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Thursday, August 5, 2010
When Women Padded Their Hips
Readers, I just scored the coolest piece of 50s sewing ephemera off of eBay: a Vogue pattern for shoulder and hip pads! Casey knows that I'm obsessed with the engineering of Dior's New Look suits (blogged here) so she sweetly e-mailed me when she spotted this pattern. Hip pads are a sort of mythical being to me: I've read about them countless times but never seen them in their natural habitat, so to speak. Hence, I had to make this pattern mine.
A New Look jacket, like that of the Bar Suit below, would have been intensely structured with interfacings, pad stitching, and padding in the shoulders and hips. (And, of course, the model would be wearing a "waspie" corset to cinch her waist.)
see the difference sleeve heads made in my red suit) to creating a more flattering fit. And there's nothing worse than a droopy, flimsy peplum. (Okay, that's not true. There are actually a lot worse things, but you get my point.) Wouldn't it be great to create a smooth, structured line on the hips as well? Hence, I've actually become rather attracted to the idea of tailoring the hips of jackets, just as the shoulders would be tailored.
So how does this pattern work, you ask? Well, I was surprised to see that it's not really padding at all, but three layers of heavy stiffeners: one layer of heavy hair canvas, one of buckram, and one of heavy muslin. (That's a lot of heaviness!)
There are two pattern pieces: an inner piece for the three stiffeners, and an outer piece for a fabric cover.
Here's how the construction works. All three layers are basted together, stitched in horizontal rows (this is how padstitching is done by machine), and then covered with a fabric outer cover.
But this more subtle effect (well, relatively speaking) of the pattern above would be perfect for a slim suit, like the one from VoNBBS. (Which, by the way, I finally found! Thanks to a helpful reader. Only one VoNBBS pattern left to find!) Can't you just see this with the hips getting a little help from these pads?
What do you think? Could you ever bring yourself to pad your hips? Or will you happily leave this idea in the 50s?
53 comments:
Wow, first commenter.ReplyDelete
I could totally pad my hips, but then I have frog thighs. the widest point on my hips is at the level of my crotch, which means I cannot find any ready to wear trousers, since I get stress wrinkles.
I simply want to move the widest part of my hip a bit upwards.
I'd do it! It's crazy, but who cares? It looks great.ReplyDelete
Seems like it would make sitting down uncomfortable. So... count me out.ReplyDelete
My hips have enough padding as it is. I'd need to recover some of my waist for this look and that's not happening any time soon! I am interested in the shoulder pad part of this pattern. I have a later Vogue pattern with shoulder pads.ReplyDelete
I'm so glad you posted about this--and thanks for including pictures of the pattern pieces and construction notes! :D I was actually just thinking about this earlier in the week (I sit around and think about sewing too much... I know ;). I would definitely pad out my hips--especially in a suit or other sort of design that requires it (evening wear springs to mind, although that's a different sort of padding/stiffening; still, same principle). I used to work at a store that specialized in suits for women, and I've seen far too many droopy, ill-fitting peplums (which is probably why I have an aversion to suits now ;). Sometimes an extra bit of stiffness, tailored to your body size helps a lot with keeping things smooth, creating the illusion of an hourglass, and adding a bit of structure to an area that tends to be a bit "fluffy" on most women.ReplyDelete
I'm so making 2011 the Year of the Suit! :D Must start planning to learn tailoring (I was just reading through that section in Claire Schaeffer's "Couture Sewing" yesterday ;) and make my own suit--complete with era-appropriate padding!
♥ Casey
blog | elegantmusings.com
Definitely! Anything that might help my waist look smaller! I already saved your pattern images just in case the opportunity should ever arise. Thanks for posting them!ReplyDelete
Glad that website worked for the suit pattern.ReplyDelete
I can't see padding my hips considering I'm off the charts for most patterns, but I really LOVE that look....And I get the most compliments when I wear a really tailored suit....
I have enough natural padding for 3 suits and a skirt. I don't need to 'make' further embellishment! Monique xxReplyDelete
Well, I think part of the whole technology there is that the women were also wearing nuclear-powered girdle/waist cinchers too. So, part of this was a 'oh, wow..look at the difference in the appearance of the waist (all sucked in) and the hips (which, with padding or stiffening) are flaring out. Very 'Minoan statue of the girl with the snakes' sort of thing. Now, to make this really work, you also need to be a certain height, so that there is a certain amount of length between the hips and the bottom of the ribcage. For those of us who are in the 'petite' range, I don't think there is enough distance there; even at my skinniest when I was in my 20s, I always looked cut in half when I wore a dress with a gathered skirt. So this look, as they say, is not for everyone.ReplyDelete
Oh, I could see myself using that technique. I have already been thinking of new ways to make tutus or skirts that have more fullness for children's cloths and costumes something new, and unique. I am thinking of modifying the hip pad technique to manipulate a skirt into a flower skirt with real flower shape.ReplyDelete
I have never seen or even heard of hip pads. I love the technique, and the look.
Interesting idea! My initial thought was "no more padding on my hips!" (My hips are two sizes larger than my waist, that's 13 inches and I'm a quite average size girl). But then, I can totally see how the lines of a jacket can be improved and more stable by hip pads.ReplyDelete
So yes, I can see myself trying it (once I gather eunough skills to tailor a jacket).
I would totally do it. I have absolutely no hips AT ALL (though I do have some T&A...)ReplyDelete
Hip pads I think would round out and smooth out lines quite nicely
I was so born in the wrong decade. My waist and hips pretty much form that shape all by themselves, so no, I wouldn't want to pad them out any further. I am pleased, though, that at some point a body that depresses the life out of my when I try to buy RTW clothes for it would have been a desirable shape.ReplyDelete
Now, if someone can find me a Tardis, I'm off.
I think structural tailoring can work for anyone, so even though I have the kind of hip to waist ratio (much broader than in once was) that makes a person laugh to consider accentuating it, I like the idea that the hip pad actually corrals it in a way. Plus, in spite of having nice wide hips, I am afflicted with a behind so flat it's almost concave, so I look for styles or shaping that create an illusion of a tire to make my wheel wells (or something) so that sort of goes hand in hand with the idea of a hip pad.ReplyDelete
I love this pattern. I would definitely try the hip padder out. Although comfortable with my figure, my waist/hip area is definitely more up and down than in and out, so I'm not alwasy happy with how I look in retro styles. Padding hips might be a viable alternative to a corset and would definitely allow me to carry on eating and breathing.ReplyDelete
But it just goes to show, we've always been using technology to alter our figures.
- DelphineCoudAugust 5, 2010 at 9:15 AM
Very interesting indeed that a pattern exists for that. I actually worked at Christian Dior for a while 4 years ago and I can tell you that the new versions of the Bar jacket (there is at least one every season as it's a classic of the House) are still padded. I had the opportunity to try one on, and it does not feel uncomfortable at all (well it's Dior after all, it's not supposed to be uncomfortable) but it did not really work with my figure (am already pear shaped) and with my current closet. But it was funny anyway !ReplyDelete
I say bring it on! This is what fashion is all about. Rediscovering what used to be and making it work for the now. And saying poo poo to what the masses are trying to tell us is "good". Yeah Gertie! :)ReplyDelete
For me, it depends on whether it would make the suit feel stuffy or uncomfortable. I have been pulling shoulder pads out of anything they came in since I was a child (I think the soft shoulder looks more feminine & my shoulders are broad enough), and I positively refused to wear a girdle under my gorgeous, one of a kind, 50's wedding dress that was sewed for me by a former clothing designer. I know he had hoped I would wear a girdle and padded bra, but I had always dreamed of a wedding at which I could eat and breathe comfortably. I am sure I sacrificed a little of the look of this dress, but I felt gorgeous in it anyway. I am all for comfort first, which is part of why I got interested in sewing- I'm hoping to improve my style with well fitted clothing.ReplyDelete
I had never thought of this... I don't think I'd pad the front (I don't need any help with my pooch, thanks!) but I think i'd wear them on the back or the sides, but is that an option?ReplyDelete
Fascinating post, Gertie, thank you so much! Hip pads are an intriguing idea, and it's surprising how shocking they seem (my jaw dropped open when I saw your post.) I don't know if I could bring myself to use them -- I grew up with aspirations to be a ballet dancer, so it's taken me long enough to accept that hips themselves aren't evil...ReplyDelete
Definitely, if my hips weren't already two sizes bigger than my waist. I guess I'm lucky because not only do I love the look, but it's also the one that best fits my natural shape (although given the choice, I'd probably opt for the hips pads rather than the extra inches...).ReplyDelete
You know, the biggest shock to me was recently learning that Dior's post-war look did not use any cinching on the waist (girdles for no jiggle, probably although it's not mentioned) -- his models were all painfully thin from rationing so they padded them out at bust and hips to make them look like girls and the result gave them insane hourglass figures. I'm sure that after a few years of eating again they did have to add waist cinchers, but the original look was the result of emaciation. Scary!! (Jonathan Walford's Forties Fashion, an amazing book)ReplyDelete
I prefer to stick to my own ample organically grown padding, thank you very much! :)ReplyDelete
Sure I'd do it! Wider hips give the appearance of a smaller waist. Very sexy hourglass.ReplyDelete
Wellll...I worry that I'd have to turn sideways to get through doorways, but as it is not truly padding I'd be willing to give it a shot.ReplyDelete
It's interesting how people get surprised and even repulsed by the idea of hip-pads. They've precisely the same purpose as the shoulder pads - creating the desired silouette.ReplyDelete
I'd totally use hip pads. I'm like Tania from the first comment and some smoothing out between the waist and widest part of the hip is so much desired. I wish I had that smooooth line... Obcessed with smooth lines am I!
