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Green thumbers who want to start a small business on a shoestring might be well advised to try growing tulips for profit. The market for bulbs is far from saturated and—contrary to popular belief—the colorful, hardy plants grow as well in this country as in Holland when planted in an organically enriched soil.
There are more ways to make money growing tulips than you might have imagined, too. You can sell bulblets and flowering-sized bulbs in the fall and potted, "forced" flowering tulips find a ready market around Easter. The rest of spring and summer (especially around Mother's Day) you can supply fresh-cut flowers to florists, greenhouses and individuals. I even pick up welcome extra dollars by selling articles about and photographs of my tulips . . . and find that garden clubs and schools will often pay for lectures and slide shows about raising the flowers.
My husband, Jay, and I fell into the part-time tulip business here in West Hatfield, Massachusetts by accident nearly 20 years ago when a magazine editor asked me to do an arficle on the flowers. At that time I intended to grow tulip bulbs for just one year as research for the piece . . . little realizing that I'd wind up with a delightful spare-time enterprise that still nets me almost $1,000 a year, and which could produce a cash flow at least three times that any time we choose! I'm sure, with just a little help, you can do as well.
How to Start a Flower Business on a Shoestring
If you intend to grow tulips on a commercial basis, I recommend you start with at least 100 bulbs each of three different colors (the most popular hues are white, pink, bright red, brilliant yellow and the soft pastel shades) of the Cottage, Darwin, Breeder, Single Early and Lily-Flowered varieties. These are sure sellers and will return your investment quickly. Later, as your new business begins to roll, you can add a wider selection for your customers to choose from.
The only trouble with this "minimum" start, of course, is that—small as it may eventually seem to you—it can be expensive in the beginning. One hundred bulbs each of three colors of five different varieties adds up to 125 dozen bulbs. At even a bargain $1.75 a dozen, that can run into money . . . unless you find a way around the problem, as Jay and I did.
We waited until late fall and approached the manager of our local garden shop. When we stated we'd be happy to take any unsold bulbs off his hands for a flat $5.00, he gladly agreed and loaded us down with 30 dozen assorted colors and varieties. We then cut costs further by passing up high-priced bulb food in favor of our own freshly made, 14-day compost.
You can plant tulips until the ground freezes hard (late plantings, however, should always be mulched after the first hard freeze to prevent alternative freezes and thaws that could force the bulbs to the surface), so don't go bargain hunting too early. If your search for remainder bulbs isn't as fruitful as ours, there's still no reason to pay retail prices for your initial stock. Most nurseries offer sizable discounts to the trade or to individuals who buy early and in large quantities. It never hurts to ask.
Bargain priced or not, always carefully check the tulip bulbs you buy for disease, insect infestation and rot. They should be very firm with a crisp, brown jacket. No tulip bulb is a bargain at any price if it brings disease or insects to your garden.
Local Gardeners are Your Market
Like any other bulbous plant (they are true bulbs), tulips will do well in any soil that'll produce a decent crop of onions. As a matter of fact—after they've been growing under particular soil and climatic conditions for two years—the plants become adapted to the circumstances, generally flower much better than imported bulbs and seem more resistant to disease than sets brought in from another area. Locally gown tulips, in other words, are a good buy for the gardeners you'll be selling to.
Just growing tulips for market, however, is a far cry from producing the very best plants possible. Sooner or later, if you care about the bulbs you sell, you'll want to approach the whole matter on a more scientific basis.
Testing the Soil
Market tulips should be looked upon as a crop—the same as vegetables or grain—and, in order to produce the best harvest every spring, the plants must receive a balanced diet from the earth in which they grow.
That balanced diet for tulips happens to be more phosphorus and potash than nitrogen and the only way to determine the exact fertility of the area you intend to plant is with a soil test. You can conduct such a test yourself with an inexpensive kit or send a paper carton of the earth in question to your county agent or State Agricultural College for a free analysis.
If you inform your State Agricultural College Test Lab that you wish to grow tulip bulbs organically at the time you send in the sample, the return report you receive will tell you exactly what natural fertilizers and how much of each to add to your soil to bring it into balance for maximum growth. The booklet included with your test kit—if you run the analysis yourself—should give you the same information.
The pH content (degree of acidity or alkalinity) of your plot will also have a direct bearing on the health of your crop. The scale runs from zero (acid) to 14 (alkaline) and tulips grow best in neutral or near-neutral soil (a pH reading between 6.5 and 7).
Preparing the Soil and Fertilizing Your Bulbs
You'll harvest the largest bulbs and a good quantity of bulblets every spring if you plant tulips in well-drained loam that's fortified with organic matter in all stages of decay. If your plot doesn't appear so ideally suited to cultivating the flowers, though, don't despair. Any soil, anywhere in the country, can be brought to its peak fertility with the addition of green manures (cover crops such as soybeans and red or sweet clover grown expressly to be turned under to add organic matter to the earth), compost (which tulips dearly love so use all you want), leaf mold, well-aged manures of all kinds and any other organic matter that will decay readily. Stay away from commercial bulb foods as they tend to burn the delicate roots.
Bone meal is an excellent plant food as is granite dust and phosphate and potash rock. Always use these natural fertilizers according to directions, however, as-just like commercial plant foods-they can upset the balance of your soil if applied too heavily.
An excess of nitrogen-rich fertilizer—such as cow manure —can also be disastrous. Such plant food causes new bulbs to grow too rapidly in the spring and-because their jackets cannot keep up with the faster inner growth—long, deep, horizontal splits appear in the bulbs' outer skins. Disease germs and insects soon invade these gashes and, eventually, destroy the valuable bulbs. The tulip plantings that do survive such attacks usually wilt in summer storage and lose their vigor. To be on the safe side, then, use one part cow manure to three parts soil and stronger manures (such as chicken) in a ratio of one part to six parts dirt.
Crushed or dolomite limestone (never, never use slaked or quicklime!), wood ashes and ground oyster shells are all good for correcting acidity. Too much alkali—characterized by an accumulation of soluble salts or large amounts of sodium that are toxic to plants—can be corrected with the addition of organic matter.
We like to fertilize our tulip beds in the fall and feel that nothing surpasses organic plant foods (applied two weeks before setting the bulbs) for good bulb culture. We use nothing else and work reasonable amounts of well-decayed compost and aged or dehydrated manures of all kinds into the soil while working the beds. When we plant in trenches we put the natural fertilizers in the bottom of each shallow ditch before setting in the bulbs or bulblets.
Tulips do best in full sun, although they flower a few days longer in partial shade. If you have a sunny location but its drainage is bad, check to see if a hardpan (impenetrable layer of very fine, compacted soil particles caused by lack of humus and overtillage) exists beneath your topsoil. If that's the trouble, break up the hardpan with deep spading or plowing in the fall. This will enable excess water to seep quickly into the subsoil, thus warding off rot in the newly planted bulbs.
In extreme cases of poor drainage, you may have to plant your tulips in raised areas much as they do in Holland, and dig ditches to lead excess water from the beds. You might also set your bulbs on an eastern or southern slope.
When to Plant Tulips
The best time to plant tulips in your area depends upon the month that cold weather moves in to stay. Early spring-flowering varieties are best set the first week of October up here in Massachusetts . . . and May-flowering varieties should be in the ground by the end of October.
In areas of mild winters early-flowering tulips should not be planted before the middle of October and late-flowering ones should be set only after the second week in November. These planting dates give the bulbs sufficient time to develop roots before the ground freezes hard.
Those bulbs planted too late in the season to develop an adequate root system must be mulched with 4 inches of straw or spoiled hay, to prevent frost from bringing them to the surface and ruining the planting. Apply the mulch after the ground freezes hard and remove it as early in spring as possible.
How to Plant Tulip Bulbs
The manner in which you plant your bulbs will determine the number and size of the bulbs and bulblets you'll harvest the following spring. For instance, deep plantings of 6 to 8 inches will give you one large bulb and 2 to 3 bulblets that will reach flowering size in three years. The flowering quality and size of the main bulb will be as fine as—if not better than—the original one placed in the ground the preceding fall.
Where soils are well drained and of excellent texture, bulbs may be set 10 inches deep. Such deep planting delays flowering by a few days . . . but the size and quality of the new bulbs more than make up for the slight wait.
We've found, after nears of experimenting, that best all-round bulb production occurs for us when we place our sets six inches deep. Based on this experience, we set our large flowering bulbs six inches apart in 6-inch-deep trenches spaced six inches from each other. We never plant any shallower than this for we've found that bulbs set closer to the surface than six inches have difficulty regaining flowering size in the spring.
If you wish to plant your barge bulbs in beds, or borders, to add color to your spring garden while they're producing new bulbs for you . . . place the sets in the ground with a bulb setter or small hand trowel after the soil has been properly worked and fertilized. The plantings, again, should be six inches deep, and six inches apart for best bulb production and bloom.
How to Plant Bulblets
You'll have plenty of bulblets to set by the beginning of your second year and we find we get best results from ours when we plant them in trenches in the garden. These trenches measure about 28 inches wide and six inches deep, are spaced two feet apart and run as long as the garden. The trenches may run in any direction but laying them out north to south seems to give the best results.
We lift the top six inches of soil completely out of each trench, set it to one side and loosen the soil in the bottom of the ditch with the shovel. We then spread out an inch-thick layer of pulverized compost to which dehydrated cow manure, bone meal and lime have been added. This natural plant food is worked lightly into the soil and the trench is raked smooth.
The bulblets are then set in rows two inches apart running the length of the trench. We usually manage seven rows across each excavation depending upon the size of the bulblets. The largest bulblets are set first so that those which flower will be in a big enough group to add a splash of color to the garden. Stakes, with the name and color of the variety just planted are forced into the ground at the head of each planting. The topsoil is then thrown back into the trench and firmed gently with the foot to eliminate air pockets.
Spring Care of Tulips
