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Zimbabwe: Turning the tide in the fight against HIV and AIDS
Working as a volunteer at the Kuwadzana Polyclinic, a public health centre in Harare, Timothy Sandramu, 35, painfully recalls his distress in 2005 when he tested HIV-positive.
"I was brought here in a wheelchair by my mother," Timothy says, noting that he had been ailing for some time, culminating in serious abdominal pains and loss of appetite.
- Zimbabwe has achieved one of the sharpest declines in HIV prevalence in Southern Africa, from 27% in 1997 to just over 15% in 2010, according to national data.
- The total number of beneficiaries for antiretroviral therapy in the country is estimated at 203,440 by the end of 2012.
- Zimbabwe is the single largest portfolio for the UNDP-Global Fund partnership which covers 25 countries around the world.
His subsequent AIDS diagnosis was followed by more devastating news.
I was told there was no immediate access to antiretroviral drugs and so I was kept on a waiting list until the following year. In those days, getting the right drugs in Zimbabwe was extremely difficult."
However, today he is a rejuvenated man, a community worker who volunteers his time at the health centre and serves as the district chairperson of an AIDS support group coordinated by a local NGO, the Zimbabwe National Network for People Living with HIV/AIDS.
A beneficiary of the partnership between the government, the Global Fund and UNDP, Timothy is among thousands of people living with HIV who are assured of continued access to antiretroviral drugs. A recently approved US$84 million disbursement by the Global Fund is part of a US$204.8 million grant managed by UNDP to help Zimbabwe achieve its plan for universal access to HIV treatment by the end of 2012.
This latest disbursement will cover the cost of life-saving antiretroviral therapy for an additional 10,000 people across the country, bringing the total number of beneficiaries to 203,440 by the end of 2012. The funds will also pay for the creation of a buffer stock of six months of antiretroviral drugs for all 480,000 adults receiving treatment for HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe has achieved one of the sharpest declines in HIV prevalence in Southern Africa, from 27% in 1997 to just over 15% in 2010, according to the 2010/2012 Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey. This accomplishment is mostly attributed to the roll-out of free antiretroviral therapy through public clinics.
"Considering where we have come from as a country, this Global Fund resource was instrumental in helping us to significantly scale-up our HIV treatment programmes," explains Dr Tsitsi Apollo, the Programme Manager, AIDS and Tuberculosis Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. She further added that "effective partnerships have helped in terms of leveraging Global Fund resources to make a difference."
By Sammy Mwiti


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Wheat budgets for the 2009 Oklahoma/Texas wheat crop indicate, that with average production (35 bu/ac), total operating (variable or out-of-pocket) costs are projected to be $180 per acre. Current fertilizer, fuel and other costs indicate that total operating costs for 2010 wheat production may decline to $135 per acre.
The break-even price for 2009 harvested wheat is projected to be about $5.14 per bushel ($180/35 bu). The break-even price for 2010 harvested wheat is projected to be $3.86 ($135/35 bu).
Given the high variability of input costs during the summer and fall of 2008, some wheat producers' total operating costs will be above $200 per acre. Producers that applied very little fertilizer during planting and that top-dressed in January and February may have lower costs.
Break-even price estimates for the 2009 wheat crop range from about $4.75 to nearly $6 per bushel. A caveat is that if the drought continues, yields will be below average and break-even prices will increase dramatically.
Some areas are also experiencing greenbug and/or mite infestations that require spraying. Costs may increase $8 per acre and the break-even price may increase $0.23.
2009 wheat production cost estimates are based on 63 pounds of Anhydrous Ammonia and 55 pounds of Diammonium Phosphate applied in August and 30 pounds of 28 percent UAN applied in February. Anhydrous was $980 per ton, DAP $1,150 per ton and the UAN $370 per ton.
Diesel was priced at $3.75 per gallon and custom harvest costs were estimated to be $25.50 per acre ($17 per acre + $0.17 above 20 bushels + $0.17 hauling).
The 2010 wheat budget is based on the same fertilizer application rates and current fertilizer and fuel prices plus 35 percent. Anhydrous was estimated to be $575 per ton, DAP $675, and UAN $280. Diesel was priced at $1.75 per gallon. Custom harvest costs were estimated to be $27 per acre (18-18-18).
Producers that purchased crop revenue insurance are in relatively good position. Since the insurance guarantees income, losses for either price and/or yield are covered. The guaranteed price is $8.77. With 70 percent coverage and average production (no loss from yield), the price guarantee is about $6.14 ($8.77 x 0.70).
If drought results in yields below average, both the lower price and the below-average yield will be covered.
Producers who did not purchase crop insurance are facing a bleak 2008 wheat crop situation. At this writing, the market is offering about $4.80 for harvest delivered wheat. This is about $0.34 below the break-even price.
If dry weather results in below average yields, prices will increase. The problem is that the higher price will offset the loss in yield resulting in total income remaining below total operating costs. What is needed is reduced production somewhere besides Oklahoma and Texas.
The good news is that 2010 should be a more profitable year. Total operating costs and the break-even price should be significantly lower.
With 2008-2009 marketing year U.S. ending stocks projected to be 655 million bushels and world ending stocks projected to be 5.5 billion bushels, 2009-2010 wheat marketing year prices are expected to remain in the $4.50 to $5.50 range. With average production, the average annual 2009-2010 price is expected to be around $5.25.
2010-2011 marketing year profit may not be as high as for the 2008-2009 marketing year but it is expected to be significantly better than for the 2009-2010 marketing year.

