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This is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) for Octave users.
We are always looking for new questions (with answers), better answers, or both. Feel free to edit this page with your changes. If you have general questions about Octave, or need help for something that is not covered by the Octave manual or the FAQ, please use the firstname.lastname@example.com mailing list.
This FAQ is intended to supplement, not replace, the Octave manual. Before posting a question to the firstname.lastname@example.com mailing list, you should first check to see if the topic is covered in the manual.
What is Octave?
Octave is a high-level interactive language, primarily intended for numerical computations that is mostly compatible with Matlab.1
Octave can do arithmetic for real, complex or integer-valued scalars and matrices, solve sets of nonlinear algebraic equations, integrate functions over finite and infinite intervals, and integrate systems of ordinary differential and differential-algebraic equations.
Octave uses the GNU readline library to handle reading and editing input. By default, the line editing commands are similar to the cursor movement commands used by GNU Emacs, and a vi-style line editing interface is also available. At the end of each session, the command history is saved, so that commands entered during previous sessions are not lost.
The Octave distribution includes a 650+ page Texinfo manual. Access to the complete text of the manual is available via the doc command at the Octave prompt.
Who uses Octave?
Lots of people. It seems that universities use it for research and teaching, companies of all sizes, for development, individuals. This question comes often on Octave mailing lists, see WhoUsesOctave for a few answers
Who develops Octave?
Discussions about writing the software that would eventually become Octave started in about 1988 with James B. Rawlings and John W. Eaton at the University of Texas. John W. Eaton was the original author of Octave, starting full-time development in February 1992. He is still the primary maintainer. The community of users/developers has in addition contributed some code and fuels the discussion on the mailing lists email@example.com (user forum), firstname.lastname@example.com (development issues), and firstname.lastname@example.com (all things related to the Octave Forge repository of user-contributed functions).
Why GNU Octave?
The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software: the GNU system.
GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix"; it is pronounced guh-noo, approximately like canoe.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project.
Octave became GNU Octave in 1997 (beginning with version 2.0.6). This meant agreeing to consider Octave a part of the GNU Project and support the efforts of the FSF. However, Octave is not and has never been developed by the FSF.
For more information about the GNU project, see http://www.gnu.org.
What version should I use?
In general, you will find the latest version on http://www.octave.org/download.html. It is recommended to use the "stable" version of octave for general use, and the "development" version if you want the latest features.
A list of user-visible changes since the last release is available in the file NEWS. The file ChangeLog in the source distribution contains a more detailed record of changes made since the last release.
On what platforms does Octave run?
Octave runs on various Unices—at least Linux and Solaris, Mac OS X, Windows and anything you can compile it on. Binary distributions exist at least for Debian, Suse, Fedora and RedHat Linuxes (Intel and AMD CPUs, at least), for Mac OS X and Windows' 98, 2000, XP, Vista, and 7.
Two and three dimensional plotting is fully supported using gnuplot and an experimental OpenGL backend.
The underlying numerical solvers are currently standard Fortran ones like LAPACK, LINPACK, ODEPACK, the BLAS, etc., packaged in a library of C++ classes. If possible, the Fortran subroutines are compiled with the system's Fortran compiler, and called directly from the C++ functions. If that's not possible, you can still compile Octave if you have the free Fortran to C translator f2c.
Octave is also free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 3, as published by the Free Software Foundation, or at your option any later version.
How can I cite Octave?
Pointing to http://www.octave.org is good, because that gives people a direct way to find out more. If citation of a URL is not allowed by a publisher, or if you also want to point to a traditional reference, then you can cite the Octave manual:
@BOOK{eaton:2008, author = "John W. Eaton, David Bateman, and Søren Hauberg", title = "GNU Octave Manual Version 3", publisher = "Network Theory Limited", year = "2008", isbn = "0-9546120-6-X" }
Licensing Issues
If I write code using Octave do I have to release it under the GPL?
The answer depends on precisely how the code is written and how it works.
Code written entirely in the scripting language of Octave (interpreted code in .m files) may be released under the terms of whatever license you choose.
Code written using Octave's native plug-in interface (also known as a .oct file) necessarily links with Octave internals and is considered a derivative work of Octave and therefore must be released under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
Code written using Octave's implementation of the Matlab MEX interface may be released under the terms of whatever license you choose, provided that the following conditions are met:
- The plugin should not use any bindings that are specific to Octave. In other words, the MEX file must use the MEX interface only, and not also call on other Octave internals. It should be possible in principle to use the MEX file with other programs that implement the MEX interface (e.g., Matlab).
- The MEX file should not be distributed together with Octave in such a way that they effectively create a single work. For example, you should not distribute the MEX file and Octave together in a single package such that Octave automatically loads and runs the MEX file when it starts up. There are other possible ways that you might effectively create a single work; this is just one example.
A program that embeds the Octave interpreter (e.g., by calling the "octave_main" function), or that calls functions from Octave's libraries (e.g., liboctinterp, liboctave, or libcruft) is considered a derivative work of Octave and therefore must be released under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
Since the MEX interface allows plugins to be distributed under terms that are incompatible with the GPL, does this mean that you are encouraging people to to write non-free software for Octave?
No. The original reason for implementing the MEX interface for Octave was to allow Octave to run free software that uses MEX files (the particular goal was to run SundialsTB in Octave). The intent was to liberate that software from Matlab and increase the amount of free software available to Octave users, not to enable people to write proprietary code for Octave. For the good of the community, we strongly encourage users of Octave to release the code they write for Octave under terms that are compatible with the GPL.
I wrote a program that links with Octave libraries and I don't want to release it under the terms of the GPL. Will you change the license of the Octave libraries for me?
No. Instead of asking us to change the licensing terms for Octave, we recommend that you release your program under terms that are compatible with the GPL so that the free software community can benefit from your work the same as you have benefited from the work of all the people who have contributed to Octave.
What's new in version series 3.4.N and 3.5.N of Octave
The 3.4.N series has enough new features to justify a minor version number change. The full details are in the NEWS file, but in brief 3.4.N series brings:
- ARPACK now distributed with Octave
- Indexing optimisations
- FTP object using libcurl
- Better consistency with ismatrix, issquare, and issymetric
- Function handles aware of overloaded functions
- More efficient matrix division by making a single LAPACK call
- Other optimisations in matrix operations
- bsxfun optimised for basic arithmetic functions
- Matlab-style ignoring of output arguments using ~
- Many optimisations of the accumarray function
- Sparse matrix indexing has been rewritten for speed
- Configuration pseudo-variables like page_screen_output accept a "local" option argument to limit their scope to function scope
- The pkg command now accepts a -forge option to pull packages directly from Octave-forge
- Several dlmread improvements
- Octave now uses gnulib for better cross-platform compatibility
Here are some features that have been around since 3.2.N
- integer types
- fixed point arithmetic
- sparse matrices
- linear programming code based on GLPK
- 64-bit compilation support
- gzipped files and stream and consequently support of Matlab v7 files
- better support for both msvc and mingw
- a fully compatible MEX interface
- many many other minor features and compatibility changes
- an experimental OpenGL graphics toolkit to replace gnuplot
- object orient programming
- block comments
- imwrite and imread (based on the GraphicsMagick library)
- Lazy transpose
Special treatment in the parser of things like "a' * b", where the transpose is never explicitly formed but a flag is rather passed to the underlying LAPACK code.
- Single precision type
- Improved array indexing
The underlying code used for indexing of arrays has been completely rewritten and so the indexing of arrays is now significantly faster.
Here are some older features that have been around since 2.1.N:
- NDArrays
- cells
The 3.5.N series is the current development release and will become a 3.6.N release in the future. This series brings the following new features:
- Perl compatible regular expressions
- a profiler
- broadcasting enabled for all built-in binary elementwise operators
What features are unique to Octave?
Although most of the Octave language will be familiar to Matlab users, it has some unique features of its own.
Functions defined on the command-line
Functions can be defined by entering code on the command line, a feature not supported by Matlab. For example, you may type:
octave:1> function s = hello_string (to_who) > ## Say hello > if nargin<1, to_who = "World"; end > s = ["Hello ",\ > to_who]; > endfunction octave:2> hello_string ("Moon") ans = Hello Moon
Comments with #
The pound character, #, may be used to start comments, in addition to %. See the previous example. The major advantage of this is that as # is also a comment character for unix script files, any file that starts with a string like #! /usr/bin/octave -q will be treated as an octave script and be executed by octave.
Strings delimited by double quotes "
The double quote, ", may be used to delimit strings, in addition to the single quote '. See the previous example. Also, double-quoted strings include backslash interpretation (like C++, C, and Perl) while single quoted are uninterpreted (like Matlab and Perl).
Line continuation by backslash
Lines can be continued with a backslash, \, in addition to three points .... See the previous example.
Informative block closing
You may close function, for, while, if, ... blocks with endfunction, endfor, endwhile, ... keywords in addition to using end. As with Matlab, the end (or endfunction) keyword that marks the end of a function defined in a .m file is optional.
Coherent syntax
Indexing other things than variables is possible, as in:
octave:1> [3 1 4 1 5 9](3) ans = 4 octave:2> cos([0 pi pi/4 7])(3) ans = 0.70711
In Matlab, it is for example necessary to assign the intermediate result cos([0 pi pi/4 7]) to a variable before it can be indexed again.
Exclamation mark as not operator
The exclamation mark ! (aka "Bang!") is a negation operator, just like the tilde ~:
octave:1> if ! strcmp (program_name, "octave"), > "It's an error" > else > "It works!" > end ans = It works!
Note however that Matlab uses the ! operator for shell escapes, for which Octave requires using the system command.
Increment and decrement operators
If you like the ++, += etc operators, rejoice! Octave includes the C-like increment and decrement operators ++ and -- in both their prefix and postfix forms, in addition to +=, -=, *=, /=, ^=, .*=, ./=, and .^=.
For example, to pre-increment the variable x, you would write ++x. This would add one to x and then return the new value of x as the result of the expression. It is exactly the same as the expression x = x + 1.
To post-increment a variable x, you would write x++. This adds one to the variable x, but returns the value that x had prior to incrementing it. For example, if x is equal to 2, the result of the expression x++ is 2, and the new value of x is 3.
For matrix and vector arguments, the increment and decrement operators work on each element of the operand.
Octave supports a limited form of exception handling modeled after the unwind-protect form of Lisp. The general form of an unwind_protect block looks like this:
unwind_protect body unwind_protect_cleanup cleanup end_unwind_protect
Where body and cleanup are both optional and may contain any Octave expressions or commands. The statements in cleanup are guaranteed to be executed regardless of how control exits body.
The unwind_protect statement is often used to reliably restore the values of global variables that need to be temporarily changed.
Matlab can be made to do something similar with their OnCleanUp function that was introduced in 2008a. Octave also has onCleanup since version 3.4.0.
Built-in ODE and DAE solvers
Octave includes LSODE and DASSL for solving systems of stiff ordinary differential and differential-algebraic equations. These functions are built in to the interpreter.
What documentation exists for Octave?
Besides the current wiki, there are other important sources of documentation and help for Octave.
What documentation exists for Octave?
The Octave distribution includes a 650+ page manual that is also distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL. It is available on the web at http://www.octave.org/docs.html and you will also find there instructions on how to order a paper version.
The complete text of the Octave manual is also available using the GNU Info system via the GNU Emacs, info, or xinfo programs, or by using the doc command to start the GNU info browser directly from the Octave prompt.
If you have problems using this documentation, or find that some topic is not adequately explained, indexed, or cross-referenced, please report it on http://bugs.octave.org.
Getting additional help
If you can't find an answer to your question, the firstname.lastname@example.com mailing list is available for questions related to using, installing, and porting Octave that are not adequately answered by the Octave manual or by this document.
User community
To subscribe to the list, go to http://www.octave.org/archive.html and follow the link to the subscription page for the list.
Please do not send requests to be added or removed from the mailing list, or other administrative trivia to the list itself.
An archive of old postings to the help-octave mailing list is maintained on http://www.octave.org/archive.html.
You will also find some user advice and code spread over the web. Good starting points are the Octave Wiki http://wiki.octave.org and Octave-Forge http://octave.sourceforge.net
We also have an IRC chat room.
I think I have found a bug in Octave.
"I think I have found a bug in Octave, but I'm not sure. How do I know, and who should I tell?"
First, see the section on bugs and bug reports in the Octave manual. When you report a bug, make sure to describe the type of computer you are using, the version of the operating system it is running, and the version of Octave that you are using. Also provide enough code and configuration details of your operating system so that the Octave maintainers can duplicate your bug.
How can I obtain Octave?
Source code
Source code is available on the Octave development site, where you are sure to get the latest version.
Since Octave is distributed under the terms of the GPL, you can get Octave from a friend who has a copy, or from the Octave website.
Pre-compiled binary packages
The Octave project does not distribute binary packages, but other projects do. For an up-to-date listing of packagers, see:
As of today, Octave binaries are available at least on Debian, Ubuntu, RedHat, Suse and Fedora GNU/Linuxen, Mac OS X, Windows' 98, 2000 and XP, Vista, and 7.
How do I get a copy of Octave for (some other platform)?
Octave currently runs on Unix-like systems, Mac OS X, and Windows. It should be possible to make Octave work on other systems as well. If you are interested in porting Octave to other systems, please contact the maintainers' mailing list.
Installation Issues and Problems
Octave 3.4 require approximately 1.3 GB of disk storage to unpack and compile from source (considerably less if you don't compile with debugging symbols). Once installed, Octave requires approximately 355 MB of disk space (again, considerably less if you don't compile with debugging symbols, approximately 50 MB).
What else do I need?
To compile Octave, you will need a recent version of GNU Make. You will also need GCC 4.3 or later, although GCC 4.4 or later is recommended.
You must have GNU Make to compile octave. Octave's Makefiles use features of GNU Make that are not present in other versions of make. GNU Make is very portable and easy to install.
Can I compile Octave with another C++ compiler?
Yes, but development is done primarily with GCC, so you may hit some incompatibilities. Octave is intended to be portable to any standard conforming compiler. If you have difficulties that you think are bugs, please report them to the http://bugs.octave.org bug tracker, or ask for help on the mailing list.
How does Octave solve linear systems?
In addition to consulting Octave's source for the precise details, the Octave manual contains a complete high-level description of the algorithm that Octave uses to decide how to solve a particular linear system, e.g. how the backslash operator A\x will be interpreted. Sections "Techniques Used for Linear Algebra" and "Linear Algebra on Sparse Matrices" from the manual describe this procedure.
How do I...?
How do I erase a figure?
closeplot(); closefig(number)
