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Speaking and Attention: It All Depends?
Elizabeth Lane Lawley (henceforth Liz) posted an entry on her high-profile weblog, mamamusings, entitled "confessions of a backchannel queen." She was at an invitational symposium. The meeting room was "laptop-enabled, with power and Wifi to spare…so I headed straight for IRC." (Internet chat software, for those even more ignorant of this stuff than I am.). "At the last few tech conferences I've been at, there's been an IRC channel specifically to talk about what's happening in the presentations…so I set one up for today's symposium, and people started trickling in." This means that people who've chosen to go to a conference session immediately set up a real-time text conversation so they can be typing in their own commentary while the speakers are speaking in the same room.
You can see the whole essay and the dozens of comments that followed at mamamusings.net; it's in the March 2004 archives.
Liz says she's more comfortable expressing opinions in the text-based IRC environment than she would be face-to-face—and she "was an active participant in the ongoing backchannel as the various speakers presented their information." After lunch, she posted critical comments about a speaker's presentation and someone else called her to task. He wondered whether it was fair to criticize someone not there to defend themselves, noted that this was a scary audience, and suggested they should be more generous. Liz felt this comment "had a chilling effect, and it made me reluctant to do the kind of stream-of-consciousness chatter in the channel that I find often sparks the best responses and conversation. Context is everything, of course." She notes that people who know her know not to take her snarkier comments too seriously (sometimes we do, sometimes we don't—I think Liz takes it easy on me because I'm just a grumpy old coot).
Did Liz stop backchatting and "monitor the content" (that is, give the speakers undivided attention)? Nope. She set up another channel "specifically to house the smart-ass remarks." The results, apparently, were that the original channel quieted down—and the second channel got extreme enough so "people were noticing the ripples of laughter at times when laughter seemed inappropriate." Still, she concluded that what she got from the backchannel(s) "equaled or surpassed" what she got from the speakers—and planned to be back on IRC for the rest of the conference, "maybe in more than one channel again, maybe not." She also asserted that the backchannel is intended "to help make your presentation better."
There were lots of comments on this posting, but if it hadn't been for the very first one, I might have skipped the whole thing. Dorothea Salo (who I've never met but whose thinking and writing I also admire) said, "Knowledge that such a channel would be available and employed would nudge me pretty strongly toward not presenting at a particular conference.… There's just something that feels wrong about using the comfort you find in the textual environment to rip into the comfort of others—especially others who, at that moment, are putting a lot more of themselves on the line than any of the backchannelers."
Liz, an educator and pundit, responded that she spends most working hours "dealing with rooms full of people looking for stuff to tear down about what I'm saying" and that the backchannel "doesn't create these ideas or comments. It simply reveals them." She would rather "let this stuff out in a semi-open environment than try to pretend that it doesn't exist." She believes the backchannel lets her "understand how people are responding" and modify her presentation if need be—and to be "more realistic about the value of being up in front of a room of people, talking at (instead of with) them." She went on to suggest that people are opposed to backchannels because they haven't taken part: "Fear of the unknown is a powerful thing."
Salo responded that feedback is good but negative feedback has a tendency to snowball—then said, "We can agree to disagree. The impression I still get, though, is that yes, these channels can create negativity where it didn't exist before and no, they don't improve the presentation for everybody." She also noted that a speaker will typically not be part of the backchannel, at least not if they're doing a planned presentation! She noted the difference between a challenging room (where "energy flows openly between speaker and challengers") and a negative room, with people snarking and laughing for no apparent reason.
That was the beginning. To cite some of the many other comments:
Ø One person who has never used chat software during a conference presentation noted, "It strikes me as being a way to keep distance from what's going on."
Ø Scott A. Golder thought that the backchannel looked like "rudeness, however cloaked in 'technology' it may have been." He considered it disrespectful to go to someone's talk and not pay attention—as though you opened up a newspaper while the speaker was speaking. He thought a speaker should be given time to say what they have to say before dialogue takes over—and would hate to see wireless access make it socially acceptable to be disrespectful to a speaker.
Ø Liz didn't buy that. She called the backchannel "an opportunity for people to raise valid questions and criticisms, and have a dialog about them" and "an occasional outlet for shifting focus from the speaker." She didn't think that was always rude—an assertion followed by noting that lecture mode "is an awful way to convey most kinds of information" and that you don't learn well while sitting on uncomfortable chairs for hours on end, listening and not participating. She didn't consider it disrespectful to comment on a talk while it's going on—and wondered whether a whispered conversation with tablemates was better than a text backchannel. Finally, Liz noted that you can't dictate attention, and that the burden is on the speaker "to make what you're saying relevant and accessible." And that some people's presentation skills don't improve because they don't learn from the responses of the audience."
Ø Golder responded: most of the time it was rude not to pay attention, critique and dialog should take place after the presentation (with the benefit of not missing anything potentially of value), and when you've committed to attending a talk, you should go to the whole thing.
Ø I stepped in (after more pro-backchannel comments) to side with Salo.
I'd be reluctant to present at a conference where I knew participants considered it reasonable and not impolite to carry on their own e-discussions (or actual discussions) during my presentation, commenting on that presentation. Particularly if they somehow believed that those discussions, which I wouldn't see (at least not in real time, not without disrupting the presentation), were supposed to be for my own good."
Fortunately, as I noted, I'm not part of the technorati and unlikely to be invited to events like this.
I guess social norms are different for different situations. Where I am speaking—always by invitation, pretty much always to librarians, never more than a few times a year—I expect that people who bother to show up will at least be listening for the first few minutes, not splitting their attention between me and backchatter. If I don't keep them interested, then that's my problem, to be sure. I'd look for signs of obvious boredom, too many people walking out, or significant snoring as indications that things had gone awry. (Incidentally, I do not regard it as impolite to quietly exit a presentation if it doesn't interest you—I regard it as realistic.)
Ø Shane Curcuru also saw differences of social groups and norms. At conferences like JavaOne and ApacheCon, "I'd say that speakers should expect that there will be backchannels." At library conferences, maybe not, "although I know a number of librarian bloggers that would create one…" "The social appropriateness will vary widely depending on the kind of conference it is. Curcuru went on to say that ubiquitous laptops, Wifi, chat software "means that online behavior during large group gatherings is probably here to stay no matter what."
