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Frame Rating: A New Graphics Performance Metric
A change is coming in 2013
If the new year will bring us anything, it looks like it might be the end of using "FPS" as the primary measuring tool for graphics performance on PCs. A long, long time ago we started with simple "time demos" that recorded rendered frames in a game like Quake and then played them back as quickly as possible on a test system. The lone result was given as time, in seconds, and was then converted to an average frame rate having known the total number of frames recorded to start with.
More recently we saw a transition to frame rates over time and the advent frame time graphs like the ones we have been using in our graphics reviews on PC Perspective. This expanded the amount of data required to get an accurate picture of graphics and gaming performance but it was indeed more accurate, giving us a more clear image of how GPUs (and CPUs and systems for that matter) performed in games.
And even though the idea of frame times have been around just a long, not many people were interested in getting into that detail level until this past year. A frame time is the amount of time each frame takes to render, usually listed in milliseconds, and could range from 5ms to 50ms depending on performance. For a reference, 120 FPS equates to an average of 8.3ms, 60 FPS is 16.6ms and 30 FPS is 33.3ms. But rather than average those out by each second of time, what if you looked at each frame individually?
Scott over at Tech Report started doing that this past year and found some interesting results. I encourage all of our readers to follow up on what he has been doing as I think you'll find it incredibly educational and interesting.
Through emails and tweets many PC Perspective readers have been asking for our take on it, why we weren't testing graphics cards in the same fashion yet, etc. I've stayed quiet about it simply because we were working on quite a few different angles on our side and I wasn't ready to share results. I am still not ready to share the glut of our information yet but I am ready to start the discussion and I hope our community find its compelling and offers some feedback.
At the heart of our unique GPU testing method is this card, a high-end dual-link DVI capture card capable of handling 2560x1600 resolutions at 60 Hz. Essentially this card will act as a monitor to our GPU test bed and allow us to capture the actual display output that reaches the gamer's eyes. This method is the best possible way to measure frame rates, frame times, stutter, runts, smoothness, and any other graphics-related metrics.
Using that recorded footage, sometimes reaching 400 MB/s of consistent writes at high resolutions, we can then analyze the frames one by one, though with the help of some additional software. There are a lot of details that I am glossing over including the need for perfectly synced frame rates, having absolutely zero dropped frames in the recording, analyzing, etc, but trust me when I say we have been spending a lot of time on this.
Continue reading our editorial on Frame Rating: A New Graphics Performance Metric.
The result are multi-GB files (60 seconds of game play produces a 16GB file) that have each frame presented to the monitor of the gamer in perfect fashion.
The second image here was made in Photoshop to show you the three different "frames" of Unigine that make up the single frame that the gamer would actually see. With a 60 Hz display, this equates to three frames being shown in 16ms, though each frame has a variable amount of real estate on the screen.
We are still finalizing what we can do with all of this data, but it definitely allows us to find some unique cases:
This shot from Sleeping Dogs shows three frames on our single 16ms instance to the monitor, but notice how little screen spaces the green frame takes up - is measuring this frame even useful for gamers? Should it be dropped from the performance metrics all together?
I put together this short video below with a bit more on my thoughts on this topic but I can assure you that January and February are going to bring some major change to the way graphics cards are tested. Please, we want your thoughts! This is an important dialogue for not only us but for all PC gamers going forward. Scott has done some great work "Inside the Second" and we hope that we can offer additional information and clarification on this problem. Rest assured we have not been sitting on our hands here!
Is this kind of testing methodology going to be useful? Is it overkill? Leave us your thoughts below!
Ryan this looks like a great new metric to see how well v-sync/tearing and dropped frames affect the smoothness and playability of games. Keep up the good work, can't wait to see more.
Very cool, having other metrics other than FPS will be awesome.
From how it is explained in the video it will give you a true picture on the performance of a card. If what was said is right about " http://www.pcper.com/image/view/19762?return=node%2F56191 " that image being 16ms being seen as 3 frames. yet 1 of frames is only like 10 pixels wide. We can see what drivers due to increase FPS in a game.
Correct - one thing this method will definitely find quickly is cheating drivers. Dropped frames that are NEVER shown is another point too.
And thus AMD's runt frames will be shown, their cheating exposed, and so this must not be allowed to go any further.
First, after AMD called, harrassed, and bribed everyone to keep a lid on it, until they can "get their cheating under control" and iron our stuttering they never gave a crud about before to make up for the cheating runt frames... we are MONTHS later into it and "nothing".
Silence bought again for the failing cheating bankrupt AMD. Perhaps they should get a Public Award not the Nobel Tech Prize - oh why not they deserve it. Also many promotions and honorifics.
Yes, because the angelic, honest, beyond reproach nVidia NEVER does anything wrong. It doesn't stiff customers with dead graphics chips in laptops (Bumpgate: http://hardforum.com/showthread.php?t=1550848)
and they've never cheated in benchmarks: http://www.pcworld.com/article/111012/article.html
and neither has Intel: http://techreport.com/review/17732/intel-graphics-drivers-employ-questio...
As far as I'm concerned, Intel is a mafia-style company, and nVidia are a pack of cheaters and neither of them are ever getting any more money out of me. So ahead a bend over for both of them if you want to, but I'm buying AMD CPUs and GPUs unless and until something very basic changes.
Great, great work!
This means a lot for the PC gamers.
Thanks Ryan! This is awesome news! It was about time more heavy weight PC hardware review sites, besides the Tech Report, got behind this new metric. The amount of doubt and disinformation (not to mention cheating on the part of some GPU manufacturers) that has been created over this issue in the last few years, in part by the lack of proper benchmarking, has become too big to ignore now and it definitely calls for new metrics to help consumers to make better decisions before shelling out big piles of cash for new GPUs. The fact that PC Pespective is finally adopting this metric in 2013 will certainly help to push the rest of the elite PC enthusiast media to consider this move too, which will do us all a big service!
Excellent. Now we have Fraps, High speed cameras and professional frame capturing gear. I bet they will yield some different results. It will be interesting to analyze the discrepancy between them, and reveal more about how current graphic drivers behave.
I think we'll all see slightly different results, but I think they will all be valid. It's all in how you analyze it!
What ?
" It's all in how you analyze it! "
So you are saying you can get whatever answer you want for either company ? Maybe you're saying it's too much data and won't matter, or that you can make up issues that don't matter - not really certain.
Maybe you were just excited and spouting something not too bright.
I think you might want to retract that statement. There are correct ways to do things, and ways that are deceitful.
Hopefully you do it honestly, instead of in a biased fashion, caving in for AMD.
I have to say that this is truly a unique take on testing this.
Kudos sir!
I am interested in ALL of the info that we will get from this. Hopefully this will force everybody to care more about the gamer's actual experience instead of just who can pump the most FPS, without caring if it is actually displaying smoothly.
I am also excited to understand more about tearing. I am curious to see if this will push the driver developers to try to reduce it, actually eliminate it or just try to hide it better.
I think Skyrim is definitely going to show just how bad this can get if frametimes are ignored. The TR video is exactly how Skyrim looks to me. Even while running at constant 60 FPS it is far from smooth playing on my system.
About the tearing and counting the frames.
I think that you should include these extra frames no matter how small. You wasted clock cycles rendering that tiny useless frame correct?
By now, aren't there ways to prevent this? (without limiting FPS)
Or is this an example of drivers trying to pump as many frames as possible for good numbers?
Either way if my GPU and CPU are working on a frame that i never see or only see like 10 pixels of should be counted in the benchmark, and looked down upon.
Maybe im just a noob or confused but by now i would expect my system to only be rendering frames that i will actually see and that are actually useful(i think the consoles do that). I realize that because we all have different parts this becomes very difficult to achieve, but it feels like we can at least try and do a better job at it.
Good points Nil! I would say yes this is how GPU drivers can pump frames to get higher AVG FPS without really benefiting the consumer at all.
Looks really good. Would help with identifying issues such as a game running at 40FPS but feels like 25-50 due to not all frames each second happening at proper intervals
PS, for the sleeping dogs image, that green frame makes all the difference and the game just wouldn't be the same without it :)
I was wondering one thing, with issues such as that tiny green frame, if you keep the frame rate cap the same but run the display at a higher refresh rate, eg 120Hz VS 60Hz to find out if it is the refresh rate that is causing part of the frame to be dropped (since the refresh rate stuff happens after the GPU has rendered (is the GPU rendering the full frame but only that tiny sliver is displayed making the frame count still valid even if only row of pixels were displayed.
Frame count would be completely valid, true. But does the user actually get benefit from that being rendered and displayed? I say no.
I think that something that has to keep in mind is that video rendering is tightly coupled with other subsystems in a game, such as input processing, audio processing, networking, game logic. The easiest way to ensure that one subsystem doesn't delay the entire system is to cut it off prematurely (drop frames). Even with multi-core systems, some systems need to be linear to a degree, such as game logic must come before video/audio rendering.
different subsystems usually tick at different hertz.
the ai for example, doesn't usually need to run at full rendering speed.
the physiscs simulation, if it's sophisticated enough, could tick faster only for those objects that move faster than a threshold, therefore eating more cpu. also, some simulations (and even other algos) run directly in the gpu.
so, i'm not saying the proposed method is wrong, but keep in mind that it's not measuring only the graphics, because it's affected by whatever is happening in the game.
feel free to correct me if i'm wrong :)
maybe video games need to start rendering in a rolling shutter style method, allowing each line to have nearly 0 end to end latency. This, as well as not using full vsync, has display articacts, like verical lines appearing diagonal with rapid horizontal motion, yet allows for lowest latency. If we really want to improve latency, however, someone needs to make some actual low latency displays. End to end latency on a display, assuming output at display resolution, could be driven down to sub 1ms. For some reason, the display industry does not seem to care about this.
True, though there aren't a whole lot of uses for high frame rate content. Games are pretty much it.
or head mounted camera and augmented reality systems.
Ryan this is what I have been hoping for and exactly what I meant when I disagreed on the choice of GPU pick of the the Year in the podcast (when bundle value is not taken into consideration).
Wow you guys took TechReport's idea and then upgraded it and blew right by them.
I haven't been thinking about FPS avg as GPU be-all-and-end-all for few years now. Looks like I was right, huh?
What is needed now is thoughtful methodology and figuring out the best way to convey gathered data.
Yea for years all that was looked at was min, max and avg FPS when doing reviews. This will show what card truly does a better job at fps, and what drivers cheat to make the fps look better then they really are. Micro shuddering is starting to be come a real problem with cards as powerful as they are now.
Yes, and to get as close to a "perfect" experience as possible, these new testing methods are required.
I don't think we have "blown right by them" quite yet though I do hope our method works out for the best. We have spent a LOT of time and money on developing it thus far...
And you are correct! Gathering data is easy. Thoughtful analysis and the best way to convey the HUGE amounts of data is the hard part.
TR have done a great job getting the ball rolling so kudos to them.
What I am really looking forward to are the SLI and Crossfire results. Buying two high end cards is a big investment so getting the pair that offers the best performance has always been my primary objective. Heat and power consumption are a distant second.
Are you planning on giving a frame number from each game?
Example. 60 seconds of one play through would ideally have 60*60 frames or 3600 frames. This would count each of those images that show three frames as three, and could give a percentage of frames missed. Or how much faster the percentage is.
Also, I imagine each game is different, so are we going to see games shamed that exasperate this problem? And how does Crossfire/SLI and Lucid affect the frames.
All very interesting work. Thanks for all the hard work, guys.
My mistake about TR getting the ball rolling. I was not aware that you guys have actually been working on this for over a year and a half, just not publicly.
I can't tell you how awesome I think your method is. We will finally be able to see through all the smoke and mirrors such as partial frames being counted towards averages.
I haven't been this excited about GPU reviews sinve the Voodoo 2.
This is really cool and all, but as I progress in a computer science degree I'm starting to care a bit more about raw power than I do gaming performance. Next to frame latency tests, I hope GPGPU and raw compute tests are included.
I get the feeling this is going to alter the course of GPU development (unless performance PCs die as a viable market, which I somewhat doubt). I don't want AMD/Nvidia ditching strong compute performance to minimize frame latencies if they see the opportunity to sacrifice one for the other. Both feet need to be held to the fire. GPGPU performance is the difference between static environments and smashing everything.
I don't really think these topics are related. We are basically going to be forcing GPU vendors to improve graphics "smoothness" just like we ask them to improve AA, etc.
There will still be plenty of work done on the compute side.
Finally! This looks to be the best real-world analysis I've ever seen from a reviewer! What would be interesting would be to somehow compare what you're capturing and what monitor X is displaying with monitor reviews! No idea how that would work though! Best of luck, you guys rock!
I wouldn't expect to see differences there as the capture card is actually working as our "monitor".
This is where you will see the DEFINITIVE superiority of Nvidia products. At least you better, or Tom is going to have some explaining to do.
If we cross paths at CES I will personally shake your hands and kiss your feet.
I think it will appear that nvidia is missing frames to smooth out game play whilst AMD brute forcing all of them.
I also think people saying AMD has better picture quality will be finally proven against nvidia`s washed out/colorless frames.
At the end of the day, their is only soo much you can do with a gimped GPU vs a beefed up one.
The gimped GPU being AMD and the good one being Nvidia, correct ?
This is phenomenal stuff - a total game-changer. Kudos to you, and your shoutout to Scott Wasson. I have always had great respect for you and PC Perspective, especially since that time so many years ago (I think it was in 2004?) when I e-mailed you in response to a motherboard review and you actually took time out to respond to it. You, Mr. Shrout, are awesome and far too kind.
I wouldn't necessarily say I'm particularly knowledgeable at this kind of stuff but I think I understand enough to know that this is definitely the right way to truly paint an honest picture of GPU performance and the end-user experience.
It reminds of the time when Crysis came out and people were divided into two camps: one that argued that any shooter running at less than 60fps is not 'smooth' while reviewers and many others insisted Crysis was 'smooth enough' even at 25fps average with dips to the high teens.
Would this kind of testing reveal any superiority in the way CryEngine handled frame output? Again, maybe I'm not making sense but this new wave of 'high average frame rate doesn't always relate to a smooth user experience' testing reminded me of that time.
It very well could but I don't know if we'd go back that far since this testing is so time consuming.
A question about this part:
"At the heart of our unique GPU testing method is this card, a high-end dual-link DVI capture card capable of handling 2560x1600 resolutions at 60 Hz."
You haven't mentioned what is the frequency of the capture, is it 60Hz? It would seem so since you talk about 16ms frame times. If this is true, then you lack the means to measure frames faster than 16ms, which do exist (of course they do, we have over 60FPS games). Also to follow up on that idea, the capture card may lack the means to measure anything but multiples of 16ms frame times. Is it the case, or if I missed something please explain.
Nice start to 2013
It might be a limit on the card but 60Hz is pretty standard for most monitors and people that play games. It could be possible for 120FPS capture but thing less you dumb down the graphic options or spend a lot of SLI setup just smaller market. You could see how inflated the numbers are as like image above where in 1 16ms instance there was was counted as 3 frames. 60Hz is just a good point to work from since majority of people that use it and don't need SLI setup to get it for most games.
Keep in mind in this testing there are two "frame rates". The first is the rate at which the game engine is being rendered. The second is the frame rate with which our hardware is capturing on the other side.
The second only matters in that it must be 60 Hz (or match the refresh rate of the display) EXACTLY. We need that to be perfect so that we know we are getting each and every frame from the graphics card as it would be display on a 60 Hz monitor. We can still measure frame rates much higher than 60 Hz with Vsync disabled as we showed you in that Photoshoped screenshot by measuring the "rendered frames".
Hi Ryan,
Good job with the new performance testing metric..
My question is with such a thing like the stuttering and latency observed in these tests of graphics cards..will the already existing cards be able to remove such effects which the consumers observe while gaming? If so how?
Once again nice job!!
Drivers drivers drivers.
I'm really glad to see more review sites looking past FPS as the end-all be-all metric for performance.
It's the reason I read sites like Tech Report (who sorta pioneered the frame time metric) and [H]ardOCP who, while reporting FPS min, max, avg, etc., concentrate their conclusions on the "experience" rather than the raw numbers.
This is the most important "metric" - the experience. I think frame times and your expansion on that provide an objective way of measuring the "experience."
As others have alluded to, I'd rather have a game play smoothly at 45 FPS with very little latency and low frame times (giving a smooth experience) than a game that averages higher FPS but produces more latency and more higher frame times resulting in a less smooth experience.
Good work on this Ryan, and I hope to see more soon.
Certainly Ryan I think you need to show any frames that are dropped and whether or not they did contain any meaningful data. Hardware that is consistently dropping meaningful data isn't working correctly in my opinion. If these were network cards constantly dropping data packets you'd swap it out straight away. Any dropped frames would be interesting to see especially if gpu vendors are using driver optimisations to specifically drop frames to increase perceived average frame rates. It's not hard to imagine GPU vendors have long gotten wise to press review techniques and given rise to the "review press kits" which test their hardware in the best light. Gamers don't want to see the best light we want to see the reality however horrific that might be. Only then can you give good independent advice and I think that's what you should be doing.
So the more data the better though it needs to be presented in a meaningful way to the average user. Perhaps starting with an article or part article that explains what all these terms are and how they would effect your gaming experience.
Also interested to see what triple buffering is doing here in terms of frame latency and render ahead frame limits in DX11. How switching on AA or AF effects frame latency is probably important too allowing a user to understand fully the consequence of switching graphics options on or off outside of a FPS number.
Ultimately myself as a gamer I am looking for a fluid artifact free gaming experience that would be like watching a movie. That's every gamers goal I think.
I think it's also important to set a benchmark by testing current generation hardware to get a baseline. Also being clear what driver versions and settings are being used as well.
I think moving in this direction will drive a new development in graphics hardware/software and will really probably be the biggest breakthrough for some time.
Well done.
What I meant by the question of "removing" small frames from our ratings is basically trying to decide if it should count in the real "performance frame rate."
For example, if over a 1 second time period there are 80 frames displayed but 30 of them are only shown for 20 scanlines or less, then essentially your "smooth" frame rate is more like 50.
Yes I think you probably should be presenting a "smooth" frame rate of 50 in the case you described but you have to clearly state the cut off you are using and at what point you consider a frame to not contain enough data to justify being counted is that 5% of the screen or more or less?
Throughout reading all of this though I think you have trashed the idea of a single metric of frame rate as a valid performance measurement.
Perhaps a better way to look at this is to judge all cards by a set acceptable value of smooth motion framerate lets for arguments sake say 60fps standard vsync monitor rate. Then present a % of frame delivery outside of this baseline or inside this baseline
e.g 60 fps - 1 new frame drawn every 16ms then report the percentage of frames delivered slower than 16ms effectively creating a fluid/smoothness rating.
It's about consitency now not about min and max though there has to be a baseline.
The other way to present it might be to calculate the avg frame delivery time and again present the percentage of frames falling outside the cards average frame delivery time?
What I think would be helpful would be to determine, on average, how many UNIQUE frames actually are drawn to the display over a second, rather then how many frames are created. This is VERY important for those of us who use Vsync, since frames are either all or nothing.
We should be able to determine that as well.
Good to hear. In my mind, I don't care how many frames the GPU puts out, I care about how many unique frames make it to my screen. That, at the end of the day, is what really matters in my mind.
In any case, I'm glad FPS is finally being put to the wayside. This method especially will have a LOT of impact when looking at SLI/CF configs (including the proof that microstutter=latency, which I've suspected for some time now).
Good to hear. In my mind, I don't care how many frames the GPU puts out, I care about how many unique frames make it to my screen. That, at the end of the day, is what really matters in my mind.
In any case, I'm glad FPS is finally being put to the wayside. This method especially will have a LOT of impact when looking at SLI/CF configs (including the proof that microstutter=latency, which I've suspected for some time now).
Would it be possible use this to test how a 60Hz monitor compares to a 120Hz one as far as dropped/partially displayed frames go?
I assume that as long as the output doesn't exceed the max data rate of the capture card (650MB/s) it shouldn't be a problem. Obviously this would not be possible at 1440p/1600p put perhaps it could work at 1080p/1200p.
That is the bottleneck - capture hardware. We haven't tried it on a 120 Hz monitor yet but we plan to right after CES.
These results will be very useful in crossfire/sli testing involving micro-stuttering to give the end user an idea of actual scaling. Keep up the good work Ryan & PCPer!
This is a great topic!
This may be something that GPU-Software engineers have been ignoring ("users won't notice").
This reminds me of concept testing for stereoscopic images, animation, and model rendering to provide fast rendering at best quality on highest resolutions.
Thank you for sharing. I understand about being quiet. Keep up the good work and I am looking forward to hear more about your findings through your podcast!
Thanks for listening!
I registered just to say that you're doing great work. Thanks for articulating (and attempting to measure) what many of us have wrestled with for years.
And good luck to those Bengals on Saturday. :)
Who Dey!
my most sincere congratulations for your idea ... I think we will show very interesting results and closer to the real gaming experience.
it's time to say stop to the reviews that look like subliminal advertising.
This is awesome!
Scott and the guys over at Tech Report have made me a believer and this promises to offer a nice twist on latency-based testing. Very curious to see how the actual benchmark testing evolves out of this!
Looks awesome Ryan. This sounds like a unique and innovative way of doing things, and should provide a great second perspective to what Scott at TR has been doing. :)
Always loved your reviews and have been a long time fan of this site since the AMD days. I'm REALLY looking forward to your input on this topic as it has exploded the last month. It will definitely be a great resource especially for the next generation of GPU's that will be here in a few months.
Thanks for the hard work Ryan.
I am more curious about that tool. Would you be making that tool be available in the public? atleast putting up some screenshots of that tool will really help!
I cannot wait to read your review.
I just wonder if the display splitter might incur some nasty "input lag", just as that epic 30" Dell display might in real time. I noticed some anonymous input lag discrepancy in reviews, the bigger the screen gets from 23" and up.
No point in testing when Pcper doesn't use the latest Nvidia drivers and constant handicapping Nvidia hardware running outdated drivers.
Dear Ryan
I hope by the sheer volume of comments on a post that's not a giveaway, you can see the intense interest in this sort of testing. We're sick and f***ing tired of being lied to with FPS, and having both AMD and Nvidia optimize their cards for the metrics they know will end up in reviews. Smoothness is a big deal, and is the #1 thing people want to know. I look forward to pcper having some friendly competition with the techreport in advancing the state of the art. Because we're all so sick of FPS charts that lie to our faces. I remember playing Battlefield 3 at 100+ fps and having it feel like garbage (tri-fire 6970s for those curious)
Micro stutter is a specially a problem wit CF!
Tho i also had tons of problems in the beginning, and was on the verge of selling my second 5870, when i was reading on the WSGF of a guy that got a 3th card, and it reduced the problem for him whit in tolerable limits.
I then got a 3th 2GB Matrix, thinking, if it dose not fix my problem i just send it back and sell my second card, but yes for me, the problem also reduced significantly, now i got 6 months a go a cheap 4th 5870 Matrix to bridge me over till there are 8970s or 780s with more then 4GB mem. (as i want to use a 6000x1920 setup)
And the 4th even reduced the micro stutters even a little more, the general theory was that every card got more time to prepare for the next frame.
Now i hear that the driver for GCN 7xx0 cards is badly optimized to prevent Micro stutters, compared to my VLIW 5870 cards.
(so i am actually glad i waited a extra generation ;-)
Now i am wondering, if you have your testbed ready for prime time, if you gone do some single, CF/SLI, Tri-CF/SLI and Quad-CF/SLI testing?
And i think it actually would be interesting to see 5870 vs 6970 vs 7970 vs 480 vs 580 vs 680, up to quad setups, to see if different generations act different.
How will this effect low level cards that might have trouble splitting the signals to both computers. Would the actually splitter handle the buck of the issue?
How the capture card and capture system will actually determine / distinguish each frame? Is there a signal on dvi link ,saying that frame is drawn and this is a new frame and the capture card/system will be aware of it is a new frame so it can timestamp it? From Fraps' point, i understand that since it is on the same system, it can near-ideally identify and timestamp the frame generation times and write to csv. By trying to identify the frames from out of the system, i'm just confused that how it will work. ofc i dunno if there is frame- drawn kinda signal/feed-back on the Dvi system.
It different frames being drawn can be seen by tearing effects in the recorded video. Look at above screen shots you can see a slight tearing of the image.
Do you really have idea how it works or just assuming? How can it detects if i stand still? I guess almost no tearing then. Is the capturing system have idea which frame is being drawn on the gaming system so it can timestamp it? It is some different version of recording with camera i got that part, it can detect tearing/cheating etc. i got that too. I just dont get how it will detect the real frame generation time and make stat of it like fraps'. Without the frame time data it cant accurately stat the frame generation / latency time on the gaming system.
Do you really have idea how it works or just assuming? How can it detects if i stand still? I guess almost no tearing then. Is the capturing system have idea which frame is being drawn on the gaming system so it can timestamp it? It is some different version of recording with camera i got that part, it can detect tearing/cheating etc. i got that too. I just dont get how it will detect the real frame generation time and make stat of it like fraps'. Without the frame time data it cant accurately stat the frame generation / latency time on the gaming system.
Do you really have idea how it works or just assuming? How can it detects if i stand still? I guess almost no tearing then. Is the capturing system have idea which frame is being drawn on the gaming system so it can timestamp it? It is some different version of recording with camera i got that part, it can detect tearing/cheating etc. i got that too. I just dont get how it will detect the real frame generation time and make stat of it like fraps'. Without the frame time data it cant accurately stat the frame generation / latency time on the gaming system.
16GB a minute is an insane amount of data to sort through. I look forward to to the future, and what this will bring. No more 'padding the specs'.
Great stuff!
Yes please! This stuff is awesome, guys... I've been hoping for a while now that sites like yours and others would take the idea TechReport had of looking at frametimes and develop on it yourselves.
Can't wait to see what you guys come up with as a final method of evaluation.
Ryan reading all the stuff I'v read I understand why u have kept this project hush hush.....some people get big time butt-hurt
Yea, well its gonna reveal which side is cheating the fps numbers. Look at techreports where they credited the idea from. Just because you have higher fps doesn't mean more fluid game play and where frame latency can show which overall is smoother. This will put the proverbial Instant replay on the cards to see what each card is doing to get those numbers like you see in the photo where one image of 16ms has 3 frames counted when only 2 frames drawn at best.
If you want to see some fuzzy numbers,have a look at the frame latencies of GTX560/570.
It has huge latency spikes compared with the AMD 6 series cards and yet we never heard a word from nvidia fans.
Suddenly now when nvidia is well behind in frame rates per dollar.."OMG its a HUGE problem"!!!!
Why everybody keeps saying that techreport started a new way to benchmark when microstutter has been talked about in pcgameshardware and computerbase reviews sites for ages (we are talking 2008 time, maybe even earlier)?
I can also remember interminable discussions on ancient threads of nvidia forums where people kept posting their Unreal tournament fraps frametimes dump showing how slow frames would break the smoothness of gameplay in multigpu configurations...
Would you share some info on that capturing card (company/model) ?
And how do you measure the frametimes/dropped frames, etc? With the custom software you mentioned in the video? If so, will you be releasing that software or keeping it to yourself? I've got a lot of OLD 3d cards that I'd like to do the frame rating test with and fraps won't do since it only works with DirectX/OpenGL.
This is a very good method you have going here, it shows AMD and Nvidia someone out there is paying attention to video games and that someone cares! Good job guys keep up the good work!
Question: I do not like when you buy a video game, and your character goes through a solid object, Who is responsible for this, is this the game developers. "Hope someone could get on them for this"!


