text:
C5700.3 P8311984 c. 2
Recommendations for Controlling
Prison Population Growth:
A Response to HB 1483
November 29, 1984
OKLAHOMA PUBLICATIONS Cl£~~'"Q"QU~\
OKLAHOMA OEPARTMENT OF'LIBRf\RlU
200 N. E. 18th ST.
OKLAHOMA erN, OK 13-105 ..
3~OO N. EASTERN - ? O. BOX i 1H3
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Oklahoma State Board of Corrections
Recommendations for Controlling
Oklahoma's Prison Population
In House Bill 1483, the Oklahoma Board of Corrections was directed by the
State Legislature to present "recommendations for reducing prison population,
accomodating projected needs for prison population and cost-saving measures ••••"
The purpose of this report is to present those recommendations in the context of
past and present prison population control efforts in Oklahoma and the rest of
the nation.
The pressures of prison population growth nationwide have forced states to
investigate numerous alternatives to incarceration. Oklahoma is among those
states t hat have developed a variety of options for limiting prison population
while still providing ef f ect Lve sanctions for offenders. In fact, many of the
programs which are now being recognized and adopted elsewhere as effective means
of population control are already being used in Oklahoma.
At the t Lme the request for recommendations was made by the Legislature,
prison population growth was a primary concern of the Department of Corrections.
However, because of the emergency "cap" legislation and programs such as that fur
DUI offenders, the expansion of the House Arrest program and the increased
capacity of facilities, the need to invoke emergency release legislation has
been removed. It: is expected that continued development and utilization of
options other than "cap" will make it unnecessary in the foreseeable future to
rely on emergency release of prisoners to control prison population. Indeed, the
recommendations presented here are made with the aim of maintaining the control
over prison population which has now been regained in Oklahoma.
It has been noted that three factors contribute to prison population
overcrowdt ng : the number of offenders sent to prison, the length of time they
stay in prison, and the capacity of the prison to which they are sent. Over the
past decade, the numbers of persons being sent to prison have increased
drastically nationwide and new legislation has often created harsher sanctions
with longer sentences. Oklahoma has been no exception; the prison population in
this state more than doubled from the end of 1974 through 1983, climbing from
3,230 to 7,480 inmates.1 Oklahoma was one of only five states to report yearly
increases in prison poptilationof at least 10 percent from 1980 through 1983. In
1983, Oklahoma had one of the highest incarceration rates in the country, 212
inmates per 100,000 state population.2 At its highest in April 1984, the prison
population surpassed 8,000.3 The state's incarceration rate was then about 240
per 100,000. These increases were caused not only by changes in crime, apprehen-sion
and prosecution, but also by harsher statutory sanctions. New laws passed
during the precedi~g decade provided minimum mandatory periods of incarceration
for repeat offenders so more inmates were staying in prison longer.
Nationally, efforts to offset these two forces driving prison population
increases have often centered on increasing the capacity of institutions.
According to one report, "The overcrowdi.ng crisis••• produced an unprecedented
national spending binge on corrections construction. From 1979 to 1980, con-struction
expenditures rose from $74 million to $560 million; by 1982, they had
more than doubled again, to $946 million.,,4 In Oklahoma, new facilities were
built, old ones were expanded and existing buildings were acquired from other
agencies. The corrections budget rose from about $18 million in FY75 to over
$110 million in FY85.
Construction is still the solution of choice in sorae states. In Hichigan
and Pennsylvania, recent requests have been made for budget allocations to
increase prison capacity.5 With the impetus of a court order, Ohio has made
plans to spend $638 million on new construction and renovation which they hope to
finance by selling bonds. In California, $1.2 billion has been budgeted for new
construction alone.6 Corey and Gettinger4 make the point that "the cost of
construction, staggering as it is, is only the beginning •••• The cost of
building a prison is only the down payment; operating costs will soon outstrip
it. The operating costs for 100,000 new prison beds would be $70 billion over
the next 30 years--not counting inflation."
Within the last few years, an increasing number of such assessments of the
construction solution to prison overcrowdang have provided evidence that other
solutions must be tried. "Alternatives to incarceration" has become an oft-used
phrase to describe those options which seek to limit the cumber of people sent
to prison and the length of time they stay there. The National Institute for
Sentencing Alternatives. the National Center on Institutions and Alternatives,
the National Center for Effective Public Policy, as well as other local and
national organizations have focused their efforts on, not only identifying the
problems of incarceration, but also identifying feasible and acceptable alterna-tives.
In the following two sections, case disposition options available in
Okldhoma and in other states are reviewed.
Programs Used in Oklahoma and Other States
Commonly Used Alternatives. In January 1984, the District Attorneys Training
Coordination Council produced a list of sixteen statutory alternatives to incar-ceration
which may be invoked in Oklahoma:7
1. Fines
2. Forfeitures
3. County Jail Time
4. Confinement in a Drug Treatment or Rehabilitation Facility
5. Commitment to an Approved Drug or Alcohol Treatment Facility
6. Deferred Judgment (sometimes referred to as Deferred Sentencing)
7. Deferred Prosecutions
8. Suspended Sentences which may include
a. probation
b. restitution to the victim
c. reimbursement to state agencies for a victim's hospital and medical
d. community service without compensation
e. payment to a trust fund for a victim
9. Split Sentences (part served, part suspended)
10. Night or weekend incarceration in a county jail
11. Referral to the Bogus Check Restitution program
12. Paroles
13. Department of Corrections statutory administrative reduction in sentences
for good time credits, work credits, education credits
14. Nonviolent Intermediate Offender Act (NIO)
15. Sentence modification after 120-day review (120JR)
16. Dispute Resolution Act
Among the sentencing options described above are many which are used in one
form or another in other states.
Assoc1..at10n 8f ouna'h t at the most
A recent report from the American Corrections
often used alternatives to incarceration
were probation, split sentences and shock probation, restitution, community
9 service and fines. According to the annual Felony Disposition Summary of the
Arrest Disposition Reporting System, the District Attorneys' information system,
25.3 percent of the sentenced felony cases were given probation in 1983, 15.2
percent were given split sentencest 24.5 percent received deferred judgments and
3.9 percenr received fines only. Unfortunately, some of the options listed above
(e.g., deferred prosecutio~, night or weekend incarceration, NIO) 120JR and
dispute resolution) are not being recorded, or are being under-reported) so an
accurate assessment of the extent to which these alternatives are being used is
not currently possible.
Alcohol Abuse Programs. One significant addition to the preceding list was made
during the 1984 legislative session under HB1034. The law provides that eligi-ble
persons incarcerated for DUI are to be assigned to the Department of Mental
Health for substance abuse treatment. This program will substantially expand the
Alternatives to Incarceration for Drunk Drivers (AIDD) program that already
operates in Western State Hospital and is much like one proposed by the Florida
Overcrowding Task ForcelO for that state.
Individual Punishment Plans. The aforementioned National Center on Institutions
and Alternatives (NCIA) directs a program for "the development of effective
alternatives to incarceration consistent with public safety." Under their
Client Specific Planning, NCIA has "worked directly with defense attorneys to
develop individualized J highly-structured, alternative to prison, sentencing
plans" which consider the client's resources and the community's needs. 11 In
order to administer the non-violent intermediate offender and 120-day judicial
review programs in Oklahoma, the Department of Corrections has established a
similar.procedure for case handling. For each qualifying inmate, a Specialized
Offender Accountability Plan (SOAP) is developed based on a thorough assessment
of the person's criminal history, f£mily support, skills, social, psychological
and training needs. These plans, which may require restitution and fine pay-ment
s, community service and treatment program participation, are submitted to
the court directly, rather than through a defense attorney. For the non-violent
youthful offender who had previously been given an indeterminate sentence, the
plan takes effect after fifteen days if not challenged. About 80 percent of the
plans have been accepted as proposed. On the other hand, the 120-day judicial
review offenders receive a specific sentence from the court before being incar-cerated.
Alternative plans have been deemed appropriate and developed by the
Department for about half of these cases. However, the courts have been reluc-tant
to change sentence~ already decided and only about seven percent of those
plans have been accepted.
Emergency Powers Legislation. In 1984, Senate Bill 445 was enacted as the
Oklahoma prison overcrowding emergency powers act. The "cap" legisla tion, as it
is called, permits awarding 60 days of emergency time credit to qualified
offenders when the prison population exceeds 95 percent of capacity. After its
first use, the emergency powers act may be invoked every 60 days while population
exceeds the capacity limit. Oklahoma's law is similar to legislation passed in
Michigan according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.2 As a direct result of
their emergency powers act, the Hichigan prison population decreased by six
percent in 1983. Three other states with over 10,000 inmates, Florida, Texas and
North Carolina, had declining populations in 1983 and all had early release
Oklahoma's "cap" legislation was first invoked in May 1984, then again in
July and September. The impact of those 487 emergency releases, combined with
the effects of other Departmental programs, has been to nearly halt the state's
previously rapid prison population growth. This means that, for the first time
since 1979, Oklahoman's may have hope that the state's prison population growth
has become manageable and that the Corrections budget will reflect this
House Arrest Programs. Another bill considered by the 1984 legislature is
significant because it was not passed. Passage of the mandatory community
supervision legislation was thwarted by the Governor's threatened veto. Instead
it was suggested that the same control could be gained through expansion of the
existing House Arrest Program. Based on direction from the Governor, President
Pro Tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House, and with budgetary support,
the Department has moved forward with development and implementation of this
House Arrest provides an effective means of re-integrating offenders into
the community in a productive role while ensuring close supervision and control.
When fully implemented, it will also provide the Department a means of main-taining
the control over growth of the incarcerated population that has been
established by emergency release and other programs and legislative action.
A similar program called Community Control has been developed in Florida.
"The 'community con t r ol ees ' as they are called, are confined to their homes
under 'house arrest' except during hours of employment or other activities
approved by t he Commun. lty Cantra 1 Off l.cer. ,,12
In Oklahoma, offenders are monitored closely by Correctional Officers. To
ensure this close supervision, House Arrest officers' caseloads are smaller than
the typical Probation and Parole officer's. The offender is required to be gain-fully
employed at all times and residing at an approved residence. The offender
must also report to a prison weekly and submit a report of weekly activities.
Program support fees, restitution, court costs and victim compensation are
required of house arrestees, as we l l as participation in group or counseling
Programs of Other States Not Used in Oklahoma
Community Corrections. The Iowa State Legislature has developed legislation
to establish a "judicial district department of correctional services" in each
judicial district of the state to "furnish or contract for those services
necessary to provide a community-based correctional program which meets the needs
of that judicial district." The program is designed to "supervise and assist
individuals who are charged with or have been convicted of a felony, an aggra-vated
misdemeanor or a serious misdemeanor." The state department of social
servi ces is designated to allocate state funds for di strIbut Lon to approved
13 programs.
A National Institute of Corrections report14 has recommended "involvement
of offenders in community service" because it may "reduce public stereotypes
about offenders and increase public involvement in and awareness of the criminal
justice system." In addition, "invaluable services are afforded to the communi-ties
and citizens ••••" In Oklahoma, the Governor's Commission on Reform of State
Government seems to agree w i. t h th ias posi..t.Lon , 15 TLn th e Comrm. ssi..on , S recent
report, it was recommended that the state "provide for payments to counties of
$6,000 per year for keeping low risk prisoners locally provided they have certi-fied
facilities and offer basic work and treatment programs."
In Kansas, the Community Corrections Act has been passed to divert non-violent
adult and juvenile offenders from prison to alternative community
16 sentences. The Secretary of Corrections is authorized to make grants to
counties for the development, implementation, operation and improvement of
community corrections programs and services. Communities must pay the state for
each offender eligible for community placement that the county chooses to send
to prison. The programs are planned by local Community Corrections Advisory
Boards composed of a broad representation from the criminal justice system and
the community. Selected participating counties have decreased prison commitments
from the eligible offense categories by 34 pe rcen t whi Le commitments from non-participating
counties have risen 14 percent. The cost for the community pro-grams
has averaged $2000 per offender while the cost for incarcerating is $11,000
per offender in Kansas. To date, programs have been established primarily in
urban counties where more community resources are available. The prison over-crowding
task force has recommended revising the incentive formula to increase
rural-county participation.
Although one of the effects of such a program may be to increase counties'
compliance with j ail standards, cautions concerning other effects should be
noted. Hinnesota has had a community corrections program since 1973 which
encourages counties and groups of counties to develop a variety of local
corrections services. Local correctional planning has increased and services
have improved, but the numbers of offenders participating have not had a
significant impact on state prison populations. Further, although costs have
varied greatly among participating counties, decentralization on the whole has
been more expensive than the state-operated system. 17
Sentencing Guidelines. The primary purposes for designing sentencing guidelines
have most often been to reduce sentencing disparity and to ensure fixed penalties
