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Information and discussion on all aspects of British photographic history
January 15, 2011 to June 16, 2011 – Fox Talbot Museum Exhibition At a time when digital photography is king and analogue photography seems to have fallen into the dustbin of history, the Fox Talbot Museum is looking to the past to find the future of photographic… Organized by Fox Talbot Museum Exhibition | Type: exhibition
January 16, 2011 to July 3, 2011 – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston "Modernist Photography 1910–1950" features approximately 40 American modernist photographs representing highlights from the Museum's own collection as well as The Lane Collection. Complementing the w… Organized by Museum of Fine Arts, Boston | Type: exhibition
January 29, 2011 to November 20, 2011 – Weston Park Museum Drawing on the expertise of Sheffield Hallam University's renowned Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sports Lab will explore the genetic advantages of top sportsmen and women and the remarkabl… Organized by Sports Lab/Weston Park Museum | Type: exhibition
February 4, 2011 to June 12, 2011 – Burrell Collection John Thomson, a Scot who was born two years before the invention of the daguerreotype and the birth of photography, is considered a pioneer of photojournalism and one of the most influential photogra… Organized by Burrell Collection | Type: exhibition
February 8, 2011 to July 3, 2011 – The Getty Center Ranging from 19th-century works to contemporary pieces, the exhibition includes prints by both recognized and lesser-known artists. Among the photographers whose work is on view are Robert Adams, Eug… Organized by The Getty Center | Type: exhibiition
February 9, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – Torf Gallery, 184, Museum of Fine Arts This exhibition is selected from the wide-ranging art holdings of Bank of America, one of the largest and most comprehensive corporate collections of photography in the world. The collection was si… Organized by Museum of Fine Arts Boston | Type: exhibition
February 9, 2011 to May 31, 2011 – The National Library of Ireland Take a rare opportunity to view photographs of life in Ireland's 'Big Houses' during the mid 1800s and early 1900s at Power and Privilege: photographs of the Big House in Ireland 1858-1922, an exhibi… Organized by The National Library of Ireland | Type: exhibition
February 9, 2011 at 6pm to July 30, 2011 at 7pm – National Army Museum The exhibition highlights the fascinating and changing roles of soldiers' partners from 19th-century 'Women of the Regiment' who worked as cooks and laundresses to modern Army families, where both p… Organized by National Army Museum | Type: exhibition
February 12, 2011 to June 12, 2011 – Brackett–Clark Gallery, George Eastman House The American Civil War divided a country and created a nation. It was the first modern war and the most detrimental for Americans, yielding more American fatalities and greater domestic suffering tha… Organized by George Eastman House | Type: exhibition
February 16, 2011 to July 3, 2011 – Museum of the Shenandoah Valley Hugh Morrison Jr. (1871–1950) photographed the people and places of Shenandoah County, Virginia, from the late 1890s through 1950. It was an era of dramatic change in our country, and Hugh Morrison p… Organized by Museum of the Shenandoah Valley | Type: exhibition
February 17, 2011 to May 30, 2011 – Wolfson Gallery, National Portrait Gallery E.O. Hoppé (14 April 1878 – 9 December 1972, German-born British) is one of the most important photographers of the first half of the twentieth century. Celebrated during his lifetime, much of Hoppé'… Organized by National Portrait Gallery | Type: exhibition
February 18, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Museum of London An amazing collection of 'London Street Photography', spanning from 1860 to present day, is on display at The Museum of London. A great insight into street photography as well as the changes that ha… Organized by Museum of London | Type: exhibition
February 18, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Museum of London This major new exhibition at the Museum of London showcases an extraordinary collection of London street photography with over 200 candid images of everyday life in the street. From sepia-toned scene… Organized by Museum of London | Type: exhibition
February 19, 2011 at 6pm to December 18, 2011 at 7pm – Logomo Fantastic everyday life and everyday fantasy blend in Alice in Wonderland, a major international exhibition of contemporary photographic art in Turku, the European Capital of Culture 2011, designed a… Organized by Elina Heikka | Type: exhibition
February 26, 2011 to June 7, 2011 – San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Similar to the Tate Britain exhibition which ended on 16/1/11. Best known for his revolutionary studies of human and animal locomotion, Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) was also an accomplished landsc… Organized by San Francisco Museum of Modern Art | Type: exhibition
February 26, 2011 to June 7, 2011 – San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Organized in conjunction with Helios: Eadweard Muybridge in a Time of Change, this installation of the SFMOMA collection and Sack Photographic Trust examines the American West through the lens of 19… Organized by San Francisco Museum of Modern Art | Type: exhibition
February 26, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – New Bedford Whaling Museum Once as America's richest whaling port, to its current status as the nation's #1 commercial fishing port, the New Bedford waterfront and the work that goes on there have seen enormous transformation.… Organized by New Bedford Whaling Museum | Type: exhibition
March 2, 2011 to September 12, 2011 – Getty Villa This exhibition f eatures rare, early daguerreotypes, salted-paper prints, and albumen silver prints, created between the 1840s and 1900s by the leading photographers of the time, including Felice Be… Organized by Getty Museum | Type: exhibition
March 5, 2011 to August 21, 2011 – Art Gallery of Ontario This exhibition features for the first time the work of a completely unknown French photographer and his photographs of French regional life at the turn of the 20th century. The group of 1,702 gelati… Organized by Art Gallery of Ontario | Type: exhibition
March 10, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – Porter Gallery, National Portrait Gallery Ida Kar was the first photographer to have a retrospective exhibition in a major London Gallery. In the 1950s she stood at the heart of the creative avant-garde and the exhibition includes portraits… Organized by National Portrait Gallery | Type: exhibition
March 22, 2011 to August 6, 2011 – UCR/California Museum of Photography Not every subject in these portraits is looking directly at the photographer, but all are aware that the camera is looking at them. In that sense, all are formal portraits, as opposed to candid ones… Organized by UCR/California Museum of Photography | Type: exhibition
March 24, 2011 to June 5, 2011 – MNAF Alinari National Museum of Photography Since its invention in 1839, photography has provoked numerous controversies and sensational trials. The photographic image has been at the centre of important ethical debates and legal questions thr… Organized by MNAF Alinari National Museum of Photography | Type: exhibition
March 25, 2011 to June 3, 2011 – Massachusetts Historical Society In 1840, almost a soon as photography arrived in America, the MHS began to collect images of notable figures, artifacts, and landscapes recorded with "the pencil of nature." Examples of these early p… Organized by Massachusetts Historical Society | Type: exhibition
March 31, 2011 to August 15, 2011 – Statoil Office It is a great pleasure and honour for us to present such a unique collection of artists that have shaped the development of photography as an art form, says Jens R Jenssen, senior vice president of h… Organized by Karin Hall, Lars Hall and Arnt N Fredheim, Statoil art programm | Type: exhibition
April 1, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Pacific Asia Museum This exhibition will feature more than 70 images in 2 rotations selected for both their striking imagery and for what they reveal about the dynamism of India in this era. Through the Colonial Lens lo… Organized by Pacific Asia Museum | Type: exhibition
April 4, 2011 to October 2, 2011 – Museum für Asiatische Kunst - (Museum of Asian Art) This veritable Shangri-La at the foot of the Himalayas, with its favourable climate and picturesque landscape, has captivated people on their travels around India ever since the Great Moguls made the… Organized by Museum für Asiatische Kunst - (Museum of Asian Art) | Type: exhibition
April 4, 2011 to June 30, 2011 – Chester History and Heritage This display explores the work of a very talented photographer. Thomas Pickthall whose photographs captured Chester during the 1930s and a little after. Thomas was a local man who started taking pict… Organized by Chester History and Heritage | Type: exhibition
April 4, 2011 to September 5, 2011 – Vancouver Art Gallery Walking + Falling presents the work of three notable artists who have utilized new media to explore and represent complex notions of time, movement and memory.Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) was an En… Organized by Vancouver Art Gallery and Bruce Grenville, senior curator | Type: exhibition
April 6, 2011 to August 22, 2011 – Sabatini Building, Floor 3, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía The worker-photography movement is often marginalized in discussions of how photographic modernism evolved over the course of the 20th century. This visit to the exhibition is intended to help recti… Organized by Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía | Type: exhibition
April 8, 2011 at 10pm to July 3, 2011 at 5pm – Julia Margaret Cameron Trust Dimbola Lodge Museum Exhibition Parkinson Photographs the Age of innocence Dimbola Lodge The Julia Margaret Cameron Museum Isle of Wight UK Vintage Norman Parkinson Photographs from Angela Williams Archive Organized by Angela Williams Archive AWA | Type: exhibition, -, parkinson, photographs, age, of, innocence
April 9, 2011 to July 30, 2011 – Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery Come and see some of the earliest photographs of Plymouth and discover the part played by the three towns of Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse in the development of photography. Amateurs and Artists… Organized by Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery/Royal Photographic Society | Type: exhibition
April 12, 2011 to August 13, 2011 – The Library of Congress This exhibition, drawn from a recent gift from the Liljenquist family, will feature 379 Civil War-era ambrotypes and tintypes of enlisted Union and Confederate soldiers. These exceptional portraits d… Organized by The Library of Congress | Type: exhibition