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Death Toll Increases From Strong Earthquake in China
A strong earthquake in a hilly farming area in western China knocks down power lines and devastates homes Monday. At least 75 people are dead and over 600 injured, according to the government's earthquake monitoring service. (Photo: Getty Images)
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... the ... I ... I ... the ... the ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The problem is that the Linux drivers need to know all the devices that "belong to them" in order to activate them. But that's a really difficult thing, because the guy who writes the driver doesn't always know e.g. the pci identification information of all devices.
But if you know to which driver your device belongs, there is a simple way to activate the driver immediately. But first let's find out how to identify the driver your device needs. One way is just googling for the device id. If you find it in combination with a driver name (do post this information once you have it!), then you can skip down to new_id.
One smart way is to take the windows driver and unpack it (unwise and WINE are your friends) and look into the .inf files. If you find several pci/usb/whatever ids in there you can try googling the other ids. If a Linux driver exists for them it is likely that is will work for your device as well.
If the driver is not right for your device,
it may break your device, your computer
and/or other things. I am not responsible for your actions!
Then simply echo the device id into /sys/bus/usb/drivers/<your driver>/new_id.
E.g. echo "04f2 b073" | sudo tee /sys/bus/usb/drivers/uvcvideo/new_id. This also works for pci etc. etc. If you're lucky, your device will start and now just work immediately without any further work. dmesg | tail will tell you what and if something just happened.
In the spirit of open source: If this works out and your device is now active, please submit the information to the driver developers. At the very least, leave a comment at this article with the information so I can notify them.
Note: This step by step is completely stolen from Wolfram Sang's kernel lecture presented at LinuxTag yesterday.
If you like this post, share it and subscribe to the RSS feed so you don't miss the next one. In any case, check the related posts section below. (Because maybe I'm just having a really bad day and normally I write much more interesting articles about theses subjects! Or maybe you'll only understand what I meant here once you've read all my other posts on the topic. ;) )


