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Internetwork Design Guide -- Designing DDR Internetworks
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Revision as of 04:31, 25 August 2009
Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) provides network connections across Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs). Dedicated wide-area networks are typically implemented on leased lines or more modern service provider options such as Frame Relay, SMDS, or ATM. Dial-on-Demand Routing provides session control for wide-area connectivity over circuit switched networks, which in turn provides on-demand services and decreased network costs.
DDR can be used over synchronous serial interfaces, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces, or asynchronous serial interfaces. V.25bis and DTR dialing are used for Switched 56 CSU/DSUs, ISDN terminal adapters (TAs), or synchronous modems. Asynchronous serial lines are available on the auxiliary port on Cisco routers and on Cisco communication servers for connections to asynchronous modems. DDR is supported over ISDN using BRI and PRI interfaces.
Introduction to DDR
Cisco IOS Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) provides several functions. First DDR spoofs routing tables to provide the image of full-time connectivity using Dialer interfaces. When the routing table forwards a packet to a Dialer interface, DDR then filters out the interesting packets for establishing, maintaining, and releasing switched connections. Internetworking is achieved over the DDR maintained connection using PPP or other WAN encapsulation techniques (such as HDLC, X.25, SLIP). Internetwork engineers can use the model presented in this article to construct scalable, DDR internetworks that balance performance, fault tolerance, and cost.
DDR Design Stack
Similar to the model provided by the OSI for understanding and designing internetworking, a stacked approach, shown in Figure: DDR design stack, can be used to design DDR networks.
Figure: DDR design stack
Dialer Clouds
The network formed by the interconnected DDR devices can generically be labeled the dialer media or dialer cloud. The scope of the dialer cloud includes only the intended interconnected devices and does not include the entire switched media (the entire ISDN spans the globe and is beyond the scope of the dialer cloud). The exposure to the ISDN must be considered when designing security.
The fundamental characteristics of dialer clouds are as follows:
- Dialer clouds are collective bundles of potential and active point-to-point connections.
- On active connections, dialer clouds form an NBMA (non-broadcast multiaccess) media similar to Frame Relay.
- For outbound dialing on switched circuits (such as ISDN) network protocol address to directory number mapping must be configured.
- Inactive DDR connections are spoofed to appear as active to routing tables.
- Unwanted broadcast or other traffic causing unneeded connections can be prohibitively expensive. Potential costs on Tariffed media (such as ISDN) should be closely analyzed and monitored to prevent such loss.
The characteristics of dialer clouds affect every stage of DDR internetworking design. A solid understanding of network protocol addressing, routing, and filtering strategies can result in very robust and cost-effective internetworks.
Traffic and Topology of DDR
To determine the optimum topology, the DDR designer should perform a traffic analysis of internetworking applications that must be supported. This includes answering the following questions:
- How often does data traffic need to move between the DDR sites?
- What side of the DDR connection can establish the connection? How many remote sites?
- Is this a point-to-point solution or a multipoint solution?
The most important factor in selecting the topology is the number of sites that will be supported. If only two sites will be involved, the point-to-point topology is used. If more than two sites are to be supported, the hub-and-spoke topology is typically used. For small numbers of sites with very low traffic volumes, the fully meshed topology may be the most appropriate solution.
Topologies for DDR covered in this section include:
- Point-to-point
- Fully meshed
- Hub-and-spoke
Point-to-Point Topology
In a simple point-to-point topology (see Figure: Point-to-point topology), two sites are connected to each other. Each site has a dialer interface and maps the other site's address to a telephone number. If additional bandwidth is required, multiple links can be aggregated using Multilink PPP.
Figure: Point-to-point topology
Fully Meshed Topology
The fully meshed configuration (see Figure: Fully meshed topology) is recommended only for very small DDR networks. Fully meshed topologies can streamline the dialing process for any-to-any connectivity as each site can call any other site directly, rather than having to call through a central site, which then places another call to the target site. However, the configuration for each site is more complex because each site must have mapping information for every other site.
If load sharing is desired, interfaces can be configured for MultiLink PPP capability. In addition to the complexity of the configuration, either sufficient interfaces must be available on each device to deal with the possibility of all of the other devices calling in, or the possibility of contention for interfaces needs to be understood and dealt with.
Figure: Fully meshed topology
Hub-and-Spoke DDR Solutions
In a hub-and-spoke topology (see Figure: Hub-and-spoke topology), a central site is connected to several remote sites. The remote sites communicate with the central site directly; they do not call any of the other remote sites. This topology works very well for scaling large solutions.
Figure: Hub-and-spoke topology
Hub-and-spoke topologies are easier to configure than fully meshed topologies when multipoint topologies are required because remote site dialer interfaces are mapped only to the central site. This allows most of the design complexity (such as addressing, routing, and authentication) to be managed on the DDR Hub. Configuration support of the remote sites can be greatly simplified (similar to one end of a point-to-point topology).
If any-to-any connectivity initiation is required between remote sites, routing behavior may need to be modified depending on dialer interface behavior (that is, it may be necessary to disable split-horizon on distance vector routing protocols).
Multiple hubs can be used to provide further scaling of hub-and-spoke technologies. When using MultiLink PPP, as is very common in ISDN solutions, designers can implement Cisco IOS MultiChassis MultiLink PPP to scale the dial-in rotary group between multiple Network Access Servers.
Traffic Analysis
For traffic analysis, develop a chart of which protocols need to be able to support DDR-based dialing from which devices. This will form the basis of the rest of the DDR design.
For example, Company KDT has selected a hub-and-spoke topology (to provide for scaling) and has developed the needs shown in Table: DDR Protocol Connectivity Requirements for KDT for its DDR cloud requirements.
Table: DDR Protocol Connectivity Requirements for KDT
|Remote Site
|Dial-In Protocols
|Dial-Out Protocols
IP, AppleTalk
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
The purpose of Table: DDR Protocol Connectivity Requirements for KDT is to identify which sites and protocols require the capability to initiate the DDR connections. Once connectivity is established, each protocol requires two-way connectivity via routing tables and dialer cloud address mapping. Dial-in versus dial-out is from the perspective of the hub.
Often a primary goal of a DDR network is to offer a cost improvement over WAN charges associated with dedicated connections. Additional traffic analysis must be performed for each protocol at this or the Dialer Filtering design stage. Network applications use the infrastructure provided by the internetwork in many different and often unexpected ways. It is critical to perform a thorough analysis of real-world network traffic that will transit the dialer media in order to determine whether a DDR network can operate in a feasible manner. Packet capture and analysis tools provide the most valuable tool for this analysis.
Dialer Interfaces
Access to the dialer media is via Cisco ISO Dialer interfaces. ISDN B channels, Synchronous Serial interfaces, and Asynchronous interfaces can all be converted to dialer interfaces using dialer interface configuration commands. To understand dialer interfaces, the following concepts are covered:
- Supported physical interfaces
- Dialer rotary groups
- Dialer profiles
- Dialer addressing
- Dialer mapping
Dialer Interfaces also provide the basis for support of routing table spoofing and dialer filtering. This section focuses on lower-layer characteristics of dialer interfaces.
Supported Physical Interfaces
Several types of physical interfaces can be enabled as dialer interfaces.
Synchronous Serial Interfaces
Dialing on synchronous serial lines can be initiated using V.25bis dialing or DTR dialing. V.25bis is the ITU standard for in-band dialing. With in-band dialing, dialing information is sent over the same connection that carries the data. V.25bis is used with a variety of devices, including synchronous modems, ISDN terminal adapters (TAs), and Switched 56 DSU/CSUs.
With DTR dialing, the DTR signal on the physical interface is activated, which causes some devices to dial a number configured into that device.When using DTR dialing, the interface cannot receive calls. But using DTR dialing allows lower-cost devices to be used in cases where only a single number needs to be dialed. Synchronous Serial Lines support PPP, HDLC, and X.25 datagram encapsulation.
To convert a synchronous serial interface into a dialer interface, use the Cisco IOS command dialer in-band or dialer dtr.
ISDN Interfaces
All ISDN devices subscribe to services provided by an ISDN service provider, usually a telephone company. ISDN DDR connections are made on B channels at 56 or 64 Kbps depending on the bearer capabilities of the end-to-end ISDN switching fabric. MultiLink PPP is often used to allow BRI devices to aggregate both B channels for great bandwidth and throughput.
ISDN BRI and PRI interfaces are automatically configured as dialer in-band interfaces. ISDN can support PPP, HDLC, X.25, and V.120 encapsulation. Typically, PPP will be used for DDR solutions. ISDN interfaces are automatically configured as dialer in-band interfaces.
For example, when examining a BRI interface on a Cisco IOS router, you can see that it is in the spoofing (pretending to be up/up so the routing table can point to this interface):
c1600A# sh int bri 0
BRI0 is up, line protocol is up (spoofing)
However, the physical interfaces are the individual B (BRI0:1 and BRI0:2) channels being managed by the dialer interface (BRI0).
c1600A# sh int bri 0 1
BRI0:1 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is BRI MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) LCP Closed, multilink Closed Closed: IPCP, CDPCP
Asynchronous Modem Connections
Asynchronous connections are used by communication servers or through the auxiliary port on a router. Asynchronous DDR connections can be used to support multiple network layer protocols. When considering asynchronous DDR solutions, designers should consider if the internetworking applications can tolerate the longer call setup time and lower throughput of analog modems (in comparison with ISDN). For some design applications, DDR over asynchronous modem connections may provide a very cost-effective option.
In order to dial out using asynchronous connections, chat scripts must be configured so that modem dialing and login commands are sent to remote systems. For design flexibility, multiple chat scripts can be configured on dialer maps. Modem scripts can be used to configure modems for outbound calls. Login scripts are intended to deal with logging onto remote systems and preparing the link for establishment of PPP. Chat scripts are configured with expect-send pairs and keywords to modify settings, as follows:
chat-script dialnum "" "atdt\T" TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT \c
If you are using asynchronous DDR and calling a system that requires a character-mode login, use the system-script keyword with the dialer map command.
Chat scripts often encounter problems with timing due to the fact that they are run with much greater precision than when a human is controlling the connection. For example, sometimes when a modem sends the CONNECT message, it is not actually ready to send data, and may even disconnect if any data is received on the TX circuitry. To avoid such failure modes, pauses are added at the head of some send strings.
Each send string is terminated with a carriage return, even when it's a null string (""). Often the chat script will be set up without the final "send" string. This may produce unexpected results. Ensure that all chat scripts have complete expect-send pairs. If the final element in the chat script logic turns out to be an expect (as in the previous example), use the \c as the final send to suppress unwanted output.
Use the debug chat commands to troubleshoot chat script problems. Line-specific debugging can provide additional details when expect-send logic is failing.
Dialer Rotary Groups
For hub-and-spoke or fully meshed topologies that support multiple connections between sites, physical interfaces can be grouped into rotary groups with the dialer rotary-group command. Physical interfaces assigned to the dialer rotary-group inherit their configuration from the corresponding interface dialer.
If one of the physical interfaces in a rotary group is busy, the next available interface can be used to place or receive a call. It is not necessary to configure rotary groups for BRI or PRI interfaces as ISDN B channels are automatically placed into a rotary-group, however multiple BRI or PRI interfaces can be grouped using dialer rotary-group.
Dialer Profiles
Dialer profiles introduced in Cisco IOS 11.2 offer additional design flexibility such as multisite bridging over ISDN. Dialer profiles provide an alternative methodology for designing DDR networks by removing the logical definition of dialer sites from the physical dialer interfaces.
Encapsulation Methods
When a clear DataLink is established between two DDR peers, internetworking datagrams must be encapsulated and framed for transport across the Dialer media. The encapsulation methods available depend on the physical interface being used. Cisco supports Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP), and X.25 data-link encapsulations for DDR:
- PPP is the recommended encapsulation method because it supports multiple protocols and is used for synchronous, asynchronous, or ISDN connections. In addition, PPP performs address negotiation and authentication and is interoperable with different vendors.
- HDLC is supported on synchronous serial lines and ISDN connections only. HDLC supports multiple protocols. However, HDLC does not provide authentication, which may be required if using dialer rotary groups.
- SLIP works on asynchronous interfaces only and is supported by IP only. Addresses must be configured manually. SLIP does not provide authentication and is interoperable only with other vendors that use SLIP.
- X.25 is supported on synchronous serial lines and a single ISDN B channel.
Addressing Dialer Clouds
There are two ways of setting up addressing on dialer clouds, as follows:
- Applying a subnet to the dialer cloud
- Each site connected to the dialer cloud is given a unique node address on a shared subnet for use on its dialer interface. This method is similar to numbering a LAN or multipoint WAN and simplifies the addressing scheme and creation of static routes.
- Using unnumbered interfaces
- Similar to using unnumbered addressing on leased line point-to-point interfaces, the address of another interface on the router is borrowed for use on the dialer interface. Unnumbered addressing takes advantage of the fact that there are only two devices on the point-to-point link. The routing table points to an interface (the dialer interface) and a next-hop address (which must match a dialer map: static or dynamic).
- Building static routes for unnumbered interfaces can be a little more complex because the router must be configured with the interface that finds the next-hop out.
Dialer Maps
Similar to the function provided by an ARP table, dialer map statements translate next-hop protocol addresses to telephone numbers. Without statically configured dialer maps, DDR call initiation cannot occur. When the routing table points at a dialer interface, and the next-hop address is not found in a dialer map, the packet is dropped.
In the following example, packets received for a host on network 172.20.0.0 are routed to a next-hop address of 172.20.1.2, which is statically mapped to telephone number 555-1212:
interface dialer 1 ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.0 dialer map ip 172.20.1.2 name c700A 5551212 ! ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.255.0 172.20.1.2
Checks against dialer map statements for broadcasts will fail because a broadcast packet is transmitted with a next-hop address of the broadcast address. If you want broadcast packets transmitted to remote sites defined by dialer map statements, use the broadcast keyword with the dialer map command.
To configure whether calls are placed at 56 or 64 Kbps for ISDN calls, you can use the speed option with the dialer map command when configuring interfaces.
When setting up DDR between more than two sites, it is necessary to use PPP authentication and to use the name keyword with the dialer map command, as dialer maps for inbound calls are maps between protocol addresses and authenticated user names.
To facilitate building of dialer maps, the internetwork designer should build an Address Mapping Table as an aid for configuration. In Table: DDR Address Mapping Table for KDT, the dialer cloud has been assigned IP subnet 172.20.1.0/24, IPX network 100, and AppleTalk cable-range 20-20. Table: DDR Address Mapping Table for KDT forms the basis for building proper dialer maps for each site.
Table: DDR Address Mapping Table for KDT
|Remote Site
|Dial-In Protocols
As NAS3600A forms the hub in the hub-and-spoke topology, each remote site is configured with the dialer maps to get to the central site. For example, the dialer map configuration for c1600A would be as follows:
interface dialer1 encapsulation ppp ip address 172.20.1.4 255.255.255.0 appletalk cable-range 20-20 20.4 appletalk zone ZZ DDR dialer in-band dialer map ip 172.20.1.1 name nas3600A speed 56 18355558661 dialer map appletalk 20.1 name nas3600A speed 56 18355558661 dialer-group 5 ppp authentication chap callin
The dialer map configuration for NAS3600A would be as follows:
interface dialer1 encapsulation ppp ip address 172.20.1.1 255.255.255.0 appletalk cable-range 20-20 20.1 appletalk zone ZZ DDR ipx network 100 dialer in-band dialer map ip 172.20.1.2 name c700A dialer map ipx 100.0000.0c00.0002 c700A dialer map ip 172.20.1.3 name c700B dialer map ip 172.20.1.4 name speed 56 c1600A 15305551000 dialer map appletalk 20.4 name c1600A dialer map ip 172.20.1.5 name c2500A 15125558085 dialer map ipx 100.0000.0c00.0005 name c2500A 15125558085 dialer map appletalk 20.5 name c2500A 15125558085 dialer map ip 172.20.1.6 name c2500B 12105552020 dialer map ipx 100.0000.0c00.0006 name c2500B dialer-group 5 ppp authentication chap callin
Note that dialer maps provide mapping between remote site protocol addresses, remote site names, and remote site directory numbers. For dial-in only sites, directory numbers are not required and can be left off to avoid inadvertent dialing. [[Internetwork Design Guide -- Designing DDR Internetworks#Table was used to determine which sites do not require dial-out support. For dial-in sites, the ppp authentication name is mapped to the protocol address to ensure outbound packets are placed on the correct PPP connection.
Recent Cisco IOS releases can build dynamic dialer maps using for IP (using IPCP address negotiation) and IPX (using IPXCP address negotiation), eliminating the need for dialer maps for dial-in only sites.
The DDR designer should familiarize themselves with the use of the Cisco IOS exec commands show dialer and show dialer map to examine the state of the DDR sites, the physical interfaces, and the dialer map table. Use debug dialer to troubleshoot DDR connection problems.
c1600A# sh dialer
BRI0 - dialer type = ISDN Dial String Successes Failures Last called Last status 1835558661 0 0 never - 0 incoming call(s) have been screened. BRI0:1 - dialer type = ISDN Idle timer (60 secs), Fast idle timer (20 secs) Wait for carrier (30 secs), Re-enable (5 secs) Dialer state is idle BRI0:2 - dialer type = ISDN Idle timer (60 secs), Fast idle timer (20 secs) Wait for carrier (30 secs), Re-enable (5 secs) Dialer state is idle
c1600A# sh dialer map
Static dialer map ip 172.20.1.4 name nas (8355558661) on BRI0
Routing Strategies
The nature of DDR networks is that routing and some directory services tables must be maintained over idle connections. DDR designers may use a combination of static, dynamic, and snapshot routing techniques to meet design needs. Default routing and remote node spoofing techniques (such as Cisco 700 Series PAT and Cisco IOS EZIP) can be used to greatly simplify routing design.
Often the backbone at the NAS site will use a fast-converging routing protocol such as OSPF or EIGRP; however, these protocols do not operate easily on the dialer media due to their broadcast and link-state nature. Typically, static routing and/or distance vector routing protocols are selected for the DDR connections. Routing redistribution may be required to support propagation of routing information between the different routing protocols.
A complete discussion of routing redistribution techniques is beyond the scope of this article; however, DDR designers do need to develop and verify their routing strategy for each network protocol.
Static Routing
With static routes, network protocol routes are entered manually, eliminating the need for a routing protocol to broadcast routing updates across the DDR connection. Static routes can be effective in small networks that do not change often. Routing protocols can generate traffic that causes connections to be made unnecessarily.
When designing with IP unnumbered environments, older versions of Cisco IOS required multiple static routes for each site: one route to define the next-hop IP address and a second to define the interface on which to find the next-hop (and dialer map). The following code:
interface Dialer1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0 dialer in-band dialer map ip 172.17.1.100 name kdt-NAS speed 56 5558660 dialer-group 5 ! ip classless '''ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.17.1.100 200''' ip route 172.17.1.100 255.255.255.255 Dialer1 200 dialer-list 5 protocol ip permit
creates the following routing table:
kdt-3640#sh ip route ...<snip>... Gateway of last resort is 172.17.1.100 to network 0.0.0.0 172.17.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets S 172.17.1.100 is directly connected, Dialer1 172.20.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets S* 0.0.0.0/0 [200/0] via 172.17.1.100
Recent Cisco IOS versions allow configuration of this as one route. For example, the example configuration here:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Dialer1 172.17.1.100 200 permanent
results in a simplified routing table, as follows:
kdt-3640#sh ip route ...<snip>... Gateway of last resort is 172.17.1.100 to network 0.0.0.0 172.20.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 172.20.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0 S* 0.0.0.0/0 [200/0] via 172.17.1.100, Dialer1
It is typically necessary to configure redistribution of static routes into the backbone dynamic routing protocol to ensure end-to-end connectivity. For example, to redistribute the static route to other networks in IGRP autonomous system 20, use the following configuration commands:
router igrp 20 network 172.20.0.0 redistribute static
Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing can be used in DDR network design in a number of ways. Dynamic routing can be used with snapshot routing (as described in the Snapshot Routing section later in this article) to cache routes learned by dynamic routing protocols, thus allowing the automation of static routing maintenance. Dynamic routing can be used as a trigger for routing convergence in large and complex DDR designs.
When the DDR link is connected, routing updates will flow to the peer, allowing redundant designs to converge on the physical connection by redistribution of trigger routing updates.
Selecting a Dynamic Routing Protocol
The routing protocol selected for DDR link is typical of a Distance Vector protocol such as RIP, RIP II, EIGRP, IGRP, or RTMP. Selecting the simplest protocol that meets the needs of the internetwork design and that is supported by the DDR routers is recommended.
Passive Interfaces
Interfaces that are tagged as passive will not send routing updates. To prevent routing updates from establishing DDR connections on dialer interfaces that do not rely on dynamic routing information, configure DDR interfaces with the passive-interface command or use access lists as described in the section IPX Access Lists later in this article. Using either the passive-interface command or an access list prevents routing updates from triggering a call. However, if you want routing updates to be passed when the link is active, use an access list rather than the passive-interface command.
Split Horizons
Routers connected to broadcast-type IP networks and routers that use distance-vector routing protocols use split horizons to reduce the possibility of routing loops. When split horizons are enabled, information about routes that comes in on an interface is not advertised out on that same interface.
Dynamic Connected Routes
Dynamic connected routes include the two following:
- Per-user AAA Installed Routes-AAA servers can install routes associated with users by using AAA authorization to download and install routes as remote sites connect.
- PPP Peer Routes-IPCP address negotiation installs host-routes (/32 subnet mask) for the remote peer. This host-route can be propagated to backbone routers to provide robust routing convergence. In most applications, the peer host-route will be beneficial (or innocuous) to the internetwork design. If PPP peer host-routes interact poorly with existing routing strategies, they can be turned off with the interface configuration command no peer neighbor-route.
Snapshot Routing
With snapshot routing, the router is configured for dynamic routing. Snapshot routing controls the update interval of the routing protocols. Snapshot routing works with the following distance vector protocols:
- Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for IP
- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) for IP
- Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP) for Novell Internet Packet Exchange (IPX)
- Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) for AppleTalk
- Routing Table Protocol (RTP) for Banyan VINES
Under normal circumstances, these routing protocols broadcast updates every 10 to 60 seconds, so an ISDN link would be made every 10 to 60 seconds simply to exchange routing information. From a cost perspective, this frequency is prohibitive. Snapshot routing solves this problem.
|Snapshot routing is available in Cisco IOS Software Release 10.2 or later.
Snapshot Model
Snapshot routing uses the client-server design model. When snapshot routing is configured, one router is designated as the snapshot server and one or more routers are designated as snapshot clients. The server and clients exchange routing information during an active period. At the beginning of the active period, the client router dials the server router to exchange routing information. At the end of the active period, each router takes a snapshot of the entries in its routing table. These entries remain frozen during a quiet period. At the end of the quiet period, another active period begins, and the client router dials the server router to obtain the latest routing information. The client router determines the frequency at which it calls the server router. The quiet period can be as long as 100,000 minutes (approximately 69 days).