If mulch has been used, remove it as soon as possible in the spring (tulip leaves have a tendency to become deformed if forced to penetrate a thick layer of dead leaves, hay, etc.). When the plants are four inches tall cultivate among them with a small hand grub hoe to discourage weeds and to eradicate deep frost cracks.
Spraying for Botrytis
A disease called fire, or botrytis, often invades new tulip plantings during a wet, cold spring. It's a fungus that causes small, round, yellowish, water-soaked spots on leaves and flowers and—as it develops—the spots turn gray and the plants wilt and die. Once started, botrytis spreads rapidly throughout an entire plot of tulips.
To be on the safe side, we spray our plants once a week after growth begins until their buds show color. If you follow our example, use 1-1/2 pounds of any ferbam-type spray per 100 gallons of water.
Removing Faded Blooms
We're very particular about removing faded blossoms from our tulips because we know that—once diseased petals fall to the ground—the disease can penetrate the soil and remain there to do harm next spring. To further prevent the spread of any possible plant ailments, we burn all the picked blossoms. By the way, removing faded flowers also prevents the formation of seed heads which take needed strength away from good bulb development.
Do not, under any circumstances, neglect your tulip plantings after they bloom. This is the time most critical to good bulb formation and it's important to keep all beds weeded, cultivated, and sufficiently watered until the edge of the tulip leaves begin to brown and the remainder of the leaves turn a dusty green.
Storing Bulbs
In order-to produce a goodly number of large bulbs for sale, you must lift, divide and store your tulip bulbs every June. Do this job with a garden fork forced into the soil a safe distance from each bulb cluster so as not to injure any of the bulbs. Pry each cluster out of the ground carefully so that you do not snap off any of the brittle stems needed to properly cure the bulbs for summer storage.
Begin by test-lifting a plant that looks as if it has finished growing. Check its bulb cluster. If the larger bulbs are firm and of good size, your plants are ready for lifting. If the bulbs are still small and feel spongy, however, give them another two weeks.
Always lift bulbs on a cool, cloudy day so they'll not be injured by the direct rays of the sun. Scatter the clusters thinly in a narrow trench in the garden with their stems pointing skyward. Then cover only the bulbs (not the stems) with soil. As soon as the leaves turn yellow (this should not take more than a week), uncover the clusters and remove all bulbs and bulblets from the brown, leather-like pouches. You may want to use gloves for this work as the acid in freshly dug tulip bulbs can cause a harmless rash on tender skin.
Drying Bulbs
Put the harvested bulbs in shallow, screen-bottomed trays (ours measure 22" X 15" X 2") and place them in an open, shady area for several days. Make certain each tray is properly marked as to variety and color for easier planting—and selling—in the fall and roll the bulbs about with your hands several times a day to insure even drying. Never place fresh bulbs in the full sun to dry as a hot sun can bake the tender cells and cause rot.
When their jackets have turned brown and the bulbs feel good and dry, store the trays in an airy, outdoor building or in an attic. The trays may be stacked one on top of the other if each is constructed with one-inch legs to allow breathing space between the layers (to prevent the formation of mildew in storage). Check the bulbs often during the summer. If hot, muggy weather causes mildew to form on them, redry the bulbs in the open shade and store them as before.
Building Your Supply of Tulips and Grading Bulbs
I suggest that you do not sell any tulip bulbs for the first three years. Just keep replanting every bulb and bulblet produced in your garden . . . and you'll be amazed how quickly tulips multiply. Most common varieties will triple in number the very first year and, by the fourth year, you'll have enough to sell for a nice profit (always keeping enough on hand to replant on your lawn to attract customers in spring and to build up your reputation as an outstanding tulip-bulb grower).
After the fourth year, grade all bulbs and bulblets according to size. Sell the largest, plant the medium-sized ones in beds and borders for spring color and increased bulb supply and reset the bulblets in garden trenches. Fertilize as before and your supply of bulbs will increase, regardless of sales, until you discover you must build more trays to house them all. After that, if you follow the marketing tips included in this article, your only worry will be producing enough tulip bulbs to satisfy your many customers.
How to Force Bulbs
Five large tulip bulbs forced to bloom early in a large plastic flower pot will bring in three times as much money as a full dozen bulbs sold for fall planting. Forcing, in other words, is definitely worth your while.
Early-flowering, and Double Early-flowering, tulip varieties are best for indoor forcing. Use a potting mixture which consists of two parts rich topsoil, and one part each of sifted compost, leaf mold and sand. Add to this a handful of bone meal, and one of lime.
Fill a number of pots 3/4 full and firm the soil down well. Space five large, sound bulbs evenly on the surface of the dirt in each container. Their tips should be level with the rim of the pot and their fullest side should be toward the outside of the circle (this will cluster the blooms nicely within the very center of the pot). Fill soil in between the bulbs with your fingers and firm it down as well as possible. The tips of the bulbs should just be visible above the surface. Water well.
Tulips must rest for at least 10 weeks under cool, dark conditions in order to stimulate root growth so bury the pots about 20 inches deep behind a hedgerow or building, then cover them with 7 inches of sifted cinders or sand. We place ours in a deep trench and fill in around them with sand until it is level with their surface. We then mulch the area with a six-inch-layer of old hay to prevent the earth from freezing and to maintain cool temperatures.
You may bury your forcing pots in a covered cold frame in the same manner. A root cellar will do, too, if it's dark and maintains temperatures around 40 degrees F. Just remember that, even though low temperatures are necessary for good root growth, the soil in the pots must never be allowed to freeze. If it does, root growth will stop.
All forcing pots should be brought indoors to a sunny window or greenhouse bench before the middle of February. Check the root systems of several pots before bringing them in, however. This is easily done by simply turning the pots over. If roots protrude through the drain hole (and top growth is at least two inches tall), the bulbs are ready.
After bringing the pots indoors, keep them away from direct sunlight for a day or two or until the sprouts turn green. The plants may then receive full sun except during the brighter hours. When their leaves turn a dark green, they may be given full sun throughout the day. Keep the soil in the pots moderately moist at all times to stimulate rapid growth. An application of liquid organic plant food once a week will help produce healthy plants and large flowers.
Early-flowering tulips will bloom three to four weeks after being brought in, and later varieties eight to nine weeks. Knowing this, you can judge pretty accurately when you must bring pots in to force the blooms into full bud for Easter or any other selling date.
How to Market Bulbs and Tulip Flowers
To sell tulips, you must first let people know that you have them for sale and an advertisement in the local paper does wonders. Once your business becomes known you'll have far more customers than you have bulbs and you won't have to advertise anymore (at least that's the way it's worked for us).
We keep our business before the public by planting three large flower beds and two long borders in our front yard where passersby can see them. This encourages visitors to stop and order "on the spot" in the spring when our tulips are in full bloom.
The first fall that you've built your stock of bulbs and bulblets to the point that you're ready to begin sales, grade them according to size and have them certified insect and disease-free by your Agricultural County Agent. Then take your best samples to all possible buyers . . . such as garden shops, feed and seed companies, greenhouses, department stores and supermarkets. If the managers of any of these establishments are interested but do not want to buy outright, let them have so many dozen on consignment. This means that they'll pay you a certain price for every dozen bulbs sold and withhold a small profit for themselves (which should be agreed upon in advance). You must then take back all unsold bulbs—if there are any—after freezing weather moves in.
Customers buy ready-packaged goods faster so, to increase your bulb sales in such markets, package them in clear plastic perforated bags on which is listed price, color and variety. This is easily done by typing the information on white paper and stapling it to the top when closing each sack. Sell 12 large bulbs, or 18 medium-sized ones for the same price. Prices may vary for different varieties. The common tulip, known to all, sells best. Gardeners shy away from double, ruffled, or Parrot varieties.
An ad in the local paper, giving your home address and price of bulbs, usually brings a flock of customers. Treat them with courtesy and give detailed instructions on how to grow large, beautiful tulips (satisfied customers return time and again for more bulbs).
Many gardeners who include tulips in their spring landscape plans like to have some variety in bloom throughout a two-month period. You can be of great help to these greenthumbers (and increase your sales at the same time) by just offering them bulbs that'll flower in sequence from March until June. Learn about the general types of tulips, their characteristics and blooming dates . . . how each performs under normal growing conditions in different parts of the country and which ones are more popular with florists and the gardening public. Not only will you be able to give your customers better advice . . . you'll avoid costly mistakes and save valuable time and money. It's a good idea, too, to keep abreast of all new developments by studying bulb catalogs.
We've found that it does wonders for sales to give an extra bulb free with every dozen. We also deliver an order free if two or more dozen bulbs are ordered. Nothing pleases a buyer more than getting something for nothing.
As your number of flowering bulbs increases, try advertising in one or more of the gardening magazines. If you have a large supply of bulblets, offer them for so much a pound to those gardeners who enjoy growing their own flowering bulbs. There are a surprising number of such folks.
If you do not wish to chase around to make bulb sales in the fall, start a bulb shop of your own as early as July after your bulbs have dried off nicely. To increase your profits you may want to offer such necessary items for good tulip culture as organic fertilizers, lime, bone meal and planting tools. Keep your bulbs in open bins to which wood shavings have been added to keep them dry. Clearly mark each bin so customers may serve themselves. To attract customers who would not ordinarily stop, place a large sign above your door which says, "Organically-grown Tulip Bulbs Mean Better Bloom."
Your best approach in marketing forced, potted tulips is to let the plants sell themselves. Take one or two of your best pots as samples to possible sales outlets such as greenhouse shops, florists and supermarkets. If your plants are dark green and healthy with full, brightly colored buds you'll have no trouble in talking the managers into helping you sell them.
When your plants sell well at an outlet in the spring, contact the manager in early fall and ask him how many pots he thinks he can handle the following spring. Through such methods you'll eventually build up a profitable forced-bulb business for yourself. It may even develop to such a great extent that you'll have to construct a greenhouse to supply your many outlets.
