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Finding Church Records
| Church Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Church Records
|Types of Church Records
|Finding Church Records
|List of Selected Denominations
|List of Useful Church References
This article originally appeared in "Church Records" by Elizabeth Crabtree Wells, MA, MLS in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
Identify the Denomination
To find church records, the researcher must identify the denomination of an ancestor and the actual church of affiliation. In some families, this decision poses no problem due to a continuing religious tradition. However, individuals or families at times changed denominations; in such a case, a search is required. Perhaps the family Bible or other papers'baptismal certificates, wedding announcements, organizational certificates, or obituaries'will offer clues. These documents may reveal an organization tied to a specific denomination, a church name, or the identity and title of the person officiating at a religious ceremony or event.
Civil marriage or death records, if they exist, should provide the officiate's name. Determining that this person is clergy can help researchers identify the denomination and perhaps the congregation or local church. In small towns or rural areas, county histories often list ecclesiastical leaders and where they served. In larger cities, city directories usually list clergy and their associated church.
Marriage records are particularly good sources for determining a denomination or a church. Although a direct ancestral pair may have been married by the local justice of the peace, one or more of their siblings may have preferred a religious ceremony. Customarily, a wedding takes place in the bride's church or is performed by her pastor. Therefore, the marriages of the bride's and groom's sisters may be a link to determine which church the family attended.
Civil death records may not provide the name of the minister who conducted the service. However, these records, when thoroughly examined, can assist in the search. For example, the death certificate may note if the decedent was in the hospital; contacting the hospital may lead to information about religious affiliations and thus to a church. Likewise the death certificate usually identifies the funeral home. Funeral home records tend to list the name of the person who officiated at the service, which again may lead to a church.
Finding your ancestor's denominational connection may require taking a few detours in your research path. But this knowledge is useful in targeting a local church that he or she may have attended. A map (contemporary to the time period) of the area in which an ancestor lived can help pinpoint a specific church close to your ancestor's place of residence. In urban areas, where transportation was swift and easy, church selection may have been impacted by more than just proximity. Immigrants often attended churches where their native language was spoken, which might have been more important to them than the denomination itself. For this reason, a search of all nearby churches that held services in the native language of your ancestor may also be helpful.
Locate the Records
Once the denomination has been identified and decisions are made about the name of the most likely church of attendance, the next challenge is to locate the actual records. This quest can be yet another research adventure because early records can reside in many places.
The obvious first place to look for church records is at the church itself. If the church is still in existence and the name has not changed, use a current print telephone directory or search online for contact information. If a church has merged with another of the same denomination, or changed denominations, the yearbook of the present denomination, such as Annual of the Alabama Baptist State Convention, should have the name, address, and current pastor of the new congregations.<ref>Annual of the Alabama Baptist State Convention, microfilm MFA 2.1, call number BX6470.1 A4, Samford University Special Collections Library.</ref>
Some churches may have simply ceased to exist. Should this be the case, contact another church of the same denomination in the area and inquire about the location of the records. Utilize all available local and denominational information, including personal recollection, to help unravel the mystery. The records may have been retained by the clerk for safekeeping or, if his clerkship continued, merged with those of the new congregation. Follow the church clerk's path and you may find the new church and/or the records.
Correspondence with the church may be conducted via letter, telephone, or e-mail. When inquiring about the records and their availability, ask about the church's policies for research and confine the request to specific dates and people. Be patient. Remember that the church is not in the genealogical business. However, the majority of church personnel will want to assist in locating former members and may search the records for you, as their busy schedules permit. Should this occur, offer to reimburse for copies and time, and consider making a donation to the church, perhaps as a memorial to your ancestor.
Finally, certain denominations require that the records of defunct churches be sent to a central archive. See List of Selected Denominations for denominational contact information, or contact the state organization of the denomination.
Missing Records
If records have disappeared from the church, they may be in private hands. Sometimes the church clerk maintained the records for so many years that they became regarded as personal possessions. Or in the case of a church split, merger, or closing, the records were retained by the clerk for safekeeping. These can be difficult to locate. If possible, visit the area and contact as many relatives and former members of the church as possible.
Once the records are located, the owner may be persuaded to place them in a repository. Such was the case concerning the record book of the United Baptist Church of Christ at Mount Pisgah, Blount County, Alabama, 1836'1876. The book was sent to a Texas relative following the death of the person who had held it for several years. The Texas family retained the original and transcribed the volume, then donated both the treasured book and the useful transcript to the Alabama Baptist repository.
If the records are known to have been destroyed, perhaps in a fire, the personal records of former pastors may be an effective substitute. Many clergymen recorded events in a diary, along with comments about sermons or church activities. After the minister's death, the diary may have stayed with the family, been sent to a denominational archives, or ended up in an antique store. The daybook of Presbyterian minister John Webster Bailey was found at a flea market by researcher Mary Balderstone. From May 1882 to September 1890, Reverend Bailey served churches in Indiana, New York, and Vermont. He recorded more than nine hundred names of members in his book along with baptisms, confirmations, marriages, deaths, and removals. Many entries are annotated, such as, 'Moved to Goshen, Ind.,' or 'Mrd Walter Hathaway.'<ref>Indiana entries appear in 'Presbyterian Church, Cambridge City, Indiana. Rev. J. W. Bailey, Pastor,' Hoosier Genealogist 22, no. 1 (March 1982). New York and Vermont entries are in 'The Church Notebook of Rev. J. W. Bailey, Pastor,' New York Genealogical & Biographical Record 113 (1984): 235'37.</ref>
To locate missing or substitute records of this type, see Finding Aid.
Libraries and Archives
In some communities, the local public library is the repository of genealogical materials, including church records. Larger public libraries may have a genealogical reference specialist who can assist you. You can locate libraries through print or online directories or by consulting the American Library Directory.<ref>American Library Directory (New York: R. R. Bowker). This directory can be found in the reference area of most libraries. In smaller libraries, it might be found in the librarian's office.</ref> In addition to the library, contact the community historical or genealogical society.
The denominational archive seeks to retain records of churches both extant and defunct. While some denominations maintain an independent repository, many denominations select a denominational college or university to serve in this role. The Gardner A. Sage Library of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (affiliated with Rutgers University) is home to the official archives of the Reformed Church in America. The Friends Historical Library, founded in 1871, is located at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Their holdings represent the largest collection in the world of Quaker meeting archives, either in the original manuscripts or on microfilm. Denominational institutions of this kind also house the church records and papers of ministers and lay leaders, as well as other related historical materials. The state denominational office can help in locating the archive.
State college and university libraries may also collect church records. The state archives and library is yet another repository to search. In some states, the state historical society has become the official archives for certain denominations; for example, the State Historical Society of Wisconsin serves as the repository of the United Church of Christ in that state.
Certain private libraries, not affiliated with a religious denomination, contain a vast amount of genealogical data, including church records. An example is The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society in New York City, which holds (among other important church record collections) the original Vosburgh Collection of New York State Church Records (also available on microfilm from the Family History Library in Salt Lake City). The Library of the National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, in Washington, D.C. houses Bible records, private papers of ministers and lay persons, and church and denominational histories. And the manuscript department of the New England Historic Genealogical Society has collected family Bible records for over 150 years.<ref>Bible Records from the manuscript collections of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, CD-ROM #SCD-BR, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004.</ref>
Finding Aids
Many church records have been preserved through microfilm projects at the regional, state, and local levels. The largest ongoing microfilming activity is that of the Genealogical Society of Utah (GSU). GSU is a non-profit entity of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Microfilming teams cover the entire United States and work worldwide. The first public notice of newly acquired microfilm that is available for patron use appears in the Family History Library Catalog online. Search the catalog by subject or region to locate church records, histories, and related materials.
The International Genealogical Index (IGI) indexes the entries captured on microfilm processed by GSU. Because of its plentiful baptism, confirmation, and marriage records, the IGI is a valuable resource for family historians who seek church records. Researchers who follow the indexed entry back to its source are usually richly rewarded. A reel number for the microfilm of the original records is often given, thus leading to the possibility of additional family information within the records of that church.
The National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC) can help to locate out-of-place church records'those that are not in a church or a repository designated as the denominational archives. Repositories submit holdings details to the Library of Congress, which maintains the NUCMC database. The names and chief subjects of the collections are then indexed and made accessible through surname, subject, and author searches. Out-of-place reports made since 1985 may be searched online. Earlier reports will be in the printed volumes of the National Union Catalogue of Manuscript Collections. (See Introduction to the General References and Guides Series).
The Periodical Source Index, better known as PERSI, is the largest and most widely used subject index covering genealogy and local history periodicals in North America and Canada. There are currently more than 1.7 billion searchable records representing almost six thousand periodicals received by the Allen County Public Library in Ft. Wayne, Indiana, since 1847. This is not a full text index but can locate articles and transcriptions that are primarily about church records. PERSI is available in several formats: print, CD-ROM, and online subscription service.
Early church record abstracts were often published in limited quantities, making them hard to find and quite expensive. The advent of CD-ROMs has removed that limitation. For example, six volumes of Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy by William Wade Hinshaw are available on CD-ROM from Genealogical Publishing Company.<ref>William Wade Hinshaw, Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, 6 vols. (1969; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991'94), also on CD-ROM with full index, same title and publisher. Abstracts of the Records of the Society of Friends in Indiana, Part One through Six (1962'1975) with Index by Willard Heiss, which was first published by the Indiana Historical Society in 1972 and covers Indiana Meetings, was reissued as volume 7 of Hinshaw's Encyclopedia series. The Indiana Historical Society did not release the Heiss work for inclusion in the CD. </ref> Another CD-ROM collection is Pennsylvania German Church Records 1729'1870.<ref>Pennsylvania German Church Records 1729'1870, CD-ROM #7130 (Genealogical Publishing Co., n.d).</ref> Two newer issues are Records of the Churches of Boston and Plymouth Church Records 1620'1859.<ref>Robert J. Dunkle and Ann S. Lainhart, transcribers, Records of the Churches of Boston, CD-ROM (New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2003); David Thomas Konig, ed., Plymouth Church Records 1620'1859, CD-ROM (New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004).</ref> Remember to use these collections with the knowledge that, despite the best efforts of the abstractor or transcriber, mistakes occur and data may be omitted. Therefore, make every effort to locate the original record or a microfilm copy.
A relatively new and growing resource is the USGenWeb Church Records Project. This began in 2000 and now has contributions for many counties. The project relies on contributions by volunteers who transcribe local area church records, church histories, minutes, and other useful information. Their work is placed online and accessed through the main website. Although individuals' names are not always indexed, a search by state and county name will reveal the title of the record and then display the transcription. Many of the transcribed entries are from the pre-1800 era.
During the period 1938'1942, the Works Progress Administration (later called the Work Projects Administration), or WPA, located and inventoried church records in many states. This was part of the Historical Records Survey (HRS), the most ambitious archival survey ever undertaken in the United States. Although the goal of the HRS was to locate, describe, and publish all church (and other public and some private) records, much remained undone when the project ended in 1942. The extent of completion varies from state to state. For example, in Vermont, only three books were published. Both the published volumes and the far greater amount of unpublished survey material can be used to discover what records were available and where they were located during the time of the HRS survey. Information about the printed volumes and remaining manuscripts is usually available at the appropriate state archives.<ref>The WPA church record inventories, for various reasons, may contain incomplete information. For example, one of the New Hampshire inventories shows 'no information given' for the early records for the town of Pembroke. In fact, the New Hampshire Historical Society holds the original records.</ref>
Access to Records
If the original records have not been microfilmed or catalogued but are still in the custody of the church, obtaining permission to see the record is required. Religious records are not public records, and the caretaker is not legally obliged to provide information or to allow examination. When requesting data from local church records, state the request in specific terms. Provide names and dates or, at the least, a short time span for a search. Do not expect the pastor or secretary to perform long involved searches.
Churches with large memberships often have websites that give a research policy and an e-mail address. If a request is made by postal mail, it should include a self-addressed, stamped envelope. After any request, be patient and allow adequate time for a response. Be patient; allow time for a response. Often work of this type is done by church volunteers who have many other responsibilities. If the church staff is kind enough to look up and send information, a thank-you note and small donation is in order. If an on-site inspection is possible, an appointment should be scheduled for the church staff's convenience. During your visit, treat the records carefully and acknowledge your appreciation. Consider making a small donation in your ancestor's honor or to be used by the church towards records preservation.
If an on-site visit is not possible, contact the local library or historical society for a list of local researchers who may be willing and able to conduct research in these records. If appropriate, suggest that the records might be loaned to an archive or repository for preservation and then returned to the owner.
To most effectively locate and use church records, a researcher must consult all available civil and/or private records, talk with residents in the area, and initiate contact with a variety of repositories and organizations that may house the records. Armed with all this information, you are ready to tackle the records themselves. Some general and denominational specific suggestions for success follow.
Church records allow the researcher to view an ancestor and/or community in a particular place and time as no other documents can. These materials provide an added dimension of one's culture and heritage. Contained in the pages of these volumes are the joys and sorrows, disappointments and successes of our people.


