
The Roundtable combines CEOs' survey responses on sales, capital spending and hiring into an index gauging the executives' overall economic outlook. The latest index was 65.6, a slight dip from 66.0 in the third quarter, but down sharply from 89.1 in the second quarter.
Memphis-based Lenny's Sub Shop is using its Facebook page to bring holiday cheer to those in need.
Via the "Lenny's Gives Back Holiday Contest" which kicked off Dec. 3, fans of the sandwich chain's Facebook page were encouraged to visit the Facebook page at www.facebook.com/LennysSubs and nominate someone they believe deserves financial aid this holiday season. Starting Dec. 10, fans were able to log on and vote for the nomination they feel most deserves the $1,000 grand prize.
Second place through fifth place will receive $500. The top 200 stories are available for Lenny's Sub Shop's Facebook fans to vote on through Wednesday, and the winners will be announced Friday.
Rimkus Consulting Group Inc., a Houston-based forensic engineering consulting firm, opened a new office at 1661 International Drive, suite 400, in Memphis Dec. 1.
The new office is led by Rimkus district manager, Lawrence Wedderstrand. The addition of this location for Rimkus Consulting Group will provide increased regional coverage, according to a company press release.
Wedderstrand said the office will work closely with Rimkus offices in Nashville, Jackson, Miss., and Little Rock, Ark. He added that the Memphis office will work with the local market to address a variety of issues and legal matters involving catastrophic events, property damage, construction defects, fire and explosions, vehicle accidents and product failures.
Local optometric boutique Eclectic Eye is supporting the Memphis Child Advocacy Center this holiday season by collecting teddy bears for the organization's Bearing It Together program, which serves children who are victims of sexual and severe physical abuse through prevention, education and intervention.
Donations of brand new teddy bears will be accepted at the boutique's Memphis location, 242 S. Cooper St., and Collierville location, 3670 S. Houston Levee Road, suite 102, through Dec. 22.
Additionally, for every frame purchase made during December, Eclectic Eye will donate $5 to the nonprofit.
U.S. employers advertised more jobs in October than September, a hopeful sign hiring could pick up.
The Labor Department says job openings rose by 128,000 to 3.68 million. That's the most since June.
The number of available jobs is slowly climbing back to the roughly 4 million that were advertised each month before the recession began in December 2007.
With nearly 12.3 million people unemployed in October, there were 3.3 unemployed people, on average, competing for each open job. That's the lowest ratio since November 2008. Still, in a healthy economy, the ratio is roughly 2 to 1.
Companies kept creating jobs in November at a modest pace. Employers added 146,000 net jobs last month, the government said Friday.
Gov. Bill Haslam has decided not to create a state-run health insurance exchange, leaving the operation to the federal government.
Haslam announced his decision during a speech Monday, Dec. 10. The Republican governor, who had until Friday to decide, said the lack of information from the federal government was "scary."
The exchanges, part of the federal health care overhaul, create new online markets where consumers will be able to buy individual private health insurance coverage.
Haslam previously said the state likely could run an exchange more efficiently but acknowledged getting legislative approval would be difficult.
Many Republican lawmakers ran for office on a platform of opposing President Barack Obama's health care plan. Tea party supporters protested the idea of a state-run exchange outside the Capitol last week, deriding it as "Haslamcare."
Memphis Mayor A C Wharton Jr. and Shelby County Trustee David Lenoir are relaunching a financial literacy program, "Bank On Memphis," with a $10,000 contribution from Regions Bank for renewed marketing and other outreach costs.
Bank On Memphis was launched in March 2011 as a countywide effort designed to reach an estimated 96,000 unbanked or underbanked residents. The goal was then and remains to better explain the banking process and its benefits and lower barriers that might keep poorer citizens from depositing their money or prompt them to seek out legal but more expensive financial solutions like payday and title loans when lower interest financing options are available.
The relaunch will focus on the South Memphis area and it will worth in conjunction with Wharton's Innovation Delivery Team effort.
The innovation team effort is a set of initiatives to reduce gun violence and encourage small locally owned business growth in three sections of the city, including South Memphis. It is funded separately by the Bloomberg Foundation.