How do I set the number of displayed decimals?
octave:1> format long octave:2> pi pi = 3.14159265358979 octave:3> format short octave:4> pi pi = 3.1416
How do I vary the line thickness?
- There's plpot_octave, but the one in debian doesn't work for me.
- Here's my octave hack for it--- http://gnufans.net/~deego/pub/octave/plot_width.m This one simply draws the line multiple times.
- You can edit the .eps file manually or using sed and awk.
- Export the graph as fig file (gset term fig thickness 2). This also allows for easy postediting with xfig and export to formats not supported by gnuplot.
- The gplot command of octave does not support gnuplot's linewidth parameter Thus you must use the graw() function for sending this option directly to gnuplot, eg.
graw('replot "" notitle with lines lw 4\n');
- Search the octave archives for more.
How do I call an octave function from C++?
- Here is an untested code snippet for calling rand([9000,1]), modified from a post by HerberFarnsworth? to help-octave on 2003-05-01:
#include <octave/oct.h> ... ColumnVector NumRands(2); NumRands(0) = 9000; NumRands(1) = 1; octave_value_list f_arg, f_ret; f_arg(0) = octave_value(NumRands); f_ret = feval("rand",f_arg,1); Matrix unis(f_ret(0).matrix_value());
How do I create a full semilog/log grid
gset grid mxtics mytics gset grid lw 2, lw 0.1 grid("on");
One can use postscript enhancement for proper axis
gset format x "10^{%%L}"
gset format y "10^{%%L}"
How do I change colour/line definition in gnuplot postscript?
Here is a awk script to get a rainbow colour map
#!/bin/awk -f BEGIN { split("0 4 6 7 5 3 1 2 8", rainbow, " "); split("7 3 1 0 2 4 6 5 8", invraim, " "); } $1 ~ /\/LT[0-8]/ { n = substr($1, 4, 1); if (n == 0) lt = "{ PL [] 0.9 0.1 0.1 DL } def"; else if (n == 1) lt = "{ PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0.1 .75 0.1 DL } def"; else if (n == 2) lt = "{ PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0.1 0.1 0.9 DL } def"; else if (n == 3) lt = "{ PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 0.9 0 0.8 DL } def"; else if (n == 4) lt = "{ PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0.1 0.8 0.8 DL } def"; else if (n == 5) lt = "{ PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 0.9 0.8 0.2 DL } def"; else if (n == 6) lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.3 0.1 DL } def"; else if (n == 7) lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.4 0 DL } def"; else if (n == 8) lt = "{ PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def"; $0 = sprintf("/LT%d %s", rainbow[n+1], lt); ##$0 = sprintf("/LT%x %s", invraim[n+1], lt); ##$0 = sprintf("/LT%x %s", n, lt); } { print; }
How do I tell if a file exists?
Look at functions like exist, file_in_path.. and the other functions that their descriptions point to.
How do I create a plot without a window popping up (ie, a plot to a file)?
figure(1, "visible", "off"); plot(sin(1:100)); print -deps "/tmp/sin.eps"
One can set that behaviour as default:
set(0, 'defaultfigurevisible', 'off');
Common problems
How do I get sound output in Windows?
See http://www.octave.org/octave-lists/archive/help-octave.2003/msg01567.html for a start.
Why does Octave segfault when using "clear all;"?
This is a known problem if you have one of the following packages loaded:
- ann
- database
- ftp
See http://www.nabble.com/Segmentation-Fault---Clear-all-td21998563.html for a discussion
Octave takes a long time to find symbols.
Octave uses the genpath function to recursively add directories to the list of directories searched for function files. Check the list of directories with the path command. If the path list is very long check your use of the genpath function.
When plotting Octave occasionally gives me errors like gnuplot> 9 0.735604 line 26317: invalid command.
There is a known bug in gnuplot 4.2 that can cause an off by one error while piping data to gnuplot. It has been fixed in gnuplot 4.4.
If you have obtained your copy of Octave from a distribution please file a bug report requesting that the fix reported in the above bug report be included.
I cannot install a package. Octave complains about a missing mkoctfile.
Most distributions split Octave into several packages. The script mkoctfile is then part of a separate package:
- Debian/Ubuntu
aptitude install octave-headers
- Fedora
yum install octave-devel
Porting programs from Matlab to Octave
People often ask
I wrote some code for Matlab, and I want to get it running under Octave. Is there anything I should watch out for?
or alternatively
I wrote some code in Octave, and want to share it with Matlab users. Is there anything I should watch out for?
which is not quite the same thing. There are still a number of differences between Octave and Matlab, however in general differences between the two are considered as bugs. Octave might consider that the bug is in Matlab and do nothing about it, but generally functionality is almost identical. If you find a difference between Octave behavior and Matlab, then you should send a description of this difference (with code illustrating the difference, if possible) to http://bugs.octave.org.
Furthermore, Octave adds a few syntactical extensions to Matlab that might cause some issues when exchanging files between Matlab and Octave users. As both Octave and Matlab are under constant development the information in this section is subject to change at anytime.
You should also look at the page http://octave.sourceforge.net/packages.html and http://octave.sourceforge.net/doc/ that has a function reference that is up to date. You can use this function reference to see the number of octave function that are available and their Matlab compatibility.
The major differences between Octave 3.4.N and Matlab R2010b are:
Nested Functions
Octave has limited support for nested functions. That is
function y = foo (x) y = bar(x) function y = bar (x) y = ...; end end
is equivalent to
function y = foo (x) y = bar(x) end function y = bar (x) y = ...; end
The main difference with Matlab is a matter of scope. While nested functions have access to the parent function's scope in Matlab, no such thing is available in Octave, due to how Octave essentially "un-nests" nested functions.
The authors of Octave consider the nested function scoping rules of Matlab to be more problems than they are worth as they introduce difficult to find bugs as inadvertently modifying a variable in a nested function that is also used in the parent is particularly easy.
Differences in core syntax
There a few core Matlab syntaxes that are not accepted by Octave, these being
- Some limitations on the use of function handles. The major difference is related to nested function scoping rules (as above) and their use with function handles.
- Some limitations of variable argument lists on the LHS of an expression, though the most common types are accepted.
- Matlab classdef object oriented programming is not yet supported, though work is underway and when development more on to Octave 3.5 this will be included in the development tree.
Differences in core functions
A large number of the Matlab core functions (ie those that are in the core and not a toolbox) are implemented, and certainly all of the commonly used ones. There are a few functions that aren't implemented, usually to do with specific missing Octave functionality (GUI, DLL, Java, ActiveX, DDE, web, and serial functions). Some of the core functions have limitations that aren't in the Matlab version. For example the sprandn function can not force a particular condition number for the matrix like Matlab can.
Just-In-Time compiler
Matlab includes a "Just-In-Time" compiler. This compiler allows the acceleration of for-loops in Matlab to almost native performance with certain restrictions. The JIT must know the return type of all functions called in the loops and so you can't include user functions in the loop of JIT optimized loops. Octave doesn't have a JIT and so to some might seem slower than Matlab. For this reason you must vectorize your code as much as possible. The MathWorks themselves have a good document discussing vectorization at http://www.mathworks.com/support/tech-notes/1100/1109.html.
On a related point, there is no Octave compiler, and so you can't convert your Octave code into a binary for additional speed or distribution. There have been several aborted attempts at creating an Octave compiler. Should the JIT compiler above ever be implemented, an Octave compiler should be more feasible.
Graphic Handles
Up to Octave 2.9.9 there was no support for graphic handles in Octave itself. In the 3.2.N versions of Octave and beyond the support for graphics handles is converging towards full compatibility. The patch function is currently limited to 2-D patches, due to an underlying limitation in gnuplot, but the experimental OpenGL backend is starting to see an implementation of 3-D patches.
There are no Matlab compatible GUI functions. There are a number of bindings from Octave to Tcl/Tk, VTK and Zenity included in the Octave Forge project (http://octave.sourceforge.net) for example that can be used for a GUI, but these are not Matlab compatible. Work on a Matlab compatible GUI is in an alpha stage in the QtHandles project. This might be an issue if you intend to exchange Octave code with Matlab users.
Octave itself includes no Simulink support. Typically the simulink models lag research and are less flexible, so shouldn't really be used in a research environment. However, some Matlab users that try to use Octave complain about this lack. There is a similar package to simulink for the Octave and R projects available at http://www.scicraft.org/
Octave includes an API to the Matlab MEX interface. However, as MEX is an API to the internals of Matlab and the internals of Octave differ from Matlab, there is necessarily a manipulation of the data to convert from a MEX interface to the Octave equivalent. This is notable for all complex matrices, where Matlab stores complex arrays as real and imaginary parts, whereas Octave respects the C99/C++ standards of co-locating the real/imag parts in memory. Also due to the way Matlab allows access to the arrays passed through a pointer, the MEX interface might require copies of arrays (even non complex ones).
Block comments
Block comments denoted by "%{" and "%}" markers are supported by Octave with some limitations. The major limitation is that block comments are not supported within [] or {}.
Mat-File format
There are some differences in the mat v5 file format accepted by Octave. Matlab recently introduced the "-V7.3" save option which is an HDF5 format which is particularly useful for 64-bit platforms where the standard Matlab format can not correctly save variables. Octave accepts HDF5 files, but is not yet compatible with the "-v7.3" versions produced by Matlab.
Although Octave can load inline function handles saved by Matlab, it can not yet save them.
Finally, Some multi-byte Unicode characters aren't yet treated in mat-files.
Octave doesn't have a profiler, but there is one in the 3.5 development version, thanks to Daniel Kraft's 2011 Google Summer of Code project. It should be released with 3.6.
Octave is a community project and so the toolboxes that exist are donated by those interested in them through the Octave Forge website (http://octave.sourceforge.net). These might be lacking in certain functionality relative to the Matlab toolboxes, and might not exactly duplicate the Matlab functionality or interface.
Short-circuit & and | operators
The & and | operators in Matlab short-circuit when included in an if statement and not otherwise. In Octave only the && and || short circuit. Note that this means that
if (a | b) ... end
t = a | b; if t ... end
are different in Matlab. This is really a Matlab bug, but there is too much code out there that relies on this behaviour to change it. Prefer the || and && operators in if statements if possible. If you need to use code written for Matlab that depends on this buggy behaviour, you can enable it since Octave 3.4.0 with the following command:
Note that the difference with Matlab is also significant when either argument is a function with side effects or if the first argument is a scalar and the second argument is an empty matrix. For example, note the difference between
t = 1 | []; ## results in [], so... if (t) 1, end ## in if ([]), this is false.
if (1 | []) 1, end ## short circuits so condition is
true. Another case that is documented in the Matlab manuals is that
t = [1, 1] | [1, 2, 3]; ## error if ([1, 1] | [1, 2, 3]) 1, end ## OK
Also Matlab requires the operands of && and || to be scalar values but Octave does not (it just applies the rule that for an operand to be considered true, every element of the object must be nonzero or logically true).
Finally, note the inconsistence of thinking of the condition of an if statement as being equivalent to all(X(:)) when X is a matrix. This is true for all cases EXCEPT empty matrices:
if ([0, 1]) == if (all ([0, 1])) ==> i.e., condition is false. if ([1, 1]) == if (all ([1, 1])) ==> i.e., condition is true.
if ([]) != if (all ([]))
because samp ([]) == 1 because, despite the name, it is really returning true if none of the elements of the matrix are zero, and since there are no elements, well, none of them are zero. This is an example of vacuous truth. But, somewhere along the line, someone decided that if ([]) should be false. Mathworks probably thought it just looks wrong to have [] be true in this context even if you can use logical gymnastics to convince yourself that "all" the elements of a matrix that doesn't actually have any elements are nonzero. Octave however duplicates this behavior for if statements containing empty matrices.
Solvers for singular, under- and over-determined matrices
Matlab's solvers as used by the operators mldivide (\) and mrdivide (/), use a different approach than Octave's in the case of singular, under-, or over-determined matrices. In the case of a singular matrix, Matlab returns the result given by the LU decomposition, even though the underlying solver has flagged the result as erroneous. Octave has made the choice of falling back to a minimum norm solution of matrices that have been flagged as singular which arguably is a better result for these cases.
In the case of under- or over-determined matrices, Octave continues to use a minimum norm solution, whereas Matlab uses an approach that is equivalent to
function x = mldivide (A, b) [Q, R, E] = qr(A); x = [A \ b, E(:, 1:m) * (R(:, 1:m) \ (Q' * b))] end
While this approach is certainly faster and uses less memory than Octave's minimum norm approach, this approach seems to be inferior in other ways.
A numerical question arises: how big can the null space component become, relative to the minimum-norm solution? Can it be nicely bounded, or can it be arbitrarily big? Consider this example:
m = 10; n = 10000; A = ones(m, n) + 1e-6 * randn(m,n); b = ones(m, 1) + 1e-6 * randn(m,1); norm(A \ b)
while Octave's minimum-norm values are around 3e-2, Matlab's results are 50-times larger. For another issue, try this code:
m = 5; n = 100; j = floor(m * rand(1, n)) + 1; b = ones(m, 1); A = zeros(m, n); A(sub2ind(size(A),j,1:n)) = 1; x = A \ b; [dummy,p] = sort(rand(1,n)); y = A(:,p)\b; norm(x(p)-y)
It shows that unlike in Octave, mldivide in Matlab is not invariant with respect to column permutations. If there are multiple columns of the same norm, permuting columns of the matrix gets you different result than permuting the solution vector. This will surprise many users.
Since the mldivide (\) and mrdivide (/) operators are often part of a more complex expression, where there is no room to react to warnings or flags, it should prefer intelligence (robustness) to speed, and so the Octave developers are firmly of the opinion that Octave's approach for singular, under- and over-determined matrices is a better choice that Matlab's
Octave extensions
The extensions in Octave over Matlab syntax are very useful, but might cause issues when sharing with Matlab users. A list of the major extensions that should be avoided to be compatible with Matlab are Comments in octave can be marked with #. This allows POSIX systems to have the first line as #! octave -q and mark the script itself executable. Matlab doesn't have this feature due to the absence of comments starting with #".
Code blocks like if, for, while, etc can be terminated with block specific terminations like endif. Matlab doesn't have this and all blocks must be terminated with end.
Octave has a lisp like unwind_protect block that allows blocks of code that terminate in an error to ensure that the variables that are touched are restored. You can do something similar with try/catch combined with rethrow (lasterror ()) in Matlab, however rethrow and lasterror are only available in Octave 2.9.10 and later. Matlab 2008a also introduced OnCleanUp that is similar to unwind_protect, except that the object created by this function has to be explicitly cleared in order for the cleanup code to run.
Note that using try/catch combined with rethrow (lasterror ()) can not guarantee that global variables will be correctly reset, as it won't catch user interrupts with Ctrl-C. For example
global a a = 1; try _a = a; a = 2 while true end catch fprintf ('caught interrupt\n'); a = _a; rethrow (lasterror()); end
compared to
global a a = 1; unwind_protect _a = a; a = 2 while true end unwind_protect_cleanup fprintf ('caught interrupt\n'); a = _a; end
Typing Ctrl-C in the first case returns the user directly to the prompt, and the variable "a" is not reset to the saved value. In the second case the variable "a" is reset correctly. Therefore Matlab gives no safe way of temporarily changing global variables.
Indexing can be applied to all objects in Octave and not just variable. Therefore sin(x)(1:10); for example is perfectly valid in Octave but not Matlab. To do the same in Matlab you must do y = sin(x); y = y([1:10]);
Octave has the operators "++", "–", "-=", "+=", "*=", etc. As Matlab doesn't, if you are sharing code these should be avoided. Character strings in Octave can be denoted with double or single quotes. There is a subtle difference between the two in that escaped characters like \n (newline), \t (tab), etc are interpreted in double quoted strings but not single quoted strings. This difference is important on Windows platforms where the "\" character is used in path names, and so single quoted strings should be used in paths. Matlab doesn't have double quoted strings and so they should be avoided if the code will be transferred to a Matlab user.