April 14, 2011 to August 1, 2011 – Merchant's House Museum Presented in collaboration with The Burns Archive, in honor of the 150th anniversary of the start of the American Civil War. Photographs of wounded Civil War soldiers from New York regiments, on disp… Organized by Merchant's House Museum | Type: exhibition
April 15, 2011 to September 4, 2011 – Gallery One, National Media Museum The Lives of Great Photographers is a compelling new exhibition drawn exclusively from the Museum's extensive and diverse Photography Collection, including works from The Royal Photographic Societ… Organized by National Media Museum | Type: exhibition
April 16, 2011 to July 10, 2011 – Bendigo Art Gallery George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film is the world's oldest photography museum and one of the world's oldest film archives, first opening its doors to the public in Roches… Organized by Bendigo Art Gallery, | Type: exhibition
April 18, 2011 to September 19, 2011 – Ilott Room, Level 4, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa In the 19th century, enterprising European photographers travelled to distant places such as Egypt, India, China, the American West, and the Pacific. Through the photographs they brought back, for th… Organized by Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa | Type: exhibition
April 25, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – Maison Européenne de la photographie Today, the technical possibilities of photography have become extremely diverse. Traditional processes, often little understood even today, are being replaced by digital or hybrid technologies that a… Organized by Maison Européenne de la photographie | Type: exhibition
April 26, 2011 to September 18, 2011 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art At the turn of the last century, night photography came into its own as an artistic genre. In the early years of the medium, capturing images under low-light conditions was nearly impossible, but by… Organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Type: exhibition
May 7, 2011 to September 11, 2011 – Museum of Sydney Newly discovered photographs by internee Paul Dubotzki reveal what it was like to be interned in Australia during World War I. During World War I nearly 7000 so-called 'enemy aliens' were interned in… Organized by Museum of Sydney | Type: exhibition
May 7, 2011 to June 26, 2011 – Taipei Fine Arts Museum As part of a series of events planned by the Department of Cultural Affairs, Taipei City Government, the Taipei Fine Arts Museum has organized the exhibition "Eye of the Times – Centennial Images of… Organized by Taipei Fine Arts Museum | Type: exhibition
May 11, 2011 to July 10, 2011 – Level 2 Gallery, Tate Modern In October 2010, Simon Norfolk began a series of new photographs in Afghanistan, which takes its cue from the work of nineteenth-century British photographer John Burke. Norfolk's photographs reimagi… Organized by Tate Modern | Type: exhibition
May 12, 2011 to July 16, 2011 – Diemar/Noble Photography Celebration of the first century of photography in France with vintage photographs using a variety of techniques and on all sorts of subjects.Michael Diemar, gallery director of Diemar/Noble Photogra… Organized by Diemar/Noble | Type: exhibition
May 13, 2011 at 5pm to July 16, 2011 at 12pm – Liverpool Liverpool Photography Festival Look 11 starts Friday 13th May. http://www.look2011.co.uk/ My newly commissioned work 'Dogs in Cages' will be showing at the Bluecoat Gallery as part of the 'Confined'… Organized by Look 11 | Type: photography, festival
May 14, 2011 to July 10, 2011 – City Art Centre For the first time in over a decade five floors of the City Art Centre will be devoted to a display from the City's art collection. Spanning over 400 years of work, a great many of Scotland's leading… Organized by City Art Centre | Type: exhibition
May 18, 2011 to July 4, 2011 – Colmore Business District 2011 is unquestionably the year of street photography with a number of exhibitions and festivals exploring the genre taking place in cities across the UK. This exhibition is Birmingham's contribution… Organized by Pete James | Type: exhibtion
May 18, 2011 to June 4, 2011 – Daniel Blau Limited "We are only beginning to assess early photography's profound impact on the Victorian view of the world and to describe its locus in an art historical context" – Robert Hershkowitz, The British Photo… Organized by Daniel Blau Limited | Type: exhibition
May 22, 2011 to June 19, 2011 – Cannon Hall Museum Photographs by legendary photographer Harry Hammond celebrating the birth of British rock are part of a new exhibition now on show at Cannon Hall Museum, Barnsley. From Tommy Steele to the Beatles,… Organized by Cannon Hall Museum | Type: exhibition
May 23, 2011 to May 30, 2011 – WIsbech A festival to celebrate the photographic heritage of Wisbech begins next week, with a full programme of exhibitions, lectures and workshops. It will also include the 61st annual exhibition of work… Organized by | Type: festival
May 26, 2011 to April 30, 2012 – Swiss Camera Museum When films on a flexible support appeared on the market in the 1880s, the whole world of photography was radically transformed. Cameras underwent a complete metamorphosis, rapidly becoming smaller a… Organized by Swiss Camera Museum | Type: exhibition
May 27, 2011 to August 27, 2011 – FUNDACIÓN MAPFRE The FUNDACIÓN MAPFRE presents, for the first time in Spain, the work of the French photographer Eugène Atget (Libourne, 1857 - Paris, 1927), u unique master whose work made a crucial contribution to… Organized by FUNDACIÓN MAPFRE | Type: exhibition
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Well, the year is almost over. That means it is time for wrap-up lists, one of my favorite parts of the year! What are your favorite books of the year?
Below are my favorite titles published this year:
- Tennyson by Lesley M.M. Blume- I read this way back in the beginning of the year and it still stays with me. An amazing, haunting gothic tale of the fall of the south, through a young girl's eyes. I loved it and so did my students. In my review I said, "This is a novel that intelligent readers will love, because Blume does not condescend or speak down to her readers. In many ways, Tennyson reminded me of Natalie Babbitt's Tuck Everlasting. "
- Diamond Willow by Helen Frost- A more recent read, this verse novel is gorgeous. The theme of the diamond willow branch flows smoothly throughout the story and is accessible to readers of all ages. Helen Frost is a master storyteller and I can't wait to share this with my students.
- Every Soul A Star by Wendy Mass- I love Wendy Mass and I think this is one of her best. It is a beautiful story with a ton of kid appeal. Plus, it made me go out and look up more information on solar eclipses. Plus, I haven't seen it since I put it in my class library. My kids absolutely love it, too!
- Six Inningsby James Preller- I don't even like baseball and I loved this book! A great book to hand to boys and girls alike, it goes much deeper than just baseball and deals with life. The characters are realistic and easy to relate to. It's just a great book all around!
- The 39 Clues (The Maze of Bones, Book 1) by Rick Riordan- Admittedly, I wasn't a big fan of this series when the news first broke. Trading cards? Online games? It sounded like a lame ploy to get kids to read. But when I gave in and read the first book, at the insistence of my class, I was hooked! This is a great mystery series full of Rick Riordan's trademark humor and realistic characters who have unrealistic lives. Needless to say, it is a huge hit in my classroom and we are all desperately awaiting the release of the third book in the series!
- Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson- Our current read-aloud, my class and I love Chains! Isabelle is a complex, multi-faceted character and her conflict with the American Revolution has made us all stop and think of our fight for independence in new ways. See my review here.
- My Father's Son by Terri Fields- I am a bonafide crime addict. Well, reading about crime, at least. And watching many, many episodes of "Law and Order". So when I had the opportunity to read and review Terri Fields' My Father's Son, I was very excited. And the book did not disappoint! Terri has crafted a fascinating story about a boy whose father is arrested and accused of being a serial killer. I couldn't put it down.
- The Underneath by Kathi Appelt- From my review: "The Underneath is all at once tragic, consuming, passionate, full of love, hopeful, and alternately beautiful and ugly. Appelt does the almost-impossible, by threading 3 separate stories into one amazing climax that will renew your faith in goodness and love. It is an adventure, full of magic, myth, and mysticism, of sorrow, of family – of life. Woven together like an elaborate tapestry, the result is gorgeous and awe-inspiring. Our first read-aloud of the year, both of my classes absolutely loved this story."
- The Year We Disappeared: A Father-Daughter Memoir by Cylin Busby and John Busby- This is a thrilling YA memoir with huge adult crossover appeal. In this day and age of TV crime dramas, this true story of a family very nearly destroyed by the brutal shooting of their police officer father will grip readers. And the fact that it is 100% true will horrify readers.
- the dead and the gone by Susan Beth Pfeffer- Susan Beth Pfeffer is single-handedly responsible for many of the voracious readers in my class. I am telling you- hand any reluctant reader a copy of the dead and the gone and they will be begging for more. The companion novel to her Life As We Knew It, takes place in NYC after a meteor has knocked the moon out of orbit. It's absolutely terrifying, in a fantastic way!
- What I Saw And How I Lied by Judy Blundell- This sat on my TBR pile until it was nominated for the National Book Award (which it eventually won). The nomination moved it up on the pile, as I finally learned what it was about. (The ARC had no blurb or summary!). Judy Blundell has woven an intricate story, full of dark twists and turns down paths you can't even imagine. There is murder, intrigue, a fascinating backdrop of World War II, racism, classism, and a classic (but dark) coming-of-age story. This is a gorgeous book and one I would love to see used in classrooms over the next few years!
I read about 150 books this year, as of December 26th. These are just a few of my favorites. Ask me again tomorrow, and you will probably get a different list! But I would to know what your favorite novels were this year.
Filed under: Best of 2008 | Tagged: 39 clues, best books of 2008, Best of 2008, cylin busby, helen frost, james preller, john busby, judy blundell, kathi appelt, kidlitosphere, laurie halse anderson, lesley m.m. blume, susan beth pfeffer, terri fields, the underneath, Wendy Mass | 4 Comments »