subset: commoncrawl


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Featured Acquisitions - June 2013
Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time by Jeff Speck
Jeff Speck has dedicated his career to determining what makes cities thrive. And he has boiled it down to one key factor: walkability. The very idea of a modern metropolis evokes visions of bustling sidewalks, vital mass transit, and a vibrant, pedestrian-friendly urban core. But in the typical American city, the car is still king, and downtown is a place that's easy to drive to but often not worth arriving at. Making walkability happen is relatively easy and cheap; seeing exactly what needs to be done is the trick. In this essential new book, Speck reveals the invisible workings of the city, how simple decisions have cascading effects, and how we can all make the right choices for our communities. Bursting with sharp observations and real-world examples, giving key insight into what urban planners actually do and how places can and do change, Walkable City lays out a practical, necessary, and eminently achievable vision of how to make our normal American cities great again.
The Roberts Court: The Struggle for Constitution by Marcia Coyle
The Roberts Court, seven years old, sits at the center of a constitutional maelstrom. Through four landmark decisions, Marcia Coyle, one of the most prestigious experts on the Supreme Court, reveals the fault lines in the conservative-dominated Court led by Chief Justice John Roberts Jr.
Seven minutes after President Obama put his signature to a landmark national health care insurance program, a lawyer in the office of Florida GOP attorney general Bill McCollum hit a computer key, sparking a legal challenge to the new law that would eventually reach the nation's highest court. Health care is only the most visible and recent front in a battle over the meaning and scope of the U.S. Constitution. The battleground is the United States Supreme Court, and one of the most skilled, insightful, and trenchant of its observers takes us close up to watch it in action.
Marcia Coyle's brilliant inside account of the High Court captures four landmark decisions—concerning health care, money in elections, guns at home, and race in schools. Coyle examines how those cases began—the personalities and conflicts that catapulted them onto the national scene—and how they ultimately exposed the great divides among the justices, such as the originalists versus the pragmatists on guns and the Second Amendment, and corporate speech versus human speech in the controversial Citizens United campaign case. Most dramatically, her analysis shows how dedicated conservative lawyers and groups are strategizing to find cases and crafting them to bring up the judicial road to the Supreme Court with an eye on a receptive conservative majority.
The Roberts Court offers a ringside seat at the struggle to lay down the law of the land.
Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy by Gary May
Celebrated historian May describes how activists surmounted long-standing obstacles for the African-American vote, overcoming centuries of bigotry to secure--and preserve--the right of black citizens to full participation in American democracy in a vivid narrative history.
A Principled Stand: The Story of Hirabayashi v. United States by Gordon Hirabayashi
In 1943, college student Gordon Hirabayashi defied the curfew and mass removal of Japanese Americans on the West Coast and was subsequently convicted and imprisoned. Gordon's brother James and nephew Lane have brought together his prison diaries and voluminous wartime correspondence, along with family photographs and archival documents, to tell the story of the Supreme Court case that in 1943 upheld, and on appeal in 1987, vacated his conviction. Details of his religious faith, involvement in student movements, and experiences in jail give texture to his storied life.
Shakespeare and the Law: A Conversation Among Disciplines and Professions edited by Brandin Cormack, Martha C. Nussbaum, and Richard Strier
William Shakespeare is inextricably linked with the law. Legal documents make up most of the records we have of his life, and trials, lawsuits, and legal terms permeate his plays. Gathering an extraordinary team of literary and legal scholars, philosophers, and even sitting judges, Shakespeare and the Law demonstrates that Shakespeare's thinking about legal concepts and legal practice points to a deep and sometimes vexed engagement with the law's technical workings, its underlying premises, and its social effects.
Shakespeare and the Law opens with three essays that provide useful frameworks for approaching the topic, offering perspectives on law and literature that emphasize both the continuities and contrasts between the two fields. In its second section, the book considers Shakespeare's awareness of common law thinking and common law practice through examinations of Measure for Measure and Othello. Building and expanding on this question, the third part inquires into Shakespeare's general attitudes toward legal systems. A judge and a former solicitor general rule on Shylock's demand for enforcement of his odd contract; and two essays by literary scholars take contrasting views on whether Shakespeare could imagine a functioning legal system. The fourth section looks at how law enters into conversation with issues of politics and community, both in the plays and in our own world. The volume concludes with a freewheeling colloquy among Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, Judge Richard Posner, Martha C. Nussbaum, and Richard Strier that covers everything from the ghost in Hamlet to the nature of judicial discretion.
Celebrating the sometimes fractious intellectual energy produced by scholars and practitioners tackling the question of Shakespeare and the law, this collection is a resource and provocation for further thinking and ongoing discussion.
The Lawyer Bubble: A Profession in Crisis by Steven J. Harper
In this meticulously researched and passionately argued book, Harper exposes the dirty secrets behind the legal profession's malaise, disregard for new lawyers, and explains what steps can be taken to repair the damage before it's too late.
The Death of Corporate Reputation: How Integrity Has Been Destroyed on Wall Street by Jonathan R. Macey
Why did the financial scandals really happen? Why are they continuing to happen? In The Death of Corporate Reputation, Yale's Jonathan Macey reveals the real, non-intuitive reason, and offers a new path forward. For over a century law firms, investment banks, accounting firms, credit rating agencies and companies seeking regular access to U.S. capital markets made large investments in their reputations. They treated customers well and sometimes endured losses in transactions or business deals in order to sustain and nurture their reputations as faithful brokers and "gate-keepers." This has changed completely. The existing business model among leading participants in today's capital markets no longer treats customers as valued clients whose trust must be earned and nurtured, but as one-off "counter-parties" to whom no duties are owed and no loyalty is required. The rough and tumble norms of the market-place have replaced the long-standing reputational model in U.S. finance.
This book describes the transformation in American finance from the old reputational model to the existing laissez faire model and argues that the change came as a result of three factors: (1) the growth of reliance on regulation rather than reputation as the primary mechanism for protecting customers and (2) the increasing complexity of regulation, which made technical expertise rather than reputation the primary criterion on which customers choose who to do business with in today's markets; and (3) the rise of the "cult of personality" on Wall Street, which has led to a secular demise in the relevance of companies' reputations and the concomitant rise of individual "rain-makers" reputation as the basis for premium pricing of financial services .This compelling book will drive the debate about the financial crisis and financial regulation for years to come--both inside and outside the industry.
Legal Integration of Islam: A Transatlantic Comparison by Christian Joppke and John Torpey
The status of Islam in Western societies remains deeply contentious. Countering strident claims on both the right and left, Legal Integration of Islam offers an empirically informed analysis of how four liberal democracies - France, Germany, Canada, and the United States - have responded to the challenge of integrating Islam and Muslim populations. Demonstrating the centrality of the legal system to this process, Christian Joppke and John Torpey reject the widely held notion that Europe is incapable of accommodating Islam and argue that institutional barriers to Muslim integration are no greater on one side of the Atlantic than the other.
While Muslims have achieved a substantial degree of equality working through the courts, political dynamics increasingly push back against these gains, particularly in Europe. From a classical liberal viewpoint, religion can either be driven out of public space, as in France, or included without sectarian preference, as in Germany. But both policies come at a price - religious liberty in France and full equality in Germany. Often seen as the flagship of multiculturalism, Canada has found itself responding to nativist and liberal pressures as Muslims become more assertive. And although there have been outbursts of anti-Islamic sentiment in the United States, the legal and political recognition of Islam is well established and largely uncontested.
Legal Integration of Islam brings to light the successes and the shortcomings of integrating Islam through law without denying the challenges that this religion presents for liberal societies.
A Death at Crooked Creek: The Case of the Cowboy, the Cigarmaker, and the Love Letter by Marianne Wesson
One winter night in 1879, at a lonely Kansas campsite near Crooked Creek, a man was shot to death. The dead man's traveling companion identified him as John Hillmon, a cowboy from Lawrence who had been attempting to carve out a life on the blustery prairie. The case might have been soon forgotten and the apparent widow, Sallie Hillmon, left to mourn—except for the $25,000 life insurance policies Hillmon had taken out shortly before his departure. The insurance companies refused to pay on the policies, claiming that the dead man was not John Hillmon, and Sallie was forced to take them to court in a case that would reach the Supreme Court twice. The companies' case rested on a crucial piece of evidence: a faded love letter written by a disappeared cigarmaker, declaring his intent to travel westward with a "man named Hillmon."
In A Death at Crooked Creek, Marianne Wesson re-examines the long-neglected evidence in the case of the Kansas cowboy and his wife, recreating the court scenes that led to a significant Supreme Court ruling on the admissibility of hearsay evidence. Wesson employs modern forensic methods to examine the body of the dead man, attempting to determine his true identity and finally put this fascinating mystery to rest. This engaging and vividly imagined work combines the drama, intrigue, and emotion of excellent storytelling with cutting-edge forensic investigation techniques and legal theory. Wesson's superbly imagined A Death at Crooked Creek will have general readers, history buffs, and legal scholars alike wondering whether history, and the Justices, may have misunderstood altogether the events at that bleak winter campsite. Marianne Wesson is Professor of Law and President's Teaching Scholar, University of Colorado Law School. She is the author of best-selling and prize-winning legal novels including Render up the Body, A Suggestion of Death, and Chilling Effect.
Mrs. Shipley's Ghost: The Right to Travel and Terrorist Watchlists by Jeffery Kahn
Today, when a single person can turn an airplane into a guided missile, no one objects to rigorous security before flying. But can the state simply declare some people too dangerous to travel, ever and anywhere? Does the Constitution protect a fundamental right to travel? Should the mode of travel (car, plane, or boat) or itinerary (domestic or international) make a constitutional difference? This book explores the legal and policy questions raised by government travel restrictions, from passports and rubber stamps to computerized terrorist watchlists.
In tracing the history and scope of U.S. travel regulations, Jeffrey Kahn begins with the fascinating story of Mrs. Ruth Shipley, a federal employee who almost single-handedly controlled access to passports during the Cold War. Kahn questions how far national security policies should go and whether the government should be able to declare some individuals simply too dangerous to travel. An expert on constitutional law, Kahn argues that U.S. citizens' freedom to leave the country and return is a fundamental right, protected by the Constitution.


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Always enjoy when my digital versions of WB arrive. I download the PDFs and read on my iPad.
The current issue #257 is really one of the best in a long time. So many build photos with a wonderful variety of boats I personally like. Well done stories that connect with real world life. The photo of POGO in glass-like water is surreal.
Really great job!


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Richard G. Ballantine, publisher of The Durango Herald, announced Tuesday he will step down as the head of the 132-year-old newspaper, its parent company, Ballantine Communications Inc., and other multimedia ventures the company owns, including three other newspapers, Directory Plus and Ballantine Digital Media, which oversees Buzztown.com.
Standing atop a worn wooden crate in the Herald newsroom, Ballantine, 67, said he will be letting go of his titles as CEO of Ballantine Communications and as publisher of The Durango Herald.
After almost 30 years at the helm, Ballantine said he was ready to let new talent lead the company. His decision will be effective when a replacement is found.
"These times require somebody, and a company, that is nimble, adaptive and willing to try new things on the electronic side," Ballantine said.
He emphasized that his decision in no way means the company is or will be for sale. He said the Ballantine family's commitment to the Herald and to Durango is steadfast and won't be changing.
Ballantine will continue to be chairman of the board of directors of Ballantine Communications Inc., and the newspapers' editorial board.
The transition has been in the works for a while, said Elizabeth Ballantine, the publisher's sister and a member of the company's board of directors.
"We will be hoping that this new person will be able to bring us some of the skills and talents we need as we try to face the changes that all newspaper companies are facing," she said. "We are not just a newspaper company, but a complex business of providing news and information in paper and electronic form. We need the new and technologically sophisticated skill sets to guide this company into the future."
Her brother will continue to be the face of the newspaper in the community, she said.
The third generation of the Ballantine family remains fully committed to and engaged in the company's operations and to Durango, said Chris Ballantine, Richard Ballantine's son and a member of the company's board of directors.
A search committee composed of members of the board of directors will begin looking for a new CEO and hopes to have someone in place by mid-May. They will be looking outside the family to fill that role, said Gary Hook, a Ballantine Communications board member who is on the search committee and is a former director of editorial operations at USA Today.
The Ballantine family has a long history of newspaper publishing.
Ballantine's mother, Morley Ballantine, was a member of the Cowles family, a prominent newspaper family in the Midwest. She met and married Arthur Ballantine when he worked for one of her family's newspapers, the Minneapolis Morning Tribune.
After deciding to purchase a newspaper of their own, they ended up buying two, the Herald Democrat and News in June 1952, eventually combining them under The Durango Herald masthead.
When her husband died suddenly in 1975, Morley Ballantine stepped into the publisher's seat but found it difficult to wear all the hats she and her husband had shared for 23 years. In 1980, Richard Ballantine, the couple's oldest son, returned to Durango from the Front Range to help his mother run the Herald. He was named publisher in 1983 and led the family's efforts to purchase the other Southwest Colorado newspapers and create the Directory Plus phone books. More recently, he was the founder of Ballantine Digital Media.
When he steps down, it will be the first time in 60 years that a member of the Ballantine family will not oversee the Herald's day-to-day business operations.
Ballantine said he is looking forward to traveling, reconnecting with friends and farming on the 400 irrigated acres the family owns on Florida Mesa. His decision was not based on health reasons, he said.
Ballantine's announcement startled some community leaders.
"I can't imagine you're going to find anybody in the community that isn't going to be surprised," said Joel Jones, former president of Fort Lewis College who served on the First National Bank of Durango's board of directors with Ballantine.
But with so many years of publishing experience and knowledge to draw upon, the family's decision will be carried out well, said Ed Zink, co-founder of the Iron Horse Bicycle Classic and a former member of the Herald's board of directors. He has known Ballantine since they were teenagers.
"However they choose to manage it, I have confidence it will be well-done, and the community will continue to have an outstanding newspaper," Zink said.
During the past two years, Ballantine stepped down from positions on the board of directors of First National Bank of Durango and the board of trustees of Fort Lewis College. He joined the Fort Lewis College Foundation board of directors in January.


