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CAMDEN � In the middle of a busy week, the Camden-Frontier High School girls basketball team took care of business early.
Behind a solid defensive effort that preserved a strong start, the Redskins cruised to a 40-21 victory over the Burr Oak Bobcats in a Southern Central Athletic Association game Wednesday evening.
The game was originally scheduled for Jan. 31, but was rescheduled due to inclimate weather. The Redskins will play again tonight when it host county rival Waldron.
Camden-Frontier (7-10) took control of the game early and never let up. After jumping to a seven-point lead in the first quarter, the Redskins pulled away with a 14-3 run in the second quarter. Camden-Frontier took a 24-6 lead into halftime.
"We played with intensity tonight," Camden-Frontier coach Mandy Vincent said. "A lot of girls stepped up for us, and it was a good game. The girls had a lot of fun."
The Redskins extended their lead to 34-12 by the end of the third quarter and were never threatened in the fourth.
Emily Kirk scored eight points to lead the Redskins. Kelsea McNeil scored seven points and grabbed 16 rebounds, while Kasey Follis added six points. Shoshanna Smith came off the bench and grabbed seven rebounds.
Camden-Frontier will hold its Parent's Night festivities during tonight's game against the Spartans.
Camden-Frontier dumps Burr Oak


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Unable to find a long-term sponsor for his Sprint Cup team, James Finch is eyeballing an exit from racing all together.
LYNN HAVEN, Fla. — Unable to find a long-term sponsor for his Sprint Cup team, James Finch is eyeballing an exit from racing all together.
"I'm contemplating finishing up this year, and I don't know if I want a sponsor," Finch, owner of Spartanburg, S.C.-based Phoenix Racing, said Monday. "Sunday was my 776th start in NASCAR between the Nationwide and Sprint Cup. That's a lot of weekends. I'm considering pulling the plug later in the summer."
Finch, 62, said Phoenix Racing will not enter any races after the Brickyard 400 scheduled for July 28 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He said he intends to wrap up team operations before the Chase for the Cup begins in September.
"I have not been able to get the right amount of funding, the economy is pretty bad, and a lot of people don't want to do it," Finch said of his team's fruitless search for a permanent sponsor. "I'm getting kind of burned out. I think it is time for me to do something else."
Finch's decision comes in the midst of one of his most successful seasons as an owner. Finch is tied for 13th in NASCAR's owner points standings with 276 points, just a handful of points outside the Top 10. Phoenix Racing enjoyed a fourth-place finish with Kurt Busch behind the wheel for the Nationwide race at Talladega this past weekend, and Regan Smith steered the team's No. 51 car to a sixth-place finish in Sunday's Aaron's 499.
The team's success, which includes a pair of top-10 finishes and five top-15 results, did not appear to help it find a full-time sponsor, however. The team has found sponsors for individual or small blocks of races, but the lack of a permanent sponsor has forced Finch to cover his team's considerable costs on his own.
That business model simply is not sustainable against deep-pocketed teams such as Hendrick Motorsports, Richard Childress Racing, Roush Fenway Racing and others.
"I don't want to lose everything I've got trying to outrun people," Finch said. "I can't do that. It's time to do something else and go from there. I've still got some cars I haven't torn up. And I don't want to build any new ones."
Finch's immersion into NASCAR as an owner began with one race in the Busch Grand National Series in 1989. His team competed in four Winston Cup and four Busch Grand National races in 1990. Phoenix Racing focused solely on Busch races from 1997 to 2000, running in 35 races in that final season.
Finch returned to Winston Cup racing in 2001, competing largely on a part-time basis for the next decade while continuing to squeeze in occasional Busch/Nationwide races. Phoenix Racing ramped up its Sprint Cup efforts in 2011 and has competed in all 36 races each of the past two years.
"I started with all my friends, and now I'm racing with a lot of their sons," Finch said. "Austin Dillon, he's a little kid who drove for me (twice this season). I remember when he was born."
Finch said he will help his 18 employees find work with other racing teams if they want to remain in the sport.
"I'll try and get some friends to hire some of them," he said. "I definitely want to take care of them."
Finch may know his days as a Sprint Cup team owner are numbered, but he's no less competitive now than he was decades ago when he raced dragsters, stock cars and motorcycles. He quipped that Smith could have been more aggressive at the end of Sunday's race.
"Regan hooked up with Jimmie Johnson, and he wanted to stay with Jimmie," Finch said of a late restart. "Jimmie's a five-time champion. He makes millions of dollars per year. But I think Regan should have hung him out to dry and jumped in the middle.
"Regan's with the Hendrick organization (like Johnson) and drives their Nationwide car. He was trying to help Jimmie as much as he could. But sooner or later you have to say, 'Hey, bye. This happens to be the end, my friend.' "


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Posted on April 26, 2013
The place was getting a bit blue this week. This was not, as the more cynical among you might suspect, the result of Uncle Blogsy's remarks when the paper bag split open. My language was that of a gentleman, as always. I was merely inquiring of August Heaven why a bagful of books always knows to land on the one volume in the bag that was worth extra money, and rip its jacket.
No, I refer to a tendency toward Smurfishness shown by some of the donations you were dropping off. It wasn't enough to declare a general Smurf Week, but I was getting ready to hoist the blue flag, just in case.
I am very proud of the variety the Newberry's Book Fair offers the public. I boast to newcomers that they can find just about everything here, from quilting magazines to books in Japanese. I don't, however, recall asking anybody to send me quilting magazines in Japanese. No, please don't rush over to buy them right now: you have to wait for July, like anyone else.
Books on antique china? Not Smurfish. Books dealing with chintz? Hardly blue at all. A guide to antique china with chintz patterns is pushing the blue envelope.
Smurfish is the word I use to describe the donations which make me stand back in wonder. What I'm wondering is "What are the chances that there are TWO people in the Greater Metropolitan Area who want this?" I am used to getting record albums autographed by the great and the small, performers from Tito Gobbi to that bandleader on the cruise ship your parents toured the Caribbean with in 1956. I was not expecting an album inscribed by a legendary mariachi musician (anyhow, the record says he is; I don't know if Wikipedia has a list of legendary mariachi men.)
The boxful of classical music of India was a trifle unusual, but I couldn't call it Smurfish. The entire box of LPs by trumpet player Al Hirt also struck me as mildly interesting. Then I found that the previous owner of Al's albums had annotated the playlist on each and every one, marking the songs with notes which meant something, I suppose, to him, but which are not easy to decipher now. He was, I am told, a professor of brass music, so it would almost seem reasonable enough to take it out of the Smurfish classification. Except that in several case he had three or four copies of the same album and annotated each one. (I don't CARE if you're doing your dissertation on Al Hirt; you HAVE to wait for July to buy these.)
The Halloween candy dish in the shape of a book is unusual but not terribly Smurfish. It talks, but lots of our books talk. What makes it a candidate for Smurf of the Week is that it came to me filled with…no, not vintage Tootsie Rolls but books. Using a box shaped like a book to transport books makes a donor look blue to me.
People can be Smurfish, too, y'know. We've made a deal with a gentleman in a high-rise building not far from the library. He wants to make room in his library but doesn't want to give us all his books. So he has invited the volunteer to come and pick out the ones the Book Fair could use. Then HE will go through the ones that have been picked and decide which ones he'll let us have.
I'm not saying he's a Smurf. I'm suggesting that those of us who actually agreed to this bluish idea may want to get measured for those floppy white shoes.


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The weapon of future, laser/ blaster/ impulse cannon/ plasma rifle… Huge and heavy plasma or impulse cannon shot with charging, reloading effects. You can use this sound in your video projects as transformation, impact, slam, hit, or shot in sci-fi scenes. Best fits to video games.
You can find a lot futuristic and weapon sounds here:


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|Attention: DocWiki has reached EOL and will be decommissioned January 25, 2019.
Internetwork Design Guide -- Designing ISDN Internetworks
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The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) has been transformed into an Integrated Systems Digital Network (ISDN). Implementation of Signalling System 7 (SS7) in the PSTN backbone has made possible such widespread services as Caller-ID and Dialed-Number delivery, 800 Directory Number lookup, Calling Card services, and Digital Data Services. Using BRI and PRI services, ISDN call switching can be extended to customer premises equipment (CPE) and provide end-to-end digital paths.
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) has been transformed into an Integrated Systems Digital Network (ISDN). Implementation of Signalling System 7 (SS7) in the PSTN backbone has made possible such widespread services as Caller-ID and Dialed-Number delivery, 800 Directory Number lookup, Calling Card services, and Digital Data Services. Using BRI and PRI services, ISDN call switching can be extended to customer premises equipment (CPE) and provide end-to-end digital paths.
Latest revision as of 21:26, 16 October 2012
The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) has been transformed into an Integrated Systems Digital Network (ISDN). Implementation of Signalling System 7 (SS7) in the PSTN backbone has made possible such widespread services as Caller-ID and Dialed-Number delivery, 800 Directory Number lookup, Calling Card services, and Digital Data Services. Using BRI and PRI services, ISDN call switching can be extended to customer premises equipment (CPE) and provide end-to-end digital paths.
Previous to ISDN availability, data connectivity over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) was via Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) using analog modems. Connectivity over ISDN offers the internetworking designer increased bandwidth, reduced call setup time, reduced latency, and lower signal/noise ratios.
ISDN is now being deployed rapidly in numerous applications including Dial-on-Demand Routing, Dial Backup, SOHO and ROBO connectivity, and modem pool aggregation. This chapter covers the design of these applications.The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the design issues associated with building ISDN internetworks.
Figure: ISDN can support hybrid (analog and digital) dial solutions shows ISDN being used to concurrently serve ISDN and POTS (analog modem) connected remote sites in a hybrid dial solution.
Figure: ISDN can support hybrid (analog and digital) dial solutions
Applications of ISDN in Internetworking
ISDN has many applications in internetworking. The Cisco IOS has long been building Dial-On-Demand Routing and Dial Backup solutions for Remote Office/Branch Office connectivity. Recently, ISDN has seen incredible growth in the support of mass Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) dial-up connectivity. For the purposes of this book, the ISDN calling side will be referred to as SOHO and the answering side will be referred to as the NAS (Network Access Server) unless otherwise stated. In this section, the following issues are addressed:
- Dial-On-Demand Routing
- Dial Backup
- SOHO Connectivity
- Modem Aggregation
Dial-On-Demand Routing
Full-time connectivity across the ISDN is spoofed by Cisco IOS routers using DDR. When qualified packets arrive at a Dialer interface, connectivity is established over the ISDN. After a configured period of inactivity, the ISDN connection is disconnected. Additional ISDN B channels can be added and removed from the MultiLink PPP bundles using configurable thresholds. Figure: DDR creates connectivity between ISDN sites illustrates the use of DDR for internetworking between ISDN connected sites.
Figure: DDR creates connectivity between ISDN sites
Dial Backup
ISDN can be used as a backup service for a leased-line connection between the remote and central offices. If the primary connectivity goes down, an ISDN circuit-switched connection is established and traffic is rerouted over ISDN. When the primary link is restored, traffic is redirected to the leased line, and the ISDN call is released.
Dial Backup can be accomplished with floating static routes and DDR or by using the interface backup commands. ISDN dial backup can also be configured based on traffic thresholds as a dedicated primary link. If traffic load exceeds a user-defined value on the primary link, the ISDN link is activated to increase bandwidth between the two sites, as shown in Figure: ISDN can back up primary connectivity between sites.
Figure: ISDN can back up primary connectivity between sites
SOHO Connectivity
Small Office and Home Office sites can be now be economically supported with ISDN BRI services. This offers to the casual or full-time SOHO sites the capability to connect to their corporate site or the Internet at much higher speeds than available over POTS and modems.
SOHO designs typically involve dial-up only (SOHO initiated connections) and can take advantage of emerging address translation technology (such as Cisco 700 series PAT and Cisco IOS EZIP) to simplify design and support. Using these features, the SOHO site can support multiple devices, but appears to the Cisco IOS NAS as a single IP address, as shown in Figure: SOHO sites can appear to the Cisco IOS NAS as a single IP node.
Figure: SOHO sites can appear to the Cisco IOS NAS as a single IP node
Modem Aggregation
Modem racking and cabling has been eliminated by integration of digital modem cards on Cisco IOS Network Access Servers (NAS). Digital integration of modems makes possible 56 Kbps modem technologies. Hybrid dial solutions can be built using a single phone number to provide analog modem and ISDN conductivity, as shown in Figure: ISDN can support hybrid (analog and digital) dial solutions.
Building Blocks of ISDN Solutions
ISDN itself does not solve internetworking problems. By using either DDR or user-initiated sessions, ISDN can provide the internetwork designer a clear data path over which to negotiate PPP links. A Public Switched Telephone Network to provide internetwork connectivity requires careful consideration of network security and cost containment.
This section includes overviews of the following ISDN design issues, which are then covered more fully in the following main sections of this chapter:
- ISDN Connectivity
- Datagram Encapsulation
- DDR: Dial-On-Demand Routing
- Security Issues
- Cost Containment Issues
ISDN Connectivity
Connectivity to ISDN is provided by physical PRI and BRI interfaces. A single PRI or BRI interface provides a multiplexed bundle of B and D channels. The B channel provides bearer services such as high bandwidth data (up to 64 Kbps per B channel) or voice services. The D channel provides the signalling and control channel and can also be used for low-bandwidth data applications.
BRI service is provided over a groomed local loop that is traditionally used for switch to analog phone service. BRI delivers to the subscriber 2 64 Kbps B channels and 1 16 Kbps D channel (2B+D).
PRI service is provided on traditional T1 & E1 leased lines between the customer premise equipment (CPE) and the ISDN switch:
- T1-based PRI provides 23 B channels and 1 D channel (23B+D).
- E1-based PRI provides 30 64 Kbps B channels and 1 64 Kbps D channel (30B+D).
Provisioning of both PRI and BRI services have very stringent requirements on the physical equipment and cabling in the path from ISDN switch to ISDN CPE. Typical installations can require additional lead times as well as require working with dedicated support groups within your ISDN service provider organizations. See Figure: Connectivity to ISDN using BRI and PRI.
Figure: Connectivity to ISDN using BRI and PRI
Datagram Encapsulation
When DDR (or a user) creates an end-to-end path over the ISDN, some method of datagram encapsulation is needed to provide data connectivity. Available encapsulations for ISDN designs are PPP, HDLC, X.25, and V.120. X.25 can also be used for datagram delivery over the D channel.
Most internetworking designs use PPP as the encapsulation. The point-to-point protocol (PPP) is a powerful and modular peer-to-peer mechanism to establish data links, provide security, and encapsulate data traffic. PPP is negotiated between the internetworking peers each time a connection is established. PPP links can then be used by network protocols such as IP and IPX to establish internetwork connectivity. PPP solutions can support bandwidth aggregation using MultiLink PPP to provide greater throughput for internetworking applications.
DDR: Dial-On-Demand Routing
When building internetworking applications, designers must determine how ISDN connections will be initiated, maintained, and released. DDR is a sophisticated set of Cisco IOS features that intelligently establishes and releases circuit switched connections as needed by internetworking traffic. DDR can spoof internetwork routing and directory services in numerous ways to provide the illusion of full-time connectivity over circuit switched connections. Refer to Designing DDR Internetworks, for a discussion of DDR design.
Security Issues
Because your internetwork devices can now be connected to over the PSTN, it is imperative to design and confirm a robust security model for protecting your network. Cisco IOS uses the AAA model for implementing security. ISDN offers the use of Caller-ID and DNIS information to provide additional security design flexibility.
Cost Containment Issues
A primary goal of selecting ISDN for your internetwork is to avoid the cost of full-time data services (such as leased lines or frame relay). As such, it is very important to evaluate your data traffic profiles and monitor your ISDN usage patterns to ensure your WAN costs are controlled. Dialer Callback can also be implemented to centralize billing.
Each of these building blocks of ISDN (connectivity, data encapsulation, DDR, security, and cost containment) is discussed in further detail in the remaining sections of this chapter.
ISDN Connectivity Issues
Based on application need and traffic engineering, BRI or PRI services are selected for ISDN connectivity from each site. Traffic engineering may require multiple BRI services or multiple PRIs at some sites. Once connected to the ISDN fabric by BRI or PRI interfaces, design of ISDN end-to-end services must be implemented. This section covers the following issues related to ISDN connectivity:
- Establishing BRI Connectivity
- Establishing ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
- ISDN End-to-End Considerations
- Datagram Encapsulation Issues
Establishing BRI Connectivity
The BRI local loop is terminated at the customer premise at an NT1. The interface of the local loop at the NT1 is called the U reference point. On the customer premise side of the NT1 is the S/T reference point. The S/T reference point can support a multipoint bus of ISDN devices (Terminal Adapters). Figure: The BRI local loop connected to ISDN shows a typical BRI installation.
Figure: The BRI local loop connected to ISDN
BRI Hardware
Two common types of ISDN CPE are available for BRI Services: ISDN routers and PC Terminal Adapters. Some BRI devices offer integrated NT1s and integrated Terminal Adapters for analog telephones.
- LAN Routers-ISDN Routers provide routing between ISDN BRI and the LAN by using Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR).
- DDR automatically establishes and releases circuit switched calls providing transparent connectivity to remote sites based on internetworking traffic. DDR also controls establishing and releasing secondary B channels based on load thresholds. MultiLink PPP is used to provide bandwidth aggregation when using multiple B channels. For more information on DDR, see Designing DDR Internetworks.
- Some ISDN applications may require the SOHO user to take direct control over ISDN calls. Emerging Cisco IOS features can bring this control to the user desktop. New Cisco 700 models provide a call button on the front of the router for direct control.
- Cisco 700 series and Cisco IOS based 1000, 1600, 2500 routers provide single BRI interfaces. Multiple-BRI interfaces are available for the Cisco3600 and Cisco4x00 Series.
- PC Terminal Adapters (PC-TA)-These devices connect to PC workstations either by the PC Bus or externally through the communications ports (such as RS-232) and can be used similar to analog (such as V.34) internal and external modems.
- PC Terminal Adapters can provide a single PC user with direct control over ISDN session initiation and release similar to using an analog modem. Automated mechanisms must be provided to support the addition and removal of the secondary B channel. Cisco200 Series PC Cards can provide ISDN services to a PC.
BRI Configuration
BRI configuration involves configuration of ISDN switch-type, and ISDN SPIDs, as follows:
- ISDN switch types-ISDN central office switches (also known as local exchange equipment) provide two functions at the local exchange: local termination and exchange termination. The local termination function deals with the transmission facility and termination of the local loop. The exchange termination function deals with the switching portion of the local exchange. First, the exchange termination function de-multiplexes the bits on the B and D channels. Next, B channel information is routed to the first stage of the circuit switch, and D channel packets are routed to D channel packet separation circuitry.
- For proper ISDN operation, it is imperative that the correct switch type is configured on the ISDN device. For Cisco IOS releases up to 11.2, the configured ISDN switch-type is a global command (note this also means you cannot use BRI and PRI cards in the same Cisco IOS chassis). In Cisco IOS 11.3T or later, multiple switch-types in a single Cisco IOS chassis are now supported.
- Cisco IOS switch types
The following Cisco IOS command helps illustrate the supported BRI switch types. In North America, the most common types are 5ESS, DMS100, and NI-1.
kdt-3640(config)#isdn switch-type ? basic-1tr6 1TR6 switch type for Germany basic-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. basic-dms100 Northern DMS-100 switch type basic-net3 NET3 switch type for UK and Europe basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switch type basic-nwnet3 NET3 switch type for Norway basic-nznet3 NET3 switch type for New Zealand basic-ts013 TS013 switch type for Australia ntt NTT switch type for Japan vn2 VN2 switch type for France vn3 VN3 and VN4 switch types for France
- Cisco 700 switch types.
On Cisco 700 Series routers, use the set switch command, which has the following options when running the US software image:
SEt SWitch 5ESS | DMS | NI-1 | PERM64 | PERM128
- Service profile identifiers (SPIDs)-A service profile identifier (SPID) is a number provided by the ISDN carrier to identify the line configuration of the BRI service. SPIDs allow multiple ISDN devices, such as voice and data, to share the local loop. SPIDs are required by DMS-100 and National ISDN-1 switches. Depending on the software version it runs, an AT&T 5ESS switch might require SPIDs as well.
- Each SPID points to line setup and configuration information. When a device attempts to connect to the ISDN network, it performs a D channel Layer 2 initialization process that causes a TEI to be assigned to the device. The device then attempts D channel Layer 3 initialization. If SPIDs are necessary but not configured or configured incorrectly on the device, the Layer 3 initialization fails, and the ISDN services cannot be used.
- The AT&T 5ESS switch supports up to eight SPIDs per BRI. Because multiple SPIDs can be applied to a single B channel, multiple services can be supported simultaneously. For example, the first B channel can be configured for data, and the second B channel can be configured for both voice (using an ISDN telephone) and data.
- DMS-100 and National ISDN-1 switches support only two SPIDs per BRI: one SPID for each B channel. If both B channels will be used for data only, configure the router for both SPIDs (one for each B channel). You cannot run data and voice over the same B channel simultaneously. The absence or presence of a channel's SPID in the router's configuration dictates whether the second B channel can be used for data or voice.
|There is no standard format for SPID numbers. As a result, SPID numbers vary depending on the switch vendor and the carrier.
- A typical Cisco IOS SPID configuration is as follows:
interface BRI0 isdn spid1 0835866201 8358662 isdn spid2 0835866401 8358664
- These commands also specify the local directory number (LDN), which is the seven-digit number assigned by the service provider and used for call routing. The LDN is not necessary for establishing ISDN-based connections, but it must be specified if you want to receive incoming calls on B channel 2. The LDN is required only when two SPIDs are configured (for example, when connecting to a DMS or NI1 switch). Each SPID is associated with an LDN. Configuring the LDN causes incoming calls to B channel 2 to be answered properly. If the LDN is not configured, incoming calls to B channel 2 may fail.
- A typical Cisco 700 Series SPID configuration is as follows:
Confirming BRI Operations
To confirm BRI operations in Cisco IOS, use the show isdn status command to inspect the status of your BRI interfaces. In the following example, the TEIs have been successfully negotiated and ISDN Layer3 (end-to-end) is ready to make or receive calls:
kdt-1600#sh isdn status The current ISDN Switchtype = basic-ni1 ISDN BRI0 interface Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 109, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED TEI = 110, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED Spid Status: TEI 109, ces = 1, state = 8(established) spid1 configured, spid1 sent, spid1 valid Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 1, tid = 1 TEI 110, ces = 2, state = 8(established) spid2 configured, spid2 sent, spid2 valid Endpoint ID Info: epsf = 0, usid = 3, tid = 1 Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0
Troubleshooting SPID problems is done with the debug isdn q921 command. In the example that follows, you can see that isdn spid1 was rejected by the ISDN switch:
kdt-1600#debug isdn q921 ISDN Q921 packets debugging is on kdt-1600#clear int bri 0 kdt-1600# *Mar 1 00:09:03.728: ISDN BR0: TX -> SABMEp sapi = 0 tei = 113 *Mar 1 00:09:04.014: ISDN BR0: RX <- IDREM ri = 0 ai = 127 *Mar 1 00:09:04.018: %ISDN-6-LAYER2DOWN: Layer 2 for Interface BRI0, TEI 113 changed to down *Mar 1 00:09:04.022: %ISDN-6-LAYER2DOWN: Layer 2 for Interface BR0, TEI 113 changed to down *Mar 1 00:09:04.046: ISDN BR0: TX -> IDREQ ri = 44602 ai = 127 *Mar 1 00:09:04.049: ISDN BR0: RX <- IDCKRQ ri = 0 ai = 113 *Mar 1 00:09:05.038: ISDN BR0: RX <- IDCKRQ ri = 0 ai = 113 *Mar 1 00:09:06.030: ISDN BR0: TX -> IDREQ ri = 37339 ai = 127 *Mar 1 00:09:06.149: ISDN BR0: RX <- IDREM ri = 0 ai = 113 *Mar 1 00:09:06.156: ISDN BR0: RX <- IDASSN ri = 37339 ai = 114 *Mar 1 00:09:06.164: ISDN BR0: TX -> SABMEp sapi = 0 tei = 114 *Mar 1 00:09:06.188: ISDN BR0: RX <- UAf sapi = 0 tei = 114 *Mar 1 00:09:06.188: %ISDN-6-LAYER2UP: Layer 2 for Interface BR0, TEI 114 changed to up *Mar 1 00:09:06.200: ISDN BR0: TX -> INFOc sapi = 0 tei = 114 ns = 0 nr = 0 i = 0x08007B3A06383932393833 *Mar 1 00:09:06.276: ISDN BR0: RX <- INFOc sapi = 0 tei = 114 ns = 0 nr = 1 i = 0x08007B080382E43A *Mar 1 00:09:06.283: ISDN BR0: TX -> RRr sapi = 0 tei = 114 nr = 1 *Mar 1 00:09:06.287:
Check the status of the Cisco 700 ISDN line with the show status command, as follows:
kdt-776> sh status Status 01/04/1995 18:15:15 Line Status Line Activated Terminal Identifier Assigned SPID Accepted Terminal Identifier Assigned SPID Accepted Port Status Interface Connection Link Ch: 1 Waiting for Call Ch: 2 Waiting for Call
BRI Notes
Note the following issues regarding BRI configuration that must be addressed:
- TEI negotiation-Some switches deactivate Layer 2 of the D channel when no calls are active, so the router must be configured to perform TEI negotiation at the first call instead of at router power-up (the default). To enable TEI negotiation at the first call, use the following global configuration command:
isdn tei-negotiation first-call
- ISDN Sub-Addressing-The S/T bus is a point to multipoint bus. Multiple ISDN CPE devices can share the same S/T bus. Call routing to individual devices on an S/T bus is achieved by using ISDN Sub-Addressing.
- Voice routing-Cisco 700 Series routers can provide POTS jacks for connecting traditional analog telephone sets. SOHO sites can benefit from the capability to concurrently route data and voice calls over the same ISDN BRI interface. Voice port phone numbers and voice priority must be configured for the needs of the SOHO site. The example that follows shows the voice routing setup for a typical Cisco 700:
SET SWITCH NI-1 SET 1 SPID 51255500660101 SET 1 DIRECTORYNUMBER 5550066 SET PHONE1 = 5550066 SET 2 SPID 51255500670101 SET 2 DIRECTORYNUMBER 5550067 SET PHONE2 = 5550067 SET VOICEPRIORITY INCOMING INTERFACE PHONE1 NEVER SET VOICEPRIORITY OUTGOING INTERFACE PHONE1 NEVER SET CALLWAITING INTERFACE PHONE1 OFF SET VOICEPRIORITY INCOMING INTERFACE PHONE2 ALWAYS SET VOICEPRIORITY OUTGOING INTERFACE PHONE2 ALWAYS SET CALLWAITING INTERFACE PHONE2 ON kdt-776> sh voicerouting Interface VoicePriority VoicePriority Call Directory Ring In Out Waiting Number Cadence PHONE1 NEVER NEVER OFF 6720066 PHONE2 ALWAYS ALWAYS ON 6720067 DOV N/A N/A N/A UNSPECIFIED N/A N/A N/A
Establishing ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Cisco IOS routers support PRI interfaces using MultiChannel Interface Processor (MIP) cards. MIP cards can support Channelized T1/E1 or PRI timeslots. MIP cards are available for Cisco 4x000, Cisco 36x0, Cisco 5x00, and Cisco 7x00 Series routers.
To specify that the MIP card is to be used as an ISDN PRI, use the pri-group timeslots controller configuration command.
Cisco IOS routers supporting PRI interfaces become Network Access Servers. Cisco 5x00 and 36x0 Series routers support hybrid dial solutions (POTS and ISDN) by providing access to analog modems over the NAS backplane.
PRI Configuration
Configure the ISDN switch-type for the PRI interface using the isdn switch-type command:
AS5200-2(config)#isdn switch-type ? primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. primary-dms100 Northern Telecom switch type for the U.S. primary-net5 European switch type for NET5 primary-ntt Japan switch type primary-ts014 Australia switch type
Normally, this is a global configuration command. Cisco IOS 11.3T or later will provide support for multiple switch-types in a single Cisco IOS chassis. Enable PRI services on the Cisco IOS NAS by configuring the T1 (or E1) controllers. The configuration that follows shows a typical T1 controller configuration on a Cisco5200.
controller T1 0 framing esf clock source line primary linecode b8zs pri-group timeslots 1-24 ! controller T1 1 framing esf clock source line secondary linecode b8zs pri-group timeslots 1-24 !
Note that PRI channels 0-23 map to pri-group timeslots 1-24. The same +1 mapping is used on E1-based PRI.
To configure a T1-based PRI, apply the configuration commands to the PRI D channel, that is, interface Serial0:23. All B channels in an ISDN PRI (or BRI) interface are automatically bundled into a dialer interface. When calls are made or received on the B channels, the configuration is cloned from the dialer interface (Serial0:23). If a NAS contains multiple PRIs, these PRIs can be grouped into a single dialer interface by the dialer rotary-group interface command, as shown in this example:
interface Serial0:23 dialer rotary-group 1 ! interface Serial1:23 dialer rotary-group 1 ! interface Dialer1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 encapsulation ppp peer default ip address pool default dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 120 dialer-group 1 no fair-queue no cdp enable ppp authentication pap chap ppp multilink
With this configuration, every B channel configuration or multilink PPP bundle is cloned from interface Dialer1.
Confirming PRI Operations
The state of the T1 controller is inspected with the Cisco IOS exec command: '''show controller t1''', as follows: AS5200-1#sh contr t1 T1 0 is up. No alarms detected. Version info of slot 0: HW: 2, Firmware: 14, NEAT PLD: 14, NR Bus PLD: 22 Framing is ESF, Line Code is B8ZS, Clock Source is Line Primary. Data in current interval (685 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 8 Degraded Mins, 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs T1 1 is up. No alarms detected. Version info of slot 0: HW: 2, Firmware: 14, NEAT PLD: 14, NR Bus PLD: 22 Framing is ESF, Line Code is B8ZS, Clock Source is Line Secondary. Data in current interval (197 seconds elapsed): 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations, 0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 4 Degraded Mins, 0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs
Excessive line code violations and other errors will cause significant performance loss. Work with your ISDN PRI service provider to ensure that these counters show relatively clean operation. Use the Cisco IOS exec command show isdn status to verify ISDN is operational, as follows:
AS5200-1#sh isdn status The current ISDN Switchtype = primary-dms100 ISDN Serial0:23 interface Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Activated dsl 0 CCBs = 0 ISDN Serial1:23 interface Layer 1 Status: ACTIVE Layer 2 Status: TEI = 0, State = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED Layer 3 Status: 0 Active Layer 3 Call(s) Activated dsl 1 CCBs = 0 Total Allocated ISDN CCBs = 0
Inspect B channel status with the show isdn service exec command, as follows:
AS5200-1#sh isdn service PRI Channel Statistics: ISDN Se0:23, Channel (1-31) Activated dsl 0 State (0=Idle 1=Propose 2=Busy 3=Reserved 4=Restart 5=Maint) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Channel (1-31) Service (0=Inservice 1=Maint 2=Outofservice) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ISDN Se1:23, Channel (1-31) Activated dsl 1 State (0=Idle 1=Propose 2=Busy 3=Reserved 4=Restart 5=Maint) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Channel (1-31) Service (0=Inservice 1=Maint 2=Outofservice) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ISDN End-to-End Considerations
The following ISDN end-to-end considerations are covered in this section:
- Signaling System 7 (SS7)
- Data Path Speed
Signaling System 7
Signaling System 7 (SS7) provides telephone switches with out-of-band signalling capabilities for telephony trunks (switch to switch DS0 connections). End-to-End call management (such as setup and tear-down) uses ITU specification Q.931 and is extended to PRI/BRI internetworking devices over the ISDN D channel.
Out-of-Band signalling via SS7 provides numerous benefits to internetworking design, including reduced call setup time, bearer capability and other progress indicators, 64 Kbps data paths, caller-ID, and dialed number information (DNIS). The output that follows of Cisco IOS debug isdn q931 shows typical ISDN Q.931 setup messages received by an NAS.
The Q.931 setup message includes a bearer capability Information Element (IE), which indicates to the ISDN fabric and receiving side the type of application carried on the B channel. It is the responsibility of the ISDN to provide an end-to-end channel capable of carrying the bearer service, and to provide to the receiving side progress indication to help it better utilize the ISDN connection.
The Cisco IOS debug isdn q931 output has different bearer capabilities for each incoming call type, as follows:
- Incoming 64 Kbps data call
ISDN Se0:23: RX <- SETUP pd = 8 callref = 0x0470 Bearer Capability i = 0x8890 Channel ID i = 0xA98382 Calling Party Number i = '!', 0x83, '5125558084' Called Party Number i = 0xC9, '52000'
- Incoming 56 Kbps data call
ISDN Se0:23: RX <- SETUP pd = 8 callref = 0x05DC Bearer Capability i = 0x8890218F Channel ID i = 0xA98382 Calling Party Number i = '!', 0x83, '5125558084' Called Party Number i = 0xC9, '52000'
- Incoming voice call
ISDN Se0:23: RX <- SETUP pd = 8 callref = 0x015C Bearer Capability i = 0x8090A2 Channel ID i = 0xA98383 Progress Ind i = 0x8283 - Origination address is non-ISDN Called Party Number i = 0xC1, '5552000'
- To support routing of voice calls to integrated modem cards, use the Cisco IOS interface configuration command isdn incoming-voice modem. In some network designs, data calls may be made with the Q.931 setup message indicating that it is a voice call. In some regions, ISDN tariff structures may make this type of call more cost effective. (This design is commonly referred to as ISDN data-over-voice.) However, indicating to the ISDN switching fabric that the bearer capability is voice allows the call to be placed through non-digital trunks. Designers, therefore, must carefully consider the potential risk in such a design. To support incoming ISDN data-over-voice calls on the Cisco IOS, use the configuration command isdn incoming-voice data, as follows:
NAS-522(config)#int serial 0:23 NAS-522(config-if)#isdn incoming ? data Incoming voice calls will be handled as data. modem Incoming voice calls will be handled as modems.
Data Path Speed
Prior to SS7 implementation, end-to-end call management signalling was provided in-band by robbing bits from the DS0 trunks. Utilizing the occasional eighth and least significant bit of each voice byte was not detrimental to voice quality, but provided switch-to-switch signalling. End-to-end out-of-band signalling via SS7 and PRI/BRI D channels allows data calls to be placed through ISDN networks utilizing the full DS0 trunk (64 Kbps). Some trunks of the PSTN still do not support out-of-band signalling, and can provide only robbed-bit trunking (Channelized T1/E1), limiting the available data channel to 56 Kbps.
It is the responsibility of the ISDN switching fabric to provide an end-to-end path matching the requirement of the bearer capability. If a call is made at 64 Kbps and there is not a 64 Kbps clear end-to-end path for the call, a busy signal should be received. Internetwork designers must consider the possibility of occasional ISDN call blocking at 64 Kbps. Robust design may require that some sites be supported with 56 Kbps data calls. See Table: Outgoing Speeds and the Cisco IOS Dialer Maps and Profiles for outgoing speeds.
Table: Outgoing Speeds and the Cisco IOS Dialer Maps and Profiles
|Outgoing Speed
|Cisco IOS Dialer Maps
|Cisco IOS Dialer Profile
|Cisco 700
64 Kbps
dialer map ... speed 64 (default)
set speed 64
56 Kbps
dialer map ... speed 56
set speed 56
Multiple Dialer Maps
set speed auto (default)
When originating calls are made at 64 Kbps improperly delivered to the destination by the ISDN network over at 56 Kbps path, the transmitted data will be corrupted. The troubleshooting indication will be that debug isdn q931 shows the call being delivered, but no output is ever seen as received from debug ppp negotiation on one side. The packets have been corrupted and are being discarded. If calls are being delivered and PPP is not negotiating LCP, it is always a prudent idea to test outgoing calls at 56 Kbps.
- Outgoing call speed
- Cisco IOS speed configuration-Use the speed parameter on the dialer map configuration command to make outgoing calls at 56 Kbps as in the following example.
int dialer 1 dialer map ip 172.20.1.1 name nas speed 56 5558084
- Cisco IOS dialer profiles speed configuration-The following example illustrates how to configure a Cisco IOS dialer profile to make outgoing calls at 56 Kbps:
interface dialer 1 dialer remote-name nas dialer string 5558084 class unameit ! map-class dialer unameit dialer isdn speed 56
- Cisco 700 speed configuration-Use the Cisco 700 series set speed configuration command to control the speed for outgoing calls.
- Incoming call speed
- The ISDN Q.931 bearer capability and other IEs are used to determine the speed of the incoming call and in most circumstances will operate properly. However, in some country-to-country applications, the incoming call setup message will be delivered with a bearer capability that does not match the originating call. If an isdn not end-to-end Information Element is also received, it can be used to override the received bearer capability using the Cisco IOS configuration command isdn not end-to-end.
Datagram Encapsulation Issues
ISDN can use PPP, HDLC, or X.25 for encapsulation. PPP is used most frequently as it provides an excellent mechanism for authentication and negotiation of compatible link and protocol configuration.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP provides a standard method for transporting multiprotocol packets over point-to-point links. PPP is defined in RFC 1661. PPP consists of several components, each of which are of concern to the internetwork designer:
- PPP framing
- RFC 1662 discusses the implementation of PPP in HDLC-like framing. There are differences in the way PPP is implemented on asynchronous and synchronous links.
- When one end of the link uses synchronous PPP (such as an ISDN router) and the other uses asynchronous PPP (such as an ISDN TA connected to a PC serial port), two techniques are available to provide framing compatibility. The preferable method is to enable synchronous to asynchronous PPP frame conversion in the ISDN TA. If this is not available, V.120 can be used to encapsulate the asynchronous PPP frames for transport across the ISDN.
- Link Control Protocol (LCP)
- The PPP LCP provides a method of establishing, configuring, maintaining, and terminating the point-to-point connection. Before any network-layer datagrams (for example, IP) can be exchanged, LCP must first open the connection and negotiate configuration parameters. This phase is complete when a configuration acknowledgment frame has been both sent and received.
- PPP authentication
- The PPP authentication protocols (PAP and CHAP) are defined in RFC 1334. After LCP has established the PPP connection, an optional authentication protocol can be implemented before proceeding to the negotiation and establishment of the Network Control Protocols. If authentication is desired, it must be negotiated as an option at the LCP establishment phase. Authentication can be bidirectional (both sides authenticate the other) or unidirectional (one side, typically the called side, authenticates the other).
- Most ISDN designs require the called device to authenticate the calling device. Besides the obvious security benefits, authentication also provides a sense of state for DDR and MultiLink PPP bundling.
- Network Control Protocols (NCP)
- This is a family of NCPs for establishing and configuring different network-layer protocols. PPP is designed to allow the simultaneous use of multiple network-layer protocols.
- After LCP has been established and authentication has passed, the PPP nodes sends NCP frames to negotiate and establish connectivity for one or more network-layer protocols. For example, to support IP over a PPP connection, the IPCP is negotiated and established as per RFC 1332. Once IPCP is successfully established, IP datagrams can be transmitted over the PPP connection.
- MultiLink PPP (MP)
- Multilink PPP (MP) is a standard for aggregating multiple PPP links that allows for multivendor interoperability, and is defined in RFC 1717. MP defines a way of sequencing and transmitting packets over multiple physical interfaces. To reduce potential latency issues, MP also defines a method of fragmenting and reassembling large packets. Figure: MultiLink PPP in action provides a conceptual view of MP in action.
Figure: MultiLink PPP in action
When an NCP packet arrives at an MLP master-interface for transmitting and is over 30 bytes, it is fragmented and sent on each physical link in the MLP bundle. When MLP packet fragments arrive on PPP destination, MLP reassembles the original packets and sequences them correctly in the data stream.
Using MP, BRI devices can double their connection bandwidth across the link: from 56/64 Kbps to 112/128 Kbps. MPPP is supported as long as all devices are part of the same dialer rotary-group or pool.
Cisco IOS and Cisco 700 DDR intelligence is used to determine when to add and remove links from the MP master-interface. Cisco IOS DDR provides a load-threshold configuration to determine when to add and remove the additional link. The load-factor can be calculated on incoming, outgoing, or two-way traffic.
The following partial configuration for NAS places two BRI interfaces into a dialer rotary-group, enables MP support, and defines a load-threshold for determining when to bring up additional B channels.
interface BRI2/0 encapsulation ppp dialer rotary-group 1 isdn spid1 0835866201 isdn spid2 0835866401 ! interface BRI2/1 encapsulation ppp dialer rotary-group 1 isdn spid1 0835867201 isdn spid2 0835967401 ! interface Dialer1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0 encapsulation ppp dialer in-band dialer map ip 172.20.2.1 name kdt-nas 8358661 dialer load-threshold 100 either dialer-group 1 ppp authentication chap callin ppp multilink
MP state and sessions can be investigated using the show user and the show ppp multilink commands:
KDT-5200#sh user Line User Host(s) Idle Location * 51 vty 1 admin idle 00:00:00 Vi1 jack-isdn Virtual PPP (Bundle) 00:00:46 Vi9 cisco776 Virtual PPP (Bundle) 00:00:46 Se0:18 jack-isd Sync PPP 00:09:06 Se0:21 cisco776 Sync PPP 00:18:59 Se0:22 jack-isdn Sync PPP 00:08:49 KDT-AS5200#sh ppp multi Bundle cisco776, 1 member, Master link is Virtual-Access9 Dialer Interface is Dialer1 0 lost fragments, 3 reordered, 0 unassigned, sequence 0x2068/0x1A7C rcvd/sent 0 discarded, 0 lost received, 1/255 load Member Link: 1 Serial0:21 Bundle jack-isdn, 2 members, Master link is Virtual-Access1 Dialer Interface is Dialer1 0 lost fragments, 8 reordered, 0 unassigned, sequence 0x5DEB/0x1D7E4 rcvd/sent 0 discarded, 0 lost received, 1/255 load Member Links: 2 Serial0:18 Serial0:22
As seen previously, MP uses the PPP authentication name to build and maintain MP bundles. To enable MP on a Cisco 700, apply the following configuration command:
set ppp multilink on
- Compression Control Protocol (CCP)