for violent crimes. In a recent review of issues concerning sentencing
guidelines compiled by the Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 18 it was noted
that while some states have developed guidelines with the reminder that "the
capacities of state and local correctional facilities are finite,,,19 other states
bave ignored prison capacity limits when developing guidelines. An example of
the latter case is Pennsylvania where, following enactment of sentencing
guidelines, the governor has recently been compelled to request a large
appropriation for prison construction and renovation. Other Lssue s addressed
in the Department of Corrections analysis suggest that extreme caution be taken
in considering sentencing guidelines since unanticipated consequences could
adversely affect prison population growth.
Cost Saving Measures
Legislative Impact Statements. The National Prison Overcrowding Project has
developed or sponsored sixteen working papers addressing issues of overcrowding
and describing and evaluating overcrowding projects in several states. At the
1984 American Corrections Association Congress of Corrections, the director of
the project encouraged corrections professionals to ensure that the solutions
they sought \<ler~systemic, holistic ones. He recommended pursuing cooperative
efforts that recognized the interrelatedness of the various parts of the criminal
justice system: law enforcement, judiciary, defense and prosecuting attorneys,
corrections, parole authorities, public, etc. The Kansas Advisory Committee on
P·r1son Ov ercrow d J1ng 16 reported" 1n 1tS summary th at memb ers "f e1t strong1y th at a
system-wide perspective had to be taken because the combined but uncoordinated
efforts of the criminal justice system lie at the heart of the problem." One
example of specific action that can be taken in this area is legislation
recently enacted in Arkansas.20 It requires that certain bills introduced in
either house of their legislature must have a cost impact statement attached to
it before the committee to which it is assigned can take action on it. Bills
included are those which would (a) affect inmate population patterns by imposing
restrictions on inmate release or increasing intake, or (b) affect programs or
services of the Department of Correction.
Volunteer Programs. The Florida Prison Overcrowding Task ForcelO has recommended
that the legislature "provide resources to solicit and coordinate volunteer
programs at each youthful offender institution." The Arkansas Department of
Correction includes a division of volunteer services which reported it saved the
Department $40,000 in 1983, an amount equivalent to more than 1000 hours at that
, .. 21 state s m1n1mum wage.
Private Sector Contracting. The Oklahoma Department of Corrections contracts
wi th a variety of private agencies for services. One recent agreement which
promises to provide outstanding training opportunities for some female Lnmares
is the contract which establishes an extension of the Howard Johnson reservation
center at the Mabel Bassett Correctional Center. Other contract services range
from therapy for sex offenders to computer data entry for administrative needs.
research to
assess private sector involvement
Survey findings indicate health (and
Corrections has sponsored
in prison services and
mental health) care and
In the past year, the National Institute of
residential community services are those most often purchased under contract by
adult corrections agencies. Reduced staffing needs, better quality service and
more cost-efficent operation were the motives most often reported from those
correctional agencies contracting for services. It was the expectation of
correctional administrators surveyed that contracted services will expand, that
whole institutions will be run privately (Kentucky has already issued a Request
for Proposal for a 200-bed minimum security facility), that contracts will become
standardized. that the American Corrections Association will support private
sector involvement and that most growth will be in specialized areas. For
and a variety
Today contained articles concerning
of services provided by contract in
example, a recent
contracted health
24 Canada.
of Corrections
Criminal Justice Information Systems Cooperation. The Arrest Disposition
Reporting System (ADRS) of the Oklahoma District Attorneys is maintained by a
staff at the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation. District Attorneys' offices
report charges filed, hearings held and case dispositions. The participation of
DAs statewide is the highest it has been since the program was automated in 1977.
Although not well-known in the state, this program is recognized as exemplary by
the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Criminal Justice Statistics
Association. In a current cooperative program with the Oklahoma Department of
Corrections, ADRS supplies the Department with a monthly computer tape of cases
filed in the state. At ODOC, this list is compared by computer with a roster of
all persons under probation or parole supervision in the Department. Any matches
are distributed to the appropriate Probation and Parole District office so that
the cases may be investigated and the appropriate actions taken. Previously, if
a client from one county committed an offense in another, it was often only by
luck or long hours of court records searching that the supervising officer would
learn of the incident. Since the inception of this inter-agency cooperative
effort in Spring 1984, numerous probationers and parolees have had revocation
proceedings initiated for previously undetected violations. The importance of
such cooperation to the public safety and the effective operation of the Depart-ment
of Corrections will be made more manifest in the near fvture when the
program will be expanded to help monitor House Arrest participants.
Other state information systems include data collected from sheriffs,
police and the courts. Like ADRS, the FBI-sponsored Uniform Crime Report
program is also maintained at OSBI. Current data provided by sheriffs and police
for this program are aggregrated counts of offenses and arrests which cannot be
linked directly to either ADRS or ODOC data. However, a national study funded by
the Bureau of Justice Statistics is likely to recommend that UCR reporting be
expanded to include case-specific information which would permit direct links
between this important information and data collected by other agencies in the
criminal justice system. The Administrative Office of the Judiciary in Oklahoma
compiles information regarding court collections and expenditures and court
caseloads. These data are aggregated as civil and criminal case dispositions
with sub-categories such as divorce, traffic, DUI, felony and misdemeanor. 25
An important aspect of the expansion of the Department's House Arrest
Program is assuring public safety. Accurate assessment of the risk of violent
behavior from an inmate is a necessity for this program. The Department has
selected a risk assessment instrument developed in Iowa which came to the
attention of the Department through an article in The Daily Oklahoman newspaper.
It is a well-documented measure, the extended use of which is being supported by
the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Overcrow d ilng17 hiads a so recommen ed
The Kansas Advisory Com~ittee on Prison
use of the instrument in that state.
However, as with other risk measures, it has been determined that juvenile
criminal history is an important indicator of future risk. Currently such data
are not available to the Department of Corrections in Oklahoma.
Actions of the Department of Corrections
Based on the foregoing analysis, the Oklahoma Department of Corrections
will take the following actions to ensure prison population growth is controlled
in a manner which is cost effective and efficient while maintaining public safety:
1. The Oklahoma Department of Corrections will evaluate and report to the
Board of Corrections the impact of "cap" legislation in terms of population
reduction, cost reduction and recidivism.
2. The Oklahoma Department of Corrections will evaluate and report to the Board
of Corrections the impact of the first eix months of House Arrest program
act.Lvi t i es (October 1 - April 1) in terms of population reduction, cost
reduction aLd recidivism. including use of the Iowa R~sk Assessment
3. The Oklahoma Department of Corrections will evaluate and report to the Board
of Corrections the feasibility of expanding the use of private sector
contracts to provide equal or improved services at reduced cost to the
4. In order to increase the acceptance rate of plans provided the court,· the
Oklahoma Department of Corrections, in cooperation with representatives of
the judiciary, will evaluate and report findings to the Board of Corrections
concerning the .administration of the 120-day judicial review legislation.
Recommendations to the Oklahoma Legislature
Based on the foregoing analysis, the Oklahoma State Board of Corrections
recommends the following actions be taken by the Oklahoma Legislature:
1. That legislation be enacted to require that any proposed criminal justice
legislation must include:
a. An impact analysis which will include potential financial and
functional impact on the criminal justice system as a whole, as well
as on individual components, such as the Department of Corrections, and
b. An appropriation which will be sufficient to effect the changes
2. That 'vithin 90 days after election or
legislators, state judges and district
Department of Corrections facilities.
attorneys be
all freshman
required to
3. That the Legislature consider the feasibility of enacting Community Correc-tions
legislation which provides financial assistance to counties and
requires that counties provide correctional services for all offenders with
sentences less than or equal to five years in length.
4. That the Legislature consider with extreme caution any proposal, such as
sentencing guidelines, which, if implemented, could substantially increase
the state's prison population.
5. That the Legislature encourage the development of coordination and coopera-tion
among the criminal justice information systems in Oklahoma by means
which include:
a. Providing continued staff and financial support for ADRS and
encouraging continued DA participation in the program.
b. Providing for the necessary staff and financial support that would
permit case specific reporting of UCR statistics, including staff,
training and encouragement to police and sheriffs to ensure complete
and accurate data.
c. Ensuring approval from the appropriate sources for the Oklahoma Depart-ment
of Human Services to release juvenile criminal history data for
persons who have been placed in the custody of the Oklahoma Department
of Corrections.
d. Ensuring changes or additions in recording codes be made so that the
use of alternatives to incarceration such as deferred prosecution,
dispute resolution, non-violent intermediate offender sentencing and
120-day judicial review, as well as sentence-lengthening actions such
as filing "after former conviction of a felony" (AFCF), may be properly
e. Ensuring use of reporting codes, such as statute numbers corresponding
to offenses, race categories, etc., ip standardized among the criminal
justice information systems in the state.
1. Oklahoma State Board of Corrections. Monthly Report for September 198~,
Oklahoma Department of Corrections, October 1984.
2. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 1983, Bureau of Justice Statis-tics
Bulletin, U.S. Department of Justice, April 1984.
3. Oklahoma Department of Corrections. Weekly Inmate Accounting Sheet for
April 16, 1984 to April 22, 1984.
4. Cory, B. and Gettinger, S. Time to Build? The Realities of Prison Construc-tion.
New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, 1984.
5. Washington Crime News Services. Pennsylvania Corrections Dept. Building
Seven Modular Dorms, Corrections Digest, 15 (21): 3, October, 1984.
6. Corrections budget information from Ohio and California is based on
telephone conversations with the Chief of Business Administration and
Chief of Construction Support, respectively.
7. Oklahoma District Attorneys Training Coordination Council. Oklahoma
Statutory Alternatives to Incarceration, Oklahoma City: DATCC,
January 19, 1984.
8. Travisono, D. (Editor) 1984 Vital Statistics in Corrections, College Park,
HD: American Correctional Association, 1984.
9. Arrest Disposition Reporting System. Felony Disposition Summary, State
Total, January 1, 1983 - December 31, 1983, Oklahoma State Bureau of
Investigation, March 2, 1984.
10. Corrections Overcrowding Task Force. Final Report and Recommendations,
Florida Corrections Overcrowding Task Force, 1983.
11. Berman, L.N. Meeting the Goals of Sentencing: The Client Specific Plan.
New England Journal of Criminal and Civil Confinement, 9(2):331-342,
Summer 1983. and Hoelter, H.J. Make the Sentence Fit the Felon, The
Judges' Journal, 21(1):48-54, American Bar Association, Winter 1982.
12. Florida Department of Corrections, Community Control, Departmental Hono-graph,
April, 1984.
13. Iowa Code Annotated, Chapter 905, Community-Based Correctional Program,
pp. 3649-3651.
14. Harris, M. Kay. Community Service by Offenders, National Institute of
Corrections, U.S. Department of Justice, January 1979.
15. Oklahoma Commission on Reform of State Government. Report by the Government
Structure Study Committee, October 11, 1984.
16. Kansas Adivsory Committee on Prison Overcrowding. Controlling Overcrowding
in the Kansas Prison System, January 1984.
17. Minnesota Department of Corrections.
Biennial Report: 1981-1982, January
18. Davis, S. Sentencing Guidelines Issues, Oklahoma Department of Corrections,
Planning and Research Unit, October 22, 1984.
19. Senter.~ing Guidelines Commission.
October 1, 1983.
Florida Sentencing Guidelines Manual,
20. Arkansas Senate Bill 507, State of Arkansas, 74th General Assembly, Regular .
Session, 1983.
21. Arkansas Department of Corrections, Annual Report January 1981 - June 1983,
State of Arkansas, May 1984.
22. Camp, C.G. and Camp, G.M. Private Sector Involvement in Prison Services and
Operations, South Salem, New York: Criminal Justice Institute,
February 1984.
23. Moore, J. Contracted Health Care--New Approach to an Old Problem,
Corrections Today, 46(4):20-24, August 1984.
24. Zeitoun, L. Contract Services--the Canadian Experience, Corrections Today,
46(4):16-18, August 1984.
25. Adm inis trat ive 0ff ice 0f the Jud iciary • _A_n~n~u_a_l~_R"!,,,_e_,.tj_,hp__eo__~rO_tk_~lo__an~h~o~m~a_
Judiciary, 1982-1983, Supreme Court of Oklahoma, January 2, 1984.
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Selecting your vehicle's make, model, and year allows us to display only parts and items specific to your car's model and year.
Part# C240496
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Part Type: (R) = Authentic reproduction of the original GM product
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These spare key envelopes have been reproduced in two factory colors: white and mustard. Upon delivery of the vehicle, the spare keys and knock outs were housed in this envelope either in the glove box or console. Envelopes are sold per each.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LANSING, Mich. (AP) — Gov. Rick Snyder wants state government employees to offer up ideas to help improve efficiency, customer service and their workplaces.
Snyder's office on Wednesday announced details of the "Bureaucracy Busters" effort. It's based in part on the idea of the Discovery Channel's "MythBusters" TV program to look into what might work.
The Michigan effort aims to use crowdsourcing among employees to find potential places for improvement. State workers will be encouraged to offer ideas online and vote for their favorites. Snyder's office says ideas that have potential for improving state services will be implemented.
Snyder said in a statement that he expects the effort to bring "many creative, constructive ideas coming from our state government team."