subset: commoncrawl


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New event. Winter Storm Watch from 1/25/2023 4:00 AM to 8:00 PM EST for 45875. More information.
This page has been established as a way to share information with the Citizens and visitors of Ottawa Ohio. It is for informational purposes only and criminal violations should be reported by calling 911 or (419) 523-3208 or (419) 523-3449. We reserve the right to remove any postings that are deemed inappropriate.
All suspects featured on this page are assumed innocent until they are proven guilty in either Putnam Municipal Court or Putnam County Common Pleas Court as applies.


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- 1 What is SE for Android?
- 2 Merge Status
- 3 Papers and Presentations
- 4 How do I get the code?
- 5 Git Trees and Branches
- 6 Fedora-Specific Notes
- 7 Building for the Emulator
- 8 Building for a Device
- 9 Building Kernels
- 10 Getting Started
- 11 Policy
- 12 Policy Updates
- 13 Addressing Hidden Denials
- 14 Running the CTS
- 15 Middleware MAC
- 16 For More Information
- 17 External Tools
- 18 External Documentation
What is SE for Android?
Security Enhancements for Android™ (SE for Android) is a project to identify and address critical gaps in the security of Android. Initially, the project is enabling the use of SELinux in Android in order to limit the damage that can be done by flawed or malicious apps and in order to enforce separation guarantees between apps. However, the scope of the project is not limited to SELinux.
SE for Android also refers to the reference implementation produced by the project. The current reference implementation provides a worked example of how to enable and apply SELinux at the lower layers of the Android software stack and provides a working demonstration of the value provided by SELinux in confining various root exploits and application vulnerabilities.
Merge Status
Android 4.3 was the first Android release version to fully include and enable the SELinux support contributed by the SE for Android project. Android 4.4 is the first release to put SELinux into enforcing mode, beginning by confining a specific set of root daemons.
The Android SELinux support is discussed in https://source.android.com/devices/tech/security/se-linux.html.
You can build Android 4.3 or later and drop in a SELinux-enabled kernel without requiring further changes if you only want the core SELinux functionality. Under 4.3, you will still need to put the device into enforcing mode, which you can do temporarily via an adb shell su 0 setenforce 1 or permanently by putting setenforce 1 into the init.rc file (make sure the device boots and operates without denials first, as per Getting Started). Under 4.4, the system starts in global enforcing mode although many domains are in per-domain permissive mode by default.
What is missing from mainline Android presently is:
- Any of the middleware MAC mechanisms, including install-time MAC, except for a restricted form of its seinfo support for labeling apps.
- Our tools for building and using policy update bundles.
- Our sample policy configuration (Android 4.3 shipped with a policy that was fully permissive and unconfined, while Android 4.4 begins to apply enforcing mode to a specific set of domains).
- Some improvements to how policy reloading is handled, particularly avoiding the need to restart daemons.
- Proper security labeling of multi-user data directories.
If you want this additional functionality or our sample policy configuration, you will still need to download and use our modified projects as described below.
Papers and Presentations
- The Case for SE Android, Linux Security Summit 2011, Sep 2011. Slides
- The Case for Security Enhanced (SE) Android, Android Builders Summit 2012, Feb 2012. Slides Video
- Security Enhanced (SE) Android, 16th Semi-Annual Software Assurance Forum, Mar 2012. Slides
- Security Enhanced (SE) Android, LinuxCon North America 2012, Aug 2012. Slides
- Middleware MAC for Android, Linux Security Summit 2012, Aug 2012. Slides
- Security Enhanced (SE) Android: Bringing Flexible MAC to Android, 20th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS '13), Feb 2013. Paper Slides
- Laying a Secure Foundation for Mobile Devices, 20th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS '13), Feb 2013. Slides
- Laying a Secure Foundation for Mobile Devices, International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Chesapeake Chapter Monthly Meeting, Aug 2013. Slides
- Security Enhancements (SE) for Android, Android Builders Summit 2014, Apr 2014. Slides
How do I get the code?
First, you should make sure that you are able to successfully download, build and run the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) source code by following the instructions starting from http://source.android.com/source/initializing.html.
The AOSP instructions are for Ubuntu or MacOS X users; we are building on 64-bit Fedora. Some Fedora-specific notes can be found further below. Ubuntu or MacOS X should also work as build hosts; see the AOSP instructions for specific information about building AOSP on those operating systems.
General questions about building and running Android should be directed to the android-building discussion group. Only questions specific to SE for Android should be directed to the seandroid-list mailing list.
Using the master branch
SE for Android development is done relative to the master branch of AOSP, with our remaining changes on a seandroid branch. If you want to work with the latest SE for Android code, you should clone the master branch of AOSP as your starting point. As the bulk of our changes have been merged to AOSP master, you can work directly with the AOSP master branch and not follow the remaining steps below if you only want to use the features and policy that have been merged to AOSP. You only need to follow the instructions below if you want our remaining changes that have not yet been merged to AOSP, such as the ability to assign seinfo values to third party apps, our middleware MAC mechanisms, or our policy configuration.
You can obtain a seandroid.xml local manifest file specifying the projects to override with our remaining modified ones from https://bitbucket.org/seandroid/manifests. Create a local_manifests subdirectory under the .repo subdirectory of your AOSP clone, copy the seandroid.xml file to .repo/local_manifests, and then run repo sync. Your tree should now include our modifications.
The git projects can be accessed using https or ssh. Cloning via https from bitbucket.org can sometimes fail, particularly for large repos. Cloning via ssh requires that you first set up an account on bitbucket.org and upload a public key.
An abbreviated example sequence of commands is shown below for downloading the AOSP master branch with our modifications using https-based access.
git clone https://bitbucket.org/seandroid/manifests.git mkdir seandroid cd seandroid repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest repo sync mkdir .repo/local_manifests cp ../manifests/seandroid.xml .repo/local_manifests repo sync
If you have set up an account on bitbucket.org and uploaded a ssh public key, you can use the seandroid-ssh.xml local manifest file instead.
Using a release version
We have created branches of SE for Android relative to specific Android release versions. If you want to use a stable release of Android as your baseline, then you should clone the corresponding release tag of AOSP as your starting point.
You can obtain a seandroid-x.y.z.xml local manifest file specifying the projects to override with our modified ones from https://bitbucket.org/seandroid/manifests. Create a local_manifests subdirectory under the .repo subdirectory of your AOSP clone, copy the seandroid-x.y.z.xml file to .repo/local_manifests, and then run repo sync. Your tree should now include our modifications relative to the released version.
An abbreviated example sequence of commands is shown below for downloading the android-4.4.3_r1.1 release with our modifications.
git clone https://bitbucket.org/seandroid/manifests.git mkdir seandroid-4.4.3 cd seandroid-4.4.3 repo init -u https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest -b android-4.4.3_r1.1 repo sync mkdir .repo/local_manifests cp ../manifests/seandroid-4.4.3.xml .repo/local_manifests repo sync
If you have set up an account on bitbucket.org and uploaded a ssh public key, you can use the seandroid-4.4.3-ssh.xml local manifest file instead.
Git Trees and Branches
In addition to using repo to clone SE for Android, it is also possible to directly clone the SE for Android git repos via git if you merely want to examine the trees. The projects can be cloned via:
git clone https://bitbucket.org/seandroid/ + project path
where the "+ project path" is replaced by the path to the specific git project you wish to clone.
Each kernel project has a seandroid-<board>-<version> branch that was forked from the existing android-<board>-<version> branch. You can extract individual patches from the kernel project by running git format-patch <remote-name>/android-<board>-<version>. If you cloned via repo, then the <remote-name> will be bitbucket; if you cloned directly via git clone, then the <remote-name> will be origin. Example for the Nexus 5 kernel for Android 4.4.3:
cd kernel/msm git checkout bitbucket/seandroid-msm-hammerhead-3.4-kitkat-mr2 git format-patch bitbucket/android-msm-hammerhead-3.4-kitkat-mr2
Each modified AOSP project has a seandroid-<release> branch that was forked from the corresponding release tag. You can extract individual patches from the AOSP trees by running git format-patch <release-tag>.
Example for frameworks/base relative to the 4.4.3 release, assuming you cloned the seandroid-4.4.3 branch:
cd seandroid-4.4.3/frameworks/base git format-patch android-4.4.3_r1.1
Fedora-Specific Notes
AOSP only officially supports building on specific versions of Ubuntu and MacOS X. We have been building on Fedora in addition to Ubuntu and MacOS X. This section contains some tips for building on Fedora if you wish to do so. We have successfully built on 64-bit Fedora. Beyond a typical install, we typically have to install the following to build AOSP. The precise package list may vary for different versions of Fedora.
yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Development Libraries" yum install gperf perl-Switch yum install glibc.i686 glibc-devel.i686 libstdc++.i686 zlib-devel.i686 ncurses-devel.i686 libX11-devel.i686 libXrender.i686 libXrandr.i686 readline-devel.i686 mesa-libGL-devel.i686
You will need to add udev rules under /etc/udev/rules.d if you want to be able to access a device via adb without being root. For example:
$ cat /etc/udev/rules.d/51-android.rules ATTR{idVendor}=="18d1", MODE="0666" ATTR{idVendor}=="22b8", MODE="0666" ATTR{idVendor}=="04e8", MODE="0666"
You can get adb, fastboot, etc in your path by running the following:
export PREFIX=/path/to/your/aospclone cd $PREFIX source build/envsetup.sh setpaths
If you have run lunch in the same shell in order to build AOSP, then your path is already set correctly.
Building for the Emulator
You can build the Android userspace in the usual manner:
cd $PREFIX source build/envsetup.sh lunch aosp_arm-eng make
In 4.4, you can start the emulator with SELinux in permissive mode via:
emulator -qemu -append androidboot.selinux=permissive
On AOSP master, a direct emulator option has been added for the same functionality:
emulator -selinux permissive
Building for a Device
It is advisable to make a backup of your device prior to trying to install AOSP on it, typically using a recovery ROM such as ClockworkMod. Also note that you will erase your user data when you unlock the bootloader. Finally, keep in mind that AOSP does not include various proprietary apps such as the Google apps so you will not have them in your build unless you extract a copy from your device and re-package them for your build.
Follow the AOSP instructions for building for your device as per http://source.android.com/source/building-devices.html, e.g. for the Nexus 5:
cd $PREFIX source build/envsetup.sh lunch full_hammerhead-userdebug make
The above example uses the userdebug build variant. For a production build, you should use a user build instead, e.g.
lunch full_hammerhead-user
The build system signs packages with the testkeys provided in the source tree. Because the testkeys are part of the standard Android open source distribution, they should never be used for production devices. Instead, you should generate and use your own private keys for creating production builds. The development/tools/make_key script can be used to generate keys; you can see how it was used to generate the test keys in the build/target/product/security/README file. Note that if you generate your own keys for signing, you need to update the external/sepolicy/keys.conf configuration with the paths to the production keys. This configuration is used to generate the final mac_permissions.xml configuration. The build/tools/releasetools/sign_target_files_apks script has been updated to automatically rewrite mac_permissions.xml with the new certificate values when re-signing apks.
Building Kernels
To use SE for Android, you will need a kernel with the necessary support for SELinux. On 4.3 or later, the prebuilt kernels include SELinux support so you do not need to build your own kernel. However, you may still wish to build your own kernel to enable more complete auditing support (in particular pathname collection for syscall audit) and other features that are only presently in our kernel trees.
Various kernel source trees are available under the kernel/ directory. Use the right kernel tree, branch and configuration for your device. For example, to build for the Nexus 5 phone, you would do the following:
export PREFIX=/path/to/your/aospclone cd $PREFIX/kernel/msm git checkout seandroid-msm-hammerhead-3.4-kitkat-mr1 make ARCH=arm hammerhead_defconfig make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=$PREFIX/prebuilts/gcc/linux-x86/arm/arm-eabi-4.6/bin/arm-eabi-
On MacOS X, you need to specify the darwin-x86 compiler toolchain instead of the linux-x86 toolchain:
make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=$PREFIX/prebuilts/gcc/darwin-x86/arm/arm-eabi-4.6/bin/arm-eabi-
General AOSP instructions for building kernels can be found at: http://source.android.com/source/building-kernels.html. However, those instructions are for rebuilding the kernel that matches the AOSP prebuilt kernel; you will need to instead use our branches or port our modifications over to the kernel you are using.
The correct kernel project, branch, and config to use for each device is shown below. Note that there may be multiple branches in the same kernel project for different Android versions or different devices. Older branches may also exist for earlier Android releases.
|Nexus 5 (hammerhead)
|Nexus 7 2013 (flo/deb)
|Nexus 10 (manta)
|Nexus 4 (mako)
|Does not support TARGET_PREBUILT_KERNEL.
|Nexus 7 (grouper/tilapia)
|emulator (goldfish)
|Use -kernel option to emulator.
For the device, you need your modified kernel to be included in the boot partition image (boot.img) rather than the prebuilt kernel. You can do this by specifying TARGET_PREBUILT_KERNEL to refer to the location of your kernel. You can alternatively unpack the boot image and repack it with your own kernel after building AOSP.
Getting Started
Once you have the emulator or a device running SE for Android, you can run adb shell and then look for signs that SELinux is present, e.g.
getenforce ls -Z ps -Z dmesg | grep SELinux
On 4.3 and earlier, SELinux defaults to permissive mode, i.e. it will log denials but not enforce them, unless set to enforcing via SEAdmin or by placing a setenforce 1 command in an init.rc file. On 4.4 and later, SELinux defaults to enforcing unless androidboot.selinux=permissive is passed as a command line argument to the kernel.
Before putting a new board/device into enforcing mode, make sure you don't have any residual denials to address in your policy, e.g.