- The Point-to-Point (PPP) Compression Control Protocol (CCP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) draft RFC that defines a method for negotiating data compression over PPP links. These links can be either leased lines or circuit-switched WAN links, including ISDN. Compression increases throughput and shortens file transfer times.
- Use the compress interface configuration command at both ends of the link to enable compression. Use the stac keyword to enable the Stacker (LZS) compression algorithm or the predictor keyword to enable the RAND algorithm (a predictor algorithm). The Stacker algorithm is appropriate for LAPB and PPP encapsulation, and the RAND algorithm is appropriate for HDLC and PPP encapsulation. The Stacker algorithm is preferred for PPP encapsulation.
On the Cisco IOS, to determine what components have been negotiated (such as LCP, IPCP, CCP, and so on), use the show interface command on the master interface. To troubleshoot PPP negotiation problems, use debug ppp negotiation and debug ppp authentication.
ISDN Security
Using SS7, the ISDN can deliver end-to-end Information Elements such as Caller-ID and Dialed Number Information Service (DNIS). This information can be used to provide additional security when designing ISDN solutions. It is recommended that PPP authentication always be implemented.
- PPP authentication
- PPP authentication is used to provide primary security on ISDN and other PPP encapsulated links. The authenticated username is also used by MultiLink PPP to maintain bundles and by DDR to determine which dialer sites are currently connected.
- PPP authentication is enabled with the ppp authentication interface command. PAP and/or CHAP can be used to authenticate the remote connection. CHAP is considered a superior authentication protocol since it uses a three-way handshake to avoid sending the password in clear-text on the PPP link.
- Often, it may be necessary to authenticate the remote side only when receiving calls (not when originating).
- Caller ID screening
- The isdn caller interface configuration command configures caller ID screening. For example, the following command configures an ISDN to accept a call with a delivered caller ID having 41555512 and any numbers in the last two positions.
isdn caller 41555512xx
- Multiple isdn caller commands can be entered as needed. If a call is received that does not contain a caller ID or does not match a configured isdn caller statement, the call will be rejected.
- Dialer Callback
- Callback allows a router (typically a remote router) to initiate a circuit-switched WAN link to another device and request that device to call back. The device, such as a central site router, responds to the callback request by calling the device that made the initial call. Callback uses the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and the facilities specified in RFC 1570. Figure: ISDN callback shows a typical negotiation.
Figure: ISDN callback
In Figure: ISDN callback, callback is completed in the following sequence of steps, as follows:
- Router A brings up a circuit-switched connection to Router B.
- Routers A and B negotiate PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP). Router A can request a callback, or Router B can initiate a callback.
- Router A authenticates itself to Router B using PPP PAP or CHAP. Router B can optionally authenticate itself to Router A.
- Both routers drop the circuit-switched connection.
- Router B brings up a circuit-switched connection to Router A.
Callback provides centralized billing for synchronous dial-up services. It also allows you to take advantage of tariff disparities on both a national and international basis. However, because callback requires a circuit-switched connection to be established before the callback request can be passed, a small charge (dependent on local tariffing) is always incurred by the router initiating the call that requests a callback.
See Designing DDR Internetworks, for a further discussion of DDR callback. For a callback configuration example, refer to the Cisco Internetworking Case Studies guide, Chapter 21, "Using ISDN Effectively in Multiprotocol Networks."
- Called party number verification
- When multiple devices and a router share the same ISDN local loop, you can ensure that the correct device answers an incoming call. This is done by configuring the device to verify the called party number and the subaddress delivered by the switch as part of the setup message against the device's configured number and subaddress.
- To configure called party number verification on the router, apply the isdn answer1 or isdn answer2 interface configuration commands to the BRI. These commands allow you to specify the called party number, the subaddress number, or both. If you do not use either the isdn answer1 command or the isdn answer2 command, the router processes and accepts all incoming calls.
ISDN Scaling Techniques
ISDN scaling techniques covered in this section include the following:
- Virtual Remote Nodes
- Virtual Profiles
- Multichassis MultiLink PPP (MMP)
Virtual Remote Nodes
By using Network Address Translations (NAT) features such as Cisco 700 PAT and Cisco IOS EZIP, remote sites can appear to the ISDN NAS as a single remote node IP address. This alleviates IP address consumption problems and the routing design complexity often associated with large-scale ISDN DDR deployment while still supporting a LAN and DDR-based connectivity from the remote site.
These NAT features use the IP address received from the NAS during IPCP negotiation. All packets routed between the LAN and the PPP link have IP address and UDP/TCP port addresses translated to appear as a single IP address. The port number translation is used to determine which packets need to be returned to which IP addresses on the LAN. The following Cisco 700 configuration commands set NAT up for PAT.
Cisco 700 PAT and DHCP
The following configuration sets up a Cisco 700 for PAT and DHCP service:
cd internal set ip address 172.24.4.254 set ip netmask 255.255.255.0 set ip routing on set ip rip update off cd set user access-gw1 set ip routing on set ip framing none set number 18005552626 set ip rip update off set encap ppp set ip route destination 0.0.0.0 gateway 0.0.0.0 set ip pat on cd lan set bridging on set encaps ppp set ip routing on cd set ip pat porthandler default 172.24.4.1 set ip pat porthandler http 172.24.4.1 set bridging on set dhcp server set dhcp domain cisco.com set dhcp address 172.24.1.1 10 set dhcp netmask 255.255.255.0 set dhcp gateway primary 172.24.4.254 set dhcp dns primary 172.30.1.100 set dhcp dns secondary 172.30.2.100 set dhcp wins primary 172.30.1.101 set dhcp wins secondary 172.30.2.101 set ppp authentication incoming chap set ppp authentication outgoing chap set ppp secret client <insert_secret> <insert_secret> set ppp secret host <insert_secret> <insert_secret>
If support is required for outbound initiated network connections to the remote site, port handler configuration can be added so that the SOHO router knows which IP address to forward packets on to for individual connection types.
kdt-776> sh ip pat Dropped - icmp 0, udp 0, tcp 0, map 0, frag 0 Timeout - udp 5 minutes, tcp 30 minutes Port handlers [default 172.24.4.1]: Port Handler Service ------------------------------------- 0 172.24.4.1 DEFAULT 23 Router TELNET 67 Router DHCP Server 68 Router DHCP Client 69 Router TFTP 80 172.24.4.1 HTTP 161 Router SNMP 162 Router SNMP-TRAP 520 Router RIP Translation Table - 11 Entries. Inside Outside Orig. Port/ID Trans. Port/ID Timeout ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.5 0x414 0xff7d 1 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.5 0x415 0xff7c 30 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.26 0x40d 0xff88 27 172.24.4.1 172.17.114.11 0x416 0xff7b 4 172.24.4.1 172.17.114.11 0x417 0xff7a 4 172.24.4.1 172.17.114.11 0x40f 0xff82 4 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.19 0x418 0xff79 1 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.5 0x410 0xff81 1 172.24.4.1 172.17.114.11 0x411 0xff80 4 172.24.4.1 172.17.114.11 0x412 0xff7f 4 172.24.4.1 172.17.190.5 0x413 0xff7e 1
Virtual Profiles
Virtual Profiles (introduced in Cisco IOS 11.3) are PPP applications that create virtual-access interfaces for each connected user. Virtual Profiles allow additional design flexibility when building ISDN networks for SOHO support. Using Virtual Profiles for dial-in can provide simplified node addressing and address mapping that was previously provided by using DDR on ISDN interfaces. (As of Cisco IOS 11.3, Virtual Profile based dial-out is not supported.)
The virtual-access interface configuration can be cloned from a Dialer or Virtual-Template. To learn more about virtual-access interfaces, see: http://cio.cisco.com/warp/customer/131/4.html. Virtual Profiles use Virtual Templates and can use AAA based on per-user configuration to create virtual-access interfaces. Per-user configuration can be added to meet the specific protocol needs of individual users or groups.
Cisco IOS virtual-access interfaces can simplify remote node support for IPX and AppleTalk by using the same configuration used on traditional group-async interfaces. The following configuration provides peer addressing for IP, IPX, and AppleTalk using a Virtual-Template interface:
interface Virtual-Template1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0 appletalk client-mode ipx ppp-client Loopback0 peer default ip address pool default
Multichassis MultiLink PPP (MMP)
When designing MultiLink PPP without Multichassis support, telco hunt-groups cannot span more than a single Cisco IOS NAS or there exists a risk that the multiple B channels will not be reassembled. For example, an AS5300 can support up to four PRI interfaces providing a maximum of 120 B channels (E1-based) in a single dial-in hunt group. Additional NAS capacity would need to be provided by configuring a new hunt-group (with a new pilot directory number) for each Network Access Server, as shown in Figure: MMP allows a telco hunt-group to span more than a single NAS. This has the negative effect of fragmenting the dial-up pool.
Figure: MMP allows a telco hunt-group to span more than a single NAS
Cisco recognized that no matter what size NAS they can develop, there will always be customers needing larger pools of access ports. As such, Cisco IOS 11.2 released Multichassis MultiLink Point-to-Point Protocol (MMP), which extends MultiLink PPP (MLP) by providing a mechanism to aggregate B channels transparently across multiple NASs.
MMP consists of two primary components to complement MLP, as follows:
- The dial StackGroup-NASs that operate as a group when receiving MLP calls. Every MLP session receiving any NAS is sent out to bid using the Stack Group Bidding Protocol (SGBP). Primarily, this allows secondary MLP links to be bundled to the MLP master interface. Different bidding strategies (such as off-load and load-sharing) can be used to determine who should win master-interface bidding.
- Level 2 Forwarding (L2F) protocol-A draft IETF standard, L2F provides for tunneling of the MLP fragments between the MLP physical interface and the MLP master-interface.
By using MMP, MLP capacity can be easily added and removed from large dial pools as needed. CPU processing capacity can be added to dialup pools through the use of off-load servers. Tasks such as MLP fragmentation and reassembly, PPP compression, and encryption can be intensive and may benefit from execution in off-load servers (see Figure: Active MMP sessions).
To configure MMP on a Cisco IOS NAS, use the SGBP commands, as follows:
kdt-3640(config)#sgbp ? group SGBP group name member SGBP group member configuration ppp-forward SGBP participation for non-Multilink PPP also seed-bid mastership query seed bid source-ip SGBP source ip address
To monitor and troubleshoot MMP, use both SGBP and VPDN (for L2F).
sh sgbp sh vpdn debug sgbp debug vpdn
Figure: Active MMP sessions
MMP provides an interoperable multivendor solution because it does not require any special software capabilities at the remote sites. The only remote requirement is support for the industry standard MLP (RFC 1717).
ISDN Cost Containment Issues
As a circuit-switched connection, ISDN is billed, or tariffed, based on usage. Given this model, the configuration goal is to minimize uptime by controlling the kinds of packets that bring the link up. Minimizing uptime becomes a challenge when routing protocols are used because of their need to send regular broadcasts that contain routing information.
ISDN charges in some installations have easily exceeded $4,000/month for a single site as a result of being poorly designed and managed. When the outrageous phone bill is received, it is too late; the cost has been occurred. Cisco highly recommends the use of proper network management to back up careful design to ensure excessive charges are not experienced. Depending on the protocols your network runs, you might want to use a combination of the techniques described in this section, which are as follows:
- Traffic Analysis
- Tariff Structure
- User Education
- Using SNMP
- Cisco Enterprise Accounting (CEA) for ISDN
- AAA Accounting
Traffic Analysis
Most ISDN solutions can remain cost effective only as long as the ISDN B channels are kept idle most of the day. The general rule of thumb is that Frame Relay will make a more cost effective solution at some application-dependent number of hours per day. (The point at which it is more cost effective to use a leased-line solution depends on the cost structures for each point-to-point application.)
Each internetworking application and protocol has its own set of challenges. E-mail clients may be set to periodically poll POP servers. Network Time Protocol might be desired to support clock synchronization. To provide total control over when the DDR connections are made, the network designer must carefully consider the following issues:
- Which sites can initiate connections based on traffic?
- Is dial-out required to SOHO sites? For network or workstation management?
- Which sites can terminate connections based on idle links?
- How are directory services and routing tables supported across an idle connection?
- What applications need to be supported over DDR connections? For how many users?
- What unexpected protocols might cause DDR connections? Can they be filtered?
- Are dialer filters performing as expected?
Guidelines should be provided to users as to how to avoid and/or eliminate excessive ISDN charges. These guidelines will be the result of first determining what applications are required over these connections. Packet-tracing tools can be used very effectivity to determine how to minimize or eliminate unnecessary DDR connections. For example,
- Sending and receiving e-mail should be manual if possible.
- Windows Networking may require periodic directory services traffic.
- AppleShare servers will need to be disconnected to avoid tickle packets.
- DB-accessing applications, such as scheduling software, may require logging out when not in use.
Tariff Structure
Some ISDN service providers charge a per-connection and per-minute charge even for local calls. It is important to consider local and long-distance tariff charges when selecting DDR design and parameters. ISDN Callback can be used to centralize long-distance charges, which can significantly reduce administrative overhead and provide opportunities for reduced rate structures. ISDN Callback can also enhance the security environment.
User Education
End users should be trained to keep their ISDN routers visible and monitor the status of their B channel LEDs on their BRI devices. If B channels are up when they are not using networking applications, they should alert network managers. User education can be very effective in helping to avoid excessive ISDN charges.
Using SNMP
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) uses management information bases (MIBs) to store information about network events. Currently, no industry-standard ISDN MIB is available, but as of Cisco IOS Software Release 10.3(3), two Cisco ISDN MIBs are available. With these MIBs, SNMP-compliant management platforms (for example, HP OpenView or SunNet Manager) can query Cisco routers for ISDN-related statistics.
The Cisco ISDN MIB focuses primarily on ISDN interface and neighbor information. It defines two MIB groups: demandNbrTable and demandNbrEntry. Table: Cisco ISDN MIB Variables lists some of the MIB variables that are available in the ISDN MIB. Cisco Enterprise Accounting for ISDN can provide management access to Call History Data using this MIB.
Table: Cisco ISDN MIB Variables
|MIB Object
Index value of the physical interface that the neighbor will be called on; on an ISDN interface, this is the ifIndex value of the D channel.
Maximum call duration in seconds.
Duration of last call in seconds.
Number of calls accepted from the neighbor.
Number of calls from neighbor that the router has refused.
The Cisco Call History MIB stores call information for accounting purposes. The goal is to provide a historical view of an ISDN interface, including the number of calls that have been placed and call length. Most call history MIB variables are in the ciscoCallHistory MIB group. Table: Cisco Call History Variables lists some of the MIB variables.
Table: Cisco Call History Variables
|MIB Object
The value of sysUpTime when this call history entry was created; this variable can be used to retrieve all calls after a specific time.
The number that was used to place this call.
The value of sysUpTime when the call was connected.
The value of sysUpTime when the call was disconnected.
The Cisco ISDN MIBs assume SNMP support on the network. If an SNMP-compliant management platform is present, the Cisco ISDN MIBs deliver valuable information about ISDN links. In particular, the Call History MIB provides critical information about ISDN uptime, which is useful for tracking ISDN charges.
Cisco offers a wide range of ISDN-based products in response to a variety of internetworking needs. The Cisco IOS software provides a number of features that maximize ISDN performance and minimize ISDN usage charges, such as snapshot routing, access lists, NBP filtering (for AppleTalk), and watchdog and keepalive packet control (for IPX).
Cisco Enterprise Accounting (CEA) for ISDN
CEA for ISDN is a software application that runs on Windows NT. CEA for ISDN can be utilized to monitor the ISDN Call-History-MIB and provide network managers with Call Detail Records, including cost estimates.
AAA Accounting
AAA Accounting can be implemented to provide feedback of PPP Session connect times. AAA Accounting is transported to TACACS+ or RADIUS servers where the data can often be accessed with standard SQL tools for scheduled and immediate reporting. The following command enables AAA Accounting records for PPP sessions:
aaa accounting network stop-only
Increasing availability and decreasing costs are making ISDN an excellent choice for many internetworking applications. Cisco IOS features allow the building of large and flexible ISDN solutions. DDR is used for call initiation and termination. Virtual Profiles can be used to easily scale mass ISDN dial-in solutions. However, extra care must be taken to ensure ISDN costs are controlled.