text:
As we were prowling the alleys of Rome on Monday discussing our plans for WikiLoot, a prize-winning documentary film was airing on Italian national television about the role of American museums in the illicit antiquities trade.
"Looters of the Gods" is a 2010 DocArt production by Italian director Adolfo Conti that focuses on the Getty Museum and its acquisition of a gold funerary wreath in 1993. As we revealed in our 2005 articles in the LA Times, Marion True was first offered the golden wreath in a Swiss bank vault by two men claiming to represent Swiss collectors. She concluded the men were impostors and had done "tremendous damage to a great object." "I hope you will find a possible buyer for it," True wrote to an intermediary in the deal, "but I am afraid that in our case it is something that is too dangerous for us to be involved with."
Four months later, True and her bosses at the Getty changed their minds and agreed to acquire the wreath for $1.15 million, sending their payment to a bank account in the name of the impostors, who investigators later determined to be Greek smugglers. The funerary wreath had been recently looted from the royal Macedonian tombs of Northern Greece, possible from a relative of Alexander the Great.
The documentary film follows the investigation of our friend Nikolas Zirganos, the Greek investigative reporter who we teamed up with to crack the case of the funerary wreath. His intrepid reporting pieced together the criminal investigation by Greek and German authorities that ultimately led to True's criminal indictment by Greece. The time limit on the charges expired before she could go to trial, but in December 2006, the Getty agreed to return the wreath to Greece. The film also features Italian prosecutor Paolo Ferri and his investigation of the Getty and other American museums in the illicit antiquities trade.
Here's a preview of "Looters of the Gods":