Ø Back-and-forth about the actual circumstances followed. Joi Ito chimed in, noting that he dropped out of school because he won't sit through boring presentations. If a conference presentation is boring, "I'll start reading email or walk into the hallway and have a discussion with someone." Ito thinks the backchannel is more on topic than walking out of the room. Ito would love to receive text messages during his presentations.
Ø Ralph Poole objected to inattention: "If one is not interested in the topic or the speaker, leave the room!"
Ø Eirik Newth, a professional lecturer, discussed the practical problems of split attention for the lecturer and the extent to which the speaker loses visual feedback from an audience typing away on wireless devices.
Ø Ito came back to slap down anyone who argues that people should pay attention. "Isn't 'stiff competition' generally good? I think lecturing as a form of transmission of information has had too little competition and maybe a little back channel will help get rid of the boring drills and ugly power points."
Ø Adam (no last name given) disagreed. If the speaker's taken the trouble to work out a line of argument, the whole thread may break down if they're not allowed to develop their point. "If you as listener are gracious enough to let me have enough space to express what I'm getting at, then you can have an informed place from which to disagree with me if you are still so inclined." Adam finds himself increasingly in situations "where there's what I regard as an intolerable disrespect for the basic (twentieth century) conventions of discourse."
After that, things got strange (and I do mean strange). One person noted cases where panelists appear to be checking email or backchatting, on the podium, while another panelist is speaking! The discussion continued with Liz differentiating between "engaged" speakers who work with their audiences and those who just run through their PowerPoints, reading a canned presentation. She suggested that backchat happens primarily with the latter; when the speaker's involved, so is the audience.
Finally (for now), Salo added a posting on her own Caveat Lector weblog. Excerpts:
I know what it is that bugs me about the backchannel. I think. Let me write it down and see if I've got it right.
Individual people tune out of presentations individually, and do individual things to cope with their boredom (or their two-track nature, whichever). This is inevitable—and what's more, it's okay. It doesn't threaten a presenter's status as The Important Thing Going On In The Room.
…But a backchannel? Could well be more absorbing than a presentation, for reasons that have little to do with the nature or quality of the presentation. [We humans] prefer running our mouths to running our ears. Can even good presentations stand up to that? Should we really ask them to?
I didn't intersperse my comments above (except for the comment I made on the weblog) for the same reason I no longer intersperse responses to letters in Feedback. While I left out quite a few postings, I wanted to retain the flow of the discussion.
First, some cases where I find arguments wholly unpersuasive:
Ø Unless the backchannel is visible to the speaker during a presentation (with the agreement of the speaker), I don't see how it can "make your presentation better." If the speaker does the same presentation repeatedly and the backchannel is archived, maybe there's a case. (I can imagine an audience member handing me a transcript and telling me to "study it for your own good," or pointing me to an online archive to do so—but I can't imagine my reaction!)
Ø There's no contradiction between talking at people and talking with them. Good conference presentations include time for discussion, questions, even challenges—but good presentations also have narrative flow.
Ø I don't buy the idea that speakers (and listeners) who dislike the idea of a backchannel just haven't tried it.
Ø "Hours on end of sitting on uncomfortable chairs listening and not participating" is terrible. I agree. No conference should be set up that way. I also agree that lectures aren't a great way to convey information—one reason I never set out to arrange speeches and don't attend many lectures. Neither point has much to do with whether, once you've decided to attend a speech, it's polite or reasonable to start chattering away with others while the lecture is going on.
Ø Joi Ito may hate lectures. That doesn't mean that lectures have no place or that all presentations are ways of enforcing rote learning. "Boring drills" haven't been part of any presentation I've been to; wish I could say the same for ugly PowerPoint presentations.
I originally called these straw men. That's too harsh. This list is also a distraction from the points I'm clumsily trying to make. Let's get on to that before all of you out there fall asleep.
I speak occasionally—four to six events most years, never more than eight trips per year. I'm not on the "speaking circuit," rarely repeat the same presentation, and almost always speak by invitation. Maybe this discussion hit me harder because of timing. As I read it (and wrote the first draft of this essay), I'd just returned from one freestanding speaking engagement. A couple of days later, I left to keynote a conference. And a couple of weeks later, just before revising this piece, I attended—but did not speak at—a conference dominated by the technological elite. I was looking for things at that third event that I would never have thought of before this discussion. (I didn't find them, which may or may not be meaningful. It's worth noting that no more than 5-10% of participants in any session used notebooks during the session, although many more had them handy.)
If your group has invited me to speak, that imposes no obligation on you personally to attend the speech. Don't show up if you're already pretty sure you don't want to hear me.
If you do decide to attend, I appreciate the courtesy of, say, five minutes of full attention—listening to me long enough to get some sense of whether I'm worth listening to. I find it hard to believe that you're really listening to me if you're simultaneously monitoring a backchannel, much less participating.
I do not expect you to sit raptly (or feign attention) through my entire speech if I'm boring you, telling you things you already know or otherwise not deserving your attention. If you leave quietly (and I notice), I'll assume I wasn't meeting your needs or you had other demands on your time. If it's clear that many people are fading away, I'll wrap it up or change directions. Unless a presentation requires PowerPoint, I keep the lights up so I can see you and you can see me. I'll use PowerPoint later this spring for a presentation that absolutely requires visuals—and it will be the first time in five years or so.
Feel free to leave if you're bored. If you disagree with me me, stick around and speak up during the discussion period. I always try to leave room for discussion, and I welcome challenges.
Carrying on noticeable or audible conversations during my talk (or anyone else's talk) is simply rude. Go out in the hallway. If you're more involved with your electronics than with what I'm saying, I regard that as a little rude as well, and if you later raise a question that suggests you weren't really listening, I won't be surprised.
If you're backchatting without being obvious, I won't know about it. It won't improve my presentation—I won't have a notebook running while I speak, and my speeches change direction often enough already without adding real-time chat to the mix. All I'll know is that you're not paying attention. But hey, as long as it's not widespread, I'll just tune you out as you're tuning me out. If it's lots of people I'll stop dead in my tracks and start the discussion.
