text: Dorr: The Impact of the 2012 Election on Regulatory Reform and International Trade December 13, 2012 04:34 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Farm Journal Editors Email Farm Journal Forum Thursday, December 6, 2012 Washington, D.C. By Thomas C. Dorr, president of Thomas C. Dorr & Associates, a firm that specializes in the development of food and agricultural trade, both domestic and international, with a specific focus on China Thanks for the kind introduction. The Forum really gained traction under the leadership of Sonja Hillgren and now has become an ag policy holiday legacy in D.C. I've attended a number of them over the years, mostly as an observer trying to gain knowledge. It's a privilege and honor to join you on this side of the podium, but I must warn you I insisted they place me before lunch rather than after lest I risk putting you to sleep. I've been asked to speak on the impact of the election on regulatory reform and trade. Let me begin by saying that I don't have a crystal ball. That said, the challenges in both these areas are primarily political, not technical. In both areas, at the level of high platitude, it is easy to say the right thing. But the devil is in the details... navigating the maze of cross- agendas, hidden agendas, interest group pressures and interest group vetoes, and, sometimes, the need to balance short-term costs with long-term benefits. A lot of political leaders talk the talk. They don't necessarily walk the walk. At a very high level of abstraction, there IS a common denominator to the political struggles over regulatory reform and trade. This is simply the tension between those who trust the capacity of free people, acting voluntarily through free markets, to make generally good decisions...versus those who believe deeply, as a reflexive default option, that free choice and free markets are untrustworthy, and that expert guidance and control through regulation is a better approach. It would be an overstatement to reduce that tension to an absolute either-or position on either side. Free marketers generally acknowledge a role for regulatory safeguards, and regulators more often than not pay lip service to markets. Again, the devil is in the details, hidden somewhere in the shades of gray. So: what can one say about the election? Clearly, whatever else was at stake … and a lot was … this election was not fought out at the national level on issues of agricultural or trade policy. There were scattered congressional districts where ag issues played big, but they were few and far between. So I am not sure that we saw a mandate emerging on either side of ag issues. And frankly, with Democrats retaining the White House and the Senate, and Republicans retaining the House of Representatives, the same political gridlock that existed on November 5 still exists today. As you have probably noticed, as we hurtle towards the fiscal cliff … but let's not drift off topic. Nevertheless, President Obama is still at the wheel. So I would suggest, with regard to regulatory issues, that if you want more oversight and regulation in the day- to- day use of your time producing agriculture and food products, as well as oversight in how they are processed, distributed, and consumed, you will be delighted with the administration's view of regulatory reform. If, on the other hand, you're inclined to believe that our basic system of laws, property rights and their accompanying responsibilities, ongoing peer pressure and the more traditional impact of social mores are reasonably effective, then you will probably be sympathetic to those in Congress who are seeking to restrain the regulatory juggernaut that the current administration clearly embraces. How that will play out politically, I don't know. Collectively, I suspect you are all better equipped to evaluate this than I, so I'll leave the regulatory reform prognosis at that. INTERNATIONAL TRADE With regard to the question posed as to what impact the election will have on international trade—particularly food and agriculture trade—again, probably not much...although, I would suggest, for different reasons. Again, at the level of high platitudes, both parties are committed to an expansion of U.S. exports. Both parties recognize that agriculture is one of the bright spots in the U.S. trade balance. The election was billed by both parties as a referendum on the economy and job growth. While agriculture was not a central focus, the growth of ag exports was and is recognized by both parties as an area of opportunity. But again, the devil is in the details. Much to my consternation, there was considerable demagoguery, by both parties, of China, our trade relationships with her, as well as that of other emerging economies. The special-interest pressures kept crowding in. Any suggestion of free trade and the aggressive reduction of existing trade barriers tends to be portrayed as stimulating outsourcing, which is assumed to automatically result in job loss. No trustworthy politician wishes to appear collegial to that issue. Since the election the fear of the fiscal cliff has shifted the debate to how to increase tax rates/revenue (depending on how you define it) and subsequently grow government. Again, the importance and value of trade to the growth of the economy and the ability to grow jobs does not appear to be on anyone's public agenda. Yet I would suggest that this oversight, at least with regard to agriculture, may be as much our responsibility as that of those we've elected. Why? Because, we've not focused on, or developed a real appreciation of, the accelerating growth of the global middle class. If we assume continued growth of the global middle class, and I do, than the food and agriculture trade opportunities are exciting and imposing. Further, there simply is no way we can access these opportunities without aggressively engaging in trade and trade policy….and it's not difficult to justify. Here is why. 95% of the world's population lives outside the U.S. It is a very old observation that Americans tend to be a bit self-centered, perhaps inward-looking, and therefore tend to overlook many self-evident facts. This is one of those most significant facts! Significant logistic and technology changes are taking and have taken place over the past 7 to 10 years, which completely restructure the costs of exporting and importing value-added, high-quality food stuffs. We must recognize that during the period of 1990 through 2009, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, over 1billion people have migrated into the global middle class ($20,000 purchasing power parity per household). I don't know if Secretary Vilsack brought along his slides from the Foreign Agricultural Service, but if he did, he will tell you the same story. Further, by 2020 another 1billion people will have made a similar transition into the middle class. In China alone, a recent report from the