text:
Simon stellar, but Reds' bats come up short vs. Rays
CINCINNATI -- There have been only 14 1-0 games played in the 12-year history of the hitter's haven that is Great American Ball Park. Three of them have been this season. Two of them of have been Reds losses, including the defeat at the hands of the Rays on Saturday afternoon.
This 1-0 loss was symbolic of the issues that have plagued the Reds throughout this young season. Great starting pitching is being wasted. The lack of offense from the lineup has become offensive. It was also their fifth loss this season by a one-run margin.View Full Game Coverage
CINCINNATI -- There have been only 14 1-0 games played in the 12-year history of the hitter's haven that is Great American Ball Park. Three of them have been this season. Two of them of have been Reds losses, including the defeat at the hands of the Rays on Saturday afternoon.
This 1-0 loss was symbolic of the issues that have plagued the Reds throughout this young season. Great starting pitching is being wasted. The lack of offense from the lineup has become offensive. It was also their fifth loss this season by a one-run margin.View Full Game Coverage
In four of the five games played at home, the Reds have been held scoreless through the first eight innings. Cincinnati, which lost the first two games of the three-game series to Tampa Bay, has dropped all four series. Perhaps in an effort at keeping the losses from accumulating, manager Bryan Price held a team meeting after Saturday's game.
"There was a little something," Reds catcher Brayan Pena said. "It was a friendly reminder of what we've got. A friendly reminder of who we are as a team and as a group. It was a very positive meeting. Hopefully, we can come out tomorrow and swing the bats.
"There's no secret. The scoreboard is out there. We're doing everything we know what to do. We just need to relax a little bit more and not press ourselves a little bit. It's normal. Everybody wants to be on the winning side."
In his second outing while filling in for the injured Mat Latos as a starter, Alfredo Simon tied a career high with eight innings pitched. He gave up one run on five hits, walked one and struck out four while throwing 102 pitches. Simon previously had an eight-inning start with the Orioles, the most recent on Sept. 23, 2011.
Simon had one glitch all afternoon -- a split-finger that didn't split -- resulting in a James Loney homer on an 0-1 count to lead off the second inning. From that point, Simon retired 21 of his last 25 batters, with only one more runner getting into scoring position.
"I just missed it. Right in the middle," Simon said of the home-run pitch. "That's baseball. Then after that, I tried to keep the ball down. Everything was working."
Through two starts, Simon has allowed two runs over 15 innings. His stay in the rotation will be extended, as Latos sustained setbacks this week because of a sore right elbow.
"This is an opportunity that he is seizing," Price said. "I think he sees himself as a starter or a primary setup man or closer. He's certainly showed us his value to the organization as a starter. Not having Latos ready right now, he's been a huge shot in the arm and given us a chance to win a couple of games in his first two starts."
The Reds, who have scored one run over their last two games, were again smothered by great Rays starting pitching. On the heels of David Price's 8 1/3-inning, one-run effort on Friday, Alex Cobb pitched seven innings of four-hit baseball without a walk and five strikeouts.
Perhaps the best at-bat all day came courtesy of Simon, who worked Cobb for nine pitches in the third inning after Zack Cozart doubled. Simon fouled off three-straight 3-2 pitches before grounding out to second base, which moved the runner to third. However, Cozart would be left stranded.
Price adjusted his lineup by bumping Joey Votto to the No. 2 spot in hopes of creating more offense, which had an effect in the fourth inning after nine of the first 10 Reds were retired by Cobb. However, the club created and destroyed their own rally.
Votto led off with a ground-rule double to left field and Brandon Phillips followed with a lined single to center. Third-base coach Steve Smith waved around Votto to try to score, but Votto was easily thrown out at the plate on a one-hopper by center fielder Kevin Kiermaier.
Smith was accountable for the mistake in judgment.
"I can't get a guy thrown out with no outs, and I understand that," Smith said. "I tried to be too aggressive at the wrong time. I got burned. ... I've got to play the game. I got aggressive. If the ball bounces one way or the other, then everybody doesn't know about it. It's no outs. I always assume a guy makes a great throw, and he did. I take full credit for that."
With Jay Bruce batting, Phillips was caught stealing third base by catcher Ryan Hanigan on a close play. Phillips argued the call, but Price did not use a replay challenge to review it.
"It was a green light to run, and Brandon picked his pitch. We just came up a little short," Price said. "I felt like he was out from where I was and the reaction of Smitty. But we did have contact with our video room to validate that. We got that validation without the need for me to take the field."
In the sixth, with Cozart on second base and no outs, Simon's sacrifice bunt moved him to third base. This time, Billy Hamilton flied out to left field on the first pitch and Votto grounded out.
"Trust ourselves. Trust our talent. Go back tomorrow and regroup and trust what we've got," Pena said. "It's tough when we know we're better than our record is showing. Our pitching staff is doing such a tremendous job for us. It's one of those things, we just have to trust ourselves and go back to basics. Just relax a little bit and trust our team."
Simon and winless ace Johnny Cueto have combined for six earned runs allowed over 36 innings. They've pitched a combined three innings with a lead this season.
"We just haven't gotten on that roll," Price said. "We've started the season 3-8. This could be June, July or August and it wouldn't be as big of a deal. ... Starting the season this way is disappointing, but there are better days ahead. I'm optimistic that we're going to turn things around quickly."
Mark Sheldon is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Mark My Word, and follow him on Twitter @m_sheldon.