If you leave after giving me a fair chance (five minutes minimum, ten minutes maximum), feel free to give me a bad rating on the conference survey form. If you stick around and hate it, make that clear. Maybe I'm a bad fit for the conference. Maybe, if you have specific comments, you will help me improve later presentations. Or maybe you just don't learn from me in "lecture" form. That's fine with me. I do a lot more writing than speaking and plan to keep it that way. You're welcome to make snarky comments about my speeches during hallway discussions and over drinks. Some of you (too few!) will make them to me. Don't be surprised if I agree with your criticism.
I do not feel I'm obliged to stay throughout a presentation, at least not in most cases. If I'm not getting anything from a speaker and there's a way to leave unobtrusively, I'll leave. I don't think that's rude. Life is too short. (Sometimes, particularly after I've spoken, it's just fatigue and the loss of adrenaline setting in: I'd rather leave than fall asleep.) If I conclude that the speaker is an idiot, that I know a lot more about the topic than they do (and they're not providing new perspectives), or that the topic just doesn't interest me—well, I'm out of there. Usually.
I do feel I should give a speaker a chance. That means giving the speaker my undivided attention for five or ten minutes. I take notes—in longhand, because I found early on that even as a touch typist, typing distracts me from listening, where handwriting doesn't. (That may be generational. I'm a fast touch typist, but maybe if I'd started using a notebook computer in high school, typing would be as non-distracting as handwriting. For me, it isn't.)
I may take snarky notes. I rarely challenge a speaker in a hostile manner, and in most cases I won't challenge a speaker unless I respect what they've said. Again, life is too short. I have no compunctions about discussing a session's shortcomings in casual conversation.
It's my job as an attendee to make intelligent choices on which sessions to attend. It's my job to give you a chance. It's your job to tell me and the other listeners something new, fresh, different, interesting. Much of the time, what you have to say is worthwhile, but just isn't relevant to my needs. In which case, I'll leave…as quietly as possible. It may not be a reflection on you at all. (If you're horrendously bad, I'll probably stick around to see how it all turns out.)
If I engage in vocal backchat during the session and in the room where you're speaking, I'm wrong, I'm rude, and I apologize. But once I'm out in the hallway, you're fair game—just as I'm fair game for listeners and ex-listeners.
Maybe the norms are different for different types of conferences and for different types of sessions within a conference. I could be snarky and suggest that some of today's technorati have decided politeness is old-fashioned and nobody deserves their full attention, but I'm sure that's not true. A few possibilities:
Ø A single-track conference (no choices: one speech at a time) where the presenters fill their time slots from beginning to end with canned presentations, leaving no time for discussion or challenges. This is the worst possible situation from an attendee's view. If you've paid big bucks to attend, you probably feel the need to sit through all the speeches. You have my pity—and if you open a backchannel, I can understand why.
Ø A humane single-track conference with lots of time between sessions and lots of time for discussion within sessions. Here I think there's less excuse for listeners expecting to divide their attention between speaker and backchannel. Maybe some people really have mutated so they're able to listen attentively to a speaker and carry on a textual conversation simultaneously. I'm skeptical; in my experience, multitasking usually means doing several things badly. Maybe I'm wrong.
Ø Multi-track conferences where speakers are expected to leave time for discussion. If you don't care about what's being said, leave. You're using a chair that could be used by someone else, someone who might benefit from the speaker.
These are all traditional events. As a speaker, I'm frequently in the oddball situation—at a multitrack conference as a keynote or plenary speaker without directly competing program sessions. There are always other things to do—exhibits, hallway conversations, sleeping in late, taking a long walk, chatting with friends in the lobby bar. I don't expect everyone at a conference to attend a keynote. I do expect that when I'm part of one of several simultaneous sessions, people will be there because they want to be, not because it's expected.
What about other kinds of presentations and other kinds of conferences?
Ø If the technorati gather with the expectation that text feedback will go on during a presentation, visible to the speaker, more power to all involved. It's a different kind of speaking and situation. I imagine it could be quite effective or quite disruptive. I don't see how an effective linear argument can be mounted in an atmosphere of continuous interruption, but maybe that's because I haven't been to these conferences.
Ø I agree completely that lectures are a lousy way to learn for many people, myself included. (That's one of several reasons I stopped at a BA.) You can have sessions where an invited speaker is really a discussion leader—tasked to offer introductory remarks, then lead discussion for the rest of the session. Last year at the Alaska Library Association conference, after hearing feedback on my keynote, I transformed my other two programs into introduction-and-discussion sessions. It was great. If anyone wants to invite me to do a session in that manner, I'd probably love it—but are you going to pay expenses and an honorarium for a few minutes of prepared remarks? (I've seen one keynote where the big-name speaker, paid far more than I'll ever see for a keynote, read a previously-published essay for five minutes, then said he wanted to discuss whatever topics interested us for the rest of the hour. As a discussion section, it might have been great; as a keynote, "ripoff" was my immediate response and that of some other audience members.)
Ø Then there are panel discussions. There's a big difference between a multispeaker session, which can work out so the last speaker has little or no time because other speakers hogged their slots, and a true discussion (brief remarks from each speaker and lots of back-and-forth). I'm not sure what the social norms should be in either case. I am sure I prefer the latter (and dread being the last speaker in a multispeaker panel, unless I know there's a hardnosed timekeeper).
As a speaker, I'd appreciate your full attention for a few minutes—and I'd rather have you leave than sit there pretending to listen or chatting with others.
As a listener, I believe the speaker and listener both have obligations. If the speaker isn't meeting my needs, my obligations shouldn't require staying the course but do require minimizing disruption.
As a conference attendee, I want discussion. I also want to be inspired and intrigued by speakers, in ways that open discussions rarely manage.
I don't want to hear you read that published article aloud, when I could read it myself in one-fifth the time. I do want to hear what you have to say, have the chance to probe further—and, ideally, have informal chances later to discuss things.
Is text backchat rude? That depends. If it's done as a matter of course, I think it is.
Is audible backchat within the meeting room rude? Pretty much always.
Can you really get the most out of a speech while participating in a backchannel? I can't prove otherwise, but I'm doubtful.
Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large, Volume 4, Number 6, Whole Issue 49, ISSN 1534-0937, is written and produced at least monthly by Walt Crawford, a senior analyst at RLG. Opinions herein do not reflect those of RLG. Comments should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com. Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large is copyright © 2004 by Walt Crawford: Some rights reserved.
All original material in this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0 or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
URL: citesandinsights.info/civ4i6.pdf