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Aww, look at them gazing into each each other's eyes!
Here is the Certificate of Marriage from the Bride's Book.
And here's the 'real' marriage certificate.
I remember when I sent away to Fresno for this marriage certificate and received a "no record found" response. Huh? I asked Mom about it and she was just as confused as I was. Why was there no marriage certificate? Did the official 'forget' to turn it in? Finally it occurred to me – they must have applied for their marriage license in another county. So I asked Mom again and she thought for a minute and said "oh yes, we must have applied for our license in San Mateo County since we were at Stanford at the time". Sure enough, that's where it was. Phew, I was beginning to worry that my parents' marriage was not legal.
What a beautiful cake! I wonder if they smashed it in each other's face.
I'm somewhat surprised that we didn't find those bells lying around Mom's house somewhere. :-)

subset: commoncrawl


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Freakonomics Flips The Window: Releasing Movie Online Before In Theaters
from the freakout-those-windows dept
So, it's quite interesting to see that the Freakonomics movie that's coming out in the fall is apparently going to flip the windows over. Sheri Candler points us to the news, as seen at the end of the movie's trailer, that it's going to be released via iTunes on September 3rd, and in theaters October 1st:
I'm curious about this, because what the Freakonomics duo are famous for is exposing how "the common wisdom" is wrong on a variety of things. I don't always agree with their analysis, but it would be fascinating to see if they're exposing that the common wisdom on movie release windows is -- as we've suggested for years -- totally screwed up. I am curious, however, to see how the theaters handle this. As mentioned, in the past, they've boycotted day-and-date releases, and even boycotted movies that they thought were coming to DVD too soon after the theatrical release (in that case, 12 weeks). So, will theaters be boycotting the Freakonomics film? I really don't know enough about how the film is being positioned, so if it's only in indie/art house-type theaters, perhaps it's not as big an issue. Still, I can't see any of the big theaters too happy about these "wrinkles," even if they actually prove that theaters can get more business with simultaneous releases.


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A reminder that the Bicycle Master Plan Public Meeting is tonight at Gould Hall, UW Campus, 3949 15th Ave NE at 6:30 – 9:30 PM. On the agenda is an open house, presentation, and interactive workstations.
- On-line Questionnaire
- KUOW Program Archive discussing the plan and bicycles in Seattle
- Toole Design Group, design firm hired to draft the plan.
As posted earlier, I think most important in this plan are on-street routes and wayfinding. See the Cascade Commuter's post as well.