Boston Consulting Group pointed out, by 2020 nearly 290 million people will have emigrated into the affluent social class, defined as possessing individual annual incomes of $20,000 to $1,000,000 per person. That is an affluent sector in China almost as large as the entire U.S. That's individual income; for this affluent group, it equates to minimum household income of $38,000. Yet for all this there is, in my opinion, little truly serious debate about these growing economies and how we can grow our economy through trade. The old European Union, with perhaps the exception of Germany, is a great example of how countries can become insular and overlooked these opportunities. The old EU has focused on designing programs to provide social benefits with minimal risk, protect jobs, and drive policy common denominators regarding trade, technology, and social agendas in such a way as to insulate themselves from competitive pressures. They've lost the growth, innovation, and entrepreneur battle. They are still affluent today, thanks to legacy investments, but they will lose the future. CAN THE U.S. AVOID THESE PITFALLS? The question is, can the U.S. avoid similar results without reinvigorating and elevating the policy debates surrounding trade? The present administration has paid great lip serviced to doubling U.S. exports of all goods by 2015. To do that will require a commitment to developing transparent, defensible, and consistent trade policies. Has it? To develop these policies will require significant political support and a depth of commitment and understanding regarding the value of trade. In recent years, I would suggest, agriculture, itself, has not conveyed this kind of commitment nor sense of appreciation to the long-term value, benefit, and necessity of trade to our industry. The significant price gains attained over the past five years for oilseeds and grains were driven by the emergence of a robust middle class largely in East and South Asia. Although early trade policy and market development efforts were essential, I don't think it is dismissive of these efforts to suggest the more recent robust gains were as much a result of rapidly increasing demand driven by exponential and unprecedented growth in the global middle -class. The volumes required and the price scope of this new demand for energy and improved diets were largely unpredicted. The meat, poultry, and dairy industries are benefitting from this new demand. They are working to expand their international market presence. Yet much of their initial response to increased prices for protein meal and grain has been to focus inwardly. They and many of their customers lashed out at price gains of feed materials which were driven by energy demand. Their business models weren't and in many cases are still not designed to accommodate these emerging global middle-class expectations. The Obama administration was slow to complete the passage of the Panamanian, South Korean, and Colombian free-trade agreements. They did not get serious about their passage until after the 2010 elections. Even agriculture was slow at best, and reluctant at worst, to push aggressively for their passage. Again, this related to the perception of how passage of the FTA's would impact U.S. job growth, as opposed to looking at what is clearly a growing economic pie. Now the discussion has begun with regard to the Trans-Pacific Partnership and an EU/U.S. FTA proposals. It appears most ag-policy leaders are already in the trenches staking out what should or should not be accommodated—if ag is to support the proposed FTAs. My observation is that, as opposed to developing strategies for new opportunities, we tend to fight last year's battles. That doesn't seem to be a sound strategy. We need to stay focused on the big picture. We've not done a very good job of that. And by "we," I mean all of us, the ag community, as well as traditional political and policy leaders.. Since the passage of the agriculture agreement, which was part of the Uruguay Round GATT agreement, and the first- ever major broad international agricultural trade agreement, our commitment to these policy discussions has been worn down by a multitude of failed discussions and agreements, topped off with a host of new non-tariff trade barriers and santiary and phytosanitary issues. But if we are going to participate in this exciting new global food and agricultural trade opportunity, we must step back, regroup, rethink, and reposition ourselves with respect to the importance and value of food and agricultural trade. This is just starting to occur. While I was at the U.S. Grains Council, we, in conjunction with our Tokyo FAS colleagues, Geoff Wiggin, still with FAS, and Jeff Nawn, now with DuPont Pioneer, initiated a research study entitled FOOD 2040. It is on the Grains Council and FAS websites. I urge you to download and read it. Its purpose was to illuminate the opportunities and challenges confronting agriculture and food, particularly in East and South Asia, over the next 30 years. I've gleaned three basic insights from the study. When reading it you may define others, that is the beauty of the study. 95% of the world's population lives outside the U.S. We pay lip service to this realization. The question is whether we will seriously acknowledge this simple fact and make the effort to define the new policies and business models necessary to capture the opportunities. We must begin by redefining the meaning of food security. Historically, food security has been defined as "self-sufficiency,", particularly among economically and politically challenged countries. There was logic for that. But in today's world economy, driven by cheap technology along with the mass and inexpensive movement of knowledge, as well as goods and services, it is no longer justified. The most effective and inexpensive means of obtaining food security is through free trade. We know that and we pay lip service to it, but our goal must be that of enabling food security through free trade. We must develop trade policies around new market definitions. Among other things, this will challenge U.S. leadership in several areas. Our technologies and systems are often built around 20th-century legacy systems. New markets and newly emerging middle- class economies will build on their own expansive needs. It is not assured that the new opportunities can be shoe-horned into our legacy production, processing, marketing, and distribution systems. Our food industry was built on and led by domestic consumer demand, in the context of a relatively sparse population and an abundance of natural resources. This resulted in the development of a commodity grain and oilseed sector, which allowed for the build out of an efficient commodity animal protein sector— – which in turn drove the development of an ever- evolving processing, branding, marketing, distribution, and food safety system. The newly emerging middle-class