When the client router transitions from the quiet period to the active period, the line might be down or busy. If this happens, the router would have to wait through another entire quiet period before it could update its routing table, which might severely affect connectivity if the quiet period is very long. To avoid having to wait through the quiet period, snapshot routing supports a retry period. If the line is not available when the quiet period ends, the router waits for the amount of time specified by the retry period and then transitions to an active period once again.
The retry period is also useful in dial-up environments in which there are more remote sites than interface lines. For example, the central site might have one PRI (with 23 B channels available) but might dial more than 23 remote sites. In this situation, there are more dialer map commands than available lines. The router tries the dialer map commands in order and uses the retry time for the lines that it cannot immediately access (see Figure: Snapshot routers in action).
Figure: Snapshot routers in action
Enabling Snapshot Routing
Snapshot routing is enabled through interface configuration commands (see Figure: AppleTalk snapshot routing). The central router is configured for snapshot routing by applying the snapshot server interface configuration command to its ISDN interfaces. The snapshot server command specifies the length of the active period and whether the router is allowed to dial remote sites to exchange routing updates in the absence of regular traffic.
The remote routers are configured for snapshot routing by applying the snapshot client command to each ISDN interface. The snapshot client interface configuration command specifies the following variables:
- The length of the active period (which must match the length specified on the central router)
- The length of the quiet period
- Whether the router can dial the central router to exchange routing updates in the absence of regular traffic
- Whether connections that are established to exchange user data can be used to exchange routing updates
When the backbone routing protocol is not supported by snapshot routing (for example, OSPF or EIGRP), standard routing redistribution techniques can be used to ensure that routing updates are propagated between routing protocols, as required. Care should be taken to ensure redistribution of subnets if needed and to avoid routing loops.
Figure: AppleTalk snapshot routing
- R1 configuration is as follows:
username R2 password SECRET appletalk routing isdn switch-type basic-5ess ! interface BRI0 encapsulation ppp appletalk cable-range 700-700 700.1 appletalk zone WAN dialer map appletalk 700.2 name R2 speed 56 broadcast 5552222 dialer map snapshot 2 name R2 speed 56 broadcast 5552222 dialer-group 1 snapshot client 5 60 dialer isdn spid1 5550066 ppp authentication chap ! dialer-list 1 protocol appletalk permit
- R2 configuration is as follows:
username R1 password SECRET appletalk routing isdn switch-type basic-5ess interface BRI0 encapsulation ppp appletalk cable-range 700-700 700.2 appletalk zone WAN dialer wait-for-carrier-time 60 dialer map appletalk 700.1 name R1 speed 56 broadcast 5550066 dialer-group 1 snapshot server 5 dialer isdn spid1 5552222 ppp authentication chap ! dialer-list 1 protocol appletalk permit
For a further examination of snapshot routing, see Using ISDN Effectively in Multiprotocol Networks.
Dial Backup for Leased Lines
Dial backup protects against wide-area network (WAN) downtime by allowing a dedicated serial connection to be backed up by a circuit-switched connection. Dial backup can be performed in several ways: either with floating static routes or with backup interfaces.
Dial backup challenges the designer with different traffic patterns than DDR-supported SOHO and ROBO sites. When designing Dial backup port densities, consider how many links might fail concurrently in a mass-failure scenario, as well as how many ports will be required on the central site in a worst-case scenario. Typical design involves selecting only dial-in or dial-out to avoid contention when both sides are trying to re-establish connectivity.
Backup Interfaces
A primary/dedicated serial line is configured to have a backup interface in the event of link failure or exceeded load thresholds. If the interface line or line protocol state goes down, the backup interface is used to establish a connection to the remote site.
Once configured, the dial backup interface remains inactive until one of the following conditions is met:
- Line Protocol on the primary link goes down. The backup line is then activated, re-establishing the connection between the two sites.
- The traffic load on the primary line exceeds a defined limit-The traffic load is monitored and a five-minute moving average is computed. If the average exceeds the user-defined value for the line, the backup line is activated. Depending on how the backup line is configured, some or all of the traffic flows onto it.
A Cisco IOS interface is placed into backup mode by applying the backup interface command:
- The backup interface interface configuration command specifies the interface that is to act as the backup.
- The backup load command specifies the traffic threshold at which the backup interface is to be activated and deactivated.
- The backup delay command specifies the amount of time that is to elapse before the backup interface is activated or deactivated after a transition on the primary interface.
Backup interfaces traditionally lock the backup interface into BACKUP state so it is unavailable for other use. Dialer Profiles eliminates this lock and allows the physical interface to be used for multiple purposes. Floating Static Route DDR design also eliminates this lock on the dialer interface. In Figure: Example of dial backup over ISDN, a leased line connects Router A to Router B, and BRI 0 on Router B is used as a backup line.
Figure: Example of dial backup over ISDN
Using the configuration that follows, BRI 0 is activated only when serial interface 1/0 (the primary line) goes down. The backup delay command configures the backup connection to activate 30 seconds after serial interface 0 goes down and to remain activated for 60 seconds after the serial interface 1/0 comes up:
interface serial 1/0 ip address 172.20.1.4 255.255.255.0 backup interface bri 2/0 backup delay 30 60
Using the configuration that follows, BRI 2/0 is activated only when the load on serial 0 (the primary line) exceeds 75 percent of its bandwidth. The backup line is deactivated when the aggregate load between the primary and backup lines is within five percent of the primary line's bandwidth:
interface serial 1/0 ip address 172.20.1.4 255.255.255.0 backup interface bri 2/0 backup load 75 5
Using the following configuration, BRI 2/0 is activated only when serial interface 1/00 goes down or when traffic exceeds 25 percent. If serial interface 1/0 goes down, 10 seconds will elapse before BRI 0 becomes active. When serial interface 1/0 comes up, BRI 2/0 will remain active for 60 seconds. If BRI 2/0 is activated by the load-threshold on serial interface 1/0, BRI 2/0 is deactivated when the aggregate load of serial interface 1/0 and BRI 2/0 returns to within five percent of the bandwidth of serial interface 1/0:
interface serial 1/0 ip address 172.20.1.4 255.255.255.0 backup interface bri 2/0 backup load 25 5 backup delay 10 60
Floating Static Routes
Backup interface operation is determined by the state of the line and line protocol on the primary link. It is possible that end-to-end connectivity is lost, but line protocol stays up. For example, line protocol on a FrameRelay link is determined by the status of ILMI messages between the FrameRelay DCE (switch). Connectivity to the Frame Relay DCE does not guarantee end-to-end connectivity.
Designing Dial Backup with floating static routes utilizes Cisco IOS routing table maintenance and dynamic routing protocols. See Dial-on-Demand Routing, for examples of using Floating Static Routes to provide backup to leased lines.
IPX Static Routes and SAP Updates
With DDR, you need to configure static routes because routing updates are not received across inactive DDR connections. To create static routes to specified destinations, use the ipx route command. You can also configure static Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP) updates with the ipx sap command so that clients can always find a particular server. In this way, you can determine the areas on your internetwork where SAP updates will establish DDR connections.
In the following example, traffic to network 50 will always be sent to address 45.0000.0c07.00d3. Traffic to network 75 will always be sent to address 45.0000.0c07.00de. The router will respond to GNS queries with the server WALT if there are no dynamic SAPs available:
ipx route 50 45.0000.0c07.00d3 ipx route 75 45.0000.0c07.00de ipx sap 4 WALT 451 75.0000.0000.0001 15
Configuring AppleTalk Static Zones
Static AppleTalk routes and zones are created using the appletalk static command as in the following example:
appletalk static cable-range 110-110 to 45.2 zone Marketing
In many cases, manual configuration of static appletalk cable-ranges and zones will prove to be onerous. Snapshot routing should be investigated to provide automated route caching.
Dialer Filtering
Dialer filtering (see Figure: Dialer filtering) is used to classify all packets traversing the DDR connection as either interesting or uninteresting using Access Control Lists (ACLs). Only interesting packets can bring up and keep up DDR connections. It is the task of the DDR designer to determine which kinds of packets are to be deemed uninteresting and develop ACLs to prevent these uninteresting packets from causing unnecessary DDR connections.
If a packet is uninteresting and there is no connection established, the packet is dropped. If the packet is uninteresting, but a connection is already established to the specified destination, the packet is sent across the connection, but the idle timer is not reset. If the packet is interesting, and there is no connection on the available interface, the router attempts to establish a connection.
Figure: Dialer filtering
Each packet arriving at a dialer interface is filtered and determined to be interesting or uninteresting based on dialer-group and dialer-list configuration. The following Cisco IOS configuration interface dialer 1 uses dialer-group 5 to determine interesting packets, as defined by the dialer-list 5 commands. Dialer-group 5 is defined by dialer-list 5 commands which in this case deems all IP, IPX, and AppleTalk packets to be interesting.
interface Dialer1 dialer-group 5 ! dialer-list 5 protocol ip permit dialer-list 5 protocol ipx permit dialer-list 5 protocol appletalk permit !
Cisco IOS now supports many dialer-filtering protocols, as seen by the dialer-list online help:
kdt-3640(config)#dialer-list 5 protocol ? appletalk AppleTalk bridge Bridging clns OSI Connectionless Network Service clns_es CLNS End System clns_is CLNS Intermediate System decnet DECnet decnet_node DECnet node decnet_router-L1 DECnet router L1 decnet_router-L2 DECnet router L2 ip IP ipx Novell IPX llc2 LLC2 vines Banyan Vines xns XNS
Defining Interesting Packets Using ACLs
Further dialer-filtering granularity is provided for each protocol by definition of Cisco IOS Access Control Lists (ACLs). For example, the following configuration defines SNMP traffic as not interesting using dialer-list 3 and extended IP ACLs:
dialer-list protocol ip 3 list 101 ! access-list 101 deny udp any any eq snmp access-list 101 permit ip any any
Routing updates and directory services effects on Dialer interfaces can be managed by several techniques: static and default routing, passive-interfaces, or non-broadcast dialer maps. For solutions that require dynamic routing and cannot use SnapShot, routing can still be supported on the ISDN link, and then deemed uninteresting by the dialer filtering.
For example, if the internetwork design requires IGRP routing update packets, the IGRP packets can be filtered with access lists to prevent unwanted DDR connections as follows:
access-list 101 deny igrp 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 access-list 101 permit ip 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
You can use one of the following two access lists to classify Enhanced IGRP traffic as uninteresting:
access-list 101 deny eigrp any any access-list 101 deny ip any 188.8.131.52 0.0.0.0
The first access list denies all Enhanced IGRP traffic and the second access list denies the multicast address (22.214.171.124) that Enhanced IGRP uses for its updates. When you use access lists to control Enhanced IGRP traffic, you need to configure static routes to create routes across the ISDN link. When the DDR link is connected, routing updates will be able to flow across the line. In the design of DDR filtering, it is important to understand where updates and service requests are useful and where these packet types can be safely filtered.
It is important to consider closely the directory service protocols and the internetworking applications that need to be supported at each site. Numerous protocols and applications can cause DDR connections to be established and maintained, and may result in extraordinary WAN charges if not properly monitored and filtered. Don't wait until you get a phone bill surprise to perform careful traffic and costing analysis for your network. If you are concerned about WAN costs, implement network monitoring tools to provide quick feedback on connection frequency and duration.
Although SNMP can provide useful information about ISDN connections and how they are used, using SNMP can result in excessive uptime for ISDN links. For example, HP OpenView gathers information by regularly polling the network for SNMP events. These polls can cause the ISDN connections to be made frequently in order to check that the remote routers are there, which results in higher ISDN usage charges. To control ISDN charges, the central site should filter SNMP packets destined for remote sites over ISDN. Incoming SNMP packets from remote sites can still be permitted, which allows SNMP traps to flow to the SNMP management platform. That way, if an SNMP device fails at the remote site, the alarm will reach the SNMP management platform at the central site.
To control SNMP traffic, create an access list that denies SNMP packets.The following is an example of SNMP filtering:
access-list 101 deny tcp any any eq 161 access-list 101 deny udp any any eq snmp access-list 101 permit ip any any ! dialer-list 1 list 101
IPX Packets
On Novell IPX internetworks, it is important to consider filtering routing updates on DDR interfaces for the protocols listed in Table: Novell IPX Update Packet Cycles.
Table: Novell IPX Update Packet Cycles
|Packet Type
|Periodic Update Cycle
60 seconds
60 seconds
66 seconds
You can use access lists to declare as uninteresting packets intended for the Novell serialization socket (protocol number 0, socket number 457), RIP packets (protocol number 1, socket number 453), SAP packets (protocol number 4, socket number 452), and diagnostic packets generated by the autodiscovery feature (protocol number 4, socket number 456). Uninteresting packets are dropped and do not cause connections to be initiated. For a sample IPX access list, see Using ISDN Effectively in Multiprotocol Networks.
IPX sends out several types of packets that, if not controlled, cause unnecessary connections: IPX watchdog packets and SPX keepalive packets. In addition, NetWare includes a time synchronization protocol that, if not controlled, causes unnecessary connections.
Novell IPX internetworks use several types of update packets that may need to be filtered with access lists. Novell hosts broadcast serialization packets as a copy-protection precaution. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) routing table updates and SAP advertisements are broadcast every 60 seconds. Serialization packets are sent approximately every 66 seconds.
In the following example, access list 901 classifies SAP (452), RIP (453), and serialization (457) packets as uninteresting and classifies IPX packet types unknown/any (0), any or RIP (1), any or SAP (4), SPX (5), NCP (17), and NetBIOS (20) as interesting:
access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 452 access-list 901 deny 4 FFFFFFFF 452 access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 453 access-list 901 deny 1 FFFFFFFF 453 access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 457 access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 452 access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 453 access-list 901 deny 0 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 457 access-list 901 permit 0 access-list 901 permit 1 access-list 901 permit 2 access-list 901 permit 4 access-list 901 permit 5 access-list 901 permit 17
You can permit any other type of IPX packet as needed. With Cisco IOS 10.2, the configuration of Novell IPX access lists is improved with the support of wildcard (-1), so the previous example would be as follows:
access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 452 access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 453 access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 457 access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 452 access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 453 access-list 901 deny -1 FFFFFFFF 0 FFFFFFFF 457 access-list 901 permit -1
Controlling IPX Watchdog Packets
NetWare servers send watchdog packets to clients and disconnect any clients that do not respond. When IPX watchdog spoofing is enabled, the router local to the NetWare server responds to watchdog packets on behalf of the server's clients. IPX watchdog spoofing allows clients to remain attached to servers without having to constantly send packets across the ISDN link to do so. This feature is particularly important when trying to control ISDN link uptime. The interface configuration command for enabling IPX watchdog spoofing is ipx watchdog-spoof.
Controlling SPX Keepalive Packets
Some Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)-based services in the Novell environment use SPX keepalive packets. These packets are used to verify the integrity of end-to-end communications when guaranteed and sequenced packet transmission is required. The keepalive packets are generated at a rate that can be adjusted by the user from a default of one every five seconds to a minimum of one every 15 minutes. SPX spoofing as implemented in the Cisco IOS software receives, recognizes, and successfully acknowledges keepalive packets both at the server end and the client end.
Time Server and NDS Replica Packets
NetWare 4.x includes a time synchronization protocol that causes NetWare 4.x time servers to send an update every 10 minutes. To prevent the time server from generating update packets that would cause unwanted connections, you need to load a NetWare-loadable module (NLM) named TIMESYNC.NLM that allows you to increase the update interval for these packets to several days.
A similar problem is caused by efforts to synchronize NDS replicas. NetWare 4.1 includes two NLMs: DSFILTER.NLM and PINGFILT.NLM. They work together to control NDS synchronization updates. Use these two modules to ensure that NDS synchronization traffic is sent to specified servers only at the specified times.
AppleTalk Filtering
AppleTalk's user-friendly directory services are based on Zone names and the Name Binding Protocol (NBP). Applications (such as the MacOS Chooser) use NBP Lookups to look for services (such as AppleShare and Printing) by zone names. Some applications may abuse NBP services assuming that DDR networks do not exist and send broadcasts to all zones. This in turn can cause excessive dial-on-demand triggers. Applications such as QuarkXpress and 4D use all zone NBP broadcasts to periodically probe the network either for licensing purposes or to provide links to other networked resources.The test appletalk:nbp lookup command combined with the debug dialer command monitors NBP traffic and can help you determine the kinds of packets that cause connections to be made.
Beginning with Cisco IOS 11.0, you can filter NBP packets based on the name, type, and zone of the entity that originated the packet. AppleTalk NBP filtering allows Cisco routers to build firewalls, dial-on-demand triggers, and queuing options based on any NBP type or object. For a configuration example, see Using ISDN Effectively in Multiprotocol Networks. Ultimately, if the applications that use NBP have been isolated, consult the individual vendors and ask for their advice on how to control or eliminate NBP traffic.
Some Macintosh applications periodically send out NBP Lookup to all zones for numerous reasons; checking same serial number for copy protection, automatic search of other servers, and so on. As a result, the ISDN link will get brought up frequently and waste usages. In 11.0(2.1) or later, Cisco routers allow the user to configure NBP Filtering for dialer-list to prevent this problem. To do this, you should replace this line on both routers:
dialer-list 1 protocol appletalk permit
with these lines:
dialer-list 1 list 600 access-list 600 permit nbp 1 type AFPServer access-list 600 permit nbp 2 type LaserWriter access-list 600 deny other-nbps access-list 600 permit other-access broadcast-deny
The previous example indicates you want to permit only two kinds of service for NBP Lookup to bring up the ISDN line. If you want to permit additional types, add to the example before the denyother-nbps statement. Make sure you have a different sequence number or it will overwrite the previous one. For example, if you want to also permit NBP Lookup for DeskWriter to bring up the line, the list will look like this:
dialer-list 1 list 600 access-list 600 permit nbp 1 type AFPServer access-list 600 permit nbp 2 type LaserWriter access-list 600 permit nbp 3 type DeskWriter access-list 600 deny other-nbps access-list 600 permit other-access broadcast-deny
Banyan VINES, DECnet IV, and OSI Packets
Cisco IOS 10.3 introduced access lists for Banyan VINES, DECnet IV, and the Open Systems Integration (OSI) protocol. When a dialer map is configured for these protocols, access lists can be used to define interesting packets (that is, packets that will trigger the DDR link).
Authentication in DDR network design provides two functions: security and dialer state. As most DDR networks connect to the Public Switched Telephone Network, it is imperative that a strong security model be implemented to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive resources. Authentication also allows the DDR code to keep track of what sites are currently connected and provides for building of MultiLink PPP bundles. The following issues are addressed:
- PPP Authentication
- ISDN Security
- DDR Callback
- IPX Access Lists
PPP Authentication
PPP Authentication via CHAP or PAP (as described in RFC 1334) should be used to provide security on DDR connections. PPP authentication occurs after LCP is negotiated on the DDR connection, but before any network protocols are allowed to flow. PPP Authentication is negotiated as an LCP option, and is bidirectional, meaning each side can authenticate the other. In some environments, it may be necessary to enable PPP authentication on the call-in side only (meaning the calling side does not authenticate the called side).
With CHAP, a remote device attempting to connect to the local router is presented with a CHAP challenge containing the host name and a challenge seed. When the remote router receives the challenge, it looks up the hostname received in the challenge and replies with the hostname and a CHAP response derived from the challenge seed and the password for that hostname. The passwords must be identical on the remote device and the local router. The names and passwords are configured using the username command. In the following example, Router nas3600A will allow Router c1600A to call in using the password "bubble":
hostname nas3600A username c1600A password bubble ! interface dialer 1 ppp authentication chap callin
In the following example, Router Macduff will allow Router Macbeth to call in using the password "bubble":
hostname c1600A username nas3600A password bubble ! interface dialer 1 encapsulation ppp dialer in-band dialer-group 5 dialer map ip 172.20.1.1 name nas3600A 18355558661 ppp authentication chap callin
The following steps illustrate the CHAP process:
- c1600A calls nas3600A and LCP is negotiated.
- nas3600A challenges c1600A with: <nas3600A/challenge_string>.
- c1600A looks up the password for username nas3600A and generates response_string.
- c1600A sends response to c3600A: <nas1600A/response_string>.
- c3600A looks up the password for username c1600A and generates the expected response_string. If the response_string received matches the response string expected, PPP authorization passes, and the PPP can negotiate the network control protocols (such as IPCP). If it fails, the remote site is disconnected.
Like CHAP, PAP is an authentication protocol used with PPP. However, PAP is less secure than CHAP. CHAP passes an encrypted version of the password on the physical link, but PAP passes the password in clear text, which makes it susceptible to sniffer attack.
When being authenticated with PAP, the router looks up the username that matches the dialer map used to initiate the call. When being authenticated with PAP on a receiving call, PAP looks up the username associated with its hostname (because no dialer map was used to initiate the connection).
In the following configuration, the NAS router will authenticate the peer with PAP when answering the DDR call, and compare the result to the local database:
hostname nas3600A aaa new-model aaa authentication ppp default local username c2500A password freedom username nas3600A password texas ! interface Dialer1 encapsualtion ppp ppp authentication pap
ISDN Security
ISDN DDR can use caller-ID for enhanced security by configuring ISDN caller on the incoming ISDN interfaces. Incoming calls are screened to verify that the calling line ID is from an expected origin. However, caller-ID screening requires an end-to-end ISDN connection that can deliver the caller-ID to the router.
DDR Callback
DDR environments can be configured for callback operations. When a remote site dials into a central site (or the opposite), the central site can be configured to disconnect and initiate an outbound DDR connection to the remote site.
DDR callback provides enhanced security by ensuring that the remote site can connect only from a single location as defined by the callback number. DDR callback can also enhance administration by centralizing billing for remote DDR connections.
IPX Access Lists
Access lists determine whether packets are interesting or uninteresting. Interesting packets activate DDR connections automatically. Uninteresting packets do not trigger DDR connections, although if a DDR connection is already active, uninteresting packets will travel across the existing connection.
When designing DDR internetworks, consider the topology type: point-to-point, hub-and-spoke, and fully meshed. With the topology type, consider the type of addressing scheme used and security issues. Keep in mind that media choice affects how packets are sent. Define where packets are sent by configuring static routes, zones, and services. Determine how packets reach their destination by configuring dialer interfaces and mapping addresses to telephone numbers. Finally, determine when the router should connect by configuring interesting versus uninteresting packets, eliminating unwanted AppleTalk broadcasts, and spoofing IPX watchdog packets. Following these guidelines will help you construct scalable DDR internetworks that balance performance, fault tolerance, and cost.
For further guidance on building DDR networks, including protocol-specific examples, see Scaling Dial-on-Demand Routing, and Using ISDN Effectively in Multiprotocol Networks.