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|Software Description
|Teamviewer is a remote-viewer connection software application that DECS is utilizing to provide assistance to users whose machines were either not installed by DECS or are not the MSU network--whether they are across campus, across the country or across the world! A file is sent to a user that gives DECS the ability to troubleshoot the computer and help fix an issue. It has been proven to be a valuable tool for faculty that are out town for a conference and have experienced computer issues.


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Liberty News
Work begins on third floor of DeMoss Learning Center
Liberty University students using the library and computer labs in the DeMoss Learning Center have had to change their routes as some stairwells have been blocked due to construction on the third floor.
But these minor inconveniences will be well worth it when the 45,669 square feet of expanded computer lab and study space becomes available in the fall.
Work began on the third floor of DeMoss after Spring Break. The plans call for several offices, a "quiet study zone" area, a conference/seminar room, computer workstations and restrooms. An elevator will be installed in the middle of the space.
Floyd Wood of Custom Structures Inc. in Lynchburg is heading the project. He said metal framing is being put in place now and heating and air conditioning should be installed soon. In three weeks, sheetrock should be in place and the rooms will start to take shape, he said.
The DeMoss Learning Center was originally erected in 1985 in honor of the late Arthur S. DeMoss, a generous benefactor, Liberty University board member and powerful Christian witness.
The building was remodeled and expanded in 2000 and now spans 500,000 square feet over four floors. The DeMoss building is the primary academic building on campus, and most general education classes are held there.


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Cybercrime represents an underground economy of $114 billion. It's organized, employs expert hackers and operates like any legitimate economy. MBAs and other business experts can choose big targets for cybercrimes, just as they might plan the strategies a business employs. On the other side of the equation, the cybersecurity industry is in a rut, practically guaranteeing the continuing operation of cybercriminals. Let's take a look at how the underground Internet economy operates.
Low Barriers to Entry
You might expect that the costs of getting into the cybercrime business are high, but it's not nearly as expensive as you might think. Most of the tools and data that a cybercriminal needs can be picked up on the cheap. Hiring a botnet can be a luxury item at $225, but a keystroke logger is about $20 and website hosting for a phishing scam can be as low as $10. Even labor costs can be low: many of these crimes no longer require an expert hacker. Someone with just a little technical knowledge can go shopping online for the tools to commit cybercrimes on an almost automatic basis.
Commonly, a criminal will purchase a set of tools to steal information and then turn around and sell that information to someone else to exploit, just as legal businesses might form supply chains.
Cybercriminals Interact Freely
The cybercrime economy exists somewhat openly: there are web-based forums and other websites where cybercriminals list tools and information for sale and discuss future projects. An outsider could almost think he was visiting any legitimate industry forum. While marketing both the tools of the cybercrime trade and the information gathered through different exploits is not as simple as promoting a legal enterprise, these sites are full of offers.
Modern Cybercrime
A few years ago, most efforts to commit crimes online were directed toward breaking into Windows-based computer systems. Now, hackers are targeting smartphones and tablet systems that are commonly run with minimal protection against viruses and malware, at least compared to desktop computers. This targeting is especially concerning because mobile platforms are becoming one of the key areas where many people and organizations handle financial transactions.
Credit Card Information Theft Is King
The most popular type of information for sale through these underground markets is credit card details, since it is much easier to make a purchase online using a credit card than it is to drain a bank account or steal an entire identity. That being said, bank account information is also a popular commodity.
Many of the criminals buying up information that will allow them to access others' financial accounts will proceed with surprising patience. Rather than immediately running up huge charges or completely emptying a bank account, they may create smaller fraudulent transactions, hiding them during busy seasons like the holidays, so that the fraud is much harder to detect. These criminals are taking a longer view with a goal of stealing more money, albeit slowly.
No Recession for Cybercrime
The cybercrime economy is thriving during a time when legitimate enterprises are struggling. The costs of dealing with these crimes are mostly paid by large organizations, such as banks, and both prevention and damage control require larger investments in cybersecurity.
But even with the new initiatives, laws and tools for combating cybercrime, those costs are going to continue to grow.
The Bottom Line
There are numerous organizations and individuals suggesting that cybercrime may get significantly worse in the years to come, especially in light of how easily the techniques and tools of cybercriminals can be turned to cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. The only solution is for the cybersecurity industry to catch up with its illegal counterpart.