text:
RBG Revolutionary Library is books and links to books magazine and articles that i have read over the years. Now it is turn to pass the torch to ohters who want to be an organizer,revolutionary,solider, whatever you may call yourself. You must be well versed in all the material that there is cyberspace and the world you can never learn learn. A revolutionary learns something new each and everyday. And hell to the yeah i bring it from an Nu-Afrikan perspective. Revoltionary Blessingz
Tuesday, July 26
Confessions of Nat Turner
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By Steven Broussard
Summer is already winding down and the most recent class of high school graduates and their parents are crowding shopping malls and department stores in a scramble to find all the items essential for university living. This first shopping experience is an important initiation to campus living.
The trick is to take some time and imagine a typical day in your new surroundings. Think of what you'll need to operate on a daily basis, and formulate a list of necessities. While this task can appear arduous at first, it doesn't have to be. One of the best ways to alleviate some of the stress is to go with the flow and heed the advice of those that have already been in your situation. Here's a list of college living essentials and where you can find them.
Dorm Room Essentials
The shift from high school to college living is drastic. Although nobody can realistically expect an entirely smooth transition, if you follow these preparatory tips it will make your job a lot easier. Living away from home, meeting new people, and adjusting to a college workload may seem daunting, but it will all become natural in a matter of a short while.
Lastly, once you've completely settled into your new college lifestyle, don't forget to buy a box of envelopes and a book of stamps to write the people you've left at home. Good Luck!