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bird lab meetings
EEB 5895: Invest Sp Topics
This page lists weekly meetings of the Rubega/Elphick labs. Students (grads and undergrads) who are doing research in our labs and who are able to attend on a regular basis should sign up for 1 credit to participate in this class. Grad students doing research are expected to present twice a semester, with at least one presentation an update of some part of your research (the other can be on whatever is helpful to you with your research - a paper from the literature, stats questions, practice talk, etc., etc.). Undergraduates and BS/MS students should expect to present something on their research once a semester. If you need a permission number, please contact Margaret or Chris (depending on who your adviser is).
Meeting time: Mondays 12-1:30 (probably)
Location: BioPharmacy 3rd floor fish bowl (PBB 303)
If you have other ideas for things worth discussing (especially relating to professional development), please talk to Margaret or Chris. Past topics that we have discussed include: how to put together a CV for grad schools/job applications, ethics in research, how to write proposals, the mechanics of managing research funds, etc., etc.
Graduate students can sign up to present by logging in to EEBedia and just editing this page. Undergraduates should talk to Margaret or Chris.
If there is a published paper to read, please put in a link to it. Note, that the actual papers probably will not be accessible unless you are on a computer connected to the UConn network (you can connect from any computer using uconn vpn and your netID).
If the date you want is already taken and it says in the notes that it is OK to switch to another date, go ahead and do so (but don't switch someone to a date when they say they will not be there .. and double-check with them that the switch is OK).
|Week of:
|27 Aug
|Homework: sign up for presentation slots before Thursday
|3 Sept
|No meeting
|10 Sept
|Chris E.
|Goings on in the Elphick lab
|happy to drop/switch if someone wants this date
|17 Sept
|Kevin B.
|CT Monk Parakeet Nest Survey Brainstorming Session
|I'll send out a paper to read prior to meeting
|24 Sept
|Bill bending paper feedback (and some cool videos from the camera traps project!)
|I'll send out the paper in advance
|1 Oct
|Chris F.
|NEBCC practice talk
|8 Oct
|15 Oct
|22 Oct
|Methodology paper (will send in advance)
|29 Oct
|5 Nov
|Chris F.
|Sparrow PVA
|12 Nov
|Kevin B.
|Monk & White-winged Parakeet distribution models
|Will send out results / questions prior to meeting
|19 Nov
|No meeting
|26 Nov
|Elastic expansion paper feedback (with more cool videos!)
|I'll send it out in advance
|3 Dec
|Something else...