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London G20 protests: Dancing for change
By Laura Miller
In full suit and tie, Horatio Jimenez cut an unusually strange figure next to the fluorescent wigs and fancy dressed protestors outside the Climate Exchange at Bishopsgate.
A former project manager for Deutsche Bank, he got out of the industry last June and told me it was the best decision he ever made.
"Bankers have a lot to answer for," he said. "They are greedy. They have no decency. I agree with the principle of this protest."
Opinion Former News
But this was not the Bank protest. There were no 'Burn the Banker' placards or suited effigies here, just a road of brightly coloured one- and two-man tents instead of cars, and climate activists dancing to a samba band replacing city workers traipsing from station to office to sandwich shop to office to station.
(Well actually some of the city workers got a bit mingled in with the protestors come six o clock but the worst they suffered was a few people in face paint trying to convert them to give up money. I didn't see any takers.)
Yet, in many ways, and especially in London, the Camp for Climate Action's largely peaceful protest was hugely more radical than the actions of those throwing laptops through RBS windows.
These people were claiming space.
And for the most part, the police let them have it. Some activists holding a placard with the words 'Biscuits Not Bombs' took over the roof of a bus shelter, others created urban tree-houses between the concrete buildings.
But what began with the protestors feeling they had taken back premium real estate, quickly became an exercise in penning them in.
Groups clashed with police over attempts by protestors to "fill the space" of a still-open road. Police blocked off all ways out of Bishopsgate, creating a tunnel of protestors only able to enter or leave at the top and bottom of the street. Helicopters circled above, and police vans lined the road.
Later, riot police charged the mainly teenage protestors to push them even further back, reclaiming the space the protestors had told them they were there to reclaim a few hours earlier.
But the protestors were determined whatever space they had they would use to show trading money products is not the only thing you can do with a concrete street in London's financial district.
Food arrived in the form of an impromptu steam kitchen, complete with jacket potatoes with beans, bananas, cakes, flapjack, sandwiches while you wait and tea in real mugs.
Walking along the tented pavement conversations range from "where's your daughter?" to how to create energy from algae, to theories about politicians being plugged into a matrix.
And at a climate 'workshop', speakers powered by a man cycling alternated between blaring out the benefits of green technology and "You've Got To Fight For Your Right To Party." Which pretty well sums up the event.


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China's Cash Crunch Signals Future Monetary Pains
Struggling to reform China's monetary policy, the country's leaders blame the problems on speculation and aggressive media coverage. WSJ Reporter Lingling Wei explains the Bank of China's role in the cash crunch.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... China's cash crunch will label markets when they should stay with the key to what happened and why when you get from him ... and GE and joined by Lingling Wei report in Beijing ... Li thank so much for joining you just have the so the pics posted the doll and look into in the recent cash crunch ... Thomas was even on what happened is a lot of these D tells CNN we've never before ... thank you very much say Amen ... when we have learned Sterman Harding was said to our dead people spend time that China's central bank ... of really on the very reason that the engine me Eric is cash crunch that we saw in the last couple weeks ... but the fact that that the it felt they had no alternative but to on Takes Enchanted Mack gemara measure ... on in the bits channel on can show what the song on runaway credit worse in the other thing we have learned from our reporting list ... aam ... you know when the market come vote on it ... on how the Chinese leadership may add it ... to the market are more ... on the kind of spirit in all market whom are on that cost on their interests race to buy on the eighth of June twenty is ... that where concerns on Bank of China ... I'm actually having before made only in the ... payments ... of course is you know on the bank completed nine of whom are ... common in the story didn't end there on the leadership has ordered investigation into ... this market where the focus is you know how exactly that of my posterity ... a nine under that window well uncovering a crisis U S investors is stunned to say look this is getting away from China's central bank while still so in conclusion and from this is this someone else handle twelve badly by some Chinese leaders in the central bank ... umm into the share on even the most experienced the inter bank in the world like the Federal Reserve ... on can also stumble on when it's trying to ... on changes monetary policy around and along the PBOC ... II sidenote I in on the party are ... steeped in secrecy so ... nice to this kind of attention ... on the can get from calm markets all over the world ... aam critics out we have talked to many investors and analysts ... on the the did say the PBOC could have handled the situation better ... it could have expands to the market early on what their intention was by engineering this cash I ... could do the squeeze on ... day and by making the care is so it was not the chorus of vanity that ... I need is not the currency now ... on to the potential for ... on foreign John in that and and to this ... it was due to the Vickers ... their intention to ... un maintained that the it crowd of gross especially shadow banking activities ... it could have communicated better to market its acidity love going on ... I suppose is the Sora minded to switch on your race is an emerging market alone these things is grappling with for the break fast time is it will ... lead free self interest rate sensitive allows the banking system so that ... more than I isn't and about a price ... the a grade ... so when we get from him was so full of Scentsy you know what one in Texas and perhaps still have confidence in China's market for what the league is keep making the reforms that are being priced from two pm when the country by this national law was still stands ... as megacrash Santa Ana as you must have seen in ... the current leadership undershooting piano the attack ... on the scene to scene very determined to ... Henri for me time is on current iconic structure ... aam by you know they they they have said it to one's saying again that they were willing to tolerate a store of course trades ... on the email on it on there before that the economy ... to be better structured to be more onto the owner of more sustainable past ... so aam when not merely on the base of four Chan and ... R and D in this package those days of old barber not going to see ... on big stimulus package is from the eight s Intergovernmental mark ... on are we going to see on monetary easing by central bank so definitely on investors and banks in there like ... I shouldn't expect aam you know in in that there to to to get cheap money ... from the government has over ... on end and then the economy's going to have a lot of pains down the road ... as I it's ... you know the leadership structures under the basic structure ... of the common withering to see more of that and I swear going to see ... banks' profits coming down and ... I'll wear them TCF prominent more on this list are only ... human nature ... but its outlook of a bumpy ride of a sightseeing ... Lingling Wei thank you so much for joining increase of speed on the latest on China's cash crunch ... that's it Asia's day on GE Buffalo long that story and many more please get to dovish to go on ...


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Megan Thode isn't the first Lehigh University student who was unhappy with the grade she received in a course. But she may be the first to sue to get it changed.
The C+ that Thode was given scuttled her dream of becoming a licensed professional counselor and was part of an effort to force her out of the graduate degree program she was pursuing, said her lawyer, Richard J. Orloski, whose lawsuit seeks $1.3 million in damages.


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PRIMARY ELECTION PREVIEW: Several county races hotly contested
COLUMBIA CITY — With the 2012 primary election less than two weeks away and the Republican nod for president all but a formality, local eyes are on a few contest for U.S. Congress and races for Whitley County Council and county treasurer.County TreasurerThree Republican hopefuls are vying for the treasurer slot being vacated by Lisa Richmond.With no Democrat candidate, the winner of the position in the November general election will be either Cindy (Greer) Doolittle, Laurell E. Hodges or Tami R. Plew.Board of CommissionersTwo of the three Republican members of the three-person panel of Whitley County Board of Commissioners, Tom Rethlake and Don Amber, are on the ballot. The two are unopposed by any Democrat, but candidates have until June 30 at noon to throw a hat in the ring for any uncontested place on the ballot.County CouncilFor Whitley County Council, a field of six Republicans, including three incumbents and three Democrat newcomers will give voters plenty of choices for the May 8 primary.The ballot includes GOP hopefuls Scott Darley, Thor A. Hodges, Jorell T. Tucker, along with incumbents William N. Overdeer, Paula Reimers and Thomas Western for an at-large slot. On the Democrat side, voters can select all three at-large candidates, Steven Heaston, Wes Pease and Greg Racioppi.Surveyor, CoronerThe Republican party has one candidate, Frederick R. Dellinger, for coroner with no Democratic challenger as yet.Two Republicans, Jim Macino and Ron McNeal are running for county surveyor.Precinct CommitteemenConvention DelagatesTwo county precincts have races for precinct committeemen.In Columbia 3, Susan Davison and Debbie Fairchild are filed for the position while Brandon Forrester and Mark Roach are filed for that slot in Union East.The Republicans have 17 candidates filed for 13 slots as state convention delegate.Those candidates are Jim Banks, Jerry Bickle, Matt Boyd, Samuel A. Collins, Richard Goodwin, Terry Goodwin, Gary Gordon, Neil Hanni, Laurell E. Hodges, Jim Macino, Jonathan J. Myers, Mark Roach, Sue Roach, Terry L. Smith, Debra Zawlocki, Linda Zimmerman and Max Zimmerman.State racesThe race for state representative in District 83 pits incumbent and Whitley County resident Kathy Heuer against Keith R. Potter of Roanoke on the Republican ticket while John A. Good runs unopposed in the primary on the Democratic side.Voters in parts of Smith Township will have a decision to make for state representative in District 82.The Republicans have four hopefuls in the race — Mike Caywood, Denise Lemmon, David L. Ober and Wesley Ortell, while on the Democratic ballot, only Mike Wilbur is filed.A state senator race for voters in Jefferson and Union townships has Republican David C. Long squaring off against Democrat challenger Charles T. Keen.National racesAs of press time, only two challengers remain to Republican frontrunner for president Mitt Romney, although Newt Gingrich is expected to bow out of the race any day.The winner of the presidential primary will face President Barack Obama in the fall.For governor of Indiana, the fall race has been decided with Mike Pence (Republican) and John R. Gregg (Democrat) facing each other in November for Gov. Mitch Daniel's seat.The only U.S. senator in Indiana up for re-election, longtime incumbent Richard Lugar, faces vigorous competition from both his own party and from the Democrats.Republican challenger Richard E. Mourdock has campaigned heavily to unseat the sitting senator in the primary, while Democrat Joe Donnelly is unopposed in the primary and will face the Republican primary winner in November.For U.S. Representative in the 3rd District, Rep. Marlin A. Stutzman from Howe will face one of six Democratic challengers in the fall. The Democrats filing for a chance at Stutzman's seat include Kevin R. Boyd, Stephen G. Hope, Justin Kuhnle, John Forrest Roberson, Tommy A. Schrader and David Sowards.