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While some of the best snorkeling in Florida can be found near shipwrecks, reefs and other features that you can't normally access right from the beach, you will still be able to see some worthwhile sites by simply swimming from shore. Because Florida has about 1,200 miles of coastline, you'll have no shortage of places to test out your snorkeling skills from the beach.
Step 1
Choose a time of year when weather is appropriate for snorkeling. Hurricane season in Florida -- which corresponds to the time when many people vacation -- begins June 1 and runs through November. During that time, the waters might be too churned up to see anything besides swirling sand. If you have the flexibility, snorkel when it's not hurricane season, or at least, check the weather conditions before you go out and avoid snorkeling during tropical storms.
Step 2
Choose a location. Coral Cove in Jupiter and John Pennekamp State Park in the Florida Keys, for example, offer clear waters with lots of marine life. Also look at the "best of" lists from sites such as Frommer's or Florida Adventuring. If you're already headed to a specific area in Florida, consult the area's official visitor's guide. Generally speaking, the waters of the Gulf of Mexico side of the state, as well as the waters around the Florida Keys are some of the clearest surrounding the state, as opposed to the more tumultuous Atlantic Ocean side. Once you've narrowed your choices to a few beaches, get familiar with the rules, open hours and access fees.
Step 3
Purchase any parking and access passes you'll need for the area you've chosen. While many beaches in Florida are open to anyone, cities or counties often charge fees for one-time or yearly parking passes, or for admission to specific preserve areas.
Step 4
Rent your gear from a local shop if you haven't brought your own. If you're visiting a beach community in Florida, you'll be sure to find several dive shops that also rent snorkel gear. If you're staying at a hotel, you might also be able to borrow or rent gear directly from it. If you're not confident in your swimming skills, rent a life vest.
Step 5
Stay within the designated swimming areas on any beach you're visiting. Because boats and other watercraft might be in the waters with you, it's important to know what's in your surroundings and not to swim too far from shore.
- Because swimming can be an exhausting physical activity, you'll want to be in decent shape before you attempt to snorkel. Practice swimming at a local pool well before your trip, or increase the intensity of your current exercise routine so you're ready for the rigors of snorkeling.
Leaf Group is a USA TODAY content partner providing general travel information. Its content is produced independently of USA TODAY.
Photo Credits
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- Attribution: Massimo Catarinella; License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
- Attribution: Averette; License: GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
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- Attribution: Averette; License: GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