text:
Personal Sh*t: Joe Budden's Mood Muzik 4 (Shows Clip Of Tahiry Crying & About To Spazz Out On Camera) [Trailer]
Mood Muzik 4
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text:
Five bull elk drew crowds Thursday morning as they spent time at Sixth Street and Colorado Avenue, then sauntered on over to Garfield Elementary School to munch on shrubs and trees.
On Thursday, the animals ambled north across the basketball courts and paused as a pack for a moment under the hoop.
The elk took their time crossing Eighth Street and then cruised east across lawns, stopping here and there for a nibble on trees or grass. A policewoman drove by and paused to thank the many passersby who had stopped for photos for not crossing the street and getting too close.
"My dog started barking at 6 a.m. I looked out and saw a big head of antlers," said Mark Johnson, a resident on Seventh Street and Franklin Avenue. "There's been quite a bit of traffic down here. I've been here 12 years and never seen anything this big."
Eric Rollison, a chiropractor on Eighth Street, has been following the family of elk for a couple of years now.
"We call them the Lords of Loveland. They follow the river down," he said. "It's beautiful to see them this far into town. They're pretty magnificent creatures.
These same elk were spotted Tuesday evening by King Soopers at Colorado 402 and Taft Avenue.
Thursday night, one member of the herd was hit on Colorado 402 by a vehicle, said Jennifer Churchill, Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife. The animal sustained serious injuries to his back legs, she said. The on-call wildlife officer met with the Loveland police department and agreed to put the animal down. This was done late Tuesday night.
"Wildlife do not have an easy time out there but it's even worse if we let them suffer," Churchill said.
Churchill said that the elk have been residents in the area since a drought in 2002. The wildlife in town likely doesn't have to do with the High Park fire and are on normal movement patterns.
Amy Ryel, a local division officer, said that it's important to understand that wildlife can be anywhere in Colorado and it's a cool thing that we should respect. The elk won't be moved from the city unless they become a safety issue.
"We would ask that people respect their space and get photos from a great distance," Churchill said. Churchill added that people have a tendency to chase down the wild animals with iPhones to get photos because the elk look comfortable but the elk are large and can be dangerous if agitated.
She said that any time an animal changes behavior, you're too close.