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ACParadise Network: American Cosplay Paradise American Cosplay Experience American Cosplay Snapshots
A card game nerding, Pokemon catching, visual novel playing, puddle-of-mush dork of a girl from North Shore Massachusetts.
Hi, I'm Qu, and I have no taste. I love cosplay (and the creative sewing that goes with it!) and I'd like to get better at it. Because I'm an attention whore at heart. If you happen to like what you see, feel free to hit me up or whatever.
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The 2015 Toyota TRD Pro Series Tundra, Tacoma and 4Runner debuted at the Chicago Auto Show on Feb. 6, 2014.
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All materials on this site are for editorial use only. The use of these materials for advertising, marketing or any other commercial purpose is prohibited. They may be cropped but not otherwise modified. To download these materials, you must agree to abide by these terms.


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Paul C. Pompa, Jr.'s Morrow Cove dominated six other sophomore fillies as she
drew off through the lane to prevail by 4 ¾ lengths in the $75,000 Serena's
Song Stakes at Monmouth Park on Sunday.
Trained by Todd
Pletcher, Morrow Cove covered the 1 mile 70 yards over a fast main track in
1:43:69 and returned $9.80, $3.80 and $3. Odds-on favorite Moment In Dixie
rallied from the back of the pack to complete the $24.40 exacta and paid $2.60
and $2.20. It was another three lengths
back to Ainsley, who paid $3.60 to show.
"I just sat off the
speed," said winning jockey Paco Lopez. "She came with her run when I called on
her. She's a talented filly and kicked away pretty easily. She had plenty left
at the end."
Sunday's stakes score was the first for Morrow Cove, a daughter
of Yes It's True from the You and I mare Once Around. Bred in Kentucky by Langsem Farm, she has now won
three of her five starts and earned $104,360.
"She ran big; she's
a nice filly," said Anthony Sciametta, the assistant to Pletcher. "She had a
little pressure, but you could see he (Lopez) had a lot of horse. You can see
that she's got a good turn of foot."
The Serena's Song,
named for the winner of the 1995 Haskell Invitational and member of Racing's
Hall of Fame, is a prep race for the $100,000 Monmouth Oaks to be run here on
August 11 at 1 1/6 mile.
Live racing
continues at Monmouth
Park on Friday, July 20 -
Gates open at 11:30 a.m. with the first race set for 12:45 p.m.


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Blech Covers
World of Judaica offers a fantastic supply of blech covers. These covers are very important for observing Shabbat and serve as a great gift to friends and family. Feel free to check out our selection of covers for your blech.
What is a blech cover? A blech is a term used to refer to a hot plate or plata that is placed over an open flame or heated by an electrical plug to keep food warm on Shabbat. There is a prohibition against using electricity and starting an open flame on Shabbat, especially for the purpose of cooking. In order to keep food warm during the duration of Shabbat, hot plates called Blechs are permitted for use. Cooking is not allowed, but according to Jewish law placing fully cooked food onto a heated plate is acceptable. If the blech is electric, it must be plugged in before Shabbat arrives. If it is not electric, it is placed on a burner set at a low flame before Shabbat.
Why does the blech need a cover? The blech itself can be fairly hot and dangerous to touch, so it requires a cover. Covers are usually insulated cotton and have their own unique design. The cover prevents the food from burning and keeps you safe from burning your hand. The blech cover gets a lot of use because it is used every Shabbat and serves as a nice display to guests that come over.
Blech covers are important to have in your home for Shabbat and Jewish holidays in order to keep you and your family safe. The covers also make for great gifts to family and friends, so their blech will not be bare. The blech cover makes the blech plate more presentable and will add to your Jewish kitchen decor. Make sure to look at World of Judaica's collection of blech covers for your blech or to give as a thoughtful gift for a Jewish wedding.
Blech Covers Guide
One hallmark of a traditional Jewish home is the chaotic Friday afternoons during which all of the preparations of Shabbat – cooking, cleaning and bathing amongst many – are completed since most of these actions many not be performed on Shabbat. One of the final actions done before the beginning of Shabbat is the placing of food atop a Blech, which is often followed by last minute preparations before sunset and the lighting on candles the marks the beginning of Shabbat.
The Prohibition of Using Fire and the Blech
On Shabbat, there are thirty-nine different categories of work that are prohibited. One of those is the use of fire for any constructive purpose, whether for forging tools or even simple cooking. Consequently this led to practical problems the prevented Jewish people from enjoying Shabbat and led to past leaders allowing the indirect use of fire. This arena of Jewish law is one the most complex areas regarding Shabbat. One of the items that resulted from discussions regarding the use of fire is the Blech and Blech Cover.
What is a Blech and what is a Blech Cover?
The term Blech refers to methods of heading food on Shabbat to circumvent the prohibition of using fire directly by placing a separation between the fire and the food. However, the term normally is used to refer specifically to the sheet of metal that is used to separate between the flame on a stove top and pots and pans that hold food to be eaten on Shabbat.
The Blech Cover is a cotton cover that has a thick insulated layer inside that is placed atop food sitting on a Blech to keep it warm.
Blechs are made from metal and contain simple electric circuitry and Blech covers are made from cloth, usually cotton or silk.
There are three different types of Blechs: one that plugs into the wall and heats up food in a similar fashion to a hot plate, a simple metal sheet and a Blech that consists of two pans, one of which is filled with water and covered with the other pan. The latter two types of Blechs are placed directly on a stove top, the first can be placed anywhere.
Blech covers take two different forms: as a sheet that is placed atop all of the food placed on Blech or a small sized cover that sits atop a specific pot or pan for the purpose of keeping it warm.
Blech Covers can come in any shape, size and color, although they are typically large sized and are in shades of white, blue, brown, green and red. They are usually decorated with silver depiction of Jerusalem, flowers, crowns and intricate geometric patterns consisting of lines and dots. Blech covers typically have the words "Lichvod Shabbat" or "Shabbat VeYom Tov" in the center, which translate as "For the honor of Shabbat" as "Shabbat and Holidays" in English.
For More Information
For more information on Blech Covers or other Judaica items, feel free to contact our Judaica experts with any questions or concerns.


