text:
RECORD: Darwin, C. R. 1863. On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus Linum. [Read 5 February] Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Botany) 7: 69-83. 1 text figure.
REVISION HISTORY: Scanned, OCRed, corrected and edited by John van Wyhe 2003-8, textual corrections by Sue Asscher 1.2007. RN5
NOTE: For a French translation see F1967.
On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in several species of the genus Linum.1 By CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
[Read February 5, 1863.]
THE crimson Linum grandiflorum presents two forms, occurring in about equal numbers, which differ little in structure, but greatly in function. The foliage, corolla, stamens, and pollen (examined
1 The genus includes Linseed, known in America as flax. A modified version of this article was reprinted in Forms of Flowers, pp. 81-101. See Correspondence vol. 10. Extracts from this paper, with commentary by Asa Gray, were published in the American Journal of Science and Arts (September 1863): 279-84, see Correspondence vol. 11.
dry, and distended with water) are alike in both forms. The difference is confined to the pistil: in the one form, which I will call "short-styled," the column formed by the united styles, and the short stigmas, together is about half the length of the whole pistil in the other and "long-styled" form. A more important distinction is, that the five stigmas in the short-styled form diverge greatly from each other and pass out between the filaments of the stamens, and thus lie within the tube of the corolla. In the long-styled form the elongated stigmas stand nearly upright, and alternate with the anthers. In this latter form the length of the stigmas varies considerably, their upper extremities projecting even a little above the anthers, or reaching up only to about their middle. Nevertheless there is never the slightest difficulty in distinguishing between the two forms; for, besides the difference in divergence, the stigmas of the short-styled form never reach even to the bases of the anthers. In the short-styled, the papillæ on the stigmatic surfaces are shorter, darker-coloured, and more crowded together than in the long-styled form: but these differences seem due merely to the shortening of the stigma; for in the varieties of the long-styled form with shorter stigmas, the papillæ are more crowded and darker-coloured than in those with the longer stigmas. Considering the slight and variable differences between the two forms of this Linum, it is not surprising that they have been hitherto overlooked.
In 1861 I had eleven plants growing in my garden, eight of which were long-styled, and only three short-styled. Two very fine long-styled plants grew in a bed a hundred yards off, and separated from the others by a screen of evergreens. I marked twelve flowers, and put on their stigmas a little pollen from the short-styled plants. The pollen of the two forms is, as stated, identical in appearance; the stigmas of the long-styled flowers were already thickly covered with their own pollen—so thickly that I could not find one bare stigma; and it was late in the season, namely, September 15th. Altogether, to expect any result from this trial seemed almost childish. From my experiments, however, on Primula, which have been laid before this Society ('Journal,' vol. vi. p. 77),1 I had faith, and did not hesitate to make the trial, but certainly I did not anticipate the full result. The germens of these twelve flowers all swelled, and ultimately six fine capsules (the seed of which germinated this year) and two poor capsules were produced; only four capsules shanked off. These
1 Darwin 1862.
two plants produced, before and after and at the time of the trial, a vast number of flowers, but the germens of not even one swelled. All these flowers, though their stigmas were so densely covered with their own pollen, were absolutely barren.
The nine other plants, six long-styled and three short-styled, grew in the beds of the same flower-garden. Four of the long-styled produced no seed-capsules; one produced two; but the remaining long-styled plant grew so close to a short-styled plant that their branches touched, and this produced twelve capsules, but they were poor. The case was different with the short-styled plants. The plant which grew in juxtaposition with the long-styled plant produced ninety-four imperfectly fertilized capsules containing a multitude of bad seeds, with a moderate number of good seeds. The two other short-styled plants grew in a single clump, and were very small, being partly smothered by other plants; they did not stand very close to any long-styled plants, yet they yielded together nineteen capsules. These facts seem to show that the short-styled plants are far more fertile with their own pollen than the long-styled. We shall immediately see that this is the case in a slight degree. But I suspect that in this instance the difference in fertility between the two forms was in part due to a distinct cause. I repeatedly watched the flowers, and only once saw a humble-bee momentarily alight on one, and then fly away, as if it were not to its taste. If bees had visited the several plants, there cannot be a doubt that the four long-styled plants which did not produce a single capsule would have borne an abundance. But several times I saw small diptera sucking the flowers; and these insects, though not visiting the flowers with anything like the regularity of bees, would carry a little pollen from one form to the other, especially when growing close together; and the stigmas of the short-styled plants, diverging within the tube of the corolla, would be more likely than the upright stigmas of the long-styled to receive a small quantity of pollen when brought by small insects. From the much greater number of long-styled than of short-styled flowers in the garden, evidently the short-styled would be more likely to receive some pollen from the long-styled, than the long-styled from the short-styled.
In 1862 I raised thirty-four plants of this Linum in a hotbed; and these consisted of seventeen long-styled and seventeen short-styled forms. Seed sown later in the flower-garden yielded seventeen long-styled and twelve short-styled forms. These facts justify
the statement that the two forms are produced in about equal numbers. The first thirty-four plants were kept under a net which excluded insects. I fertilized heteromorphically fourteen long-styled flowers with pollen from the short-styled, and got eleven fine seed-capsules; these contained on an average 8.6 seeds per capsule, but only 5.6 were apparently good. It may be well to state that ten seeds is the maximum possible production for a capsule, and that our climate cannot be very favourable to this North-African plant. On three occasions I fertilized homomorphically1 the stigmas of altogether nearly a hundred flowers (but did not separately mark them) with their own pollen, but taken from separate plants, so as to prevent any possible ill effects from close interbreeding; and many other flowers were produced, which, as before stated, would get plenty of their own individual pollen; yet from all these flowers, borne by the seventeen long-styled plants, only three capsules were produced; one of these included no seed, and the other two together gave only five good seeds. Nor do I feel at all sure that this miserable product of the two half-fertile capsules from the seventeen plants, each of which must have produced at least fifty or sixty flowers, is really the result of their fertilization by their own pollen; for I made a great mistake in keeping the two forms under the same net, with their branches often interlocking, and it is surprising that a greater number of flowers were not accidentally fertilized.
Of the short-styled flowers I fertilized heteromorphically twelve with the pollen of the long-styled (and to make sure of the result I previously castrated the majority), and obtained seven fine seed-capsules. These included an average of 7.6 seeds, but of apparently good seed only 4.3 per capsule. At three separate times I fertilized homomorphically nearly a hundred flowers with their own-form pollen, taken from separate plants; and numerous other flowers were produced, many of which must have received their own pollen. From all these flowers borne on the seventeen plants, only fifteen capsules were produced, of which only eleven contained any good seed, on an average 4.2 per capsule. As remarked in the case of the long-styled plants, some even of these capsules were perhaps the product of a little pollen accidentally fallen from the flowers of the other form. Nevertheless the short-styled plants seem to be slightly more fertile with their own pollen, in the proportion of fifteen capsules to three, than the long-styled: the real proportional excess in fertility is probably a little greater, as the short-styled flowers, when not disturbed, do
1 'when the long- and the short-styled stigmas are fertilized by their own-form pollen the union is said to be "homomorphic"; when the long-styled and short-styled stigmas are fertilized by the pollen of the other form, the union is "heteromorphic."' Darwin 1862, p. 87.
not so surely receive their own pollen as do the long-styled. The greater self-fertility of the short-styled flowers was, as we have seen, also shown by the plants left to themselves, and but sparingly visited by insects, in the flower-garden in 1861, and likewise by those raised in 1862.
The absolute sterility (judging from the experiments of 1861, and which is hardly contradicted by those of 1862) of the long-styled plants with their own-form pollen led me to examine into its apparent cause; and the result is so curious that it will be worth while to give most of the experiments in detail. These experiments were tried on fresh plants, grown in pots and brought successively into the house.
First. I placed pollen from a short-styled flower on the five stigmas of a long-styled plant, and after thirty hours found them deeply penetrated by a multitude of pollen-tubes, far too numerous to be counted; the stigmas had become discoloured and twisted. I repeated this experiment on another flower, and in 18 hours found the stigmas penetrated by a multitude of long pollen-tubes. All this is what might have been expected, as this is a fertile or heteromorphic union. I likewise tried the converse experiment, and placed pollen from a long-styled flower on the stigmas of a short-styled flower, and in 24 hours found the stigmas discoloured, twisted, and penetrated by numerous pollen-tubes; and this, again, is what might have been expected, as this is a fertile or heteromorphic union.
Secondly. I placed pollen of a long-styled flower on all five stigmas of a long-styled flower on a separate plant: after 19 hours I rigorously dissected the stigmas, and found only a single pollen-grain which had emitted a very short tube. To make sure that the pollen was good, I took in this case, and in most other cases, pollen either from actually the same anther or from the same flower, and proved it to be good by placing it on the stigma of a short-styled plant, and seeing numerous pollen-tubes emitted.
Thirdly. Repeated last experiment, and placed own-form pollen on all five stigmas of a long-styled flower; and, after 19½ hours, not one single grain had emitted its tube.
Fourthly. Repeated the experiment, with the same result after 24 hours.
Fifthly. Repeated last experiment, and, after leaving pollen on for 19 hours, put an additional quantity of own-form pollen on all five stigmas. After an interval of exactly three whole days, I rigorously examined the stigmas, which, instead of being dis-
coloured and twisted, were straight and fresh-coloured; and only one grain had emitted quite a short tube, which could be drawn out of the stigmatic tissue without being ruptured.
The following experiments are more striking:—
Sixthly. I placed own-form pollen on three of the stigmas of a long-styled flower, and pollen from a short-styled flower on the other two stigmas. After 22 hours these two stigmas were discoloured, and slightly twisted, and penetrated by the tubes of numerous pollen-grains: the other three stigmas, covered with their own-form pollen, were fresh, and all the pollen-grains were loose; but I did not dissect the whole stigma rigorously.
Seventhly. Experiment repeated in the same manner, with the same result.
Eighthly. Experiment repeated, but the stigmas were carefully examined after an interval of only 5½ hours. The two stigmas with pollen from a short-styled flower were penetrated by innumerable tubes; but these were as yet short, and the stigmas themselves were not at all discoloured. The three stigmas covered with their own-form pollen were not penetrated by a single pollen-tube.
Ninthly. Put pollen of short-styled on one stigma, and own-form pollen on the other four stigmas; after 24 hours, found the one stigma somewhat discoloured, and twisted, and penetrated by many long tubes: the other four stigmas were quite straight and fresh; but on dissecting their whole lengths I found that three pollen-grains had protruded quite short tubes into the tissue.
Tenthly. Repeated the experiment, with the same result after 24 hours, excepting that only two own-form grains had penetrated the stigmatic tissue with their tubes, to a very short depth: the one stigma, which was deeply penetrated by a multitude of tubes from the short-styled pollen, presented a conspicuous difference in comparison with the other four straight and bright pink stigmas, in being much curled, half-shrivelled, and discoloured.
I could add a few other experiments; but those now given amply suffice to show that the pollen-grains of a short-styled flower placed on the stigmas of a long-styled flower emit a multitude of tubes after an interval of from five to six hours, and penetrate the tissue ultimately to a great depth, and that after twenty-four hours the stigmas thus penetrated change colour, become twisted, and appear half-withered. On the other hand, the pollen-grains of the long-styled flowers placed on their own stigmas, after an interval of a day, or even three days, do not emit their tubes, or at most only three or four grains out of a multitude emit their tubes; and these
apparently never penetrate the stigmatic tissue deeply, and the stigmas themselves do not become discoloured and twisted.
This seems to me a remarkable physiological fact. The pollen-grains of the two forms are undistinguishable under the microscope; the stigmas differ only in length, degree of divergence, and in the size, shade of colour, and approximation of their papillæ, these latter differences being variable and apparently simply due to the elongation of the stigma. Yet we plainly see that the two pollens and the two stigmas are widely dissimilar in action—the stigmas of each form being almost powerless on their own pollen, but causing, through some mysterious influence, by simple contact (for I could detect no viscid secretion), the pollen-grains of the opposite form to protrude their tubes. It may be said that the two pollens and the two stigmas by some means mutually recognize each other. Taking fertility as the criterion of distinctness, it is no exaggeration to say that the pollen of the long-styled Linum grandiflorum (and conversely of the other form) has been differentiated, with respect to the stigmas of all the flowers of the same form, to a degree corresponding with that of distinct species of the same genus, or even of species of distinct genera.
Linum perenne.—The dimorphism is here more conspicuous, and has been noticed by several authors. In the long-styled form the pistil is nearly twice as long as in short-styled; in the latter the stigmas are smaller and, diverging more, pass out between the filaments of the stamens. I could detect no difference in the size of the stigmatic papillæ; in the long-styled form alone the stigmatic surfaces turn round so as to face the circumference of the flower: but to this point we shall presently return. Differently from what occurs in L. grandiflorum, the long-styled flowers have stamens hardly more than half the length of those of the short-styled. The size of the pollen-grains is rather variable; after some doubt, I have come to the conclusion that there is no uniform difference between the pollen of the two forms. The long stamens in the short-styled form project to some height above the corolla, and, apparently from exposure to the light, the filaments are coloured blue. These longer stamens correspond in height with the lower part of the stigmas of the long-styled flowers; and the shorter stamens of the latter form correspond in the same manner in height with the shorter stigmas of the short-styled flowers.
I raised from seed twenty-six plants, which proved to be twelve long-styled and fourteen short-styled. They flowered well, but were not large plants. As I did not expect them to flower so
soon, I did not transplant them, and they unfortunately grew with their branches closely interlocked. All the plants were covered by a net, excepting one of each form. First, of the long-styled flowers, twelve were homomorphically fertilized by their own-form pollen, taken in every case from a separate plant; and not one flower set a seed-capsule: twelve other flowers were heteromorphically fertilized by pollen from short-styled flowers; and they set nine pods, each including on an average seven good seeds: as before, ten seeds is the maximum possible production. Secondly, of the short-styled flowers, twelve were homomorphically fertilized by own-form pollen, and they yielded one capsule, including only three good seeds; twelve other flowers were heteromorphically fertilized by pollen of long-styled flowers, and these produced nine capsules, but one was bad; the eight good capsules contained on an average exactly eight good seeds each.