markets don't have the luxury of sparse populations, adequate resources, and the time to replicate the evolution of our 150-year agriculture and food system miracle. More significantly, their economies have been led by industrial production for export—which in turn generates economic growth and income to be used for the consumption of higher- quality foods and energy and other goods and services. They have built these economies on a more aggressive urbanization model and dissimilar to that of the U.S. Yet they have created substantial wealth and purchasing power. They cannot replicate our system. But they will have the resources to buy what they need. They will build a system to accommodate their demands for nutrition, taste, food safety, distribution, dietary requirements, and convenience… on their own terms, within their own regulatory systems, to which we will have to respond if we wish to serve these markets. What these three points suggest is that if we are to succeed in these markets, we must rethink, recommit, and reposition ourselves, to new types of trade policies which are sustainable and effective. CONCLUSION: WE MUST REASSESS So, as I wrap up, I would like to inject a few observations and facts about the China food and agriculture market. It is where the strongest new demand exists. By all accounts, particularly those coming from the FOOD 2040 study, China is who will drive these markets for the next 25 to 30 years. If we learn how to navigate this market, the U.S. food and ag community will be a competitive global force for several more decades. This is a significant opportunity for U.S. agriculture, perhaps the equivalent of two to four ethanol opportunities. The following facts help identify the scope of the challenges and the opportunities. As I already stated, the Boston Consulting Group just released a report indicating that by 2020 China's affluent class will approximate nearly 290 million people. China is now internally acknowledging that Chinese food security will most likely be secured by solid trade relationships. Yet if you don't listen carefully, you'll miss this. According to a spokesman from one of the think tanks which report directly to China's Standing Committee as reported in either Xinhua or the China Daily News, China's grain production in 2012 will have increased for the ninth straight year. That is significant and impressive. Yet urbanization is the engine driving their economic and social growth. As such, they acknowledge that 50% of world soybean exports will be shipped to China. JUST THINK ABOUT THAT! Would a statement like that have been considered 10 years ago by Chinese leaders? That is a major change in their public dialogue on this issue. Another source suggests that in 2012/13 China may import nearly 60 MMT of corn, rice, and wheat. I haven't been able to verify the quote. It is a sizable number, if true, and a major positive shift in China's Ffood Ssecurity policies. China is actively developing an overseas corn supply chain. They have or are in the process of negotiating corn supply agreements with Argentina, South. Africa, and the Ukraine. China's corn imports in 2011/12 have been 5.5 MMT By 2015 they will be from 10 to 20 MMT and more likely 20 MMT Who will become the major China corn supplier? Probably the U.S. But who will become our major competitor in the raw corn market? Probably the Ukraine. They've figured out how to scale production from 3.6 MMT in 2001 to 22.5 MMT in 2011. Their corn acreage in 2012 may have reached 4.4 M hectares. Ukrainian corn is cheaper than U.S., upward of US$30 MT, and cheaper than Argentinian by US$3 MT Dec. 2012 delivery. No GM corn supposedly out of the Ukraine. 1Q 2012 Ccorn imports to Japan U.S. 1.5 MMT Brazil, ArgentinaRgy, Ukraine, and others 1.18 MMT So the bottom line is this: The opportunity is enormous. So is the competition. And the question is whether we have our eyes on the prize, or are looking inward, in the great American tradition of navel-gazing. Is U.S. trade policy, as currently framed, adequate to secure an ongoing major role for U.S. producers and the entirety of the food sector in these new emerging global markets? Should we not get serious about our policies and how we may or may not compete in these new global markets?Or are we going to allow domestic interest group vetoes to stall progress across the board? Are we going to focus on growth, which means looking to free trade to access growing foreign markets, or are we going to focus on domestic redistribution, in the context of a mature, slow- growing domestic market? And to win the free trade battle, are we willing to commit to competitive excellence, or will we adopt tax and regulatory policies that place ever-increasing burdens on producers? Finally, if we are willing to address these issues, will we be willing to commit policy, economic support, time, and leadership resources to the development of this new world trade order…..or in the final analysis will we simply elevate an old playbook designed to protect legacy systems as opposed to elevating our traditional American genius for innovation and entrepreneurship?. Those are the questions. And remember: it is easy to talk the talk. But pay close attention to who walks the walk. Thank you. Back to news


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Using Comment Moderation to Evaluate and Reply to Your Students
This is a guest post by VoiceThread Certified Educator Curtis Izen. In my online and f2f business information courses, I use VoiceThread for a variety of assignments. This includes an "ice breaker", transforming discussion boards, group PowerPoint and using individual research assignments to be shared for the entire class to learn from. This semester, … Continued

subset: commoncrawl


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tof tffle c.4bolwj watchhair year two dollars paynble in ..- paid in advance two dollars '■".., be charged i!'.vce"^||]st.rted.