text:
Hawks46 wrote:"If you wear any Seahawks garb, prepare to be verbally and possibly physically abused."
Great, now I really want to go there for a game. Physical abuse, seriously ? Hahaha. Go ahead and touch me. Just once. Please ?
salukihawk12 wrote:Just to be forewarned: If you wear any Seahawks garb, prepare to be verbally and possibly physically abused. I went to the SNF game a few years back and was yelled at, spit on, and kicked in the back by unruly fans. I honestly never said a word, was just wearing my Hasselbeck jersey, but they were killing us, so the 'rub it in factor' was turned into overdrive.
I went out for concessions around the end of the 3rd quarter and a group of hooligans cornered me with F-bombs and started pushing and shoving. I noticed a uniformed security guard and went over to explain the situation and his exact response was: 'Welcome to Soldier Field'
In summary, it's not a very pleasant place. You can openly root for the Visiting team, but if you wear a Hawks jersey, be prepared for some serious backlash.
Return to [ THE OFFICIAL NET NATION FAN FORUM ]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Iconic British band; Wet Wet Wet have confirmed the 'Big Picture Tour', will come to The O2 on Sunday 6 March 2016 (Mother's Day).
The legendary group have sold over 15 million records whilst notching up over thirty UK chart hits including three No.1. Alongside this incredible success, performing live shows has always been at the heart of what Wet Wet Wet do. Since coming to prominence in 1987 they have played to over five million people across the globe.
The tour announcement coincides with the 20th anniversary of their huge No.1 album Picture This which included the hits; Julia Says, Don't Want to Forgive Me Now, Somewhere Somehow, She's All On My Mind, Morning and of course Love is all Around.
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text:
A Tale Of Two Hit Songs Inspired By Past Hits... And The Very Different Way In Which Copyright Holders Reacted
from the one-good,-one-bad dept
As for the Funkadelic song, I don't hear it at all. But... this is Bridgeport, we're dealing with here, the company that George Clinton continues to claim forged documents to gain control over his copyrights, and which is without a doubt the single most aggressive of the sample trolls out there, going after anyone who uses even the tiniest snippet of some of the copyrights it controls (even if they were obtained by dubious means). Bridgeport has gone after musicians even when they distorted tiny snippets of music so much that the average listener couldn't recognize the original. So perhaps it claims something similar is happening here.
Either way, the threats came in and Thicke, Williams and Harris decided to strike first with a declaratory judgment. Good for them, but shame on Bridgeport and Marvin Gaye's heirs. Especially with Marvin Gaye, while the songs may have a similar feel, they're different songs. They're both enjoyable in their own ways, and the success of one doesn't take away from the other. In fact, it seems likely that the massive success of Blurred Lines is driving more interest in Got to Give it Up and other Marvin Gaye songs.
However, compare that dispute to another, very similar, dispute. It appears that there was some controversy over the fact that the band One Direction's latest song, entitled Best Song Ever (I'd put a joke here, but it sorta speaks for itself), is conspicuously similar to The Who's classic song Baba O'Riley. Again, to the comparisons:
No! I like the single. I like One Direction. The chords I used and the chords they used are the same three chords we've all been using in basic pop music since Buddy Holly, Eddie Cochran and Chuck Berry made it clear that fancy chords don't mean great music – not always. I'm still writing songs that sound like Baba O'Riley – or I'm trying to!. It's a part of my life and a part of pop's lineage. One Direction are in my business, with a million fans, and I'm happy to think they may have been influenced a little bit by The Who. I'm just relieved they're all not wearing boiler suits and Doc Martens, or Union Jack jackets. The funniest thing is that in Canada this year I met with Randy Bachman once the leader of GUESS WHO who told me that he not only copied Baba O Riley for their hit You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet, but he even called his band after us. Why would I not be happy about this kind of tribute?What a fantastic response in almost every way. And what a stark contrast to the heirs of Marvin Gaye and so many other copyright holders who seem to freak out when others are inspired by their works. Now, if we could just get Townshend to stop blaming Apple for the problems of the recording industry...