But Gertire, thank you so much for sharing all the construction details. I'm out there taking notes every time you post them, So please, please, pretty please! Do share with us any experiments with shoulder/hip/whatev pads you happen to make. I remember Casey promising a tutorial for a shoulder pad, but either I've missed it or she never got to posting it. Sob sob.
Anna, Casey definitely posted a shoulder pad tutorial. It was in the last couple weeks!ReplyDelete
Of course I'll pad my hips! (I don't have any) even I find it little difficult to do...perhpas when you do it you should show us a tutorial.ReplyDelete
I really would like to see that red suit you have with those things!
I LOVE the new look siluete!!
- ChristineBAugust 5, 2010 at 1:06 PM
Unlike Tania, I would do anything to move the widest part of my hips *downwards*. I am H-shaped and the widest part of my hips is only 3-4" below my waist. Just once I'd like to have the appearance of an hourglass figure...ReplyDelete
For me, it's not so much about padding the hips as it is giving structure to the hips. Even if we have full hips, the shape afforded in these kinds of inner structures in tailored clothes is what makes them look so sharp! So, yes! I would... I would love a nicely tailored and wasp waisted suit!ReplyDelete
Oh, I love New Look suits! Of course, I've also been in love with the Victorian era pretty much since birth so it kind of follows. I don't think everyone can pull off padding hips, just like not everyone can pull off padding shoulders (yours truly included) but you don't know 'til you try. Give it a whirl!ReplyDelete
I'd give it a try and see how it looked. If It looked good, I'd be willing.ReplyDelete
Gertie, after I finished padding my dress form out recently (with Sharon), trust me, I don't need to add anything to these womanly curves of mine.ReplyDelete
That being said, I think the padding could be useful in places where one might need height or width.
Since I only recently decided to start sewing again, I've only made a few different skirts in the last 15 years - mostly a-line or bias a-line. Last month I made a basic gathered skirt with a wide waistband (a la your skirt tutorial from last fall) and I was surprised at how much I liked the fit. I don't have one RTW skirt that comes up to my waist or has any fullness in the skirt but the extra poofyness in the gathered skirt is flattering contrasted to the high and wide waistband.ReplyDelete
It isn't that I need accentuation in the hip area (I also have the 13 inch difference between my waist and hips) but I found that over emphasizing that is more flattering than I would have assumed.
Thanks so much for sharing this with us Gertie!ReplyDelete
I would definitely wear it if the design called for it, as long as it wasn't unflattering on me! I can't imagine it being heavy or uncomfortable, in fact I doubt you would feel anything - it just hangs there like an ultrashort stiff petticoat!
When I started making wedding dresses, I was amazed how a full skirt always enhanced the waist - making it look two sizes smaller, and this would have the same effect.
I think subtle hip padding would look great in your slim suit, as long as it doesn't make the hem stand out from the narrow skirt too much.
- Marjorie P.August 5, 2010 at 4:28 PM
There is no need for me to pad my hips, haha...I already have enough curves! ;) Interesting concept though.ReplyDelete
I am a hip pad, so no competition for me. However, if my hips were smaller, I'd wear 'em.ReplyDelete
Have you, or your readers, seen the great video at Worn Through on the history of underwear? http://www.wornthrough.com/2010/07/21/fashion-history-video-history-of-underwear/ I think it gives great insight on how both undergarments and the ideal of women's figures has changed over the centuries.ReplyDelete
- NatashaAugust 5, 2010 at 5:25 PM
I have a vintage suit jacket with hip pads. It looks great! The padding is very light, and creates a smoothing effect while helping to emphasise the waist.ReplyDelete
I don't have a long torso, and I don't wear a girdle. I doubt I could pull off heavy padding or a full skirt, but with a pencil skirt, it's a good look for me.
Oh my! No, I think I will leave the hip padding in the past. I'm paranoid about my hips already so I can well do without the extra worry. I can see how they work and under the correct garment would give a lovely shape, but I'm not brave enough to do it.ReplyDelete
I think that it would really help to tailor a jacket nicely, but I do not think that I would pad my hips on a regular basis. Mainly because by the time I've got my gathered skirt on with a petticoat underneath, there is plenty going on with my hips!ReplyDelete
b. of Depict This!
Would I wear the hip shaping? Yes, I have worn vintage jackets with heavily interfaced and tailored hips which makes them fit smoothly over the hips like a riding jacket. Very chic, I think.ReplyDelete
Hip padding? well, I have mine naturally.ReplyDelete
Bust padding? I do that everyday, lol.
Luckily I have no problems in the hip and rear area nor the waist. Otherwise I would give the hip pads a try. However I could see the use of it to create a more 'hour glass' type figure for someone who has a boyish figure if that is the the look they want. You know, make the waist look smaller by creating hip structure. Don't know if that is the idea behind the hip padding. But I guess a belt at the waist might work just as well.ReplyDelete
I'm pretty happy with my hips as they are, I'm not sure how comfortable hip padding would be. It's the shoulder pads I hate. I used to get teased for having such broad shoulders (one sweet boyfriend once called me his little line backer) and I have enough trouble fitting in rtw shirts.ReplyDelete
Having kids broadened my hips just enough to balance my shoulders, so I don't think I'd want to mess with it anymore. The only place I like padding is in my bras. ;)
Thx, Girtie! I'll check it out! ;>ReplyDelete
That's so fascinating! I love the idea of emphasising the hips, but I really don't think mine need padding!ReplyDelete
xx Charlotte
Tuppence Ha'penny Vintage
i LOVE this! i'm a definite pear -but i would never wear shoulder pads, or a padded bra (even though i have smaller shoulders and wear a 34AA...), but i would love to have hip pads! it's like updated panniers (which i would also wear in an everyday setting if i could get away with it...)ReplyDelete
i can't wait to see what you do with this :)
You are kidding, right? Why would I want to widen the widest part of my body right now??? If my hips are any bigger I couldn't go through the doorway of my double closet. :) PaTReplyDelete
Hmmm... this could be the answer to a slight problem I have with the Simplicity 4911 suit that I've made.ReplyDelete
The jacket has a lovely curve from the waist to the hips, but one of the seams curves out so far and then collapses.
I haven't posted the pics on my blog yet of the finished suit - it's too damned cold in melbourne to muster the enthusiasm to try anything on at the moment - but I think the flop will be all too apparent.
I was going to try and stiffen the seam but this is an interesting idea...
I'd do it for the tailoring, not for the body shaping. My hips are already wayyy wider than my waist (13") Very cool that you scored this guide though! I've seen that New Look suit and wondered how they formed the jacket just so.ReplyDelete
If I were so unfortunate to need to do so, I would totally pad my hips!ReplyDelete
I usually wear a 0 or 2 and was skeptical about buying something marked as "one size fits most." That's almost never a good idea. I was pleased to find that this looked like it was made for me when I put it on. There's not much coverage to be had, mind you, but that's the entire idea.ReplyDelete


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Morning Jolt: House near Westboro painted in gay pride colors
Staff Writer
Rockford Register Star
In the news
A house across the street from Westboro headquarters was painted in gay pride colors yesterday, NPR reported. Westboro Baptist is known for protesting at military funerals with signs that read "God hates [gays]," among other things. The owner of the house, Aaron Jackson, said he bought it specifically to paint it in protest of Westboro.