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- Samwell Tarly: "The White Walkers sleep beneath the ice for thousands of years. And when they wake up..."
- Pypar: "And when they wake up... what?"
- Samwell Tarly: "I hope the Wall is high enough."
- — Samwell Tarly talks about the Wall[src]
The Wall is a colossal fortification which stretches for 100 leagues (300 miles) along the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms, separating the realm from the domain of the wildlings who live beyond. The Wall is reported to be over 700 feet tall and is made of solid ice. It was supposedly constructed using both magic and mundane means some eight millennia ago, in the aftermath of the Long Night to defend the realm against the White Walkers who dwell in the far north, though they are now considered myths by most. The Wall has grown considerably since it was first constructed, as the Watch has spent the years augmenting it with ice blocks and upgraded defenses.
The Night's Watch
The Wall is defended and held by the Sworn Brothers of the Night's Watch. Though they were once a respected order, the Watch has fallen on hard times by the time of the War of the Five Kings. It has become grievously undermanned, numbering less than a thousand men, an all-time low. While once great glory and honor was to be had in the Watch, in the present day it is often seen as a glorified penal colony.
The current headquarters of the Watch is Castle Black, located in the shadow of the Wall at the northern end of the Kingsroad.[1] Eastwatch-by-the-Sea, located at the eastern end of the Wall, serves as the main port and resupply post for the Night's Watch. The Shadow Tower at the western end of the Wall is the only other manned castle.[2] Among the abandoned castles along the length of the Wall is the Nightfort, the first fortress built on the Wall and the original headquarters of the Night's Watch.[3][4] The region south of the Wall is called the Gift, bestowed to the Night's Watch by House Stark thousands of years ago to supply the Night's Watch with food and provisions. [5]
In the past, the Night's Watch would send men out every morning to the north side of the Wall to cut down any trees growing within one mile of the structure, so the wildlings couldn't use any natural cover to approach the base of the Wall undetected. With the ranks of the Night's Watch drastically diminishing over the years, many of the areas between the three forts that are still manned have tall trees growing right up to the base of the Wall.[6]
The Watch employs a variety of defenses in order to defend the Wall. The top of the Wall is dug out in a trench-like manner to give protection from the weather. Several outlets and wooden pillboxes allow archers to fire on enemies below. A special pulley system allows archers to hang over the edge of the Wall to fire straight down on enemies attempting to climb it. Other defenses includes ramps for dropping stone, ice, and barrels of burning oil on attackers. The Watch also has ballistae and catapults strong enough to kill giants. Perhaps the most impressive defense mechanism is the "scythe" at Castle Black, a massive, bladed pendulum that runs along the Wall with tremendous force, brutally mauling anyone within its swinging arc and raining ice on those below. Following its release, the scythe can be retracted to prime it for another swing.[6][7]
The physical nature of the Wall is its greatest defense, regardless of how many men garrison it. The Wall is too thick to simply smash through and its height makes it nearly impossible to storm. Normal archers cannot fire all the way to the top. Considering that the wildlings possess little in the way of advanced weaponry like ballistae, only giants armed with huge bows have any feasible chance at hitting defenders on the top. The Wall can also shed large sheets of ice if disturbed, making scaling it an unpredictable and incredibly dangerous endeavor.[6][7]
On the ground, there are tunnels for rangers returning from beyond-the-wall expeditions. The tunnel is guarded by an outer 4 inch thick, cold-rolled steel gate, and a thin slotted inner gate.
Scale and unit conversion
Measurements in the Seven Kingdoms in both the books and TV series are given in imperial measurements. The Wall is about 100 leagues or 300 miles (482 kilometers) long, about 700 feet tall (213 meters) and averages 300 feet in width (91 meters).
In "Mhysa", Samwell Tarly says that the Wall is 500 miles long. This appears to be an error, as the books clearly state that it is 300 miles long and the evidence in the TV show (such as the distances given for Winterfell to Torrhen's Square and the faster speed of travel between Winterfell and King's Landing) suggests that Westeros may actually be smaller than in the books, while the Wall being 500 miles long would actually make it substantially larger. The claim that the Wall is 300 miles long is further supported in Game of Thrones: A Telltale Games Series, where Britt Warrick says to Gared Tuttle "a 300-mile wall, and you're still in my way". The game is canon to the show so it is possible that Sam was wrong.
Image Gallery
In the books
In the A Song of Ice and Fire novels, the Wall is about 700 feet tall and is defended by three manned castles, the Shadow Tower at the far western end, Eastwatch-by-the-Sea in the far east and Castle Black in the middle, where the Kingsroad meets the Wall. The top is wide enough for a dozen mounted knights to ride abreast and it is thicker at the base. Castle Black is the Watch's headquarters and primary redoubt. Sixteen additional castles stretch along the base of the Wall, but these are no longer permanently manned due to the Watch's lack of manpower. The Wall was allegedly built by Brandon the Builder after the War for the Dawn to defend against the return of the Others.
Numbered on the map at right, these are names of the other castles. Of these, only the Shadow Tower is still garrisoned at the start of the books (as well as Castle Black and Eastwatch, whose names are written out on this map).
- Westwatch-by-the-Bridge
- The Shadow Tower
- Sentinel Stand
- Greyguard
- Stonedoor
- Hoarfrost Hill
- Icemark
- The Nightfort
- Deep Lake
- Queensgate
- Oakenshield
- Woodswatch-by-the-Pool
- Sable Hall
- Rimegate
- The Long Barrow
- The Torches
- Greenguard
All nineteen castles were not built at the same time, many of them centuries apart. Castle Black actually isn't the original headquarters of the Night's Watch. The original headquarters was the Nightfort, the first castle built along the Wall, making it possibly eight thousand years old. The Nightfort is larger than all of the other eighteen castles that were subsequently built along the Wall. As the Night's Watch's numbers dwindled, the large castle was so understaffed that it became difficult to maintain. This ultimately led to the Nightfort being abandoned 200 years ago, and the headquarters of the Night's Watch was moved to Castle Black. It isn't clear exactly how old Castle Black is, but it wasn't purpose-built as a replacement for the Nightfort (the castle of Deep Lake was its replacement). Castle Black may have been built after the Andal Invasion, when there were fewer recruits who worshiped the Old Gods: note that Castle Black doesn't have its own godswood with a heart tree, thus Jon Snow has to swear his oath before a heart tree in the Haunted Forest on the other side of the Wall. Some of the other, older castles along the Wall (such as the Nightfort) do have godswoods.
One of the goals that Jon intends to achieve as the new Lord Commander of the Watch is to restore and garrison as many of the abandoned castles as possible, by both members of the Watch and wildlings. So far, most of those castles have been garrisoned, though badly undermanned.
The Wall runs in a straight line from Eastwatch-by-the-Sea to Castle Black, but the western half between Castle Black and the Shadow Tower curves gently here and there like a snake, because it extends through the rough country of the foothills of the Frostfang Mountains. Technically, the Wall doesn't actually extend "from coast to coast": Eastwatch actually does terminate at the ocean's coast (which is why it serves as a port for the Watch), but the western end terminates at a massive gorge that is still somewhat inland. The Milkwater River carved a massive gorge through the Frostfangs which is practically as steep as the Wall itself, and which extends all the way to the ocean. The gorge is held to be as impassable as the Wall - though small raiding bands with climbing equipment have perilously managed to climb both at times. The gorge is still seen as part of the overall defensive line provided by the Wall. At any rate the inlet formed by the Milkwater as it runs into the gorge is loosely thought of as an extension of the west "coast" of Westeros, and characters still speak of the Wall as running from one side of Westeros to the other. Nonetheless, even when all of the castles of the Wall were fully manned, the western end never provided safe harbor for ocean-going ships the way that Eastwatch does.
George R.R. Martin has stated that the Wall was inspired by Hadrian's Wall, a massive fortification built across northern England by the Roman emperor Hadrian.[8] Although significantly smaller than the Wall in Westeros (less than 100 miles long and considerably shorter in height), both structures performed the same function; keeping the northern "barbarians" (i.e. "wildlings) out of the "civilized" southern parts of the region. Both walls also had forts at regular intervals that housed groups of soldiers, and in some cases these soldiers were sent from considerable distances to man the wall, similar to how the Night's Watch draws its recruits from throughout the Seven Kingdoms.
See also
- Wall on A Wiki of Ice and Fire (MAJOR spoilers from the books)
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 2 map, Castle Black entry
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 1 map, Castle Black entry
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 1 map, Deep Lake entry
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 1 map, Nightfort entry
- ↑ HBO viewers guide, season 1 map, Gift entry
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The Climb"
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The Watchers on the Wall"
- ↑ https://www.sfsite.com/01a/gm95.htm
Dorne · The Iron Islands · The North · The Reach · The Stormlands · The Vale of Arryn · The Westerlands · The Riverlands · The Crownlands (King's Landing) · The Wall & the Gift · Beyond the Wall
Free Cities (Disputed Lands · Stepstones) · Valyrian Peninsula · Slaver's Bay · Dothraki Sea · Lhazar · Red Waste · Qarth · Ib · Yi Ti · Asshai & the Shadow Lands
The Wall & The Gift
|Regional Capital:
|Castles along the Wall:
The Shadow Tower · {Greyguard} · {The Nightfort} · {Deep Lake} · {Queensgate} · Castle Black · {Long Barrow} · {Eastwatch-by-the-Sea}
|The Gift:
|Coastal Areas:


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506 Ovington Avenue
Bay Ridge, New York, 11209
Commute to Downtown Jersey City
Daily errands do not require a car.
Transit is convenient for most trips.
506 Ovington Avenue has a Walk Score of 98 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
This location is in the Bay Ridge neighborhood in New York. Nearby parks include Leif Ericson Park And Square, Dustbowl and McKinley Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 506 Ovington Avenue.
506 Ovington Avenue has excellent transit which means transit is convenient for most trips. Car sharing is available from RelayRides and Zipcar.
Rail lines:
R Broadway Local
0.2 mi
N Broadway Express
0.5 mi
D 6 Avenue Express
1.3 mi
Bus lines:
B63 Bay Ridge - Cobble Hill
0.1 mi
B64 Bay Ridge - Coney Island
0.1 mi
B9 Bay Ridge - Kings Plaza
0.2 mi
B4 Bay Ridge - Sheepshead Bay
0.2 mi
B70 Dyker Heights - Sunset Park
0.2 mi
View all Bay Ridge apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, top floor and fireplace.
Search for homes in New York or find a New York real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
506 Ovington Avenue is in the Bay Ridge neighborhood. Bay Ridge is the 96th most walkable neighborhood in New York with a neighborhood Walk Score of 91.
Moving to New York from another city? View our moving to New York guide.