text:
Air Force Historical Society Birthplace Chapter meeting
The next 8th Air Force Historical Society Birthplace Chapter monthly dinner meeting will be held at the Mighty 8th Air Force Museum in Pooler on Tuesday with a cash bar starting at 5:30 p.m. and dinner at 7 p.m.
In observance of POW/MIA Recognition Day on Sept. 21, the speaker will be Susan Stephens-Harvey, a member of the board of directors, National League of POW/MIA Families. She is active in the Georgia and Southeast regional organizations of the League of Families and a member of the 8th AFHS Birthplace Chapter.
Cost is $15 at the door and reservations are required. Call Betty Smith at 912-748-7498 before 5 p.m. Sunday.
AARP Driver
Safety class
Get ready for the increased traffic return to Beaufort County.
Construction is everywhere and the challenges to driving will be constant. It could be time for an AARP Driver Safety class.
The next six-hour class at Sun City is scheduled from 9 a.m. until 3 p.m. Saturday in the Savannah River Room at Hidden Cypress. The next four-hour class is scheduled from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Sept. 20 at Pinckney Hall in the Colleton River Room.
Contact your insurance provider to see if you qualify for this refresher course. Insurance discounts are regulated and calculated by individual insurance companies, not AARP.
Certificates will be distributed upon completion of the course, according to South Carolina Law. Registration is required in the seminar book in the lifestyles area in Pinckney Hall. For details, call Joyce Tartow at 705-5692.
Activity cards need microchip
Does your activity card have a "c" in the lower-left corner, under your picture and expiration date? If not, come to resident services in Palmetto Commons to get your card replaced with one with a microchip.
Beginning Sept. 28, all Sun City facilities, including golf course bathrooms, the dog park and pools, will only be accessible with activity cards with a microchip and by tapping a card against a reader.
Resident services is welcoming any resident who does not have a "c" in the lower-left corner of their card to get a microchipped card from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Tuesday in resident services in Palmetto Commons. If you cannot make that date, Resident Services is open 8 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m.-1 p.m., the first Saturday of the month.
Walk your way
to fitness
Ease your way into fitness with the Walk With Ease program, coming to Sun City's streets this month.
Walk With Ease Participants will walk for one hour three times a week for six weeks with a Neighborhood Leader. The kickoff is from 10-11 a.m. Sept. 27 at the Lakehouse ballroom where you may meet your neighborhood leader.
Walks begin Oct. 1 and end Nov. 9. Sign up for this free event at the Lakehouse or Purrysburg fitness centers today - space is limited. This neighborhood walking program is offered in partnership with the Arthritis Foundation and S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control and Healthy Aging.
Little Anthony & The Imperials on Sunday
Little Anthony & the Imperials will take to the stage in Magnolia Hall for two shows on Sunday. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2009. Don't miss this stroll down memory lane to hear hits like "Shimmy Shimmy Ko-Ko Pop" and "Tears on My Pillow."
Tickets for the 3 p.m. ($38) and 7 p.m. ($42) shows are on sale in the Lifestyle Services office in Pinckney Hall. You'll be "Goin' Out of My Head" with excitement!