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If the makers made it cost less than the cost of a new sat nav to update it, that might help things...
Satnav mishap misery cure promised at confab
Ever get that sinking feeling after your satnav misdirects your car into a ditch? Relax, the government is wading in to help stressed-out drivers get more accurate information from the road-mapping devices. A summit will kick off in March ahead of local authorities being given more powers to have a bigger say about how their …
Friday 6th January 2012 12:11 GMT James 139
Part of the problem is how much the base maps cost to licence, unless theyre spending time making their own, and also adding features and additional information, but I agree, every sat nav maker should be legally required to provide free, or at least cheap (as in £10 a year), map updates.
Somewhat unrealistically I also hope they decide to make it an offence to "blindly follow a Sat Nav", seeing as "driving without due care and attention" doesnt seem suitable enough.
Friday 6th January 2012 15:05 GMT Grease Monkey
"Somewhat unrealistically I also hope they decide to make it an offence to "blindly follow a Sat Nav", seeing as "driving without due care and attention" doesnt seem suitable enough."
Actually most sat navs do carry a warning to that effect. The police however seem to find it easier to blame the satnav than the driver. Blaming the satnav results in a lot less paper work than blaming the driver. Like the idiot near us who somehow drove down a public footpath and almost over a cliff before having to be rescued. Presumably he didn't realise the satnav had got things wrong until the point where he called for help. For some reason though he wasn't prosecuted.
Saturday 7th January 2012 21:23 GMT Destroy All Monsters
Friday 6th January 2012 14:41 GMT Anonymous Coward
Maps are not that expensive...
... Most of the new devices allow you to update the maps at a reasonable price, and if you use something like an iPhone app, the map is included in the app update for... *FREE*.
If you have a device from circa 2001 and it has been obsolete for 6 years, don't expect the map provider to continue to support it. It is *obsolete* for a reason.
Friday 6th January 2012 15:11 GMT Grease Monkey
Actually most sat nav companies have got a lot better with respect to map upgrade pricing. And don't forget of course that with many devices you are not restricted to the OEM when buying new maps. The competition has certainly lowered prices.
And even Binatone now allow you to buy an SD card with new maps rather than posting the device back to them to be updated.
One thing which can be irritating is finding that updated maps are NLA for your particular device. Not nice for a device that cost several hundred pounds only a few years ago. Yes I know it's often possible to get maps for other devices and load them with the aid of an SD card or similar, but the average punter doesn't know this and the OEM is unlikely to tell them if there is a chance of selling a replacement device. And then there are those devices for whom the manufacturer (normally just a rebadger) no longer exists.
Friday 6th January 2012 17:13 GMT JohnG
Map updates
Last year, I paid 80 Euros (I live in Germany but the UK price was equivalent) for a combined update package which gave me:
New version of the nav software
Latest maps for all of Europe
2 years subscription for map updates
License for TMCpro
That didn't seem so expensive. Part of the problem is that the sort of drivers who think their sat nav is responsible if they choose to drive into a river are unlikely to consider that they may hold any responsibility for map updates, electronic or paper.
If the councils and government really gave a shit about this, they could be providing a free basic TMC service, as in France and Germany. That would allow them to show roads as blocked or restricted until the nav manufacturers catch up.
Monday 9th January 2012 08:00 GMT Captain Scarlet
Monday 9th January 2012 10:46 GMT Intractable Potsherd
My wife's Garmin i3 is apparently obsolete ...
... and so there are no updates, according to Garmin themselves, a decision that is difficult to justify - the updates are available over the internet, therefore it is not difficult to turn a new map into an existing format.
Manufacturers are creating the map-update problem through trying to shore up flagging profits by trying to get people to buy new units. They failed here, though, because, having just learned how to use the thing (after only five years - something of a speed record), my wife will not buy a new one, and I use the satnav on my Nokia phone, which is free to update and very, very good.
Friday 6th January 2012 11:13 GMT Daf L
These Sat Navs have brought all these problems...
It used to be that you bought a UK wide road atlas (From John Menzies or your local service station) and every 2 weeks you'd get sent a new one through the post with all the updates from the UK local authorities for that week.
They would kindly mark on the updated atlas, with a red cross, every road that they didn't wish you to use and also place warnings on there telling you all the risks for using certain roads or if they were close to cliffs or liable to flood.
However, since sat navs have come out, the updates now take months and the user has no possible way of telling which roads are suitable for their vehicle. They are no longer allowed to ignore directions if it becomes obvious that the route is not suitable and have been forced (I think by legislation?) to obey the directions it gives.
Modern technology is always creating these backwards steps.
Friday 6th January 2012 13:48 GMT big_D
The problem
is people have stopped thinking.
People who used to drive long distances now won't drive to the local supermarket without turning on the satnav.
I still use post-it notes, they are much more accurate, people generally don't move large cities, so I am generally safe. I then just look at the road signs.
My old Mondeo had a built-in SatNav, but the annual update cost over 300€. Given that I probably used the thing once a year, I never bothered updating the maps.
Monday 9th January 2012 11:00 GMT Intractable Potsherd
"I still use post-it notes, they are much more accurate"
No, they are as accurate as the information you put on them, otherwise they are just pieces of coloured sticky paper.
I use both - I never start on a journey where I will need the satnav without having a very good idea of where it will take me, and I always carry at least two road atlases (one very large scale, one small) in the car where I can reach them. However, satnav is good for telling me where I am and what the junction looks like (I have done a motor club navigational event using one, when my navigator didn't turn up). The one I have on my phone also does live traffic updates and reroutes, something that is very difficult to work out when on a motorway with no-one else in the car.
Sometimes, if I know where I am going, I'll put the satnav on to see if there is a better route than the one I take. This isn't often the case, since satnav doesn't take into account really shitty junctions that I avoid like the plague, but sometimes I'm pleasantly surprised.
Don't eschew technology on principle.People used to get lost, which alone caused problems with accidents and people getting stuck up inappropriate routes (this isn't a new problem caused by satnav, and it is disingenuous to suggest that it is). Overall, satnav is causing fewer, rather than more, problems.
Friday 6th January 2012 15:03 GMT Anonymous Coward
It's not the satnav at fault. It's the human blithely following the satnav that's at fault.
As drivers who use satnavs, we abrogate any responsibility for making decisions, or actually being responsible drivers by reading the road signs. If the road sign says "NO U-TURNS" and the satnav tells you to make one, it is *YOUR* responsibility to override the satnav and continue to a point where you *ARE* allowed to make a U-TURN.
You will find that traffic officers do not take kindly to the "oh, but my satnav told me to do it" excuse.
Friday 6th January 2012 15:39 GMT Anonymous Coward
Err some corrections..
Here in the states, the AAA used to do that when you were planning a long trip. Bottom line, long before sat nav came along, it got too expensive...
With respect to maps...
1) companies like NAVTEQ have a small fleet of cars which are equipped with LIDAR and GPS, when the roads change, it takes time to schedule a car to drive the road again. So you can see a highway get built and opened, but not see it on the map until 3to6 months later.
2) map makers used to compile and ship updates on a quarterly basis. This is changing.
3) road data contains the type of roads and what category of vehicles are allowed to drive on that road.
4) devices now sell with a lifetime of free map upgrades. :-)
Just some of the facts.
Friday 6th January 2012 11:15 GMT Anonymous Coward
"help prevent "misery" for lorry drivers who follow satnav directions and end up stuck in narrow roads."
Any truck driver who does that without checking (and often also after ignoring the width, weight and maybe height restriction road signs) is just being daft, and they, or their employers, should pay for any costs incurred.
More significant to more people in many parts of the UK is the *intentional* routine and repeated chaos caused by the likes of Tesco who insist on using the same 40+ tonne five-axle artics to deliver to tiny Tesco Express shops on narrow streets with limited access and nowhere to park/reverse safely as they use to deliver to the legacy Tescos.
You don't need a 40+ tonne artic to deliver eggs, milk, and bread every day to the modern replacement for the corner shoppe.
Every little truck helps.
Friday 6th January 2012 13:20 GMT Ben Tasker
Friday 6th January 2012 13:53 GMT Slartybardfast
Commercial Sat Nav
I've had some dealings n this area and specialist mapping foe trucks etc is certainly available. These have a database of all height, width and tonnage restrictions and also often come with a service contract to update the database. The problem is that your standard Lithuanian haulage firm/driver cannot afford them or just can't be arsed to get them. They buy the standard version instead that are aimed at car drivers and blithely follow them. Many truck drivers cannot speak or read english, therefore putting signs up saying "LOW BRIDGE, DO NOT USE SAT NAV" have no effect whatsoever on these drivers.
Friday 6th January 2012 15:04 GMT Robert E A Harvey
Friday 6th January 2012 21:25 GMT ChrisC
"Many truck drivers cannot speak or read english, therefore putting signs up saying "LOW BRIDGE, DO NOT USE SAT NAV" have no effect whatsoever on these drivers."
If they paid more attention to the almost universally recognisable height/width restriction signs that require only the ability to read numbers and figure out which way the arrow heads are pointing, the locals wouldn't need to erect additional signs...
Saturday 7th January 2012 05:47 GMT Anonymous Coward
Saturday 7th January 2012 09:39 GMT rhydian
Saturday 7th January 2012 10:49 GMT ChrisC
Then it's their responsibility to learn what they mean, especially given how widely used imperial measurements are on UK road signage - this isn't some obscure difference between the UK and rest-of-EU rules of the road, this is almost as fundamental as the difference between driving on the left or the right...