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An entry-level luxury sedan with definite sports car inclinations, the Lexus IS250 was first introduced back in 2001. Lexus produced the first generation of the car until 2005. The following year, the second and current generation of the car was introduced. The IS250 has always had a rather sporty disposition, and for the first generation of the model, this rings even more true. Faster and more compelling to drive, the first generation nonetheless lacks the spaciousness and refinements provided by the current generation of the Lexus IS250.
The Lexus IS250 is a compact luxury sedan that comes at an entry-level price. Although the IS250 can be regarded as somewhat underpowered for a compact executive car with sport model aspirations, the car has many obvious virtues including excellent handling capabilities, a fine interior, and an impressive assortment of technological features and extras. One area where the IS250 does excel over its more powerful sibling, the IS350, is with its wide variety of drivetrain configurations.
The second and current generation of the Lexus IS250 was introduced in 2006, and since that time, the model shows only slight changes. The 2012 Lexus IS250 comes with front-wheel or all-wheel drive. Standard equipment on both versions includes 17-inch wheels, fog lamps, heated mirrors, a sunroof, a keyless ignition, keyless entry, dual-zone climate control, a tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, power front seats, leather upholstery, and an auto-dimming rearview mirror. Standard technological features include Bluetooth connectivity, a Safety Connect telematics system, audio connectivity, and a sound system that comes equipped with 13 speakers, a six-CD changer, satellite radio, an auxiliary audio jack, and an iPod interface. The all-wheel drive version also includes front seat heating.
Additional packages include the Navigation System package, the Luxury package, and the F Sports package. The Navigation System version of the IS250 includes a hard-drive-based navigation system, Bluetooth phonebook downloading, a rearview camera, real-time traffic info, and an option for a Mark Levinson surround sound system with 14 speakers. The Luxury edition features xenon headlights, auto-dimming exterior mirrors, automatic wipers, a power rear sunshade, driver memory functions, ventilated front seats, wood trim, and a power adjustable steering wheel. The F Sport package is only available on rear-wheel drive models with automatic transmissions. It adds 18-inch F sport wheels, grille inserts, front and rear spoilers, sport-tuned suspension, and heated F Sport seats. Other options for the F Sport model include 19-inch wheels for RWD models, a performance air intake, sport clutch for manual transmission versions, a performance exhaust system, improved brakes, sport suspension components, a quick-shift kit, and a carbon-fiber engine cover.
All versions of the 2012 IS250 contain the same 2.5-liter V-6 engine, which produces 204 horsepower and 185 lb-ft of torque. All-wheel drive models only come with an automatic transmission, while rear drive models offer the additional option of a six-speed manual transmission.
The IS250 earns excellent marks for safety and receives a top rating of ""Good"" from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety for frontal offset and side-impact collision tests. Standard safety features on the model include anti-lock disc brakes, traction and stability control, front seat side airbags, and Safety Connect.
Inside, the IS250 is sporty and opulent with supple leather upholstery, wood trim, and metallic detailing. Controls are ergonomically placed and, for the most part, easy to access and use. However, while the front seats provide ample space, the IS250 has limited back-seat legroom, especially when compared to other compact luxury models. The trunk, on the other hand, offers 13 cubic feet of cargo space, which is on par with most other models in this market segment.
While the IS250's design and marketing campaign go a long way towards persuading drivers that it's a sports car, reviews indicate that the model does lack power. However, one area of performance where the car does seem to excel is in its high cornering limits, particularly if you opt for the F Sport package.
Introduced in 2001, first generation versions of the IS250 are a bit more muscular than recent models. However, they are also more compact and lack many of the luxury features and the opulent cabin that more contemporary models offer.
The second and present generation of the IS250 was introduced in 2006. While second generation models have changed only slightly over the years, there have been slight modifications along the way. The IS250 received a restyled grille, retuned suspension, and a two-tone interior option in 2009. The following year, several technological upgrades were introduced including an iPod interface, enhanced Bluetooth, and a hard-drive-based navigation system.
2015 Lexus IS250
Convertible, Luxury, Sedan, Sports
2014 Lexus IS250
2013 Lexus IS250
The 2013 Lexus IS250 is sportier in design and interior features than under the hood or on the road, which makes it a bit of a disappointment considering the emphasis on looking sporty.
2012 Lexus IS250
There should be a new IS for 2013. Until then, the only changes for 2012 include Nebula Gray Pearl paint and Fire Agate Pearl, replacing Smoky Granite Mica and Glacier Frost Mica paint colors.
2011 Lexus IS250
IS 250/350 receives a new grille and front bumper, as well as a new exhaust tip. All-wheel drive is now available on the IS 350. Interior trim has changed; it's now a black metallic finish. Convertibles add a new Luxury Package with new interior colors, while sedans are available with the F Sport Package (18-inch wheels, sport suspension, sport seats). Adaptive Front Lighting has been discontinued.
2010 Lexus IS250
2009 Lexus IS250
Luxury, Sedan
Compact sedans with high handling and drive-ability are still working their way into the overall car buying market.
2008 Lexus IS250
The 2008 Lexus IS250 offers a great deal of safety, performance, and comfort for the price.
2007 Lexus IS250
2006 Lexus IS250
The IS250 is a sedan introduced by Lexus as a direct market response to the BMW 3 Series.


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Let it be known that I brought up the Zidane and Dagger moment. See, I don't hate all JRPGs!!!
Or an arousing success.
People talking about FFIX and wanting to play it.We could stop podcasting forever and I would consider us a rousing success. Or an arousing success. Both work.
Another Random Encounter approaches....Check your iTunes!


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Curated by Mark Manley (PJ06), Pax Paloscia (GS07), and Titas Silovas


text:
Employers Eye Bare-Bones Health Plans
Employers are increasingly recognizing they may be able to avoid certain penalties under the federal health law with very limited plans that can lack key benefits like hospital coverage. Christopher Weaver joins Lunch Break. Photo: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... employers may ... offer him long held plans under the new federal health care law at times covering ... more than preventative ... services it's Monday may twentieth welcome to lunch break I'm Wendy downs he explained the pros and cons of Chinese ... skinny plans are being called is that the state health reporter ... Christopher Weaver ... it was so this thing about this is that they're sort of conventional wisdom that was ... the health care law would offer all those comprehensive coverage to everyone so people might be surprised by these skinny plans that could be offered tells a little bit about ... what they would cover Chris ... system and fancy free that would cover ... the really just preventive services ... this is replying really every health and beginning the odd couple years ago now offers what it can ... I could be like Colin Osgood Pizza mammograms ... but it might not cover really a need anything else in the most minimal ... keeps us so hospital stays things things that cause nausea surgery is in some cases even doctors to us the types of businesses that would be tented are planning to offer these these skinny plans I'm that you spoken to who are some of them ... so this is really for a company is more your company is ... out with lots of low wage worker is these employers don't think their workers that maybe nine or even eight dollars an hour ... Quinn to ... afford more comprehensive coverage and they don't think the margins could support it ... I'm ... you know that they're thinking about folks who might not wanna spend more than ... twenty or thirty dollars pp areas of coverage but they have to offer something or these countries that have to pay a county of a round is to two thousand dollars you offer nothing is two thousand pro worker across the board what happens if these employees say no thanks for going up that included these exchanges its insurance exchanges to get our healthcare to the company's been face a penalty because they opted out ... yet as a separate pending penalty the Pope that the company's think would be much smaller three thousand dollars per person who actually goes to these knew these new marketplaces where folks can get subsidize insurance ... aam ... they don't think many would go because it would be more expensive than buying the skinny plan that the company law firms and really both to be more expensive than just going without coverage altogether ... this is intended part of the law Chris or is this is been a lot of companies a lot of lawyers and senior read the fine print based it out ... ok ... this is how we can do it in a better way we can afford ... so to get out of this broad penalty in the wall says you've got a law firm ... in a court in employer sponsored health plan and it doesn't really actually define what that is for large employers ... so you can even set of good of that that they're the bare minimum and then some pieces put your way back up and that's really just is preventive services ... no annual dollar limits which is another thing the loss and replied ... aam and ... other services if you want to cover them with one of the company has decided to add that this this is the generic tried to storm the hospital coverage ... what what I think it's a mark this is what about smaller businesses are they able to take advantage ... of this this sort of nebulous language and offer the skinny plans are or not so small businesses generally those with less than fifteen ... hundred workers and the honesty and people who buy private insurance in a bid to leave ... their plans to be much broader up a couple of distinct and different buckets of benefits ranging from hospital care maternity services to drugs setter up on ... it and I'm not to cover most of all workers I hope costs stay in it that this is really just big companies that are better exempted consent date pushed back on this question there is there a nearby sitting here reading the language incorrectly in and it's not okay to do this often skinny plans ... there been some folks who weren't thrilled about it but on Sunday and then within to be sure this a lot of a lot of moving parts here I was very complicated but everybody that we've spoken with agree is that ... that this out ... getting naked with conceivably this would work to