text:
The European Language Portfolio is a personal document of a learner. In this document learners of all ages can record their language learning and cultural experiences at school or outside school.
There is not a single ELP portfolio - there's a huge variety of different portfolios made for different languages and different target and age groups. Have a look at all the portfolios available in the ELP database.
go to ELP home
What is a Portfolio?
How does it work?
Why was the ELP introduced?
Who is it for?
Why use the ELP with your students?
What are the benefits of using the portfolio?
Download an example of a Portfolio:
Norwegian ELP for young learners aged 6 - 12 (6MB)


text:
You are worried about seeing him spend his early years in doing nothing. What! Is it nothing to be happy? Nothing to skip, play, run around all day long? Never in his life will he be so busy again.
Jean Jacques Rousseau, Emile, 1762
By keeping in touch with your inner child and a sense of wonder you will make parenting more fun and enjoyable and will raise a happy child.
Children are perfect in their being. They experience true feelings and will express those feelings, whether good, bad or sad feelings. They rush to experience a new or curious activity
My advice to every parent is to play with your kids instead of just watching them play. You will be amazed at how much fun it is and how much more fun you have with your kids. You will truly enjoy them more when you realize parenting is about spending time with your kids, not just rearing children.
By getting into the activity and playing with your kids you are also showing your kids you care, that they are important, and you do have fun with them.
I know from experience how hard it can be to always jump in and just let go of your to-do list, schedule, and concerns, and just live in the moment with your family. Your kids will remember the times you played with them for years to come. They will not remember that you drove them to the pool fifty times, but they will remember the things you did with them. Be hands-on and strip away your adulthood by cutting loose and having some real fun.
Here are ways you can connect with your kids and make memories you and your children will cherish.
- Get Involved in Activities with your Kids In the summer, play games in the water with your kids. Play Sharks & Minnows, Marco Polo, and any other water game or even a swim race across the pool. It is simple, but lots of us moms sit on the side line. Hey, even take a lap through the sprinkler when your kids are cooling off. Believe me, the giggles you will hear will be worth the soggy flip flops.
- Get Out into Nature or to a Museum Take a hike through a state park, go to a local museum, or go dig in the sand with your kids. Look up at the sky, take in the wonder of nature or man-made art, and talk to your kids. Look for cool birds, or insects, or talk about the art. Or just dig in the dirt with them. Let your kids guide you.
- Play Games Do not underestimate the value of playing a board game or simple game like I Spy with your child. Besides teaching your child the rules of play, learning to take turns, and patience, you will demonstrate to your child that he is important because you are spending quality time with him. Another option is to read a book with your child. Even if they are an advanced reader, kids enjoy being read to, especially if you can read it with passion or be very animated in your telling.
- Try Something New Take your kids to do something fun that you have never done, or to a place you have never been. Don't let your inexperience keep you from introducing something new to your kids. Go camping, fishing, crabbing, or canoeing. Go ahead, you can do it!
- Sing songs Sing classic or new songs in the car with your kids on a road trip or around a campfire.
- Let your Kids Participate Do you enjoy cooking or taking pictures or painting? Do you ever let your kids give it a try? If not, now is the time to do so. I let my kids help make muffins, pancakes, dinner meals and other dishes.
- Get Crafty or Artsy Whether you have a creative or crafty bone in your body or not, pull out the construction paper, glue, markers, tape and string and let your kids make something. But be the example of someone who gets in there and makes something. Have fun and be creative, you do have it in you.
- Take the Fun Plunge You can find tons of free printables and ideas for games or even recycling craft projects online. A great resource for fun plunge ideas is on ZiggityZoom.com.
At the end of the day, it is about getting down on your child's level, putting your hands in the sand or dirt, and letting go. Let go of the parenting worries and housekeeping qualms for a little while and experience the joy of life. The other day my middle son said, "mom you never get in the pool at Grandma's house, its been like a year." I realized I was not connecting with my kids at the pool. I always had a reason. My mascara might smear or I wanted to relax beside the pool while my kids swam. I realized I was sending the wrong message, and I jumped right in with both feet.
- It's okay to take a little parent time, but you have to have some fun time with your kids too. So put down that dish towel and take the Fun Plunge. The memories you and your child make will truly last a lifetime!
Sharon is an artist, designer and author of both "how-to" books and children's picture books. She is also co-founder of ZiggityZoom and the managing editor. The book "Parenting Without a Paddle:Navigating the Waters of Parenthood" was co-authored by McCullough, along with Kristin Fitch, the other co-founder of ZiggityZoom. She is passionate about family and family fun.