The point is, the signage itself doesn't require any language skills to interpret and it's pretty much universally recognisable as a height/width restriction warning, so once you know the scaling factor to apply you're good to go. UK drivers who head across the channel are expected to know that speed limits are posted in kph rather than mph, and that blatting down the motorway at nearly 200kph just because the signs say you can do "120" is likely to draw your attention to the local plod. So why expect anything less from mainland drivers - particularly ones who do it for a living - who cross the channel in the opposite direction?
Saturday 7th January 2012 22:27 GMT Stoneshop
Sunday 8th January 2012 12:50 GMT Anonymous Coward
"Many truck drivers cannot speak or read english,"
I'm the AC who made the first comment about signs being ignored.
I'm pleased to see that others have already pointed out that most of the relevant signs are language independent, and many of them even work in metric.
If so called "professional" drivers are not capable of understanding the signs in a country where their employment takes them, maybe there should be different regulatory requirements before they are allowed in?
Friday 6th January 2012 17:27 GMT Anonymous Coward
> You don't need a 40+ tonne artic to deliver eggs, milk, and bread every day to the modern replacement for the corner shoppe.
May I ask what you base that assertion on? Logistics is quite an industry in itself and I would not think Tesco are the sort not to ask how their money is spent. That same artic might have spent the whole day delivering stuff than would have taken an entire fleet of vans to replace with.
Friday 6th January 2012 18:14 GMT Wize
Friday 6th January 2012 18:33 GMT Graham Marsden
Monday 9th January 2012 12:52 GMT Wize
@Graham Marsden
I'm not talking about blindly following the satnav.
I'm talking about the satnav not planing a route through the low bridge, thus not requiring the driver to stop, put an avoid on their satnav for the road just ahead and then wait for it to calculate the detour round the low bridge.
Or the satnav not planing a route along single track roads for caravan drivers who find it tricky to get into smaller passing places, without them, again having to stop, place an avoid on the map, wait for new route and add another 20 miles on to their trip in the hope this route does not have single track roads too.
All well and good suggesting people need to turn their brains on, but how does that help the route planning when all you can see is a dead end ahead?
No wonder some lorry drivers think 'fuck it', rub some butter on their lorry and force it through the narrow gap when they have no idea how many alternative routes they will have to try, and how long it will take, before they find a non-narrow/low one.
Monday 9th January 2012 20:11 GMT Anonymous Coward
I have to post this anon for some obvious reasons...
First someone talked about 'commercial grade' sat nav.
It used to be that Navteq had a separate map product for truck guidance which would contain all of the major roads and the data relevant to big rig navigation.
They have since combined this data in to a single comprehensive map. When you look at your sat navs today, they will have car and pedestrian guidance. So you can take your sat nav out of the car and walk the city and still get some accurate directions.
The point is that the raw map data is still there.
Its up to the sat nav companies as to what data they want to expose and how. So you can see some sat nav providers not making available the truck information so that truckers have to buy specialized devices.
If your lorry driver isn't using the right type of gear, then he's a twat.
Sunday 8th January 2012 12:46 GMT jonathanb
Sunday 8th January 2012 23:01 GMT Anonymous Coward
"cheaper than sending 12 transit vans."
So change the rules, especially for companies with large fleets of multi-drop deliveries.
The short run round-town delivery market (your 14 Tesco Expresses and others) is a perfect target for electric Transit-class vehicles. Lucas/Bedford did one in the 1970s. LDV did a LithiumIon one a few years ago before Mandelson refused them a loan and they went bust. The technology is here, the motivation to use it isn't, especially not while the logistics operators can get away with one man operated five-axle artics reversing out of car parks on to narrow roads.
In fact why not just bring back Red Ken's GLC HGV ban, except done properly and not just for London. No road-damaging [1] chaos-causing unsafe HGVs on roads that were never designed for them, unless there is absolutely no alternative and they have a dispensation in advance (dispensations available by personal application only, by the driver in question, and dispensations expiring every few weeks).
The cost of these unnecessary and unwanted HGV-class vehicles also includes things like this:
In sympathy. It didn't need to happen. And nor do the vast majority of truck-vs-bike accidents. But they do, because we let them.
[1] road damage caused by vehicles goes up by, very roughly, the fourth power of the axle load (aka axle weight). Cars cause a bit of damage. Bikes don't. A 2ton car with twice the axle load of a 1ton car causes two^four ie 16 times the amount of damage as the lighter car. A 40 ton five axle truck has an axle load of 8 tons(ish), so causes massively more road damage than the two ton car. It varies a bit if the suspension is better than usual (eg trucks with decent air suspension cause less damage than similar trucks with legacy suspension). All this is not my opinion, this is documented fact, go read about it. Or just look at the mess in the road in the spot immediately behind a random bus stop, where all the HGVs stopping/starting behind buses wreck the road (cars and light vans just don't have that effect).
The cost of that excess damage from unwanted HGVs is picked up not by Salvesen, Dentressangle, Tesco, etc but by the local ratepayer, who currently has no say in whether those vehicles are locally permitted or not. Well "no taxation without representation" makes sense to me.
Monday 9th January 2012 08:56 GMT Aldous
the more you know....
i used to work in a store that would of been converted to a tesco express (and not even a large express)but they couldn't due to monopoly rulings (they still own the the company though). On these trucks your stuff is delivered in cages to roll it on/off the trucks as quick as possible.
even so when your average delivery is 7 -12 of these and they are as tall as a person and a 2 sq meter ish square (the local dairy is the same). it can still take 30 mins. Trucks have roll on/off capacity for cages, Vans don't they would be an absolute pig to unload/load individual boxes and take significantly longer with increased wastage due to drops etc
Now then using a fleet of transits and you would need a fleet as the trucks often have shortish runs (3-6 Drops) there is a real chance you could not fit a single stores worth in a single transit. Also these places do a good trade on alcohol at least 2 -3 cages per delivery (2 delivery's a week) which weighs a lot.
Electric would be no good either unless you want distribution warehouses on every street corner, the trucks do several hundred miles in a day, one of the main reasons being the distribution hubs need to be out of towns (in my sores case it was around 50 miles away)
oh and on point [1] your right i pay more road tax on a 650 55 MPG motorbike then a small car?
Friday 6th January 2012 11:16 GMT The Bit Wrangler
Fortunately my car has a feature to prevent such SatNav mishaps. It's a clear, covered opening in front of the driver. I call it the "windscreen". By looking through it I can usually detect ditches, cliffs, rivers and level-crossings in time to avoid driving into, off, through and over such hazards.
I have noticed that a number of other cars on the road appear to have the same feature, indeed most do, although some drivers do seem to have mistaken theirs for a SatNav mount point in order to place their gadget in their eye-line while driving...
Friday 6th January 2012 14:13 GMT Anonymous Coward
That is no longer a viable option...
Unfortunately the windscreen has now been patented by Apple (iWindscreen) and due to is having a bezel and rounded corners it is too risky to use for fear of litigation.
Workarounds are being sought but the relevant manufacturers and are looking into the suggestion by Apple that the windscreen is made cluttered, distorted and provides a less immersive experience.
Friday 6th January 2012 16:09 GMT Grease Monkey
Actually I can think of quite a few cases where looking ahead doesn't really help. Like the dead end near Glwalchmai I mentioned in another post. The sat nav directs you up a lane which has no dead end signs. The first you know the sat nav has gone wrong is when you come round a bend to discover that somebody has built a dual carriageway across the road.
Friday 6th January 2012 11:17 GMT Giles Jones
Friday 6th January 2012 11:21 GMT DPWDC
Thought this would be a waste of time, but.
When I read about this, I thought it was another case of the gvt stepping in to an area they have no knowledge of and implementing stupid rules that make no sense. However the reclassification of roads by local councils is actually a good idea! Plenty of single track country lanes are A roads with national speed limit, without a hope of getting down them at anything more than 15mph, as a result Satnav will send you down those roads as they are faster (on paper).
Friday 6th January 2012 14:53 GMT Old Tom
yes, but...
Any driver who studies a map before driving somewhere unfamiliar will have come across situations where the road signs route you the way the council wants you to go rather than the route which is (to you) best for your journey.
Many of the coming reclassifications will be aimed at reinforcing this type of non-optimal routing of non-locals.
These efforts to manage you for their benefit may be nullified by satnavs, so the powers that be want to feed their preference for the way you go into your satnav.
(I don't care, I don't use satnav; I study the (Google) map before setting out, taking a streetview look at key nodes so I know where I'm going.)
Saturday 7th January 2012 13:47 GMT Anonymous Coward
> Plenty of single track country lanes are A roads with national speed limit
A single track road could never be classified as an A road. If you don't know the difference between an A road and a country lane then you urgently need to go and buy a copy of the Highway Code or take some top-up driving lessons or both.
Sunday 8th January 2012 12:50 GMT jonathanb
Monday 9th January 2012 12:11 GMT Equitas
A little to quick on the draw, I think ....
Anonymous Coward wrote "A single track road could never be classified as an A road. If you don't know the difference between an A road and a country lane then you urgently need to go and buy a copy of the Highway Code or take some top-up driving lessons or both."
I think it's Anonymous Coward who urgently needs to go and buy a copy of the Highway Code and take some top-up driving lessons. Many hundreds of miles of A roads -- so classified because they are primary routes -- are single track with, by definition, no better alternative.
Paris, because even she isn't that thick
Monday 9th January 2012 09:28 GMT Anonymous Coward
Bit of thought and planning?
I have a top notch SatNav built into my car at purchase with up to date maps. When I'm planning one my day-out photographic trips that can require roud trips of up to 350 miles into the most bizarre backroads. I first take a look at Google Maps at home to see what the rough size of roads I will going down, I always take a shufty at the AA road map in the car, put the route in the SatNav and head off. When the SatNav sends me down the smaller roads I already know they are going to be small so the spongy thing in my head says, "Hold on there son, this is a small single track road, lets keep the speed down just in case there's cars, sheep, pigs, shit, fallen trees and/or drunks in the road."