text:
Alpha:New Players Guide
From DDwiki
Gameplay Basics
Object of the Game
- Your object is to kill the level 10 "boss monster" in the dungeon.
Gaining Levels
- You start at level 1, and will increase in level as you gain experience, which you get for killing monsters in the dungeon.
- Each time you gain a new level, your attack damage and hit points increase.
- A combat exchange happens whenever the hero bumps into a monster.
- The higher level combatant strikes first. If the hero and monster are same level, then the monster goes first.
- The first attacker deals damage to the opponent equal to its attack power.
- The second attacker, if still alive, then deals damage to the opponent equal to its attack power.
Mana and Spells
- Mana is used for casting spells. You start with no spells, and must find the spell glyphs in the dungeon.
- In order to learn a spell after you've found it, you must click it in the "on ground" slot, and it will appear in your spell slots.
- Casting a spell on a monster does NOT trigger a combat exchange.
- Glyphs that aren't very useful to you should be converted by dragging them into the teal-and-red conversion icon. This will give you a benefit depending upon your race. Humans get more attack power, for example.
Healing and Restoring Mana
- As you explore the dungeon, you will restore depleted hit points and mana. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT. The unexplored dungeon is a scarce resource that heals you and restores your mana pool. Use it wisely.
- For every square of the dungeon you explore, you recover 1 mana point, and health equal to your level.
- As you explore the dungeon, wounded monsters heal up. They heal 1 health point per level per square uncovered.
- When you are poisoned, you will not gain health from the darkness. Poison can be cured by drinking a health potion, casting a healing spell, or by gaining a level.
- When you suffer from mana burn, you will not gain man from the darkness. Mana burn can be cured by drinking a mana potion, or by gaining a level.
Gold and Items
- You gain gold by finding it in piles in the dungeon.
- Gold is persistent from one character to the next. However much gold your last character ended up with is how much your next character will start with.
- There is a cap on how much gold you can have.
- There are stores in the dungeon which sell items for gold. These items disappear when the character is done with the dungeon.
Playthrough Video
A fresh start win video. This player has nothing unlocked and wins a regular game as a Human Fighter. Unfortunately it doesn't feature any commentary and may be hard to follow for a new player.
Basic Hints
- Always fight the highest level monster you can defeat. This requires doing some quick math to determine how the combat will play out before you engage and realize you're in over your head.
- Exploring the dungeon is the main way you will regain health and mana, but it is a limited resource.
- Potions are very useful to immediately gain health and mana, but you may need many of them for the fight with the boss.
- Keep in mind that wounded monsters gradually heal as you explore the dungeon. You can't just smack a monster, run and heal, and repeat.
- Use your level ups for all they are worth, they cure bad status and return you to full HP / MP, so don't be afraid of being poisoned / manaburned by a monster you'll level up after killing
- The first-strike spell is useful for finishing a monster off. It gets no retaliation shot if you kill it.
- The fireball spell is useful for softening monsters up before combat
- Lose gracefully :) sometimes the random number generator creates an impossible situation such as a room with all exits blocked by level 3 and higher monsters and no means of defeating any of them. Retire and try again!
- When you realize you can't possibly beat the boss, make sure to grab the loot before you retire. Gold carries over between games, so you can at least finance the next expedition.
- The second "win" always seems the hardest. Before your first "win", enemies only have 80% of the normal HP and Attack, and you'll now have unlocked the first special monster, and will likely have trouble adapting to the new enemy's ability (poison, manaburn etc.) Just remember that the game (at the moment) is designed to ease you into the more complex mechanics.


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|This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to WikiFur style and standards.
For specifics, check the edit history and talk page. Consult the Furry Book of Style for editing help.
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alt.fan.furry, also known as a.f.f. or AFF, is a newsgroup for furries to gather and discuss various topics revolving around the politics of the fandom. Once the number one furry news source, as time passed it became infamous for its collection of massive flamewars, political and otherwise. By 2010, its use had dwindled to a handful of monthly posts, now overrun mostly by spam posts in open Usenet servers.
It still remains the most accurate place for historical information resources regarding the history of furry fandom.
alt.fan.furry has had a long and convoluted Usenet history. Originally created after Albedo fans gathered in alt.birthright, only to discover it was not a group for fans of the Birthright series by Steve Gallacci.
Several suggestions were made for a separate funny animal comic group, and Peter da Silva created one in November of 1990 under the name alt.fan.albedo. The initial message[1] on a.f.a. reads:
|This group is for discussion of funny animal comic books, such as Albedo, Critters, and Quack!. This group was created after a funny-animal discussion started in alt.birthright. Hopefully someone will let the furry mailing list know
At that time, Albedo was suffering from extremely infrequent publication and Critters was already defunct, and several people suggested that alt.fan.furry would be a better group name. The term furry was already beginning to supersede funny animal in various fandom mailing lists.
alt.fan.furry had been suggested before the creation of a.f.a but was not preferred by Mr. de Silva. Tzoq created alt.fan.furry proper about a month later, partially due to low postings in a.f.a.
Some of the posters on alt.fan.albedo in that one month interim were greymuzzles such as Jimmy Chin, mejeep, and Uncle Kage.
alt.fan.furry later spun off other furry newsgroups, the most notable of which being alt.lifestyle.furry.
- ↑ creation of alt.fan.furry post on alt.fan.furry (retrieved ?)
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- alt.fan.furry on Google Groups
- alt.fan.furry FAQ on Faqs.org


text: Hi, I'm finishing the setup of my mail server and want to force all sent mail to be authenicated beforehand. I've setup my Outlook to send/recieve mail form an account I created in ISPConfig. In order to download mail, my server checks the password I supplied. However, I can send mail from Outlook on that account even when I supply the wrong password. How/where (link is fine) do I configure a password/authentication check before sending? Cheers, Nap (Possible to fix spelling mistake in Thread Title? Passowrd => Password


text:
Protocol analyzer tool updated to support Smart Grid technologies
Frontline, a producer of protocol analyzer test tools, has updated its NetDecoder protocol analyzer tool to support a wide array of Smart Grid communication technologies. Diagnosis and troubleshooting support for Saia-Burgess S-Bus, BACnet and IEC-60870-5-102 communication technologies are now included.
Frontline's NetDecoder analyzer reportedly already supports other Smart Grid related communication technologies such as DNP3 (both Serial and Ethernet) and the IEC-60870 protocol suite. The IEC-60870-5-102 is used along with the 101, 103 and 104 protocols mainly in the electric distribution and transmission SCADA networks.
On the consumer end of the Smart Grid, communication technologies such as BACnet and S-Bus provide connectivity to design smart, sustainable and energy-efficient homes and buildings. The NetDecoder analyzer had previously supported the BACnet (PTP, MSTP and Ethernet variants) protocols as a separate add-on. Now by making these protocols a standard part of the product, Frontline reiterates its commitment to providing the best testing tools for all Smart Grid communication technologies.
The Smart Grid will consist of multiple interconnected networks, each utilizing its own communication technology. The NetDecoder analyzer is positioned to help product developers and network administrators across the entire Smart Grid, according to Frontline. The NetDecoder analyzer can reportedly capture, analyze and diagnose serial, ethernet and other industrial bus technologies covering the entire range of wired communication networks.
– Edited by Amanda McLeman, Control Engineering, www.controleng.com