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A dedicated sales representative will get back to you shortly or call +1-702-919-1616 to speak to a sales representative now. A Bill of Materials (BOM) can be sent via email to email@example.com in an excel format.


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2016 Report Cards: Serving 10+ Years (House)
These statistics dissect the legislative records of Members of Congress during the 114th Congress (Jan 6, 2015-Jan 3, 2017), as of Aug 24, 2017.
Look at report cards for...
- All Representatives (439)
- House Republicans (247)
- House Democrats (191)
- Serving 10+ Years (House) (185)
- All Senators (100)
- House Sophomores (73)
- House Freshmen (66)
- Senate Republicans (54)
- Serving 10+ Years (Senate) (47)
- Senate Democrats (44)
- Senate Sophomores (16)
- Senate Freshmen (13)
Missed Votes
The percentage of votes each legislator missed in the 114th Congress.
The Speaker of the House is not included in this statistic because according to current House rules, the Speaker of the House is not required to vote in "ordinary legislative proceedings, and the delegates from the five island territories and the District of Columbia are also not included because they were not elligible to vote in any roll call votes.
Additional Notes
The Speaker's Votes: Missed votes are not computed for the Speaker of the House. According to current House rules, the Speaker of the House is not required to vote in "ordinary legislative proceedings." In practice this means the Speaker of the House rarely votes but is not considered absent.
Leadership/Ideology: The leadership and ideology scores are not displayed for Members of Congress who introduced fewer than 10 bills, or, for ideology, for Members of Congress that have a low leadership score, as there is usually not enough data in these cases to compute reliable leadership and ideology statistics.
Missing Bills: We exclude bills from some statistics where the sponsor's original intent is not in the final bill because the bill's text was replaced in whole with unrelated provisions (i.e. it became a vehicle for passage of unrelated provisions).
Ranking Members (RkMembs): The chair of a committee is always selected from the political party that holds the most seats in the chamber, called the "majority party". The "ranking member" (sometimes "RkMembs") is the title given to the senior-most member of the committee not in the majority party.
Freshmen/Sophomores: Freshmen and sophomores are Members of Congress whose first term (in the same chamber at the end of the 114th Congress) was the 114th Congress (freshmen) or 113th (sophomores). Members of Congress who took office within the last few months of a Congress are considered freshmen in the next Congress as well.