Even though you do not sell bulbs the first 3 years, you should start money rolling in the very first spring by selling cut tulips. If you can find enough markets for them, your invested capital will be returned twofold by the time you sell your first bulb.
Ordinarily, people don't think of tulips as cut flowers . . . unless you remind them and approach potential customer—greenhouses or floral arrangers who might like to use a few tulips in their spring showpieces—well in advance of special holidays. If some of your early varieties are already in bloom, take along samples of the lighter shades or pastels that are preferred by professional arrangers. Count the buds of your lighter shades before leaving home so you can tell your customer how many dozen you'll be able to supply. Flower arrangers especially like tulips that are just beginning to unfurl from a loose bud.
It's usually best to let the greenhouse manager or florist determine the price of your cut tulips . . . he knows the market and just how much he can get for the plants to realize a sensible profit for himself. Most professionals are very fair and will give you the best possible break . . . but be sure to agree on a set price per dozen before you deliver.
Don't hesitate to contact potential buyers out of town if you have plenty of buds. Use the phone if you can't go in person and offer them only tulips that are showing good color but are still unopened.
A small ad in the local paper during the blooming season will usually bring in extra cash . . . stress the birthdays and weddings. You can charge private individuals slightly more per dozen than you do the greenhouses and floral shops, of course, since the individuals do not have to realize a profit from their purchases.
To encourage large business establishments—hotels, motels, restaurants and banks—to buy your tulips, present them with a free bouquet of your finest specimens. You might even work out a deal with the better restaurants to put three blossoms on each table every morning throughout the season.
Whenever you have extra cut flowers, you can get a lot of free advertising by simply distributing colorful bouquets—free of charge—to hospitals, old-age homes, children's wards and to elderly people in your neighborhood. Tulips are always welcomed with open arms, and will surely aid your reputation as top tulip-grower in the area.
Always cut tulips in the early morning, and take stems with just one leaf (every leaf removed from the plant will decrease the size of that bulb by a fraction of an inch). Plunge the stems into a container of warm water, then place container and all in a cool, dark room for several hours before delivery. For greater beauty in bouquets, always use two contrasting colors . . . such as white tulips with red, or yellow with lavender.
Regardless of how you decide to turn your tulips into a cash crop, never be afraid to knock off a few cents for outlets that need to make a slight profit on everything they handle. It's far better to sell 10 pots of forced blooms for a few cents less than not sell any at all.
One word about licensing and inspection: as long as you grow tulips on your own land, you don't need a license to sell them unless you set up a shop in which you sell other gardening items too. And, as long as the bulbs are sold within the state, no inspection is necessary. At least, that's the way it is in Massachusetts . . . but be sure to check your own state. If you decide you want to ship out of state, of course, your bulbs must be inspected for insects and/or disease.
Tulips and Their Potential Income
You don't need a lot of land to get into the tulip business. We have a plot that measures only 160 x 160, of which 2/3 is taken up by house, garage and lawn. Of the remaining 1/3, half is used for our family garden . . . leaving only 1/6 of a 160 x 160 plot for our part time tulip business. Still—by selling forced plants, cut flowers and the bulbs themselves . . . and by speaking about, writing on and photographing our tulips—we earned nearly $1,000 last year with our sideline enterprise. Here's a breakdown:
Sale of around 75 dozen tulip bulbs of different varieties ranging from $2.25/dozen to $3.75/dozen for the more specialized varieties - $206.25 The planting of a huge circular bed on a private estate which took 225 bulbs of a white and 225 bulbs of a red variety - $129.38 Labor for above - $ 50.00
Twenty-seven pots of forced tulip bulbs—five per pot—to local chain store at $2.75 each - $ 74.25
Mother's Day
Fifty-three dozen cut flowers of yellow and pink varieties to local florists at $1.25 a dozen -$66.25
Thirty-one dozen cut flowers to private individuals at $2.00/dozen -$62.00
Color transparency taken of the tulip beds in full bloom and sold to gardening magazine as possible cover shot -$75.00
Seven black and white, 8 x 10 photos sold to a magazine(@$7.50 each) to help illustrate an article on tulip culture -$52.50
Article on tulip culture to a major magazine - $200.00 Speaking engagement on tulip growing at local garden club -$50.00
After subtracting the expenses of pots, spray, bulb food and plastic bags, we still netted more than $900.
Over the years we've noticed that the money we've derived from tulips has been directly proportionate to the time we spent growing, forcing and selling the bulbs and cut flowers. In other words, the only limiting factor to the amount of money you should make when growing tulips for profit is time. The more time you give the project, the greater your income should be.Because Jay and I have other obligations in life (such as raising a growing family), our tulips are mainly regarded as just a hobby and we give them little more time than one or two hours each night during the spring season and weekends. If we were to go into the tulip business full scale, we could easily triple our income
Tulip Varieties
The DUC VAN THOL, first tulip to flower in our garden, is a dwarf variety with small slightly pointed flowers on five-to-six-inch stems. It comes in a wide range of true colors and is excellent for rock gardens. You should grow at least three shades of this one.
SINGLE EARLY tulips blossom on the heels of the Duc van Thol. Their colors are brilliant and their blossoms quite large on 15-inch stems. This variety will please your customers by standing up well under adverse weather conditions. It may be used in any informal setting (where it'll give good color for at least two weeks) and is almost unexcelled, in formal plantings. Include this one when you buy your first bulbs.
TRIUMPH is a cross between the Single Earlies and Darwins and its huge, firm cups on 22-to-24-inch stems comes into bloom right after the Single Earlies. We have four colors of this newer variety in our plantings and find they sell well. Triumph also produces a good supply of bulblets each spring.
The DOUBLE EARLY tulips (which resemble small double peony blossoms more than they do tulips) are beautiful but not too popular with the customers who prefer single varieties. Double Earlies bear on 10-inch stems and are excellent for edgings in front of taller tulips and in formal beds by themselves. They do not produce as many new bulblets each spring as the single varieties but are worth growing anyway. We encourage sales of this variety by mass planting them on our lawn in the fall. Customers, who come to admire the Double Earlies each spring when they're in full bloom, usually order on the spot. Double Earlies bloom in several brilliant colors, with pink being the most popular.
MENDEL, a lovely cross between the Duc van Thol and Darwin, is a must for your list. Its range of color is tremendous (a shade to please every customer) but it's best to stick to about six hues until you're well established in business. The Mendel's flowers, which are borne on 22-inch stems, are as beautiful as any you can grow.
DARWINS are—by far—the most popular of the taller, robust tulips. They produce fabulous cups (each has a rectangular base with square-tipped or rounded sepals and petals) on 30-inch stems. Some Darwins have been crossed with Cottage tulips to produce even better growing and flowering characteristics and all of this variety do well in formal arrangements (either as accent plants against contrasting backgrounds or in groups throughout the perennial border). You'll want to include Darwins on your first list.
COTTAGE tulips are preferred by many home gardeners because the variety is excellent for general planting purposes, comes in brilliant colors and bears cups on 20-inch stems. Cottage flowers have a square or somewhat rounded base and pointed or rounded tips. Another must for your first planting.
BREEDERS are the oldest and most majestic tulips grown in this country. Customers love them and the variety is always a sure seller. The Breeder flower—with its rounded base and square-ended sepals and petals—is distinctive. Dutch varieties have oval or cup-shaped blooms in hues of brown, purple, bronze or red shading to a base (often stained blue, green or bluish-black) of white or yellow. The English varieties have a ball-like,flower with an unstained base of white or yellow.
DOUBLE LATES are very similar to the Double Earlies, but have larger blooms on 23-inch stems. Although quite attractive and good bulblet producers, Double Lates do not stand up well under heavy spring rains and aren't too popular with the gardening public. The variety will sell when grown in mass displays (a cluster of eight bulbs is especially nice) to encourage spring visitors to order on the spot. . . but you should go easy when thinking about growing these for sale.
PARROT tulips are fantastic eye-catchers in any spring display of flowering bulbs but forget trying to sell them. The variety's feathered petals hardly resemble conventional tulips and customers tend to shun them. The crisp blossoms of the giant Parrot often grow too large for their weak stems, too, and rain often snaps them offat the height of their beauty. This variety does make an excellent forcing tulip, however, and—if grown—should be raised primarily for this purpose.
EMPEROR tulips are steadily gaining in popularity but aren't for culture in the United States . . . at least not in New England. We've tried them time and again but simply can't get the bulbs to regain flowering size the second or third year. Maybe they do better in soil that's richer and darker than ours, though, so you might try one color ifyour plot is quite fertile. If that one color does well, you can then plant others.
REMBRANDTS have long been acclaimed for their beauty by tulip lovers. Actually sports (mutants) of the Darwins, Rembrandts produce vividly colored striped and flamed flowers. Since they're what most customers think of as "tulip shaped", Rembrandts do sell reasonably well . . . but you'd better limit your plantings of the sports until folks in your area become acquainted with them.
The FAMOUS BOUQUET tulips are beautiful but expensive . . . too expensive for us to experiment with and we haven't tried them yet. They are available in a wide range of brilliant colors and color combinations, and one bulb alone produces up to five blossoms.
BYBLOOMS and BIZARRES, both sports of the Breeders, are less familiar tulips that you should not grow at all or—at least—go easy on until your operation is well underway. The Bizarres have purple or slightly brown stripes on a yellow background while the Byblooms are white with scarlet, purple, violet or pink stripes.
The BOTANICAL, or SPECIES, tulip is a dwarf or semi-dwarf variety with very little sales potential. It's mainly used only in rock gardens and very small places where larger tulips would be out of place. Better holdoff on this one until you've built your business to the point where you can afford to gamble.
LILY-FLOWERED tulips-a cross between the pink Darwin and Cottage (Retroflexa) varieties-have reflexed petals that resemble those of a lily. If you feel you need to grow something entirely different to attract attention, give these a try. We've had good luck selling bright yellow Lily-Flowered tulips and I can sincerely recommend the lighter colors of this variety as a sure sell as cut flowers to local greenhouses and flower shops.