*ii 1 for the first and 2o co " ( c subsequent insertion courtorders r 7 ;, higher than these rales a lib j 7 those who advertise by the year editor must be post paid ■■" ■; plank roads v joseph b wake engineering vj,.c to those proposing lo build a 1 i |» first ami foremost to obtain the ' | ,. uood engineer and give no heed ''' ',' ' nts of many that an engineer is liv — arguing that the cosl is . unlit t ""'.' d " ' ,, and may mure profitably be used a,"ru ion of the road f a large ■!,,. stockholders of any proposed line i wjin such opinions il is frequently i tn intelligent advocate of a thorough , • • rnurse to urge such a course — es out ul len some ignorant and lari without a panicle of practical or jca skill or knowledge preposses ;, 0f lhe mass with the supposition j j-moti hand can " lay plank road '■' (, is the case lhe friends of a judi , ,. d belter withhold their money ile ihemselvea to the loss of a large , , *, -• i old in iowa recently built opposition aed to the employment of an engineer ! . esi irieuds of the road and the ! locliholder an engineer by profession ' * "• sd|endid f*ili ies off-red his services '■they were declined a portion , i vera sleep hill while al a distance ,', , hundred feel a lieauiilul asce.ni offered ! ' it bed va small stream that descen ie rear ofthe bill instead of adopt , ruu*p that science pointed out to pre j ,._,!,: line and as they staled cheap i k was crossed by a bridge eighty ; and i lie road carried over the brow ; , with a grade of one in ten in some , i'he result is that five thousand or six i nf dollars have been squandered and the ' rf oearl worthless as an evidence how i v nj profitableness of plank roads this i ill landing its clumsy construction j _ was'e of money has as we are informed ' leller irom the president of tbe company u a dividend of twenty live percent in our liaiaiea e include " engineering as a por nol lhe expense and allow enough so as to n ire tht services of thorough bred engineers , chain curriers or rod men n<r sub con mors on other roads passing themselves up j lie public where ihey are not known as .. engineers pay well and have good en n,.,.r7 and money will be saved another point of vital importance is a right grade no poin i involves the question of utility to r public ni'ire fully than thai of proper grade is ili'-rel'ore very important in laying out a , nk 11 id in selecl thai route having the st even surface the advantages ofa plank , | mat be entirely lost it in laying out the ,. . lue i egaid is nol paid to the grade it ,, mechanique industiielle we find jiw giving the relative resistance irom fric is fur wheels in motion on a plane as foi ts osiroadof saud and gravel one sixteenth ibe load oo a broken stone road in good order one fenleenth of ihe load du u broken stone road in ordinary condi d,one i wen ty filth of lhe load un i fiavcmt'iii one filty fourth of a load oo sawed oak plank one ninety-eighth ofa i'i t in aide memoir de mecanique we i ibe experiment of moi in elaborately de ■[ is follows : rof'heroad carts with trucks dili large of two gences wheels tons small wheels five tons ' covered with grav s'e inches ihick 1-12 1-9 1-8 i wni gravel 1-16 1-11 1-10 idwlideanh road 1-41 1-29 1-2c th macadamized v 1.75 1.55 1.48 " md dusty road 1 -.">:, 1-38 1-34 vj 1-38 1-24 1-21 * - p ruts 1-19 1-14 1-2 nt 1-90 1-65 1-57 ■ii 1-69 1-5(1 1-44 ■1-98 1-68 1-64 riwii ihe diversity of opinion among writers the proper average estimate ofthe useful '"'-' ol a horse — by fixing ihe grade at one in wiyone and supposing the horse to be pass ■'■" rale of two miles per hour equal lo ! wife force of one hundred and sixty six ' v by placing ihe resistance at 1 go ol lhe i '' **• the common average we will lind the tof the horse lo be 2.700 pounds or 10 ! ; *• as the load ofa tour-horse team — ; tillers fixes the power of a horse al two | mids wiih a speed of two and a half ! 1*1 hour ; m sauver al one hundred and p j-nine pounds with a velocity of three i hour moore an english writer at | 1 pounds wiih a velocity of eight miies per continued for ten hours tredgold's ] e is or six hours niv per hour 100 pounds ■per hour 1*25 do * per hour 83 do , taper hour 413 2 3 do '"'!''' celebrated engineer irom expe . * n*1 fifty two teams or one hundred ' or horses sa\s : the mean force ' ") each horse is one hundred and six e round at two and a half miles per l , se experiments were faiily made , s,1s ol ihe common breed used l»y i ■•'.'■1 ( ' ' nese numbers may be considered a urate measure of the force actually . ' y norses at a plough and which they : h e'°do w'uhout injury for many weeks i'i'iuice required ofa horse in plough ' '■on a good plank road with a grade ! , il.v haul 3.2g0 pounds and with ' trtfo * y-one 2,500 pounds assuming \ '"; '^ resistance on a well laid plank , '' * 93 we have ihen a good founda ) estimates required this is cer ■* ' 6ry favorable view of the subject and i t ' "" road first comes into use re , bk j e modification lis best period we *» us'edi l brs surface of he l,l**"k has i lhe8 ons enough to reduce every thing *'■*< wild*"'1 degree °' b0'-di-y i'1 hardness * pine °' lncrea8e8 he resistance good yel fcioeioh • we lil-k ffe1 a resistance of rj j ci'press one in seventy-three "*•' sracle °* e -" wemy flb lj;uj **••' ol course determine the weight portion i \ re8.*8*ance from gravity being in ''* e size of ihe angle of inclination the carolina watchman j j brunee ) > keep a check upon all your editor 4 proprietor ) rulers ( new series uo this a!fd llbektt is safe < gen i harrison ( volume viii number 26 salisbury n c thursday october 30 185lt will be one twentieth of the weight lo which the lesistance from friction being added gives 94 1,^.00 or 643 10 000 ol the load forthe ag ! giejjate resistance in overcoming the ascent thus a weight of sixty four pounds suspend j ed over a pulley would drag 1,000 pounds fixed j upon wheels up an ascent of 1 in 21 upon a ■plank road we may assume that the resist ) ance from friction on the macadamized road ; compared with the plank road is as three to one or one tenth of the weight that the rises to wnich such roads have lo be accommodated \ are at times one to eiyht and we have one ! tenth tonne-eighth — eighteen-eightieths ofthe load for the general resistance one thousand '< pounds therefore to be drawn over such a road \ would require a weight of iwo hundred and twenty five pounds suspended over a pulley — ; the advantages possessed therefore by lhe plank road over the other would be as sixty lour pounds is lo two hundred and twenty-five j with a grade of one in twenty one six hor j ses or mules could draw sixty barrels of flour ] or thirty bales of hemp or cotton and by redu i cing lhe grade from one in twenty one to one j in thirty six mules or horses would be able lo draw seventy lour barrels of flour or thirly-se ven bales of hemp one thing should never be forgotten in lay j ing out grades namely : hat it is advisable and sometimes economy to make a detour of \ considerable extent or to cut through heavy j work rather than attempt to carry a road over an ascent of any great extent wherein the grade is under one in sixteen animals can by ex traordinary exertions draw a load up an as cent with a grade of one lo twelve and even under ; but is it not evident thai it is an impos sibility to convey a heavier load over lhe entire length of the road than can be dragged upon the steep accents hence the folly ol pursu | ing a pernicious course in the first sta^e of operations on a plank road seeing that an j easy ascent permits lhe passage of much hea vier loads than where the grade is unfavorable should a lew thousand dollars more be expen ded upon a good grade it will in the end prove the wisdom and propriety of such a course drainage after a good grade the next question of mo ment is complete and thorough drainage however excellent the grade and admirably weil performed the work on a road may be if ihe drainage is in complete much ofthe utility of ihp road is lost we urge it as a subject ol vital importance to drain well whatever the cost may lie to effect this let lhe ditches on either side of the road be al least lhree leet deep and with true slopes outlets for the water should be provided wherever a conven ient one can lie found let those outlets have as much descent as possible if the ditchings and outlets be efficient the plank will last much longer and the road be always in better condition where it is difficult on any particular side of the road to obtain an outlet run a culvert under the road if one can be found on the other side the object at all times should be to carry off every drop of rain which may fall on the road the centre ofthe road should be thrown up at least twenty-two inches — the cross section will exhibit a perfect i i ' p[pj!