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Jan. 19, 2008
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - Hamidou Soumare poured in a career-high 32 points and fellow junior Jimmy Bartolotta added 22, as MIT men's basketball got back on track with a 75-58 victory against Springfield College. The Engineers appeared more than happy to be back in the friendly confines of Rockwell Cage where the team has played decisively better while Saturday's NEWMAC win moved the Cardinal and Gray to 8-0 at home on the season.
The game looked eerily similar to MIT's (10-6, 2-2) last contest at Coast Guard. Three-pointers by Bartolotta and Will Mroz, along with a commanding presence by Soumare on the block enabled the Engineers to build a 15-4 lead just four minutes into the game. However, MIT cooled off over the next five minutes, and after John Stawson converted a traditional three-point play, Springfield (5-10, 0-3) found itself down 17-14 with 11 minutes still left in the frame.
Despite the shift in momentum, the Engineers never relinquished the lead and back-to-back three's by rookie Daniel McCue and Bartolotta extended the advantage back to nine. Soumare scored on a basket in the paint with 3:15 left that pushed MIT ahead to 36-24 while a jumper by Pat Crean capped the first-half scoring with two minutes still on the clock. Soumare totaled 17 points in the opening frame, as MIT enjoyed a 38-29 lead.
Springfield was determined to claw back into contention and after Jamaal Gibbs delivered on a shot from beyond the arc, the Engineers' advantage was reduced to 46-42 with 13:57 to play. Bartolotta finished with a hoop and the harm to once again extend the lead, but Gibbs answered with another jumper to keep the deficit at four with less than 10 minutes to go.
Outside of Soumare's fantastic offensive performance, the Engineers really benefited from a strong effort by Alex Bagley off the bench. With MIT up by six, Bagley connected on a tough, three-point play to extend the lead back to nine while three consecutive free throws gave MIT a 61-50 lead with just over four minutes remaining in regulation.
In the final few minutes, the Engineers turned missed shots by the Pride's attack into transition opportunities going the other way, as MIT closed the game on a 14-4 run to even up its ledger in conference play.
Soumare finished 11-of-14 from the floor and 10-of-11 at the charity stripe while adding eight rebounds and two blocks. Bartolotta rebounded from tough outings in his previous two games to close the afternoon with another all-around effort. The junior guard tied Soumare with eight boards, while chipping in seven assists, two blocks and a pair of steals. Bagley paced MIT's subs after finishing with nine points and four rebounds in 18 minutes.
"We needed this win," noted Soumare after the big performance. "There was a slight feeling of desperation coming in because we haven't played well in our last two games. Although I would think that the team would agree that we still didn't play great, our energy level was high enough for us to come away with the victory."
Gibbs turned in a fine effort for Springfield, finishing with a team-high 22 points on 10-of-21 shooting. Stawson also played well in defeat, adding 17 points and six rebounds including 10-of-12 from the free-throw line. Crean contributed with a game-best nine rebounds and a team-high four assists.