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Family gatherings, special traditions, delicious treats — the holiday season may be the most wonderful time of the year, especially for kids. Unfortunately, for emergency room doctors it's also one of the busiest.
Learn how to protect your little ones from some common holiday dangers, so you and your family can enjoy a season that's happy and healthy.
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995-
Images provided by The Nemours Foundation, iStock, Getty Images, Veer, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com.
Copyright Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, Texas

subset: commoncrawl


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A local production of "Steel Magnolias" is generating a lot of buzz north of Boston, but it's not the only topic to attract readers over the past week.
Check back each week to see what's trending at Wicked Local North of Boston.
1) "Six locals star in 'Steel Magnolias' Aug. 21-23" Who knew "Steel Magnolias" still had such a following? Based on reaction to our story, this upcoming production by Wide Eyes Theatre Company, Inc., featuring a North Shore cast, seems to be building buzz among theater buffs north of Boston.
2) "Quiet but special at Cape Ann Museum" Extensive renovations will mark the Cape Ann Museum's reopening this week, but it's some lower-profile exhibits that have garnered the most local interest, according to this feature by Cape Ann arts correspondent Keith Powers.
3) "COLUMN: Seabrook and sea level rise" If you live within 50 miles of the Seabrook nuclear power plant -- or even if you don't -- you'll want to read this column by local expert William Sargent about what will happen, or what won't, if global warming-caused rising sea levels lead to an emergency there. Scary stuff.
4) "Picture This: Our favorite photos of the week" The work of Wicked Local North of Boston photographers is never less than compelling, and this gallery of the past week's best shots is no exception. Our favorite: Crane beach volleyball!
5) "Ipswich Police had Chicks block under surveillance" Readers checked in for details on a multi-year drug trafficking surveillance operation prior to the closing of a popular Ipswich sandwich shop earlier this month.


text: Eskom power lines. South Africa's power utility may be in a much weaker financial position than generally appreciated. EPA/KIM LUDBROOK November 17, 2016 Why South Africa's power utility isn't in great financial shape Stephen Labson, University of Johannesburg A closer look into the latest financial numbers of South Africa's state power utility, Eskom, suggest that it may be in a more vulnerable position than appreciated.


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Elite Triton Black Bowling Shoes - Men
Elite Triton Black Bowling Shoes - Men who seek the best brands of bowling equipment choose Elite. These spectacular shoes provide high performance every time. These shoes are ideal bowlers of all skill levels. Like all Elite shoes, they are made with the bowler in mind, in a quest to bring out the winner in every bowler. They have universal slide soles and superior support, leading to superior performance for left and right handed bowlers alike. They are created with the finest materials, and the highest levels of craftsmanship. Their two year warranty shows just how reliable these shoes are. It is very difficult to find a company that's willing to offer such a fantastic warranty, but Elite does so without hesitation.
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Elite Bowling Shoes - for Men and Women from beginner to professional.
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Praise God! I'm so pleased and relieved you have a job CatherineBrigid. I'll keep praying for a job in your career field and for the car bill to be covered in time. Lord have mercy.
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Saturday, May 28, 2016
UM Museum of Natural History, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor MI 48109
A fulldome film highlighting the current spectrographic research aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The final instrument ever to be installed by NASA astronauts, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph is allowing us an unprecedented view into the vast spaces between galaxies. A highly visual program. Brief star talk included.
Planetarium prices are $5 for adults, seniors, & children.


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I got nothing.
I forgot the maps
Since its occupation under the Soviet Union, the Armenian Orthodox Church has also come to be known as the 'Armenian Apostolic Church.' The latter name was one coined and imputed upon the Armenian Church by the Russian Orthodox occupants and undoubtedly reflects their confessional prejudice. As such, whilst most Armenians have unwittingly adopted the title in question in relation to their Church, others, such as His Eminence Arhcbishop Baliozian, consider it disparaging given their conscious awareness of the context in which it arose.
I just need to find out how to say it in Slavonic!
I would think that for historical reasons (the genocide, the large diaspora, etc.) almost all Armenian Orthodox are ethnic Armenians so...all of them? What else would fit?
Bestower of mercy, grant that I may come to Thee with orthodox faith, good works, and with the communion of Thy Holy Body and Blood. Have mercy upon Thy creatures and upon me, a manifold sinner.
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"Endless Summer Pier" Emerald Isle, North Carolina
"Determination" A surfer plies storm swell from Hurricane Earl near the Oceanana Pier in Atlantic Beach, Crystal Coast, NC
"Running on Water" Waterspout over the Outerbanks, Cedar Island National Wildlife Refuge, N.C.
"Still Standing" Hurricane Earl passes by the Oceanana Pier, Atlantic Beach, NC
"She Walks On Water"
"Another Little Piece of Us" / "Kayaks at Cape Lookout"
Lower Falls at Graveyard Ridge
In the Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina
Daniel Ridge Falls, Pisgah National Forest, NC
Autumn, 2014
"Snow. Time."
"Redneck Topiary"
"Working the Wisteria"
"Shell Station" Emerald Isle, NC, on one of the first warm days of spring.
"Lower Falls of Upper Cascades, Hanging Rock State Park, NC"
First Baptist Church - Ancient of Days
New Bern, NC. An HDR with coloration from Blake's "Ancient of Days"
It Should Be Springtime Here
A lonely leaf hangs on, encrusted by ice after a recent storm.


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void setup() { Serial.begin(9600);}void loop() { Serial.println("Hi"); delay(100);}
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); while (!Serial) { ; // wait for serial port to connect. Needed for Leonardo only }}void loop() { Serial.println("Hi"); delay(100);}
I would say it's a communications error related to the TX of the Leonardo (since you can upload a sketch), but I have no idea of how to test this. Can you just try another Usb cable? Look at the RX/TX LEDS when you connect the Leonardo, then when you upload a sketch, and finally when the sketch is supposed to send data after you open the serial monitor. Do they blink?Another thing you may try is to monitor the Windows COM ports when you upload a sketch. You should see the current COM port disconnect (while the Leo resets), then reconnect (while the bootloader is active), then disconnect and reconnect again (moving to normal operations); maybe the ports are assigned a different number.
java.io.IOException: Input/output error in writeArray
I think it is some kind of Arduino-PC communication error.
We checked the TX (1) pin and the USB lines... both show activity under an oscilloscope.


text: How to disable secure ssl connection to the ISPConfig web interface after instalation ? when i coment in ispconfig.vhost section: Code: # SSL Configuration #SSLEngine On #SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl/ispserver.crt #SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/ispconfig/interface/ssl/ispserver.key in browser i get: Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand. Reason: You're speaking plain HTTP to an SSL-enabled server port. Instead use the HTTPS scheme to access this URL, please.


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|2012-03-29, 05:15
|Link #27609
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
Undoes everything without a trace and development.
Even in Clannad, the effort of reaching happy ending is hinted in surreal dream sequence/ alternative universe, in spite of 'cheap' reset button in real world.
|2012-03-29, 06:14
|Link #27613
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
First it appear in the moment Laura beat the crap out Cecilia and Rin, Ichika lost control, and continuously mutate as he was captured by AIC. Laura released him when his propulsion system explode. (This Laura is less sadistic but just as smug, thus Rin and Cecilia weren't injured much in this one)
As battletech player put it: Not enuff Heatsink
Hakurei sounds more exotic.
|2012-03-29, 06:26
|Link #27615
I am no one
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Inside your head
No, It's established in my Fanon that momentary S Rank will cause the activation of OOA. The 'cheat bus' in ByakuShiki boost his sync level from B+ to A+, in order for this to happens easily.
Overshift is beyond that, requiring over S rank (a level previously unattainable), but the power output become so high that the I.S. frame can't handle it for a long time (90-120 seconds for first shift and 300 second for Second Shift)
|2012-03-29, 07:26
|Link #27619
Just another Idiot
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: Delusion world
Err... I am working on a Karma Houdini character....
Current list of stuff:
>Arrogant jerkass (but has skills, training and physique to back himself up)
> Believed himself to the hero of a story..... hence the arrogant attitude.
> Everything that he had (girls, ability to pilot IS) is his right as a hero.
> Use story metaphor.... (surprising things are "Plot twist".)
> Look down on girls because he is special compared to them. (Male IS pilots are rare compared to female IS pilot)
>That kind of smug guy that all guys feel like punching him repeatedly in the face.... followed by steamrollering his corpse to ensure he is dead-er than dead
-But can't because his family could sue them and
-Most people can't even land a hit on him anyway
>Get away with a few things because he is one of the few Male IS pilot.
>Take advantage of emotionally weak girls.
>Then dump them once he grew tired of them.
Not Evil enough? Or should I make him worst? I think the 2nd last part is quite bad enough.... Because I really feel like punching him after reviewing his personality....
Not going to go into detail with his IS though... but The IS unit has specialized anti-Yukihira weapon: Sword-Breaker.....
In fact, the whole unit exist solely for the purpose of defeating Byakushiki (To be exact: the sister unit of Byakushiki, the one which Chifuyu piloted)
Does it make Ichika some kind of hypocrite to call him a bastard who play with the girls' heart?
|fanfic ideas, fanfiction, ff.net, harem, is fanfic, warning fanfic spoilers, wincest
|Thread Tools