The many flowers on the eleven long-styled plants under the net, which were not fertilized, produced only three capsules (including 8, 4, and 1 good seeds); whether, owing to the interlocking of the branches, these accidentally received pollen from the other form, I will not pretend to conjecture. The single long-styled plant which was uncovered, and grew close by the uncovered short-styled plant, produced five good pods; but it was a very poor and small plant.
The flowers borne on the thirteen short-styled plants under the net, which were not fertilized, produced twelve capsules (containing 5.6 seeds on average): as some of these capsules were very fine, and five were borne on one twig, I suspect that they had been visited by some minute insect which had accidentally got under the net and had carried pollen from the other form. The one uncovered short-styled plant yielded exactly the same number of capsules, namely, twelve.
From these facts we have some evidence, as in the case of L. grandiflorum, that the short-styled plants are in a very slight degree more fertile with their own pollen than are the long-styled plants. And we have the clearest evidence, from the result of the forty-eight flowers artificially fertilized, that the stigmas of each form require pollen from the stamens of corresponding height produced by the opposite form.
In contrast with the case of L. grandiflorum, it is a singular fact that the pollen-grains of both forms of L. perenne when placed on their own-form stigmas, though not causing fertility, yet emit their tubes; and these tubes I found, after an interval of eighteen
hours, had penetrated the stigmatic tissue, but to what depth I did not ascertain. In this case the inaction of the pollen-grains on their own stigmas must be due either to the tubes not reaching the ovules, or reaching them and not efficiently acting on them. In the case of Lythrum Salicaria,1 which I hope at some future time to lay before the Society, there are three distinct forms, each of which produces two kinds of pollen; but neither pollen, when placed on its own stigma, causes fertility, except occasionally and in a very moderate degree; yet the pollen-tubes in each case freely penetrate the stigmatic tissue.
The plants of L. perenne and L. grandiflorum grew, as stated, with their branches interlocked, and with scores of flowers of the two forms close together; they were covered by an open net, through which the wind, when high, passed; and such minute insects as Thrips could not, of course, be excluded; yet we have seen that the utmost possible amount of accidental fertilization on seventeen long-styled plants in the one case, and on eleven plants in the other case, was the production, in each, of three poor capsules; so that we may infer that, when the proper insects are excluded, the wind does hardly anything in the way of carrying pollen from plant to plant. I allude to this fact because botanists, in speaking of the fertilization of plants or of the production of hybrids, often refer to the wind or to insects as if the alternative were indifferent. This view, according to my experience, is entirely erroneous. When the wind is the agent in carrying pollen, either from one separated sex to the other, or from hermaphrodite to hermaphrodite (which latter case seems to be almost equally important for the ultimate welfare of the species, though occurring perhaps only at long intervals of time), we can recognize structure as manifestly adapted to the action of the wind as to that of insects when they are the carriers. We see adaptation to the wind in the incoherence of the pollen, in the inordinate quantity produced (as in the Coniferæ, Spinage, &c.), in the dangling anthers well fitted to shake out the pollen, in the absence or small size of the perianth or in the protrusion of the stigmas at the period of fertilization, in the flowers being produced before they are hidden by the leaves, in the stigmas being downy or plumose (as in the Gramineæ, Docks, and other plants) so as to secure the chance-blown grains. In plants which are fertilized by the wind, the flowers do not secrete nectar, their pollen is too incoherent to be easily collected by insects, they have not bright-coloured corollas to serve as guides, and they are not, as far as I have seen, visited
1 Darwin 1864.
by insects. When insects are the agents of fertilization (and this is incomparably the more frequent case both with plants having separated sexes and with hermaphrodites), the wind plays no part, but we see an endless number of adaptations to ensure the safe transport of the pollen by the living workers. We can recognize these adaptations most easily in irregular flowers; but they do not the less occur in perfectly regular flowers, of which those of Linum offer an instance, as I will almost immediately endeavour to show.
I have already alluded to the rotation of each separate stigma in the long-styled form alone of Linum perenne. In the other species examined by me, and in both forms when the species are dimorphic, the stigmatic surfaces face the centre of the flower, and the furrowed backs of the stigmas, to which the styles are attached, face the circumference. This is the case, in the bud, with the stigmas of the long-styled flowers of L. perenne. But by the time the flower in this form has expanded, the five stigmas, by the torsion of that part of the style which lies beneath the stigma, twist round and face the circumference. I should state that the five stigmas do not always perfectly turn round, two or three often facing only obliquely towards the circumference. My observations were made during October; and it is not improbable that earlier in the season the torsion would have been more perfect; for after two or three cold and wet days the movement was very incomplete. The flowers should be examined shortly after their expansion; for their duration is brief, and, as soon as they begin to wither, the styles become spirally twisted together, and the original position of the parts is lost.
He who will compare the structure of the whole flower in both forms of L. perenne and grandiflorum, and, I may add, of L. flavum, will, I think, entertain no doubt about the meaning of this torsion of the styles in the one form alone of L. perenne, as well as the meaning of the divergence of the stigmas in the short-styled forms of all three species. It is absolutely necessary, as we now know, that insects should reciprocally carry pollen from the flowers of the one form to those of the other. Insects are attracted by five drops of nectar, secreted exteriorly at the base of the stamens, so that to reach these drops they must insert their proboscides outside the ring of broad filaments, between them and the petals. In the short-styled form of the above three species, the stigmas face the axis of the flower; and had the styles retained their original upright and central position, not only would the stigmas have presented their backs to insects as they sucked the flowers, but they
would have been separated from them by the ring of broad filaments, and could never have been fertilized. As it is, the styles diverge greatly and pass out between the filaments. The stigmas, being short, lie within the tube of the corolla; and their papillous faces, after the divergence of the styles, being turned upwards are necessarily brushed by every entering insect, and thus receive the required pollen.
In the long-styled form of L. grandiflorum, the parallel anthers and stigmas, slightly diverging from the axis of the flower, project only a little above the tube of the somewhat concave corolla; and they stand directly over the open space leading to the drops of nectar. Consequently when insects visit the flowers of either form (for the stamens in this species occupy the same position in both forms), they will get their proboscides well dusted with the coherent pollen. As soon as the insect inserts its proboscis to a little depth into the flower of the long-styled form, it will necessarily leave pollen on the faces and margins of the long stigmas; and as soon as the insect inserts its proboscis to a rather greater depth into the short-styled flowers, it will leave pollen on their upturned stigmatic surfaces. Thus the stigmas of both forms will indifferently receive the pollen of both forms; but we know that the pollen alone of the opposite form will produce any effect and cause fertilization.
Long-styled form of L. perenne, var. Austriacum, with the petals and calyx removed on the near side.
In the case of L. perenne, affairs are arranged a little more perfectly; for the stamens in the two forms stand at different heights,
and pollen will adhere to different parts of an insect's body, and will generally be brushed off by the stigmas of corresponding height, to which stigmas each kind of pollen is adapted. In this species, the corolla is flatter, and in the one form the stigmas and in the other form the anthers stand at some height above the mouth of the corolla*. These longer stigmas and longer stamens do not diverge greatly; hence insects, especially rather small ones, will not insert their proboscides between the stigmas or between the anthers, but will strike against them, at nearly right angles, with the backs of their head or thorax. Now, in the long-styled flowers of L. perenne, if each stigma had not rotated on its axis, insects in visiting them would have struck their heads against the backs of the stigmas; as it is, they strike against the papillous fronts of the stigmas, and, their heads being already charged with the proper coherent pollen from the stamens of corresponding height borne by the flowers of the other form, fertilization is perfectly effected.
Thus we can understand the meaning of the torsion of the styles in the long-styled flowers alone, as well as their divergence in the short-styled flowers.
One other point is worth a passing notice. In botanical works many flowers are said to be fertilized in the bud. This rests solely, as far as I can discover, on the anthers opening in the bud; no evidence is adduced that the stigma is at this period mature, or that, if then penetrated by pollen-tubes, it is not subsequently, after the expansion of the flower, acted on by pollen brought from other flowers. In the case of Cephalanthera grandiflora I have shown† by experiment that insufficient precocious self-fertilization, together with subsequent full fertilization, is the regular course of events. The belief that flowers of any plant are habitually fertilized in the bud, or are perpetually self-fertilized, is a most effectual bar to really understanding their structure. I am far from wishing to say that some flowers, in certain seasons, are not fertilized in the bud: I have reason to believe that some flowers are frequently fertilized without expanding; but my observations lead me to disbelieve that this is ever the invariable
* I neglected to get drawings made from fresh flowers of the two forms. Mr. Fitch1 has made the above sketch of a long-styled flower from dried specimens and published engravings: his well-known skill ensures accuracy in the proportional size of the parts; and I believe their relative position is true.
† Fertilization of Orchids, p. 108.
1 Walter Hood Fitch (1817-1892), from 1841 botanical artist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
course with all the flowers of any species whatever. As it is difficult to prove without troublesome experiments the falsity of the belief of regular fertilization in the bud, I here notice this subject. An estimable and laborious observer*, resting his belief on the usual kind of evidence, states that in L. Austriacum (which is dimorphic and is considered by Planchon1 as a variety of L. perenne) the anthers open the evening before the expansion of the flowers, and that the long-styled stigmas are then almost always fertilized. He asks whether this precocious fertilization in the several species of Linum and in other plants is not one cause of the short duration of their flowers. Now we know positively that, so far from Linum perenne being fertilized by its own pollen in the bud, its own pollen is as powerless on the stigma as so much inorganic dust.
Linum flavum.—To recur to our more immediate subject, in the long-styled form of this species the pistil is nearly twice as long as in the short-styled form; and the stigmas are longer with the papillæ coarser. In the short-styled form the stigmas diverge and pass out between the filaments. The stamens in the two forms differ in height, and, what is singular, the anthers of the longer stamens are shorter; so that in the short-styled form both stigmas and anthers are shorter than in the other form. The pollen of the two forms does not differ. I have not been able to try any experiments on this species; but a careful observer, Mr. W. C. Crocker, intends proving their reciprocal fertility next summer. As this plant is propagated by cuttings, I have generally found that all the plants in the same garden belong to the same form. On inquiry I have never heard of its seeding in this country; but to anyone wishing to raise seedlings, in all probability the path is now open, namely, by carrying pollen from one form to the other.
I have now shown that three species of Linum are dimorphic, besides several races of L. perenne, esteemed by some botanists to be distinct species, such as L. montanum, L. Sibiricum, and L. Austriacum. According to Vaucher†2, L. Gallicum, L. maritimum, and L. strictum are in the same manner dimorphic, as likewise is, according to Planchon‡, L. salsoloides. This latter botanist is the only one who seems to have been struck with the importance of the subject; and he acutely asks whether this dimorphism has not some influence on the manner of fertilization. We thus know of
* Études sur la Géograph. Bot., par Prof. H. Lecoq,3 1856, tom. v. p. 325.
† Hist. Physiolog. des Plantes d'Europe, 1841, tom. i. p. 401.
‡ Hooker's London Journ. of Botany, 1848, vol. vii. p. 174.
1 Jules Emile Planchon (1823-1888), French botanist, director of the school of pharmacy, Montpellier, 1856. Planchon 1847-8.
2 Jean Pierre Etienne Vaucher (1763-1841), Swiss botanist. Vaucher 1841.
3 Henri Lecoq (1802-1871), French naturalist, botanist and vulcanologist. Lecoq 1854-8.
seven dimorphic species of Linum; but as this structure has been overlooked in such common garden-flowers as L. grandiflorum and L. flavum, it is probably of frequent occurrence.
All the species, however, are certainly not thus characterized. I have examined many specimens of L. catharticum, and found in all that the stamens and stigmas were of nearly equal height and the same in all the plants. So, again, I looked, near Torquay, at many flowers of the wild L. usitatissimum or angustifolium (I know not which), and there was no trace of dimorphism. Again, I raised 111 plants from seed sent me from Kew, incorrectly named L. Austriacum; the plants were tall and straight, having a rather different aspect from the wild species seen at Torquay, with extremely fugacious blue flowers: in all these plants the stigmas stood on a level with the anthers or projected a very little above them. I protected the flowers from insects; but every one of the 111 plants produced plenty of seed. I mention this fact because it had occurred to me that possibly a species might be dimorphic in function, though not in structure.
Lastly, Linum Lewisii, which is ranked by Planchon as a variety of L. perenne, but which, now that we know the meaning of reciprocal dimorphism, surely deserves specific honours, must not be passed over. According to Planchon*, the same plant bears some flowers with anthers and stigmas of the same height, and others with styles either longer or shorter than the stamens; so that the same individual plant is trimorphic. This, as far as I know, is a unique case. From analogy we may pretty safely predict the function of the three kinds of flowers: those with stigmas and anthers of the same height will be self-fertile; those with these organs of unequal height will require reciprocal fertilization. A plant of L. grandiflorum or of the other dimorphic species, growing by itself, could no more perpetuate its race than could one sex of a diœcious plant, nor could any number of plants without the aid of insects. A single plant of Linum Lewisii, on the other hand, in all probability could propagate itself, even if no insects were present, as probably sometimes occurs in its Arctic home. If insects visited the plant, the flowers which were dimorphic would be fertile one with another or with those on any neighbouring plant. Thus the plant would receive the advantage of a cross.
* Hooker's London Journ. of Botany, 1848, vol. vii. p. 175. It is not improbable that the allied genus Hugonia is dimorphic; for (p. 525) one species is described "staminibus exsertis;" another has "stamina 5, majora, stylos longe superantia;" and another is furnished "stylis staminibus longioribus."
That this is an advantage, and is one great end gained by reciprocal dimorphism, I can entertain no doubt. That in some cases this dimorphism may be a step towards a complete separation of the sexes, I will not dispute; but good reasons could be assigned to show that there is no necessary connexion between reciprocal dimorphism and a tendency to diœcious structure. Although good is gained by the inevitable crossing of the dimorphic flowers, yet numerous other analogous facts lead me to conclude that some other quite unknown law of nature is here dimly indicated to us.
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Citation: John van Wyhe, editor. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
File last updated 2 July, 2012