^tm if cross section of flank roads form of lhe road throw away the sods ; let no earth be used but what will afford a firm and solid foundation when it has settled let the light side of the road coming into town be selected as lhe side for planking — the face of the road between the ditches should be twenty feet wide eight feet for the plank and i twelve feet for the earth track when the ( road is evenly thrown up let it then be rolled with a heavy roller this can be made by taking a log three feet or so in thickness cut j it six or eight feet in length peel lhe bark off i and make it tolerably round ; then bore two \ holes two inches in diameter in the ends of the log as near the cenlre as possible ; hew out a pair of stout fils make two pins of dog j wood or ofan equally bard wood leaving heads to the pins bore a hole in each of lhe fils and mortice a cross bar into lhe fils iwo feet from the holes after driving the pin in the centre holes a team may be attached lo the fils or what is belter saw them so as to leave ihem but three fed in length and hitch your team to the middle of the cross bar after a tlmr ough rolling if any place requires more earth let it be supplied if sleepers are used let the ! trenches for them be four and a half feel apart and the sleeper lei it in so as to allow the plank to touch the earth a tendency is now marci j fested to set the use ofsleepers aside entirely for the reason lhat on solid ground they are of no use if any fastening can be used to keep the planks in place without them and in wet and mucky soils the sleepers commonly used are a positive injury from the vibration caused by passing teams this vibration causes a chur ning of the wet soil which is soon washed away from under lhe sleeper and causing a depression in the mad il is nol depth of slee per that is needed — it is width for bearing sleepers have only been useful for keeping the road in shape while il was settling they . add at least 8400 additional cost to the mile j without any adequate utility sufficient to war ' rant their use where ihey can be dispensed with in wet or soft places if the draining has been properly attended to we would recom i mend lhe use of a cheap kind of boards say j winding edge boards from nine lo fifteen inches wide and one to one and a half inches thick we prefer those from lhe fact that they will never vibrate in the ground and not having the depth lo settle that a sleeper has ihey there fore allow the planking at all times lo lay firm ly bedded in lhe soil eight feet has uniformly been deemed a suf j ficient width for roads in the eastern states we think il a mailer of doubt whether our hea vy western and southern teams of six horses or > mules and frequently six yoke of cattle will find this width a sufficient one particularly when ihey have to gel on the planking afier having had to turn off nine feel might we think answer the purpose from the preva lent opinion entertained by people at large that no skill is required to construct plank roads we anticipate much dissatisfaction in many sections from the ill-advised attempts of persons lo construct such roads without a proper con ception of their requirements we are sorry to see a senator in our legislature in a report otherwise able setting lorth this idea to secure a good road should be tbe aim of all interested and the chief requisite in a plank road being a good and well drained foundation every engineer should therefore feel the importance of this undertaking and endeavor to make his work a monument of skill and judgment rather than a clumsy thing for sen sible men to laugh at * il should be always understood that the loa ded team keeps the road and where two loaded teams meet the team going out from town is the only one that can turn off the track t^ie planked part ofa road should incline three in ches in the entire width of the planking no circumstances will justify laying a plank road in the centre of the roadway — first because in lhat event the plank would be level on the top whereas it is ol the utmost importance to have a slant to lead off the water — and se condly in wet weather especially the one wheel running off on the earth track finds less resistance to cutting than the other consequent ly the weight ofthe load being thrown on that wheel must necessarily increase the weight of the draft and soon cause the earth track to rut up and need repairs a double track is rarely required on any rout actual experience has demonstrated that any arrangement in the building of a plank road whereby the earth settles away from the plank allowing confined air lo exist underneath is latal to the durability ofa road if ihe plank is well bedded in the soil the period at which we may safely set down the duration ot a plank road is if of pine or other soft timber eight years ; oak it is thooghi will last two or three years longer the wear by abrasion is calculated at one fourth of an inch yearly and the plank will last till worn down to one and a quarter inches the plan is adopted in many places of turning the plank over after two or three years wear a slight covering of soil is useful on the plank ing and effectually avoids the dangers sugges ted of stippling of the animal in speaking of single and double tracks mr geddes the dis tinguished new york engineer observes — " great speculative objection was made in the start to but one track ; bul we have now tbe j entire community with us in deciding that on all ordinary roads one track is fully sufficient ihe reason is this : the travel in wet weather is entirely on the plank except lhe turning out of the the light teams ; but they seek the plank again as soon as they gel around the team met or overtaken so that the turn-out track is not cut with any continuous lengthwise ruts and perhaps the wheels of not one team in a hun dred turn-outs will strike the exact curve of another ; consequently in our experience our turn out track being well graded passing the water easily and rapidly from its surface re mains perfectly hard and smooth in concluding we think that we have