Opening bell
The Dow Jones opened at 14,455.82 after finishing up 3.76 points Tuesday.
Motivational quote
"Once you choose hope, anything's possible." - Christopher Reeve
Watercooler talk
School shooter flips off victims' families during sentencing.
GateHouse News Service

subset: commoncrawl


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Front Runners List: Click to see list completion progress by climbers that log their climbs using Peakbagger.com.
Compare Climbers: Click to compare ascents of up to 5 climbers working on this list.
This list, which is probably 95% complete or more, lists 64 peaks with 5000 feet of clean prominence in Alaska. The entire rest of the U.S.A. has 62 peaks above this threshold (5 in Hawaii, 57 in the 48 states). This statement alone is testament to the embarassment of mountain riches in Alaska.
Note that the unranked peaks on this list have less than 5000 feet of clean prominece, but they do have 5000 feet or more of optimistic prominence. These unranked peaks are "error range" summits, and some of them may have a very good chance of being over the cutoff. Some climbers elect to ascend these unranked peaks for the sake of completeness.
Like the list of Alaska Borough/Census Area high points, this is a list that no one has completed or even seriously started and is a strong contender for the toughest list on this site. Some of these peaks might not have even been climbed at all yet. Particularly hard would be getting to the Aleutian Range and Islands for some of these summits, but there are certainly many other issues (such a high probablity of death while doing so many serious climbs) that would have to be surmounted to make inroads here.
Caution: These books feature many of the peaks on this list, but may not have information on all of them.
= Peak with Rank #1 on List;   = Other Peaks
This page has been served 812424 times since 2004-11-01.


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I'm excited to announce the first (and hopefully, annual) Denver Botanic Gardens Urban Homestead Tour. Check out the tour photo (featuring Rick in the bee suit and E with one of our hens) along with the official press release below.
DENVER – Denver Botanic Gardens will host its 2012 Urban Homestead Tour of Denver and surrounding communities. The tour aims to inform, educate and inspire the community by featuring a variety of traditional and innovative efforts in the urban homesteading movement.
Local homesteaders all throughout the Denver metro area will open the doors of their homes to provide guests with an opportunity to see what urban homesteading is all about. Come prepared to be surprised because "urban homesteading is not only growing vegetables in your yard and raising chickens. It also includes activities like canning, making soap and using alternative energy sources in your home," says Sundari Kraft, author of "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Urban Homesteading" and founder of EatWhereULive, one of the community supporters of the tour.
CALL FOR ENTRIES: Urban homesteaders who want to participate as a tour stop, share their efforts, their joys and their experiences with the public can find information and applications at www.botanicgardens.org
The tour, which counts with the support of community partners like Anisa Schell, author of the LazyHomesteader.com, and Lisa Rogers, founder and director of Feed Denver, is completely self-guided. Participants are encouraged to drop-by whatever locations they see fit from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. Tour map sales will begin Aug. 22nd and tour participants will receive them starting on Sept. 19th.
Date and Time:
Saturday, September 22
10 a.m. – 4 p.m.
$5 per person
Ticket sales start August 22
For more information and to register visit www.botanicgardens.org
About Denver Botanic Gardens:
Green inside and out, the Gardens is considered one of the top botanical gardens in the United States and a pioneer in water conservation. Accredited by the American Association of Museums, the Gardens' living collections encompass specimens from the tropics to the tundra, showcasing a plant palette chosen to thrive in Colorado's semi-arid climate. The Gardens' dynamic, 23-acre urban oasis in the heart of the city is now in its 52nd year, offering unforgettable opportunities to flourish with unique garden experiences for the whole family – as well as world-class education and plant conservation research programs. Additional sites at Denver Botanic Gardens at Chatfield, a 750-acre wildlife and native plant refuge in Jefferson County; and Mount Goliath, a high-altitude trail and interpretive site on the Mount Evans Scenic Byway, extend this experience throughout the Front Range. For more information, visit us online at http://www.botanicgardens.org.
I'm really excited to be working with Denver Botanic Gardens to bring more awareness about urban homesteading to the community through this event. We all hope it's a huge success. If you're a local, this is your chance to see other urban homesteads up close. Mark your calendar!
Make sure to click through to the other community supporter links:


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Lance Armstrong may not be done confessing.
His interview with Oprah Winfrey hasn't aired yet, but already some people want to hear more — under oath — before Armstrong is allowed to compete in elite triathlons, a sport he returned to after retiring from cycling in 2011. In addition to stripping him of all seven of his Tour de France titles last year, anti-doping officials banned Armstrong for life from sanctioned events.
"He's got to follow a certain course," David Howman, director general of World Anti-Doping Agency, told the AP. "That is not talking to a talk show host."
Armstrong already has had conversations with U.S. Anti-Doping Agency officials, touching off speculation that the team leader who demanded loyalty from others soon may face some very tough choices himself: whether to cooperate and name those who aided, knew about or helped cover up a sophisticated doping ring that Armstrong ran on his tour-winning U.S. Postal Service squads. Former teammate Frankie Andreu, one of several riders Armstrong cast aside on his ride to the top of the sport, said no one could provide a better blueprint for cleaning up the sport.
"Lance knows everything that happened," Andreu told The Associated Press. "He's the one who knows who did what because he was the ringleader. It's up to him how much he wants to expose."
World Anti-Doping Agency officials said nothing short of "a full confession under oath" would even cause them to reconsider the ban. Although Armstrong admitted to Winfrey on Monday that he used performance-enhancing drugs, Howman said that is "hardly the same as giving evidence to a relevant authority." The International Cycling Union also urged Armstrong to tell his story to an independent commission it has set up to examine claims that the sport's governing body hid suspicious samples, accepted financial donations, and helped Armstrong avoid detection in doping tests.
Winfrey wouldn't detail what Armstrong said during their interview at a downtown Austin hotel. In an appearance on "CBS This Morning," she said she was "mesmerized and riveted by some of his answers." What had been planned as a 90-minute broadcast will be shown as a two-part special, Thursday and Friday, on Winfrey's OWN network.
The lifetime ban was imposed after a 1,000-page report by USADA last year outlined a complex, long-running doping program led by Armstrong. The cyclist also lost nearly all of his endorsements and was forced to cut ties with the Livestrong cancer charity he founded in 1997. The damage to Armstrong's reputation was just as severe.
The report portrayed him as well-versed in the use of a wide range of performance-enhancers, including steroids and blood boosters such as EPO, and willing to exploit them to dominate. Nearly a dozen teammates provided testimony about that drug regimen, among them Andreu and his wife, Betsy.
"A lot of it was news and shocking to me," Andreu said. "I am sure it's shocking to the world. There's been signs leading up to this moment for a long time. For my wife and I, we've been attacked and ripped apart by Lance and all of his people, and all his supporters repeatedly for a long time. I just wish they wouldn't have been so blind and opened up their eyes earlier to all the signs that indicated there was deception there, so that we wouldn't have had to suffer as much.
"And it's not only us," he added, "he's ruined a lot of people's lives."
Armstrong was believed to have left for Hawaii. The street outside his Spanish-style villa on Austin's west side was quiet the day after international TV crews gathered there hoping to catch a glimpse of him. Meanwhile, members of his legal team mapped out a strategy on how to handle at least two pending lawsuits against Armstrong, and possibly a third.
Former teammate Floyd Landis, who was stripped of the 2006 Tour de France title for doping, alleges in one of the lawsuits that Armstrong defrauded the U.S. government by repeatedly denying he used performance-enhancing drugs. The False Claims Act lawsuit could require Armstrong to return substantial sponsorship fees and pay a hefty fine. The AP reported earlier Tuesday that Justice Department officials were likely to join the whistleblower lawsuit before a Thursday deadline.
Jim Litke reported from Chicago, Jim Vertuno from Austin, Texas. Stephen Wilson in London and John L. Mone in Dearborn, Mich., also contributed to this report.


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Azrock Solid Vinyl Tile
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When the Nationals' racing presidents and the Pirates' racing pierogies get together, fireworks usually ensue, and this week was no different.
But after Friday's hard hits and Saturday's beatings, the eight participants managed a traditional footrace Sunday at Nationals Park.