subset: commoncrawl


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Asia Pacific Media Educator
This article advocates a "cascade learning approach" built on combined theory and skills, in the training of broadcast journalists. It attempts to show that the contemporary broadcast journalism curriculum for the Asia-Pacific region can develop its own core curriculum, not based on any educational imperialism or indeed on a traditional mass communication or communication studies approach. It also highlights the inadequacy of the "media/communications" approach to university education for journalists; and gives details of an experimental alternative approach to integrated learning in broadcast journalism.
Recommended CitationHerbert, J., Cascade learning approach to broadcast journalism education, Asia Pacific Media Educator, 1, 1996, 50-63.
Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/apme/vol1/iss1/6


text:
Curbing Inflammation May Reduce Risk of Alzheimer's & Parkinson's
A new literature review suggests that a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases can be mitigated by lifestyle actions that slow inflammation of the nervous tissue.
In the study, investigators reviewed modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases focusing on the impact of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.
Common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, disorders that are among the most common causes of dementia, and increasingly contribute to morbidity and mortality worldwide.
The study appears in the journal Current Aging Science.
A common hallmark of these two diseases is neuroinflammation, which is initially triggered by the presence of pathological molecular structures associated with these disorders.
Chronic neuroinflammation is sustained by persistent activation of the non-neuronal glial cells in the brain, which results in damage or death of neighboring cells, including neurons and glial cells themselves.
Persistent neuroinflammation of the brain is hypothesized to contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
The reviewers note four modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: physical inactivity, vascular disease-related conditions, obesity and type two diabetes mellitus.
The experts explain that these modifiable risk factors contribute to neuroinflammation through specific mechanisms that are directly linked to the pathologies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
On a positive note, the risk factors are deemed modifiable as their occurrence in the general population can be reduced, or avoided by individuals through various lifestyle changes. Lifestyle behaviors such as improved diet, regular exercise and effective treatment of vascular disease-related conditions such as high blood pressure are known to reduce neuroinflammation.
Study authors conclude that the control of the modifiable risk factors is a valid approach for managing the increased incidence of both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Moreover, research should continue to seek a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of neuroinflammation – an approach that could help identify new therapeutic targets for combating neurodegenerative diseases.
Source: Betham Science Publishers/EurekAlert
Nauert PhD, R. (2018). Curbing Inflammation May Reduce Risk of Alzheimer's & Parkinson's. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 21, 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/news/2017/08/28/curbing-inflammation-may-reduce-risk-of-alzheimers-parkinsons/125250.html
Last reviewed: By a member of our scientific advisory board on 8 Aug 2018
Published on Psych Central.com. All rights reserved.


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Surely the facts are not in dispute as far as the estimable Charles Blow is concerned.
President Obama's name won't be on any ballots Tuesday, but he will most certainly be on them in spirit — a fact that many Republicans are trumpeting and some Democrats are hoping to downplay.
The president is not particularly popular at the moment.
According to Gallup's Frank Newport:
"President Obama's job approval rating is 42 percent. If that holds up until the day before the election, it will be the second-lowest job approval rating for a president before a midterm election going back to 1982 when Ronald Reagan, of course, was president of the U.S. What was the lowest of all? That was George W. Bush's, whose job approval rating was 38 percent back in 2006."
IOW he's no more "unpopular" than the creep the Republicans worship as a deity who ignored the AIDS pandemic and the creep who instigated two wars that destroyed the Middle East and are responsible or its ongoing horrors — ISIS being but one.
On a host of issues, foreign and domestic, large and small — the rise and spread of the Islamic State, the Russian aggression into Ukraine, the federal response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa and the panic here, the crisis of children from Central America crossing our Southern border, the Internal Revenue Service, the Secret Service, Obamacare and, of course, Benghazi — conservatives have attacked. They have used each as yet another plank to construct their government-as-House-of-Horrors argument about a Washington that is mismanaged and out of touch, overreaching but outmatched.
And in need of corporate overlords to set things right.
And in their propaganda, this idea of an ineffectual, and ultimately dangerous, government has a face: Obama's. Republicans aren't running on issues as much as running against an individual and an idea; they are running against Obama and the very idea of federal government, except as defined by the most narrow of functions.
That "narrow function" being Corporate Welfare.
Others believe that there is also something else at play, implicitly or explicitly: race. Last week NBC's Chuck Todd asked Senator Mary Landrieu, the Louisiana Democrat locked in a tight re-election race, why President Obama has a hard time in her state. One of the reasons she gave was this: "I'll be very, very honest with you. The South has not always been the friendliest place for African-Americans."
An obvious Truth,
whose pointing out only serves to upset the House Nigger running against her
Note is invocation of "Fathers" — a role black men we are informed over and over and over again by the white-ruled propaganda machine are unable to enact.
This is the great immeasurable when it comes to this man. Race is a construct that, unfortunately, is woven through the fabric of America. Of course, it has some bearing on our politics, but it's nearly impossible to calculate the degree of the effect for a particular politician. And there can be benefit as well as detriment — pride and prejudice as counterweights.
As Obama himself told The New Yorker in January: "There's no doubt that there's some folks who just really dislike me because they don't like the idea of a black President."
Cue Randy Newman.
He continued: "Now, the flip side of it is there are some black folks and maybe some white folks who really like me and give me the benefit of the doubt precisely because I'm a black President."
Or maybe they realize what a good job you're doing in the face of impossible odds.
As Gallup pointed out last week: "We find very little change in the support given to Obama among his strongest demographic subgroup: black Americans." The report continued, "In fact, if anything, the trend is for relatively higher support among blacks" when measuring the gap between black support for Obama and the national average.
And that for a racist country like this one is the beating heart of the matter.
The president is now playing to those black folks in a last-ditch effort to help Democrats maintain Senate control, even as much of the betting money is on the real possibility that Republicans will wrest control away.
According to a New York Times analysis of voter data earlier this month: "African-Americans could help swing elections in Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and possibly Arkansas," but, the article says, "only if they turn out at higher-than-forecast rates."
So, the president has been making direct appeals to this group on black radio stations across the country. Obama's appeals appear to be working, at least as measured by the composition of early-voting tallies. As The New York Times's Nate Cohn pointed out last week in The Upshot:
"The turnout among black voters is particularly encouraging for Democrats, who need strong black turnout to compete in racially polarized states like Georgia and North Carolina. In those two states, black voters so far represent 30 percent of the voters who did not participate in 2010. By comparison, 24 percent of all those who voted in those states in 2010 were black."
Black support is particularly important this cycle since support among Hispanic voters is showing signs of weakening. A Washington Post/ABC News poll released last week "showed that, among Latinos, 50 percent say it doesn't matter who wins the Senate come November. And among those who do think it will matter, twice as many say it would be a good thing (30 percent) if the G.O.P. took over as say it would be a bad thing (15 percent)."
Which is why the Republicans are working so hard at Voter Suppression.
It's not clear whether President Obama can energize enough black voters to save Democratic control of the Senate, but he seems ever more reliant on this group to give him "the benefit of the doubt" and ride to his rescue.
Cue the Glorious Messenger
Let's hope he gets there in time.