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Sep 27, 2006
Sept. 27, 2006
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - Leslie Hansen of the MIT women's tennis team was chosen as the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference Singles Player of the Week on Monday. Last week, the rookie started with an impressive 6-1, 6-1 win at the top spot against Babson College in a dual match victory. She then competed at the ITA New England Regional Championship, where she defeated her first round opponent, 6-3, 6-0, before falling to the eventual runner-up, 2-6, 6-3, 10-8.


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After a dull, gray winter, what is more welcome than a cheerful, colorful spring? This is the most appropriate time for you to refresh your wardrobe and enjoy life to the fullest. Get ready to face a real color boom. Vivid, strong colors could be seen on fashion runways. Neon green, orange, and yellow and other powerful colors were spotted at Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Jil Sander, Max Mara, Prada, and Gucci. Zac Pozen used fruity, delicious colors for genuine, feminine combinations in his Z Spoke collection. These shades represent t... Read More


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High foreclosure and unemployment rates have made it unusually hard for people to sell their homes. That means sellers have to be patient as well as flexible. Can you say price cut? Some 26 percent of homes currently on the market since Sept. 1, 2009 have had at least one price cut, according to real estate search website Trulia.com. The median reduction was 10 percent. During this past summer, homeowners hacked a total of $28.5 billion from home prices.
The slashed prices have left what many consider a wealth of bargains across the country. Take a look at these homes that have seen about a 20 percent drop in price since being listed.
Posted Oct. 8, 2009


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The second week of the 2012 field campaign has come to a close - and it was an intense week of work and activity at Gabii. Not only were normal excavation operations in full swing - with the team accomplishing an amazing amount of work - but a steady stream of colleagues and consultants came by the site to see what the Gabii Project has been up to recently.
In the excavation sectors, progress continues in two main areas of excavation for 2012. one sector (Area F), located on the extreme western edge of the excavation area, gives us a look at yet another city block of the ancient grid and the remains of structures therein. Area F diggers have also been learning at first hand about the site formation process at Gabii, wherein the accumulation of huge natural layers of colluvial soil have played a leading role in the post-occupation phases of the city. Digging the colluvium can be frustrating, but the chance appearance of sporadic finds carried along in these erosional events has made for some interesting discoveries. Cutting through the silt at warp speed, area F should see more structural remains in week three. In a more centrally located sector (Area D), another part of the team continues to investigate a late archaic complex that came to light in a significant way in 2011. This area, too, is working its way through the remains of abandonment, robbing, and collapse of ancient structures, hopefully in search of well-stratified layers relating to the habitation of the complex.
|Pier Matteo Barone (center) at Gabii.
Visitors were in abundance this week. Among them were project consultants, including Dr. Pier Matteo Barone (Roma Tre) who is carrying out a new campaign of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) study at Gabii, Robyn Veal (Sydney) who is studying charcoal evidence from the site, and soil micromorphologist Dr. Cristiano Nicosia (Brussels) who is on-site to study the soils themselves and the role played by soils in the site formation. We also were visited by surveyors from the University of Texas Ostia Synagogue Area excavations.
|Cristiano Nicosia at Gabii.
On July 4th, 2012, Gabii hosted a half-day visit by 2012 NEH Summer Seminar ("Communication, Empire, and the City of Rome") participants in a group directed by Richard Talbert (UNC-Chapel Hill) and Michael Maas (Rice). In addition to a tour of the ancient city and the Gabii Project excavation site, the seminar participants engaged in lively discussion about networks, modelling, and 3-D digital applications and their role in documenting and reconstructing ancient world view. On Friday, July 6th, 2012, David S. Potter (University of Michigan) visited Gabii after having given a talk for the field school students at the American Academy in Rome the previous evening. Also on Friday, Dr. Fabrizio Marra (University of Rome 'La Sapienza') visited Gabii. Marra is a geologist interested in the geology of central Italy and is going to be collaborating with staff member Jason Farr (Michigan) who is carrying out a Ph.D. thesis on tufo quarries at Gabii.
|NEH summer seminar participants at Gabii.
|David Potter (left) visited Gabii.
|Trench tours concluded week two.
All in all, a busy week. On to week three ...


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Synchronous Data Link Control and Derivatives
From DocWiki
IBM developed the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol in the mid-1970s for use in Systems Network Architecture (SNA) environments. SDLC was the first link layer protocol based on synchronous, bit-oriented operation. This article provides a summary of SDLC's basic operational characteristics and outlines several derivative protocols.
After developing SDLC, IBM submitted it to various standards committees. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) modified SDLC to create the High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol. The International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T; formerly CCITT) subsequently modified HDLC to create Link Access Procedure (LAP) and then Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB). The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) modified HDLC to create IEEE 802.2. Each of these protocols has become important in its domain, but SDLC remains the primary SNA link layer protocol for WAN links.
SDLC Types and Topologies
SDLC supports a variety of link types and topologies. It can be used with point-to-point and multipoint links, bounded and unbounded media, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission facilities, and circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.
SDLC identifies two types of network nodes: primary and secondary. Primary nodes control the operation of other stations, called secondaries. The primary polls the secondaries in a predetermined order, and secondaries can then transmit if they have outgoing data. The primary also sets up and tears down links and manages the link while it is operational. Secondary nodes are controlled by a primary, which means that secondaries can send information to the primary only if the primary grants permission.
SDLC primaries and secondaries can be connected in four basic configurations:
- Point-to-point - Involves only two nodes, one primary and one secondary.
- Multipoint - Involves one primary and multiple secondaries.
- Loop - Involves a loop topology, with the primary connected to the first and last secondaries. Intermediate secondaries pass messages through one another as they respond to the requests of the primary.
- Hub go-ahead - Involves an inbound and an outbound channel. The primary uses the outbound channel to communicate with the secondaries. The secondaries use the inbound channel to communicate with the primary. The inbound channel is daisy-chained back to the primary through each secondary.
SDLC Frame Format
The SDLC frame is shown in Figure: Six Fields Comprise the SDLC Frame:
Figure: Six Fields Comprise the SDLC Frame
The following descriptions summarize the fields illustrated in the above figure:
- Flag - Initiates and terminates error checking.
- Address - Contains the SDLC address of the secondary station, which indicates whether the frame comes from the primary or secondary. This address can contain a specific address, a group address, or a broadcast address. A primary is either a communication source or a destination, which eliminates the need to include the address of the primary.
- Control - Employs three different formats, depending on the type of SDLC frame used:
- Information (I) frame - Carries upper-layer information and some control information. This frame sends and receives sequence numbers, and the poll final (P/F) bit performs flow and error control. The send sequence number refers to the number of the frame to be sent next. The receive sequence number provides the number of the frame to be received next. Both sender and receiver maintain send and receive sequence numbers. A primary station uses the P/F bit to tell the secondary whether it requires an immediate response. A secondary station uses the P/F bit to tell the primary whether the current frame is the last in its current response.
- Supervisory (S) frame - Provides control information. An S frame can request and suspend transmission, report on status, and acknowledge receipt of I frames. S frames do not have an information field.
- Unnumbered (U) frame - Supports control purposes and is not sequenced. A U frame can be used to initialize secondaries. Depending on the function of the U frame, its control field is 1 or 2 bytes. Some U frames have an information field.
- Data - Contains a path information unit (PIU) or exchange identification (XID) information.
- Frame check sequence (FCS) - Precedes the ending flag delimiter and is usually a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) calculation remainder. The CRC calculation is redone in the receiver. If the result differs from the value in the original frame, an error is assumed.
A typical SDLC-based network configuration is shown in Figure: An SDLC Line Links Local and Remote Sites over a Serial Line. As illustrated, an IBM establishment controller (formerly called a cluster controller) in a remote site connects to dumb terminals and to a Token Ring network. In a local site, an IBM host connects (via channel-attached techniques) to an IBM front-end processor (FEP), which also can have links to local Token Ring LANs and an SNA backbone. The two sites are connected through an SDLC-based 56-kbps leased line.
Figure: An SDLC Line Links Local and Remote Sites over a Serial Line
Derivative Protocols
Despite the fact that it omits several features used in SDLC, HDLC is generally considered to be a compatible superset of SDLC. LAP is a subset of HDLC and was created to ensure ongoing compatibility with HDLC, which had been modified in the early 1980s. IEEE 802.2 is a modification of HDLC for LAN environments. Qualified Logical Link Control (QLLC) is a link layer protocol defined by IBM that enables SNA data to be transported across X.25 networks.
High-Level Data Link Control
HDLC shares the frame format of SDLC, and HDLC fields provide the same functionality as those in SDLC. Also, as in SDLC, HDLC supports synchronous, full-duplex operation.
HDLC differs from SDLC in several minor ways, however. First, HDLC has an option for a 32-bit checksum. Also, unlike SDLC, HDLC does not support the loop or hub go-ahead configurations.
The major difference between HDLC and SDLC is that SDLC supports only one transfer mode, whereas HDLC supports three:
- Normal response mode (NRM) - This transfer mode is also used by SDLC. In this mode, secondaries cannot communicate with a primary until the primary has given permission.
- Asynchronous response mode (ARM) - This transfer mode enables secondaries to initiate communication with a primary without receiving permission.
- Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM) - ABM introduces the combined node, which can act as a primary or a secondary, depending on the situation. All ABM communication occurs between multiple combined nodes. In ABM environments, any combined station can initiate data transmission without permission from any other station.
Link-Access Procedure, Balanced
LAPB is best known for its presence in the X.25 protocol stack. LAPB shares the same frame format, frame types, and field functions as SDLC and HDLC. Unlike either of these, however, LAPB is restricted to the ABM transfer mode and is appropriate only for combined stations. Also, LAPB circuits can be established by either the data terminal equipment (DTE) or the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). The station initiating the call is determined to be the primary, and the responding station is the secondary. Finally, LAPB use of the P/F bit is somewhat different from that of the other protocols.
IEEE 802.2 is often referred to as the Logical Link Control (LLC). It is extremely popular in LAN environments, where it interoperates with protocols such as IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4, and IEEE 802.5. IEEE 802.2 offers three types of service.
Type 1 provides unacknowledged connectionless service, which means that LLC Type 1 does not confirm data transfers. Because many upper-layer protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), offer reliable data transfer that can compensate for unreliable lower-layer protocols, Type 1 is a commonly used service.
Type 2 provides connection-oriented service. LLC Type 2 (often called LLC2) service establishes logical connections between sender and receiver and is therefore connection-oriented. LLC2 acknowledges data upon receipt and is used in IBM communication systems.
Type 3 provides acknowledged connectionless service. Although LLC Type 3 service supports acknowledged data transfer, it does not establish logical connections. As a compromise between the other two LLC services, LLC Type 3 is useful in factory-automation environments where error detection is important but context storage space (for virtual circuits) is extremely limited.
End stations can support multiple LLC service types. A Class I device supports only Type 1 service. A Class II device supports both Type 1 and Type 2 services. Class III devices support both Type 1 and Type 3 services, and Class IV devices support all three types of service.
Upper-layer processes use IEEE 802.2 services through service access points (SAPs). The IEEE 802.2 header begins with a destination service access point (DSAP) field, which identifies the receiving upper-layer process. In other words, after the receiving node's IEEE 802.2 implementation completes its processing, the upper-layer process identified in the DSAP field receives the remaining data. Following the DSAP address is the source service access point (SSAP) address, which identifies the sending upper-layer process.
Qualified Logical Link Control
QLLC provides the data-link control capabilities that are required to transport SNA data across X.25 networks. Together, QLLC and X.25 replace SDLC in the SNA protocol stack. QLLC uses the packet-level layer (Layer 3) of the X.25 protocol stack. To indicate that a Layer 3 X.25 packet must be handled by QLLC, a special bit called the qualifier bit, in the general format identifier (GFI) of the Layer 3 X.25 packet-level header, is set to 1. The SNA data is carried as user data in Layer 3 X.25 packets. For more information about the X.25 protocol stack, see X.25.
The SDLC protocol was developed by IBM in the mid-1970s for use in SNA environments. SDLC was the first link-layer protocol based on synchronous, bit-oriented operation, and it remains the primary SNA link layer protocol for WAN links.
SDLC supports a variety of link types and topologies. It can be used with point-to-point and multipoint links, bounded and unbounded media, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission facilities, and circuit-switched and packet-switched networks.
SDLC identifies two types of network nodes: primary and secondary. Primary nodes control the operation of other stations, called secondaries.
SDLC primaries and secondaries can be connected in four basic configurations: point-to-point, multipoint, loop, and hub go-ahead.
The following protocols are derivatives of SDLC:
- HDLC, which supports three transfer modes, while SDLC supports only one
- LAPB, which is restricted to the ABM transfer mode and is appropriate only for combined stations
- IEEE 802.2, which is often referred to as LLC and has three types
- QLLC, which provides the data-link control capabilities that are required to transport SNA data across X.25 networks
Review Questions
Q - Name two of the link types that SDLC supports.
A - Point-to-point links, multipoint links, bounded media, unbounded media, half-duplex transmission facilities, full-duplex transmission facilities, circuit-switched networks, and packet-switched networks.
Q - Name the four basic SDLC connection configurations.
A - Point-to-point, which involves only two nodes, one primary and one secondary; multipoint, which involves one primary and multiple secondary nodes; loop, which involves a loop topology with the primary connected to the first and last secondaries, and intermediate secondaries in between; and hub go-ahead, which involves an inbound and an outbound channel-the primary uses the outbound channel to communicate with the secondaries, and the secondaries use the inbound channel to communicate with the primary.
Q - How many fields does the SDLC frame have, and what are they?
A - Six: Flag, Address, Control, Data, FCS, Flag.
Q - List the derivative protocols of SDLC, and describe their primary difference(s) from SDLC.
A - HDLC, which supports three transfer modes, while SDLC supports only one; LAPB, which is restricted to the ABM transfer mode and is appropriate only for combined stations; IEEE 802.2, which is often referred to as LLC and has three types; and QLLC, which provides the data-link control capabilities that are required to transport SNA data across X.25 networks.