text:
"It filled her with despair, a literal leadening of her limbs, a glazing of the eyes, so that she could barely lift the sheets of paper around her, and certainly couldn't decipher what was written upon them."
Lines like this helped to make Claire Messud's overrated The Emperor's Children (Knopf, 2006) a finalist for a 2007 Delete Key Award for the year's worst writing in books. Among the problems: That "leadening" wasn't literal but metaphorical, and the sentence is infested with clichés
Messud also writes that a character "never knew in life whether to be Pierre or Natasha, the solitary, brooding loner or the vivacious social butterfly." As opposed to a loner who isn't solitary?
Should Messud win the 2007 Delete Key Awards competition? Or should the honor go to a finalist such as Mitch Albom or Danielle Steel? You have until the end of the day tomorrow to comment. One-Minute Book Reviews will name the winner on Thursday, March 15. You can find more about The Emperor's Children in a review archived with the October 2006 posts and in the "Novels" category on this site.
© 2007 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


text:
Just as baby boomers remember where they were on when they heard that John F. Kennedy had been shot, their parents know where they were on April 12, 1945, when they learned that Franklin D. Roosevelt had died. How did Harry Truman react to his predecessor's death? Max Hastings answers in his Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 (Knopf, $35):
"Harry Truman has come to be regarded as one of America's outstanding national leaders of the twentieth century. In the spring of 1945, however, this decent, simple, impulsive man was all but overwhelmed by the burden of office thrust upon him by Roosevelt's death on 12 April. 'I felt like the moon, the stars and all the planets had fallen on me,' he told reporters on the afternoon that he was sworn in. 'Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now.' One journalist said: 'Good luck, Mr. President.' Truman said: 'I wish you didn't have to call me that.'"
© 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


text:
Front Runners List: Click to see list completion progress by climbers that log their climbs using Peakbagger.com.
Compare Climbers: Click to compare ascents of up to 5 climbers working on this list.
The Bulgers were a very informal group of climbers who set out to climb the 100 highest peaks in Washington State. This list was never "official", but it has achieved a certain legitimacy among Cascade climbers and it is the usual way to the Washingtion Top 100.
This site also has a list of the strictly defined Washington Top 100, ranking only peaks that have a clean prominence of over 400 feet. These lists are very similar, but do have some differences. While the Bulger list generally uses a 400-foot prominence cutoff, for volcanoes they use an 800-foot threshold, and for other well-known summits with less than 400 feet of prominence they make exceptions.
The differences are (thanks to Jeff Howbert for figuring all this out):
Any way you look at it, this is a very difficult list to complete. Many of these peaks require serious mountaineering skill, including difficult rock-climbing ability. Consensus is that the highest of the Mox Peaks (Southeast Twin Spire) is the hardest to climb, but many of the other summits feature some combination of long approaches, bushwhacking, crevassed glaciers, steep rock pitches, and overall adventure.
The first to complete the Bulger list was Russ Kroeker in 1980.
Caution: These books feature many of the peaks on this list, but may not have information on all of them.
= Peak with Rank #1 on List;   = Other Peaks
This page has been served 1251146 times since 2004-11-01.


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text:
NAVARETTE: Border kids are refugees seeking safety
SAN DIEGO – Haven't those poor border kids suffered enough? They shouldn't have to be used as political props, dragged into the maddening immigration debate and election-year politicking by both parties.
They're not immigrants. Most of them are refugees. They didn't come on their own seeking jobs. They were pushed here by circumstance, looking for safe haven.
Many of these children were sexually assaulted or threatened with death by violent youth gangs in their home countries. Once they escaped Honduras, Guatemala or El Salvador, many of them braved a dangerous 1,400-mile trip through Mexico on top of a freight train nicknamed "The Beast." When they arrived in the United States – at least 54,000 of them since October 2013 – they were treated like criminals. They were callously warehoused in rooms with no beds, little food or water, their medicines withheld. They were packed into tiny spaces without showers or proper hygiene in what became a breeding ground for disease and continued abuse. Also troubling, neither members of Congress nor the media have been allowed to interview the children.
Some of these kids are only 5 or 6, and still they've experienced enough pain for a lifetime.
A crisis of this magnitude, which Texas officials claim they warned the Obama administration about as early as 2012, requires that politicians focus on solving problems and not just advancing their interests.
What we saw last week in Dallas didn't come close. It was a photo op for Texas Gov. Rick Perry and President Obama. Perry got to look important as he likely prepares to run again for president in 2016, and Obama got to look as if he cares about what happens on the border. I'm skeptical of both assertions.
A lame-duck governor with a long shot at the White House, Perry isn't important politically -- not enough to twist the arms of Republicans in Texas' congressional delegation to support the president's $3.7 billion supplemental budget request for funding to deal with the border crisis.
Of that figure, $1.8 billion would go to help the Department of Health and Human Services provide more humane care for the children, and approximately $1.6 billion would help the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice unclog the dysfunctional border security apparatus and expedite the kids' removal. The final $300 million would go to the State Department to help Latin American governments counter the message behind the smuggling cartels' misinformation campaign that may have sparked the surge: that Congress had passed an amnesty if the young people could get to the United States to claim it.
Meanwhile, Obama seems to either not care about the border or be intimidated by it. During his trip to Texas, he didn't even bother to swing by the border and check out this disaster for himself. At the very least, he should have met with some of the children whom his administration has locked up. There is anguish on those young faces, and Obama shouldn't be afraid to see it.
In Dallas, Perry and Obama met twice, but the one-on-one meeting that the governor had requested was limited to just 15 minutes aboard Marine One as the helicopter shuttled the two from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and Dallas' Love Field. Then came a longer meeting with other officials.
You can bet that the human trafficking cartels who helped cause this mess, and then helped themselves to more than $400 million in revenue for transporting all these kids across the U.S.-Mexico border, invested more effort to cook up their evil plan.
After the meeting with Perry, Obama told reporters that he hoped Republicans in Washington could get beyond partisanship and pass the supplemental appropriation. This was right before the president delivered a few partisan jabs at the opposition.
Among other things, Obama argued that we wouldn't be in this situation if Republicans had approved the Senate immigration reform bill, with its call for 20,000 additional Border Patrol agents. This assumes that, with enough boots on the ground, we can turn back uninvited guests. No one who understands the border, and the lengths to which the downtrodden and the desperate will go to cross it, would believe such foolishness.
But then foolishness has become the stock and trade of many of our elected officials, who increasingly are no match for the crises that our country must confront.
Ruben Navarrette
Washington Post Writers Group