in general terms shown the advantages of plank roads and believe thai we have shown from reliable data : 1 that plank roads are more easily and cheaply constructed than railroads 2 that ihey are more easily kept in repair are less perishable and yield larger and more certain returns than railroads lo the stockhold ers 3 that produce can be conveyed over them at least twenty-five per cent cheaper and with no greater loss of time than on a railroad 4 thai they are belter able to accommo date the country at large because they can be carried to almost every man's door 5 that irom the material and power used they are peculiarly adapted to our western and southern slales 6 that they create markets at home wher ever ihey reach adding to local wealth and pop ulation ; and generally that they are better adapted to an agricultural country from the fact that they can be constructed and kept in repair easily and lhat farmers and planters can own and manage them so as to make the transient travel pay the expenses of carrying their own produce to market and also to return a hand some dividend besides now in view of these facts and suggestions it must readily occur to every farmer wiihin a reasonable distance of the line of a plank road that he can better afford to take stock in such a company lhan any other of our industrial classes because he can more cheaply pay for his shares — by working them out on the road every head ofa family wiih his learns scrapers shovels and other implements which are al ways at hand in the cultivation dec of his farm could during those leisure limes which every one occasionally enjoys work out from one to a dozen shares according lo his force and prox imity to the road without any serious diversion of his attention from his regular vocation or perceptive detriment to his crops in fine to all classes of farmers no scheme was everde vised thai afforded so rich an assurance of im mediate and positive benefits to hem as the construction ol plank roads in the neighborhood of their farms it is vitally important also lo the business man in towns and cities ; it effectually removes the embargo that frequently for months shots out lhe counlry from the city by reason of bad roads betsy proctor hui.g herself at lhe poor house in this place on thursday morning last there was an incident in the history ol the life of this woman worthy of record which comes to us authentically sustained she had been blind for len years and became so we learn under the following circumstances : when a married woman her husband charged her with inconstancy to the marriage vow she em phalically denied it and upon her knees pray ed god to strike her blind if true immedi ately after she went blind she died by lhe violence of her own hands distracted by the constant apprehension of the further judgments of heaven her appearance in death indica ted a higher destiny than awaited her in this world — fred news from the florida republican st augustine oct ii 1851 the trial of the case of the pampero j for alleged violation of the revenue and i neutrality laws commenced on the 6th j on that day the court merely organized j the taking of testimony was begun on friday the first witness examined was j john king a native of ireland one of the men attached to the expedition who de i parted from new orleans in the pampe ro and arrived with said vessel at cuba but being taken sick on the voyage and thereby disabled he did not land but re ; turned with the pampero to jacksonville j in the latter town king lay some weeks : at the point of death he arrived in a i very destitute condition though his wants 1 were supplied by the charity of ladies of jacksonville his testimony before the ! court is very full and it is thought alone ! ample to prove the violation ofthe laws ; he describes tbe passage of the steamer j her arrival at cuba and identification of | the vessel in question as the one engaged j in the expedition king's evidence occu i pied the whole of friday to-day col h t titus also ofthe ex ! pedition was called his evidence as to the reinforcement from jacksonville and i georgia and the departure ofthe pampe ro from the former place is full and con clusive j.c hemming and capt thomp son of jacksonville occupied the latter | part of to-day in giving evidence which1 j was brief but to the same point the j i court adjourned over to monday when , j testimony will be resumed it is under j j stood that the argument of the case will i be postponed to another sitting of the j court the claim of mr seguir to the pampe ' ro is considered hopeless and there is no very active sympathy in his behalf — though the fact of the testimony against him being mainly from those engaged with him in the cuba expedition and that as it is alleged his all of this world's goods consists in the property of said vessel and that a decision against him will strip him while others have retained a share ofthe cuba effects may independent of any other consideration awaken some public interest in his behalf maj b a putnam of this place and mcqueen mcintosh esq of jacksonville are the present counsel tor mr seguir — g vv call esq dist attorney for the u s some fifteen witnesses are subpasnaed — citizens of jacksonville persons attach j ed to the cuba expedition and others — ! a commission has been forwarded to new york to take the deposition of lieut van vechten ; although the testimony of king renders it almost superfluous the ancient city is favored with the presence of an english countess who takes up her abode in florida the more early to secure a divorce from a somewhat antiquated husband the lady herself being in the bloom and beauty of early woman hood her object requiring a sojourn here for a certain period ; we understand that in the course ofthe winter a bevy of dis tinguished friends are expected from can ada in a yacht ! what a time for the gallantry and hospitality of the agustin ians to display itself a company of can adians with a british yacht paying a vis it away down in florida to an english countess ! what a chance for a yankee yacht to run a race down here to beat the visiting craft if politeness did not forbid it just as a yankee yacht a few weeks ago beat a britisher in a famous race at covves england c d cuttings now is the time to put in cuttings ; al most every tree or shrup will grow from a l cutting if proper care and attention be i given them we have grown pear ap i pies peaches and cherries from cuttings ; and nearly every variety of flowering bush grow from cuttings planted in october — • the soil for cuttings should be mellow and ! rich rich in vegetable matter and as cool ! as possible the great advantage of oc ; tober planting is in tbe roots forming in the fall and winter thereby giving the plant a vigorous start in the spring ena bling it to brave the heat of summer — cutttngs should be placed in the ground horizontally with but t^o buds above the surface and the butt end of the cutting