text:
I think this is very appealing. Instantly caught my eye.
It's great drawing on every level.
It's designed and stylish all the way from the composition down to the details.
It has the kind of proportions that usually look bad in cartoons, yet the artist makes it work.
Badly drawn vague "realistic" bland heads that are too big on tiny badly drawn bodies.
Wonky background adds to the unplanned accidental look of it.
This is beyond me too. Neither character has a distinct overall form. They are just shapeless blobs. Then the overall blobs are broken down into lesser indistinct blobs. The proportions are Godawfully unbalanced.
The little messy faced guy's features are too small, indistinct and too crowded together which makes it hard to see what you are looking at, and makes it hard for the animator to make expressions.
These remind me of Sheridan college student designs from the 1970s. Back when young animators had just discovered construction models from the 1940s and assumed from them that cartoon designs had to made up of lumps piled up on top of each other.
I have always hated that lumpy brow theory. The 2 poo shaped blobs above the eyes that appeared in so many Nelvana cartoons from the 70s and 80s.
4 Beautiful
I have mixed feelings about Jim Tyer. I actually have this comic and I used this particular story as model sheets for the Bakshi Mighty Mouse Show in 1987.
When I first discovered his work I thought it was sloppy, but it grew on me. It's based on 40s general animation style, but is full of his own personal funny quirks. It's definitely funny, which is the number 1 most important visual element of a cartoon.
Tyer obviously has strong drawing ability but is full of impulsive wanderings from what he knows to be the "correct" way to do things. It's light hearted rebellion.
It reminds me of foods that take some getting used to, like pickles, mushrooms, spicy salami and the like. It isn't white bread and American cheese like Disney and other merely appealing styles.
6 Messmer
Instantly appealing and the essence of cartooning. Big eyes, frivolously fun happy style. Very clear staging. All the shapes are fun to look at -even the background shapes.
7 American Anime
This is a style I don't comprehend. It's less obviously ugly than 80s human proportioned shows like HeMan or Thundercrap. It takes those unanimateable proportions and simplifies the details, while glueing big Bambi cartoon eyes onto them - I guess to try to get some instant appeal. Putting big sparkly eyes on male characters makes them look pretty gay, and I don't understand the appeal of that.
The girl's forehead is too short - she should be a Fox News anchor.
The arbitrary pointy lumps all over the characters are irritating and distracting.
None of the faces show a shred of individuality. They are all the same bland human with cow eyes.
This is appealing to other designers. Big eyes, all the shapes are distinct; lots of contrasts in the sizes and shapes, good composition, happy looking. In theory this is very professional and appealing, but I can't see it appealing to kids, because it looks too simple and it's not entertaining. A kid might think "Heck, I can draw that good." and the designs don't indicate that the characters have any personality-they are well designed graphic symbols.
They should have had Dr. Seuss design the cartoon, instead of just write it.
I'm surprised at all the negative reaction in the comments to this cute picture of Bambi and his friends.
The actual animators' drawings of the characters are more perfectly balanced as designs and that's Disney's goal in design - perfect cute balance of shapes. They don't always achieve it, but came as close as possible in the original Bambi and Song of the South.
The artist of this coloring book cover got some of the shapes and sizes a bit out of balance - which actually makes it seem more fun to me than the animation. A little imbalance is a lot more natural and "human" in designs.
10 Jones Cute
The drawings on this Jones model sheet are technically amazing. Solid construction, good balance of empty space VS filled spaces.
It's a cynical caricature of sappy cuteness. Everything about Jones -even at his best - comes off as cynical to me, like he doesn't have any love or respect of life or humanity. He is super skilled, but needs to be surrounded by other more light hearted cartoonists to influence him to be less cynical.
11 Live Action Cartoons
Holy flying crap. How can this even exist? A big human head with tiny human hands and a ball shaped body. To me there is nothing uglier than real humans trying to be cartoons. These movies are like freak shows. I can't understand why Hollywood pumps so much of this stuff out. Why not just do a real Dr. Seuss or Flintstone movie?
I don't know if modern-day furries even realize it, but this whole movement grew out of Disney fan art from the 1970s. Nerdy kids who loved Lady and the Tramp and Bambi and wished they could draw as well as Disney animators. They took the squirrel-mask face style, drew it poorly and stuck it on top of human proportioned bodies and then had nasty things happen.
Who ever thought this would grow into a full blown cult?
In the last 15 years or so, furry style has in turn influenced mainstream "decent" animation.
No clear distinct shapes in the design or poses. Everything is cluttered. The clothes don't follow the forms underneath - they bulge out in awkward wrong directions. It's not visually funny or well designed or remotely human. It's completely contrived, awkward and insincere. It screams "lie".