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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I just saw one that used "Crazy Train" by Ozzy Osbourne. Is that it? Or are there multiple commercials with different soundtracks?
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TMZ has obtained an arrest record revealing that Cataldo carried a handgun into a bar in Glendale, Ariz. back in 2006, after being kicked out for fighting. According to the arresting officer, Cataldo was "concealing" the gun under his clothing, and was confronted by security and arrested.
Cataldo plead no contest to carrying a concealed weapon (a misdemeanor) and was fined $568.
Cataldo went to serious lengths on last night's show to explain to the judges that he'd turned his life around since then. He revealed his baby mama was killed for being "at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with the wrong people, doing the wrong thing."
FOX had no comment.


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Dayton Objects to Vikings Stadium Fee Ideas
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) - Minnesota Gov. Mark Dayton says he'll fight any effort by the Vikings to charge fans extra fees to buy season tickets in the new publicly subsidized football stadium.
In a sharply worded letter Tuesday, Dayton told team owner Zygi Wilf that he is distressed by reports the team may charge seat license fees to help generate a private contribution toward the stadium. Dayton says he will urge a public authority to block any such move.
The team is due to pay slightly more than half of the $975 million price tag. Dayton told Wilf that the contribution is the responsibility of team owners, not fans.
The governor has long pushed for what he calls a "People's Stadium." He says he won't let the result be a "Rich People's Stadium."
(Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved)