should always rest against the solid earth ; the roots are surer to radiate from the base and once having taken hold will be likely to live lovers of fruits and flow ers try cuttings in october soil ofthe south fruit seeds i such as apple pear plum peach grape c should now be planted if they are kept out of the ground until spring ten to one they never vegetate at all nuts should also now be planted in sections of country where nuts do not abound it is very easy to stock the country with them ; inst plant the seeds this month where rail timber is scarce plant the chestnut and if vou do not live to eat the fruit or plit the rails some one will come alter you that will soil of the south the new sweet potato we made reference the other day to a new variety of the sweet potato believed ! to have been brought from some part ot south america superiority as to size flavor c was claimed for it over all other kinds we suggested that it was propably the west india yam which j grows in most countries and is frequently ! met with in the vegetable market here ! this has brought a note from an esteem ; ed correspondent who knows something | of this new variety and he intimates that i we shall soon have an opportunity our j selves of judging of its merit " the fact j is he says the root is different in growth i and every quality from every one we j have here and i as well as many who j have tasted them view them as entirely . i superior tbey are either in shape of a j thick yam potato or like a turnip ; a great i proportion of the large size is in that form j for my own part 1 consider them the : most elegant root on a table that 1 know | of when prepared as the irish potato ; and j to me they seem a connecting link be tween a fine mealy irish potato and sweet potato — mobile herald maternal influence — during a lecture on popular education recently delivered gov briggs related the following impres sive incident : twelve or fifteen years ago i left wash ington three or four weeks during the spring while at home 1 possessed my self of the letters of mr adams mother and read them with exceeding interest — i remember an expression in one of the letters addressed to her son while yet a boy twelve years of age in europe : says she i would rather see you laid in your grave than you should grow up a profane and graceless boy " after returning to washington i went over to mr adams seat one day and said to him mr adams i have found out who made you !' what do you mean v said he " i replied 1 have been reading the let ters of your mother ?' if i had spoken that dear name to some little boy who had been for weeks away from his dear ! mother his eye could not have flashed more brightly or his face glowed more i quickly than did the eye and face of the \ venerable old man when i pronounced the name of his mother he started up in his peculiar manner and emphatically said " yes ! mr briggs all that is good in me i owe to my mother " oh what a testimony was that from this venerable man to his mother who | had in his remembrance all the scenes in his manhood ! " all that is good in me i owe to my mother " mothers ! — think of ' this when your bright-eyed little boy is about you ! mothers make the first im pression on their children and those im pressions will be the last to be effaced the politeness of paul an old poet has quaintly called jesus the first true gentlemen that ever breathed paul's politeness too must not be overlooked com | pounded as it was of dignity and deference — it appeared in the mildness of the manner in which he delivered his most startling and shat tering messages boih lo jews and heathens ; in bis graceful salutations ; in his winning re i proofs — the excellent oil which did nol break ! the head ; in tbe delicacy of his allusions lo bis \ own claims and services ; and above all in i the calm self-possessed and manly attitude he • assumed before the rulers of his people and the roman authorities in lhe language of peter ! and john to their jihges there is an abrupt ' ness savoring of iheir rude fisherman life and filler for lhe rough echoes of lhe lake of gali j lee than for the tribunals of power but paul while equally bold and decided is far more gracious he lowers his thunderbolt before his adversity ere he launches it his shaft is polished as well as powerful his words to king agrippa — i would lo god lhat not on i ly thou but also all that hear me this day were [ both almost and altogether such as i am ex , | cept these bonds are the must chivalrous ut 1 lerances recorded in history an angel could i not bend more gracefully or assume an alti tude of more exalted courtesy — gilfillan the self-moving carriage — the paris cor i respondent of lhe philadelphia bulletin ina let ! ter says : two years ago i described for an ameri 1 can paper the self-moving carriage of m pro : vost since that lime m p has travelled in it over a great part of france visiting tours ; saumers orleans chartres havre and other places — he is now in paris on his way lo bordeaux he travelr with ease lo him-elf for the force is not the mascular strength ap plied lo pedals or cranks but the weight of his person which puts in movement the machinery on much the same principle with the weight of a clock on ordinary roads ihey are maca damized in france m provost travels from sixty to eighty miles a day the carriage is about six feet by three and lhe machinery not visible from the outside " 4 flesh is grass — bishop hughes in a sermon to his parishioners repeated the quo tation that all flesh is grass the season was lent and a few day afterwards he en countered terence 0*co!lins who appeared to have something on his mind the top of the mornin to yer riverence said terence did i fairly underftand your riverence to say all flesh is grass lasi sunday '* to be sure : you did replied the bishop and you're a j heretic if you doubt it " oh not the bit do i j doubt any thing your riverence says said the 1 wily terence ; " bul if your riverence plaze i wish to know whether in ihis lent lime i could not be after having a small piece otbafe by way i of a salad ?" — sharpe's mag yankee forethonit an acquaintance of ours was up in con necticut one day last winter to visit a friend who was a manufacturer the shaft of the manufacturer's water-wheel had been broken ihat afternoon under tbe great accumulation ol ice and he was in great trouble for be had searched long to rind a suitable stick and he knew not where to find another if he could find one it would be green and unlit for use a ery early in the morning while the day had scarcely dawned the manufacturer and his guest were at the mill to see what should be done a farmer who lived two or three miles off was already looking on as the man ufacturer looked painfully at his catastro phe : • bad break that mr said the far mer es very bad said the manufactur er ' can't mend that stick can you v said the farmer ' no said the manufacturer ' and worst of it is i don't know where to get another ' well said the firmer * 1 guess 1 can tell you where you can rind one ' you can r said the manufacturer ; • where is it .