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Douglas DC-3 / C-47
Image #6775
Taken: Bluebonnet Airshow Burnet 12th April 2008
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All images are the property of and copyright © 1983-2012 Jo Hunter unless stated otherwise. Please ask before using content from this site. Unauthorised reproduction of these photographs is forbidden.


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Man charged with stealing $26K in jewelry from local home
Photo: Westport Police Department
A Gorham Avenue man was charged Tuesday with stealing more than $25,000 worth of jewelry from a Westport residence earlier this month.
Lukas Vanzantan, 23, turned himself in on a warrant charging him with first-degree larceny.
Vanzantan took $26,000 worth of jewelry from the residence, according to Capt. Vincent Penna, police spokesman.
Vanzantan was released after posting a $5,000 bond and is scheduled to appear June 5 in Norwalk Superior Court.


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Garage Floor Painting in South Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
Jose's Painting & Handyman Services proudly offers garage floor painting and garage floor coating in South Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. Whether looking for a creative garage floor style for your home or business, or a simple, durable garage floor coating application, Jose's Painting & Handyman Services is ready and able to get the job done.
Jose's Painting & Handyman Services has experience with many types of garage floor coatings, paints, epoxies and systems. Our experienced painters are trained in proper application of garage floor coatings in South Fort Mitchell and we take great pride in our work. When you are ready for installation of a garage floor system for a home or application of a garage floor coating in your South Fort Mitchell business, Jose's Painting & Handyman Services is ready for your call at (513) 823-3983!
Jose's Painting & Handyman Services's South Fort Mitchell Garage Floor Painting Process
Jose's Painting & Handyman Services is a leading provider of garage floor painting services. Our painting experts have over 6 years of residential and commercial painting experience and can help your garage floor stay looking great.
Our process for painting garages in South Fort Mitchell begins by carefully preparing the surface. The garage floor is swept, then thoroughly cleaned to remove dirt, oil and grease. Next we work on filling in all gaps, cracks or holes. Then Jose's Painting & Handyman Services's painting professionals finish by applying the paint, coating, sealant, urethane or epoxy that has been selected for the job.
The result is a shiny clean new garage floor!
Benefits of Painting Your South Fort Mitchell Garage Floor
Aside from just making the main, informal entrance to your home look great, there are many reasons to call Jose's Painting & Handyman Services to paint your garage floor. Here are just a few:
- Consistently attractive look
- Easy to clean and maintain
- Less porous flooring means stains and spills wipe clean
- Certain finishes are slip-resistant, and therefore safer
- Modern epoxy finishes offer a huge selection of colors, textures and effects
Serving South Fort Mitchell's garage floor epoxy coating needs since 2013, Jose's Painting & Handyman Services is skilled in local garage floor painting. Call (513) 823-3983 today and learn how we can help preserve and beautify your garage floor.
Call for FREE Garage Floor Painting Quote
(513) 823-3983
Dial Area Code first please.
★★★★★ - "Jose and his team did a wonderful job on helping us to get our new home move in ready. We bought a house that needed a ton of work. It was filthy and required an entire new paint job as well as some work in the bathrooms. Jose and Paula met with me and immediately I felt like they were treating me like Family. They understood our needs and helped to work within our budget. We were moving from California so all of the work was done while we were out of town. Paula and Jose sent me updates throughout the entire process. I was very impressed with how professional they were with completing the job. We had one issue come up with the stairs that they painted. There was a strange reaction with the wood and they turned out yellow. Jose came back to fix the stairs. No questions asked.
We will definitely be using Jose and his team in the future."
Gabrielle Yates in Anderson Township, OH2018-12-10
★★★★★ - "Jose and Andrea are wonderful! I was very satisfied with the work and the crew. They are conscientious, courteous and follow up. I will recommend Jose to my daughter who needs remodeling work done Thank you and God bless all of you."
Arlene Diersing in White Oak, OH2018-11-15
★★★★★ - "I used Jose and Andrea to help turn over a 4-family apartment building. They were absolutely wonderful to work with.
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For all future needs they are who I'll call. So happy to now have a relationship with people I can trust to be fair and do good work!"
B Riddle2018-11-14
★★★★★ - "Jose and his crew were great. There were several projects to be done and they did an excellent job on each of them. They arrived on time each day, they were professional, friendly, very detailed and immaculate with their work. Jose was very helpful with any choices on specific projects which was greatly appreciated. And their pricing is great!! SOO happy to have found you! I will indeed recommend them to family and friends!!!"
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Vanjohnson Realty Concepts Inc"
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★★★★★ - "Jose did a great job on our house this past summer. You can tell he loves what he does. Very nice gentlemen, cares about works. He is doing more work for us and I am so excited because we know the good work he does. Happy we found him."
Anonymous in Cincinnati, OH2018-10-25
★★★★★ - "We are very happy with the work Jose did for us this past summer. I love looking at our house now, he gave us a nice trim and changed our awning to match the house. He's great, very nice gentlemen, aimed to please the customer. I would recommend him to anyone. Looking forward to him fixing my ceiling."
Patricia Hicks in Oakley, OH2018-10-25
★★★★★ - "I wanted to thank Jose and Andrea for being so easy to work with. I have recommended them to many other owners of properties because they really get the job done. They are very quick, clean, and affordable, no need to wait for being put on a long-schedule. Jose always has taken care of our properties and on my personal, he has done my home projects. He's very handy. I would highly recommend him a lot to anyone."
Autumnwoods Properties2018-07-23
★★★★★ - "Jose and his crew have always helped us with all of our properties project. He has my permission to post any of the house projects that he has helped us with. I will always recommend him, he is pretty handy, Clean and affordable."
colerai towers2018-07-23
★★★★★ - "Jose performed some drywall patching and painting at a rental property that I have. He was able to get the work done promptly and at a fair price. I would highly recommend him and will use him again in the future."
Rich L.2018-07-16
★★★★★ - "Jose's been reliable and professional with any project that I needed his help with. I'd highly recommend him for any painting and handyman service....thank you Jose!"
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★★★★★ - "We first saw José's work when he and his crew were painting the exterior of a Pleasant Ridge business. We had them paint our home last summer and were thrilled with the results. They were efficient and maintained a super clean job site. We have since hired them for several other home projects. In each case we have been extremely happy with their work."
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★★★★★ - "Jose and his crew worked so hard staying long hours, making sure I was happy with the work they did painting my house. I couldn't have found anyone who could have done a better job.
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★★★★★ - "AMAZING experience. From the beginning to the end, we had nothing but good service. Exactly what we wanted at more than fair price. Will for sure have Jose back in our home! THANK YOU!"
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They asked me everyday if I was happy with their work and there were never any surprises was many companies do once they get started then find extra work.
I would not have a problem letting anyone look at the work he did at my house. Jose's has my Ok to show pictures or give my address to come look."
Doreen Schafer in Cumminsville, OH2018-03-30
★★★★★ - "The customer service we received was excellent. From the administration in the phone to the gentleman that quoted the job, I was treated with respect and honesty."2018-03-28
★★★★★ - "José was on time with the starting and ending time of the project and friendly.
I was so thank that they cover all my furniture and floors. They made it so easy for me. Defenelly will hired again for my future projects."
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★★★★★ - "Jose did an absolutely wonderful job on our home. He painted our entire house and we were really blownLarr away. He spent the time to make sure that everything was cut in with Lazer precision. Thank you SO much!"
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★★★★☆ - "Very recommend he works very good and very clean"
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★★★★★ - "An exterior painting project with Jose's Painting And Handyman Services. I love how it turn out"
Anonymous, Exterior Painting in Mount Olive, OH2018-03-26
Call for FREE Garage Floor Painting Quote
(513) 823-3983
Dial Area Code first please.


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'poor standby battery life'
'built-in one-touch activation camera'
'Though it supports 65,000 colors, it wasn't the most vivid screen we've seen, and its small size (1.5 inches diagonal) didn't help things.'
'Ringer speaker may be low at times.'
'it lacks a memory card slot and the menu is pretty awful.'
'Inside the ultra-thin
design are advanced features like MPEG4 video playback, Bluetooth wireless technology, a digital camera and more.'
'Predictive text is a little tricky.'
'This sleek and stylish flip phone is super thin without the bulk!'
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|Episode Description
|Saturday, Apr 6, 2013 - 6:00 AM
India Sex Selection - Recent attacks on women in India have spotlighted gender inequality there. In India, boy children have been preferred over girl children for centuries, in part because only boys can carry on the family's lineage, and also because the family must provide a dowry when their daughter gets married-even though dowries have been outlawed for half a century. As Fred de Sam Lazaro reports, the abortion of female fetuses has meant five boy babies are born to only four girl babies, but rising prosperity in India has led some families to view girls and boys as being of equal value. D
Mountain Time
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