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By Ellen Wulfhorst
BRICK TOWNSHIP, New Jersey (Reuters) - Navigating neighborhoods ravaged by Superstorm Sandy, the mayor of Brick Township, New Jersey, can tick off which residents are rebuilding and which ones gave up and left.
As waterfront communities like Brick continue to rebuild after the storm, concerns are emerging that the iconic character of the beach shacks, bungalows and boardwalk arcades that define the Jersey Shore will be lost.
Some 8,500 homes were damaged in the largely blue-collar town with beaches and miles of waterfront along a number of ocean coves, rivers, ponds and lagoons.
The changes will be a boon for some, but may leave others behind, say residents of the 127-mile stretch of small oceanfront communities in New Jersey, where the October 29, 2012, storm caused $37 billion in damages.
In Brick, many of its small bungalows, dating to the 1920s, 30s and 40s, are not worth the cost of renovation and instead are being torn down and replaced with bigger, pricier homes, said Mayor Stephen Acropolis.
That will push out middle-income renters in favor of more affluent ones, he said, pointing to two small houses slated for demolition. Plans call for each house to be replaced with one more than three times its size.
"Those little houses that maybe somebody could afford to rent or live in - they're going to be gone," Acropolis said.
"Somebody said to me, 'It's going to become like the Hamptons," he said. "I don't know that it will ever get that expensive but .... does that change the character of the neighborhood? Yeah."
Doug Woodfield, who with his wife, Robin, sells T-shirts and souvenirs on the Seaside Heights boardwalk, said he sees the new construction as a draw for visitors.
"As we rebuild, everything is going to be new and nice and crisp. I think that's an attraction," he said.
Like Woodfield, Berkeley restaurant owner Mike Jurusz said he sees opportunity in the rebuilding.
Over the summer, he said he made a concentrated effort to lower prices and offer deals and specials at his oceanfront Chef Mike's ABG, resulting in "phenomenal" business.
"This wasn't the year to be greedy," he said. "This was the year to take a step back, maybe not make as much money as you would, but build your business for the next couple years.
"It was beyond my expectations how good it was," he said.
But for Nick Dionisio, the rebuilding benefits feel remote.
His Park Seafood restaurant with its raw bar, fried fish and grilled lobsters limped through the summer on the Seaside Park boardwalk, only to burn down in a September 13 fire that destroyed a stretch of oceanfront blocks.
"I didn't have any insurance," Dionisio said.
The demise of Park Seafood would bring an end to three generations of his family running seafood stands at the Jersey Shore and cap off a difficult year in which his father died and his mother was displaced for eight months by the storm, he said.
"Its almost unfathomable how many things can happen to my family in such a short span of time," Dionisio said. "On Monday our dog of 16 years passed away. It's like, man, you can't catch a break."
Just to the north, in tiny Ortley Beach, storm-damaged roads remain closed and scores of vacant homes are papered with red signs: "House Unsafe for Human Occupancy."
"A lot of people just walked away from their homes, all the people that don't have the money to put into them," said Val McHale as he swept sand off the steps of the home he rebuilt.
"It's eerie down here at night," the retiree said. "I can't stand it."
(Editing by Dina Kyriakidou and Gunna Dickson)