Wearing their traditional period garb for Sunday's race, the presidents got off to a slow start, but once again Abe Lincoln turn on the afterburners, and passed all four pierogies at the finish to secure his lead in the presidents race standings.
For Teddy, pitcher Jason Marquis, and Nationals fans who endured blistering heat to watch a 10-2 loss, Sunday was otherwise a notable failure. Even an appearance by SpongeBob Squarepants for Nickelodeon Day turned problematic. As noted by NatsNQ, the Square One failed in his attempts to climb onto the dugout, and got stuck in the stands.
Race video and photos courtesy of YouTube member lfahome.
SpongeBob Squarepants fail courtesy of NatsNQ


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CBS Renews 14 Series — But What Shows Are Missing?
CBS has renewed a whopping 14 of its shows for the 2013-2014 season, the network announced on Wednesday.
In addition to the previously renewed NCIS and CSI, the network will bring back dramas NCIS: LA, Elementary, Person of Interest, Hawaii Five-0, The Mentalist, Blue Bloods, The Good Wife .
TV Scorecard: What's renewed and what's canceled?
The list of returning comedies includes Mike & Molly, 2 Broke Girls. (How I Met Your Mother and The Big Bang Theory were previously renewed).
Additionally, reality series The Amazing Race, Survivor and Undercover Boss will all return with new editions and 60 Minutes and 48 Hours will also return this fall.
CBS announces finale dates for NCIS, Good Wife, Survivor, more
Although CBS acknowledged that discussions are currently ongoing between CBS and Warner Bros. Television for another season of Two and a Half Men, there was no mention of veteran drama Criminal Minds, which was also absent from the renewals. No announcements were made about the futures of bubble shows CSI: NY, Vegas, Golden Boy or Rules of Engagement, though those decisions may not be made until the network's upfront presentation in May.
Which shows are you excited to see more of? And were your favorites left off the list?.
(Full disclosure: TVGuide.com is owned by a joint venture between Lionsgate and CBS.)
View original CBS Renews 14 Series - But What Shows Are Missing? at TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com
- 60 Minutes
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
- The Amazing Race
- Two and a Half Men
- Criminal Minds
- How I Met Your Mother
- 48 Hours
- The Big Bang Theory
- The Mentalist
- The Good Wife
- NCIS: Los Angeles
- Undercover Boss
- Hawaii Five-0
- Mike & Molly
- Person of Interest
- 2 Broke Girls
- Elementary
- Golden Boy
- Vegas
- Survivor: Caramoan - Fans vs. Favorites


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Harry Walker Photographs
This digital collection contains images taken from the Harry Walker photographic negatives, covering the early 1900s to the 1940s. The pictures include snapshots of domestic life and leisure activities in Beaumont and Houston during that time, views of notable Houston landmarks, and historic images of pioneering pilot Katherine Stinson flying a Wright Brothers biplane.
The Harry Walker photographic negatives come from the architectural papers of Burdette Keeland. Through his wife, Keeland acquired a collection of negatives owned by Harry Walker (the presumed photographer), who was married to Mrs. Keeland's aunt. The negatives record Walker's life growing up in Beaumont, Texas and his adult life after his move to Houston in the late 1910s.
Of particular interest are photographs of Walker's home at 1914 Bissonnet in Houston, with views of the area that includes Poe Elementary School when the neighborhood was new in 1929. Historical shots of Houston show Rice University, Hermann Hospital, the Houston Ship Channel, the San Jacinto Monument, the San Jacinto Trust Company, and downtown Houston in the snow in 1925.
Viewers of the collection can also get a thorough immersion in the daily life of the era through scores of photographs of babies, children, families, laborers, and sailors in uniform. The images highlight the time period's dress and furniture, interiors and exteriors of homes, and modes of transportation such as horse-drawn wagons, cars, ships, tractors, and trains. Examples of leisure activities captured on film include horseback riding, baseball, poker, swimming, fishing, bingo, hunting, picnics, and many other outdoor gatherings.
The original materials are available in UH Libraries' Special Collections in the Burdette Keeland Architectural Papers.


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Semester 2013B Call For Proposals
You are here
Gemini Observatory invites its community to propose scientific investigations for the 2013B semester,
1 August 2013 - 31 January 2014.
The submission deadline varies with partner
and ranges from
THURSDAY MARCH 28 TO MONDAY APRIL 1 2013. Multi-partner joint
proposals should be submitted by the deadline of the partner country to which the Principal Investigator is affiliated.
Proposals for exchange time on Gemini from the Japanese community should be submitted by the
Gemini Staff proposal deadline. An
overview of the Gemini proposal submission process is available.
The Call is open to all partners and host institutions : Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the US, Chile and the University of Hawaii. US time is open to all astronomers including those at non-US institutions, although in that case the proposal must explain why U.S. national facilities are needed. The distribution of time across the partners is shown in the time distribution Table. Hardcopy of the primary Call pages is available as a pdf document.
Jump to:
Summary of 2013B Gemini Capabilities
Gemini North
Target are limited to 17 < RA hours < 13.5 and -37 < dec degrees < +90. In some cases there are
additional constraints as described below and in the target and instrument accessability page.
Facility instruments offered in 2013B, in queue or classical mode, are:
Visitor instruments offered in 2013B (subject to demand), in queue mode only, are:
Gemini South
Target are limited to 16 < RA hours < 12 and -90 < dec degrees < +28. In some cases there are
additional constraints as described below and in the target and instrument accessability page.
Facility instruments offered in 2013B are:
Instruments and Modes Not Offered in 2013B
The following instruments are not offered in 2013B (and have been retired or are expected to be retired during 2013B):
Also, as in past semesters, NIRI is no longer available for spectroscopy.
Important Dates for 2013B
The deadline for Phase I submission varies with partner
and ranges from THURSDAY MARCH 28 TO MONDAY APRIL 1 2013. Poor weather and Director's Discretionary Time proposals are accepted at
any time via the Phase I Tool.
For successful proposals, both queue and classical, the Phase II submission deadline is July 15 2013. More information is available in the 2013B schedule.
Phase I Tool for 2013B
Proposals for time on Gemini, and for time on Subaru via the Gemini-Subaru exchange program, must use the Gemini
Phase I Tool (PIT). The 2013B PIT has been updated to include the Gemini North visitor instruments DSSI/Speckle and TEXES. The requested time for the visitor instruments should include all required calibrations (unlike the facilty instruments where the time required for a specified set of
baseline calibrations should not be included). See the
PIT page for installation information and the
help pages for the PIT for assistance. Latex and Word
templates are available to create a pdf attachment which includes the science and technical cases.
Time Available in 2013B
The science time available for each partner and host institution in 2013B is shown on the
time distribution page.
The science time available at each telescope includes a 7% Director's Discretionary Time allocation and 1 night for
instrument performance monitoring. The Director's Discretionary Time is divided into a maximum
5% share for use by staff (which is open for joint proposals with the partners), and a minimum 2% share available to all astronomers through the Director's Discretionary Time proposal process. At Gemini North 155.5 nights are expected to be available for science. At Gemini South 138 nights are expected to be available for science, which include
3 nights of guaranteed time for the
GSAOI instrument team, and 1.5 nights for
GMOS-S CCD upgrade demonstration science.
Exchange Time in 2013B
A minimum of 5 classical nights are available on Subaru in Semester 2013B.
No Gemini-Keck exchange time is offered in Semester 2013B.
Additional Information
Please see the page of supporting information for additional general information. Prospective users should also refer to the the target and instrument accessability page, and the instrument pages for detailed and up to date information on instrumentation.
Questions and Answers
All questions concerning proposals, or any other subject, should be
made using the Gemini
HelpDesk. This web-based
system will send the request to your National Gemini Office staff in
the first instance
who will then escalate it to Gemini staff if necessary.
Comments and suggestions on the format
and content of this page and supporting pages are welcome, and should be sent
to Sandy Leggett.


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High/low for vitamin B6 denotes levels above/below 29.2 nmol/L, high/low for methionine denotes serum levels above/below 40.3 μmol/L. Odds ratios (ORs) were assessed by unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age (in 5-year categories), country, sex, and cotinine (in quartiles); P for trend was assessed by a discrete variable (0-2) indicating if 1 or 2 of the analytes are high; the black squares and horizontal lines indicate the ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs); the size of the black squares is proportional to the inverse variance of the logistic regression estimates.