text: Not because I didn't have a recipe but because it is my mom's recipe. My mom is not very comfortable about sharing her recipes online. Don't get her wrong, she loves sharing in general but she never got "internet". After a bit explaining about our lovely "food blogger's community" she almost came in terms with it but it took a little more than just explaining (read emotional blackmailing and reminder of some sentimental childhood stories).


text:
Here's more inks from Brian Romero.
Looks like real Spumco material to me.
People keep sending me their renderings of Sody Pop.Here's Kali's...
I'm gonna be doing some cartoons about Sody and her pals soon, so if you are good at drawing cute girls, I'm gonna need some help. It ain't easy, lemme tell ya!


text:
Up from midsize, large enterprises and organizations have stricter requirements in functionality, configurability and integration. The SITEFORUM Portalbuilder is a rapid application development tool to create, test and refine prototypes of complex solutions within a short time.
Internal and external Online business processes are built based on your specifications. The SITEFORUM CLOUD Platform and standard functionality included allows to respond to complex requirements. It has meant short time-to-market and significant return-on-investment in numerous projects, in many industries and marketplaces.
Our solutions use existing APIs to fit into your IT landscape, where necessary. They will be further developed by yourself or us as your requirements change over time. As the SITEFORUM CLOUD platform underneath is being constantly kept up-to-date, your project will always be state-of-the-art, future-ready.
It should be mentioned that we have served a significant number of enterprise clients for years, who began with a small portal solution and today use nothing but SITEFORUM for all business processes except ERP and financial standard software, like SAP etc.


text:
Public invited to seek the museum all decorated for Christmas this Saturday afternoon
Volunteers of the West Kern Oil Museum are inviting the public to their annual open house and Christmas Tea scheduled for Saturday from 1:30-4 p.m.
The tea will be held in the Buena Vista Room with volunteers providing a variety of homemade refreshments.
"This is our way to kick off the holiday season," said Don Maxwell, director of volunteers. "It's a nice way for us to showcase our exhibits with colorfully decorated Christmas threes done by our hard-working volunteers."
All of the museum exhibits and features will be open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., including the main exhibit building with its saber-toothed cat and McKittrick tar pit fossils, the Yokuts Indian room, and a display featuring the world famous Lakeview Gusher.
The shotgun house, tent house, firehouse and transportation building with its variety of antique cars and trucks will be open as will the museum grounds.
Uniquely decorated Christmas trees will be featured throughout the buildings.
There is no admission charge.
The museum is the community's most popular tourist attraction.
It is operated entirely by volunteers. There is not paid staff.


text:
Long-standing corner of the internet nominally for the discussion of mr g and rich and/or matters relating, such as that band they did with that guy from that other band. If you're stumped for your password try submitting a message containing your email address and any angry junk as your password, and we'll reset you.
Dolittle's The Irresistible Charm Of Baby Owls is still available - with UK p&p, EU p&p, or ROW p&p.
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Posted by John at 14:50pm on 11th Dec 2017
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delighted for you both. :) hope you're all doing well.
Friday 18th January 2019 10:09:54am


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178 N 2810 2810 Unit 49 Spanish Fork, UT 84660
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and I have a question about 178 N 2810 2810 Unit 49 Spanish Fork
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Estimated Monthly Payment$5,051
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Listing courtesy of Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Elite Real Estate
Utah County's fastest-growing home builder! Our Kennadee floor plan features the best in standard options, like master and great room vaulted ceilings, a 95% efficiency furnace, two-tone paint, solid knotty alder cabinets with staggered uppers and crown in the kitchen, wood closet shelving, and unlimited options to make your home uniquely yours. Choose this floor plan or any of our other incredible floor plans. Let our award-winning design team help you arrive at your forever home today!
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Bath: Master, Closet: Walk-In, Dishwasher: Built-In, Disposal, Great Room, Range/Oven: Free Stdng., Vaulted Ceilings
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Source Forced Air, Gas: Central, >= 95% efficiency
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text:
A former Cortez resident was indicted last week by a federal grand jury in Durango for wire fraud and income tax evasion, the United States Attorney's Office and IRS-Criminal Investigation announced.
Brian K. Shoults, 42, of Mesa, Ariz., was arrested on Feb. 8, and has appeared before a U.S. magistrate judge in Durango.
He was released on a $50,000 unsecured bond and is expected to be back in court on April 19 for arraignment, which will also take place in Durango.
According to the indictment, from April 8, 2008, through Aug. 25, 2011, Shoults executed a scheme to defraud the Copy Shop Inc.(doing business as Office Outpost) in Cortez in an effort to embezzle more than $250,000 from that company.
Shoults, a bookkeeper for Office Outpost, would allegedly electronically wire money from the Office Outpost accounts for his own personal use without the knowledge of any other employees or owners of the Office Outpost.
He is accused of electronically logging into Office Outpost's accounts at Community Banks of Colorado to transfer money from the Office Outpost's accounts into two of his personal bank accounts over which he had signatory authority.
As bookkeeper, Shoults oversaw Office Outpost's payroll, including the calculation and payment of payroll checks to Office Outpost's employees.
He had the authority to access Office Outpost accounts and draw on those funds in order to pay payroll expenses as well as other business expenses incurred by Office Outpost.
Shoults also had sole responsibility for reconciling the Office Outpost's bank statements with its internal books and records. This allowed him to write checks from the Office Outpost's accounts without supervision from or the knowledge of other employees or owners of Office Outpost.
Shoults allegedly committed tax evasion for years 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 by willfully failing to report all income he actually received from the business. For each corresponding year, he was required to report all income on his U.S. Individual Income Tax Form 1040 which was required to be filed the following year by April 15.
Using his position at Office Outpost, he manipulated his W-2 form to show less income than he actually received from Office Outpost. Such additional taxable income substantially increases the amount of tax due.
"The old adage, 'Trust but verify,' is particularly important for business' books and financial records," said U.S. Attorney John Walsh. "All too often, leaving one person in charge of bookkeeping opens the door to massive theft as is what happened in this case.
"This case, like most embezzlement cases, is a prime example of how only having one employee overseeing the businesses' banking accounts can end up in a big loss for the business," said Cortez Police Department Detective Lt. Jim Kingery. "The thefts start out small but once they've tested the waters and gotten away with it they generally go for more. Thankfully with the Cortez Police Department and the IRS - Criminal Investigations working together there can be a positive outcome."
Shoults is charged with 123 counts of wire fraud and four counts of attempting to evade or defeat tax, also called income tax evasion.
If convicted of wire fraud he faces up to 20 years in federal prison, and a fine of up to $250,000 for each count. If convicted of tax evasion, he faces not more than five years in federal prison, and a fine of up to $250,000 for each count.
This case was investigated by IRS-Criminal Investigation and the Cortez Police Department and is being prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney James Candelaria.


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A look at Moberly's history.
Wednesday, December 5, 2007
•Lisa Cunningham helped Sandi Anderson of Moberly at the Moberly Post Office Wednesday morning with mailing packages to her son Willie, who is a U.S. serviceman stationed overseas. Moberly Postmaster Craig Mattox encourages everyone to "mail early" to avoid the huge Monday and Saturday crowd, make it a point to visit the post office in Moberly weekly Tuesday through Friday. He says there are plenty of Christmas stamps. Mattox did say there is always the overnight and priority mail service for those who procrastinate.
•Monica and Ashley Jones donated their time to ring the bells and accept donations on behalf of the Salvation Army despite the freezing rain Saturday morning. The small heater inside the booth provided some comfort for the two volunteers. "It's for a good cause," said Monica. More volunteers are needed to help the Salvation Army provide aid to local families. This year's goal is $26,000. If you or your church or organization would like to volunteer contact the Salvation Army Office, the number remains the same at 660-263-0094.
Thursday, December 5, 2002
•Community Christmas Cantata choir members met Wednesday night at the Madison Christian Church to practice their performance which will be held December 8. The 25 member choir representing churches, under the direction of Twana Hulen, will present "One King." Narrators are Granville Pastor Stan and Kathy East.
Wednesday, December 5, 1962
•Ninety years ago this month the Mechanics Bank and Trust Company was started in Moberly, only six years old itself and not yet incorporated as a village. The first public school had just opened, the North Missouri railroad had been in operation just a few years. There were no eclectic lights, no telephones or paved streets. The only highway was a wooden plank road that ran from Huntsville to Armstrong. Many more tidbits of information are included in this article that can be found in the Moberly Monitor-Index on this date.
•One of the most modern service stations in Moberly will open tomorrow. Bill Heather will be the new operator of the Cities Service Station located at the corner of Rollins and Johnson Street. Mr. heather joined Cities Service Sept. 6 of this year, prior to that time he had eight years experience in the service station business in Moberly.