text:
Welcome to Whiting Clinic LASIK Eye Care
Dr. David Whiting is a board certified ophthalmologist who specializes in LASIK Vision Surgery, Cataract Surgery and offers all aspects of routine eye care at his Minneapolis, MN office. He has been an entrusted local eye doctor for over 20 years and has provided all segments of eye care to thousands of patients in order to help them meet their goals of visual clarity and health through treatments that offer enhanced optical wellness.
Whiting Clinic Minneapolis 952-475-3787
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LASIK Eye Surgery
If your vision requirements include corrective eye surgery, the Whiting Clinic team will discuss all the details of the procedure with you. You may have questions about LASIK eye surgery cost, healing time, and other factors of laser eye surgery. Whiting Clinic is your partner throughout the process and will provide you with the information and care you need to ensure your laser eye surgery is a complete success.
Dr. David Whiting and staff have only one aim and that is to deliver the highest caliber of laser eye surgery and vision correction options available in Minneapolis and worldwide. To schedule a consultation or to discuss your vision options, call us at (952) 475-3787 or (855) WHITING [944 8464] today.


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Brogdon scores 19 and No. 12 Virginia beats No. 4 Syracuse 75-56 to take 1st in ACC
- Image 1 of 2
- Image 2 of 2
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. – Malcolm Brogdon scored eight of his 19 points during a decisive second-half run and No. 12 Virginia clinched the top seed in the Atlantic Coast Conference tournament by beating No. 4 Syracuse 75-56 on Saturday.
Akil Mitchell added 12 points and nine rebounds and Mike Tobey and Justin Anderson scored 11 each for the Cavaliers (25-5, 16-1 ACC), who won their only outright ACC regular season title 33 years ago — 1980-81 — when Ralph Sampson was a sophomore. The victory was their 13th in a row and the final buzzer brought hundreds streaming onto the court.
Tyler Ennis and C.J. Fair scored 13 each for the Orange (26-3, 13-3), who lost for the third time in four games. Syracuse played much of the game without ailing Jerami Grant because of a sore back.


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3:00 am
Teaching Channel Presents "Common Core PreK - 12" We'll start with Pre-K math students and finish up with high school English students as we explore the many ways Common Core is being integrated into classrooms-in both math and ELA the emphasis is teaching students how to think. D
4:00 am
Mechanical Universe And Beyond, The "Resonance" Why a swaying bridge collapses with a high wind, and why a wine glass shatters with a higher octave. D
4:30 am
Economics U$A "Supply and Demand" The California drought, the Arab oil embargo, and the designer jeans craze reveal the forces of supply and demand. D
5:00 am
NHK Newsline NULL
5:30 am
Destinos: An Introduction to Spanish "En El Extranjero (Abroad)" This episode introduces more words for food and briefly treats Spanish colonial history in South and Central America.G
6:00 am
Power Yoga: Mind and Body "Core - Abs/Back - Version Two" With Forward Fold, Revolved Triangle, Shalabasana, and others. D
6:30 am
Clifford The Big Red Dog "Fluffed Up Cleo/Team Spirit" Fluffed Up Cleo - When Cleo wins the esteemed honor of Fluffiest Dog of Birdwell Island, it's all she can talk about! Clifford and T-Bone bear with the new star, but it takes a lot of patience. When Cleo gets a dose of her own medicine from Mac, she learns that bragging all of the time can be boring - it's okay to be proud of an accomplishment, but be careful to be respectful of others. Team Spirit - After Jetta tells Vaz that his poor soccer skills are holding back their team, Vaz tries to sit out the rest of the game. D
7:00 am
Arthur "Prunella's Special Edition/The Secret Life of Dogs & Babies" The latest book about everyone's favorite boy wizard-Henry Skreever, of course-is finally in stores! Every kid in town is lining up to get it except Prunella, who's ordered a monogrammed, limited edition, coming all the way from England. She's in for a surprise, though, when they mix up her order and send a Braille version instead. Ever wonder what Baby Kate and Pal are thinking? Join an adventure into their secret world, where Arthur and D.W. D
7:30 am
Martha Speaks "Monkeyshines Martha/Dog Daze" Monkeyshines Martha - Helen's hefty schoolwork load leaves her with little time left to spend with Martha. At loose ends, Martha finds a friend in Professor Monkey, whose wacky inventions propel Martha into a world of new adventures. Vocabulary: (E) relie(f)(ve), genius, unwind, cherish, pressure. D
8:00 am
Curious George "For The Birds/Curious George-Asaurus" George tries to squirrel-proof the birdhouse when he finds Jumpy Squirrel is stealing bird seeds.G
8:30 am
Cat in the Hat Knows A Lot About That! "Chasing Rainbows/Follow The Prints" The kids are painting a picture of a rainbow but can't remember all the colors to use. Luckily for them, Cat takes them to Color-ga-lore to meet King Kaleidoscope, an expert on rainbows! Nick and Sally are enjoying a backyard picnic when they discover their last strawberry has gone missing! Who could have taken it? Cat's friend Cluey Looey can help them!G
9:00 am
Super Why! "The Stars in the Sky" Princess Pea wants to play in a rainbow, but her mother says it simply can't be done! So the Super Readers soar into the story The Stars in the Sky and accompany a little girl named Ella with a big dream of her own! As the Super Readers climb higher and higher they begin to wonder - will they play with the stars, or merely wish on them? Educational Objectives: To learn about the fun of fantasy, follow the alphabet, practice spelling skills and use the power to read to change the story and save the day!. D
9:30 am
Dinosaur Train "Dinosaur Train Submarine: Otto Opthalmosaurus/King Meets Crystal" When the Pteranodon family takes the Dinosaur Train under the sea to visit their friend Elmer Elasmosaurus, they learn that the Elasmosaurus family is going away from the station to follow their food, the fish. Buddy wants to follow, but the train tunnel doesn't go that way - so the Conductor decides to take the family in a brand-new invention, the Dinosaur Train Submarine! On their journey, they meet a marine reptile called Otto Opthalmosaurus, who guides the submarine deeper than it's ever been, and even helps them find their way out of a sea cave. During a day at Troodon Town Music Festival, the Pteranodon family and King Cryolophosaurus hear a wonderful singer named Crystal Cryolophosaurus. D
10:00 am
Sesame Street "Still Life with Cookie" Cookie Monster learns how to control himself from eating his own paintings. Educational Objective: Self-Regulation, Art. D
11:00 am
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood "Daniel's Babysitter/Daniel Goes to School" Daniel's Babysitter - Prince Tuesday comes to babysit Daniel Tiger while Mom Tiger and Dad Tiger go out dancing. As Daniel gets ready for bed, he misses his Mom and Dad, but Prince Tuesday reminds him that they will be back soon. And when Tigey goes missing right before bedtime, Daniel learns what a grr-ific babysitter Prince Tuesday is. D
11:30 am
Sid The Science Kid "The Wind Did It" Sid can't figure out who messed up the pile of leaves he raked up in the backyard. At school, Sid and his friends discover that wind is strong enough to make sand dunes, waves, move sail boats, and even blow away a pile of leaves!. D
12:00 pm
WordWorld "Boppin' with the Bug Band/Shuffleword" Boppin' with the Bug Band - Ant is having a band showcase on his radio show and while Bug, Fly and Bee have some really good music, they need a lot of help with their lyrics. Frog teaches the Bug Band all about rhyming and they eventually give a fantastic performance. Shuffleword - When Pig and Ant get into an argument while playing Shuffleword, Pig storms off with the consonants and Ant storms off with the vowels but they soon realize that not only do they need each other's letters to make words but they also need each other to have fun!. D
12:30 pm
Caillou "Caillou Tells The Truth" Olive Muddle: Grandma brings over some delicious treats for the kids to try - only they're full of olives. Caillou doesn't like olives, but he doesn't know how to tell Grandma he doesn't like her cherished dishes.until. D
1:00 pm
Barney & Friends "Guess Who? and Sweet Treats" Guess Who?: BJ and Baby Bop decide to get Halloween celebrations underway with a costume party. But when it comes to picking costumes, Riff just can't decide! That night, as the festivities get underway, Riff makes a grand entrance proudly wearing a costume that suits him perfectly! Educational theme: Friendship. Sweet Treats: Barney and his friends go trick-or-treating in the park. D
1:30 pm
Thomas & Friends "Laughing Together" Big Belle - Belle is very excited to learn that Toby also has a bell just like hers, and wants to go and be friends with him. Toby is a little intimidated when he sees how big and powerful Belle is. Belle decides that she wants Toby to do everything that she wants to do. D
2:00 pm
Curious George "For The Birds/Curious George-Asaurus" George tries to squirrel-proof the birdhouse when he finds Jumpy Squirrel is stealing bird seeds.G
2:30 pm
Martha Speaks "Monkeyshines Martha/Dog Daze" Monkeyshines Martha - Helen's hefty schoolwork load leaves her with little time left to spend with Martha. At loose ends, Martha finds a friend in Professor Monkey, whose wacky inventions propel Martha into a world of new adventures. Vocabulary: (E) relie(f)(ve), genius, unwind, cherish, pressure. D
3:00 pm
The Electric Company "Franscent" Francine ruins both her science project and Lisa's. The two rivals need find a way to work together on a new project or they'll both fail. D
3:30 pm
WordGirl "Mousezilla/Villain School" Mousezilla - Team Botsford goes head-to-head against Team Heaslip in the citywide scavenger hunt. Dr. Two-Brains and Tobey have also teamed up to create a mighty, metal Mouse-Zilla robot to attack the city and steal all its cheese. Will WordGirl be able to defeat Mouse-zilla and help the Botsford's win the scavenger hunt? Vocab words: Collaborate, Quest Villian School - In an attempt to inspire some novice villains, The Coach invites his prize student, The Whammer, to speak at his new school for Evil Villains and Arch Enemies. D
4:00 pm
Wild Kratts "Build It Beaver" The Wild Kratts team must lend a hand to help a beaver rebuild its damaged lodge and restore the ecosystem for all the creatures who live there. Science Concepts: Beavers make dams that block the flow of water down a stream. Through building dams, the beaver single-handedly transforms the landscape, creating homes for a variety of wildlife. D
4:30 pm
Cyberchase "The Guilty Party" Hacker returns to Poddleville with a peace offering: a magnificent statue of the Mayor of Poddleville. But at the unveiling party, Hacker accuses someone of stealing the key to his recharger chair. The accused claims he's innocent. D
5:00 pm
Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman "The Ol' Switcheroo" Ruff sends Harsha and DJ out to engineer a "puck stopper" that he can use as goalie in a game with Scruff's hockey team. Meanwhile, Jay and Noel trade places for a day. D
5:30 pm
Nightly Business Report Tonight on Nightly Business Report, high anxiety in Washington. The Treasury says a U.S. default would be catastrophic and stocks did not like that one bit. D
5:56 pm
NewsHour Promo NULL
6:00 pm
PBS NewsHour NULL
7:00 pm
Doc Martin "Nowt So Queer" Portwen buzzes with the news of the engagement of Dr. Martin Ellingham and Headmistress Louisa Glasson. Several villagers fall ill from eating mushrooms. Bert Large's son Al steps in to help the restaurant.G
8:00 pm
Outdoor Idaho "Climbing Idaho" Today's rock-climbing enthusiasts support climbing gyms, clubs and advocacy groups - no longer the exclusive band of wanderers of just a few decades ago. The heights they achieve throughout the state require skills, levels of expertise, techniques and climbing methods as varied as the state's terrain. Cameras follow as they seek to conquer nature's rock walls.G
8:30 pm
Art Wolfe's Travels to the Edge "Alaska: Katmai Coast" The largest intact stretch of uninhabited coastline left in North America also has the world's largest population of grizzly bears. Joining bear biologists, Wolfe captures a fresh look at grizzly behavior.G
9:00 pm
Midsomer Murders "Murder On St. Malley's Day, Part 2" After a local Devington man is found murdered on the school grounds, Barnaby believes that someone is willing to kill to keep the morbid history of the Pudding Club from being exposed. Part 2 of 2G
10:00 pm
Death In Paradise DI Richard Poole and his team find themselves becoming involved in a mysterious plot of pirates and ancient myths after a treasure hunter is found murdered in the jungle.G
11:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL


text:
A brave restaurant owner confronted a knife-wielding man standing on the stairs of the eatery.
Derby Crown Court heard how he challenged burglar Cal Lomas who had been freed from prison only 16 days before returning to Chesterfield.
Takeaway boss Cuunming Yan demanded to know what Lomas was doing and was told "he was looking for someone" in the Oto Kuda restaurant.
Laura Pitman, prosecuting, said: "The defendant didn't seem sure what he was saying. Mr Yan told him to leave and the defendant walked off, not gesturing with the knife."
Mr Yan found two staff members' jackets were missing, according to the court, and failed attempts had been made to get into the office after the incident on January 31 which had left the lock damaged.
A ten-month prison sentence was ordered for Lomas, 27, of The Crescent, Brimington, Chesterfield. He admitted burglary and having a blade in public.
Judge Ebrahim Mooncey described the knife as "huge" and said police found a second one hidden in his clothing. Both had been taken from the restaurant.
Mr Mooncey told Lomas: "Mr Yan bravely didn't run away. No doubt he was very frightened. He told you to leave and fortunately you did,"
Lomas was later seen with a knife in the Portland pub. A customer took this off him and police were alerted.
Mr Mooncey added: "It must be frightening for members of the public to see someone carrying a knife when they are not in control of themselves. Anything can happen."
Joe Harvey, mitigating, said: "Lomas' last recollection was that he wanted to get something to eat. The next was waking up in a prison cell."
The court heard that when Lomas had too much to drink he suffered blackouts and, according to Mr Harvey, he does not want to live a life where criminal behaviour is a regular occurrence.


text:
Uncomplicated Firewall
Uncomplicated firewall (ufw) is a simple frontend for iptables that is designed to be easy to use. The next two sections are simply high-level explanations and examples.
Template:Package Official can be installed from the [community] repository.
You need to include ufw in your daemons array in rc.conf, ideally before bringing up your network interfaces. Do not include the iptables daemon because it simply loads an iptables ruleset from Template:Filename.
Basic Configuration
A very simplistic configuration which will deny all by default, allow any protocol from inside a 192.168.0.1-192.168.0.255 LAN, and allow incoming Deluge and SSH traffic from anywhere:
# ufw default deny # ufw allow from 192.168.0.0/24 # ufw allow Deluge # ufw allow SSH
The next line is only need once the first time you install the package. From there on out, either put ufw in your daemons array in rc.conf or control it via the standard rc.d script (i.e. rc.d start ufw):
# ufw enable
Finally, query the rules being applied via the status command:
# ufw status
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24 Deluge ALLOW Anywhere SSH ALLOW Anywhere
Adding Other Applications
The PKG comes with some defaults based on the default ports of many common daemons and programs. Inspect the options by looking in the /etc/ufw/applications.d directory or by listing them in the program itself:
# ufw app list
If users are running any of the applications on a non-standard port, it is recommended to simply make Template:Filename containing the needed data using the defaults as a guide.
Example, deluge with custom tcp ports that range from 20202-20205:
[Deluge-my] title=Deluge description=Deluge BitTorrent client ports=20202:20205/tcp
Should you require to define both tcp and udp ports for the same application, simply separate them with a pipe as shown: this app opens tcp ports 10000-10002 and udp port 10003
One can also use a comma to define ports if a range is not desired. This example opens tcp ports 10000-10002 (inclusive) and udp ports 10003 and 10009
Deleting Applications
Drawing on the Deluge/Deluge-my example above, the following will remove the standard Deluge rules and replace them with the Deluge-my rules from the above example:
# ufw delete allow Deluge # ufw allow Deluge-my
Query the result via the status command:
# ufw status
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24 SSH ALLOW Anywhere Deluge-my ALLOW Anywhere
Rate Limiting with ufw
ufw has the ability to deny connections from an IP address that has attempted to initiate 6 or more connections in the last 30 seconds. Users should consider using this option for services such as sshd.
Using the above basic configuration, to enable rate limiting we would simply replace the allow parameter with the limit parameter. The new rule will then replace the previous.
# ufw limit ssh Rule updated # ufw status
Status: active To Action From -- ------ ---- Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24 SSH LIMIT Anywhere Deluge-my ALLOW Anywhere