The Memphis Bar Association has its new officers for 2013.
Linda Warren Seely, director of private attorney involvement with Memphis Area Legal Services Inc., is the 2013 president. Kirk Caraway, an attorney with Allen, Summers, Simpson, Lillie & Gresham PLLC, is the new vice president. Tommy Parker, an attorney with Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz PC is the new secretary/treasurer.
New members of the board of directors include David Harris, Jana Davis Lamanna, Emily Landry, Mike Robb, Abby Webb, Shea Wellford and Young Lawyers Division president Annie Christoff. Newly elected section representatives are Dean DeCandia and Clint Hermes.
The National Eye Institute has awarded a grant worth $375,000 to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center for vision research.
The grant from the NEI, which is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, will fund research to focus on development of new blood vessels for the retina.
The primary objective of the NEI's Core Grants for Vision Research is to provide groups of investigators who have achieved independent NEI funding with additional support for conducting vision research.
NEI, the first government organization solely dedicated to research on human visual diseases and disorders, was established by Congress in 1968.
Memphis-area home sales for November increased 8.5 percent from a year ago, with 1,180 total sales recorded in the Memphis Area Association of Realtors MAARdata property records database.
Total sales decreased 13.9 percent from October. Average sales price year over year was up 6.2 percent at $128,339.
Inventory declined 4.4 percent, with 6,805 units listed for sale. Sales volume year to date increased 19.3 percent to $1.79 billion.
The database includes records of all property transactions in Shelby, Fayette and Tipton counties.
To see real estate information company Chandler Reports' November totals for Shelby County, see Page 26.
Andy Cates, executive vice president with Colliers International Memphis, was recently honored as a part of the 2012 Midwest Real Estate News Magazine's Hall of Fame, which honors the Midwest's biggest names in commercial real estate.
Cates has completed more than 450 transactions involving more than 45 million square feet since joining Colliers in 1998. He serves on the Colliers International Industrial Advisory Board and the Logistics/Transportation Services Group Steering Committee.
Cates has been recognized at the state level by Business Tennessee Magazine, and is frequently named a top CoStar broker. In October, Cates was honored as one of the top 10 percent of Colliers brokerage professionals as part of the company's Everest Club.
Jamie Feild Baker will become executive director of the Martin Institute for Teaching Excellence with the new year.
Baker, a national education consultant who has been working with the Martin Institute for about a year, was named to the post Dec. 12 by the institute's board of trustees. Clif Mims, the institute's first executive director, will continue to work on some projects but will leave the position to continue his work at the University of Memphis where he is an assistant professor working in instructional design and technology.
The institute was started in 2010 on the campus of Presbyterian Day School with a gift from PDS trustee and former Saks Inc. CEO and board chairman Brad Martin.
Working with PDS and the University of Memphis, the institute's goal is to advance professional development of teachers in public and private education in the region. The institute is also in the third year of a teacher residency program.
Baker is a native Memphian and St. Mary's Episcopal School graduate who earned her degree in economics and finance from Georgetown University. She worked as an institutional salesman in various companies' fixed income divisions.
Copyright 1995 -
by The Daily News Publishing Co. Inc. - All Rights Reserved


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I was looking at the blog and I had an idea - why don't you write an instructional textbook on painting? --Dan
You should consider compiling an instructional book! --Tom
Have you ever thought about putting your adventure and art lessons into a book form? –Michael
I swear on my life, if you wrote a book on painting, color and picture making it would be the biggest thing since the Loomis books (and possibly Harry Potter). –Victor
Thanks guys. You are very kind. Good questions. You deserve a thoughtful answer, so I'll devote this post to the idea.
As most of you know, I'm just doing this blog for the fun of it. I fit the writing into spare moments each evening, after my "day job" of writing and illustrating stories. I do it simply to learn new things about art by means of writing about them. Presumably you read it for the same reason. Together we put in a little time each day with the hope of picking up a new thought to put into practice. In this way we become each others' students.