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Jumbo Electronics was founded in 1974. It is one of the leading names in the field of consumer electronics, information technology, telecommunications, home appliances, office automation and entertainment in the United Arab Emirates and is amongst the first transnational corporations with a well spread out network of 30 retail stores and 9 service centres across the Emirates.
Jumbo is ISO 9001 certified with established systems and procedures which are constantly tested and improved upon to best serve customer needs.
A partner for the world's leading brands, Jumbo's extensive retail and distribution network have made it a natural choice for manufacturers wanting to establish their products in the growing Middle East markets. One of the largest distributors of Sony products in the world, the company has an enviable line-up of various other international brands in its portfolio. Jumbo is a distributor for Acer, Blackberry, Brother, Casio, Dometic, Du, Dyson, Etisalat, Gorenje, Hewlett Packard, LG, Ricoh, NCR, Rionet, Sennheiser, Sony, Supra, Vaio.
In addition to the above brands, the retail arm of the company also handles most of the other well know brands including: Apple, Asus, Belkin, Bit Defender, Buffalo, Cisco, Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, Garmin, HTC, IBM, Imation, Intel, Kasperesky, Lenovo, Logitech, Microsoft, Mio, Motorola, Net Apps, Netgear, Nokia, Optoma, Orion, Packard Bell, Pixel Point, Samsung, Seagate, SCR, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba, VMWare, Western Digital, Wincor Nixdorf.
From modest beginnings in 1974, Jumbo's remarkable progress into becoming a consumer electronics giant has been built with an uncompromising adherence to quality. Jumbo's five principal divisions - Sony, Information Technology, Telecom, Supra and Agencies Divisions - work seamlessly with channels such as the Retail and Corporate Sales, with support from the Central Services and Logistics, to set new benchmarks in customer service.Less...
Contact Information:
Issa Saleh Al Gurg Building,
Tarek Bin Ziad Street,
Karama Area,
PO Box 3426
Dubai, United Arab Emirates


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Hertz Greymouth
Hertz . We're here to get you there. Discover New Zealand with a car rental from any one of our branches spread across 28 cities.
Hertz originated the rental car industry and has been driving innovation ever since. Operating in approximately 150 countries worldwide, Hertz is dedicated to delivering a car rental experience that's tailored to you and your travel needs.
With the Hertz Gold Plus Rewards®, customers can enjoy a speedy pick up and drop off car rental experience with exclusive member benefits. It's easier than ever now to earn and use points for free rentals on 4WDs, luxury cars and more! For reservations or further information, simply call Hertz Reservations toll free within New Zealand on 0800 654 321, or email email@example.com or visit www.hertz.co.nz.
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Hertz Greymouth, The Railway Station, Greymouth, West Coast, New Zealand.


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The long-lasting impact of the 2008 financial crisis and lingering tight job market is showing up in the country's growing income gap.
Continue Reading Below
The income gap among Americans has widened by 10% nationwide over the past 20 years, according to new survey released Monday by Bankrate.com (NYSE:RATE). Despite this growing trend, a second report shows that one in five Americans will become rich for parts of their lives, meaning they make at least $100,000 a year, according to the Associated Press.
Bankrate reports the income gap in America is growing fastest among those ages 35-to-44 at a rate of 21% from 1992 to 2012. This is higher than any other age group and more than double the average increase for all age groups, at 10%. Those in this age group are at their prime years for solidifying future wealth, the survey reports, which can be worrisome to long-term income growth prospects.
Chris Kahn, Bankrate research and statistics analyst,says the two major factors contributing to the widening income gap are women increasingly becoming the household breadwinner and a growing immigrant population.
"The economy today is different than it was 20 years ago," Kahn says. "Demographically, immigrants are coming into this country every year and they earn less. Also, there are a greater percentage of women who are the main breadwinners in their home—and they earn less dough on average than men."
Employers have also sent millions of jobs overseas, Kahn says, specifically in the manufacturing and service sectors. "Many people have had to compensate by taking lower-paying jobs," he says.
AP reported Monday that 20% of U.S. adults will become rich at some part of their lives, which could make it harder to reduce the country's wage inequity.
The AP reports that this new class is made up largely of older professionals, working married couples and more educated single people. They will have an income of at least $250,000 or more at some point during their working lives, which places them temporarily at the top 2% of earners. Members of this group typically earn about $100,000 or more annually, placing them in the top 20% of earners in the country.
But as far as the 'new rich' are concerned, Kahn says many wealthy people are not making this cash off of traditional incomes like high-paying jobs. Instead, they have gotten tax breaks in the form of capital gains and are bringing in investment incomes.


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A former magistrate's clerk who claims she was sexually harassed by her boss has denied ever hearing about a $450,000 award made to another woman in a similar Adelaide case.
Rebecca Ramstrom also denied discussing that case with the magistrate and saying to him: "I should have sued my previous employer for sexual harassment".
The 33-year-old was being cross-examined on Thursday in the Equal Opportunity Tribunal in Adelaide by Marie Shaw QC, who is acting for the now-retired magistrate Joseph Baldino.
Ms Ramstrom, who was his clerk between 2008 and 2010, claims Mr Baldino repeatedly made salacious and disgusting comments, touched her breasts when pretending to look at her necklace and slapped her on the bottom with a file.
She said she walked out of her job in September 2010 after a panic attack caused by the slapping and has not been able to work since then.
Ms Shaw asked her about a Centrelink case, which came before Mr Baldino, involving a woman who had been awarded $450,000 in a sexual harassment claim.
Ms Ramstrom said she could not recall if she typed the magistrate's sentencing remarks in the Centrelink case or if she was present in court the four times the case came before him in 2009.
She denied ever reading about the award or seeing a story about it on the television news.
Ms Shaw suggested it was "simply incorrect" for her to say she had never heard about the award.
"I stand by what I say, I speak the truth," Ms Ramstrom replied.
She said she had never heard about the award "up until this day", adding it did not interest her.
"You are not interested in how much money you could get for sexual harassment?" Ms Shaw asked.
When Ms Ramstrom replied that she was not, the Ms Shaw again asked if that was the reason she was in the tribunal.
"I am here because I am not well and I was touched," Ms Ramstrom replied.
"I want my health back."
The hearing is continuing.