text:
Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
tifosi77 wrote:Cinefex Magazine ran a fall poll recently to identify the best VFX in cinema history. The final list:Spoiler:1. Star Wars: A New Hope – Opening shot
2. Jason & the Argonauts – Skeleton warrior battle
3. Blade Runner – Opening shot
4. An American Werewolf in London: David's transformation
5. The Abyss – Water pseudopod
6. 2001: A Space Odyssey – Star gate sequence
7. The Empire Strikes Back – Chase through asteroid field
8. John Carpenter's The Thing – Chest defibrillation
9. Young Sherlock Holmes – Stained glass knight
10. Jurassic Park – T-Rex attack on children in vehicles
Personally, I think some of these things are on the list because they represented the cutting edge at the time rather than being particularly 'good'. The YSR stained glass knight and the pseudopod from The Abyss, for example, aren't particularly great, imo. But they were bleeding edge achievements of the day.
Idoit40fans wrote:Maybe you should have seen it before you let your expectations inflate, it was a pretty great movie.
count2infinity wrote:watching it at an airport on my iphone.
pittsoccer33 wrote:count2infinity wrote:watching it at an airport on my iphone.
Do you enjoy watching things this way? I have a netbook that I watch things on planes, but thats about the only time I've ever watched something on a small screen.
I was listening to a podcast about a big Hollywood confab where the creative people and the technology people get together and talk about various issues (DVRs, binge watching, 3D, UHD, etc) and they had a bunch of USC film students there. NONE of them had a television. None. They all watch content on phones and laptops which just blew my mind (and from the podcast most of those in attendance). One of them said he doesnt care at all about screen size or quality because he cares more about story.
pittsoccer33 wrote:count2infinity wrote:watching it at an airport on my iphone.
Do you enjoy watching things this way?
pittsoccer33 wrote:because he cares more about story.
count2infinity wrote:Idoit40fans wrote:Maybe you should have seen it before you let your expectations inflate, it was a pretty great movie. :pop:
it may have been because I was tired, watching it at an airport on my iphone. the wife wants to watch it as well, so I'll likely give it another go at some point.
tifosi77 wrote:They've already made two direct-to-video sequels, one in 2004 and another in 2008.
Always maintained that if you replace the word 'bug' with the word 'Jew', the original ST works on an entirely new level.
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text:
Let's Up The Ante: We'll Pay John Sununu & Harold Ford Jr. $1,000 To Pay Netflix's Broadband Bill
from the crickets? dept
But Derek Kerton may have had the best idea of all, noting that Sununu and Ford will almost certainly ignore our request that they swap their broadband bills with Netflix. Derek suggests we up the ante, and offer to actually give Sununu and Ford some money if they agree to pay Netflix's broadband bills for the rest of 2011. He's putting up $500 and we at Techdirt will match his offer and put up another $500. So, that's $1,000 for Sununu and Ford Jr. if they're willing to pay Netflix's braodband bill. Hell, we'll give them some time to think it over, and say they only have to pay for the last quarter of the year. If they'll pay Netflix's broadband bills for October, November and December, we'll give them $1,000 ($500 each). Some others in the comments have also offered to chip in as well, so perhaps we can raise the ante a bit more.
So here we go. According to Sununu and Ford Jr., this is "free money" that we're offering them. Will they take it? Will they agree to pay for Netflix and its very cheap "free rider" broadband bill? I'm not holding my breath.


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Banks, Retailers Speed Up Drive to Add Chips to Credit, Debit Cards
Data Breaches Spur Effort to Boost Security; End of the Swipe?
GLEN ALLEN, Va.—Morgan Montgomery inserted a credit card into a device, pulled it out and tried to pay for her groceries. But the transaction failed because she didn't realize the card was supposed to stay in the machine while she signed for the purchase.
"I don't like letting go of it," she said of the card. "I'm worried about leaving it behind."


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Posts from the 'Humor' Category
- Apple Rant on Thursday, 15July2010
I, Michael J Turner, retain all copyright protection of my original thoughts, words, and photographs. So far it includes the year of 2010, but I shall not limit myself to just this year.
I would love for you to use my material with the caveat that you give me credit for it. You will go to hell for stealing as sure as you will for murder (it's in the Bible, Google it!). You shall not receive monetary compensation for using my copyrighted material, except without express written permission from me (and some monetary compensation for me as well). With full credit to me given, you can pass along my stuff to anyone - but they are also beholden to these restrictions (including giving me monetary compensation).
By the way, despite the overarching intellect apparent from these posts and pages, if you read, see, hear or infer actions or activities that endanger yourself or others, I exempt myself from blame. If you know its wrong, just cause you got the idea from Insensitized.WordPress.com does not mean I have any legal liability. If you are that big a fool, I refuse the ethical liability as well. In fact I just might blog about your foolishness.
The opinions put forth here belong to me only, and are correct.


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WASHINGTON (AP) – The World War II Memorial in Washington is getting a free mobile app to help teach visitors about the war, the site's symbolism and the millions of people it honors.
The nonprofit Trust for the National Mall is releasing the smartphone app Tuesday. Students from Washington's Alice Deal Middle School will demonstrate it for Honor Flight veterans from Missouri as they visit the memorial.
The memorial app includes details about the memorial's construction and architecture, as well as a virtual scavenger hunt about the memorial's content. It also includes firsthand accounts from veterans who served in the war, a timeline of milestones in the war and a database to look up the names of service members who were killed.
The app is available for download on iTunes and Google Play.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Best Practices for Using Native XML Web Services
This topic presents some best practices to consider when you plan and evaluate Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005 for use in your business solutions. These recommendations are intended to help you in the following ways:
- Help secure your installation of SQL Server when you use Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005.
- Help improve the performance of your installation of SQL Server by offering usage guidelines. These guidelines can help you decide on whether your application is effectively served by using Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005.
Security Best Practices
Consider the following security best practice recommendations when you deploy Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005:
- Use Kerberos authentication.
- Limit endpoint connect permissions to specific users or groups.
- Use Secure Socket Layer to exchange sensitive data.
- Use SQL Server behind a firewall.
- Verify the Windows Guest account is disabled on the server.
- Control and update endpoint state as needed.
- Use secure endpoint defaults whenever possible.
Use Kerberos Authentication
When you use CREATE ENDPOINT to create endpoints, select either AUTHENTICATION=KERBEROS or AUTHENTICATION = INTEGRATED to enable Windows integrated security under Kerberos to be used as the type of authentication used on an endpoint. The first option, will allow only Kerberos as the mode of authentication for the endpoint. The second option allows the endpoint to support both NTLM and Kerberos authentication.
For authentication, the Kerberos protocol provides improved security by using built-in features such as mutual authentication. This means the identity of both servers and clients are authenticated.
When you are using Kerberos authentication, SQL Server must associate a Service Principal Name (SPN) with the account it will be running on. For more information, see Registering Kerberos Service Principal Names by Using Http.sys.
Limit Endpoint Connect Permissions to Specific Users or Groups
After you have created the endpoints that are required for your deployment, secure them by setting endpoint connection permissions by using Transact-SQL statements, such as GRANT CONNECT and ALTER ON ENDPOINT. When you assign connection permissions, be specific and grant permission only to the specific users or a specific group that is reserved for endpoint access to SQL Server.
Generally, you should limit permissions to only allow individual users to connect to endpoints. Granting access to the public role is not recommended. Instead, we recommend that you fully understand the permissions model for SQL Server. You can use this model to judiciously control endpoint access.
The public role is a special database role to which every SQL Server user belongs. This role contains default access permissions for any user that can access the database. Because this database role is a built-in default role of SQL Server and serves as a way to grant access to all users (similar to Everyone or Authenticated Users in Windows permissions), it should be used with caution when you configure permissions on SQL Server.
For more information, see GRANT Endpoint Permissions (Transact-SQL).
Use Secure Sockets Layer to Exchange Sensitive Data
The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol provides support for both encryption and decryption of data over a secure TCP/IP socket (IP address and TCP port number combination) interface. For SQL Server endpoints to provide SSL encryption, you must first configure a certificate.
When you register a certificate for the default SSL port of 443, consider that the same certificate might also be shared by other applications. For example, Internet Information Services (IIS) may be hosting SSL traffic on the same port, in which case this configuration may affect IIS users. There could be security implications because of this sharing of the SSL port and its certificates.
For more information, see Configuring Certificate for Use by SSL.
Use SQL Server Behind a Firewall
For the best possible security, you should only use Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005 behind a firewall. Make sure that when you set up endpoints that any TCP port numbers you use to provide HTTP access are protected by the firewall. Allowing an installation of SQL Server to be directly accessed by Internet clients and not protected by a firewall is not a recommended network configuration. For more information, see Security Considerations for a SQL Server Installation.
Verify the Windows Guest Account Is Disabled on the Server
The Guest account is a built-in user account provided in most versions of Microsoft Windows. In Windows Server 2003, it is disabled by default. For Windows 2000 Server and Windows NT Server 4.0, it is enabled by default.
To reduce the risk of surface attacks when endpoints are being used, you should make sure that the Guest account is disabled on the server on which SQL Server is running. For more information, see the topic "To disable or activate a local user account" in Windows Help.
Control and Update Endpoint State As Needed
When you create an endpoint by using CREATE ENDPOINT, the default state is stopped, unless you explicitly start it by specifying STATE = STARTED. To control the state of an existing endpoint, use ALTER ENDPOINT to specify STOPPED, STARTED, or DISABLED.
For example, use the following statements to start or stop the previously created endpoint
ALTER ENDPOINT sql_endpoint STATE=STARTED
ALTER ENDPOINT sql_endpoint STATE=STOPPED
You should also disable endpoints or drop specific Web methods on an endpoint, or the endpoint, if you have no foreseeable use for them.
The following example shows disabling an endpoint:
ALTER ENDPOINT sql_endpoint STATE=DISABLED
After an endpoint is disabled, it cannot be restarted until the SQL Server service (MSSQLServer) is restarted.
To drop a Web method from an endpoint, you would use a statement similar to the following format:
ALTER ENDPOINT sql_endpoint
DROP WEBMETHOD 'SayHello'
To drop an endpoint, use DROP ENDPOINT.
Use Secure Endpoint Defaults Whenever Possible
When you create or modify an endpoint by using CREATE ENDPOINT or ALTER ENDPOINT, the following option defaults are applied, unless you explicitly set otherwise:
Transact-SQL batch mode is disabled for the endpoint.
Only Windows authentication is permitted for endpoint users.
Unless you must modify these settings to support access or functionality that you intend and require in your application deployment, we recommend that you use the defaults for these options whenever possible.
For information on choosing an encryption algorithm, see Choosing an Encryption Algorithm.
Performance Best Practices
Consider the following performance best practice recommendations when you deploy Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005:
- Deploy in appropriate scenarios.
- Factor in additional server resources when planning SOAP-based solutions.
- Configure the appropriate WSDL option for your requirements.
Deploy Appropriate Scenarios
Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005 is best suited to scenarios with the following requirements:
- Your application returns or consumes XML data.
- Your application relies heavily on stored procedures for business logic.
- As part of your business solution, you want to integrate a SQL Server-hosted Web service application with other Web service applications to achieve the goals of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA).
- You are looking for a better performing replacement for the SQLXML mid-tier solution for deploying Web services together on the same server.
- You want to produce and publish a static report for an intranet Web site where the rich feature set and additional overhead of SQL Server 2005 Reporting Services (SSRS) might exceed your requirements.
Similarly, in scenarios with the following requirements, we do not recommend using Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005:
- Your application is used to insert or retrieve binary large object (BLOB) data, such as large binaryimage, or text values.
- Your application requires real-time transaction processing and mission-critical response times.
- You are using SQL Server in combination with other processing-intensive applications such as TPC Benchmark C (TPC-C) applications.
Factor in Additional Server Resources When Planning SOAP-based Solutions
For capacity planning purposes, note that unlike the Tabular Data Stream (TDS) protocol, SOAP performance varies by application and can require additional server resource overhead. For example, in preliminary testing of SQL Server 2005 performed by the SQL Server product team, in scenarios in which large XML documents were returned, the performance for SOAP-based access took 20 to 30 percent longer than TDS-based access.
Configure the Appropriate WSDL Option for Your Requirements
Before deploying Native XML Web Services in SQL Server 2005, you should determine the appropriate WSDL option to use in supporting all clients and operating systems that are required for your solution.
For maximum interoperability within heterogeneous environments in which Web service clients include operating systems other than Windows, use the simple WSDL. For Windows-only environments in which you are developing with Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, you can use the default WSDL to access the rich type support included in Visual Studio 2005.
Sometimes, third-party SOAP clients might require a customized WSDL for interoperability. For more information, see Implementing Custom WSDL Support.
See Also
Configuring Certificate for Use by SSL
Other Resources
Security Considerations for SQL Server
CREATE ENDPOINT (Transact-SQL)
ALTER ENDPOINT (Transact-SQL)
DROP ENDPOINT (Transact-SQL)