I love how-to books. Being mostly self-taught, I owe much of my education to them. But I have always felt that there's a gap in what's available.
- There are lots of books now about plein-air painting, and there are books on how to draw dragons or dinosaurs, but there isn't much that connects observation with imagination, or that gives you practical methods for painting a realistic image of a scene that doesn't exist.
- There are books with bold techniques served up like recipes, but not many that really explore the thinking behind picturemaking, or that offer tips on research, maquettes, models, and sketches behind the final execution.
- And how-to art books generally don't touch on the amazing discoveries in the science of visual perception from the last 30 years or so. As we've seen already, a lot of the art school assumptions we have about things like "eye pathways" and "primary colors" turn out to be antiquated dogma.
Should the material be broken up, as Tom suggested, into a series of separate books? Maybe a single book shouldn't try to encompass everything. Books have to be comprehensive and focused, right? If you weed out all the goofiness and road tour stuff, is there enough material yet for a book?
Blogs and books are so different. Blog posts can wander like a beagle following its nose through the tall grass. And as my wife points out, reading a blog is free. If you're not interested in a post, you can scroll down or click off.
If it does turn out that Gurney Journey becomes a book, then perhaps the blog can serve as an Athenian idea laboratory. I really love the amazing feedback that you are all bringing to the experience. As all bloggers know, writers benefit from being more accountable to real live readers. I can tell you that your input has taken me down avenues I never would have traveled alone, and given me the nerve to go backstage and do interviews.
One of the things that inspired me to do this blog in the first place was a Wired article from a year or two ago called "Radical Transparency." The idea of radical transparency is to let blog readers completely into the thought process of your business. The article itself was rough-drafted as a blog, and the readers played an important role in questioning assertions and pointing out resources or second opinions before the article found its way to print.
So I guess it's possible that Gurney Journey could evolve into a book. But I'm not in any rush, and I want to keep my day job. But I do have a large and growing backlog of topics yet to cover on Gurney Journey, and it's better to compile a book from too much rather than too little. For now I want to build up more material in the freewheeling climate of daily posts.
The blog has has led to at least two real gigs. ImagineFX magazine recently asked me to write 25 tips for painting dinosaurs. And Illo magazine is just about to publish an in-depth interview feature that goes behind the scenes. I'm really excited because I love both magazines. I'll let you know when they hit the stands.


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Morning Minutes: Feb. 25
Morning Minutes: Feb. 25
Word of the Day
Jamboree jam-buh-REE (noun) A large gathering, as of a political party or the teams of a sporting league, often including a program of speeches and entertainment. - dictionary.com
Website of the Day
Funny Girl Chelsea Handler Gets Candid
Watch Katie Couric'c interview with Chelsea Handler, with Couric's notes and reactions and viewer tweets.
Number to Know
$223,789: Amount of money Mel Gibson's controversial movie "The Passion of the Christ" made in its opening weekend. The movie was released Feb. 25, 2004.
This Day in History
Feb. 25, 1870: Hiram Rhoades Revels is sworn in and becomes the first African-American member of Congress.
Today's Featured Birthday
Talk show host Chelsea Handler (38)
Daily Quote
"Change your thoughts and you change your world." - Norman Vincent Peale


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Ener-G Foods Light Tapioca Loaf, 8-Ounce Packages (Pack of 6)
Brand: Ener-G Foods
Availability: In Stock
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Estimated delivery time 7-14 days.