adb shell su 0 dmesg | grep avc:
should show no output.
In AOSP master, avc denials are also logged to logcat, so you can instead check for denials in your logcat output, e.g.
adb logcat | grep avc:
To change enforcing mode at runtime, you can run the setenforce command from an adb root shell, e.g.:
# Check current enforcing status. adb shell getenforce # Switch to enforcing. adb shell su 0 setenforce 1 # Switch back to permissive. adb shell su 0 setenforce 0
In addition to the global enforcing mode, SELinux supports a per-domain permissive mode that allows specific processes to operate in permissive mode while the rest of the system remains enforcing. Per-domain permissive mode is specified in the policy sources via "permissive" declarations.
You can capture policy denials for later use in policy debugging as follows:
adb shell su 0 cat /proc/kmsg > log.txt &
If on AOSP master, you can redirect logcat output to a file to capture policy denials for later use,
adb logcat > log.txt &
You can later apply standard SELinux tools such as audit2allow to these logs, as in:
audit2allow -p out/target/product/<device>/root/sepolicy < log.txt
However, note that you must specify that you are using a policy other than the SELinux policy active on the build host by using the -p option as shown above.
The SE for Android policy sources are located under external/sepolicy. The policy consists of source files used to generate the SELinux kernel policy file, a file_contexts configuration, a property_contexts configuration, a seapp_contexts configuration, and a mac_permissions.xml configuration. The file_contexts configuration is used to label files at build time (e.g. the system partition) and at runtime (e.g. device nodes, service socket files, /data directories created by init.rc, ...). The property_contexts configuration is used to specify the security context of Android properties for permission checking purposes. The seapp_contexts configuration is used to label app processes and app package directories. The mac_permissions.xml configuration is the middleware MAC policy. The property_contexts, seapp_contexts, and mac_permissions.xml configurations are unique to SE for Android (i.e. they were not part of the regular SELinux policy).
Device-specific policy can be specified by defining BOARD_SEPOLICY_DIRS, BOARD_SEPOLICY_UNION and/or BOARD_SEPOLICY_REPLACE variables in a BoardConfig.mk file under the device/<vendor>/<device> or vendor/<vendor>/<device> directories. An example can be found in device/samsung/tuna/BoardConfig.mk, which defines these variables to reference device-specific policy files under device/samsung/tuna/sepolicy. Documentation for per-device policy can be found in external/sepolicy/README.
SELinux kernel policy is presently compiled as part of the Android build and added to the ramdisk image so that it can be loaded by init very early in boot, before mounting the system partition. Once the data partition has been mounted, policy can be updated by placing policy files under a subdirectory of /data/security, creating a symbolic link named current under /data/security to that subdirectory, and setting the selinux.reload_policy property to 1 (setprop selinux.reload_policy 1). This will trigger a reload of policy by init. Note that for the kernel policy, you must recompile the sepolicy file (make sepolicy) on the build host and push that to the subdirectory of /data/security, not the source .te files. If you want the policy to be loaded from /data/security automatically on each boot, add the setprop command to the post-fs-data section of the init.rc file (we have done this on our branches).
Historical note: The location for updated policy files was originally the existing /data/system directory and then later moved to its own /data/security directory. In 4.3, the code was further changed to look under /data/security/current, where current is expected to be a symlink to the actual location (typically a subdirectory of /data/security), in order to more easily support policy updates. See below for an example of using this mechanism to load a policy with dontaudit rules removed.
Policy Updates
Prior to Android 4.3, we developed a set of extensions to the Android device admin APIs for setting enforcing mode, policy booleans, and providing updated policy files to drop under the /data/security directory. Those APIs were demonstrated by the SEAdmin app. However, the APIs were not accepted into AOSP and have been dropped from our branches.
Android 4.3 extended the ConfigUpdate mechanism for handling various kinds of configuration updates to also support SELinux policy updates (via the SELinuxPolicyInstallReceiver). Using this mechanism requires creating a signed policy bundle that can be shipped to the device and then broadcasting an android.intent.action.UPDATE_SEPOLICY Intent on the device to trigger the SELinuxPolicyInstallReceiver to validate the bundle, unpack the policy files from it under /data/security/contexts (with a symbolic link created from /data/security/current) and trigger a policy reload to load the new policy files.
We have added a buildsebundle tool to our external/sepolicy project to support building the policy bundle file and metadata file required by the ConfigUpdate mechanism and packaging them into a zip file that can be pushed to the device. We have also extended SEAdmin to support taking one of these zip files, unzip it, and generate the Intent to trigger the policy update. The use of a zip file to package the bundle and the metadata file isn't necessary but is merely a convenience for delivering the files to the device. SEAdmin was also extended to extract the certificate from otacerts.zip on the device and insert it into the Settings.Secure database on boot, which is required for the ConfigUpdate code to verify the bundle signature. Normally this would be handled in some other way as part of the original provisioning of the device.
You can run buildsebundle without any arguments to see a help message. Sample usage is shown below (presumes you already have built SE for Android):
source build/envsetup.sh lunch full_manta-userdebug make buildsebundle buildsebundle -k build/target/product/security/testkey.pk8 out/target/product/manta/root/* out/target/product/manta/system/etc/security/mac_permissions.xml adb push selinux_bundle.zip /sdcard/
Note that buildsebundle will look for files with the expected names for the SELinux policy files from the list of files passed to it and will ignore any others, which is why we can pass a wildcard path above. All of the SELinux policy files must be included in the update; you cannot only include a subset of them. Also note that the key specified above is the testkey used by default in AOSP builds; if you generated and are using your own keys for a production device, you will need to specify the path to it. If you create subsequent policy update bundles, you will need to specify the -v option to buildsebundle with an incrementing version number in order for the update to be applied; the default is 1. You can optionally specify a -r option with the hash of the previously installed bundle to make installation dependent on a specific prior update. The hash can be computed via openssl sha512 update_bundle, where update_bundle can be extracted from the zip file for the prior update.
Then, on the device, run SEAdmin, select Kernel and MMAC Policy under POLICY UPDATE OPTIONS, and select Reload Kernel Policies. From an adb shell, check dmesg to confirm that policy was reloaded from /data/security/current/sepolicy, and check the contents of /data/security to see the unpacked policy files under /data/security/contexts.
We have also extended the ConfigUpdate mechanism to handle policy reloads for eops.xml policy files. A new EopsInstallReceiver has been created to support eops.xml updates. The new receiver works in a similar manner to the SELinuxPolicyInstallReceiver; using a signed bundle to deliver the policy update files after receiving an android.intent.action.UPDATE_EOPS broadcast. Each new mechanism will drop the relevant policy files under /data/security and take precedence over their /system equivalents. Note, the eops.xml file will be loaded and applied at runtime whereas the new mac_permissions.xml policy requires a reboot of the device.
We have also extended the buildbundle suite of tools (external/sepolicy/tools/build_bundle) to help construct the needed signed bundles to deliver to the ConfigUpdate mechanism; buildeopbundle for eops.xml bundles. The output of each will produce a zip file ready to be delivered to the sdcard and then loaded via new SEAdmin app mechanisms
Lastly, we have started to make use of the IntentFirewall code already present in AOSP since 4.3. A very simple policy can be found at external/sepolicy/ifw.xml which serves to just document the syntax rather than provide a full policy at this time. IntentFirewall can place restrictions on ICC much like our now defunct intent_mac code could do; providing the ability to restrict startActivity, startService, bindService, stopService and sendBroadcast requests. No /system intent firewall policy file is supported at this time but rather new policies are loaded to /data/system/ifw via our SEAdmin app through existing ConfigUpdater backend code. Each new policy that is reloaded is applied dynamically and thus requires no reboot of the device. We have likewise built a new buildifwbundle tool to help build a signed zip to deliver to the existing IntentFirewallInstallReceiver mechanism and then reloaded via a trigger in our SEAdmin app.
Addressing Hidden Denials
If you encounter permission denials while in enforcing mode but do not see any avc: denied messages in the dmesg or logcat output, then you may need to install a modified policy with dontaudit rules stripped in order to find the underlying cause. The dontaudit rules are normally present to avoid noise in the audit logs from harmless application probing or permission tests used to select a different code path rather than being required for operation. To install and load the policy with dontaudit rules removed, do the following:
cd out/target/product/<device>/obj/ETC/sepolicy_intermediates adb push sepolicy.dontaudit /data/local/tmp adb shell su cd /data/local/tmp mkdir /data/security/dontaudit cp sepolicy.dontaudit /data/security/dontaudit/sepolicy cd /data/security ln -s dontaudit current setprop selinux.reload_policy 1
Then re-test the operation that was failing and collect the avc: denied messages from dmesg. Be careful to not blindly allow all such permissions as many of them will be unnecessary and not directly relevant to the operation that was failing. When you are finished testing, revert to the original policy as follows:
adb shell su rm /data/security/current setprop selinux.reload_policy 1
Running the CTS
If you want to run the Android Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) with SE for Android, you should follow the standard instructions as per http://source.android.com/compatibility/.
On 4.3 and earlier, you will need to enable enforcing mode if you want to test the impact of an enforcing SE for Android system. This can be done by executing the following command before running the CTS. You should make sure you can run the CTS successfully in permissive mode before trying enforcing mode.
adb shell su 0 setenforce 1
You can also add the setenforce command to your init.rc file to cause it to be executed automatically on each boot of the device, or you can set the enforcing status using SEAdmin.
On 4.4 or later, SELinux is always enforcing.
You may wish to collect any permission denials and log messages that occur during the CTS execution for later use in diagnosing failures and amending the policy to better support the CTS.
adb shell su 0 cat /proc/kmsg > dmesg.txt & adb shell logcat > log.txt &
Middleware MAC
In addition to the SELinux enhancements to Android, we have a set of extensions to the Android middleware that provide different forms of mandatory restrictions over the Android permissions and Inter-Component Communication (ICC) model. These extensions are collectively referred to as middleware MAC or MMAC. The MMAC mechanisms are described further below.
Install-time MAC
Install-time MAC assigns a seinfo value to each app when it is installed based on a MAC policy configuration (found in external/sepolicy/mac_permissions.xml in the source tree and as /system/etc/security/mac_permissions.xml on the device). The assignment can be based on the app certificate and optionally refined on a per-package basis. If there is no matching entry in mac_permissions.xml and there is no default stanza, then our implementation will refuse to install/load the app at all (this behavior is not present in AOSP however). The seinfo value is subsequently used to determine the SELinux security context for the app process and its /data/data directory based on the seapp_contexts configuration (external/sepolicy/seapp_contexts in the source tree, installed to /seapp_contexts). Our external/sepolicy project includes a tool named setool that can be used to generate policy stanzas for mac_permissions.xml or to check whether a given apk would violate a given mac_permissions.xml configuration:
# Generate a stanza assigning the release seinfo value to this package only. setool --seinfo release --build package /path/to/foo.apk # Generate a stanza assigning the release seinfo value to all packages with this signature. setool --seinfo release --build keys /path/to/foo.apk # Check if the apk is assigned a seinfo value by mac_permissions.xml setool --policy /path/to/mac_permissions.xml /path/to/foo.apk
Enterprise Operations (EOps)
This MMAC mechanism builds upon the AppOps functionality introduced in Android 4.3 and extends it to support enterprise control over certain runtime application operations. EOps can be configured via the external/sepolicy/eops.xml file in the source tree (installed as /system/etc/security/eops.xml). EOps leverages the existing seinfo tags that are assigned to apps upon installation by the Install-time MAC mechanism as a way to group apps into equivalence classes for identifying what operations to block. Operations identified in the eops.xml configuration are locked and cannot be allowed via AppOps. The SEAdmin app has been extended to enable the hidden AppOps interface, but the EOps mechanism is not in any way dependent on the SEAdmin app for operation and the SEAdmin app cannot override settings locked by the eops.xml configuration. Further xml configuration files can be pushed to /data/security/eops to further restrict the configuration. See the Policy Updates section for a discussion of how to load additional configurations for EOps at runtime.
IntentFirewall is a mechanism introduced in Android 4.3 and later. We are presently exploring its use as a potential replacement for our experimental Intent MAC mechanism. See the Policy Updates section for a discussion of how to load a configuration for IntentFirewall.
For More Information
Questions about SE for Android may be directed to the public seandroid-list AT tycho.nsa.gov mailing list. You can subscribe to the list by sending an email to seandroid-list-join AT tycho.nsa.gov. You must subscribe before posting to seandroid-list AT tycho.nsa.gov. List archives are available via MARC or GMANE or mail-archive.com.
You may also send private email to our team alias, seandroid AT tycho.nsa.gov. However, whenever possible, please use the public mailing list.
Early SE for Android discussions occurred on the public selinux mailing list prior to the creation of the seandroid-list. You can search the selinux mailing list archives at MARC or GMANE for "android" if you want to read those early discussions.
External Tools
- fixup : script for converting allow rules to use macros
- sepolicy-inject : tool for adding rules to an existing binary policy
- seandroidadmin : fork of SEAdmin for GS4
External Documentation
Android is a trademark of Google Inc.