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Simone Bianchi began his career in Italy writing and drawing the award-winning "Ego Sum" before he made a splash in the U.S. with DC Comics' "Seven Soldiers: Shining Knight" written by Grant Morrison. Bianchi then jumped to Marvel Comics where he's drawn countless covers over the last eight years in addition to multiple miniseries and story arcs. Among his many credits are two runs on "Wolverine" with writer Jeph Loeb, "Astonishing X-Men: Ghost Box" written by Warren Ellis, and "Thor: For Asgard" from writer Robert Rodi. Much of his work can be seen in varying stages on his frequently updated Facebook page.
C2E2: Ewing Leads Thori, Loki and Angela into Marvel's "Tenth Realm"
More recently, Bianchi drew "Thanos Rising," the 2013 miniseries written by Jason Aaron and a story arc in Jonathan Hickman's "New Avengers." His current project finds him back in Asgard for an "Original Sin" companion series, "Thor and Loki: The Tenth Realm." The miniseries co-written by Aaron and Al Ewing finds the titular brothers incorporate Angela into Marvel's version of Norse mythology and the introduction of a mysterious Tenth Realm.
Bianchi took time out of his schedule to speak with CBR News about his process and how it's changed in recent years, his thoughts on Angela in the Marvel Universe and what he wants to do going forward.
CBR News: "Thor and Loki: The Tenth Realm" is drawn by you and Lee Garbett. For people who haven't been reading it, can you explain why the series is being drawn by two artists and what the breakdown is like?
Simone Bianchi: It's very simple. Basically since we've started working on the project I've known that I was going to draw everything that happens in the Tenth Realm and everything else is Lee. So I'm about to start the last issue and then finally get some rest, because it's been a crazy year, but it's been a lot of fun. Thor and Loki are among my favorite characters to draw. Also I got to draw Angela and I know a lot of folks at Marvel wanted me to draw her. She's purely a fantasy character so it's been fun. It's been a lot of work and I'm almost finished.
Maybe we should explain exactly what the Tenth Realm is...
Oh my god. I don't even know how to start. We all know that there were nine realms so far and this new one is we're going to find out about the existence of this brand new realm in this miniseries. I don't know how to explain this. [Laughs] It's where Odin conceived Angela? Ask Al Ewing and Jason Aaron, the writers.
When it was decided that you would draw the parts of the stories set in the Tenth Realm, did you have conversations about how things should look?
No. I'm going to be honest, the best thing about working at Marvel since Day 1 -- and I've been exclusive at Marvel for eight years now, since 2006 -- is I always have 100% total creative freedom and this is no exception. I had a couple of jpegs that my editors sent me for a vague idea of how the Tenth Realm should look. That's where I started from. I of course wanted to try to give my own perspective to the buildings and how the Tenth Realm feels like. One thing I tried to do -- and I don't know if I've managed to do it -- is I've been reading a lot of Moebius comics lately so that style is something that I've tried to mix with my own style as much as I could. That's the first thing that came to my mind. I reread a lot of those Moebius books like "Arzach" and "The Incal." I'm a huge Moebius fan. He's one of my top five if not three artists ever.
So they gave you a few cues about the feel, but the look of it was up to you?
As far as drawing Angela, did you know the character?
I knew the character and the look of the character. Again the Marvel guys sent me these new character designs that Joe Q [Quesada] did and that's where I started from. She's a beautiful character and she's extremely complicated to draw -- all those stripes and all those details in her armor. It's tough but at the same time it's extremely fulfilling because when it's done and finished she tends to look really regal. I'm definitely looking forward to drawing more of her. Maybe some covers. I knew it was going to be tough because of how complicated her costume and armor is but I totally enjoyed drawing her from page one.
SDCC EXCLUSIVE: Gillen & Bennett Balance Bloody Debts in "Angela: Asgard's Assassin"
Talk a little about your process and how you've been working?
My process has changed over the past three-four years. When I started working with Grant Morrison and DC on "Shining Knight," and after that with Marvel, I used to have a very complicated process. I started with very loose thumbnails with the basic layout of the page. Once I was done with that I was going to move into taking pictures for every single panel which is a colossal pain in the ass. [Laughs] It was extremely time consuming as you can imagine. When it comes to a cover you can do that, but when you have to draw twenty, twenty-two pages in five weeks, it's a lot of work but I used to do that. With "Wolverine," "Astonishing X-Men," "Thor: For Asgard," "X-Force" and my second "Wolverine" run I used to take a shitload of pictures. I have so many pictures in my computer you can barely count them.
Starting with "Thanos Rising," for whatever reason -- without even thinking about it too much -- I completely quit the photographing process. Not only that I completely quit doing thumbnails as well. I started doing my breakdowns straight on the art boards. The time that was needed for me to redraw the thumbnails on a bigger scale with a lightbox on the final page, even that part of the process was so extremely time-consuming. It was just too much work. With "Thanos Rising," I started reading the script and got the art board and started sketching out the breakdowns straight on the paper. When I had all twenty-two pages done I went through them, changed some little things and then I started to tighten the pencils. This helped me speed up my process so much. I was once able to do no more than fifteen pages a month. Maybe even less than that. Now I can handle twenty pages a month easily. All this was possible just because the process itself changed. It happens naturally. I didn't have to think about it it just happened.
We made a work in progress video that we shot with a professional crew and that shows all the process for a cover, which is different. I usually do two or three thumbnails and we go through those with editors. We pick the one we like the most and then I enlarge it, print it, redraw the whole thing and do tight pencils. I paint over the tight pencils. That is still quite time-consuming, but it makes for a much better final result. As a matter of fact if you see those two videos, they're divided in two parts of purpose. In the first part it's just me doing this thumbnail sketch, doing the tight pencils. The second one is me redrawing the whole thing on a bigger piece of paper and then painting over the pencils with acrylic and ink wash. It was worth all the effort. Covers are still a long process. Between the thumbnails and pencils I do, I still take a lot of pictures for the covers. I use models. I use my wife. I use myself. When it comes time to draw Wolverine, it's always me. When I draw Wolverine, every single time, he's going to have my features. He may not be as beautiful as some expect, but it's the way I like to draw the character. [Laughs] When it comes down to covers, it's still a long process but it's a lot of fun. I've got to be honest, right now I would rather focus myself 100% on covers and not on interiors.
Is that because with covers you can spend the time and have control over the final image in a way you don't on interiors?
Yes, it's all about that. As you just said when I'm working on interiors there's no time for all that. I'm lucky because my new colorist [Adriano Dall'alpi] also happens to be my best friend he lives like twenty minutes away, so once the pages from every issue of "Thor and Loki" are done I drive there, we sit down and spend a day just fixing every single panel, the light and shadows. We try everything in our humble -- or not humble opinion -- to try to improve it every way we think we can. With the covers it's different because it's me. I love the feeling of getting my own hands dirty with colors. I love it when I'm done working I go downstairs for dinner and my hands are covered with colors. I love that feeling. My dad has been a painter his whole life so I grew up among brushes and colors and that's something I always need to come back to after I work a few weeks or months on interior pages of a book.
On the interiors, obviously someone will color it but when you send the pages out are you thinking of them in your mind as "finished" in a sense?
This has changed through the years. Honestly when I first started working for American companies, first at DC and then with Marvel, I used not to think about it at all. All that mattered for me back then was how the final black-and-white and ink-washed page would look. Now that I'm working with my new colorist Adriano, I know exactly what he's going to do. When I think of a panel or a background, I know how he's going to treat that panel or background and that makes my life so much easier. He helps me to think about black-and-white in a different way. That's something that I've been doing for the past year and a half, two years, since we started working together on "New Avengers" with Jonathan Hickman. I can see myself thinking, "Hey, you don't need to go that crazy on this because Adriano still has to do his job and he can make it look beautiful. I have this tendency to overwork. Trusting him the way I trust him and his coloring I know that I can let him do his own work.
I remember seeing some of your early work and some of the uncolored pages you did, the coloring or production didn't make it look better, quite frankly. I'm sure there's a tension sometimes between how you want a page to look when you finish and how it will reproduce.
That's something that you learn along the way. You have to work on that. You have to keep working with different colorists. You have to work with production guys to realize what you can and what you cannot put on a page. That takes time. I'm glad because it's all about taking out things. It's not always about adding. Sometimes simpler and cleaner works better than overcomplicated, but it's something that I had to go through and I'm glad and I still go through that. If I want to do something extremely complicated, that's when I work on covers. When I work on covers I can do that because I have everything under my own control. With somebody else working with you, inkers or colorists, you have to find the right way to balancing your penciling with their work and respect their own work.
It's part of the process. We're not doing fine art. We're doing something that has its own production process that has to be respected. It's something you have to deal with. It's something you can't take for granted. You have to work and see the printed version of what you're doing and little by little, every single day, trying to realize what you can keep on the page and what you can take out of the page.
You said that you changed your process with "Thanos Rising," which was about two years ago. Was there something about the project or that time that you think sparked this change?
I don't know how it happened. It was nothing to do with "Thanos." I read the script and loved it. I knew it was going to be huge and it has been. I don't know. I didn't think about. I went straight to the final boards. It's a good question. It was not because of that project or something about it that made me change my mind. It just happened. And it will change again, I'm sure. It's important that when you do something creative you have to let random things happen by themselves. Sometimes what happens randomly is going to make your art look better. It's something that somehow is out of your control and you have to let it go through yourself.
You've drawn a lot of covers and drawn a lot of characters. Do you have any favorites? Anyone you want to draw more?
Everybody at Marvel and everyone who knows me knows I'm a huge Inhumans fan. I would love to draw a whole miniseries. Now that the Inhumans are much, much bigger in the Marvel Universe, maybe sooner or later it will happen. Other than that, I love the Fantastic Four characters. I cannot wait to jump back on X-Men doing some cool covers with those characters -- Beast, Emma Frost, Colossus. I'm a huge Nightcrawler fan. Among Marvel characters, my favorite is Wolverine. I must have painted more than thirty covers and I don't know how many pages with him, but I still love Wolverine. Daredevil. Spider-Man. Give me Spider-Man any day of the week and I'll be happy. Spider-man gives you a lot of creative freedom and things you can play around to make the character your own and infuse the character with your own style. And of course all the villains. I'm a huge Doctor Doom fan. Loki, Magneto, Green Goblin, the Sinister Six. Too many things to do and too little time.
RELATED: "The Tenth Realm" Spins Ewing's "Loki" Toward "AXIS"
You mentioned that some people at Marvel wanted you to draw Angela because she's a fantasy character. Is that a genre you have an affinity for?
Yes, definitely. It's not only about affinity. I'm really comfortable with those settings and backgrounds. Before drawing superheroes I used to be a fantasy illustrator. I think Grant Morrison wanted me to draw "Shining Knight" because he saw what I used to paint as a fantasy illustrator. I used to work a lot of a concept artist for a company here in Italy. I grew up with fantasy artists. I'm a huge fan of people like Frank Frazetta, Boris Vallejo, Julie Bell, Rick Berry, Brom, John Foster -- too many to name them all. There are so many good fantasy artists and I think Moebius is one of those. Moebius is in his own league, but he did a lot of fantasy-related projects. My dad is a fantasy fine art painter so it's something that was in my veins.
I know that you started out both writing and drawing. Are you interested in writing more comics in the future?
Yes! Oh my god yes! I keep telling those guys at Marvel to let me write something. I understand it would be extremely hard because English is my second language. All these years I've been working as an artist, I haven't been writing and to be a good writer you need to read and write every single day. The guys at Marvel might be a little right because I don't have the time to do that, but I would kill to do it again. It's going to happen. I promise you, sooner or later you'll see my name as both writer and artist. My writing may suck in English but at least let me try. To be completely honest I'd like to write the plot and have someone else do the dialogue. As far as telling the story and dividing it into panels and drawing it, I can do that. When it comes to dialogue, you have to have a perfect knowledge of the language and it's even hard in Italian because I don't have the time to write in Italian, but the answer is yes! Let me write again!
You received a Yellow Kid Award for your comic "Ego Sum," which you wrote and drew, so you are already an award-winning writer.
Exactly! See, I'm supposed to be good! But I've never had the chance to show off in English yet.
I still have to write and draw the third and last chapter of "Ego Sum." My contract didn't allow me to finish it, but sooner or later, I will finish it and I will do a hell of a job.
What comes after "Thor and Loki" for you?
Covers. Some of them might be hand-painted on canvas.
Let me give you a hint of something I can't talk about. It's not at Marvel, it's not comic books, but there will be an announcement soon. It's something that I've wanted to do for such a long time and now I've had this opportunity. It will happen in New York. That's all I can say about it.
"Original Sin: Thor & Loki - The Tenth Realm" #4 is on sale now.