Cumulative risks up to age 79 were based on age-specific incidence rates estimated within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, separately for men and women, and among never, former, and current smokers, combined with odds ratio estimates of lung cancer by median serum levels of B6 and methionine. High/high indicates having above-median levels of both vitamin B6 and methionine and low/low indicates having below-median levels.
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Johansson M, Relton C, Ueland PM, et al. Serum B Vitamin Levels and Risk of Lung Cancer. JAMA. 2010;303(23):2377–2385. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.808
© 2023
Author Affiliations: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France (Drs Johansson, Slimani, Boffetta, Jenab, and Brennan); Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (Dr Relton); Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, and Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital (Dr Ueland), Bergen, Norway; Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, and Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Dr Vollset), Bergen, Norway; Bevital AS, Bergen, Norway (Dr Midttun); Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, and Section for Cardiology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen (Dr Nygård) Bergen, Norway; INSERM ERI20 (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), ERI20, Institut Gustave Roussy, and Paris South University (Drs Clavel-Chapelon, Boutron-Ruault, and Fagherazzi), Villejuif, France; Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology (Dr Kaaks), and Clinical Epidemiology (Dr Rohrmann), German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany(Dr Boeing and Weikert); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (Dr Bueno-de-Mesquita and Ms Ros); Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Ms Ros); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Drs van Gils and Peeters); Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (Dr Peeters); Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain (Dr Agudo); Public Health Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (Dr Barricarte); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain (Drs Barricarte, Navarro, Sánchez, and Larrañaga); Department of Epidemiology, Regional Council of Health and Consumer Affairs, Murcia, Spain (Dr Navarro); Public Health and Participation Directorate, Health and Health Care Services Council, Asturias, Spain (Dr Rodríguez); Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain (Dr Sánchez); Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (Dr Larrañaga); Department of Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge (Dr Khaw), and MRC Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory (Dr Wareham) Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Drs Allen and Crowe); Division of Epidemiology, and Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (Drs Gallo, Norat, Riboli, and Vineis); MRC/HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (Dr Vineis); Epidemiology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy (Dr Krogh); Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO -Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy (Dr Masala); Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (Dr Panico); Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO-Piemonte), and Human Genetic Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy (Dr Sacerdote); Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera "Civile MP Arezzo," Ragusa, Italy (Dr Tumino); WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece (Drs Trichopoulou and Lagiou); Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (Drs Trichopoulou); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts (Drs Lagiou and Trichopoulos); Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (Dr Trichopoulos); Departments of Radiation Sciences, Oncology (Dr Rasmuson), Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research (Dr Hallmans), and Nutritional Research (Dr Vineis), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; MRC/HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, and ISI Foundation, Torino, Italy (Dr Vineis).
Context B vitamins and factors related to 1-carbon metabolism help to maintain DNA integrity and regulate gene expression and may affect cancer risk.
Objective To investigate if 1-carbon metabolism factors are associated with onset of lung cancer.
Design, Setting, and Participants The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) recruited 519 978 participants from 10 countries between 1992 and 2000, of whom 385 747 donated blood. By 2006, 899 lung cancer cases were identified and 1770 control participants were individually matched by country, sex, date of birth, and date of blood collection. Serum levels were measured for 6 factors of 1-carbon metabolism and cotinine.
Main Outcome Measure Odds ratios (ORs) of lung cancer by serum levels of 4 B vitamins (B2, B6, folate [B9], and B12), methionine, and homocysteine.
Results Within the entire EPIC cohort, the age-standardized incidence rates of lung cancer (standardized to the world population, aged 35-79 years) were 6.6, 44.9, and 156.1 per 100 000 person-years among never, former, and current smokers for men, respectively. The corresponding incidence rates for women were 7.1, 23.9, and 100.9 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. After accounting for smoking, a lower risk for lung cancer was seen for elevated serum levels of B6 (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.60; P for trend <.000001), as well as for serum methionine (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39-0.69; P for trend <.000001). Similar and consistent decreases in risk were observed in never, former, and current smokers, indicating that results were not due to confounding by smoking. The magnitude of risk was also constant with increasing length of follow-up, indicating that the associations were not explained by preclinical disease. A lower risk was also seen for serum folate (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.90; P for trend = .001), although this was apparent only for former and current smokers. When participants were classified by median levels of serum methionine and B6, having above-median levels of both was associated with a lower lung cancer risk overall (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.54), as well as separately among never (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18-0.72), former (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.76), and current smokers (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65).
Conclusion Serum levels of vitamin B6 and methionine were inversely associated with risk of lung cancer.
B vitamins, including B6 and folate (B9), as well as related enzymes in the 1-carbon pathway, are essential for DNA synthesis and methylation. The 1-carbon metabolism process is complex and involves multiple interactions between B vitamins, homocysteine, and methionine, which in turn are required for generation of S-adenosyl methionine, an essential component of methylation reactions.1 Deficiencies in B vitamins may increase the probability of DNA damage and subsequent gene mutations, and may influence gene expression via aberrant methylation patterns.2 Given their involvement in maintaining DNA integrity and gene expression, these nutrients have a potentially important role in inhibiting cancer development, and offer the possibility of modifying cancer risk through dietary changes.
Major sources of 1-carbon nutrients and related vitamins are varied and include fruits and green leafy vegetables (folate), fortified cereals and whole grains (B6), as well as meat and dairy products (B12).3,4 B vitamin levels are also likely to be influenced by genetic variants and other factors including alcohol consumption and low-grade inflammation.5-9 Although many countries have initiated folic acid supplementation of flour and other foodtypes, deficiencies in nutrient levels of B vitamins have been shown to be high in many western populations.10
Until now, the main focus of studies of B vitamins and cancer prevention has been on folate and colorectal cancer. Two randomized trials of folate supplementation investigated whether it may prevent colorectal adenomas among high-risk populations, but failed to identify a protective effect.11,12 Although randomized trials may restrict confounding from other exposures, they have limitations in assessing the role of specific nutrients because (1) they are limited in size and the number of cancers that occur in the follow-up period; (2) supplementation is randomized over a relatively short period (several years); and (3) they are unrelated to lifelong vitamin levels prior to the study.
Alternatively, large population cohorts with baseline blood collection can compare vitamin serum levels with subsequent cancer development in large numbers. Validity of the results depends on several assumptions regarding the measurement of single serum markers at baseline including that they are (1) representative of past exposures, (2) not associated with underlying preclinical disease, and (3) not explained by other causes of the disease such as smoking. A potential role of B6 in lung cancer has been reported from a randomized trial of α-tocopherol and beta carotene (the ATBC study) in 29 000 male smokers in Finland.13 Interpretation of this study is difficult due to the limited sample size, the absence of never smokers, and the possibility that smoking may suppress B6 levels.
We therefore conducted a comprehensive investigation of B vitamins and methionine status based on serum samples from the the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study, a large population cohort of more than 500 000 adults conducted in 10 European countries.
EPIC recruitment procedures, collection of questionnaire data, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples have been described in detail elsewhere.14 In brief, standardized questionnaire data on dietary and nondietary variables were collected between 1992 and 2000 from 519 978 individuals across Europe, of whom 385 747 provided a blood sample. The present study included individuals diagnosed with lung cancer after blood collection in the case group and matched participants in the control group from 8 of the 10 participating countries: France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, and Sweden (excluding the Malmö center).
A blood sample was collected according to a standardized protocol. Filled syringes were kept at 5°C to 10°C, protected from light, and transferred to a local laboratory for further processing. Blood fractions (serum, citrate plasma, red cells, and buffy coat) were aliquoted into 0.5-mL straws that were subsequently heat sealed and stored in liquid nitrogen tanks at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, at −196°C, except in Umeå, Sweden, where samples were stored in 1.8-mL plastic tubes in −80°C freezers.
In Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Great Britain, incident cancer cases were identified through record linkage with regional or national cancer registries. In France, Germany, and Greece, follow-up was based on a combination of methods, including health insurance records, cancer and pathology registries, and active follow-up through study participants and their next of kin. For each EPIC study center, closure dates of the study period were defined as the latest dates of complete follow-up for both cancer incidence and vital status (dates varied between centers, December 2002-December 2005). Vital status follow-up was more than 98% complete.
Among the 519 978 EPIC participants, 2206 were diagnosed with incident lung cancer by the end of the follow-up period for all centers. Individuals who did not donate a blood sample, had missing information on the date of blood donation, or had a history of another cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at the time of blood donation were excluded (n = 614), leaving 1592 case participants. After further exclusions of Norway (n = 15), Denmark (n = 473), and the Malmö center in Sweden (n = 202), serum samples (plasma in Umeå) were available for 899 case participants (3 did not have serum available). Data on histology were collected from each center where possible. Lung cancer cases were defined on the basis of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Second Edition, and included all invasive cancers that were coded as C34.