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Price will be the major determinant of how many acres Mississippi peanut producers plant this year, says Mike Howell, Mississippi State University Extension peanut specialist at Poplarville.
"That's a big question right now, and nobody has any real insight," he said at the annual convention of the Mississippi Agricultural Consultants Association."Corn prices are going up, soybean prices are going up, cotton prices are going up — everything is moving higher, except peanuts.
There was an initial contract offering of about $550 per ton for 2011 production, and a few growers signed up part of their acres, but overall there has been very little activity. Most growers at that time were looking to contract in the $600 range.
"Right now, no contracts are available. Most economists are expecting there will be an offer soon, but nobody knows what it will be."
The main reason for the delay in offering contracts, Howell says, is that the industry is trying analyze the carryover situation.
"At present, we have about 600,000 pounds in carryover, and the industry needs about 500,000 pounds. The problem, though, is that about half of the carryover is not edible peanuts. There were severe problems with aflatoxin last year, particularly in Alabama and Georgia last year. So, if we cut the 600,000 figure by about 50 percent, that puts us below where the industry needs to be with carryover.
Growers looking for $600-$700 contracts
"There's still grower interest in peanuts, but price will determine what kind of acreage we end up with. If we can get a $600 contract, I think Mississippi will be in the 15,000 to 18,000 acre range. If we can get something in the $700 range — and I think that's where we need to be, given the carryover, and to be competitive with $1-plus cotton — we could see 20,000 to 25,000 acres."
Acreage in the state last year was 18,137, down slightly from 2009. About 50 percent of the acreage is in the Lucedale area, 20 percent in the Aberdeen-Columbus area, 20 percent in the Greenwood/Tchula area, and the rest in the Port Gibson area. "The 2010 season got off to a really good start," Howell says, "with only minor weather delays. Insect and disease pressures were low for most of the season, although we had a fall armyworm outbreak early in the year, particularly in the south part of the state, and later in the season white mold was a major problem in the south.
"The north part of the state was dry most of the year, and the last six weeks to two months of the season we were really wishing we could get some more rain. That led to some yield loss, with pods not filling out, particularly for the later-planted peanuts. And farmers just weren't able to get diggers in the field because the ground was so hard."
With the increased interest in peanuts in Mississippi in recent years, several research projects have been launched, and in 2009, with funds from the Mississippi Peanut Promotion Board, two Peanut Learning Centers were established, one at Hamilton, the other at Lucedale, to educate growers and others about peanuts and peanut production.
Field days paid dividends for growers
"We had field days at both locations last year," Howell says, "with excellent attendance; those who participated represented 67 percent of the state's total acreage. End of season surveys indicated an average $20 per acre benefit to growers — almost a quarter-million dollars in value from attending those field days. One grower said information he received saved him $40,000 in fungicide costs during the season.
"We had several specialty tours for various groups, and individual growers could come by at any time to see what was going on with our research programs, which included trials for variety, planting date, fungicide efficacy, tillage, fertility, insect control, fungicide timing, rainfall simulation (in cooperation with USDA and the National Peanut Laboratory), and row pattern."
Variety trials were conducted at Lucedale, Hamilton, and Stoneville, with two planting dates — late April/early May, and late May.
Seven varieties were in the trials: Georgia Green, which is on its way out; Georgia O6G; Georgia O9B, a new variety that's going to be released this year; Georgia Greener, Georgia O7W, Florida 07, and AT 215. (AT 215 and Georgia O9B were not planted in the early planted trials, and the early planted trial at Hamilton was rained out.)
In the early variety trial at Lucedale, Howell says, Georgia 06G, with a 4,896 pounds per acre yield, and Georgia Greener, 4,840 pounds, came out on top. At Stoneville, results were much the same, with Georgia 06G and Georgia Greener at the top. Averaging the trials, those two varieties showed a significant yield advantage over others in the test, with Georgia Greener at 5,015 pounds and Georgia 06G at 4,961 pounds.
Georgia 06G and Georgia Greener top yielders
"In late-planted trials at Lucedale Georgia 06G, with 5,006 pounds, and Georgia Greener, with 4,959 pounds, again came to the top. Georgia 09B, with 4,821 pounds, did well and was comparable to Florida 07, with 4,731 pounds.
"I'm not sure what happened with the AT 215 variety — it's a shorter-maturing peanut and we typically get pretty decent yields. We think it will have potential in the northern parts of the state, where we could plant a bit later and still have them mature on time."
In the Hamilton late-planted trial, Georgia 06G and Georgia Greener were dead even, Howell says, with 3,409 pounds, followed closely by Georgia 09B, with 3,119 pounds. In the Stoneville late-planted trial, Georgia 06G came out on top, with 4,774 pounds, followed by Georgia Greener, with 4,506 pounds. Averaging the late-planted trials, Georgia 06G led, with 4,395 pounds, and Georgia Greener was runner-up, with 4,921 pounds.
"When we average all locations and planting dates, Georgia 06G was the leader, with 4,622 pounds, followed by Georgia Greener, 4,581 pounds; Georgia 07W, 4,136 pounds; Georgia Green, 4,076 pounds; and Florida 07, 4,069 pounds.
"We had a sizable shift in acres last year to Georgia 06G, with a lesser amount of Georgia Greener. I think many growers weren't that familiar with Georgia Greener, but it's a variety I believe we need to take another look at, based on its performance in our trials."
Grade samples were taken from all of our trials, he says, but there was no significant difference in grade for any of the varieties.
In the 2011 season, Howell says, "We will continue to work with producers to utilize the Peanut Prescription Rx program that was developed by researchers in Georgia, Alabama, and Florida to help reduce the number of fungicide applications.
Reduces fungicide applications, lowers costs
"Most growers have traditionally been spraying every 14 days with some type of fungicide. With the Prescription Rx program, we've been able to calculate the level of risk of various diseases and reduce fungicide applications accordingly. This can be done on a computer, or manually with a pencil and a sheet of paper." (Information on how the program works can be found at http://www.griffin.uga.edu/PeanutRx/)
For moderate to low risk situations, Howell says, producers have been able to eliminate three or more fungicide applications during the season for a considerable cost savings.
"In one whole farm evaluation of the Peanut Rx program, the grower saved $68 per acre across the entire farm, compared to a traditional spray program. The yield average was 4,006 pounds — the best in the farm's history."
The entire farm was scouted weekly, and fungicide recommendations were based on risk index in combination with weather data and scouting observations.
"We will continue to evaluate this program on a large scale basis," he says, "and we'll work with growers to show them firsthand how it works and the potential benefits. Reducing the number of fungicide applications can dramatically bring down their production costs — from $50 to $75 per acre in many cases."
Plant pathologists and others involved with peanut production are continuing to tweak the program to make it more useful for growers, Howell says.
"I get a lot of questions, too, about tillage, particularly from new growers. Many of them use strip tillage, but they also want to know about the possibility of no-till or strip-till.
"We set up four tillage tests last year at Hamilton and Lucedale: full tillage, no-till, and two strip-till. At Lucedale, we saw no particular advantage for no-till or strip-till over full tillage, but at Hamilton we saw a slight advantage for the two strip-till systems.
"We're hoping to continue the work this year and build our information database, including soil moisture and compaction data."


text:
Air Force 1 Mid
Silver Burnt Metal
Air Force 1 Mid "Burnt Metal Silver" Pack by Nike
The Burnt Metal Collection takes classic Nike silhouettes and adds lustre to an exclusive silver metallic colourway. This Air Force 1 Mid features shimmery grey uppers with a premium finish, hook and loop strap and signature air sole unit adding some luxe styling to your sportswear.
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Style number 1876794090
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* Click here for full delivery details
Not happy with a purchase? No problem. You can return to our warehouse, via Collect+ or to one of our UK stores within 28 days of purchase.
Footwear should be unworn and in its original packaging. Your refund will then be processed back to your original method of payment.Click here for more information on returns.
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|Delivery Options
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text:
Karaoke SpeakersOur selection of quality DJ karaoke speakers is among the finest on the web. Find the best karaoke speaker system for you today. We carry battery powered and rechargeable PA speaker variants, and feature brands like QSC, Behringer, Audio 2000, and Vocopro at low, manufacturer prices!
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text:
Astros +113
Brewers U9
Originally Posted by crushalot22: Josh Hamilton Won me a nice chunk of change..... But kickin my behind in fantasy
alright fellas!!!!!
i got a 6 teamer alive throughout the day with one game left!!!!
Astros ML!!!!
100$ to win me 3900$$$$$$$$$$$$
Lets go Astros!!!!
I did make me 100$ bet the other way just to make sure i break even
Ed,shoulda hedged it for like $1900. You cant lose!! booboo by you. either way you net near 2k.
And if you dont have that much in account,u do as much as possible on dodgers ML.
Originally Posted by edwardglennx3: oh yeah crush,,,i quoted that because i had the rangers in that 6 teamer as well and after that walk off, i feel like its destined to happen!!!!
I was at a BBQ and on the way home checkin the scores only to get pissed off seeing Toronto go up by 2 in extras. It was the 3rd leg of the early games. I get home, turn on the t.v., and BAM!!! Josh Hamilton does it again. Even though it's against my Dodgers, I wish you luck. That will be a nice payday.
RED SOX For 2
Originally Posted by smoothd20: Tigers down 3-2 top of the 9th count is 0-2 to Cabrera and he goes deep! Tigers Win 4-3 and I have a W3 and cash money to boot!!!
Nothing better than a walkoff for
And a survivior win..................................................
No bets for me yet today,games are on to early here on left coast,lol.
Leaning under in spurs game,but gonna watch 1st half and maybe 2H wager.
Just fade the cubbies,they will make u rich!!!
What you got for the second half Plisskin?


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As the networks are prone to say during the summer, "If you haven't seen it, it's new to you".
Cambridge University Press has cornered the market on randomized algorithms. After publishing the truly excellent Randomized Algorithms by Rajeev Motwani and Prabhakar Raghavan (ed: wasn't Rajeev your advisor ? me: that has nothing, nothing at all to do with it), they have now published Probability and Computing by Michael Mitzenmacher and Eli Upfal. I caught a brief look at the book the other day, and it seems to have a slightly higher focus on probabilistic tools and techniques and possibly a slightly lesser focus on randomized algorithms, but I could be wrong here.
All in all, looks like a great book to have; it's definitely on my list of books-to-get.


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I couldn't believe it when I saw it. A PS2 with a linux OS. woooohoooooooo!!!!!!! I went ahead and put my order down for more than just linux. One the hard drive and the nic card mean that I wont have to buy much more when Sony's online gaming starts up. Now I will have a fourth pc to play with.....lol. Maybe ill do something crazy and run a webserver off of it. My only question is how microsoft will strike back. This obviously was an attempt by Sony to screw with its competitor, the xbox.
for more info check out http://www.us.playstation.com/produc...7933&CATID=405