text:
By Nader Elhefnawy
Originally published in PARAMETERS, Spring 2003, pp. 124-132
© 2003 Nader Elhefnawy
The "satellite gap" between America and every other nation in the world is universally recognized, and the significance of this fact is also unquestioned. America's unparalleled investment in space—in satellites, the infrastructure that goes with them and the precision weapons that best exploit them—is appreciated as having made possible its successful campaigns against Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Afghanistan.
If anything, the gap seems certain to widen in the coming years. In the three years between Yugoslavia and Afghanistan, American airpower went from being effective principally against fixed targets like infrastructure to routinely devastating moving formations using real-time intelligence with the help of faster satellite relays. The Army and Navy as well as the Air Force have been directed to devote increasing attention to space, specifically to "establish requirements, maintain a cadre of space-qualified officers, and research, develop, acquire, and deploy space systems unique to each service."1 The United States is even slated to begin testing space-based weapons, starting with space-based interceptor missiles in 2006.
The implicit technical possibilities have compelled some to envision the United States going even further and seizing outright the highest ground of all (happily unoccupied by anyone else) to impose a Wilsonian international order on the planet. With an invincible space force keeping the peace between nations, war as it has traditionally been known theoretically becomes impossible. On paper, the scenario (no longer limited to government reports, think tanks, and military and policy journals, but increasingly appearing in mainstream magazines like last April's issue of Wired2) looks like a masterstroke, a geopolitical checkmate against all future aggression. While some acknowledgment is given to the fact that satellites are not invulnerable, the thornier problems and profound limitations of an "astrocop" system rarely get the consideration they require. In particular this sort of thinking about space power takes four dangerous myths for granted.
Myth #1: America's capacity to exploit space and deny its use to opponents will be virtually unquestioned.
At first glance this proposition appears to be true, as the United States has no large peer competitors, actual or even potential where the near term is concerned. China's military remains one to two generations behind the United States technologically.3 Russia continues to possess the infrastructure for mounting a challenge to the United States, but is likely to remain cash-strapped for a long time to come.4 Japan's stagnating economic growth and reluctance to increase its military expenditures makes its rise as a space power unlikely. The European Union has yet to develop a coherent defense and foreign policy, and is slowed further by its skepticism about information warfare.5 In the meantime, European militaries are falling technologically behind the United States to such a degree that the interoperability of NATO forces seems threatened by their lag.6
While the satellite gap may now appear to be unbridgeable, the wide array of communications, navigation, reconnaissance, and weather satellite services commercially available means that other states can meet much of their need for space power in the marketplace. The imagery offered by the French Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) corporation is good enough that the United States relied heavily on it in the Gulf and Kosovo and has developed the Eagle Eye Vision program to facilitate its use.7 Militaries that cannot afford communications satellites of their own can lease transponders on the satellites orbited by other countries, and some—like Australia—have already done so. Navigation aids like the Global Positioning System can be used by anyone with a cheap receiver. The commercialization of space is also likely to progress even more rapidly over the coming years.8
Given the usually civilian character of such services, it may be more politically difficult to cut off their signals or attack them outright than would be the case with dedicated military satellites. Attacking a commercially owned satellite, even one which is partially leased to or providing information to a belligerent's military, would be broadly equivalent to attacking neutral shipping in wartime. A conflict in which this became a regular practice would be comparable to the unrestricted submarine warfare of the world wars.9 (It also would represent a practical inconvenience for the United States given the reliance of its economy and military on commercial services.) The number of such services available may offer such redundancy as to make it impossible to totally deny a sophisticated enemy access, even after it has executed its initial strike.
The declining price and widening availability of satellite construction (and it may be expected, space launch capabilities) suggest that more states will be able to establish a presence in space, increasing their redundancy. Over earlier US objections, the European Union is pressing ahead with its Galileo project with the help of Canadian and Russian finance and expertise.10 (Unlike the Global Positioning System, Galileo is a civil project funded from mainly private sources.) Russia has the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS). China is pursuing a regional equivalent in the Beidou system. Japan is launching its first constellation of reconnaissance satellites over the next few years. There is also a widespread interest in missile defense not only on the part of major states like those just mentioned but also in small countries like Israel and Taiwan which could lead to their pursuing greater space capabilities.
Moreover, America's technical lead could be rendered less important even where it does not shrink. America's advantage over Iraq and Yugoslavia was that it was an information-age power fighting an industrial-age power, and the disparity between two information-age powers is likely to be less significant than that. The theft or import of technology may be no substitute for homegrown research and development, but a cheap knock-off may in some cases be good enough to get the job done. This is especially so if the knock-off can be produced in large numbers. The dual-use character of so much space technology and the fact that others are likely to be able to imaginatively combine various technologies, improvise, adapt, and even innovate mean it can not be assumed that other states will always field inferior systems.11
Finally, it has been widely acknowledged that a power disadvantaged in satellites and space-based weapons could use a variety of cheaper weapons and tactics to reduce American space superiority. High-flying drones can provide a partial substitute for a shortage of adequate satellites, at least regionally. Such a capability may be less extensive, secure, or reliable in particular respects than what the United States possesses, but it will be there nonetheless.
At the same time, low-budget powers can use a variety of techniques to attack American satellites, including hacker warfare or earth-based laser weapons which will have advantages over the space-based variety. Earth-based weapons do not have to be as compact as systems launched into space, and thus they can be built by a less-sophisticated enemy. They can be deployed more cheaply, without the infrastructure required for space launch and ground control. The communications links on which they depend are less susceptible to disruption, and they are much more accessible to those whose job it is to maintain and resupply them. The same goes for directed-energy weapons based on ships or inside wide-bodied aircraft, which may also have the capacity to attack US satellite-based systems.12
The availability of so many services on the market also reduces the number of systems they need to build themselves, compensating for economic or technological disadvantages. Indeed, states can have many of the benefits of a space infrastructure without launching a single satellite of their own - and an opponent capable of launching a limited satellite network of its own, supplementing it with drones and commercially available data, and able to make life harder for the United States by knocking out some of its own satellites is certainly conceivable over the next quarter-century. Going a step further, like the German navy before World War I or the Soviet navy in the Cold War, it may be a "risk fleet," not big enough and powerful enough to win a fight, but still sufficiently formidable to dissuade the U.S. from a large-scale clash. It is also conceivable that a number of states with limited space capabilities could come together in an attempt to counterbalance the United States. Even without any such opponents appearing, the United States may have to accept that sophisticated opponents in the future will have at least a limited ability to deny space to the United States and to exploit space for their own ends throughout a conflict.
Myth #2: Other states cannot neutralize American space power without directly attacking its space assets.
While space power is crucial to the unprecedented military capability the United States now enjoys, the space-based infrastructure is its nervous system. The muscle is in its air, land, and sea forces, and will remain there for many decades to come. Supporting those forces is the first mission of the military space program.13 Nonetheless, the tail in space counts for little if the planetary teeth can be neutralized. Some of the ways in which potential adversaries can go about doing this are reasonably obvious, such as the construction of their facilities underground, outside the reach of space-based surveillance; the targeting of American ground control and downlink stations; or the use of electronic warfare to cut off American military forces from their supporting space assets. However, they also can fight U.S. forces in ways which diminish the value of their presently unmatched capacity to monitor the battlespace and strike with precision.
One way is through special forces actions. Given the growing power of small groups of people to inflict destruction, states may turn to developing massive special operations forces for spreading chaos behind an enemy's lines. The Soviet Union had a force of 25,000 Spetsnaz troops who would have been unleashed en masse against Western targets from communications and transport systems to nuclear weapons facilities in the event of a third world war.14 North Korea has over 100,000 soldiers in its own special forces units, presumably intended to wreak havoc behind South Korean lines in a future conflict.15 It goes without saying that the chaos created by the most destructive attack a terrorist group like al-Qaeda could stage pales compared to what such robust forces could accomplish given the chance.
A second method is to emphasize submarine forces. The undersea world remains impervious to aerospace surveillance, the sea surface presenting a barrier that cleaves the battlespace in two. Short of a breakthrough in non-acoustic submarine detection, space power will be incapable of defeating submarines. The result is that the submarine, once it has been deployed, may retain much of its ability to attack ships and even fire missiles at targets inland. Consequently, powers seeking to challenge US space power could concede superiority on the surface to the Americans, build up their submarine force, and unleash it on shipping lanes and coastlines much as Germany did in the world wars. The advent of underwater "arsenal ships," supercavitating cruise missiles that will minimize flight times by "popping up" out of the water near their targets, and facilities and weapons based on the seabed, all of which is plausible, will only enhance such prospects.
A third way is to create air defense systems capable of neutralizing aerospace power and particularly precision-guided munitions. A system capable of reliably stopping a ballistic missile is likely to be that much more capable against conventional aircraft. Network-centric air defenses linking multiple launchers to multiple sensors will be much more difficult to suppress. Directed-energy weapons also hold out the possibility that even when the aircraft dropping the bombs cannot be shot down, the munitions it delivers can be destroyed before landing. The Tactical High Energy Laser is intended to shoot down not ballistic missiles but low-cost air threats like Katyusha artillery rockets or, conceivably, bombs, shells, and tactical missiles.
Directed-energy weapons will force munitions to become stealthier and perhaps better protected against directed-energy attacks by being bigger, heavier, or armored. This will drive up the cost of individual units and the number of them that have to be used to achieve a particular effect. If a defense system could stop 95 percent of the bombs or shells fired or dropped on it, 20 or more bombs or shells would have to be allowed for every target. This would dramatically reduce the economy of even a munition accurate enough to approach the ideal of "one-shot, one-kill" and help render the smart bomb senile.
It may appear that the deployment of weapons in space is a solution to this problem. However, it is one thing to launch space-based laser weapons capable of defeating a limited ballistic missile attack or crippling a satellite and quite another to launch into orbit the firepower necessary to destroy an army on the ground. Since laser weapons may be inherently inefficient, missiles will likely have to deliver the bulk of the firepower, and the same goes for earth-based laser weapons.16 Additionally, the difficulties inherent in ballistic missile defense (like the absence of a margin for failure) suggest that the space-based weapons likely to be deployed in the foreseeable future will be dedicated strictly to strategic defense while more economical methods are used to attack conventional forces.
A fourth method is to recognize that precision is not "a straightforward substitute for mass or attrition" and again to look to the latter as a way of defeating the former.17 It has been suggested that countries like Russia or China could respond to the creation of a National Missile Defense by building more missiles, outfitting their missiles with multiple warheads, or equipping their missiles with decoys or other countermeasures to confuse fire control systems. This can also be done with conventional weapon systems. The proliferation of unmanned vehicles on land, sea, and in the air, of stealthy materials and designs, and incorporating the "net-centricity" of future warfare, could make the generation of an overwhelming number of targets more feasible. A net-centric tank like the US Army's Future Combat System will consist of a system-of-systems, several vehicles where there used to be only one. If these vehicles are also stealthy in design, protected by active and passive countermeasures, and carefully coordinated to maximize their rate of advance and minimize their vulnerability to air attack, the challenge to air power will increase accordingly. More munitions will have to be expended to hit each target, and more targets attacked—so many more that they could overwhelm the ability of air power to halt their advance. The same could perhaps be said of an air force employing vast numbers of small, cheap, stealthy, drone aircraft or naval vessels. Swarms of attack microbots or nanobots would take this strategy to its logical conclusion.
Singly these approaches may not be enough to change the balance of power, but a sophisticated enemy is likely to employ them in combination while enjoying some use of space and some ability to deny its use to American forces. Particularly in a localized or limited conflict, this could be enough to substantially narrow the gap between the United States and its future foes. Conventional land and sea battles of some sort will therefore remain at least a technological possibility.
Myth #3: America's assumption of the role of dominant space power can end armed conflict between states.
A common feature of scenarios built around the "omniscient, unobstructed lethality" of an "astrocop" system is that it will stop any tank, plane, or missile from crossing borders, effectively ending interstate war. Unfortunately, such a plan assumes a billiard-ball model of international relations in which states are unitary, self-contained actors, an idea which appears increasingly quaint. (The proponents of such a system, after all, often claim that interstate war is largely a thing of the past, which raises the problem that this enormous investment is being justified through reference to a problem that is supposed to have already disappeared.)
Most of the conventional conflicts where such weapons may be effective are civil wars which spill across borders, involving neighboring states. A better question than "How will the United States manage interstate wars?" may be "How will the United States manage intrastate wars?" and few have had much to say on that score. The reality is that as in the Cold War, internal and interstate conflicts are likely to feed off each other. American control of space will not in and of itself prevent antagonisms between states from finding their expression in proxy wars. At the same time, internal conflicts can complicate American relations with other great powers because these do have geopolitical significance, and because they often occur along ethnic lines. Samuel Huntington's "clash of civilizations" thesis was surely an overstatement, but the tendency toward "kin rallying" he described was nonetheless a factor in Russian hostility toward NATO action in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s.18
Even assuming that America's role as global policeman could somehow remain limited to border security, the fact remains that the delineation of borders is not always clear. An American commitment to guarding the borders of all nations means that the United States will take a position on every border dispute. The problem is even greater on the oceans, where disputes could sharpen as the seas are "territorialized." Today fishermen and oil drillers are routinely charged with violating the claims of other countries, and littoral navies have repeatedly clashed over the delineation of claims in the South China Sea. Will the protection of borders include the use of force to keep fishermen from one country from poaching inside another state's claim? Such a policy would imply a remarkable and unprecedented expansion of American responsibility. Matters also are likely to become worse as new ways are found to exploit the seas, from power generation to ocean mining to cheap desalinization.
There is also little reason to believe that American space power will eliminate the conflicts that produce wars any more than British sea power did, let alone abolish realpolitik. If anything, the extension of American space power could heighten realpolitik by exacerbating the anxieties of countries like Russia and China, which already have paid more than lip service to counterbalancing American power.
Whatever their ability to do so in the immediate future, history suggests that other states will not accept American dominance of space indefinitely any more than Britain's dominion over the seas was tolerated indefinitely. As the rising power in Europe in the late 19th-century, Germany had by the 1890s turned to building a fleet of its own, initiating a naval arms race that contributed to the outbreak of World War I. While Germany did not win that conflict, it is worth remembering that while the German High Seas Fleet lost strategically at Jutland, it took the tactical honors. German U-boats, "bypassing" Britain's superiority on the surface to strike at its shipping, nearly brought Britain to its knees. The pursuit of multiple satellite navigation systems, for instance, is partly a response to the control of the Global Positioning System by the US military. Such challenges could grow more frequent and bolder in the years to come.
Myth #4: The threats to American security which space power does not similarly eliminate can be regarded as lesser dangers.
Some might have us believe that American space dominance would eliminate the entire spectrum of warfare between "Intifada and Armageddon" (to use Bruce Sterling's phrasing) by leaving potential adversaries hopelessly outmatched. But even if that fantasy were so, if conventional warfare ceased to be a consideration, such a situation would nonetheless present a return to brinkmanship against not one but several different enemies.
Recent work on the study of deterrence suggests that the limitations of deterrence will be more pronounced in the future, in single situations and perhaps generally. Deterrence must not only be seen as credible, but as speaking to the values of an enemy both willing and able to change his course of action, something that may be less likely in dealings with rogue states than it was with the Soviet Union.19 The reality is also that other states will use their nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction to deter American action, as well as be deterred by the United States, and they may be able to do this with fewer resources than is generally appreciated. An enemy which sneaks its nukes into the United States rather than lobbing them across the ocean atop an ICBM (which may now be the more plausible threat) simplifies the problem of its acquiring a delivery system and bypasses missile and other conventional defenses.20 It also sows confusion as to the origin of the attack, which is perhaps its best hope for warding off a devastating counterattack.
The threats of Intifada and Armageddon also become the same threat when terrorists possess weapons of mass destruction, and in addition to the other problems they pose (from threats to investment to refugee flows) failed states are increasingly seen as sanctuaries for those who would commit such acts. The United States is incapable of single-handedly eliminating the problem of failed states. Indeed, managing that problem is not something that can be accomplished solely through military instruments, since the main effort has to be preventative.21 When the time comes for military action, the real test is less whether planes can smart-bomb bandits than whether ground troops can keep the peace.
In fact it is possible that an extension of space power would diminish America's ability to deal with these other problems. One way would be through the fostering of a false sense of invulnerability: the perception will be that the United States can neglect very real problems because it has its fortress in the sky. The sense that wars can be won swiftly from the air will enhance this by reducing the tolerance for more protracted operations, especially when they incur casualties: the success of Desert Storm made Somalia's costs appear all the more unacceptable.
Another way in which a drastically enlarged investment in space-based assets could weaken American power is through the diminution of its resources. It would mean less money for other functions and missions like intelligence-gathering or peacekeeping, let alone attempts to attack the economic and ecological roots of many present and future conflicts.22 The hostility with which other states could greet American space dominance may also lessen American influence abroad, making it more difficult to jointly tackle with other states problems like the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Space is not a substitute for all forms of military capability nor for the other forms of power (economic, diplomatic and the rest) on which American security depends, and which space power itself is dependent on. To that end there should be a greater wariness of further militarizing space, not only because of the political and military risks it entails or the ethical questions it raises, but because it may be a case where "increases in complexity provide diminishing marginal returns" (as Joseph Tainter might put it).
Moreover, security is not the sole consideration of American space policy. Weather monitoring, earth surveillance, scientific research, current navigational techniques, and the telecommunications that have made the modern economy possible depend heavily on a growing infrastructure in space—one which will become only more important over time. While this raises questions about the ability to protect this infrastructure, turning space from a conduit of information into a scene of active conflict may do more harm than good. Given the serious limitations of space power, America's lead in space may be best used to prevent or at least slow the further militarization of space.23 The Clausewitzian reasoning remains as valid today as ever: war is a political act. Military policy should therefore be directed by rational political ends, not by the outer limits of what appears to be technically possible.
1. Department of Defense, press release, 8 May 2001, "Secretary Rumsfeld Announces Major National Security Space Management and Organizational Initiative."
2. Bruce Sterling et al., "Astrocop," Wired, April 2002. Ralph Peters also elucidates such a conception of the future in the last chapter of Fighting for the Future: Will America Triumph? (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1999).
3. Xu Yufan, "China Military Brings Up the Rear," Asia Times, 7 July 2000.
4. Sam J. Tangredi, "All Possible Wars? Toward A Consensus View of the Future Security Environment, 2001-2025," McNair Paper 63 (Washington: National Defense University, 2000).
5. Yves Boyer, "The 'American Revolution in Military Affairs': A French Perspective," in Toward a Revolution in Military Affairs? ed. Thierry Gongora and Harold von Reikhoff (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), pp. 84-85.
6. Myron Hura et al., Interoperability: A Continuing Challenge in Coalition Air Operations (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2000). Also see Phillip S. Mellinger, "Force Divider," Foreign Policy, No. 128 (January-February 2002), pp. 76-77.
7. SPOT Corporation, press release, 8 August 2001, "SPOT/Eagle Vision Deliver Imagery in 30 Minutes!"
8. Todd J. Black, "Commercial Satellites: Future Threats or Allies?" Naval War College Review, 52 (Winter 1999), 99-114.
9. Norman Friedman, Seapower and Space (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2000), p. 312.
10. Jennifer Lee, "Europe Plans to Compete With U.S. Satellite Network," The New York Times, 26 November 2001.
11. Martin Libicki, "Rethinking War: The Mouse's New Roar," Foreign Policy, No. 117 (Winter 1999), pp. 30-32. Also see Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., "21st-Century Land Warfare: Four Dangerous Myths," Parameters, 27 (Autumn 1997), 27-37.
12. Matthew Mowthorpe, "The Revolution in Military Affairs and Directed Energy Weapons," Aerospace Power Chronicles, 8 March 2002.
13. J. W. Kelly, Air Force 2025 (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air Univ. Press, 1996).
14. James Adams, Secret Armies (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1988).
15. North Korean Military (Republic of Korea: National Intelligence Service, 1999).
16. The radical improvement in power sources necessary to change this may also be much less likely than proponents of the RMA thesis would argue. Michael O'Hanlon, "Modernizing and Transforming U.S. Forces: Alternative Paths to the Force of Tomorrow," Quadrennial Defense Review 2001 (Washington: National Defense Univ. Press, 2001).
17. Edward A. Smith, Jr., "The Navy RMA War Game Series, April 1995-November 1996," Naval War College Review, 50 (Autumn 1997), 17-31.
18. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
19. Keith Payne, Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1996). For the opposing view, see Martin van Creveld, The Future of Nuclear Proliferation (New York: Macmillan, 1991).
20. Foreign Missile Development and the Ballistic Missile Threat Through 2015 (Washington: National Intelligence Council, 1999).
21. Richard Norton and James Miskel, "Spotting Trouble: Identifying Faltering and Failing States," Naval War College Review, 50 (Spring 1997), 79-91.
22. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, "On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict," International Security, 16 (Fall 1991), 76-116.
23. For a summary of the space arms control issue, see James Clay Moltz, "Breaking the Deadlock on Space Arms Control," Arms Control Today, 32 (April 2002).
Thursday, April 1, 2010
Four Myths About Space Power
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(NewsUSA) – Decorating can be one of the most exciting times during your experience as a homeowner. Not only are you creating the essence of your home, you are also adding your very own personal touch and style.One of the easiest ways to add unique spice to an ordinarily drab room — incorporate exceptional artwork."Many of my clients are simply amazed at how effective a colorful painting can be at bringing new life to a room that has become tired," says Matthew Johnston, an artist known for his vibrant Tall Tulips paintings (talltulips.com).However, as easy as it sounds, purchasing and hanging a painting on the center of the wall isn't going to cut it in most cases. Johnston offers his advice to ensure your next painting purchases work with your room rather than against it: Large High-Traffic RoomsFor family rooms, living rooms and rooms off the kitchen, Johnston recommends figurative diptych paintings to create a story within each area. Diptych paintings consist of two separate panels that hang together and work as one."In my figurative diptych paintings, each figure has their own physical space, yet they are a couple," says Johnston. "Their face is cropped, and viewers can imagine themselves as being in the painting. The viewer has to look to other parts of the painting to imagine a story … each individual person can create a different story for the painting." Awkward Wall SpacesFor stairways, long hallways and between windows, Johnston recommends using a tall, narrow painting, like his Tall Tulips."They are perfect for hanging up a staircase," says Johnston. "You can hang the Tall Tulips at different heights following the risers up the stairs; a great look for a difficult space."This style of painting also works well because they are bright and don't require ideal lighting. Focal Wall AreasSpaces like the area over a fireplace will get a lot of attention from passersby. Hanging your prized piece is the perfect step for these spots."Many of my clients choose my large floral paintings," says Johnston. "Oftentimes, they will hang these on a wall which faces the front door … to make an impression when first walking in the home."To learn more about Matthew Johnston and his work, visit www.talltulips.com.
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Osmosis question
Discussion of all aspects of cellular structure, physiology and communication.
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Osmosis question
When water diffuses through a semipermeable membrane it is due to the difference in water concentration or potential between membrane sides. What is keeping the water from diffusing out of the membrane at places where air would be on the other side of the membrane? Can you explain it in "middle school" terms?
Re: Osmosis question
Nothing. (Well, not completely nothing. There is a tendency for gels to try and hold on to strongly bound water of hydration.The cytoplasm will give up tightly bound water very reluctantly, but it will eventually have to if the cell stays exposed to the atmosphere.) The water moves through the membrane and evaporates, becoming water vapor rather than liquid water. Eventually, if it's a cell, the cell dessicates, although the membrane itself may dehydrate and change it's physical properties before the cell completely dries up.
As blcr11 said, you end up getting evaporation. The reason why you don't see evaporation happen as fast as say salt/water diffusion is because water has to become a gas in order to mix with air(imagine large liquid water droplets floating in air, now that's quite trippy). Now we know that you have to heat water to get water vapor/steam otherwise only a tiny bit of moisture is dissolved. Given the energy available at room temperature that's highly unlikely(but still happens).
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Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace;
Re: Osmosis question
Thank you both. You have made it much easier to understand. Makes perfect sense.
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Topic: Young Jedi Knights books?
I have read all of the Bounty Hunter Wars books, the Republic Commando books, the 1-6 Boba Fett series for kids, and the Omnibus... and I want more Fett. Are the Young Jedi Knights books really good, or is Boba only mentioned once or twice? I desperately need more reading material Please give me some advice!!!