-" • ' well said the farmer ■thought that shaft would break likely as not some time or other and i had a tree in my woods i thought would make a stick to suit you ; and 1 cut it down and snaked it home and it has been seasoning for more than a year so when 1 heard your shaft was broken i thought i'd come over and let you know ' ou*re jusl the man i wanted to see said the manufacturer if only it was light enough how much do you ask for the stick if it will suit me ?' ' oh i'm sure twill suit ye.or i should'nt a cut it down ; and about the price i guess you and i can agree it's a nice stick you'll see if you've a mind to como over it was some time before the farmer would set a price but at last he guessed one hundred dollars would be about right ' i'll come over and see it alter break fast said the manufacturer he did so and told his vister afterwards that un der the circumstances the stick was worth five hundred dollars to him are not such people able to take care of tbemselves v exckanft paper " my dear mrs jones said mrs brown come here to my bed side i am d)ing and i wish to say a few words to you '• es marm sighed mrs jones " veil mrs jones ejaculated mr brown you and i have had a good many tills in our days and i would now part with you in peace can you forgive me v es marm sobbed mrs jones indeed indeed i can am i forgiven ejaculated mrs brown es marm responded mrs jones vilh diffi culty in consequence of he intensity uf her an guish and then she attempted to weep her way out uf the dying woman's room slop a moment my dear mrs jones said the eipiring mrs brown i've another word or two to say i wish lo have it understood ihat if f gel well every thing goes back and we stand on lhe same old ground ' what business was your father said an imperious colonel to a modest looking lieutanant a tobacconist sir ' what a pity he did not make ynu one ' possibly sir and now will ou allow me to ask you a question t certainly what is it ' what was your father t * a gentleman sir ' well then all 1 have to say is that it's a deuced pity he dido make you one it is needless to remark that the colo nel turned tothe right — and left a pcrscrutal man — a xothern paper tells the following eood one : hamilton ofthe mary ville tribune was travelling in the cars the other day from bellefontaine to kenton when he fell in with a decided character he was toler ably drunk let hamilton tell the rest he said he lived in l'rbana ; that the methodists had a great revival there a vear or more ago and that more than a hundred were converted that he had been converted some years before and had joined the church we asked him if he still belonged to it " no said he " they turned me out for the most frivolous thing in the world ; if i'd know'd they'd a turned me out for such a little thing as that i'd never join ed said we " what did you do ?" o nothing — only i bet my horse out ran another fellows i won the money and then got drunk and had two fights that's all and they turned me out for that !"' fine dressing and dexterous dancing remarks a shrewd observer when not subsidiary to the effect of personal beau ty and character are monstrous every girl who dances gracefully should in speaking show lhat she is of graceful and winning nature if she does — if she is silly and simpers — you instinctively feel that her movement is artificial ; that it is the gift of the dancing school not a grace of nature ; you have been deceived and it is never again a pleasure to watch that dancing a cobler has just locai-v himself al spalding and attracts attention wiih the following address outside his shop : surgery per formed upon old boots and shoes by adding of feet making good the legs bind ing lhe broken heaiing lhe wounded altering ihe constitution and supporting the body with new soles no cure no pay advice r:ittig on ihe mosi desperate cases — london week ly news cincinnati october 15 — a fire broke out in the orphan asylum in this city last evening and the whole building was consumed
Object Description
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was
|J. J. Bruner Editor and Proprietor
|Date Digital
|J. J. Bruner
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The Thursday, October 30, 1851 issue of the Carolina Watchman a weekly and semi weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|OCLC number
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was 4851115 Bytes
|J. J. Bruner Editor and Proprietor
|Date Digital
|J. J. Bruner
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The Thursday, October 30, 1851 issue of the Carolina Watchman a weekly and semi weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
tof tffle c.4bolwj watchhair year two dollars paynble in ..- paid in advance two dollars '■".., be charged i!'.vce"^||]st.rted.*ii 1 for the first and 2o co " ( c subsequent insertion courtorders r 7 ;, higher than these rales a lib j 7 those who advertise by the year editor must be post paid ■■" ■; plank roads v joseph b wake engineering vj,.c to those proposing lo build a 1 i |» first ami foremost to obtain the ' | ,. uood engineer and give no heed ''' ',' ' nts of many that an engineer is liv — arguing that the cosl is . unlit t ""'.' d " ' ,, and may mure profitably be used a,"ru ion of the road f a large ■!,,. stockholders of any proposed line i wjin such opinions il is frequently i tn intelligent advocate of a thorough , • • rnurse to urge such a course — es out ul len some ignorant and lari without a panicle of practical or jca skill or knowledge preposses ;, 0f lhe mass with the supposition j j-moti hand can " lay plank road '■' (, is the case lhe friends of a judi , ,. d belter withhold their money ile ihemselvea to the loss of a large , , *, -• i old in iowa recently built opposition aed to the employment of an engineer ! . esi irieuds of the road and the ! locliholder an engineer by profession ' * "• sd|endid f*ili ies off-red his services '■they were declined a portion , i vera sleep hill while al a distance ,', , hundred feel a lieauiilul asce.ni offered ! ' it bed va small stream that descen ie rear ofthe bill instead of adopt , ruu*p that science pointed out to pre j ,._,!,: line and as they staled cheap i k was crossed by a bridge eighty ; and i lie road carried over the brow ; , with a grade of one in ten in some , i'he result is that five thousand or six i nf dollars have been squandered and the ' rf oearl worthless as an evidence how i v nj profitableness of plank roads this i ill landing its clumsy construction j _ was'e of money has as we are informed ' leller irom the president of tbe company u a dividend of twenty live percent in our liaiaiea e include " engineering as a por nol lhe expense and allow enough so as to n ire tht services of thorough bred engineers , chain curriers or rod men n