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Linebacker. The meat of your Individual Defensive Players in an IDP Fantasy Football Dynasty League. Our own Dudley Dooright from up north, TJ Ford, has submitted the first batch of IDP rankings for 2009 for Football Jabber. Here is a peek at some of the rankings with commentary…
#1 Patrick Willis (3-4 ILB), 49ers-
"No question here. Willis is the top dog among LBs, this guy can single handedly win games for you with astronomical tackle stats as well as big play potential."
#6 Karlos Dansby (4-3 WLB/3-4 ILB), Cardinals–
"Always a big play LB that has improved his solo tackles steadily over the past three years. Dansby is arguably became the best defensive player on his team over safety Adrian Wilson. Dansby will once again be the focal point of a great attacking defense centered on big plays and turnovers."
#11 Curtis Lofton (4-3 MLB), Falcons-
"I'm projecting a big jump for this guy and before you guys start writing your homer accusations in the comments, hear me out. Curtis Lofton led the league in points scored per defensive snap. The only thing that held him back was his limited snaps. This year will be different with Keith Brooking and Michael Boley gone. Lofton will be a 3-down LB and will have the stats to back it up."
#26 James Laurinaitis (4-3 MLB), Rams-
"The Rams Mike job has top 10 potential but Chris Draft is still running with the ones in OTAs. Little Animal needs to step up, take the job and show he can perform."
#33 Nick Barnett (3-4 ILB), Packers-
"How the mighty have fallen. Barnett was a consensus top 10 LB last year but a ripped up knee and a position change to the Ted backer in Dom Capers 3-4 defense have reduced him to a LB3."
View the complete TOP 50 rankings HERE—>


text:
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text:
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Looking to repeat as New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) champions, the Beavers of Babson College added two more wins to their record, defeating the MIT baseball team in two games during Saturday's NEWMAC doubleheader on Briggs Field. With the losses, the Engineers drop to 5-8 (0-5 NEWMAC) on the year, while Babson has won 15 of its last 16 to rise to 5-1 in the NEWMAC and 15-3 overall.
In the day's first game, solid pitching from MIT sophomore Torre Swanson and Babson senior Michael O'Brien kept the first four innings quiet and scoreless. The Beavers broke the silence in the fifth, when first-year John Botelho led off with a double down the left-field line. Botelho advanced to third on a sacrifice bunt from senior Peter O'Toole and advanced home on the next batter via a passed ball.
Later in the inning, with men on first and third, Babson senior Dave Ahern launched a sac-fly to right field to bring in sophomore Travis Jonasson and put the Beavers in front, 2-0.
MIT responded in the sixth, opening the inning with a single from senior Stewart Park and a double from sophomore Bryan Macomber. Junior Dan Hyatt picked up an RBI with a ground-out to second, scoring Park and cutting the lead to 2-1.
In the seventh, Babson's Ahern advanced to first on error and second by stolen base before sophomore Billy Miller picked up an RBI with a single to right, giving the Beavers a 3-1 lead heading into the bottom of the final inning.
In their final at-bat, the Engineers picked up a runner on a walk and advanced him to second on a grounder. With two out, freshman James McKinney drove in pinch-runner Zach Carr to pull MIT to within one run. An error put Park and the go-ahead run on first, but O'Brien forced a fly to shortstop for the final putout of the game, sealing the 3-2 win for Babson.
Both O'Brien (3-0) and Swanson (0-3) pitched complete 7-inning games. O'Brien had 5 strikeouts and 1 walk with 8 hits and 2 earned runs, while Swanson posted 4 strikeouts, 2 walks, 7 hits and 2 earned runs.
Babson's Trevor MacNeill and MIT's Chris Hendrix took to the mound as starting pitchers in the second game, and despite some exciting plays, the first four innings were again scoreless.
In the fifth, senior Brian Scanlon led off the inning by reaching on a throwing error and advancing to second. Two batters later, junior Corey Highfield brought Scanlon home with a sacrifice fly to left field, putting the Beavers up 1-0.
Babson opened up the lead in the eighth with a single by junior Billy Besinger and an RBI-double by first-year Chris Kucher. Two more runs scored in the inning, closing out the game's scoring and giving Babson the 4-0 win.
The Cardinal and Gray struggled in the second game, tallying only 5 hits and racking up 4 fielding errors. Though the Engineers did manage to turn 2 double plays, they left 7 on base and had another 2 runners picked off.
MacNeill (3-1) pitched 7 innings for Babson with 3 strikeouts and 3 walks. Junior Austin Dadio threw the final 2 innings, allowing only 1 hit.
MIT's Hendrix had 1 earned run, 3 strikeouts, 1 walk and 1 earned run in his 7 innings on the mound. Henry Zhu provided relief for 2 outs in the eighth before junior Cameron Brown closed out the game for the Engineers, throwing one strikeout among his 4 outs of the game.
The Engineers look to rebound when they face the Rams of Suffolk University in a non-conference game on Monday, April 5. The Beavers also play Monday when they return home to host UMass-Dartmouth. Both games are scheduled to begin at 3:30 p.m.


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The five days from 17 – 21 September 2003 saw a huge fire devastate part of Fylingdales Moor on the North York Moors, stretching from the A171, where it is believed to have started due to a discarded cigarette, to near the coast at Ravenscar. In total 2.4 square kilometres of moorland and fragile peat soil were affected.
To mark the 10th anniversary of the fire, events were held on Saturday the 21 and Sunday 22 of September at Ravenscar Village Hall and on the moor itself by the Hawk and Owl Trust (HOT) and the Staintondale and Ravenscar Local History Group. Through the use of photographs, Bronze Age artefacts and stone carving replicas, the Village Hall display concentrated on the fire itself, including the destruction and the archaeology that this uncovered.
Wildlife Ranger Chris Hansell organised the HOT display, on the Sunday, focussing on the moor's recovery. It featured the HOT stand with Outreach Officer Tanya Eyre and a photographic display showing moorland management and flora and fauna using Chris' own photographs. Moorland Keeper David Hutton was also in attendance with the HOT fire fighting equipment. To supplement this Peter Bloom, who is a HOT supporter, brought along two of his captive bred Barn Owls which proved a great success with the public. As well as having their photograph taken with the owls they were entertained by Peter's tales about various species of owl.
The local fire crew, from Robin Hood's Bay, brought along their unit and two of the crew told of their involvement in the fire and how they were the first on the scene when it started and the last to leave when it was all over. There were tales of how after two days the Brigade went from an offensive approach to tackling the fire to a defensive one, so vast was the task. Fire engines worked in relay to get water to the moor and at one point a helicopter was called in to assist. At the peak over 100 fire engines were in attendance with every unit in North Yorkshire present and others coming from as far away as Lancashire.
Once the fire was 'out' units were still in attendance 24 hours a day to ensure that there were no further outbreaks and one fireman told how, after finishing his regular shift he was photographed holding a pillow as he prepared to come onto the moor to carry out the night watch! During the talk a local couple whose house was in the line of the fire told how they had a unit from Cumbria stationed outside for several days.
In the afternoon Chris led a well attended guided walk along the Stoupe Brow Trail to show much of the area affected and to talk about the history of the moor highlighting how the flora and fauna have recovered since. The 'cup and ring' carved stones which can still be seen, burial mounds, marker stones and gullies and reservoirs for the nearby Alum works were all pointed out. Locals Paul Ming and Roger Tordoff, along with Chris Hall from Scarborough Archaeological Society, added further nuggets of information.
A great time was had by all in attendance removed and before they left Chris was talking to one of the fire crew, who just happened to be HOT Keeper David Hutton's uncle, about how it was getting hard to tell which tracks on the moor are from 18th century carts, 20th century tanks or the units used to put out the fire. But as David said "It's all part of the history of the moor now!"
A big thanks to all involved particularly Tracy, Chris' wife, who helped in the preparation and on the day.


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CCHA Championship Game Michigan vs ND Open Thread
Coverage starts at 2:00pm, TV is Fox Sports Detroit, Free radio link on MGoBlue.com
This is the final CCHA Championship, Michigan going for their 10th Playoff Title, and to extend their NCAA Tournament streak to 23 years.
The tournament streak is only over when we decide it is over, LETS GO BLUE!!!!


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On My Recent Protected Posts
I know I started this blog a couple years ago to be a political one. From June of 2010 to just a few days ago, I let this blog lie dormant. Part of the reason for this was because I had trouble thinking of current events and political issues to write about, especially since other people are usually quicker on the draw than I am. The other reason was that I had decided to move my political commentary to my RedState diary which I've had for much longer than this blog. Being part of a community like RedState makes it much easier to get feedback on the political posts of some random guy like me.
Of late, I have taken a greater interest in writing fiction, an old hobby of mine. Most of this is loosely based upon my college experiences, but I may branch out to other topics as well at some point. When I was looking for an option to publish online in a place where I had at least some control over who could access it, I realized I still had this blog sitting around, so I decided to post it here, with password protection while I'm still working out the kinks on the posts in question and deciding if I'm really ready for the world to see it.
At some point, I may just start a new blog for my writings and just leave this one dormant again, but for now, I'll stay here. In the meantime, I welcome your feedback on my writings and your suggestions on what I ought to do about blogging (whether you think I ought to open a new site for my writings, for example). You can leave those thoughts on this post, in the comments sections of my already-posted stories, or through Twitter. If you'd like to read what I've written, particularly if you are a friend but I will consider anyone (though I do reserve the right to say "No" to anyone, friend or not), you can also request access here.
And please keep any insults related to my politics to yourselves, same goes for whining, but I'm pretty sure most everyone reading this is better than that. For my part, I make no apologies for what I believe, and I do my best to respect those who disagree with me.


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CMS 1500 Forms (formerly HCFA 1500 forms) and UB 04 Forms (formerly UB 92 forms)
CMS 1500 forms are the standardized medical billing forms for professional (non-institutional) medical billing of health insurance claims in the United States. The current CMS 1500 form version is 08/05, revised by the National Uniform Claim Committee (NUCC) in June 2007 to accommodate updates due to the HIPAA law. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) also called the CMS 1500 forms, the approved OMB-0938-0999 form.
The CMS 1500 forms were formerly HCFA 1500 forms, when CMS was named the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA) prior to September 2001.
UB 04 forms are used for institutional medical billing. This includes medical claims produced by hospitals, rehab centers, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, nursing homes and others. The forms were updated by the National Uniform Billing Committee (NUBC) from the prior UB 92 forms. The forms are known officially as CMS 1450 forms.
Medical Coding .Net carries only the highest quality paper forms at excellent prices including FREE SHIPPING.