Product Description
Ener-G Foods Light Tapioca Loaf, 8-Ounce Packages (Pack of 6)About the Brand Ener-G Foods, Inc. is a family-owned business located in Seattle, Washington. Purchased by Sam M. Wylde, founder of Sam Wylde Flour Co., in 1962, Ener-G Foods has evolved to become one of the largest producers devoted to special diet foods in the United States. Our mission at Ener-G Foods, as one of the countrys foremost producers of foods for diet-restricted individuals, is to provide a wide range of ready-made foods and mixes that are wholesome, nutritious, risk free, and good tasting. We are constantly responding to the demand for special diets with research, innovative products, and convenience foods. Since 1962, when we first created low-protein products for renal pre-dialysis patients, we have striven to meet the challenging requirements for diet restricted consumers. We not only offer wheat-free, gluten-free products, but also products for low-protein diets, egg-free, and dairy-free products. Our bakery is dedicated to wheat-free, gluten-free baking, guaranteeing that contamination from gluten will not occur. Our innovative packaging gives our products a 1-year shelf life without the need for refrigeration. We bake our products as orders are received to insure that the freshest product is available. How we got to where we are today. In 1887, Sam M. Wyldes grandfather started the first flourmill in Seattle. It was built to supply export flour to the orient as well as supply flour to the people of Washington State. After World War I, Sam M. Wyldes father and uncles joined the family business and learned the milling industry. Meanwhile, Sam Wylde traveled the country and the world working at everything from elevator salesman to a ships steward. Returning to Seattle after World War II, Sam Wylde was one of the founders of Brodie Restaurant and Hotel Supply, but when Sams father took ill, he left Brodie to help run the family mill. When Sam Wyldes father died, his uncles, Norman and Alan, decided to close the mill. Unemployed, Sam Wylde started Sam Wylde Flour Co. to distribute flour and bakery items to local bakeries. The fleet of trucks bearing Sam Wyldes name ranged all over Western Washington, from the Canadian border to as far south as Southern California. Fisher Mills, Inc, bought Sam Wylde Flour Co., of Seattle. Fisher Mills later sold Sam Wylde Flour Mills to a Dutch company, Puratos. Puratos has changed the name of Sam Wylde Flour Mills to Puratos. Fisher Mills no longer exists. When Sam Wylde purchased Ener-G Foods, Inc. in 1962, we were little more than a two-person operation in which all packing was done by hand. Shortly after acquiring Ener-G Foods, Sam was approached by Dr. Scribner of the University of Washington. Dr. Scribner, known worldwide as the father of dialysis, is credited with inventing what we commonly call the kidney machine. Meeting with Dr. Scribner and his dietitian, Sondra Aker, they explained that there was an acute shortage of dialysis machines and they desperately needed a low protein bread. The University of Washington had one dialysis machine for thousands of kidney patients. Since the kidneys convert protein to uric acid, if the protein intake were restricted, the kidneys would not have to work so hard, hence would require less frequent dialysis. Sam Wylde and Ener-G Foods worked on low-protein bread for about a year before arriving at an acceptable result. Made with a base of wheat starch it was low in protein, sodium, potassium and phosphorus, therefore acceptable for a low-protein diet. It was also discovered that by restricting protein intake, progression of renal failure could be slowed even for patients on the dialysis unit. Sometime later, Dr. Cyrus Rubin, inventor of the Rubin Biopsy Tube and professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Washington, sent his dietitian to us with a request for a gluten-free bread with one restriction, "I dont want any wheat starch." Also at about the same time, Sam Wylde, Sr., developed prostrate cancer and Sa
Features of Ener-G Foods Light Tapioca Loaf, 8-Ounce Packages (Pack of 6)Pack of six 8-ounce packages of tapioca bread (48 total ounces) Made from rice flour, tapioca starch, and yeast Gluten-free, wheat-free, no dairy or egg, KOF-K Kosher-certified; a good source of Vitamins B1 and B2 and iron Tasty when toasted; or use for sandwiches Ships in Certified Frustration-Free Packaging
Specification of Ener-G Foods Light Tapioca Loaf, 8-Ounce Packages (Pack of 6)
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The full title of this blog is Planting the Seeds: Genealogy as a Profession. My original goal in establishing this blog was to create a forum in which I could discuss professional-level genealogy. I wanted to write about issues that face professional and "transitional" genealogists–business issues, as well as advanced skills and methodology.
For the most part, I feel that I have succeeded in this goal. Yet I also recognize that many of my readers are not professional genealogists and read to learn about how to research their own families more effectively.
Lately I have been thinking about my audience, and it makes me miss researching my own family. Self-employment does not afford much time for hobbies, which stings all the more when you are employed doing your hobby. I have not had the time or energy to research my own family extensively for a few years.