For each case participant, 2 control participants were chosen at random from appropriate risk sets consisting of all cohort members alive and cancer free (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at the time of diagnosis of the index case. Matching criteria were country, sex, date of blood collection (±1 month, relaxed to ±5 months for sets without available controls), and date of birth (±1 year, relaxed to ±5 years for sets without available control participants). Two control participants were available for 873 in the case group, and 1 control participant was available for 24 in the case group, resulting in a matched sample size of 897 case and 1770 control participants. No control participants were available for 2 in the case group, and a further 47 control participants were included from 1 center (Umeå) without a matched case participant. These 49 control participants do not contribute to subsequent overall matched analyses, although they were retained in the data set and contribute to unmatched stratified analysis. All participants gave written informed consent to participate in the study and the research was approved by the local ethics committees in the participating countries and the IARC institutional review board.
All biochemical analyses were performed at Bevital A/S (http://www.bevital.no), Bergen, Norway. The study included measurements of serum concentrations (plasma from Umeå) of B2 (riboflavin), B6 (measured as pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, its active form), folate (B9), B12 (cobalamin), total homocysteine, and methionine. All case participants and all but 2 control participants were successfully analyzed. Along with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, 2 other forms of B6 were measured: pyridoxal, which is converted into pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, and pyridoxic acid, the catabolite of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate that is excreted in the urine. We also measured cotinine as an indica tor of recent smoking behavior. Concen trations of B2, B6, homocysteine, methionine, and cotinine were determined by mass spectrometry–based methods (liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry; gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry),15,16 and microbiological methods were used to determine concen trations of folate (Lactobacillus casei)17,18 and B12 (Lactobacillus leichmannii).19
Samples were analyzed in batches of 86 and quality control included 6 calibration samples, 2 control samples, and 1 blank sample in each batch. Samples from case and control participants were kept at −80°C and analyzed in random order. All staff in the Bevital laboratory were blinded to the case-control status of the blood samples.
Age-standardized incidence rates per 100 000 person-years of lung cancer for the complete EPIC cohort of 519 978 individuals were calculated separately by sex and smoking status, and standardized to the world population aged 35 through 79 years.20
Overall risk analyses of lung cancer involved calculating quartiles of serum levels for each of the 4 B vitamins, as well as methionine and homocysteine, based on the distribution among control participants. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of lung cancer for participants in the second, third, and fourth quartile was calculated relative to the first quartile using conditional logistic regression, conditioning on individual case sets.
Additional adjustment was conducted for quartiles of cotinine level, which was considered to be the most accurate measure of smoking intensity at the time of blood collection. Including further smoking variables (smoking status, duration of smoking, average cigarettes smoked per day) did not alter the results notably. Additional adjustment was also conducted for body mass index (BMI [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]), educational attainment, and alcohol consumption at the time of recruitment. Analyses were also conducted after stratifying for never, former, and current smokers using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age at recruitment, sex, country, and in current smokers, quartiles of cotinine levels. The overall trend for each analyte (P for trend), as well as stratified analyses, were conducted by including the base 2 logarithm (log2) of the analyte concentrations as a continuous variable in a separate logistic regression model. The OR trend estimate from this model may be interpreted as the relative risk associated with a doubling in concentrations. All analyses were also repeated after removing case participants diagnosed within 1 year of blood collection.
Prespecified stratified analyses were conducted for country, histology, smoking status (including time since quitting among former smokers), sex, time from blood draw to diagnosis, as well as educational attainment and alcohol intake at recruitment. We used χ2 tests to examine heterogeneity in OR in stratified analyses. Dietary intake of major food groups, as well as B2, B6, and B12, were available as assessed by the EPIC food frequency questionnaires in each center. The association between lifestyle and dietary factors with serum levels were investigated using linear regression models, adjusting for case-control status, age, sex, and country, and further adjusted for cotinine when appropriate (in quartiles).
Cumulative risks of lung cancer were calculated up to the age of 79 years by estimating cumulative rates (the sum of age-specific incidence rates by sex and smoking status in 5-year categories) and applying a standard formula to convert these to cumulative risks.20 These risks do not take into account competing causes of death. Similarly, cumulative risks by 1-carbon exposure categories were calculated by applying OR estimates and control exposure distributions on the cumulative rates.21 These were calculated separately for men and women, and for never, former, and current smokers.
All P values were 2-sided and statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.2 (Cary, North Carolina).
Within the entire EPIC cohort of 519 978 individuals, the age-standardized incidence rates of lung cancer (standardized to the world population aged 35-79 years) were for men 6.6, 44.9, and 156.1 per 100 000 person-years among never, former, and current smokers, respectively. The corresponding incidence rates for women were 7.1, 23.9, and 100.9 per 100 000 person-years, respectively.
Among the 899 case and 1815 control participants within the nested case-control study, 11% of case participants were never smokers and 29% were former smokers at the time of recruitment, compared with 39% and 37% of control participants, respectively (Table 1). Among both case and control participants, 62% were men and their median age at blood draw was 59 years (95% range, 43-73 years). The median time between blood draw and diagnosis of lung cancer among the case participants was 62 months (Table 1). Serum levels of B2, B6, folate, B12, and methionine were similar between never and former smokers, although lower in current smokers (eTable 1). Similarly, smoking intensity among current smokers (assessed by cotinine) was inversely associated with folate, B12, and B6.
Case and control participants were subsequently compared for quartiles of serum levels of each of the four B vitamins, as well as homocysteine and methionine (Table 2). After adjusting for matching variables and cotinine, a substantial lower risk for lung cancer was seen for increasing levels of B6 (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33-0.60; P for trend <.000001). A lower risk was also seen for increasing methionine (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39-0.69; P for trend <.000001). Moderate decreases in risk were seen for the second quartile of both B6 and methionine (second vs first quartile OR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.60-1.01] and 0.88 [95% CI, 0.69-1.15], respectively), as well as for the third quartile (third vs first quartile OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.40-0.71] and 0.49 [95% CI, 0.36-0.65], respectively). Adjustment by additional variables including BMI, educational attainment, and alcohol consumption did not modify the results (Table 2), and neither did simultaneous adjustment of each analyte (Table 2). Excluding case participants who were diagnosed within 1 year after blood draw also provided very similar results (eTable 2).
After stratifying by smoking status, similar and consistent decreases in risk were observed for never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers for both B6 and methionine, indicating that results were not due to a smoking-associated artifact (Table 2). For example, among never smokers, P for trend was .004 for B6, and P for trend was .04 for methionine. A moderate lower risk was observed for increasing serum folate levels (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.90; P for trend = .001), although this association was restricted to former and current smokers, and was not apparent in never smokers (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.43-1.65; P for trend = .41). No significant trends in risk were observed overall for serum vitamin B2 (P for trend = .11), B12 (P for trend = .06), or homocysteine (P for trend = .78). Regarding the additional measures of serum vitamin B6 that were available, a similar lower risk was observed for pyridoxal (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.69; P for trend <.0009), although not for pyridoxic acid (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.60-1.14; P for trend = .30). Simultaneous adjustment for B6 (as measured by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate), pyridoxal, and pyridoxic acid resulted in an unchanged estimate for B6 (fourth vs first quartile OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.66) and no association for pyridoxal and pydidoxic acid.
We explored further the association of all B vitamins and metabolites after stratifying on various effect modifiers and estimating the OR for log2 of serum levels. This OR (ORlog2) may be interpreted as the relative risk associated with a doubling of the exposure level. ORlog2 for B6 overall was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.83; P for trend = 3 × 10−7; eFigure 1). This result was consistent when stratified by potential effect modifiers including country, histology, smoking status, and time from blood draw to diagnosis. Similarly, the ORlog2 for methionine overall was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.39-0.67; P for trend = 4 × 10−6) and was not modified after stratification by potential effect modifiers (eFigure 2). Additional stratified analyses were conducted for B2, folate, B12, and homocysteine, and no apparent effect modification was observed (eFigure 3, eFigure 4, eFigure 5, eFigure 6). The lower risk for folate (ORlog2 = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.90) was mainly restricted to former smokers (ORlog2 = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95) and current smokers (ORlog2 = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.92).