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Disney's Wreck-it-Ralph is, in some ways, the best video game movie ever made. It doesn't do as much with the whole video games thing as it could have, but still, great movie.
One of the things it did really well was parody/pay homage to famous video game series and clichés without (usually) having to directly reference them. You can thank the flick's art department for that.
As you can see in these concept art images from the movie's pre-production, the artists had a very good handle on how to give StarCraft and Mario Kart the Disney treatment.
There are more images from Wreck-it-Ralph's pre-production available at Disney Animation's site (thanks Concept Art World!)


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Earth : Asia : South Asia : India : Southern India : Kerala : Central Kerala : Guruvayoor
Gurvayoor is one of the most sacred and important pilgrim towns in India. This temple-town is extremely famous for its large Sree Krishna Temple, believed to one of the 108 most divine Vishnu temples of world. The town is located in Thrissur district, nearly 102 km from Kochi. The temple is regarded as Bhooloka-Vaikuntam or Earthly abode of Lord Vishnu. Thus the spirituality regains to the core in the town.
Guruvayoor Temple is India's 3rd largest temple in terms of number of pilgrims attracting more than 7 millions devotees annually. The presiding deity is Lord Vishnu, in form of Sree Krishna (8th incarnation of Lord Vishnu). Hindu mythology says the Lord Krishna used to worship an idol of Lord Vishnu at his palace in legendary Dwarka island. However Krishna knew that, soon after his death, his palace island would wash into seas. He instructed the Deva Guru (Heavenly Saint) Brihaspati and Vayu Deva (Wind God) to take his favourite idol, once Dwarka gets submerged and place it in some other place, where devotees can worship. As instructed by Lord, Guru and Vayu took away the idol, when Dwarka was sinking and was hunting a place to the idol. Soon they would a sacred place where they wished to place the idol. However a Shiva temple existed in that area, making it difficult to place the idol nearby. Soon on Guru's invocation, Lord Shiva appeared and agreed to move his temple from the sacred place, to install the divine idol. As Guru and Vayu placed the idol and errected a temple in its honour, the place came to known as Guruvayur.
A large Shiva temple exists at Mammiyur, within a kilometer from the main temple, where the original Shiva temple relocated.
Guruvayur was the main royal temple under Kozhikode's Zamorin times. After annexation of Malabar into British presidency, the temple became part a private trust, headed by titular Zamorin ruler and Chief Priest of temple, who were known for their rigid orthodoxies. This resulted in rigid and cruel discrimination based on caste and creed. In 1930s, calls for equality and social reformation started across Kerala and large number of congressmen assembled at Temple gate protesting against the regime of caste discrimination for temple entry, which resulted in closure of temple in 1931. The temple soon was stormed by a group of revolutionaries ending the centuries old practice of social discrimination. Soon the Madras Presidency nationalized the temple and agreed to allow people of all castes and creed within Hindu fold, to enter the temple, which started the social renaissance in Kerala's caste ridden society of 1930s. Today, the temple is under control of Government of Kerala, managed under Guruvayur Devasom (a semi-constitutional temple trustee body). Non-Hindus are strictly debarred and several rigid dress code is in place.
Like elsewhere in Kerala, Malayalam is the main language, while English is widely understood. Being a leading pilgrim center, other languages particularly Tamil and Hindi are understood. Most of the public signages are written in Malayalam, English and Hindi, while Guruvayur Devaswom also writes most of the public information in all the South Indian languages apart from Hindi. Public announcements at the temple, are normally made in Malayalam.
With large confluence of people from different regions, one can find people speaking multiple Indian languages.
Get in
By plane
The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport located at Kochi (87 km). Alternatively, passengers can use Calicut International Airport located at Kozhikode, located about 100 kms or Coimbatore Airport which is 110 kms away. A large helipad at Guruvayur, enables helicopter transportation from Cochin and Kozhikode airport. An aerodrome and heliport is under consideration at Guruvayur, to cater growing number of pilgrims
By train
Gurvayoor town has its own railway station in same name, where only few inter-city passenger and one inter-state passes. Equally convenient to take the train up from Thrissur which is a major railway station where almost all trains bound to Kerala stops and then take a taxi (approx Rs 300) to Gurvayoor. The railway station is located a km from the temple.
By bus
Guruvayur, being leading pilgrim town, is well connected by buses. KSRTC and Private services connect the city with almost all parts of Kerala. One can find regular buses from Thrissur, Kochi, Kozhikode, almost one in every half an hour. The KSRTC Bus station is near the West Gate, while Private Bus Stand is near to the east gate. KSRTC also operates few inter-state services from Guruvayur, mainly to Coimbatore, Mysore and Salem. Private luxury bus operators like Kallada, KPN etc operates daily services from Chennai, Bangalore, Mangalore, Madurai etc. Tamil Nadu's SETC also have regular services from Coimbatore, Salem, Madurai and Palani, while Karnataka's KSRTC operates Rajahamsa (Executive class Airbus) and Airavat services (Air-conditioned luxury bus) from Bangalore and Mangalore
By car
Guruvayur is connected rest of country with NH 66 (Mumbai-Kanyakumari highway) and several state highways connect the town to Kozhikode, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Palakkad etc.
Get around
Guruvayur is a small town, which can be accessed by foot itself. The entire town is structured around the Guruvayur temple, which is also the major commercial center. Taxis and autorickshaws are available near the Temple center as well as near to Railway Station and Bus stand. Be sure you fix your price before getting into one or else there is a chance of the drivers fleecing the passengers, especially westerners. Currently there is no intra-town bus services, however most of the inter-city buses stops at various suburbs of the town.
Sree Krishna Temple
The entire town of Guruvayur rose to international fame because of the popularity of the Great Krishna temple, thus the temple and its surrounding temples are the prime attraction. Nearly 6-10 million devotees visit annually and it is one of the richest temples in South India. On average 40,000 to 50,000 people visit the temple on daily basis.
About the temple
The outer ring of the temple was constructed by the Great Zamorin King Manadeva Varma of Kozhikode, one of the celebrated devotees of Guruvayurappan (as the presiding lord is known), with traditional Kerala architecture. The first layer of the inner ring and the extensive mural works were one of the oldest parts of the structure, commissioned by 4th Pandyan King in AD 52, after being cured of snake-bite poison.
The sanctum sanatorium is the oldest structure and believed to have been constructed by Lord Parasurama himself. Archeologists estimate the complex to be at least 1000 years old. The sanctum sanatorium is unique, as the structure itself has 3 layers inside, something not seen in other places. The original idol is placed inside the third layer. The idol is a larger representation of Lord Vishnu, but often represented as a baby form of Krishna, with the help of sandal sculpting. Nearly 100 golden lamps light the inner sanatorium.
Apart from the main deity, 4 smaller temples are located inside the main complex. While sanatoriums for Lord Ganesh and Lord Sree Padmanabha (Royal deity of Travancore in Trivandrum) are located inside the inner layer of the temple; sanatoriums for Lord Ayyappa and Goddess Parvathi are located in the outer layer.
Offerings and Pujas
Major temples
Other attractions
Being a small temple town, religious activities tops the list.
Guruvayur is the most famous Hindu wedding destination in Kerala. Many Hindus prefer to solemnize their marriage in front of the lord, making one of the most sought after marriage destination. The Kalyana-Mandapam or Wedding Hall in front of the temple, hosts more than 100 to 150 marriages a day. Prior booking is required at the Devaswom office and marriages are done in simple Kerala Nair traditions. Due to heavy rush, normally only key ritual of solemnizing the wedlock and exchange of thulsi garlands are done in front of the temple, while other rituals done in nearby halls or hotels.
The Devaswom has its own Marriage office, where marriages are legally registered and certificate is issued, which can be notified or attested in any Government registrar office across Kerala, for legal certification. The Devaswom allows marriages only between Hindus (inclusive of other oriental religions like Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism).
The East Nada (Gate) and West Nada are major commercial alleys with several shops selling traditional Kerala handicrafts, handlooms, souvenirs, lamps, brasswares, paintings all related to Hinduism. Apart from handicrafts, Guruvayur is famous for its large unique variety of savories especially the supersize Guruvayoor Padappadams, Murukkus, sweets etc.
Guruvayur is also one of the largest centers of devotional music centers, with dozens of music stores selling several records of chart-busters devotional albums and audio/video cds.
The temple town is known for its pure vegetarianism. Around the temple one can find plenty of pure vegetarian restaurants. The cuisine is mostly South Indian. Most restaurants serve good ghee roast dosa. Finding a non-vegetarian food stall or bar is extremely difficult like any other Hindu pilgrim town, though its not banned.
Tap water is generally safe, as Guruvayur Devasom authorities have installed several water purification plants across the temple, to provide safe drinking water to devotees. Being a major pilgrimage town, almost all bottled water brands as well as soft-drinks brands are easily available. Coffee and Tea vending machines are found at main places and all restaurants serves some of the best filter coffees in the state. Tender coconut water (Karikku) is also easily available and several juice bars provides freshly squeezed juices.
Be it free room or service apartment or budget hotel or posh luxurious resort, Guruvayur has all within its 10 sqkm of town limit. Being a temple town, that attracts more than 10 million annually, accommodation is never an issue. Guruvayur Devasom has 4 major accommodation types for temple devotees. Central Reservation :- +91-487-255-6-100, 255-6335, 255-6799, 255-6347, 255-6365
Devasom Accommodation
Stay Safe
Guruvayur is one of the safest towns. Due to arrivals of large number of pilgrims, a large number of police and temple guards are deployed around the temple. The temple is secured by Kerala Police's Special branch services in addition a unit of Kerala Commando Force and Rapid Action Force (RAF). The Guruvayur Devasom maintains private security guards (normally in White Shirts and Khaki pants with black caps) for mointoring devotees outside the temple, while has its own security inside the temple (seen in saffron mundu with blue shawl). In addition, undercover police (Shadow Police) are also deployed in the temple and outside.
Still one needs to be concious of light crimes like pickpocketing, eve teasing etc. Police has displayed photos of leading criminals arrested in the region in many places, to keep people beware of them.
For any police support, one can call 100 or 1090. The main police station is located 100 meters from the temple.
Emergency Ambulance Support
For any medical emergency, one can contact 108 or 102. Ambulance services are provided by Guruvayur Devaswom as well as NSS. In addition Fire and Rescue services (101) also maintain ambulance services. Ambulance services are provided by Guruvayur Devaswom as well as NSS. In addition Fire and Rescue services (101) also maintain ambulance services.
Stay Safe
Medical Attention
Guruvayur Devaswom maintains its own medical team, to meet any contingencies, while in the temple or its surroundings. The Devaswom operates an emergency wing, available 24 hours. It operates free medical clinics around the temple as well as two hospitals (an English Medicine Hospital and Ayurvedic Hospital) with well stocked pharmacy and diagnostic center.
There are numerous of clinics in and around Guruvayur. Equally one can find several diagnostic centers, specialized laboratories, blood bank as well as day surgery centers.
24 Hours Pharmacy
The area code of Guruvayur is 0487. All national operators operate mobile services in Guruvayur. In addition, one can find several Public Call Offices as well as coin-operated pay phones. One can find several internet cafes, especially in KTDC Shopping Complex in East Nada. However donot need to expect latest computer systems in these cafes, as these are not regularly patronized in such temple towns.
The Guruvayur Main Post office is located 250 Meters away from the East Nada gate. It has a Speed post EMS Services apart for Utility center.
Tourist Office
Kerala Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) has its Tourist reception and information office (TRIO) in KDTC Shopping complex facility. The facility has a restaurant called Mangalya, a banquet hall and restrooms. For queries, contact 0487-2556266/7
KTDC maintains two restaurants in both sides of the temple having restroom facility along with tourist office.
Guruvayur Devaswom
The Devaswom Administration manages the affairs of the temple and its surrounding area as its mostly temple property. The Devaswom maintains multiple offices around the temple, serving the devotees and public. The devaswom's main office is located on South Nada, opposite Panchachyam Hotel.
Get out
Once you are done with all the temple visits, head to Chavakkad Beach around five km from Guruvayur. A beautiful quiet beach during the day. To watch the fishermen bring in their catch get to the beach around 5PM, an awesome sight with a zillion fish on display on the beach itself.