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Courtesy of Coast Guard Sports Information
NEW LONDON, Conn. – Frank Hackett registered the game-winning goal in the 77th minute to power the U.S. Coast Guard Academy to a 2-1 win over MIT in a New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) men's soccer game. The Bears (5-8, 1-3 NEWMAC) snapped a three-game losing streak and picked up their first conference win of the year while the Engineers dropped to 7-6 overall and 2-2 in the NEWMAC.
Matt Zangle converted a feed from Brett Godiksen just 4:17 into the contest. The slight edge would hold up for the remainder of the half. MIT notched the equalizer in the 64th minute when Ben Lewis connected on a pass by Kevin Chou.
In net, Tim Olah collected 11 saves for the Bears while Dylan Rankin recorded six stops for the Engineers.
Coast Guard Edges Mens Soccer, 2-1
Courtesy of Coast Guard Sports Information


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Feb. 28, 2008
It's all about peaking at the right time and the Lipscomb Lady Bisons appear to be doing just that in the final games before the Atlantic Sun Tournament.
The Lady Bisons won their second Atlantic Sun game in a row Thursday night with a 72-60 over Gardner-Webb at Allen Arena. The Lady Bisons lost 82-70 at Gardner-Webb Jan. 5 in their first A-Sun game of the season.
"They got together last week and sort of came together as a team," said Lady Bisons coach Frank Bennett. "They are playing with more energy. They are working together. They are playing with more of an attacking style. And they are helping themselves on defense.
"All of those things are making a difference. We have had better team play overall. We are playing with more confidence. People are stepping up."
The Lady Bisons led the entire game, opening with a jumper from junior center Kaleigh Gossman. They extended that start to an 8-0 lead with 16:40 left to play on a 3-point shot by junior forward Jilian Partin.
"We have played two of our better games this year at Belmont and against Gardner-Webb," Bennett said. "We have been able to play with a lead on the front end and that has been important. Belmont (a 68-52 win Saturday night) was the best we have played so far."
With 13:27 left to play the Lady Bisons extended their lead to nine points, 14-5, on a pair of free throws by Grossman.
With 7:30 before intermission Jessica Bryant scored on a free throw to cut the Lady Bisons lead to 20-17. That was as close as Gardner-Webb would get the rest of the way.
The Lady Bisons led by 11, 35-24, with 3:03 left in the first half on a 3-point shot by freshman forward Valerie Bronson. The Lady Bisons kept double-figures lead the rest of the way.
After 20 minutes of play the Lady Bisons held a 38-25 lead.
The biggest lead for the Lady Bisons in the second half was 21 points, 61-40, on a lay-up by Gossman.
The closest Gardner-Webb came to the lead in the second half was 11 points, 68-57, on a free throw by Emma Cronk with 1:39 left.
The Lady Bisons were led by Partin who scored a career-high and game-high 24 points. It is also the highest scoring total by a Lady Bisons player this season. She and Bronson are the only Lady Bisons to score more than 20 points this season.
Partin also grabbed 10 rebounds for her fifth double-double of the season.
"Jilian is playing so hard," Bennett said. "She is doing a better job of finishing on her drives and using the glass. She is getting to the foul line a lot because she is taking the ball to the basket. And she goes for every rebound."
Also in double figures for the Lady Bisons were Gossman with 14 points and freshman guard Jenna Bartsokas with 11.
She did not reach the double figures level, but Bronson has put together a couple of strong games in a row.
"Valerie has some offensive skills," Bennett said. "She has been working on the defensive end and getting to the boards. She is getting better in those areas. She is getting more time at the No. 3 position and she has done a good job with that."
Forward Laura Povilonyte scored 14 points to lead Gardner-Webb. She also hauled down 10 rebounds for a double-double.
The Lady Bisons shot 37.7 from the field, hitting 23-of-61. They held Gardner-Webb to 26.8 percent (19-of-71).
The biggest disappointment for Bennett was on the boards. The Lady Bisons held the rebounding edge in the first half (24-to-21), but were out-rebounded by nine by Gardner-Webb in the second half. Gardner-Webb finished with a 53-47 edge in rebounding.
The Lady Bisons close out the regular season Saturday at 6 when Campbell visits.
"Campbell will be a new challenge," Bennett said. "They are strong inside. They will play physical. We are going to try to step up and get some more momentum going into the tournament."
The Lady Bisons are 8-21 overall, 6-9 in the A-Sun.
Gardner-Webb fell to 12-16, 8-7 in the conference.


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5 (More) Free and Open Source CRM Software: We have already featured here several free and open-source CRM software but due to popular demand, we will showcase five more CRM tools. As I've already explained before, CRM software is used for effectively managing a company's interactions with clients and possible customers by organizing, automating, and synchronizing business processes.
Without further delay, here are 5 more free and open-source Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software (in no particular order):
Dolibarr is an ERP/CRM software designed for small and medium companies, foundations or freelancers. Although loaded with features for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM), it also includes features for different activities. Dolibarr is highly modular and is known by its easy installation process and ease of use despite the vast number of features that can be activated by way of modules. Written in PHP and uses MySQL databases, it works with all PHP configurations without having the need to install additional PHP modules.
Based on Python and Zope, ERP5 is a high quality and full-featured free and open-source ERP/CRM/MRP/SCM/PDM used by numerous businesses and government agencies. It utilizes the Unified Business Model introduced by Smets and Carvalho. The UBM abstraction is dependent on 5 generic concepts, specifically Node, Resource, Movement, Item and Path. Because of this unification, a usual ERP5 implementation only consists of 20 to 30 tables compared to ERP based on traditional enterprise modeling that needs up to tens of thousands of tables since they have to piece together different elements.
epesiBIM is a web-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM) multiuser application that has a main goal of providing functionality greater than what's offered on usual CRM software. It is based on epesi framework that provides a collection of libraries and modules for rapid development of new modules. Since it has a modular design, it can be easily customized and modified to match your processes and workflow. epesiBIM is made to work on any operating system with http server with php 5.x and MySQL or PostgreSQL database server.
From its project website, JFire is described as a comprehensive, free and powerful open-source ERP solution with a high degree of flexibility. It also has a broad range of ready-to-use features for business analysis, customer relationship management (CRM), and many more. JFire is written entirely in Java and is based on the technologies Java EE 5 (formerly J2EE), JDO 2, and Eclipse RCP 3. As a result, both client and server can be easily extended and offers greater flexibility, requiring only relatively low efforts when customizing it for specific sectors or companies needs.
Sugar Community Edition
Sugar Community Edition is a complete Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software for small to large businesses. It provides features for sales automation, marketing campaigns, support cases, project management, and calendaring among others. Sugar Community Edition offers modules that represent a specific functional aspect of CRM like Accounts, Activities, Leads, and Opportunities. SugarCRM is considered as one of the most widely used CRM software in the world with more than 250,000 community members, 25,000 developers, and over 850 extension projects.


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Feb. 1, 2009
BRUNSWICK, Maine – Jacqui Wentz posted a pair of solid wins in the mile and 800m while the MIT women's track and field squad won five other events en route to a second-place showing at Bowdoin College Saturday afternoon. The Engineers (149) were not able to keep pace with the host team, whose total of 173.50 was enough for the top spot. Colby finished third with 73.50 points.
Wentz's time of 2:18.45 in the 800 meters was the second fastest in MIT history. One week after her record-breaking performance in the 5000 meters, Wentz also won the mile with a time of 5:09.95. Andrea Bradshaw was very impressive at 600 meters, leading the entire race and finishing in 1:36.87, the fastest time in New England this year.
Junior Amy Magnuson (8.56) led a one-two-three finish in the 55-meter hurdles, followed by Portia Jones and Hazel Briner. In the 55-meter dash, Margaret Leibovic (7.74) was edged out by Bowdoin's Emily Barr by just one one-hundredth of a second.
The Cardinal and Grey also picked up a pair of wins in the relay events, as Jones, Bradshaw, Martha Gross and Leibovic ran 1:49.18 in the 4x200m, the second fastest time in Institute history. Gross, Bradshaw, Kirsten Aarsvold and Wentz captured the 4x400m with a time of 4:10.34.
In the pole vault, Tech finished first, second, fourth and fifth, as Emily Hwang cleared 3.34 meters for first place.
MIT hosts Williams and Coast Guard next Saturday, February 7 at 12:00 p.m.


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My dad was in the service for a very short time. I'm not even sure he made it through boot camp. He was discharged due to health problems. I haven't dug out his discharge papers for a very long time so I don't remember the exact reason but it was something like back pain or foot problems
He's on the left holding my sister. Next to him is a friend of his. I don't know his name.
My daughter was also in the service. She almost made it through boot camp when she got very sick; they said she had asthma which she didn't. There's no arguing with the Air Force. My Father-in-Law, Frank, is retired Air Force and did talk to her CO who said she had done great.
She spent many years working towards the goal of following him into the Air Force. It didn't work out. She isn't a veteran or a hero. She didn't see battle or even get out of the country. But she worked hard and she had goals and was devastated when they didn't work out.
We have ancestors who fought in all the major wars and many minor ones. The Revolution, the Civil War, the Mexican War. Other relatives were in the World Wars. My husband was in Vietnam. A very unpopular "war."
Since I am writing this on Veteran's Day I want to honor all those men and women who fought for us.
I honor them all. Those who fought, those who died, those who tried.
Thank you.
Memoir Prompts:
Do you have any family stories related to the military?
Write a review of how you spent the last weekend.
Do you prefer Lincoln Logs, Legos or Tinker Toys?
Write a little story about each of your siblings.
What television character do you most identify with?
Have you ever been to any of the Disney parks? What was your favorite ride?
Have you ever bought a book just from its cover? What was it? Did you like it?