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Full Movie The Lobster Streaming In HDDownload The Lobster Streaming In HD with duration 120 Min and broadcast on 2015-03-23 with MPAA rating is 0.
- Original Title : The Lobster
- Movie title in your country : The Lobster
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- Release date of movie : 2015-03-23
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- Durationof movie : 120 Min
- Average vote of movie : 0
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Watch Streaming The Lobster The Lobster is a story about love, without being a conventional love story. It observes the ways and reasons certain people come together to form couples, while others don't. It is a story about the terrifying effects of solitude, the fear of dying alone, the fear of living alone and, above all, the fear of living with someone. Forcing ourselves to like someone is one kind of suffering; trying to find someone we really like is a different sort of suffering. The Lobster tries to discover synonyms for love in words such as fear, norms, deadlines, matching, synchronicity, naivety, prosperity and lies. Download The Lobster Full Streaming
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Director : Giorgos Lanthimos,
Yes, now you can Watch Movie The Lobster Full Movie Streaming and get the link to The Lobster In HD


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Audi Melges 20 Holiday Heat
12 December 2014
Miami, FL - With most of the world preparing for mistletoe, eggnog and Santa Claus, the International Audi Melges 20 Class Association (IAM20CA) is dropping marks, slapping on sunscreen and tipping em' back, in preparation for the first event of the 2014/15 Winter Series hosted by Coconut Grove Sailing Club (CGSC). An annual pilgrimage now in its sixth season, thirty-one Audi Melges 20 teams have settled in and are dialed for a legendary week of sailing on the crystal blue waters of Biscayne Bay. The only reminders of the frozen north are the faux pine garland and wreaths hanging from the hotels and restaurants dotting the strip in Coconut Grove.
With many longstanding veterans of the class returning for yet another season, it is not a mystery as to why the Miami Winter Series (MWS) is so successful. With a big smile, longtime owner and Canadian class energizer Rhonda Joyce on Grinning Streak explains her reasons for attending her fifth Winter Series, "It's the boys really (laughing). Seriously, I love the people in this class. And on top of it, when the wind is blowing these boats are fantastic. And who wouldn't want to get away from Toronto in the winter!"
Sailing in every Winter Series thus far, current North American Fleet President Rob Wilbur at the helm of Cinghiale has found his winter haven and is not planning on making any changes, "It really comes down to the camaraderie with all the owners. Being part of the CGSC and the friendships I have developed over the years is really special. And on top of it, the sailing has become more competitive and fun each and every year."
For the first event of the Winter Series, thirty-one teams have registered and confirmed their spot on the starting line, and with a forecast out of the Northwest throughout the weekend, there will be some serious action on the race course. PRO Bruce Golison has posted a civilized noon starting time for both Friday and Saturday which will allow for some extra relaxation in the mornings before the real battles take place on the water.
In an effort to ensure all teams have an opportunity to learn and improve their performance throughout the weekend, Audi Melges 20 class leadership and Melges USA secured longtime pro sailor and coach Tom Burnham to work with the fleet prior to and during the regatta.
Despite the light wind on Thursday prior to racing, there was a very solid turnout with many teams looking for any nugget of information that could improve their result. Joyce commented more on the coaching, "The coaching initiative from the class is incredible. I am thrilled as we need an extra set of eyes, and really want the coaching help. Even with the light air we were able to learn some solid lessons to apply to our racing."
A morning briefing with Coach Burnham is planned prior to racing which should help give the fleet some solid advice to approach the first day of racing, and ensure that the level of racing is high.
As with other Audi Melges 20 events around the world, racing updates as they are available will be posted online at the Official Audi Melges 20 Facebook Page. Be sure to also follow the fleet on Instagram, Twitter and YouTube. Tune in for the latest racing information, results, video interviews, and photos. Race reports, press releases and photos will also be available online each day post racing at melges20.com.
Official Yachtscoring Event Website
View Full Entry List
Audi Melges 20 on Facebook
Audi Melges 20 on Twitter
Audi Melges 20 on Instagram
Audi Melges 20 on YouTube


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| Uncompress the zip file and
follow the instructions on quick start guide
This bundle contains the OpenXava code, the code for all demos, a Tomcat server, a preconfigured Eclipse workspace, etc.
If you want to update your OpenXava application replace the OpenXava project in your workspace by the one in this distribution. Afterwards, execute the updateOX ant target of your project.
More OpenXava downloads in SourceForge download page


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Sharing is the ethos at one of the newest, most attractive lodgings in Boston.
Hostelling International has opened a 480-room establishment ideal for anyone who wants to bed down in a clean, safe, eco-conscious environment with a lot of extras: camaraderie, progressive functional design, communal activities and an international vibe. And all at amazing prices.
The Boston Hostel has three sleeping arrangements. Dorms have either four or eight bunks, and each dorm has its own bathroom in the hallway, so you are sharing with your roommates. Dorms are available in configurations for male, female and coed clientele. The hostel also has 20 private rooms, suitable for up to three people; each has an ensuite bathroom with a tiny sink and a shower. In the private spaces, there is the bonus of a flat-screen television with DirecTV service.
Dorm guests have their own so-called Custom Bed Oasis — that's the bunk bed — with a good reading light, multiple electrical outlets, an individual locker and a safe for valuables. The ironing boards are handy if you have been backpacking and now have an appointment to meet the parents or the boss.
Linens and towels are supplied; for hygienic reasons, the hostel requests that you don't use your own sleeping bag, which might have been in one too many public places.
The hostel is brimming with energy on all fronts. Travellers from as many as 70 countries come through the lobby. Young and old, they can be seen draped over leather sofas, deep in conversation or madly texting.
The industrial design gives the place a high-tech feeling throughout, with white-painted brick walls, stairways of steel and oak, and exposed pipes. The cafeteria tables are topped with recycled aluminum sheeting or reclaimed wooden planks, and each corridor has its own bright colour scheme.
The hostel is in a vibrant neighbourhood between Chinatown and the theatre district, a few blocks from Boston Common and Copley Square.
It has been a major hit — no surprise, given the substantial student power of this New England intellectual hub. The Boston Hostel is across the street from the medical centre of Tufts University and across the Charles River from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which are in Cambridge.
"But we don't only have students," said John Yonce, Hostelling International's director of northeast operations for the U.S. "Many of our guests come for academic life — students, teachers, researchers and visiting lecturers — but the rest are travellers of all ages.
"The only criteria are that they are at least 18 years old if they are travelling alone, or that they are accompanied by their parents, and that they have a valid passport from any country."
The Boston Hostel encourages its guests to meet and mingle. It supplies board games, a pool table, a TV lounge, a library, a communal kitchen, a pay-per-use computer room and a self-serve laundry. There are social evenings devoted to trivia, comedy, games or movies.
And the hostel wants its guests to experience the community. Local Bostonians volunteer to guide group outings, which are free or at a reduced cost. They might include bowling; a walk along the historic Freedom Trail; a TGIF pub crawl (for ages 21 and over); a trolley tour of major Boston sights; boat tours along the Charles River; and visits to Fenway Park, the beloved home of the Boston Red Sox. There are tours of Harvard on April 19, May 3 and May 10.
We've saved money on lodging, but we don't want to break the bank on food. The Boston Hostel has your best interests at heart here. A cafeteria-style continental breakfast of pastries and yogurt is included in your stay, and tea and coffee are available all day. The hostel offers cookies at the front desk and a free meal every Wednesday.
For those who like DIY cooking, the district has several Asian groceries and general supermarkets, including a Whole Foods, and the hostel provides a large, professional kitchen for all guests to use. You simply label and store your provisions. There is also a world of restaurants within blocks — including Chinese, Vietnamese, Malaysian and Italian — where you can score a meal for $7 to $20.
On the green front, the Boston Hostel was built to gold-level standards as outlined by LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), and is awaiting LEED certification. The repurposed 1886 building has been refitted with eco-friendly appliances, products for laundry and housekeeping, and systems for water, light and heat. Its white reflective roof helps in cooling, plus it has energy-efficient elevators, and uses non-toxic or recycled paint, wood, brick and steel.
Getting around town in green style is easy, too. The T (Boston's subway, short for Transit) has many stops within blocks. And Boston has launched Hubway, a bike-sharing program with more than 130 stations throughout the city, including a recent expansion to Cambridge, Brookline and Somerville. The first 30 minutes are free.
Hostelling International has about 4,000 hostels in 80 countries. The Boston Hostel is one of around 60 establishments of Hostelling International USA. Hostelling International Canada has roughly the same number, including the Montreal Hostel on Mackay St.
Boston Hostel/Hostelling International Boston, 19 Stuart St., Boston, Mass., 888-464-4872, 617-536-9455, bostonhostel.org.
Prices fluctuate: dormitory bunk beds, $29.99-$59.99 U.S. per person, per night; private rooms, $99.99-$199.99 per night for up to three people, all incl. continental breakfast, free Wi-Fi, activities, all-day coffee corner, Internet, indoor bike storage, TV room, game area, library, and access to kitchen and laundry room. Extras: Internet kiosks, some guided activities.
Hostelling International USA: 888-464-4872, hiusa.org; Hostelling International Canada: 800-663-5777, hihostels.ca.
Boston tourism: 617-536-4100, bostonusa.com; Massachusetts tourism: 800-227-MASS/6277, massvacation.com.
Twitter: rochellelash