We further investigated the association of having a high level of B6, methionine, or both by classifying individuals based on whether they were above or below the median values of these markers as measured among control participants (defined as <40.3nmol/L for B6 and <29.2 μmol/L for methionine [Figure 1]). There were above-median values for both markers in 27% of control participants compared with only 14% of case participants (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.54). Intermediate risks were obtained for participants who had low methionine but high B6 levels (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.45-0.75), as well as those who had high methionine and low B6 levels (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44-0.71). The overall trend for having high levels of none, 1, or both measures was significant (P for trend = 3 × 10−12). When stratifying by smoking, similar results for both high B6 and methionine were observed among never (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18-0.72), former (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.76), and current smokers (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65). When case and control participants were further classified according to the median level of folate in control participants (14.4 nmol/L), having above-median levels for all 3 vitamins resulted in an OR of 0.32 (95% CI, 0.23-0.45; eFigure 7).
Smokers consumed fewer fruits and vegetables than did never and former smokers (eTable 3). There were weak correlations between dietary vitamin measures and serum levels for B2, B6, and B12 (eTable 4), consistent with observations in other studies.22-24 In the comparison between serum B6 and dietary B6 as assessed from the food frequency questionnaires among the same group of case and control participants, while a decreasing risk was observed with increasing levels of serum B6, no association was observed with dietary B6 either overall (P for trend = .81), or among the second (OR, 0.91), third (OR, 0.99), and fourth quartile (OR, 1.02; eTable 5). A potential increased risk was observed with increasing levels of dietary B12 (P for trend = .007) that mirrored the nonsignificant increase observed for serum B12 levels (P for trend = .06). No association was observed for dietary intake of B2, similar to the results for serum B2 concentrations.
Using the sex, smoking, and age-specific incidence rates within EPIC, we obtained cumulative risks of lung cancer (by age 79 years in the absence of other causes of death) among never, former, and current smokers of 0.50%, 3.4%, and 10.8% for men, and 0.47%, 1.6%, and 6.9% for women, respectively. Cumulative risks were subsequently calculated separately for participants with above-median and below-median serum levels of both B6 and methionine (Figure 2). Among current smokers, cumulative risks ranged from 14.9% for men with above-median levels of both and 6.6% for men with below-median levels of both. The corresponding estimates for women were 8.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Cumulative risks among former-smoking men were 5.2% and 2.7%, respectively, and 2.5% and 1.3% among women, respectively. Among never-smoking men, cumulative risks were 0.90% and 0.32%, respectively, and 0.75% and 0.27% among women, respectively. Similar results were obtained for quartiles of B6, folate, and methionine separately (eTable 6).
Our results suggest that above-median serum measures of both B6 and methionine, assessed on average 5 years prior to disease onset, are associated with a reduction of at least 50% on the risk of developing lung cancer. An additional association for serum levels of folate was present, that when combined with B6 and methionine, was associated with a two-thirds lower risk of lung cancer.
A noncausal explanation for the observed results is that of reverse causation, ie, underlying preclinical disease is suppressing serum levels of both B6 and methionine. If this were the case, one would expect greater associations in the initial periods after blood collection, when preclinical disease might be most apparent. The OR for both serum B6 and methionine were, however, very stable over the 12-year follow-up after blood collection, which would seem to exclude any possible reverse causation bias (eFigure 1; eFigure 2). As a further check against any possible reverse causation, we repeated analysis after excluding participants who developed lung cancer within 1 year of blood collection. Overall results for B6 (P for trend <.000001) and methionine (P for trend = .00001) were almost identical to those including all cases (eTable 2).
A second possible noncausal explanation is that the results are confounded by cigarette smoking. Again, there are a number of reasons why this does not appear to be a plausible explanation of the results. First, when we compared various lifestyle exposures with serum levels among all participants, current smoking appeared to be associated with all serum measures, including those that were not subsequently associated with lung cancer (eTable 1). The strongest associated measures among current smokers were serum vitamin B6 (concentration ratio [CR] compared with never smokers, 0.78; P <10−15), B2 (CR, 0.79; P <10−11), homocysteine (CR, 1.09; P = 10−9), and folate (CR, 0.86; P <10−6). Serum vitamin B12 measures were moderately suppressed (CR, 0.94; P = .001), although the least-affected measure was for methionine (CR, 0.97; P = .01). Second, former smoking did not appear to suppress any of the 6 serum measures, with average levels being very similar between former and never smokers (eg, CR = 0.99 and 1.00 for B6 and methionine, respectively). From these data, one might conclude that serum measures among former smokers are not confounded by smoking status, although serum measures among current smokers are. Similarly, when comparing dietary intake of major food groups across smoking categories, no differences between never and former smokers were observed, whereas current smokers consumed lower levels of both fruits and vegetables (eTable 3).
Third, an association among never smokers, as is apparent for both B6 and methionine, would appear to rule out confounding by smoking as an explanation for the association with both. Smoking cannot therefore explain the association with never smokers, and is unlikely to explain the association among former smokers. Among current smokers, some confounding is plausible, although given that we have been able to adjust for cotinine, the most parsimonious explanation would seem to be that the results among never, former, and current smokers are roughly equivalent.
An additional noncausal explanation is that the observed associations are confounded by other risk factors for lung cancer, including occupation or markers of social deprivation. Serum methionine appeared to be unrelated to most potential confounders for which information in the EPIC cohort was available including employment status, physical activity, BMI, and alcohol consumption (eTable 1). There was a small increase in serum methionine with higher educational attainment (CR, 1.01; P = .002), although any further adjustment for this and BMI had no material effect on the overall OR (Table 2). Similarly, although baseline levels of serum vitamin B6 were associated with educational attainment, physical activity, and with alcohol consumption, adjustment for these variables had no effect on the observed OR (Table 2). Given the absence of any apparent confounding effect from these exposures, residual confounding from poorly measured exposures would also appear to be unlikely. This leaves the possibility that other unidentified exposures for lung cancer (eg, specific occupational exposures), are strongly associated with both serum B6 and methionine levels, and explain the observed results. Given their joint correlation was also limited (ρ = .17; eTable 7), any unknown confounder of these associations would have to be strongly associated with both, as well as with lung cancer. We would therefore argue that, having excluded smoking, other potential confounders that explain these associations are unlikely.
Serum markers of B vitamins and related metabolites have been assessed for multiple cancer sites in prospective cohorts, including colorectal,25-30 gastric,31 pancreatic,32 prostate,33,34 and breast cancer.35-37 Studies of colorectal cancer and serum vitamin B6 would seem to provide very consistent evidence of a protective association in the order of 50% lower risk when comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of the exposure distribution. Our results showing a lower risk of lung cancer with increasing serum vitamin B6 status are therefore consistent with observed results from other large cohort studies for colorectal cancer, although evidence is limited for other cancer types. Previous studies on colorectal and other cancers have not investigated a potential role for serum methionine levels, and to our knowledge no previous studies have reported on the combined association of serum vitamin B6, folate, and methionine.
These epidemiological findings, as well as results from animal studies,38 have led to the conduct of 2 large randomized studies aiming to test whether folate supplementation reduces the risk of colorectal cancer.11,12 Neither study provided any positive evidence of a reduced risk of colorectal adenomas among participants randomized to receive folic acid supplementation, with some evidence in the US study of an increased risk of advanced or multiple adenomas. These results have led to the hypothesis that timing of folate supplementation may be essential, with folate being beneficial in primary prevention of colorectal neoplasia, but potentially harmful in the presence of established cancer.39 Similarly, it is also plausible that any effect with B6 and methionine may be modified by stage of disease.
Our serum B vitamin measurements were performed on a single blood sample obtained at study recruitment and as such are likely to be imperfect estimates of underlying historical exposure level. The correlation between our estimate and the underlying long-term level is likely to depend on a number of factors including day-to-day, seasonal, and more long-term variation within an individual. The consequence of this is that our estimated OR will be weaker than the true underlying association. It is possible, if one has multiple blood samples taken preferably many years apart, to correct for this "regression dilution."40 As an indication of the extent to which our OR estimates might be attenuated by regression dilution, we acquired repeat measurements taken 1 year apart for serum vitamin B6, methionine, and folate from the control group (n = 755) of the Western Norway B-vitamin Intervention Trial (WENBIT).41 This resulted in corrected OR estimates for all 3 measures that were substantially lower than uncorrected measures, although particularly so for methionine (eTable 8). For example, comparing the fourth and first quartile of vitamin B6, the corrected OR was 0.25 for vitamin B6, 0.47 for folate, and 0.13 for methionine. Similar results were obtained for repeat measures taken 1 month and 3 years apart (eTable 8). Given that the combined OR of having above-median levels of all 3 measures was 0.32 (eFigure 7), these results indicate that the true underlying association is likely to be much stronger.