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European Commission
Press release
Brussels, 24 September 2013
Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): Political agreement reached on last remaining points
The European Parliament, the EU Council of Ministers and the European Commission have reached a political agreement this evening on the few issues on CAP reform (in the context of the Multi-Annual Financial Framework 2014-2020) that remained outstanding after the 26 June political agreement on the reform (see IP/13/613 and MEMO/13/621).
"Having found agreement on most of the CAP reform package in June, I am delighted that we have now been able to finalise the reform as a whole," EU Agriculture Commissioner Dacian Cioloș stated tonight. "I would like to pay tribute to Ministers and MEPs for the way in which they have been able to find a compromise on these issues which respects the co-decision process. Following tonight's accord I hope we can proceed swiftly to a formal vote in the European Parliament and Council, which will allow the legislative texts and the 2014 transition arrangements to be formally adopted before the end of the year, and apply from January 1, 2014. This is important for European farmers as it provides them greater certainty for the coming year."
Subject to formal approval by both Institutions and to the adoption of the legal acts on the overall EU budget for 2014-2020, tonight's accord is the final part of an overall agreement which gives the Common Agricultural Policy a new direction, taking better account of society's expectations.
The main aspects of the agreement reached today are presented below. They come in addition to the agreement in June - see MEMO/13/621. (A consolidated version of the memo covering the whole reform package will be published shortly.)
Direct payments
"Capping" and "Degressivity": Agreement has been reached on compulsory "degressivity", and voluntary "capping". In practice this mean that the amount of Direct Payment support that an individual farm holding receives [not including the Greening payment] will be reduced by at least 5% for the amounts above 150 000€. In order to take account of employment, salary costs may be deducted before the calculation is made. This reduction does not need to apply to Member States which apply the "redistributive payment" under which at least 5% of their national envelope is held back for redistribution on the first hectares of all farms. NB The funds "saved" under this mechanism stay in the Member State/region concerned, and are transferred to the respective Rural Development envelope, and can be used without any co-funding requirements.
External Convergence: The national envelopes for direct payments for each Member State will be progressively adjusted such that those Member States where the average payment (in € per hectare) is currently below 90% of the EU average will see a gradual increase in their envelope (by 1/3 of the difference between their current rate and 90% of the EU average). Moreover, there is the guarantee that every Member State will reach a minimum level by 2019. The amounts available for other Member States who receive above average amounts will be adjusted accordingly.
Transferring funds between Pillars: Member States will have the possibility of transferring up to 15% of their national envelope for Direct Payments (1st Pillar) to their Rural Development envelope. These amounts will not need to be co-funded. Member States will also have the option of transferring up to 15% of their national envelope for Rural Development to their Direct Payments envelope, or up to 25% for those Member States that get less than 90% of the EU average for direct payments.
Rural Development
National allocations: Rural Development allocations per Member State are included in the Basic Regulation, but with the possibility of adjusting these amounts through a Delegated act if technically necessary or provided for by a legislative act.
Co-funding rates: The maximum EU co-funding rates will be up to 85% in less developed regions, the outermost regions and the smaller Aegean islands, 75% in transition regions, 63% in other transition regions and 53% in other regions for most payments, but can be higher for the measures supporting knowledge transfer, cooperation, the establishment of producer groups and organisations and young farmer installation grants, as well as for LEADER projects and for spending related to the environment and climate change under various measures.
Further information
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Do you like classic rock? How about classic VWs? Today's Nice Price or Crack Pipe classic rock radio station promotional VW brings them together in one KISS-themed package. Its price however may be the KISS of death.
Where would classic rock be without the British? From the Beatles to England Dan and John Ford (Prefect) Coley - the Brits have long been a staple of that dying radio genre. And for 82% of you, the best classic Brit-rock is heard while driving a classic Brit car, and yesterday's 1970 Triumph TR6 was priced to rock your world very nicely.
But no one rocks like KISS. Hell, they wanna' rock all night and party every day! And they proved that nothing more fully expresses the machismo of power chord rock like full makeup and high heel shoes. . .
Okay look, everybody probably knows who KISS was, and you probably still hold them responsible for acts like Insane Clown Posse and the freakishly high number of dwarf KISS cover bands. Still, they did carve out a unique niche in rock history catering to both headbanger and homoerotic aficionado. In addition to the face paint, concert pyrotechnics, and power chord rockers that were intended to hit you from the radio like a dick in the face, one of the things for which KISS was known was Gene Simmons' cunning linguist of a tongue. Rumor was, back in the day, that Simmons had received a tongue graft, creating the massive muscle and allowing him the ability to sense 16 different levels of Umami.
Today's 1970 103.5 The Fox promo VW has a rough approximation of Simmons' lady pleaser, seemingly in 1:1 scale. In addition to that lurid pink hood ornament there's Gene's shaggy head and gaping maw wrapped around the roof. This may excite diehard KISS fans, but it's likely the stuff of nightmares for the rest of us.
The car was created for Colorado's 103.5 The Fox, a station where apparently the '70s went to die. I don't know when it was built, I couldn't tell you if there are three more Beetles out there sporting, respectively, Starchild, Space Ace, or Catman livery, but the Demon here probably represents enough for the rest of them. Being more of a Motörhead fan myself, I lost interest researching this thing after the first Google page.
The car is presently undergoing restoration - and you can see in this earlier pic what it will likely look like when done. According to the ad, it has already received a new engine, tires and wheels, as well as a new floorpan. The paint is appropriately enough metalflake black. The pictures in the ad show the car without its front fenders, but the claim is that they will be reattached and in fact the whole restoration will be done in 40 days. That's just in time for the August 8 concert at the ironically named Comfort Dental Amphitheatre by none other than KISS and fellow sexagenarian party rockers MÖTLEY CRÜE.
Attending that concert would be the perfect reason to buy and drive this beetle. Other reasons may include - parking it in front of the home of a hated ex, making Rick Santorum angry and aroused, and pretty much ensuring that everyone gets out of your way on the freeway, lest they get Gene Simmons' tongue up their tailpipe.
So it's probably not something that you'd be taking granny to church in on Sundays but geez who wouldn't have wanted to roll into the high school parking lot in this thing - back in 1977? Seeing as it's 2012, and if you're a big enough KISS fan to still want to see them in concert - sans irony - then you probably don't have the $10,000 the seller is claiming the completed car will command. I'm not judging you for your unflagging affiliation with the KISS Army, society already has done that, I'm just saying this is one piece of KISS memorabilia that is likely out of reach of their most ardent fans' bank accounts.
But what if you wanted this for reasons of promotion, nostalgia or kitsch, would paying ten gees be worth it to ride around in Gene's head? Or, is that too many family jewels to ask for something that offers to give you tongue on your first meeting?
You decide!
Denver Craigslist or go here if the ad disappears.
H/T to Jeff for the hookup!
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