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TMZ has learned Dr. Khristine Eroshevich, the psychiatrist accused of conspiring to fuel Anna Nicole Smith with illegal prescription drugs, is officially behind bars.
The doc was booked at Van Nuys Jail at 11:11 AM PT. Her bail was set at the same price as Howard K. Stern's -- $20,000.
UPDATE -- She was released at 1:58 PM PT.
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Narrow Selection
Hanukkah Candles
Hanukkah, or Channukah, is about shunning the darkness and embracing the light. It is no wonder, then, that it is also called the Festival of Lights. The main commandment we were given on this holiday is to make the miracle of the of oil public. This is accomplished by placing the lit Menorah by the window so that passersby can all see the lights and be aware of the miracle that God had performed for us. One of the best ways to be festive on this holiday and to honor the commandment of lighting the Menorah is by carefully selecting the Hanukkah candles.
Shopping for Hanukkah candles can be a difficult task due to the great variety of types of candles out there. While standard colorful candles are always popular, you need to also think about the type of Menorah you have. If you have an extravagant Sterling Silver Menorah, and the rest of your Judaica is also Sterling Silver, perhaps those common colorful candles may not be an optimal idea. You may want to find more lavish candles. Or, even if you do opt for the simple ones, perhaps rather than buying multicolored candles you should stick with one color to go with the silver color. Any single color would look great when combined with a Sterling silver Menorah.
If you want to be original this year there are many options from which to choose. For instance, you can go for scented candles. Many scented candles look like the standard Hanukkah candles, burn for over an hour and exude smells such as vanilla, coconut and many more. If you are used to lighting incense at home this is great solution that combines lighting the Menorah and imbuing your home with aromatic smells. Many scented candles are not the right size and shape for a Menorah, but this should not be a hurdle; you are always welcome to buy standard candles for the Menorah and at the same time light the scented candle for ambiance.
A fantastic way to solidify family ties and explore your artistic side is creating your own Hanukkah candles. There are many places that offer Hanukkah candle kits, which include enough beeswax sheets and wicks to make 44 candles that will last the entire holiday. Many such kits also include literature about the holiday's history, as well as glitter with which to decorate the candles. The time you spend with your family making the candles will be priceless.
Many candles, while not meant to be put in the Menorah, are nonetheless apposite for Hanukkah. These candles do not replace the Menorah candles, but supplement them. For example, you have the dreidel-shaped candles; these come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and some are even scented. Many of them, as a result of having very thick layers of wax, burn for many hours. If you do choose to buy one dreidel candles and you have children, just make it a point to tell them, several times if needed, to not spin the dreidle while it is aflame.
Hanukkah Candles Guide
Hanukkah, commonly known as the "Festival of Lights," commemorates the amazing miracle following the Maccabean Revolt in the 2nd century BCE. The name "Hanukkah" in Hebrew means "to dedicate", and this joyous holiday celebrates the rededication of the second Temple, after the first one was destroyed by the Romans. The miracle of this rededication involves a small amount of oil found in the Temple lasting a miraculous eight days allowing the Temple to be cleaned and rededicated. A unique menorah or candelabrum is used that has nine branches, and eight candles are lit one for each night, the ninth candle is for the "shamash" or attendant used to light the other candles. Today, Hanukkah candles come in a variety of colors and styles. The famous northern city of Safed, come in an amazing array of blues, whites, silvers, and even rainbow colors! Each candle is handmade in natural beeswax providing a beautiful candle and an amazing natural fragrance.
Hanukkah Candles
Each night of Hanukkah the "shamash" or helper candle is lit to represent each night of this miracle, meaning that on the first night, two candles are lit, one representing the night and the helper. Each one is lit until all nine candles are lit and glowing beautifully on the last night. Many candles are made from beeswax which provides not only a beautiful candle but a wonderful fragrance. Traditionally, Hanukkah Menorah's are placed in the window to "publicize" this miracle.
As mentioned, the beautifully crafted candles are placed in a special candelabrum or menorah, which is Hebrew for lamp. While in the Temple, the menorah was lit with oil, most menorahs today are for candles. The intricacy and beauty of the Hanukkah menorah is very important as each menorah should be representative of the incredible miracle and of the richness of the menorah found in the Holy Temple. Various metals are used ranging from nickel to pewter as are hand-crafted designs such as ceramic and stained or frosted glass designs.Each menorah has nine candle holders, where the "shamash" or attendant is typically higher or in the center of the menorah. Engraved designs also add a special touch, where scenes of Jerusalem are typically featured since this holiday commemorates the miracle of returning to the Temple in Jerusalem. The special candle lighting blessing is also featured in Hebrew script as well.
Dreidels after menorahs are probably the most well known symbol of this fun holiday. Typically, crafted from wood and hand-painted these fun spinning tops have been used on Hanukkah for hundreds of years. A fun game of chance played by all ages, the rules are very simple. Each side of the dreidel has a letter painted on it in Hebrew. When inside Israel; these letters are an acronym for "A great miracle happened here"; while outside of Israel the last letter is "there" instead of "here". Different amounts of chocolate are awarded based on which letter fall face up. Since these are such famous Hanukkah symbols, beautiful dreidels are made from metal or glass and given as collector items as well.
Match Boxes & Holders
Like every Jewish festival or special occasion, lighting candles is traditionally done by lighting a match. Just as every element of each festival is unique so too are special match boxes and holders used to separate these items from every day uses. Traditionally, these wonderful items are crafted from nickel a silver-like metal that is engraved with wonderful images of Jerusalem, and Stars of David.


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Burda 8488 Trousers
Added Nov 24, 2011
by TheOldOneTwo
Portland, Oregon...
My first pair of trousers! Made from a very flowy denim-colored fabric that I got on clearance at Fabric Depot. The ladies working there had no clue what kind of fabric it was, and the bolt did not indicate, either. So! It's a mystery fabric.
I was originally going to make the "bib" on the front, but I realized that, while it looks great on others, I would just be too self-conscious with it (pentagons on my crotch-area— no thanks).
I simply made a faux waistband instead, and I used some fun buttons from my grandma's old stash.
I do like the fit! I wish the waist was a bit higher, though. The pantlegs are WIIIIDE, and I am worried they make my short, stubby legs look like Gumby's.
That said, I would gladly use this pattern again, with some slight modifications. It sewed up very quickly, even with my token, silly mistakes.
Material Notes
mystery fabric! vintage buttons! Oh my!
6 Comments Sign in to add a post
Nov 28, 2011, 12.42 PMby happyfeet
Nice trousers
Nov 27, 2011, 06.27 AMby TheOldOneTwo
Hahaha, thank you! You've given me enough confidence to wear them in public, now :)
Nov 25, 2011, 11.35 AMby mixtlii
They look so cool!!! And also, small & wide pants loving … ^^
Nov 24, 2011, 10.18 AMby marnieann
Me too (am short, like wide pants…and well yeah Gumby is ok with me). So I reckon the pants look super! Good job.
Nov 24, 2011, 12.58 AMby TheOldOneTwo
Thanks so much!
Nov 24, 2011, 12.30 AMby jennyrecorder
I'm short too and love wide pants…and I LOVE Gumby!! Great job, they look lovely on you :)
Add to Favorites 7 people added it


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Tutorial: Navigating Code
As already noted, the Source Assistant updates as you move your insertion caret around the editor, or when browsing through the auto-completer. For example, try moving between the invocation of PrintAsText and the variable news in the code you just typed. The blue links in the Source Assistant can be used to jump to the points of definition of each symbol listed there.
If you click on one of the links in the Source Assistant, use the green back arrow at the top left of the editor to return from the value or type definition:
The link after Symbol: goes to the point of definition of that variable, while any links after Likely Type: go to the point of definition of that data type. These are the same if the symbol is a function, method, or class, but they differ for variables. For example, for news the point of definition is the line where it is first assigned a value and the type is a Python list.
Python Documentation
For built-ins and code in the Python standard library, Wing tries to add links into the Python documentation. For example, type open in the editor and try out the https://docs.python.org link. The documentation will be opened in your default web browser.
Now use Undo or press the delete key to remove open from your code.
A quicker way to visit the point of definition of a symbol is to click on it and press F4 or right click and use one of the Goto Definition context menu items. Again, you can use the history back/forward arrows at the top left of the editor to return from the point of definition.
Try this for ParseRDFNews in example1.py. Wing will open up the file path_example.py and show the point of definition of ParseRDFNews. Notice that the file is opened in non-sticky mode and will auto-close unless you toggle the stick pin icon to or edit the file.
Source Index
Wing maintains a set of source index menus at the top of the editor area. The menus are updated as you move around code, and additional levels of menus are added as needed, based on context.
Try these now to navigate to CHandler in path_example.py, and then use the second menu to navigate to endElement.
Now use the history back arrow at top left of the editor area to return to the invocation of ParseRDFNews in example1.py. You will need to press the arrow several times to move back through your visit history.
Find Symbol
If you are looking for a symbol defined in the current scope, use Find Symbol in the Source menu. This displays a dialog where you can type a fragment matching the symbol name. Use the arrow keys to traverse the matches and press Enter to visit the symbol's point of definition.
Find Symbol in Project in Wing Pro functions in the same way but searches all files in the project.
Find Points of Use
In Wing Pro it is also possible to enumerate and visit all points of use of a symbol. Try this now by right clicking on news and selecting Find Points of Use. Wing will display the Uses tool with a list of all the points of use for that symbol. Click on the uses to visit them in the editor.
Note that Wing distinguishes between the news that is defined at the top level of example1.py (in the code that you typed) and the like-named but independent variables news inside the various functions here. For an example, use F4 to go to the definition of ReadPythonNews and run Find Uses on the variable news defined at the bottom of the function. The results are distinct from those returned for the top-level news.
There are many other editor features worth learning, but we'll get back to those later in this tutorial, after we try out the debugger.