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Last week, ExxonMobil announced that it will invest $300 million into in-house algae research and up to an additional $300 million in Synthetic Genomics, La Jolla, CA. The latter has been conducting algae-to-energy research for four years and has developed techniques for harvesting oils from algae. It also will be manipulating algal strains to increase lipid content.
"After considerable study, we have determined that the potential advantages and benefits of biofuel from algae could be significant. Among other advantages, readily available sunlight and carbon dioxide used to grow the photosynthetic algae could provide greenhouse gas mitigation benefits," said Emil Jacobs, vice president of research and development, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company. "Growing algae does not rely on fresh water and arable land otherwise used for food production. And lastly, algae have the potential to produce large volumes of oils that can be processed in existing refineries to manufacture fuels that are compatible with existing transportation technology and infrastructure."
While ExxonMobil's investment is in algae, corn and soybean producers and other types of crop producers can expect to see continued investment in the ethanol and biodiesel businesses by Big Oil in both research and commercial ventures.
As this blog has noted before, recent bankruptcies in the biofuels business have made it possible for oil companies to pick up assets at bargain prices.
It is difficult to predict how this will all turn out, but it is a good bet that the oil industry's presence will likely transform the biofuels business.


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Fromagnulinux by Denis Trimaille
Denis used the "Laughing Cow" (La vache qui rit) as a starting point for this artwork. He decided to create "The smiling gnu" (Le gnou qui sourit). Many people will recognize the origin of this artwork. It's all about french cheese in small round boxes. The title of this work comes from "From a GNU Linux" inferred from the french title "Fromage GNU/Linux" (Cheese GNU Linux).
Also take a look at Denis his page: http://www.linuxfranch-county.org/artlinux.html#label_fromagnulinux [Archived Page]
This color picture is available in the following formats:


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|Powered by QM on a Linux server
KnowledgeBase 00098: IPV6 Support
What is IPV6?
Every device connected to the Internet must have a unique IP address that provides a way to identify the device in much the same way as telephones are assigned numbers. For many years, the Internet has used a protocol known as IPV4 to represent these addresses, usually written as four numbers in the range 0 to 255 separated by periods, e.g. 184.108.40.206.
There are 232 (4,294,967,296) unique values that can be represented in the IPV4 protocol and, despite this being a very large number, the addresses have now all been allocated. Many have been assigned in large blocks for further allocation to individual devices so, although it may appear that new addresses are still being assigned, the pool from which they come is exhausted.
The IPV6 protocol uses a much larger address range that has 2128 possibilities, far more than could ever be required. An IPV6 address is conventionally written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits though there are address formation rules that often allow the address to be compressed by omitting some elements. See Wikipedia for a full discussion of IPV6.
Using IPV6 in QM
All parts of QM that support Internet style connections can use either IPV4 or IPV6 style addresses. The only change that should be needed within an application is to ensure that anywhere that inputs, displays or stores a network address can handle the longer IPV6 format.
Direct telnet style network entry to QM can be from clients that use either address protocol. Use of QMNet to access files on remote QM servers can use either address style in the SET.SERVER command that defines the server.
The QMBasic socket functions handle all aspects of the IPV4 and IPV6 protocols internally. For example, the OPEN.SOCKET() function can take an address in either form or as a network name to be looked up via a Domain Name Server (DNS).
Because not all operating systems on which QM runs support IPV6 and there is no reliably consistent way to detect support automatically, the default behaviour of QM is to use the older IPV4 style interfaces. If IPV6 is to be used, it must be enabled in the QM configuration parameters by setting the IPV6 parameter value to 1. Doing this on an operating system that does not support IPV6 is likely to cause errors.
For the same reason, the QMClient API adopts IPV4 by default. The QMConnectionType() function provides the ability to enable IPV6 in the client software.
Related Articles


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Sunday People:
- Frank Lampard is set to extend his stay at Chelsea, with club owner Roman Abramovich ready to perform a U-turn and re-open contract talks with the 34-year-old midfielder.
- Real Madrid are confident of luring Gareth Bale to Spain, while Tottenham have made fellow midfielder Tom Huddlestone available for transfer.
- Arsene Wenger has spoken to David Villa and tried to convince the Barcelona striker to move to Arsenal.
Sunday Mirror:
- Liverpool are ready to offer veteran defender Jamie Carragher a new one-year contract.
- Chelsea interim boss Rafa Benitez has told Roman Abramovich he needs two more players in January in order to win a trophy this season.
Mail on Sunday:
- Stoke's £15million valuiation of Asmir Begovic means he won't be joining Manchester United this month.
- Liverpool are continuing their long-running bid for Blackpool winger, and former academy product Thomas Ince.
Sunday Express:
- Real Madrid will move for Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero if his marriage break-up leaves him feeling isolated in England.
The Sun:
- Kevin-Prince Boateng has opened the door on a return to England.
- Lewis Holtby says joining Spurs will be a childhood dream.
Daily Star Sunday:
- Mario Balotelli is ready to quit Man City for AC Milan with Napoli striker Edinson Cavani the man to replace him at The Etihad.
- Former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam wants to return to England as a manager.
- Arsenal will let Johan Djourou leave for Hannover 96 on loan.


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BRIDGEWATER, Va. – After Guilford took the lead midway through the first quarter, the Bridgewater Eagles football team responded in a big way, scoring 52 unanswered points in a 59-13 victory over the visiting Guilford Quakers on Homecoming Saturday at Jopson Field.
Guilford got on the board early in the first when quarterback Zac Halbert bolted one yard to paydirt to give the Quakers a 7-0 lead.
Bridgewater responded on its ensuing drive when quarterback Carlos Gonzalez connected with wide receiver Chris Curry from 13 yards out to tie the game at seven each with still more than 10 minutes to play in the opening frame.
Following a Guilford three and out, running back Darrin McKenzie fumbled on the next offensive possession for the Eagles and Quakers defensive back Satiir Stevenson scooped it up and went 12 yards to the endzone to give the Quakers a 13-7 lead. Bridgewater defensive back Terrell Corley blocked the PAT attempt to keep the score at 13-7.
After moving into the Guilford red zone on the next drive, the Eagles stalled out on fourth down at the Quakers 14, handing the ball back to Guilford with five minutes and change to play in a back-and-forth first quarter.
Three plays later, defensive end Dominic Jeter leapt in the air and picked off a Halbert pass at the nine and scampered to the endzone to put the Eagles up 14-13.
On the kickoff, Dashawn Johnson scooted five yards up field for the Quakers before freshman Alex Collins jarred the ball loose and wide receiver Cliff Woodard recovered it to give the Eagles the ball back.
Following the fumble recovery, Anthony Carter did all of the legwork, capping off a three-play drive with a nine-yard touchdown run to put the Eagles up by a 21-13 margin after the first 15 minutes.
Guilford's turnover woes continued when Halbert was picked off by cornerback Jermaine Spears at the Eagles 31 to stall out what was looking like a promising drive for the Quakers.
Bridgewater again made the Quakers pay when McKenzie leaped in from a yard out to cap off a 10-play drive, giving the Eagles a 28-13 lead.
Both teams settled in for the remainder of the opening half, before the Quakers were forced to punt the ball away with the clock ticking under 10 seconds.
Guilford looked for a big play at the end of the half, but junior Tyler Staton had other ideas. On a fake punt pass, Staton, who was back to receive the punt, intercepted the pass and returned the pick 47 yards to the endzone to give Bridgewater a 35-13 lead as the game headed to the break.
Bridgewater booted a field goal on its first offensive possession of the second half to extend the lead to 38-13 before Gonzalez connected with tight end Justin Bingham on a 23-yard pitch and catch to put the Eagles up 45-13 with just under six minutes to play in the third quarter.
Following a Quakers three-and-out, backup quarterback Willie Logan kept the offense firing on all cylinders when he scampered 41 yards to the endzone to put the Eagles ahead 52-13 with 4:53 showing on the third quarter clock.
Guilford could never get any semblance of an offense going as the Bridgewater defense harassed Halbert all afternoon before a 13-play, 84 yard drive was capped off by a Logan 20 yard keeper to finalize the scoring at a 59-13 margin with 3:33 to play.
Bridgewater's offense was outstanding racking up a season-best 554 yards. On the ground, the Eagles bulled for 364 yards, led by Carter's 131 yards on 16 carries. McKenzie added in 62 yards on six carries, while Logan chipped in 72 yards on just a trio of runs.
Gonzalez was solid behind center for the Eagles. The junior was 10-of-19 on the day for 165 yards and two scores.
On the receiving end, Curry paced the way with four catches for 55 yards and a score.
Defensively, senior Victor Williams paced the way with a team-high six stops. Williams recorded five solo tackles to lead an Eagles squad that forced four Quakers miscues on the day. Bridgewater's defense held Guilford to just 130 yards on the afternoon, including just 68 rushing yards.
Guilford was led on the ground by Josh Williams' 48 yards on 18 carries.
Through the air, Halbert was 10-of-22 for 62 yards and a pair of interceptions on the day.
Reigning ODAC Rookie of the Year Ben King led the Quakers on the receiving end as the Eagles held him to just 24 yards on three receptions.
Defensively, CJ Green and Stevenson paced the way with nine tackles each. Both players also chipped in a forced fumble and a fumble recovery each.
Bridgewater was 3-of-11 on third down on the day, while the Eagles held Guilford to 2-of-15 on third down.
The Eagles are back in action on Saturday, October 22 at Washington and Lee. Kickoff is set for 1:00 p.m.