So I have resolved to kill two birds with one stone, and practice what I preach. I will apply the research skills and methodology that I discuss on this blog to aspects of my own family history.
My first endeavor will be to evaluate a manuscript family history written by my great-great-grandmother in 1938, using the principles of the Genealogical Proof Standard. These posts may be sporadic as I have time to accomplish them.
I am looking forward to spending some time going back over my research from years ago, and applying the knowledge and experience that I now have. I hope that you will enjoy reading them…


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Two sets of standards have been defined in genealogical literature: the Genealogical Proof Standard and the BCG (Board for the Certification of Genealogists) Standards. Both standards have been defined and delineated by the Board for the Certification of Genealogists. The Genealogical Proof Standard is designed to be applied to one's research conclusions, as a means of verifying the validity of these conclusions. The BCG Standards have a much wider application, and outline standards to be applied to one's research process as well as several genealogical work products, including reports, narrative genealogies, etc.
However, in order to further understand and augment these two sets of genealogical standards, I will periodically review standards defined by other historical fields. The process of reviewing related sets of standards should hopefully present an opportunity to widen our perspective on scholarly research.
The first subject will be the Research Standards defined in Chapter 2 of NPS-28: Cultural Resource Management Guideline, as published by the National Park Service. The introductory paragraph to this chapter outlines the purposes of its cultural resource research:
According to the NPS Management Policies, "The National Park Service will conduct a coordinated program of basic and applied research to support planning for and management of park cultural resources." Such mission-related research can identify and evaluate historic properties, advance knowledge of ethnographic resources and their importance to Native Americans, provide background data on park issues, contribute to interpretive programs, help avoid adverse impacts, and develop technologies for treating, monitoring, and protecting cultural resources. Research will be accomplished with the participation and review of professionals in all disciplines concerned with its subject.
These standards, like genealogical standards, address interdisciplinary and multipurposed research. This similarity makes these standards particularly apt to this comparison.
The standards are broken into nine sections. These nine sections are defined as:
- Research Methodology
- Resource Identification, Evaluation, and Registration
- Service-wide Inventories of Cultural Resources
- Procedures for Established Areas
- Baseline Research Reports
- Abbreviated and Specific Resource Studies
- Physical Documentation and Material Analysis
- Qualifications of Researchers
- Funding and Staffing
Only the first section, "Research Methodology" will be addressed in this comparison. The remaining sections deal with internal procedural and project management directives.
The first point under "Research Methodology," addresses the "Task Directive":
The first step in developing a research strategy is the task directive, which serves as the contract between management and the researcher(s). To ensure that the research will be mission-related, the task directive clearly states its purpose and scope and spells out issues to be resolved. It identifies the research team and its consultants. It outlines the specific steps to be taken and products to be prepared. It defines the level of investigation (see next page). It sets time limits and projects a research budget required to deliver specified product(s).
This directive finds its most direct equivalent in professional genealogy in particular, but also in any genealogical research project. A task directive, as defined here, is precisely how genealogists should begin each new project: by defining your problem and outlining a specific research plan. The second subsection, "Research Design," addresses several of these same concepts as well: "The research design states the goals, methodology, and explicit assumptions of the researcher(s). It can be incorporated into the task directive or prepared separately. It should briefly summarize existing knowledge of the topic, identify research questions, and discuss the rationale for addressing them. It should provide for interdisciplinary study where appropriate, clearly defining relationships between disciplines. It should delineate the physical extent of the area to be investigated and the amount of information to be gathered. The methods to be used, such as documentary research, oral history, field investigation, excavation, destructive investigation, and anthropological fieldwork, should be discussed, and the expected results should be presented."
When beginning any genealogy project, it will be found quite helpful to plan fully for the research that you will be conducting, in as great detail as possible, just as is prescribed in this passage.
The first section also defines three separate "Levels of Investigation": "Exhaustive Investigation," "Thorough Investigation," and "Limited Investigation."