text:
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text:
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text:
Over the weekend, I read D.T. Max's biography of David Foster Wallace entitled Every Love Story is a Ghost Story. If you're reading this, it seems vanishingly unlikely that you haven't first heard about the biography elsewhere. So in a way, I feel silly even mentioning it because my doing so seems a little bit like cheering for a game that's already over. All the people whose opinions people want to hear have already spoken up. But it's a book about stuff that's important to me, so I also feel weird just not saying anything at all.
I had written a long rambly thing connecting my affinity with Wallace's work when I first encountered it in the form of Infinite Jest 15 years ago to an affinity that Holden Caulfield expresses for Thomas Hardy and Ring Lardner. It was self-indulgent and stupid and all a round-about way of saying that Wallace's work has been a major influence on the way I read, write, think (and think about thinking), and live.
Unsatisfied with the long preface I had written for what would be a very brief review of Max's book, I put it aside and thought about abandoning it. But then a few comments about the book landed on the wallace-l email list, one of which curtly described the book as "thin." A follow-up comment expanded by saying that the biography gave us little that we didn't already pretty much know from Wallace's own words in his books and interviews.
Well, this is partially true. But I think it also misses the point. You can't exactly pry secrets from a ghost, and there's something grave-robberish about digging for too much grit from family and friends for whom Wallace's death is still no doubt a bit of a wound. Although Max does give a fair amount of background about Wallace's early struggles both personal and authorial, it tapers off substantially as we move to Wallace's years post-Infinite Jest. If you're hoping to read Wallace's suicide note or to learn lots of new information about the circumstances of his last decline and death, you'll be disappointed; there's very little substantially new information here about his last days beyond what came out in a couple of long articles shortly after Wallace's death.
Every Love Story is a Ghost Story is a book more about drawing broad lines between things that happened in Wallace's life and things that appeared in his writing than about divulging every nasty or saintly thing he ever did. Although the author of the "thin" comment seems to have wanted the latter, I'm grateful that Max gave us the former. I feel like it helped me to better understand Wallace's Gately-ish transformation as both he and his work matured, which made me feel good about where Wallace had been headed, if also really sad about where he wound up.
I think a book divulging many more details of Wallace's life would have been simply sordid. And a book doing much more in the way of line-drawing and analysis would have been tiresome and speculative. What Max gives us instead is a book that provides a comfortable balance of detail and analysis. It's a sympathetic and gentle book in the way that David Lipsky's Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself was, and like Lipsky's book, I think Max's is a sort of gift.