text:
Cars We Remember: Lamborghini history a unique, surprising sports car story
Q: Hello Greg. I read in one of your columns a while back that Ferruccio Lamborghini, a noted tractor manufacturer in Italy, was unhappy with the brand new Ferrari he purchased. You said that he complained about what he didn't like directly to Enzo (Ferrari), who proceeded to tell him to concentrate on tractors and leave the sports car building to him (Ferrari).
What's the latest when it comes to Lamborghini and can you give us any updates on the racing series? Thank you.
— Joe O., Ocean City, New Jersey
A: Joe, I'd be happy to. Let's start with "the future," as when I attended last year's Sahlen's Six Hours of The Glen at Watkins Glen, there was a line of 18 Lamborghini race cars sitting in the pit ready to compete. If this doesn't tell you how well Lamborghini is doing these days, nothing will. The touring series is called the Lamborghini Super Trofeo series and attracts many name drivers. (I missed this year's event due to a vacation with family.)
As for the history of the Lamborghini brand, it is true what happened between Mr. Lamborghini and Mr. Ferrari. I first learned of this conflict reading an article in a USAir magazine while on a flight about 5 years ago. I dug up more information and found that Lamborghini hired away Ferrari's top engine man, Giotto Bizzarrini, to help build his first car in 1963. Not surprisingly, the car featured a "Bizzarrini" V-12 engine for power.
Although no one expected big sales, Lamborghini moved forward as there was sufficient interest, especially the car-loving Italians. By 1966, Lamborghini debuted what many felt was one of the finest built sports cars ever with his all-new Miura. The Muria really started the sales rolling and today is worth many, many dollars on the upper scale collector car market. The Miura is a rear-drive, mid-engine sports car and was on the receiving end of numerous awards and citations by the motoring press.
However, everything was not perfect, especially when trying to build a new sports car. Along the way there were difficulties for Lamborghini as more and more demands from both fickle consumers and government clean air laws that came his way. Still, Mr. Lamborghini survived and things were going OK until 1973, when the oil embargo brought not only Lamborghini to its knees, but just about every other car manufacturer that didn't build small economy cars. Clearly, the mid-engine, powerful Lamborghini sports cars were gas guzzlers from the word go, as were all the other exotic high powered sports cars of the day from a Corvette 427/430 L-88 to a Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, the latter which debuted in 1973 and featured a 12-cylinder for power.
Because Lamborghini was nowhere near as strong as Ferrari when it came to cash flow and capital reserves, the company was forced into bankruptcy in 1978 after ownership changed hands three times since 1973 trying to save the brand. Thanks to Chrysler Corporation, itself a near bankrupt company years earlier, they took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and then quickly sold the badge to a Malaysian and Indonesian company in 1994.
Finally, in 1998 Volkswagen stepped up to the plate and bought Lamborghini. Volkswagen then brought in the Audi people to control the further advancement, and under this group of German craftsman and Audi head of motorsports Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich's influence, the Lamborghini today is a successful, albeit very expensive, sports car that sells 700 horsepower V-12 and 610 horsepower V-10 powered sports cars called Aventador and Huracan, respectively. The Aventador was the antagonist star of the movie "Transformers: Age of Extinction" released in 2014.
The Huracan is also the Lamborghini that competes in the touring Super Trofeo Series. After seeing this class race at Watkins Glen International as part of the touring series in person, I can attest to its moniker as "The World's Fastest One-Make Series."
Hope this all helps and for all Lamborghini fans out there, you're in good hands with Volkswagen/Audi and Dr. Wolfgang Ullrich. Remember, too, that even though Volkswagen/Audi owns and supplies capital and monies needed, Lamborghinis are still 100-percent built in Italy by Italian sports car craftsmen and women at its headquarters in Sant'Agata, Bolognese, in northern Italy.
Hope this all helps Joe and thanks for the letter.
— Greg Zyla writes weekly for More Content Now and other GateHouse Media publications. He welcomes reader questions at email@example.com.


text:
THANK YOU MAGIC of BOOKS Productions
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text:
Ware makes big, bad Louisville the people's choice vs. Wichita St.
ATLANTA — Louisville already had the bigger names, the better team and some unfinished business after coming up short in last year's Final Four.
All Wichita State had was the cute-and-cuddly underdog angle. Now the Shockers don't even have that.
Kevin Ware is everybody's favorite player since he broke his leg in gruesome fashion last weekend yet summoned the strength to encourage his teammates, and having him at the Final Four has given the top-seeded Cardinals (33-5) added motivation to claim the title that eluded them last year.
"We really want it, especially since we're back here for a second year," Louisville forward Wayne Blackshear said Friday. "With Kevin going down, especially the way he did, it's just making us play harder."
Louisville plays Wichita State (30-8) in the first national semifinal Saturday night. The Cardinals are 10½-point favorites.
Wichita State has one player (Carl Hall) who salvaged his career after working in a light bulb factory and two more (Ron Baker and Malcolm Armstead) who paid their way to come to school and started on the team as walk-ons. Its coach has invited fans into the locker room after big wins. Yes, this is a school with all the makings of a team the entire country could get behind.
Problem is, in this case, Louisville and Ware are already tugging on America's heart strings.
"I'm just glad to know Kevin Ware now even more because he's probably the most famous person I know," Peyton Siva cracked. "You know, when you have Oprah Winfrey and Michelle Obama call you, it's pretty good to say you know that person."
Louisville's trip to last year's Final Four was something of a surprise, coming after the Cardinals skidded into the Big East tournament just two games over .500. So when they got to the NCAA tourney and finally got bounced by archrival and top-ranked Kentucky in the national semifinals, it wasn't a shock. Or a huge disappointment.
This year, however, the Cardinals — and everyone else — expect Louisville to win it all.
"I think that's the one difference from last year to this year," Chane Behanan said. "Last year, I don't want to say it was a fluke because we were a great basketball team. This year is just totally different. We have the No. 1 seed. It's a lot of pressure with everyone expecting us to win."
Until Ware got hurt, the Cardinals seemed immune to the pressure and the expectations, to say nothing of letdowns.
They won their first four NCAA tournament games by an average of almost 22 points. They limited opponents to 59 points and 42 percent shooting while harrassing them into almost 18 turnovers. Oregon was the only team to get within single-digits of Louisville at the buzzer. The Cardinals blew out mighty Duke by 22 points.
Russ Smith was named Most Outstanding Player of the Midwest Regional after averaging 26 points in the first four games and tying an NCAA record with eight steals against North Carolina A&T. Gorgui Dieng has 10 blocks.
But losing Ware was big. He was the main substitute — the only substitute, really — for Smith and Peyton Siva, the high-octane guards who are the key not only to Louisville's suffocating press but its offense, too.
"Our players totally understand the challenge that lies ahead with this Wichita State team," coach Rick Pitino said. "We understand with Kevin out that we not only have to play very hard, we have to play very, very smart."
Particularly against the Shockers.
This is the first Final Four appearance for Wichita State since 1965, but the ninth-seeded Shockers are no fluke. They're big, they're athletic, they rebound and they can shoot 3s better than just about anyone. Just ask Pittsburgh, a first-round victim of the hot-shooting Shockers. Or No. 1-seeded Gonzaga, which was out before the first weekend of the tournament was over thanks to Wichita State.
Or Ohio State, a fashionable pick for a third straight Final Four until the Shockers sent them packing.
(Pitino, by the way, swears he picked Wichita State to get to the Final Four.)
"Their whole team is tough. It's not just one guy," Siva said. "Macolm Armstead, of course, makes them go. But on any given night, anybody on the team can have a big night. It's up to us to play collective defense, hit the glass and continue to play how we've been playing."
Armstead is averaging almost 16 points during the tournament, one of four Shockers in double figures. Tekele Cotton is 5 of 10 from 3-point range, while Ron Baker is 6 of 15.
But the number that will catch Pitino's attention is 34, the shooting percentage for Wichita State's first four opponents.
"What you've got to do is not turn the ball over," Shockers coach Gregg Marshall said. "If we're turning the ball over and giving them transition opportunities, then we're not doing what we're trying to do."
The key to avoiding that is containing Siva and Smith. Or getting them in foul trouble.
Siva, in particular, has a tendency to pick up fouls. He played only the first five minutes of the first half against Duke after getting whistled for two quick ones. He was in foul trouble in last year's Final Four, too, sitting the last seven minutes of the first half.
"I try to avoid foul trouble every game. Sometimes it just finds me," he said. "I don't know how."
Smith and Siva know they need to be more careful against Wichita State — but not to the point where it makes them cautious.
"We're going to keep our aggressiveness," Smith promised. "Nothing is going to change."
After all, the Cardinals have unfinished business. For themselves and for Ware, who plans to be on the bench Saturday night.
"One of our teammates went down," Behanan said. "We as a team have to step it up."