- Exhaustive Investigation is defined thus: "For historical studies this means employing all published and documentary sources of known or presumed relevance,interviewing all knowledgeable persons regardless of location, and thoroughly analyzing and presenting findings from all data of direct and indirect relevance. For archeological studies sufficient data are collected and analyzed to determine location, characteristics, and scientific values of archeological resources through systematic intensive surveys. Techniques include surface collection, subsurface testing, remote sensing, excavation, and thorough analysis of recovered materials. For architectural and landscape studies it means investigating all features, with destructive investigation asnecessary, to establish as exactly as possible all recoverable detail (usually in response to a restoration or reconstruction management objective). For museum objects it means exhausting all original documentary sources, making physical comparisons with similar objects,and sampling and testing fabric for identification, dating, and circumstantial evidence. For ethnographic studies it means collecting empirical data by observation, interviews, and censusing and reviewing and analyzing accessible archival and documentary materials, requiring at least a year of full-time work and a team approach."
- Thorough Investigation is defined, in part, thus: "For historical studies this means research in selected published and documentary sources of known or presumed relevance that are readily accessible without extensive travel and that promise expeditious extraction of relevant data, interviewing all knowledgeable persons who are readily available, and presenting findings in no greater detail than required by the task directive. …"
- Limited Investigation is defined, in part, in this way: For historical studies this means research in available published sources, usually of a secondary character; research in documentary sources if easily accessible and known to be of high yield; brief interviews of readily available persons to answer specific questions; and a report in no greater detail than directly required by the task directive. …"
Only the Exhaustive Investigation definition was reprinted here in full. This should ultimately be the goal of all genealogical research projects, as outlined in the Genealogical Proof Standard's first requirement of conducting a reasonably exhaustive search for all relevant records. However, the definition of Exhaustive Investigation provides a far more detailed review of just exactly what this type of research entails. Many genealogists struggle with the concept of "a reasonably exhaustive search"–what it means, how to accomplish it, and how you will know it has been completed. Reading the definition of an Exhaustive Investigation in several related fields of study may provide insight into the full scope of this concept.
Yet I also include here partial definitions of the Thorough Investigation and Limited Investigation concepts. These two concepts also have a place in genealogical research. In some cases, a full investigation may not be necessary to disprove a certain hypothesis or working theory. In these cases, one need not conduct "a reasonably exhaustive search" for all pertinent records, but only those records necessary to decide whether an Exhaustive Investigation should be conducted or not.
The fifth point under the "Research Methodology" section covers the "Report." This point states, in part, that, "[o]nce the documentary research and field investigation (including physical examination) are completed, the photographs, drawings, material samples, field notes, data files, and construction files are analyzed and interpreted in preparation of the final report." As I have stated repeatedly, identifying, locating, and collecting relevant records is only a small part of the research process. Far more important is the analysis of each individual record on its own, and the development of the combined evidence into a valid conclusion. It would seem that the NPS agrees.
Other Standards defined in this first section include the following:
- Outside consultation and peer review provide opportunitiesfor other professionals and interested parties to comment.
- Final reports concerning history, historic structures, cultural landscapes, and museum objects generally conform in punctuation, footnote and bibliographic form, and other stylistic matters to the latest edition of A Manual of Style by the University of Chicago Press. (Footnotes are preferred, but endnotes are permissible.) Final reports in archeology are consistent with the style prescribed by the Society for American Archaeology. Formal reports in ethnography and cultural anthropology conform to the style prescribed by the American Anthropological Association.
These two standards have been extracted specifically because they apply equally to genealogical research. The first of these two standards requires the submission and review of research by other researchers. Periodic peer review, when submitting case studies to journals or submitting work products to the Board for the Certification of Genealogists, is vital to maintaining your own standards. It allows other skilled researchers to provide input and advise into the research that you are conducting, providing a unique learning experience. The second of these standards demands a consistent, industry-accepted format for all reporting and documentation. This has been addressed within this column previously in parts one, two, and three of "Source Citations: Why Form Matters."
For further reference, read:
National Park Service. NPS- 28: Cultural Resource Management Guideline. Electronic publication. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps28/28contents.htm : 1998.
Chapter Two: Research. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps28/28chap2.htm


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