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Program 1262
Hosted by Greg Gordon and produced with Lucia Chappelle
"NewsWrap": Russian Orthodox Church fundamentalists attack peaceful Pride-seeking LGBT demonstrators in Moscow, while a St. Petersburg judge rules that city officials can not ban public LGBT events before they happen as violations of the recently-enacted "gay propaganda" law; in the first U.S. federal appeals court level ruling on the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a unanimous 3-judge panel of the First Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Boston declares the measure unconstitutional, while the Supreme Court in the Australian state of New South Wales approves listing a gay male couple as the two parents on the birth certificate of a child born to them through surrogacy; Nepal's government announces that it will soon allow transgender citizens to choose "other" rather than just "male" or "female" on official I.D. cards, while Yonlada Suanyos becomes Thailand's first openly transgender elected official; a New York state appeals court judge, citing a "tremendous evolution of social attitudes," rules that being falsely identified as gay no longer constitutes slander, while a fellow "Teletubby" finally refutes the late Rev. Jerry Falwell's infamous claim that the purple "magic bag" carrying "Tinky Winky" was gay (written by GREG GORDON with thanks to REX WOCKNER, produced by STEVE PRIDE, and reported this week by WENZEL JONES and JENN MAHONEY) [10:18] + Billboard for the queer youth play & panel and "In The Family" features
AUSTRALIA's first "out," first Asian cabinet member, Finance Minister PENNY WONG, has avoided being the country's loudest voice for marriage equality, even though she and her partner have an infant daughter. But Wong is no shrinking violet either. A witheringly honest, televised exchange between her and the Opposition's Shadow Treasurer JOE HOCKEY on the show "Q&A" was heralded by many as a watershed moment in national politics
A production from MINNESOTA's only pan-Asian performing arts organization called "Edith Can Shoot Things and Hit Them" was followed by a queer youth of color community forum at Augsburg College in MINNEAPOLIS to help frame a conversation about what can be done until "It Gets Better." "This Way Out" correspondent Dixie Treichel (from "Fresh Fruit" on KFAI-FM/Minneapolis-St. Paul) caught up with some of the participants and put together a collage of comments that include "Edith Can Shoot Things and Hit Them" director RANDY REYES and actor ALEX GALICK, and queer youth panelists JASON JACKSON, GILBERT ACHAY, MARIA KAMENSKA, and XAY YANG . [www.muperformingarts.org]
Critics have compared it to the classic "To Kill a Mockingbird," so why might audiences not like writer/producer/director/star PATRICK WANG's "IN THE FAMILY"? The subject matter is not easy, focusing on its gay Asian non-biological father's battle over parental rights in the Deep South. But "This Way Out's" STEVE PRIDE found that the characters and their story took hold of him and would not let go (with comments by the filmmaker, audio clips, and brief outro music from "Father Figure" performed by GEORGE MICHAEL)[www.inthefamilythemovie.com]
© KFAI, 1808 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454 Tel: 612-341-3144


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After being activated off the physically unable to perform list on Friday, wide receiver Santonio Holmes practiced with the New York Jets Monday for the first time since suffering a Lisfranc injury last September.
According to Ian Begley of ESPNNewYork.com, Holmes looked "smooth cutting on the field" though he wasn't running at full speed. Holmes also went through pregame warmups with the Jets prior to their preseason game against the New York Giants but Monday was his first chance to take part since being activated.
Holmes has been somewhat tentative about his status and whether he'll be ready for the Jets' season opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. However, returning to practice is a good step toward being able to return to action sooner than later.
Holmes caught 20 passes for 272 yards and a touchdown in just four games last season for the Jets.


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Here's a nice quantification of the effects of U.S. fiscal stimulus from Deutsche Bank. Already the GDP-growth boost has begun to wane as stimulus programs wind down, but the real effect of lost stimulus will start to hit in Q1 of next year.
We'll then have a straight four quarters of fiscal drag. Yes everyone has been saying this in vague terms, but this is an attempt to put an exact figure on just what the effect might be:
Deutsche Bank:
Despite the extensions and the large amount of funds still to be spent, we estimate that the boost to GDP growth is set to fall to neutral this summer, turn negative in the fall, and become a noticeable drag on growth in 2011. Chart 2 shows the estimated boost to the level of GDP based on the tax and spending multipliers we discussed above. This boost peaks in 2010Q3 and then starts to decline. This impact on the level of GDP is translated into growth rate terms in Chart 3. The estimated drag on GDP growth during 2011 averages about 1 percentage point. Discretionary government spending (investment in infrastructure, etc.) continues to boost growth through the end of this year, but is more than offset in Q4 by the drag from revenues and entitlement spending. All components of the program diminish growth in 2011.
However, it should be noted that Deutsche's Peter Hooper expects our latest round of quantitative easing to provide a boost to GDP, enough to help buoy the economy through 2013:
(Via Deutsche Bank, Impact of QE2, Peter Hooper, 4 November 2010)
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|Powered by QM on a Linux server
KnowledgeBase 00082: Setting QMBasic Compiler Options
In its default form, QM follows the general concepts of the "Information style" products initially defined by Prime Information and subsequently adopted by PI/open and, to some extent, UniVerse/Unidata in their default modes.
This article summarises some of the features available to improve compatibility with other multivalue products.
The $MODE compiler directive enables various language features. Most of these can, if the developer wishes, be enabled for just part of a program module but it is more usual to apply mode settings over the entire program.
See the QM Reference Manual for full details of the mode settings. Some of the more important ones are:
This compiler directive makes string comparisons case insensitive. Unlike $MODE which can appear anywhere in a program, affecting compilation from that point forwards, $NOCASE.STRINGS must appear before the first executable statement and applies to the entire program.
The $BASIC.OPTIONS Record
Although the compiler directives described above could be inserted separately into each program module, QM provides an easy way to define the modes just once in a record named $BASIC.OPTIONS.
If there is a $BASIC.OPTIONS record in the file holding the program source, this record applies to all programs in that file.
If there is no $BASIC.OPTIONS record in the program source file but there is one in the VOC file, this is used to set compiler options.
In either case, use of
$MODE DEFAULTin the program source code will revert to the default option settings of the compiler.
The $BASIC.OPTIONS record has an X in field 1 to comply with VOC record formats. The remaining fields contain various options to control the behaviour of the compiler. The more important ones are:
Related Articles


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WallShadow wrote:First, does it expose the name you signed up with to others? I need the certificate to be addressed to my name, but you guys have no need to know my name.
Second, if you are planning to start as a group, what date are you expecting to start by?
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 0 guests


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Thursday November 8, 2012
Jermaine Jackson has opted to change his famous name to something a little snappier, court records have shown.
The older brother of pop king Michael has filed a petition to change his surname to "Jacksun" for artistic reasons. He didn't reveal and further details about the decision.
Jermaine has recently been touring with his brothers and promoting a book about their late sibling, titled You Are Not Alone.
His petition will be heard in a Los Angeles court on February 22.
Image: © Getty


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Press Release
From: Goddard Space Flight Center
Posted: Wednesday, May 9, 2012
NASA researchers have flown off on a campaign that is taking them into the heart of thunderstorm country.
The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign is using an airport in Salina, Kan., as a base to explore the impact of large thunderstorms on the concentration of ozone and other substances in the upper troposphere.
The campaign is being led by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and NASA.
"Thunderstorms provide a mechanism for rapid lifting of air from the surface to higher altitudes in a matter of minutes to hours," said James Crawford of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Va., and a member of the mission's scientific steering committee.
"This allows molecules that are short-lived and more abundant near the surface to be transported to the upper troposphere in amounts that could not happen under normal atmospheric conditions," he said.
Complex process
Additional chemical impacts come from the production of nitrogen oxides by lightning, but the details of these processes are not well understood.
The troposphere is the lowest part of the atmosphere, extending from the ground up to an average depth of 11 miles in the middle latitudes. It contains about 80 percent of the atmosphere's mass and 99 percent of its water vapor. This region is important because water vapor, ozone, cirrus clouds and particles such as dust contribute to the amount of radiation -- heat -- allowed in and out of the atmosphere, and have a direct impact on the climate system.
"We tend to associate thunderstorms with heavy rain and lightning, but they also shake things up at the top of cloud level," said NCAR scientist Chris Cantrell, a DC3 principal investigator. "Their impacts high in the atmosphere have effects on climate that last long after the storm dissipates." Flights cover several states
During the mission, a NASA DC-8 carrying more than 20 instruments measuring scores of substances will make far-reaching flights out of Salina in coordination with a network of ground-based radar, lightning antenna stations and instrumentation in Colorado, Oklahoma and Alabama. The aircraft's home is Dryden Flight Research Center.
The DC-8 is flying in tandem with the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V, a higher-flying aircraft able to more consistently reach the altitudes where outflow from deep convection deposits material.
The DC-8 will sample outflow when possible, but more importantly will focus on lower altitude inflow conditions, and on pre- and post-storm changes in how material is distributed with altitude. Its range will also enable it to sample outflow downwind of storms to examine chemical changes induced by the lifted material.
The principal investigators are from NCAR, Pennsylvania State University and Colorado State University, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and numerous university and partners and international collaborators. German scientists will bring yet a third plane, a Dassault Falcon.
The DC3 mission is related to another airborne campaign examining the role of deep convection in transporting material from the surface to the upper atmosphere. The DC-8 and Gulfstream-V will both participate in the Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS) mission that will take place in August and September this year from a base in Thailand.
// end //
More news releases and status reports or top stories.
Please follow SpaceRef on Twitter and Like us on Facebook.
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So, in last blog post I gave small introduction to my current project that I am working on. In this blog I want to release the first version of my current project. You can grab it from here: http://www.pradsprojects.com/despair.html
So, this piece of software that I wrote is a system to write portable programs. It has its own programming language and the program that are compiled can be executed using a Virtual Machine. The system isn't mature and lot of things are lacking but I hope to develop it further in the future.
Let me talk a little about how this system works. You write a program using its programming language (here's the documentation of programming language: http://www.pradsprojects.com/despairLanguageDocumentation/index.html) then compile it using compiler tool that I have written. The compiler generates a file with '.dbin' extension which can be executed using the Virtual Machine.
I have created a small IDE for developing program for this system which you can download it from the project site (the one that I gave you on the top). IDE consist of editor to write and manage source code (which is fairly basic at the moment, no syntax highlighting for the moment sorry), a compiler to compile the source code and a virtual machine to run the compiled file.
Alternately, if you don't want to create programs for the system but want to run program created by others, you're going to have to download the VM from the project site. There are two types of VM for Windows OS: interpreter version and JIT version (Dynamic Recompiler). The JIT version is faster than interpreter version though I am still not very happy with the JIT performance, I think it can be improved more. I will port the JIT version to Linux later.
I want to create the Virtual Machine for various different platforms like android, iOS, MacOS etc so that the program written using despairLanguage can be run in different platforms. Currently the VM works in Windows and Linux.
P.S: The software is open source and is on github. Links are on the project site.