We observed no association between vitamin B6 estimated from the food frequency questionnaires and lung cancer risk, in contrast to the strong protective association observed from serum levels (eTable 5). There are at least 2 possible interpretations for this discrepancy. One is that serum measures are a far more accurate reflection of vitamin B6 intake than estimates based on multiple food types determined by questionnaire. The correlation of 0.16 between the food frequency questionnaires and serum levels, similar to that observed in other studies,22-24 would be in line with this. An alternative explanation is that serum levels of vitamin B6 differ strongly between case and control participants not because of intake but because of absorption, distribution, or catabolism of the circulating nutrient. This will result in lower serum levels among the case participants even when intake is similar. An additional consequence would be that dietary modification would not be a suitable means for reducing cancer incidence. Assuming the associations with B6 are causal, identifying which of these 2 explanations is true will be crucial.
Dietary sources of B6 are varied and include beans, grains, meats, poultry, fish, and some fruits and vegetables, whereas primary sources of methionine are from animal proteins, as well as some nuts and vegetable seeds.3 Given that serum levels of B vitamins and metabolites are at least partially determined by diet (eTable 4), and are clearly affected by vitamin supplements,41 low vitamin levels are therefore modifiable. However, based on the recent experience of folate intervention trials for colorectal adenomas, as well as past intervention trials for lung cancer,11,12 it is unlikely that further intervention trials of B vitamins would be advisable. A recent pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials reported a potential excess in risk for all cancers combined and lung cancer among participants randomized to receive folic acid and B12, with no apparent effect for B6.42 These results would further support the hypothesis that randomization to B vitamins over several years does not provide any short-term benefits in cancer reduction, although do not inform about potential protective effects regarding maintaining adequate serum levels of B vitamins over the life course.43
If our observations regarding serum methionine, B6, or both are shown to be causal, identifying optimum levels for reducing future cancer risk would appear to be appropriate. It is also possible that one may be able to obtain further evidence of potential causal effects, at least for B6, by analyzing modifier genes that have recently been identified from genome-wide studies of vitamin B serum levels.8 Given the modest effect on serum levels associated with these gene variants, very large sample sizes will be required in order to obtain robust results.
Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer death in the world today and is likely to remain so for the near future.44 It is essential that for lung cancer prevention, any additional evidence about causality does not detract from the importance of reducing the numbers of individuals who smoke tobacco. With this in mind, it is important to recognize that a large proportion of lung cancer cases occur among former smokers, making up the majority in countries where tobacco campaigns have been particularly successful, and a nontrivial number of lung cancer cases occur also among never smokers, particularly among women in parts of Asia.45-47 Clarifying the role of B vitamins and related metabolites in lung cancer risk is likely therefore to be particularly relevant for former smokers and never smokers.
Corresponding Author: Paul Brennan, PhD, Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, F 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France (email@example.com).
Author Contributions: Dr Brennan had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Relton, Vineis, Brennan.
Acquisition of data: Relton, Ueland, Midtun, Nygard, Slimani, Boffetta, Jenab, Clavel-Chapelon, Boutron-Ruault, Fagherazzi, Kaaks, Rohrmann, Boeing, Weikert, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Ros, van Gils, Peeters, Agudo, Barricarte, Navarro, Rodríguez, Sánchez, Larrañaga, Khaw, Wareham, Allen, Crowe, Gallo, Norat, Krogh, Masala, Panico, Sacerdote, Tumino, Trichopoulou, Lagiou, Trichopoulos, Rasmuson, Hallmans, Riboli, Vineis, Brennan.
Analysis and interpretation of data: Johansson, Relton, Ueland, Vollset, Midtun, Vineis, Brennan.
Drafting of the manuscript: Johansson, Relton, Ueland, Vollset, Midttun, Vineis, Brennan.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Johansson, Relton, Ueland, Vollset, Midttun, Nygård, Slimani, Boffetta, Jenab, Clavel-Chapelon, Boutron-Ruault, Fagherazzi, Kaaks, Rohrmann, Boeing, Weikert, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Ros, van Gils, Peeters, Agudo, Barricarte, Navarro, Rodríguez, Sánchez, Larrañaga, Khaw, Wareham, Allen, Crowe, Gallo, Norat, Krogh, Masala, Panico, Sacerdote, Tumino, Trichopoulou, Lagiou, Trichopoulos, Rasmuson, Hallmans, Riboli, Vineis, Brennan.
Statistical analysis: Johansson, Brennan.
Obtained funding: Nygård, Slimani, Boffetta, Jenab, Clavel-Chapelon, Boutron-Ruault, Fagherazzi, Kaaks, Rohrmann, Boeing, Weikert, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Ros, van Gils, Peeters, Agudo, Barricarte, Navarro, Rodríguez, Sánchez, Larrañaga, Khaw, Wareham, Allen, Crowe, Gallo, Norat, Krogh, Masala, Panico, Sacerdote, Tumino, Trichopoulou, Lagiou, Trichopoulos, Rasmuson, Hallmans, Riboli, Vineis, Brennan.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Slimani, Boffetta, Jenab, Clavel-Chapelon, Boutron-Ruault, Fagherazzi, Kaaks, Rohrmann, Boeing, Weikert, Bueno-de-Mesquita, Ros, van Gils, Peeters, Agudo, Barricarte, Navarro, Rodríguez, Sánchez, Larrañaga, Khaw, Wareham, Allen, Crowe, Gallo, Norat, Krogh, Masala, Panico, Sacerdote, Tumino, Trichopoulou, Lagiou, Trichopoulos, Rasmuson, Hallmans, Riboli, Vineis, Brennan.
Study supervision: Johansson, Relton, Ueland, Vollset, Midttun, Vineis, Brennan.
Drs Johansson and Relton both contributed equally to this article.
Financial Disclosures: Dr Ueland reports that he is a member of the steering board of the nonprofit Foundation to Promote Research Into Functional Vitamin B12 Deficiency. No other disclosures were reported.
Funding/Support: World Cancer Research Fund (United Kingdom) funded the biochemical analyses for the study. The EPIC study has been supported by the Europe Against Cancer Program of the European Commission (SANCO); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra; the ISCIII Network RCESP (C03/09), Spain; the ISCIII of the Spanish Ministry of Health (RETICC DR06/0020); Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, United Kingdom; Greek Ministry of Health; Stavros Niarchos Foundation; Hellenic Health Foundation; Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC); Italian National Research Council, Fondazione-Istituto Banco Napoli, Italy; Compagnia di San Paolo; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Västerbotten, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; Research Council of Norway; French League against Cancer (LNCC); National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), France; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), France; 3M Co, France; Gustave Roussy Institute (IGR), France; and General Councils of France.
Role of the Sponsor: The funding organizations had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: Finally, we would like to thank Bértrand Hemon, AS, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France, for calculating EPIC incidence rates; and Jonas Manjer, PhD, Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, Eiliv Lund, PhD, Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, Anne Tjønneland, PhD, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, and Kim Overvad, PhD, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark for contributing to EPIC lung cancer incidence rates.


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Forsyth County Public Library members now have access to the third edition of The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, you can find this eBook title in our Gale Virtual Reference Library (GVRL) via NC LIVE.
From the publisher:
The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health, 3rd Edition covers a wide variety of topics relevant to the nursing or allied health student. In the fully updated third edition of this award-winning title, more than 1,000 alphabetically arranged entries, of which about 100 are new, cover topics in body systems and functions, conditions and common diseases, contemporary health care issues and theories, techniques and practices, and devices and equipment. Subjects covered include those important to students intending to become registered and licensed practical nurses, nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, biomedical equipment technologists, dental hygienists, dieticians, health care administrators, medical technologists or clinical laboratory scientists, occupational therapists, optometrists, pharmacy technicians, physical therapists, radiologic technologists, and speech-language therapists. The encyclopedia also covers information on related general medical topics, classes of medication, mental health, public health, and human biology. Entries follow a standardized format that provides information at a glance.
Find more health related resources on our Health & Wellness page, as well as our Health & Medicine online resources category.