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Backlight Control on MSI U110 Netbook
I've contacted the driver developers and I hope we can make some progress on the drivers soon.
4 comments:
I've been running a dual boot of Jolicloud and Windows 7 (against my will) ever since I purchased my Wind u110 a few months ago.ReplyDelete
YOU ARE SAVING THE FREAKING DAY HERE!!!! I can't wait to get Ubuntu running!
Well, loading msi-laptop with the parameter force=1 goes like this:ReplyDelete
sudo modprobe msi-laptop force=1
There are even better solutions with full backlight control in the works, but they need kernel modifications of the acpi video module (see http://linux-tipps.blogspot.com/2010/07/backlight-finally-works-generic-poulsbo.html for more).
Thank you very much!ReplyDelete
I think I forgot to mention I think you need to boot the kernel with the parameter acpi_display_output=vendor for this to work.ReplyDelete
I appreciate comments. Feel free to write anything you wish. Selected comments and questions will be published.


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Overcast 4+
Award-winning podcast player
Overcast Radio, LLC
- #36 in News
- Free
- Offers In-App Purchases
A powerful yet simple podcast player, with Smart Speed, Voice Boost, and Smart Playlists to help you listen to more podcasts in more places, try new shows, and completely control your experience.
Overcast is a modern, fully featured audio podcast player with many useful features in a simple, intuitive interface:
- Download podcasts for playing anytime, even when offline.
- Search and browse for new podcasts, plus get recommendations from Twitter.
- Create custom Playlists with smart filters and per-podcast priorities, and rearrange the list whenever you want.
- Receive optional push notifications when new episodes arrive.
- Subscribe to a podcast, or just add an episode: try new shows without committing.
- Download podcasts over cellular, set a sleep timer, or use Voice Boost to enhance and normalize speech volume.
- Adjust playback speed, and use Smart Speed to shrink silences and pick up extra speed without distorting the conversation.
- 3D Touch support
- Rich notifications
- Apple Watch app with standalone podcast playback
- CarPlay support
Overcast is ad-supported. If you choose to purchase Overcast Premium to remove ads, payment will be charged to your iTunes account, and your account will be charged for renewal 24 hours prior to the end of the current period. Auto-renewal may be turned off at any time by going to your settings in the iTunes Store after purchase. Current price for Overcast Premium is $9.99 USD per year, and may vary from country to country.
Overcast's privacy policy: https://overcast.fm/privacy
What's New
Version 5.0.6
Minor bug fixes.
Ratings and Reviews
Editors' Notes
Listen to your favorite podcasts
Finally Organized!
For the past too many years, I've been using whatever the native setup for podcasts was on my iPhone (most recently, the Podcasts app). I didn't hate it but there were always things that I definitely didn't like. My biggest frustration with Apple's native app was the lack of personalization and organization. I'm not a consistent podcast listener. Instead, when I want something to listen to that isn't music, I download a bunch of episodes that sound interesting and listen to them while traveling or cleaning or whatever otherwise monotonous or boring thing I'm doing.
I love Overcast because it allows a much greater degree of customization, and now I have the podcasts that I am a fan of separated into appropriately labeled playlists (my politics ones in a politics folder, my news ones in a news folder, etc). The amount of peace this gives me is great, and it's easy to create a new playlist called something like "July Road Trip" and then pick out the topics I feel like listening to from their respective playlists (ie politics, economics, news, or comedy), and download some episodes that sound good.
I've tried a couple other podcast apps over the past two months or so, and I think Overcast is the one I want to commit to. I'd say we're engaged and in the lead-up to the wedding but if somehow something much better comes along... I'll have to bail before the wedding. But given my experience using it so far, I think that's very, very unlikely.
Best one yet...
Out of all the podcast players I've tried (there have been a lot!), this one is the most user friendly. I am an avid podcast listener and am subscribed to at least 50. Overcast accommodates all of them, even if the memory on my phone doesn't! There are only a few complaints about Overcast's functionality: the title page of each podcast may have a description but the app doesn't allow you to see the entire text. It does allow you to read the details of each episode, unlike some of the others I've tried. Another non-feature that drives me nuts is if you back out of the screen your podcast is playing, you can't go back to that podcast; instead you have to scroll through them all again, e.g., if I am listening to Casefile and want to look at descriptions of other podcasts, I can't just go back to the Casefile podcast episode list. I have to return to the top and scroll back down the list to find Casefile again. At least they are in alphabetical order, not the order I added the podcast. I have to admit, that's the most annoying non-feature I've discovered so far. Other than that, the sound is great, you can build a playlist and the forward/backward buttons are adjustable. If Overcast could fix these two little gripes I have, it could take over the podcast world!! *deep, maniacal laugh*. Seriously, if you're looking for a convenient podcast player, this is it. Happy listening.
Editors' Notes
Listen to your favorite podcasts
- Seller
- Overcast Radio, LLC
- Size
- Category
- News
- Compatibility
- Requires iOS 12.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
- Languages
- English
- Age Rating
- Rated 4+
- Copyright
- © 2014–2018 Overcast Radio, LLC
- Price
- Free
- In-App Purchases
- Overcast Premium $9.99
Family Sharing
With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app.
Get things done within this app using just your voice.


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Apple Business Specialists
Project Management
If you fail to plan, you plan to fail! Behind every successful project you will find great project management, and you'll find some of the most powerful tools on Mac and iOS to help you.
Customer Relationships
The most important part to any business – customers. Keep track of where each of your relationships are and win more business.
Financial Management
Managing business has never been easier. With powerful tools we can help you keep track of every area of your business.
Business Productivity
Ensure your business runs smoothly by using tools to share important information among workers on Macs, iPhones and iPads.
We train
Not knowing the best way to work with a system is frustrating for users, and increases the amount of time and money your organisation is wasting. Training can offer new opportunities for your organisation to improve working practices and efficiency. More…
We coach
Learn and improve at your own pace. Coaching offers a way for us to work together in person or remotely to give you the skills and knowledge on how to improve your systems and use them better. More…
We customise
Every business is unique and operates in different ways. We can help you by customising solutions to suit your organisation's requirements and needs. Small adjustments to a system can transform your workflow and improve efficiency. More…
Shall we talk?
Email is great, but sometimes chatting is even better – give us a call and we'll be pleased to help.


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Copyright © 2019 PLASMA LEDSSUPERBRIGHT.COM. Powered by LEDsSuperBright


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40 Years of Odegaard!
Celebrate Odegaard Undergraduate Library at 40 years old as we prepare for a major renovation to the library. An exhibit will highlight Odegaard's history in pictures. The celebration kicks off with Husky Fest 2012, beginning April 19, 2012.
Odegaard Undergraduate Library has served the students of the University of Washington as a critical academic facility since it was first constructed in 1972. Forty years later, it remains the most utilized student study and research space on campus with more than 10,000 students per day passing through its doors.
Beginning June 9, 2012, Odegaard will temporarily close for renovation through September 23, 2012. By George, the Newsstand, the Husky Card Account & ID Center, and the UW Visitor's Information Center will remain open on the ground level during the temporary closure.
Odegaard Library will reopen for fall quarter on September 24, 2012, with 24/5 access to the second and third floors with services including computing, course reserves, laptop loans, group and individual study spaces, collections, and writing, research, and technology assistance during the full year of renovation. The entire library, showcasing the renovated first floor, will open fall quarter 2013. For more information about the renovation, visit the Odegaard renovation blog.
Visit the Odegaard 40th Anniversary Celebration website for more information about Odegaard at 40.


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BlueRepublic needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 256 designs submitted by 32 freelance designers.
Blue Republic Brewing Company or Blue Republic (please use whichever one works best within your design)
What We Do:
The company is a new craft brewery, manufacturing fine quality Artisan ales and lagers. Our beers are handcrafted under the watchful eye of our Brewmaster. We use the finest ingredients (malt, hops, yeast, water) available for brewing, giving us the best possible product. Our plan is to manufacture beer for the local community, and grow into a regional or national brewery.
Our Brand:
Handcrafting unique ales and lagers.
Our Customers:
Our target audience is the craft beer consumer. Beer consumption is overwhelmingly male-dominated, with men accounting for more than 80% of the volume consumed. However the logo should appeal to both men and women of drinking age (21 years or older).
We want the logo to be nice and simple, with clean lines. It will set the tone for our corporate identity. Our logo needs to stand out within the sea of 6-packs at the store, inviting the consumer to try our product.
Logo Uses:
The winning logo will be used on business cards, internet, tshirts, beer labels, marketing material, promotional items, etc. There is also an opportunity to perform additional work designing individual bottle labels and packaging material for our different beer styles.
General Concepts
The logo should be fresh, modern, and above all – cool with a hint of attitude!
We would like the logo to incorporate a symbol. We really like the idea of using of a hand print (see example) as part of the design, but you may be creative and attempt any design that you think would make a Blue Republic; hops, barley, coat of arms, military style patch, etc. Be creative!
Design Requirements
1. Very cool and definitely have some attitude!
2. Colors we like: Blue, White, Gray, Black, Red, Green
3. If three or four colors are used, the logo must also work well in black & white.
4. Use a symbol along with our name.
5. Invite customers to try our product.
6. Eye catching, on an over crowded store display shelf.
Formats Required
1. Final files provided in different formats and sizes (vector, photoshop, jpg, transparent png, etc.) with a greyscale version as well.
2. A separate file with the symbol by itself.
3. The ttf font file should be provided and/or identified with purchase location.
We will provide comments as your submissions come in. Star rating system:
0 - Hasn't yet been evaluated
1 - Not the direction we want to go in
2 - Some things we like, but needs changes
3 - Getting closer, but needs revisions or a different take
4 - Definitely under consideration, may just need a few tweaks
5 - Don't change anything, we're considering it just as it is
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Panera Bread Testing The 'Pay What You Want' Model
from the trying-it-all-out dept
While I'm intrigued with how this will work out, I'm not convinced it's going to be a success (though I'd be pleasantly surprised to find out I'm wrong). The whole thing is actually set up separate from Panera, via a non-profit foundation, which Panera is supporting. The restaurant won't use the Panera name, but St. Louis Bread Co. Cares, which apparently was the company's original name. I would guess that many people will feel guilty enough to pay the list price, though some will obviously pay less. I doubt very many (if any) people will really pay much extra, which puts the operation in a tricky position. Since we're talking about food and salaries, there are real scarcities to deal with in terms of expenses, so a "pay what you want" model seems like it would have difficulty scaling.
Still, as business models go, it's one worth watching.