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U.S. men's national soccer team comes to Cowboys Stadium on historic roll
ARLINGTON, Texas — Jurgen Klinsmann wants to get a better picture of what his squad will look like for its likely trip to Brazil next year.
If the U.S. national team's current form continues through July, he will have some tougher decisions to make than previously anticipated.
As the Americans prepare to take on Honduras in the semifinals of the Gold Cup on Wednesday night at Cowboys Stadium, they bring with them a national-team record nine match winning streak and a bevy of second-teamers looking to impress.
"It's an opportunity for us to see players coming through the system, and you want to evaluate them and see them in every training session," said Klinsmann, who took over the team after a second-place finish in the 2011 version of the CONCACAF championship. "You want to see them every minute they are on the field in order to get a better picture of them towards the World Cup in 2014."
So far, those looking to catch Klinsmann's eye have done so.
The United States has won all four of its games in the biennial tournament, outscoring opponents 16-3. The only close game the U.S. has played in the tournament was a 1-0 victory against Costa Rica to close out group play in first place.
The majority of the regulars, such as Clint Dempsey, Michael Bradley and Jozy Altidore, are not at the Gold Cup after a highly successful string of World Cup qualifiers. The U.S. sits atop the final leg of qualifying with four games left.
The U.S. is also coming off its most successful year in team history in 2012 with a 9-2-3 mark.
However, the replacements are doing their best to break into the first-team rotation.
"I think all of us know that we'll stand out individually if we do well as a team," said U.S. forward Chris Wondolowski, whose five goals lead all Gold Cup scorers. "And so I think we have that, first and foremost, and I think that's going to be the key and we've all bought in on that. I think you can see the camaraderie in the group, and it's definitely team-first here."
While players like the 30-year-old Wondolowski, who has scored all six of his international career goals this month, are trying to prove they belong, former national team stars also are hoping to catch on. Most notably, three-time World Cup veteran Landon Donovan.
Donovan has been among the top U.S. players through four games in the Gold Cup. He has five goals and seven assists in his five games back with the squad after a self-imposed hiatus from the sport.
Despite his years of success with the national team, he hasn't been a part of such an historic run. Until now.
"It's a lot of fun," Donovan said. "It's really enjoyable to play in, not only the goals but we're creating lots of chances, and that's enjoyable."
Brek Shea, a Texas native, said the weight of the win streak hasn't gotten to the team, nor do the Americans talk about the record. The 23-year-old Shea scored the winner against Costa Rica after coming on as a substitute.
He said the team doesn't want to put more pressure on itself to win.
"I think everyone is just excited to play," Shea said. "We've had a really fun time in this tournament. On and off the field it's a great group of guys.
The U.S. and Mexico were pretournament favorites to reach the Gold Cup final. Mexico meets Panama in the second semifinal.
The championship game is scheduled for Sunday at Soldier Field in Chicago.
While U.S.-Mexico is the final most expected, Honduras hopes to break up the party with a victory Wednesday. Honduras, the fifth-ranked team in the region by FIFA, is the last CONCACAF team to defeat the United States in competitive play, at the beginning of World Cup qualifying. "We're conscious of what's upon us," Honduras coach Luis Fernando Suarez said. "It's going to be a difficult game. The U.S. is a team that has great optimism. They've played games where the US has shown great superiority over its rivals."