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DULUTH, Minn. — Duluth police say a car crash led to an officer-involved shooting that killed a 26-year-old man.
Police say the driver had fled after the single-vehicle crash happened just before 2 a.m. Tuesday. Two officers responded to an address where the car owner lived, and one officer encountered a man outside with a handgun.
Police say both officers shouted at the man to comply, but when the officers tried to take him into custody he reached for the area where the gun was located. Both officers fired their guns.
The man, who lived in Duluth, died at the scene. His name was not immediately released.
One officer has been with the department 5 years and the other 4 years. Neither was hurt. Both will be placed on standard paid administrative lead.


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Event box
Find it, use it, cite it: An introduction to referencing
Harvard referencing is a vital part of preparing assignments, reports, reflective analysis and dissertations for assessment. This session is intended to provide learners with a basic understanding of the principles of in-text citations and the compilation of a reference list or bibliography and practical experience of using referencing.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the session:
Understand the importance of referencing and why it has to be done
Students will have gained experience of using the Harvard referencing system to produce references from a range of resources.
Know where to find support to help reference material after the workshop
Related LibGuide: Workshop: Harvard Referencing by Aaron Burrell
- Date:
- Wednesday, February 28, 2018
- Time:
- 2:00pm - 3:00pm
- Location:
- Campus:
- University of Suffolk Ipswich
- Categories:
- Referencing


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Shape Up NYC: Stretch, Tone and Balance
Thursday, April 10, 2014
9:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m.
This event repeats every week on Thursday between 2/6/2014 and 6/19/2014.
Please note: This event has already taken place. Please use the Search options on the right to find upcoming events.
McDonald Park House is Staten Island's home of Shape Up NYC! Take part in 14 fitness classes per week for free.
Stretch, Tone and Balance is a moderate, heart-pumping workout that strengthens and lengthens muscles and improves imbalance.
McDonald Park House in Austin J. McDonald Playground
Directions to this location
Staten Island
Event Organizer
Shape Up NYC


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Warning: By law we cannot sell this product to anyone under 18, by placing an order with us you are confirming that you are over the age of 18.
Pillivuyt Porcelain Eared Oval Dish 20cm, White
This is a specialist veterinary product. We will ask you a simple set of questions to confirm that you are buying the correct medicine for your pet and know how to use it safely
Order by 3pm for Express Courier Delivery Some of the items we sell are a bit too bulky to fit on our delivery vans so we offer our customers Express Courier Delivery via courier. Deliveries are made from 8am - 8pm Monday to Saturday and 9am - 5pm on Sundays. Your delivery slot will only be confirmed once your order has been placed.
High quality, classic white porcelain Pillivuyt Oval Eared Dish.
The "crème de la crème" of porcelain bake-ware, we invite you to discover the chic functionality that is Pillivuyt ovenware. Internationally known for even heat conduction, versatility and durability, the classic beauty of Pillivuyt ovenware flows seamlessly from oven to table.
Dimensions and Details
Dimensions 20 x 11.5cm
Made from: French Porcelain
Free from lead and cadmium
Made in France
Care and Use
Microwave safe - the non-porous nature of porcelain allows the microwaves to focus their attention on the food rather than the porcelain.
Thermal shock resistant - withstands temperatures between -25°C and 300°C, and can be transferred directly from freezer to oven or microwave.
Freezer Safe.
Oven Safe.
Dishwasher Safe.
Resistant to scratching and chipping.
Easy to clean as well as safe surface to eat from (the non-porous characteristics of porcelain prevent food from absorption).
About The Brand
Founded in the heart of France, Pillivuyt has been preserving the incomparable know-how of its master porcelain makers for over 200 years.
Today, Pillivuyt is one of the oldest and most prestigious brands of French porcelain. In 1818, Jean Louis Richard Pillivuyt established our porcelain factory, which still bears his name today. Currently, the Pillivuyt factory produces and manufactures traditional and timeless porcelain, according to the highest standards of quality.
Pillivuyt has been able to evolve with traditions and customs, and has created items for both table and cooking which meet the requirements of the most demanding users in terms of practicality, longevity and design.


text: During a school year in which a gifted teacher who emphasizes personal responsibility among his fifth graders ends up in a coma from a thrown snowball, his students come to terms with their own issues and learn to be forgiving. Told in short chapters organized month-by-month in the voices of seven students, often describing the same incident from different viewpoints, this weaves together a variety of not-uncommon classroom characters and situations: the new kid, the trickster, the social bully, the super-bright and the disaffected; family clashes, divorce and death; an unwed mother whose long-ago actions haven't been forgotten in the small-town setting; class and experiential differences. Mr. Terupt engineers regular visits to the school's special-needs classroom, changing some lives on both sides. A "Dollar Word" activity so appeals to Luke that he sprinkles them throughout his narrative all year. Danielle includes her regular prayers, and Anna never stops her hopeful matchmaking. No one is perfect in this feel-good story, but everyone benefits, including sentimentally inclined readers. (Fiction. 9-12)


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Grambling State University, in responding to criticism of an e-mail policy that, it says, does not even exist, has ended up provoking a much bigger controversy over the policies it acknowledges having on the books.
In denying complaints by free-speech advocacy groups that it had imposed unconstitutional restrictions on its students' use of its e-mail system for political speech, Grambling cited on Wednesday its policies governing the use of its e-mail system by its employees. The advocacy groups ended up objecting to those far more.
In a joint statement issued Wednesday, the American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana and the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, known as FIRE, urged Grambling to immediately revise the e-mail policies it had cited. The groups argued that those policies violate Grambling employees' First Amendment rights and threaten to chill speech on the campus by leaving employees at risk of being disciplined if others somehow find their e-mails offensive.
The controversy originated with an e-mail sent to Grambling students by the university's media-relations office in July. It said: "Individuals who receive political campaign solicitations via university email are advised to delete these emails upon receipt. DO NOT FORWARD campaign solicitations using university email as this implies your support for the candidate and may be viewed as utilizing university resources for solicitation purposes, a violation of university and state policy."
Vanessa Littleton, a spokeswoman for the historically black public university, said on Wednesday that the purported student policy that the advocacy groups initially objected to was actually a directive to staff members that was accidentally distributed to students.
A student brought the media-relations office's e-mail to the attention of FIRE, which challenged the policy the e-mail described in a letter to Grambling's president, Frank G. Pogue. The letter, dated September 1, argued that the restriction described in the e-mail violates the First Amendment's free-speech protections and goes beyond any limitations imposed by Louisiana law, which, FIRE said, does not limit the right of students or faculty members who are not classified employees to solicit political contributions from one another.
"With the elections just weeks away, Grambling must act now to restore its students' and faculty members' rights," Will Creeley, director of legal and public advocacy for FIRE, said in a statement issued last week.
Grambling did not respond to the letter from FIRE until Wednesday, when it issued a statement that said Grambling "does not prohibit students or employees from political expression."
The statement went on to quote the university's formal e-mail policy for employees. It states that the e-mail system "shall not be used for the creation or distribution of any disruptive or offensive messages, including offensive comments about race, gender, hair color, disabilities, age, sexual orientation, pornography, religious beliefs and practice, political beliefs, or national origin." The policy urges employees who receive any offensive e-mail with such content from another employee to "report the matter to their supervisor immediately," and goes on to say that employees also are forbidden from using Grambling's e-mail system to send jokes or chain letters.
FIRE and the Louisiana ACLU responded with a statement leveling a host of criticisms at the cited policy. Among them, the statement said: "It is not clear what constitutes an 'offensive message,' nor how anyone will know whether someone else will take offense at any particular message." The statement adds, "Most 'offensive messages' are fully protected by the First Amendment," rendering the university's prohibition "impermissibly overbroad and vague."
Along similar lines, the statement said, the university lacks any constitutional authority to ban e-mailed jokes, and its policy does not contain any clear definition of a joke or chain e-mail, "leaving students and faculty to guess at what content is and is not forbidden" and having "to ponder the sense of humor of each recipient."
The statement argues that, by relying on undefined or vague terms like "offensive," the university policy grants administrators there "unbridled discretion to censor or punish protected speech."
Ms. Littleton said the university did not yet have a response to the additional concerns that FIRE and the Louisiana ACLU have raised. She did say, however, that the university is reviewing the policies in question "to make sure they reflect the university's intent."
Schools: Grambling State University Cases: Grambling State University: Ban on Core Political Expression


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