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- 1 1/2 pounds raw chicken bones, including necks and backs, skin removed and rinsed in cool water
- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
- 1 cup coarsely chopped onions
- 1/2 cup coarsely chopped celery
- 1/2 cup chopped carrots
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
- 1/4 cup tomato paste
- 1 tablespoon black peppercorns
- 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1/2 teaspoon dried basil
- 5 bay leaves
- 10 cups water
- 1 cup red wine
- Preheat the oven to 400ºF.
- Toss the chicken bones with the vegetable oil. Season the onions, celery, and carrots with 1/2 teaspoon salt and 1/4 teaspoon pepper. Spread the bones and vegetables evenly on a baking sheet. Roast for 45 minutes.
- Remove from the oven and spoon the tomato paste evenly over the bones and vegetables. Return to the oven and roast for 15 minutes.
- Remove from the oven and turn the bones and vegetables into a large stockpot over high heat. Scrape the baking sheet to loosen any browned particles and add to the pot. Add the peppercorns, thyme, oregano, basil, bay leaves, the remaining 1/2 teaspoon salt, the remaining 1/4 teaspoon pepper, the water, and red wine. Bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to medium-low and simmer, uncovered, for about 2 hours. Let cool.
- Remove any fat that has risen to the surface. Strain. Store in 1- or 2-cup containers in the freezer.
Recipe Details
- Source: Real and Rustic Cookbook
- Dish Type: Soups


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Rich Turner needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 139 designs submitted by 58 freelance designers.
Octarine Industries
I recently decided to leave Microsoft after 10 years to created Octarine Industries. We help clients squeeze every last drop of value, power and magic from today's incredible web and IT technologies
Octarine is a "color" created by Terry Pratchett in his (fabulous) DiscWorld series of books. Octarine is "the color of magic" and "the 8th color" and can only be seen by wizards who sometimes describe it as resembling a fluorescent greenish-yellow purple.
Pratchett also re-purposed Clarke's 3rd law ...
"Any sufficiently advanced Technology is indistinguishable from Magic"
... to ...
"Any sufficiently advanced Magic is indistinguishable from Technology"
To us, magic == astonishment & delight, not wands and illusions.
We value honesty, trust, dedication, energy and passion. We prefer open minds to closed minds and those who THINK and who can articulate their thoughts - even when we don't always agree.
We respect those with a cause and those dedicated to bettering and helping themselves as well as others.
We greatly dislike negativity, dishonesty, bigotry, hatred, prejudice, lethargy and ignorance. Life is short!
This is the start of what we believe will grow to be a highly successful company. As we grow, we'll doubtless need more design work for ourselves and for our clients so hit us with your best ideas - this could end up being the start of an on-going relationship!
Our target audience are businesses who want to succeed and who are not afraid to push the boundaries of their experience, enjoy learning and who want to work hard to be better than themselves and their competitors.
We work with small 3-5 person companies and with 150+ person companies to help them understand how business can be done in today's dynamic, virtual, flexible, interconnected world, plan a series of disruptive projects, execute and measure those projects' effectiveness and then iterate.
So, enough preamble! Your challenge, should choose to accept it ...
We need a visual identity.
We need a logo & theme that reflects our values, our passion for technology, our dedication to our clients and our desire to make this world a better place for everyone.
Our logo should be edgy and yet trustworthy. It should be polished and professional, but not staid or boring. It should reflect energy but exude quality.
We plan on using our logo on our website (we're awaiting your winning design for us to complete and publish our new site!), on business cards and on t-shirts so it should render well at small sizes as well as larger sizes.
Our logo should stand out from the page/card and yet should also be able to be rendered in flat-black on white or flat-white on black/dark backgrounds.
I'm a sucker for orange, yellow, black/slate, grey/silver and green. Don't restrict yourself to these colors, but do consider including them. Feel free to suggest color themes you think would work.
Things to avoid:
Regardless of our statements regarding magic above, we don't want overt cartoonish wands, wizards, witches, cats, etc. We don't want to look like a kids' entertainment company!
Other than that, be creative. be organic, be energetic, be suave, be aggressive, but always, ALWAYS ... BE GOOD!
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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K E & J Chisholm, Retail sale of books, newspapers and stationary, listed under "Retail Sale Of Books, Newspapers And Stationary" category, is located at 49 Wheelock Street Middlewich Cheshire, CW10 9AB, United Kingdom and can be reached by (01606) 833209 phone number. K E & J Chisholm has currently 0 reviews.This business profile is not yet claimed, and if you are the owner, claim your business profile for free. If you are not the owner you can invite this business to join by email or by phone.Browse all Retail Sale Of Books, Newspapers And Stationary in Middlewich Cheshire.
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Best Turbo Kid in Best LookNow you can play full Turbo Kid in high quality with duration 93 Min and was published in 2015-08-14 and MPAA rating is 27.
- Original Title : Turbo Kid
- Movie title in your country : Turbo Kid
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- Release date of movie : 2015-08-14
- Companies of movie : Epic Pictures Group, Timpson Films, EMA Films,
- Countries of movie : New Zealand, Canada,
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Director : François Simard, Director : Anouk Whissell, Director : Yoann-Karl Whissell, Writer : François Simard, Writer : Anouk Whissell, Writer : Yoann-Karl Whissell, Director of Photography : Jean-Philippe Bernier, Producer : Anne-Marie Gélinas, Producer : Benoit Beaulieu, Producer : Tim Riley, Producer : Ant Timpson, Original Music Composer : Jean-Philippe Bernier, Original Music Composer : Jean-Nicolas Leupi, Original Music Composer : Le Matos, Editor : Luke Haigh, Production Design : Sylvain Lemaitre, Costume Design : Eric Poirier, Executive Producer : Shaked Berenson, Executive Producer : Jason Eisener, Executive Producer : Patrick Ewald, Executive Producer : Jean-François Ferland, Executive Producer : Catherine Nadeau, Executive Producer : Matt Noonan, Executive Producer : Stephanie Trepanier
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Will buy non-working, repairable TK780h and TK880h radios. They must be repairable, which means they cannot be smashed or burned. Anyone wishing to sell repairable radios, please contact me, cq_k7ng (at) charter (dot) net. Quantity & problem (if known) is appreciated.
I am also interested in working units of the same models.


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Serve Champagne to add an elegant, light touch to this terrific brunch menu.
- Yield
- Makes 6 servings
- 6 bacon slices
- 2 pounds medium asparagus, tough ends trimmed
- 2 tablespoons plus 2 teaspoons olive oil
- 1 3 1/2- to 4-ounce log soft fresh goat cheese, crumbled
- 2 teaspoons fresh lemon juice
- 1 teaspoon grated lemon peel
- Cook bacon in heavy large skillet over medium heat until brown and crisp. Transfer to paper towels and drain. Crumble bacon; set aside.
- Position rack in center of oven and preheat to 500°F. Arrange asparagus on large rimmed baking sheet. Drizzle with 2 tablespoons oil and turn asparagus to coat well. Sprinkle generously with salt and pepper. Roast asparagus until crisp-tender when pierced with knife, about 7 minutes. Arrange asparagus in single layer on platter. Sprinkle with goat cheese, then bacon. Drizzle with lemon juice and remaining 2 teaspoons oil. Sprinkle grated lemon peel over. (Can be prepared 1 hour ahead. Cover with plastic wrap. Let stand at room temperature.)
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Nutritional Info
- Calories252
- Carbohydrates6 g(2%)
- Fat21 g(33%)
- Protein10 g(21%)
- Saturated Fat7 g(37%)
- Sodium276 mg(12%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat3 g
- Fiber3 g(13%)
- Monounsaturated Fat10 g
- Cholesterol27 mg(9%)