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Swansea sack Michael Laudrup
Swansea City have sacked manager Michael Laudrup just four days before the South Wales derby against Cardiff City.
• Hicks: Swans in tough spot
The news comes just 24 hours after Swansea chairman Huw Jenkins dismissed reports that the future of Laudrup was up for discussion.
Swansea find themselves just two points clear of the Premier League relegation zone after winning just one of their last 10 league matches -- and only eight top-flight games since they beat Bradford City in the final of the Capital One Cup last February.
Laudrup himself was last week forced to deny that he could leave Swansea amid talk of a dressing-room revolt at the club.
Saturday's 2-0 defeat at West Ham added to the concerns over the Swans' top-flight safety, with their next game crucial to their hopes of turning things around as they welcome neighbours Cardiff to the Liberty Stadium on Saturday.
Added to that, constant speculation over Laudrup's long-term future, with other Premier League clubs and top European teams said to be monitoring his availability, is said to have unsettled the Swansea board.
Garry Monk, who was only confirmed as a new member of the coaching team earlier on Tuesday, will take over as head coach alongside current first team coach Alan Curtis for the foreseeable future.
Monk will face a testing series of matches which could define Swansea's season. After the weekend meeting with Cardiff, they have league games against Stoke and Liverpool as well as an FA Cup fifth-round date at Everton -- not to mention a two-legged Europa League last-32 meeting with Serie A high-flyers Napoli.
"It is a decision we have taken reluctantly," said Jenkins in a statement on the club's official website. "But it's a decision made in the best interests of Swansea City Football Club and our supporters.
"It is the first time in nearly 10 years that the club has parted with a manager in this way, but we had to remove the constant uncertainty surrounding the club and Michael's long-term future with us.
"I had a meeting with Michael today in a final attempt to support him and establish a way to improve the work of the backroom team to secure the results we need over the final 14 Premier League games.
"However, after thinking long and hard about the best way forward, I felt it was unlikely we would achieve a stable environment at the club to allow us to get back to basics and produce the performance levels that have served Swansea City so well over the last few years.
"Now we need to put that uncertainty behind us and move forward as a united football club on all fronts, while placing on record our gratitude to Michael for the work he has done over the last 18 months and wish him well for the future.
"I hope all our supporters can fully understand how difficult this period has been for us and I would urge everyone connected to the football club to get behind Garry Monk, the staff and players."
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NFL 2014: Panthers QB Cam Newton looks to get healthy, develop chemistry with new receivers
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CHARLOTTE, N.C. – Cam Newton will have plenty to do when the NFC South champion Panthers report to training camp.
In between spending time in the training room rehabbing from offseason ankle surgery, Newton hopes to develop some on-field chemistry with a completely revamped group of wide receivers.
Toss in the fact coach Ron Rivera is counting on Newton to take on a bigger leadership role following the departures of longtime offensive captains Steve Smith and Jordan Gross and you have the makings of an important, pressure-packed summer for the fourth-year quarterback.
"I'm excited to take this challenge to be this team's leader," said Newton "More has been given to me on my plate, and be a leader of men."
Newton has never missed a start in three seasons. He's expected to be ready to go when camp opens Friday after sitting out all but one practice during OTAs and minicamp.
None of the wide receivers on the roster caught a pass from Newton last season.
After releasing Steve Smith and allowing Brandon LaFell, Ted Ginn Jr. and Domenik Hixon to leave in free agency, the Panthers restocked by drafting Florida State's Kelvin Benjamin in the first round and adding free agents Jerricho Cotchery, Jason Avant and Tiquan Underwood. Marvin McNutt and Tavarres King are the only two returning wide receivers, but neither has caught an NFL pass.
Tight end Greg Olsen, one of Newton's favorite targets the past three seasons, will return, providing at least some stability in the passing game.
Still, Newton said he will spend quite a bit of time learning the tendencies of his new wide receivers: how they come out of their breaks; where they like the ball thrown; what routes they feel most comfortable running in games.
Newton doesn't seem overly concerned.
"We'll have plenty of time to develop that chemistry" in training camp, he said.
Rivera, whose defense has 2013 Defensive Player of the Year Luke Kuechly at linebacker, isn't worried about the offense, either. He was quick to point out Newton didn't get any OTA or minicamp work his first year due to the NFL lockout in 2011, but still managed to put up big numbers and was the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year.
Newton and Rivera seem more focused on the big picture: getting the Panthers to the playoffs in back-to-back seasons for the first time, and winning a postseason game for the first time since 2005.
"Status quo isn't good enough," Rivera said.
Here are some things to watch from the Panthers at training camp:
RUNNING ON EMPTY?: Rivera is hoping veteran running backs DeAngelo Williams and Jonathan Stewart still have something left. Williams turned 31 in April, while Stewart has missed 17 games over the past two seasons due to ankle and foot injuries. Williams has been running with the first team, but Rivera thinks Stewart looks healthier than he's been in a few years and is ready to make an impact.
SECONDARY COHESIVENESS: The Panthers return everyone from a strong front seven, but questions still remain about a suspect secondary. To make matters worse for the Panthers, starting cornerback Captain Munnerlyn and safety Mike Mitchell parlayed big seasons into substantial free agent contracts in Minnesota and Pittsburgh. The Panthers added cornerback Antoine Cason and safeties Roman Harper and Thomas DeCoud, but the secondary remains the weakest position on the league's No. 2-ranked defense.
PROTECTING CAM: Gross retired in February after 11 seasons, leaving a huge hole at left tackle. The Panthers didn't address the vacancy in free agency or the draft, confident they could find the answer on their own roster. They're counting on Nate Chandler, a converted defensive tackle, or Byron Bell, last year's starting right tackle, to win the job. That's a considerable risk considering that job involves protecting Newton's blind side. Both guard spots are also up for grabs.
RETURN TO SENDER: Losing Ginn really hurts the return game. He handled kickoffs and punts last season and provided not only stability, but plenty of big plays. The Panthers don't have any returners nearly as explosive, and it's unclear who'll replace him. They've looked at Kealoha Pilares, Underwood and Cason as options, but this is a position that is wide open.
PREPARING FOR SEPTEMBER: The Panthers have started no better than 1-3 in each of their past three seasons under Rivera, so it's not surprising he's considering changing his approach at training camp. Exactly what he'll tweak is uncertain.
AP NFL website: www.pro32.ap.org and www.twitter.com/AP_NFL