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Instructions for building the Integrated Surveys 1981-2008 data file
The WVS Longitudinal file is now available in different formats. In order to merge with EVS you may wish to convert their SPSS file to the same format.
In order to build the file, follow these simple steps:
If you have any problems, you can report to firstname.lastname@example.com.
You can also download the Integrated Codebook of the WVS surveys or browse the codebook variables online. If you are not skilled in statistical programs you may wish to download the results PDFs for the individual waves, that include crossings by country, and even the individual country results PDFs that include crossings by sex and age and country specific translation of each question.


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HTTP Object Compression Efficiency Analyzer
Please enter a URL to analyze, e.g., http://www.example.com/example.html
This tool uses a simple mathematical approach to determine whether or not HTTP compression should be enabled on the URL submitted. This is a common concern amongst web masters because reducing the size of an object by compressing it causes the expenditure of processing time and the passage of real time. Simply put, time spent compressing an object before transmitting it may outweigh the time-benefit of reducing its transfer-size.
The approach is simple. First, the URL-referenced object is downloaded uncompressed. Then, after the user-configurable pause in seconds, the object is re-downloaded requesting gzip deflation (supported by the vast majority of browsers). Measurements (in microseconds and in bytes) are taken at each stage of the transaction using 14 decimal digit precision. Compression ratios and effective transfer rates are also calculated. Overall transaction speed wins.
- This methodology is reasonable because clients customarily tell web servers if they want compressed content at the time they request an object. Then, the servers may respond with the object either compressed or not depending on their capabilities, configuration, and the file type requested.
- Each request made by this application constitutes a new TCP connect().
- A DNS lookup on the target is performed and cached prior to testing.
- This application will follow up to 2 HTTP redirects.
- This method does not determine whether or not a complete page (including all referenced objects) is worthy of being compressed. In order to determine this, all objects referenced in the marked-up content (including content imported by scripts, etc.) would have to be recursively downloaded and compared using this methodology and other factors must be considered such as the next item below...
- Many web servers allow webmasters to conditionally-deflate objects based on their MIME-type.
- Depending on several factors (current server load, object type and size, and server caching), repeated tests may yield wildly different results.
- Filesystem caching, web acceleration, and web content caching: If you're using web acceleration products or services, note that their numbers may surprise you. For example, some may actually serve compressed content faster than uncompressed content.
- Most web servers are used to transmit many different types of content. Depending on the "type" of content being transmitted, compression may be desirable.
- We suggest conditionally compressing content based on MIME-type if your server software supports this in a quick and reliable fashion. This is an important distinction from enabling compression globally because many common web objects are already compressed (such as JPEGs and other image types) and as such, their compression cost-to-benefit ratio would run askew to other, more compression-friendly objects.
- Compression-friendly file types are: text/html, text/plain, text/xml, and text/css
- As a general rule, the best files to compress are large (5 KB or larger) "text"-oriented files. Small ones don't make enough of a difference and big files don't matter if they're already compressed in some way.
Common Deficiencies of other Tests
Many alternative tools exist to perform a similar analysis. Many are flawed. These are some of the reasons why:
- DNS caching may not be performed prior to the connections. Because of this, the second measurement performed will be artificially faster because of DNS caching subsequent to the first test.
- Many tests only perform one download, requesting compressed content. Once the payload arrives, they decompress the content and estimate how long it would have taken to perform an "uncompressed" download based on the transfer rate they calculated during the compressed download. This has so many problems, but for the sake of brevity, we'll only list a couple:
- There is a first-byte download penalty associated with compression that doesn't apply to objects that are not being compressed.
- Servers have different implementations of compression. When compression is enabled, some of the other mechanics of the software operate differently, causing different results.
- Other tests that do perform multiple downloads often use the same socket/TCP connection. Because of this, the second measurement performed will be artificially faster because it doesn't need to do the 3WHS to establish a TCP connection.
Configuring Conditional Compression in your Web Server
In Apache, a simple approach to accomplishing conditional compression is to use the "mod_deflate" module. Once this is enabled in your configuration, you can activate it within a VirtualHost directive simply by adding a line similar to the following:
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml text/css
If you're using PHP and compiled the zlib module, compression can be enabled several ways. You can add these configuration values to the web server configuration through .htaccess files or in VirtualHost-type configuration:
php_flag zlib.output_compression on
php_value zlib.output_compression_level 2
You can also enable compression using PHP's output buffering features (we do not recommend this) by adding this line to the beginning of your pages:
<?php ob_start("ob_gzhandler"); ?>
Read more about PHP's Zlib compression.
Instructions to enable HTTP compression in Microsoft IIS 6 on specific directories.