text:
I am all up in this Inauguration Porn. Can't get enough.
Beyonce just sang. And she was great. So I promise you, or I warn you, whichever is more appropriate, there will be another Beyonce post either later today or tomorrow when more pictures are available. For now, here she is, arriving with Jay-Z, and dressed like it's the Oscars. And why not? People shat on Aretha Franklin four years ago for wearing a massive hat to celebrate. Why wouldn't she wear the very, very, VERY best outfit, her Sunday best, if you will, in her closet to commemorate that occasion?
B's date, of course, was Jay-Z, her husband. There was a cute moment when she finished, and walked back to meet him, and he put his arm around her and she dropped her head, heavily, on his shoulder, from relief. That was Beyonce. Sasha Fierce? Oh she showed up too. More on her when there's video.
While B had her spouse there with her to witness the beginning of Barack Obama's second term, Katy Perry too had a companion:
John Mayer.
If only we could fast forward five years to see how she might feel about that in hindsight, as she tousled his hair intimately in the VIP section.


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Upper Ice Cave is located in Lava Beds National Monument near Tulelake, California. It is really more of a 100' long natural bridge than a cave (having plenty of light at both ends), connected to another breakdown collapse pit nearby. The lowest part of the cave still had an ice floor along one section. The edge of the Callahan Lava Flow ends here, sourced from Cinder Butte & aged just short of 1,000 years old. Part of the flow actually goes into the entrance of the lava tube. The cave was more well known back during the CCC (1930s) days, w/ an almost non-existant trail leading to the entrance from an old road access to the south.
Lava Beds National Monument is located near the city of Tulelake, California in Siskiyou & Modoc Counties. It lies at the northern flank of the Medicine Lake Caldera to the south. It was established in 1925 & houses a variety of volcanic features, faults, caves, history, & archaological sites.Much of the northern part of the monument contains history of prehistoric use of the area. Pictographs & petroglyphs can be found inscribed on rocks at nearby cliffs and caves. The Modoc War (1872-1873) was fought at Captain Jacks Stronghold, an effort for Modoc Indians to protect their territory from US army forces.The southern part is known for its caves, craters, and lava flows. The Cave Loop is a popular area to explore several main caves in the park. These caves are known as lava tubes & contain unique features such as lava shelves, lavacicles, skylights, cupolas, aa & pahoehoe floors, as well as narrow passages short enough one has to crawl through. Make sure to have a flashlight, a hard hat, & knee pads when exploring. Some caves even have ice formations & one cave, Mushpot Cave, has a lighted pathway & interactive signs. The longest lava tube in California, Catacombs Cave, is located in the monument along the Cave Loop.The area is situated in a semi-arid environment w/ a juniper and sagebrush setting. The wildlife is abundant w/ plenty of bird species in nearby Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge to the north. Views of Mt. Shasta to the southwest, the Warner Mountains to the east, & a good portion of the Klamath Basin & Southern Oregon to the north make this area a picturesque location. One campground is located in the park near the visitor center, but is limited in spaces.Being relatively small in size compared to other parks in the USA, there is plenty to see above ground & underground.Source Wikipedia


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Seth Meyers prizes his new role as Emmycast host
NEW YORK — Seth Meyers is no stranger to live television. For years he anchored "Weekend Update" on "Saturday Night Live."
Nor is playing host on TV an alien experience. Since February, he has occupied NBC's "Late Night" host chair.
So Meyers isn't sweating his new role as master of ceremonies when "The Prime-Time Emmy Awards" airs Monday at 8 p.m. EDT on NBC.
"Butterflies tend to go away with the first laugh," he said brightly, "so you try to make that happen as early as you can."
Speaking by phone from Los Angeles, where he was prepping for Emmy night, he reported, "We've written our first pack of jokes. But the best stuff will come later in the week.
"The monologue is the biggest thing I do," he went on, "but they are leaving spots during the telecast where I can comment on things that are happening, and if we come up with something silly this week, we don't have to go hat-in-hand and ask for a minute here, 90 seconds there. It's built into the program for us."
Even so, Meyers said he will honor an Emmys tradition of front-loading the program with comedy, when those gathered at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles are most likely to embrace it.
"The longer the night goes, the less joy there is in the room, because by then a number of people have lost," Meyers noted. "If it was the Golden Globes and the people were drinking, maybe they'd care less. But here, the host and the program are standing between them and the bar."
Meyers is a TV veteran, but he said he also remains a TV fan.
"Even if I wasn't in television right now, I would be watching the Emmys, mostly because of how good TV is right now," he said. "I was really excited when the nominations came out, because most of them are shows that I watch."
In a separate conversation, Emmycast producer Don Mischer praised Meyers' ease on live TV and skill at thinking funny on his feet.
"But more than anything, he loves television," Mischer agreed. "He really, really wanted to do this and he has really rolled up his sleeves. That's what makes a difference."
Like most viewers, Meyers has his favorites among the nominees.
In particular, he's rooting for Amy Poehler, with whom he used to share the "Weekend Update" anchor desk. Poehler, who previously has been up for 10 Emmys but never won, is nominated this year as best actress for her NBC sitcom "Parks and Recreation."
"But here's the good news," said Meyers, surely wearing a grin: "No matter which way it goes, I'm VERY confident she's going to be OK.
"I don't want anyone to think I'm this incredibly selfless person," he added with a laugh. He shared a 2011 Emmy for original music and lyrics on "SNL," among the numerous nominations he has gotten for his writing. "The hard part is not when friends of mine lose an award, but when I lose. I like to remind them that they're all winners, whereas, when I lose, I really feel like a loser!"
Meyers acknowledged that viewers can be tough with their postmortems of an Emmys telecast and its host. One reason: Different viewers come looking and hoping for different things.
"There are people in the audience who take these awards very seriously, while a lot of people don't. No one's right or wrong. But ultimately everybody will have a different take on what it is that I as host am trying to do, based on what the Emmys means to them.
"But the reaction will be very temporary," he predicted. "Everyone talks more about the Emmys beforehand than after. This is a night about a year of television and, when it's over, people move on."
Meanwhile, Meyers will head home to resume his talk-show duties. But with "Late Night" in repeats next week, he'll have a few days' break once the Emmycast is done. He plans to enjoy them.
"I might sort of travel around," he said, looking past next Monday night, "and find my way back to New York very slowly."