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© 2017 Clerk & Comptroller, Palm Beach County
Under Florida law, email addresses are public records. If you do not want your email
address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic
email to this entity. Instead, contact this office by phone or in writing.
Pursuant to 119.12 (2), F.S., the custodian of public records is Hampton Peterson, 561.355.2996.
NEW: Domestic Partnership Registration Wallet Cards are now available for $5.35 (two cards). Buy in person at any Clerk location, or order by mail if you already have a registered domestic partnership.
The Palm Beach County Board of County Commissioners finds that there are many individuals who establish and maintain a significant personal, emotional and economic relationship with another individual. Individuals forming such domestic partnerships often live in a committed relationship. Domestic partners are often denied certain benefits and rights because there is no established system for such relationships to be registered or recognized.
It is in the best interest of Palm Beach County to be responsive to the changing needs of society and to treat all persons fairly and equitably. Palm Beach County recognizes that long-term committed relationships foster economic stability and emotional and psychological bonds.
Parties must be residents of Palm Beach County. Under the definition provided by the Board of County Commissioners of Palm Beach County, Florida, Ordinance 2006-002, Domestic Partners must meet the following requirements:
No. When an application for Domestic Partnership Registration is recorded with the Clerk & Comptroller, it becomes public record and can be viewed by anyone. Any member of the public can purchase a copy of any public record.
The initial cost for registration is $50.00. This fee includes:
If notarization is requested at the time of recording, there will be an additional fee for each signature notarized or signed by a deputy clerk.
Subsequent costs may include:
If you wish to register in person, you may visit the Clerk & Comptroller's Recording Department at 205 North Dixie Highway, Room 4.2500, West Palm Beach, Florida, or one of our branch locations.
Forms may be downloaded below or obtained from the Clerk & Comptroller's Recording Department in Room 4.2500 of the Main Courthouse or one of our branch locations.
Domestic Partnership Registration Wallet Cards are now available for $5.35 (two cards). These handy cards are available at any Clerk's office location, or order by mail if you already are have a registered domestic partnership.
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Download a copy here of Ordinance 2006-02.
Section 9 of the Palm Beach County Ordinance calls for reciprocity. All rights, privileges and benefits extended to Registered Domestic Partnerships registered pursuant to this Ordinance are also extended to all persons legally partnered in another jurisdiction.
Thus, if you were registered or otherwise legally established a partnership in another jurisdiction, county entities will recognize your partnership and extend the same rights to you as if you had registered in Palm Beach County. You will not receive a Palm Beach County registration certificate or number unless you choose to register in the Palm Beach County registry.
If you are registered with the City of West Palm Beach, other entities in Palm Beach County, such as a hospital located in the County, but outside the City limits, should extend to you the same benefits as if you were registered with the County. This does not mean you will automatically be included in the County's registry, but you would be entitled to the same rights.
For information on the City of West Palm Beach Domestic Partnership Registry, click here: http://wpb.org/clerk/domestic-partnership/
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