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FOX Business: Capitalism Lives Here
U.S. stock-index futures fell slightly Tuesday as traders were cautious to make big bets at the end of what has been a blockbuster year for Wall Street.
Continue Reading Below
Today's Markets
As of 8:00 a.m. ET, Dow Jones Industrial Average futures fell 29 points, or 0.18%, to 15997, S&P 500 futures dipped 2.3 points, or 1.1%, to 1807 and Nasdaq 100 futures slipped 3 points, or 0.09%, to 3515.
The S&P has surged 27% this year, as investors have benefited from the Federal Reserve's massive bond-buying program and bottom-line growth in corporate America. The pace on the Street has slowed down this week amid a dearth of economic data. The broad-market average is also trading at record highs.
There are no major economic reports due out. However, the final Volcker rule is due out at 9:30 a.m. ET. The rule, which was established in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, will make it so banks can't trade with their own money and take on other risky behavior.
Fifth & Pacific (NYSE:FNP) said it would sell its Lucky Brand Jeans business for $225 million. Lululemon Athletica (NYSE:LULU) said Chip Wilson, its non-executive chairman, will step down. The Treasury Department sold its remaining holdings in General Motors (NYSE:GM).
In commodities, U.S. crude oil futures jumped $1.21, or 1.2%, to $98.54 a barrel. Wholesale New York Harbor gasoline rose 0.79% to $2.697 a gallon. Gold gained $13.60, or 1.1%, to $1,248 a troy ounce.


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NORTH MYRTLE BEACH, SC (WMBF) - An 'Upcycled Gift Mall,' sponsored by Barefoot Church and North Strand Helping Hand, is helping make the holiday a light brighter for area families.
The gift mall will be held at Barefoot Church from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and will allow needy families to shop for gifts from 600 items donated to the cause.
Items the families pick out will be gift wrapped for them too, absolutely free of charge.
For more information, visit the church's website.
Copyright 2012 WMBF News. All rights reserved.


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Christmas Candy
Joy Rector 12/26/2012 5:10:54 AMlove this shot #1505333
Melinda F. Schneider 12/26/2012 6:43:58 AMThank you, Joy. #10479136
Mitch Spence 1/24/2013 11:04:56 AMOh, just good dogs. They really want to eat them right now. Congratulations, Melinda. #10533552
Melinda F. Schneider 1/24/2013 3:12:24 PMThank you, Mitch. Thorry, the weimaraner DID end up giving in to temptation; and once he'd tasted them, he just couldn't be stopped!!
Merna L. Nobile 1/25/2013 4:08:34 PM
Are you amazed at the vivid colors, sharpness and composition of your photographs? Well the judges are, CONGRATULATIONS you are a winner for the month of December, 2012!
Melinda F. Schneider 1/26/2013 3:08:09 AMWell, perhaps not a winner, but a Finalist is good enough for me! Thank you, Merna!! #10537796
Colette M. Metcalf 1/26/2013 9:42:52 AMCongratulations!!!! #10538390
Melinda F. Schneider 1/27/2013 8:11:10 AMThank you, Colette! #10539832
Uploaded on 12/20/2012 4:07:45 AM
Camera: Nikon D40x Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Melinda F. Schneider. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
Contact photographer via gallery.
Log in to follow or message this photographer or report this photo.


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A R Website Design, Cinderford
A R Website Design, based in The Forest of Dean offers bespoke, simplistic and easy-to-use websites. With over 4 years experience, contact us today for help with your website, SEO & Social Media. Website Design packages start from just £850.00.
Plump Hill Farm, Mitcheldean
We are a family run agricultural smallholding in the Forest of Dean supplying pedigree lamb, pork and beef to both Public and Trade. We pride ourselves on our welfare standards and passion for our livestock. We support rare and traditional breeds.
See great local Forest of Dean Businesses below
Click here to see details of local Function Room Hire & Storage Facilities.
Paws A While With Me, Whitecroft
A bespoke pet sitting, dog walking and home boarding service based in the Forest of Dean providing individualised care and attention for when you are not there. NARPS registered, fully insured, CRB checked and Licensed by Forest of Dean Council.
Lansdown Insurance Brokers, Cheltenham
Lansdown Insurance Brokers have been established in Cheltenham for over 50 years and our locally based staff have built up a reputation for excellent customer service. We can take the worry away with our expertise to make sure you have the right insurance cover whatever the type of business.
Forest of Dean Pest Control, Woolaston
Pest Control Forest of Dean.
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24/7 365 Days a Year. Call Now! on 07842 822522.
Best Advice and Survey for Your Pest Problems at No Cost to You!
Forest of Dean Pest Control, Woolaston
Pest Control Forest of Dean.
Professional Pest Control at Its Best.
24/7 365 Days a Year. Call Now! on 07842 822522.
Best Advice and Survey for Your Pest Problems at No Cost to You!
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Deanwood Barn Conference, Sports & Storage, Yorkley
Conference/Meeting/Function Rooms seating 30 - 600 people. Sports Hall hire. Ample Parking. Peaceful picturesque setting with stunning views beside the Forest of Dean.
Dormitory Accommodation. Kitchen facilities. Also quality self catering cottages and camping facilities on site. Indoor winter storage of Caravans, Motor homes, Boats.
01594 563585
You can find more great Businesses on our More Businesses page!Tweet
Find my Business on Free Business Listing.


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contest2010 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 69 diseños de 27 diseñadores freelance.
United Way KFL&A
For the past 70 years, our United Way has worked to strengthen lives by bringing together the financial resources of the region – business, labour, individuals, government, and funders – in support of a network of social service agencies. Through these agencies and their programs, people have found help and, in many cases, opportunity for a better life.
Males and females in the community, all ages.
United Way Climb for Change
United Way is launching a new fundraising event called 'Climb for Change' and we need a logo.
Residents in the community will gather pledges and climb the stairs of the INVISTA Centre in Kingston. All funds will help support United Way funded programs/services in the community.
Website: http://www.unitedwaykfla.ca/
Twitter: http://twitter.com/UnitedWaykfla
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/unitedwaykfla?ref=name
• Please keep the logo simple
• Logo must be a vector and be scalable
• Logo must also look good in black and white
• Logo must include the …
o Words 'United Way'
o Words 'Climb for Change'
I've attached the United Way logo.
Please do not extract any of the graphic elements contained in the United Way logo to use separately.
I've just attached some logo examples of how other United Way's have incorporate their logo to event and program designs. Hope they help!
The United Way logo must be the shade of red below …
Please let me know if you have any questions!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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Never heard of that PPG. Who's in that?Anyhow, I say:Kansas City Bomber
Not Without My Daughter
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Solar connectors, compatible with 4 mm standard
Automation Systems Interconnect Inc. has announced the release of their new line of solar connectors. The ASIPV series is compatible and intermateable with industry standard 4 mm connectors.
The solar connectors are available with a 1,000 V dc (IEC), 600 V dc (UL) and 25 A rating. Both male and female contacts have a wire range of 12-10 AWG. The connectors feature snap lock mating for secure connections. The metal crimp pins are made of a tin-plated copper to offer low contact resistance and protection against corrosion. The housing material is UL94-V0.
For more information, pricing, specifications and availability, see the ASI website at www.asisolarproducts.com.
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Automation Systems Interconnect Inc. is a CSIA membe as of 2/26/2015