text:
(yù qín gù zòng)
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text:
Dan Ariely, Professor of Economics at Duke University, has an article in the UK publication "The Independant," in which he details some of the scenarios his team studied that show how people can behave irrationally in various situations. Part of the article is excerpted below.
* * *
Next time you hit the town in search of a date, take a friend who looks similar to you, but is slightly less attractive. We presented participants with two portraits – Mike and John – and asked them to choose whom they'd rather date. For half the participants we distorted the picture of Mike and added it to the set, so they had John, Mike and an ugly version of Mike to choose from. For the other half of the students, we distorted John, so they had Mike, John and an ugly John.
When the ugly version of Mike was presented, the attractive version of Mike became the most desirable date. And when the ugly version of John was presented, John's attractive version became the most desirable.
It is very hard for us to evaluate things in absolute terms. So, we evaluate products and people in relative terms, which makes us vulnerable to this kind of trap, called the asymmetric dominance effect.
Spending power
We asked a group of MBA students to write down the last two digits of their Social Security number next to the descriptions of a few products. We then asked them if they would pay the amount of money indicated by these numbers (79 became $79 and so on) for each of the products.
We then asked them to bid on the items in an auction. It turned out that people with higher Social Security numbers were willing to pay more.
What was going on? It's not that people with high Social Security numbers are willing to pay more for everything in general. Instead, it is what's known as the power of first decision. Once people start thinking of something as having a specific value, they do so not just once, but repeatedly.
Dan Ariely's book is called Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions. Below is an excerpt from the book.
* * *
So we live in two worlds: one characterized by social exchanges and the other characterized by market exchanges. And we apply different norms to these two kinds of relationships. Moreover, introducing market norms into social exchanges, as we have seen, violates the social norms and hurts the relationships. Once this type of mistake has been committed, recovering a social relationship is difficult. Once you've offered to pay for the delightful Thanksgiving dinner, your mother-in-law will remember the incident for years to come. And if you've ever offered a potential romantic partner the chance to cut to the chase, split the cost of the courting process, and simply go to bed, the odds are that you will have wrecked the romance forever.
My good friends Uri Gneezy (a professor at the University of California at San Diego) and Aldo Rustichini (a professor at the University of Minnesota) provided a very clever test of the long-term effects of a switch from social to market norms. A few years ago, they studied a day care center in Israel to determine whether imposing a fine on parents who arrived late to pick up their children was a useful deterrent. Uri and Aldo concluded that the fine didn't work well, and in fact it had long-term negative effects. Why? Before the fine was introduced, the teachers and parents had a social contract, with social norms about being late. Thus, if parents were late — as they occasionally were — they felt guilty about it — and their guilt compelled them to be more prompt in picking up their kids in the future. (In Israel, guilt seems to be an effective way to get compliance.) But once the fine was imposed, the day care center had inadvertently replaced the social norms with market norms. Now that the parents were paying for their tardiness, they interpreted the situation in terms of market norms. In other words, since they were being fined, they could decide for themselves whether to be late or not, and they frequently chose to be late. Needless to say, this was not what the day care center intended.
But the real story only started here. The most interesting part occurred a few weeks later, when the day care center removed the fine. Now the center was back to the social norm. Would the parents also return to the social norm? Would their guilt return as well? Not at all. Once the fine was removed, the behavior of the parents didn't change. They continued to pick up their kids late. In fact, when the fine was removed, there was a slight increase in the number of tardy pickups (after all, both the social norms and the fine had been removed).
This experiment illustrates an unfortunate fact: when a social norm collides with a market norm, the social norm goes away for a long time. In other words, social relationships are not easy to reestablish. Once the bloom is off the rose — once a social norm is trumped by a market norm — it will rarely return.
* * *
To listen to an interesting, nine-minute All Things Considered interview of Dan Ariely, click here. In addition, a podcast with an interview of Professor Ariely and describing more of his research can be found at Open Source, while an interview with him from ABC Radio National can be heard by clicking here. Image from Harper Collins. We'll have another post on Ariely's book later this week.


text: Most of the paintings you will see here are from my wife. She was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis in 2003 after experiencing double vision. She always loved to paint ever since she was a child. The collections of her Paintings shown in my art gallery (available via prints only). Most are from 2006 to present. I myself like to take pictures of various things in nature, as well as write poetry within paintings. I do like to paint myself as my wife inspired me to release my inner artist. Better and higher resolution posters, more paintings and photos.I'll be adding more as they become available!Check out our gallery often or visit our website: https://www.timelessartoncanvas.comFor more fun products and gift ideas, such as dog beds, Lampshades, pillows and more. Do visit our online store @:http://www.zazzle.com/timelessartoncanvas*ORhttp://shopvida.com/collections/timeless-art-on-canvasORhttps://www.cowcow.com/artist/timelessartoncanvas Little Modern, A Little Traditional, And A lot of Imagination!Our Goal is for you to be able to place a great piece of art into your home or business!Proud winner of the NDEAM Art Contest of 2015. The Painting that won, was the Horse I Named TIPTON JOE. The painting itself will be proudly hanging in the Government Offices of Texas. Thousands of the Posters will be distributed throughout the United States.