text:
Does IE 8 show up in Installed updates? It should have automatically reinstalled once IE 9 completely uninstalled on system reboot.
IE8 would be listed in Programs and Features but not
Installed Updates on a Win7 computer.
Uninstalling IE9 does not "automatically reinstall IE8," it automatically
restores it.
Did this solve your problem?
Sorry this didn't help.
Great! Thanks for marking this as the answer.
How satisfied are you with this reply?
Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site.
How satisfied are you with this response?
Thanks for your feedback.
Try this:
Start>>>Type, turn>>>Turn Windows Features on or off>>>Check, Internet Explorer 8>>>Reboot


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Is there a connection between Putin's facelift and the invasion of Crimea?
18 Mar
Using plastic surgery and botox among the world's most feared leaders: fashion or rational choice?
The trendsetter in Moscow: Vladimir Vladimirovich (61)
Source: Celebchanges.com
Putin's testosterone is bad for democracy – we wrote in a post on Ukraine a few weeks ago. That testosterone level has kept us thinking.
Imagine that you are an aging authoritarian leader, who has to fear a whole spectrum of enemies: coup d'états, foreign powers, the global economy, or even your own son. However, it seems that there might be an even more fearful, indestructible opponent above all: Mother Nature.
If there is such a thing as fashion for these alpha males, then the recent trend is definitely plastic surgery (just think of Putin, Qaddafi, Turkmenbashi…). Have you ever wondered what these people are chatting about when they meet at various conferences and meetings? Well, it seems that a popular topic is giving advice to each other about their most pleasant facelift or recommending posh plastic surgeons (Qaddafi and Berlusconi were sharing their plastic surgeon).
Qaddafi did care about at least with one thing: his own appearance
Source: Vanity Fair
Is it just male pride not to let yourself look old? We tend to think there is more to it: there might also be a much more rational element to it in the case of leaders. Below we explain why this might be the case.
Looking old means that your people would realize that you are getting closer to death, which in turn makes them start to wonder: what is going to happen after you are gone? This is where battles for inheritance start: even your most loyal military general or your own son can turn against you.
Interestingly, the issue of the aging of authoritarian leaders has been studied extensively by social scientists. An idea is that as you are getting older, your time-horizon also becomes shorter. You do not care about long-term benefits for the country (like creating a favorable environment for foreign investors), but rather start extracting ("stealing") more and more rents from your people. As you are getting older, you care less about declining economic growth.
You use the extracted money to build your own legacy, to do something that even your grand-grandchildren will remember your name for. Like building a huge golden statue that rotates to face the sun (check).
Or the occupation of another country. This is definitely something that your people do not forget easily.
After dying his hair, Turkmenbashi made it illegal to own watches which showed him with gray hair.
Sources: Flickr and WorldNomads
A study written by a Harvard scholar found that the older the leader is, the higher the chance is for initiating military conflict. They argue that it is partly due to short-term legacy building and partly to the fact that the older the leader is the more institutional credibility he has (so he does not have to fear a political opponent at home). Moreover, they found that this effect is strongest in oligarchic states, as here they have to maintain their macho behavior constantly.
Animal analogies: alpha males lose their status when they lose their teeth


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DIGITAL DOWNLOAD - Download lesson files to your computer, and easily transfer to your mobile device.
"Intermediate Slide Guitar" picks up right where Justin Johnson's "Slide Guitar Foundations" course leaves off, and is designed to flesh out and tighten up your slide guitar technique, taking you from intermediate into advanced level playing. You'll learn open tunings, Delta Blues techniques, percussive techniques, advanced muting, anchoring, and much more, all through a series of carefully composed song walkthroughs. "Intermediate Slide Guitar" is designed to introduce you to increasingly more challenging and intricate slide guitar techniques that will take your slide guitar playing to the next level.


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US officials tell Congress more could have been done in incident that killed ambassador and three colleagues last year.
The attack on a US mission in Libya, which killed the ambassador and three colleagues last year, continues to draw political heat for the Obama administration.
Three State Department officials testified before Congress that more could have been done before and during the incident in Benghazi.
Al Jazeera's Tom Ackerman reports.


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I don't know about you, but the past few weeks I've been running from one thing to the next. Thankfully a lot of it has been fun [shopping date with my mom!] but it can leave me feeling just plain exhausted.
After a long day of work & cooking & all the things taking a bath is one of my absolute FAVORITE ways to relax. This detox bath is not only the perfect way to wrap up a busy weekend, but it keeps my PCOS in check 💚
Who's ready for some relaxing goodness? What is your go way to unwind?
Detox Bath 🛀
🌺 1 cup epsom bath salt [fragrance free]
🌼 1/2 cup baking soda
🌸 3-5 drops lavender essential oil [optional]
Add all ingredients to the tub as you fill it with warm water. NOTE: it is critical to avoid all synthetic fragrances, which are commonly added to bath products. Check out THIS video in the Mending Together Facebook group to learn all about the dangers of added fragrance.
Why you need more magnesium in your life:
Women with PCOS are 19 TIMES more likely to have a magnesium deficiency. In water, epsom salt breaks down into magnesium and sulfate which is then easily absorbed into skin. The biggest benefits of magnesium for women with PCOS are its ability to alleviate anxiety and reduce blood pressure and insulin.
For more information about PCOS and magnesium check out:https://www.verywellhealth.com/pcos-and-magnesium-4145000
Hi! My name is Emily and I'm a certified Health & Wellness coach who helps women with PCOS lose weight and increase their fertility with simple diet & lifestyle changes!