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Hayley Long Slip Dress
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Hot Online: Maksim Chmerkovskiy dating Kate Upton?
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Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue cover model Kate Upton celebrated her 21st birthday with "Dancing With the Stars" expert Maksim Chmerkovskiy, according to Us Weekly. It's not known whether the two are dating, but one source said they had "just started dating."
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A ballpark sinkhole cancelled batting practice last night for the Texas Rangers and Cleveland Indians. A sinkhole opened up behind the pitcher's mound before the game because of a busted pipe. The grounds crew was able to fix the problem so the game could be played.
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Somerset man charged with killing elderly mother
FALL RIVER — Prosecutors allege Michael Kostek twice struck his disabled 88-year-old mother in the face during an argument, and that he then threw her on a bed where police found her deceased Thursday afternoon in their Somerset home.
When Somerset police officers, responding to a friend's request to check on Kostek, 62, entered the house at 857 Wilbur Ave., they found him "rambling and not making any sense" in his bedroom, which was littered with nine bottles of Jack Daniels and multiple containers of prescription pills, prosecutors said.
Kostek, wearing a hospital gown, appeared this morning in Fall River District Court, where he was arraigned on a single count of permitting injury to a disabled person. Judge Cindy Brackett agreed with prosecutors' request to hold Kostek on a $1 million cash bail.
Kostek, through his defense attorney Frank Camera, denies killing his mother, Sophie Kostek, with whom he lived with for several years.
"I'm confident the medical examiner's report will show that," Camera said.
According to bail arguments, Michael Kostek told police at first that his mother had fallen down a set of stairs two weeks earlier, and that he had been caring for her. However, prosecutors said police found no evidence, such as blood stains on the stairs or floors, to back up that claim.
Kostek later told police that he had lost his temper and twice struck his mother during an argument, and that he then lifted her up by arms and put her in her bed. Prosecutors said Sophie Kostek's body was positioned as if she had been thrown on the bed, with her oxygen tank underneath her.
An autopsy is being conducted to determine Sophie Kostek's cause of death. Assistant District Attorney Courtney Cahill, chief of the Bristol County District Attorney's Domestic Violence Unit, said additional charges may be filed against Michael Kostek, who attorneys said has a long history of alcohol and substance abuse.
He has three prior drunken driving arrests, and has been in and out of detox for several years, officials said.
"It's clear he has a very severe substance abuse problem, which goes back many years," Camera said.
Michael Kostek was hospitalized twice Thursday at Charlton Memorial Hospital for acute symptoms of alcoholism. While speaking with a court-appointed psychologist Friday, he displayed symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, including tremors. Kostek requested the court to section him for treatment, but Bracket said the Dartmouth House of Corrections is "well-equipped" to have him go through detox.
Somerset police and Massachusetts State Police detectives assigned to the Bristol County District Attorney's Office are actively investigating Sophie Kostek's death.
This story will be updated.


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Non-Power Driven Hand Tool Market in Italy to 2022
The report Non-Power Driven Hand Tool Market in Italy to 2022 offers the most up-to-date industry data on the actual market situation, and future outlook for non-power driven hand tools in Italy. The research includes historical data from 2011 to 2017 and forecasts until 2022 which makes the report an invaluable resource for industry executives, marketing, sales and product managers, consultants, analysts, and other people looking for key industry data in a readily accessible document with clearly presented tables and graphs.
The report helps answer the following questions:
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text: WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court will take up California's ban on same-sex marriage, a case that could give the justices the chance to rule on whether gay Americans have the same constitutional right to marry as heterosexuals. The justices said Monday they will review a federal appeals court ruling that struck down the state's gay marriage ban, though on narrow grounds. The San Francisco-based appeals court said the state could not take away the same-sex marriage right that had been granted by California's Supreme Court. The court also will decide whether Congress can deprive legally married gay couples of federal benefits otherwise available to married people. A provision of the federal Defense of Marriage Act limits a range of health and pension benefits, as well as favorable tax treatment, to heterosexual couples.


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Our friends over at Home Run Derby are running a "mascot bracket" that pits major league baseball mascots against each other in a single-elimination popularity contest.
Yes, Screech may be the official team mascot, but HRD wisely chose the popular racing presidents to represent our beloved Washington Nationals.
Unfortunately, at the time of this writing, the San Diego Padres Swinging Friar has a lead in the voting over the Nationals' presidents. We can't let George, Tom, Abe, and Teddy lose out to a goofy-looking Padre. Place your vote now!
Voting ends on this Friday, August 8 at 11:00pm EST.


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At $325M, Powerball jackpot is fourth-biggest in history
DES MOINES, Iowa - Black Friday shoppers in many cities briefly detoured into lottery retailers, drawn off task by the prospects of winning a $325 million Powerball jackpot - the fourth-largest in the game's history.
Chicago resident Clyde Gadlin, 65, emerged from the bustle of holiday shoppers on Chicago's Michigan Avenue, to stop in at a 7-Eleven to buy his daily batch of Lottery tickets, including Powerball.
For him, the game is a chance to dream - a single winner's cash payout would be nearly $213 million before taxes - and he tries not to let the long odds burst his bubble.
Lottery officials say they're unsure what effect Thanksgiving and beginning of Christmas shopping season will have on sales, which normally pick up in the days before high-dollar drawings.
If Gadlin wins, he said he'd return to his grandfather's farm in Heidelberg, Miss., where he spent part of his childhood.
"I would go down there again and probably do a little bit of farming," he said, recalling the roaming deer and 380 acres of potatoes, corn, watermelons and sugar cane. Gadlin hasn't been there for more than 20 years.
And if he isn't successful this time, it's likely he'll have another shot at a record-breaking pot of cash.
Since Powerball tickets doubled in price to $2 in January, the number of tickets sold has decreased, but the sales revenue has made up for it, increasing by about 35 percent, said Norm Lingle, chairman of the Powerball board of directors.
And as the price went up, so did the jackpots, enticing thousands across the country to play.
"Christmas is coming and $325 million would come in handy," said Tim Abel, 63, who was buying a Powerball ticket at New York's Port Authority Bus Terminal. The Broadway stagehand said he usually plays whenever the jackpot goes over $100 million.
Recent Powerball winners include an Iowa couple that won a whopping $202 million on Sept. 26. A week later, a Delaware resident picked all six numbers for a $50 million payday.
Cashiers at a DeliMart convenience store in Iowa City said they expect a last-minute rush Saturday. The store sells $200 to $300 worth of Powerball tickets on an average day, but assistant manager Scott Falkenhan said he anticipates that will more than double.
Falkenhan, 32, was planning to buy his own ticket after his shift ended.
"I'd buy a new truck and a new boat," he said. "Then I'd go on my own fishing tour."
Roxie Breece, an assistant manager at a Cenex convenience store in Ogallala, Neb., said clerks have sold far more Powerball tickets than usual over the past week.
"Tomorrow's going to be a nightmare for us," she said. "With everybody out shopping and the drawing on Saturday, we'll be really busy."
Lingle, who is also the executive director of the South Dakota Lottery, says this weekend will be "telling."
"To my knowledge we've never had a large jackpot run like this fall over a major holiday," he said.
Frank Scorvino of Toms River, N.J., is in charge of buying lottery tickets - including Powerball - for a group of about a dozen fellow construction workers. If they win, he said, most of them would purchase new houses and cars, and some might go on a cruise.
South Bend, Ind., resident Dameon Smith says he'd retire from his job at the Hummer plant in Mishawaka, Ind. He said he'd share with family, friends and people he doesn't know.
Chad Robinson, 41, a chef at a Cleveland restaurant, had an option during his break Friday: Put down $2 on Powerball game or go next door to Ohio's first casino. He bet on the lottery, saying that much cash would change his life "drastically."
"I figure I'll make a lot of people happy with it, not just myself, spread the love and live my life out - parents, loved ones, kids, co-workers, charities," he said.
Terry Fowler, 50, of Conneaut, Ohio, was visiting family in Tennessee for the holiday and stopped in a gas station in Brentwood on Friday morning to buy Powerball tickets. He's a regular player.
"I want to see more than one person hit it so they can share the wealth," said Fowler, a sales representative with a food service company. "I don't think any one person needs $325 million. If 7-10 people hit that, they will live like kings."