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I, Vasco de CS – your intrepid kosher Conquistador – in an effort to bring all that's kosher and great to The Kosher Scene, set about on an journey to find the variety of kosher cheeses available in New York City. Accompanied by Elizabeth Bland a world class cheese expert whom I interviewed last week, (you can hear the recording here) we toured the kosher cheese sections (on Monday afternoon) sections at Zabar's on Broadway and 80th – in Manhattan – and at Fairway on Broadway and 74th.
Ms. Bland's encyclopedic knowledge of all things cheese was immediately evident as she explained the various types of kosher cheese and hechsherim from around the world.
There were selections from Israel, France, Spain, Italy, UK, New York State, Wisconsin, etc, etc….. She had tasted every one and had much to say about each. The rich selection was comprised of both cholov Yisroel and non cholov Yisroel types. Made from cow's milk, goat milk, raw milk, some were very pungent, some were very sharp, some were mild in taste and smell.Elizabeth clarified some major differences amoungst the manufacturers, their aging processes along with those individual aged cheeses that require the halachic six hours waiting time before eating meat. It was great to find certain cheese companies listed how long the individual cheese had been aged, unfortunately, this is not a universal practice, but it certainly should be! It would make it faaaar easier to determine whether one is required to wait six hours or not.
We then trekked six blocks south to Fairway. It was my first visit to Fairway (we don't have one in Brooklyn) and while more crowded and with narrower isles than Zabar's, I found the variety of foods abundant and the clientele diverse. They too had a great selection of kosher cheeses from around the world, and we discovered some that we hadn't seen at Zabar's and some were not present here.
There's nothing like traveling with a seasoned navigator; my outing with Elizabeth was educational and informative; we plan a follow up with a trip to Brooklyn's Pomegranate to compare their cheese section with those we visited in the city.
Last Week's Broadcast and This Week's Upcoming One
Cheese! Cheese! Cheese! – Part 3
Cheese! Cheese! Cheese! – Part 2
Les Petites Fermières Plus Organic and Kosher


text:
From Rhoda Janzen's Mennonite in a Little Black Dress: A Memoir of Going Home (Holt):
"Al's enrollment at St. Veronica's had not been a shoe-in, but Phil and Hannah had decided that Christian guilt was better than bad math."
"With a pattern of dodgy behavior already established, I was a shoe-in for further scrutiny."
"Aaron sang close harmonies in a madrigal group, his rich-timbered baritone blending like butter."
You could argue using "shoe-in" for shoo-in and "timber" for "timbre" ought to have won Janzen an automatic spot on the shortlist. But copyeditors typically catch such mistakes and may have caught similar errors in the books of the other finalists. So Janzen gets only an honorable mention to avoid penalizing her for lapses by an editor.
Read the full review of Mennonite in a Little Black Dress.
You can also read about the 10 Delete Key Awards finalists on Janice Harayda's page on Twitter (@janiceharayda). The winner and runners-up will be announced on March 15 on One-Minute Book Reviews and Twitter.
© 2010 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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At the Independent, Robert Fisk writes:
"The destruction of Iraq's heritage in the anarchic aftermath of the Anglo-American invasion of 2003 – the looting of the national museum, the burning of the Koranic library and the wiping out of ancient Sumerian cities – may now be repeated in Syria.
"… The priceless treasures of Syria's history – of Crusader castles, ancient mosques and churches, Roman mosaics, the renowned "Dead Cities" of the north and museums stuffed with antiquities – have fallen prey to looters and destruction by armed rebels and government militias as fighting envelops the country. While the monuments and museums of the two great cities of Damascus and Aleppo have so far largely been spared, reports from across Syria tell of irreparable damage to heritage sites that have no equal in the Middle East."
Three things are going on at once: concern for historical sites is trampled by the hostilities; looting; and even ethnic cleansing. Fisk again.
In Croatia and Bosnia in the early 1990s, I saw the same thing. The pulverisation of mosques and Catholic and Orthodox churches, the smashing of gravestones – even the bulldozing of graveyards – were a form of cultural cleansing that reached its apogee in the burning of the old Sarajevo library.
The souls of Iraq and Syria are irreparably damaged when their link to their heritage as the cradle of civilization is frayed. Indeed, the world is much the worse for it. "This is why it is so important," writes Fisk, "to have an inventory of the treasures of national museums and ancient cities. Emma Cunliffe, a PhD researcher at Durham University, published the first detailed account of the state of Syrian archeological sites in her Damage to the Soul of Syria: Syria's Cultural Heritage in Conflict, listing the causes of destruction, the use of sites as military positions and what can only be called merciless looting."
Ms. Cunliffe's report, issued in May of this year, can be viewed or downloaded free at the Global Heritage Network in May of this year.


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Yesterday the Center for Kosher Culinary Arts held their graduation parties for students completing the latest Baking & Pastry Arts and Culinary Arts Programs.
Chef Philippe Kaemmerlé, the instructor of the Baking & Pastry Program, trained in France, emigrated to New York in 1986, at the age of 28, and worked as a Pastry Chef in some of New York's most prestigious restaurants (including Club 21, Windows on the World and Aquavit, among others). He's done extensive work with various celebrated caterers and started teaching at CKCA in February 2010.
Chef Philippe's meticulously trained Baking & Pastry Arts graduates – six in number, this time around – presented us with eclairs, bavarians, chocolate cake, fruit pies, bread, cheese cake and more; presentation was both aesthetic and delicious!
In the early evening Chef Avram Wiseman (no stranger to these pages!) – CKCA's Dean and Instructor of the Culinary Arts Program – presented his graduating class of eleven students.
With a cocktail style buffet we were treated to shitake tapanades, deviled eggs, salmon pinwheels, stuffed tomatoes, sushi, spicy meatballs and an assortment of other tasty delicacies.
Having eaten at various establishments where CKCA grads are employed, having tasted what these students prepared, I have no doubt that they are bound for glory and success at some fine restaurants.
Congratulations graduates! Congratulations Chef Philippe, congratulations Chef Avram, congratulations Jesse! But, stay warned… we will review the eateries where the members of these two graduating classes may find themselves.


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Poiteau Pl. 398, Neflier de Correa
Original Antique Print
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Hand-colored stipple engraving
Pomologie Français
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Wind and wave weather forecast for Acqui, Italy contains detailed information about local wind speed, direction, and gusts. Wave forecast includes wave height and period. Windy.app also provides general weather forecast: temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, precipitation, and tides.
These forecasts for Acqui are based on the GFS model and were created for windsurfing, kitesurfing, sailing and other extreme sports activities. All data updates 4 times a day. Predictions are available in steps from 1 to 3 hours for up to 10 days.


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Today's Music: Parquet Courts – Borrowed Time
Hope you all had a good week! And if you didn't, well, it's about to get better, because the Friday Foolishness leads you right into Friday night. Ok, maybe not right into it. But until sunset rolls around, you can always read some blogs, like some of what I read this week…
Nicholas Conley saw the beast, and named it the Self Cannibalistic Creative Monster. Becky talked about the tragedy that is book abandonment, and More Issues Than Time Magazine got a job!
Oh, and check out AR Neal – her book is available (free til Monday)!
Thanks for such fun reading this week, and I can't wait to see what y'all you come up with next week!
But last week, there was a poll. A special poll, a Birthday Poll. Here's are the wishes you made to go with Grippy's cake. (As always, my comments are blown out in italics.)
count all the birthday wishes on this poll… buddhakat
(As long as she does it in her Sesame Street The Count voice!)
wishing herself the happiest birthday ever!!! buddhakat
(Until next year!)
why, submitting na answer to her own poll, of course! buddhakat
(I'd have to pick her as the winner too…)
anything but submitting answer to her own poll! buddhakat
(Wait – people get to submit answers to these???)
All of the above – John Phillips
(Pity this answer wasn't on the bottom…)
Enjoying a special Wombie party, after the Zombies have gone 🙂 Andro
(Umm…W comes before Z…)
Calling into my realm of wickedness 🙂 Well I only said. Andro
(Ah, so something a bit more lighthearted for her birthday.)
Drinking a beer with Guapo (Frank)
(Isn't that more of a gift for me?)
Maybe getting reborn. Or rebirthed. Fresh is best! butimbeautiful
(She's the Birthday Mento!)
obvs she should come to Belgium! NBI
(This non-snarky response is a testament to how little I know about Belgium. Something something Beer something Chocolate? )
or we could all send her some pie – NBI
(I don't think you want to give that much leeway to this crowd…)
Doing some gripping – Benzeknees
(Hold on…)
Hanging out with her favorite (and only) daughter. – Lily In Canada
(Love the way you rigged the "favorite daughter" contest!)
Maggie O.C.says: Mocking weiners and shopping
(You're so political.)
ummmmmm…. PMAO
(PMAO speechless is the best birthday gift for anyone!)
Pole dancing in a burka. x, Becca
(Doesn't one defeat the purpose of the other?)
All of the above, naturally. Kanerva
(Always neglecting the sides…)
Partying on Cloud Nine with all of us and the Kinks! Linda Vernon
(Oh, I think we all know what kind of "cloud" rock stars make…)
Gettin' nekkid! Rutabaga
(Or just Stayin' nekkid…)
Saying "I'm 29 of course!" all day and forever (its what i do) Marie Nicole
(But she doesn't look a day over 28!)
playing Angry Birds on her cell SnB
(She killed someone over Angry Birds?!? Oh, sorry. Thought that said "in" her cell.)
Breakdancing to an 80's songs while balancing tequila on her head. What? KJ
(Shouldn't she do something out of the ordinary for her birthday?)
Congratulations to Grippy for this weeks..well…just for being her. And from the offered choices, the most popular was enjoying the hell out of herself, and knowing her online friends appreciate that she's there. (Hey, they can't all be funny, people.). To which I add a resounding HECK YEAH!
And once again, Happy birthday, Grippy, and thanks for your company.
And now here we are in this week. Heat, rain, a bit of cool. I know the climate is changing, I just didn't realize it was changing every day.
So that's this week's poll is about.
Answer early, answer often. But answer by 2359 EDT, 7 August, because that's when this one ends.
(And if you leave an "Other" answer, leave a way to identify you, and I'll link back next week.)
And until next week, when I hope we all meet again, I hope you enjoy this.
Have a great week everyone!


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In explaining the delay, Chief Justice Medhat al-Mahmoud appeared to suggest the court might be reluctant to rule on the case because of the possibility that disagreements could be resolved by political means.
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Apple has further distanced itself from Oracle's Java software framework with a Mac update released on Wednesday that removes a Java plugin from all Mac-compatible Web browsers.
Users who install the update will find a browser placeholder when they encounter Web-based content that requires Java, according to Sophos security researcher Paul Ducklin. "If you want to run Java applets in your browser on Mac OS X, you need to install the official Oracle Java runtime on the system to do that," another blogger on ghacks.net wrote. "Yes, that runs them in parallel with Apple's version for Java. For users that need both, it means to take care of two versions of Java on the system from that moment on."
Wednesday's update is the latest example of Apple distancing itself from Java. Apple stopped including pre-installed versions of Java in OS X and instead gives users the option to install the framework. More recently, Apple issued an update that turns off Java in the browser when users haven't used it recently.
The move follows advice from a variety of sources, Ars included, that users who don't regularly use Java should uninstall it from their systems. That will decrease the attack surface hackers target when looking for software vulnerabilities that allow them to install keyloggers and other malicious software on the computers they target. Ars recognizes this advice has proved controversial in the past, particularly to developers whose livelihoods depend on the wide availability of the Java platform, so readers are encouraged to think and decide for themselves.
Over the past five years or so, Java has emerged as one of the most widely exploited software packages. This is due to its wide availability on computers running Windows, OS X, and Linux and because of the ease hackers have in exploiting vulnerabilities. Calls to uninstall Java grew louder in August after word emerged that a critical Java vulnerability was under real-world attack. Within 24 hours of that discovery, attack code exploiting the vulnerability was added to BlackHole, a hack-by-numbers exploitation kit sold in underground forums. It took Oracle almost a week to fix the flaw, and even then, related critical bugs were discovered almost immediately.


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Roger Ebert's Cancer Returns; Says He's Taking "Leave of Presence"
Roger Ebert says that his cancer has returned, so it's time to slow down and take a "leave of presence."
"The immediate reason for my 'leave of presence' is my health," he writes on his Chicago Sun-Timesblog. "The painful fracture that made it difficult for me to walk has recently been revealed to be a cancer. It is being treated with radiation, which has made it impossible for me to attend as many movies as I used to... What in the world is a leave of presence? It means I am not going away. My intent is to continue to write selected reviews, but to leave the rest to a talented team of writers handpicked and greatly admired by me."
Check out must-see spring shows
In his blog, Ebert also said that he'll scale down his entries, but is widening the topics.
"At this point in my life, in addition to writing about movies, I may write about what it's like to cope with health challenges and the limitations they can force upon you," he says. "It really stinks that the cancer has returned and that I have spent too many days in the hospital. So on bad days I may write about the vulnerability that accompanies illness. On good days, I may wax ecstatic about a movie so good it transports me beyond illness."
He also added that he's launching his website under his Ebert Digital brand and is also helping Steve James on the bio-documentary that he, Steve Zaillian and Martin Scorsese are making.
Watch episodes of At the Movies in our Online Video Guide
Ebert, 70, began his career as the newspaper's film critic in 1967. He later went on to co-host a weekly film review show with Gene Siskel, which was picked up by PBS in 1978. It became At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Robert Ebert in 1982 when it was syndicated. When Siskel died in 1999, Richard Roeper, also a Sun-Times columnist, became his co-host.
Ebert has been battling his health over the last decade. In 2006, he was forced to step down from the program after undergoing surgery for thyroid cancer, as complications from the surgery severely impaired his ability to speak. He continued to review films for the Chicago Sun-Times, whileAt the Movies went on indefinite hiatus at the end of 2011.
"What's more, I'll be able at last to do what I've always fantasized about doing: reviewing only the movies I want to review," Ebert says, adding, "So on this day of reflection I say again, thank you for going on this journey with me. I'll see you at the movies."
View original Roger Ebert's Cancer Returns; Says He's Taking "Leave of Presence" at TVGuide.com
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ANAHEIM Is there a better place to take photos than at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim?
Still, it is a pretty darn good spot to snap away.
Each weekday, we spotlight a photo here at OC Disney. We run one each day that the OC Disney page runs in the Register, too: Friday, Saturday and Sunday.
You can share your photos snapped at Disneyland or Disney California Adventure with us by setting up a Flickr account at flickr.com/groups/ocrarounddisney.


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Dragons hoard treasure in their lairs. Gold, mostly, but the occasional jeweled chalice or silver goblet can be found.
As you know, Smaug did it. And now all the cool mythological reptiles are doing it. Because. Tolkien.
This trope dates back to Beowulf which was written during the time period academics call, "A wicked frickin' long time ago." That's the earliest literature I can think of where a dragon is hoarding gold.
"the…dragon…is driven to hunt out hoards underground, to guard heathen gold through age-long vigils…" – Beowulf
It's a thing. It just is.
In the wonderful world of Harry Potter, dragons are used to guard treasures in Gringotts Bank. (But, let's not go there. Evil lurks in the hearts of goblins.) In the Goblet of Fire, one of the trials in the Triwizard Tournament is to get an egg from a dragon. A golden egg.
I know what you're thinking (or maybe not). Why gold? I mean, the dragon can't walk into a cobbler's shop and order shoes. Can't buy a Van Gogh. The gold is useless. Precious…but not enjoyed. Just hoarded. So…why? And where am I going with this?
I hoard books.
I have a TBR (To Be Read) pile that is large enough to fill half my house. There are books I've been meaning to read and ones I've already read that I won't part with. A dragon could sleep, curled up, quite comfortably on top that pile. I could have a party on there with room to spare. I could send invitations with an option to bring a guest and still we'd be able to move about freely.
If I live another 100 years, I will never get a chance to read them all.
I am just like the "dragon jealously guarding its gold hoard…" *
Things don't usually go well for these dragons. I know this.
Yet…that's me. The greedy book-loving word nerd who jealously guards its book hoard. Unlike a dragon's gold, books are not useless, they are priceless. But what good are they if they're sitting here, staring longingly at me from their shelves? I should be ashamed. That I don't give my books away. That I breathe fire at anyone attempting to steal from my pile. That I hoard in the first place. Alas, I am not ashamed. And I continue to collect and hoard. *sigh* I've learned nothing.
Except that I am a dragon.
Am I a reader or a collector? Hmm… Do you hoard books or do you buy, read, give away, repeat, and keep your pile manageable? I'm wicked curious how many book-lovers out there actually have a manageable TBR pile.


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'SNL' names 6 new cast members, 'Update' co-anchor
NEW YORK - NBC says "Saturday Night Live" has added six featured players to its roster.
Beck Bennett, John Milhiser, Kyle Mooney, Mike O'Brien, Noel Wells and Brooks Wheelan will join the troupe as "SNL" enters its 39th season on Sept. 28.
Meanwhile, "SNL" executive producer Lorne Michaels says longtime "Weekend Update" anchor Seth Meyers will be joined at the "Update" desk by Cecily Strong. Last season was strong's first as an "SNL" regular.
Michaels says the plan has Strong initially sharing the "Update" desk with Meyers, then going solo when he begins hosting "Late Night" in February. An alternative option might find Meyers remaining as "Update" co-anchor even after starting his "Late Night" duties.
Michaels' remarks were first reported in The New York Times.


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