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Watch Lalu Prasad Yadav mimic PM Modi in the funniest ever Dubsmash video. But the way he says that people would get 15 lakh of the black money in their accounts
While Narendra Modi might have been the first politician to use social media properly, Lalu Prasad Yadav has to be the first one to use dubsmash to mock his rivals. Ahead of the Bihar polls, the politician put up a video on Twitter which showed him dubsmasing some of Narendra Modi's popular phrases.
While this isn't the first time that Narendra Modi has turned up on Dubsmash, it's certainly the first time that someone used the medium to mock him.


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Second Ascent of V16 Boulder
Dai Koyamada on The Wheel of Life in 2004.8a.nu
Chris Webb Parsons has made the second ascent of The Wheel of Life (V16) in the Grampians of Australia. More like a route than a boulder problem, the massive cave climb, established by Japan's Dai Koyamada in May 2004, requires more than 60 moves.
Webb Parsons, 22, worked on the problem for much of September, eventually managing to complete Sleepy Rave (V15), which does all of The Wheel of Life except for a V8/9 start. Going for the full link-up, the young Australian fell a dozen times at the very end. He then had to return home to Sydney, and it took a return visit a couple of weeks later to complete the problem.
Webb Parsons has bouldered as hard as V14 in Europe, including an ascent of Chris Sharma's full Unendliche Geschichte (V14) at Magic Wood in Switzerland.
Koyamada, meanwhile, has returned to Europe and is tearing through hard problems in the Frankenjura of Germany. The Japanese climber has repeated the Markus Bock problem Montecore (V15), as well as several V13 and V14 problems, the hardest of which he thought was Riot Act (V14). According to 8a.nu, Koyamada's ultimate goal in Germany is to repeat Bock's 5.15a sport climb Corona.
Date of Ascent: October 13, 2007 (The Wheel of Life)
Sources:8a.nu, webbyclimb.blogspot.com, Boulderrausch.de
Read the report from 2004 — Koyamada Completes V16
YouTube clip of Cave Man (V10) at the Hollow Mountain Cave in the Grampians; it's the middle section (V9/V10) of The Wheel of Life.


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When cars were first invented back in the 1880s, they would have been unrecognisable to modern drivers. Three-wheeled, without indicators or air-conditioning and for at least the first 15 years, without any brakes. Today, it would be unthinkable to step into a vehicle without airbags, cushioned interiors, headrests and well-designed children's safety car seats , but the level of car safety we expect now took many years to arrive.
Car Safety – The small beginings
During the first half of the 20th century, vehicle owners were expected to take responsibility for their own driving and no safety tests were conducted on the vehicles themselves. It was only in 1958 that Volvo introduced the first in-built seat belts in their new cars. It would take almost a decade before that was extended to all cars sold in Britain, and even then it only meant front seat belts.
In fact, early car interiors would have had barely any protection from collision and although front seat belts were fitted, car users were not compelled to wear them until the 1980s. Rear seat belts followed in 1991. Advancements were being made sporadically, with head restraints included in Volvo's 1968 models, while Mercedes-Benz developed the first electronic Anti-Lock Brake system in 1978, and installed the first air-bags three years later.
In terms of child safety, Ford designed a kind of booster seat as early as the 1930s, but the real breakthrough came with the design of the rear-facing children's safety car seat for infants in 1962. Although it then took until 2006 for child seats to be made compulsory for under-12s, the invention has saved many lives and it remains essential to choose the correct seat for a child's height and age, testing the seats in the car where possible.
Needless to say, car safety means something completely different today. Since the European NCAP (New Car Assessment Programme) was introduced in 1996, all cars have had to undergo rigorous road tests before being put on the market. Safety for all passengers is rightly a paramount concern when purchasing a car, and NCAP star ratings have become one of the most sought-after criteria in contemporary vehicles.


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Senior Calendar
The COAAA Senior Calendar features advertisers of interest to the older adult population and a winning monthly photograph taken by photographers age 50-plus. Over 10,000 free full-color 2020 calendars were distributed at the Senior Living Festival in October and delivered to central Ohio senior and community centers in late 2019.
The 2020 Senior Calendar can be viewed and downloaded.
Special thank you to calendar sponsors Simply EZ Home Delivered Meals, Global Meals, and the Franklin County Office on Aging.
Calendar Photo Contest Criteria for Submissions
COAAA invites photographers age 50 and over who live in the eight counties served by COAAA (Delaware, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Licking, Madison, Pickaway or Union) to submit photos from these eight counties for the annual calendar photo contest.
Photos must in color and in horizontal (landscape) orientation with image resolution sharp enough (300 dpi or higher) for enlargement to fit on a month of the calendar (11" wide x 8-1/2" tall). Maximum number of entries per photographer is five photos.
2021 Calendar Contest Entry Form
2020 Senior Center Calendar Photo Contest Winners:
Cover: Sherri Love - Martin Janis Senior Center
January: Brenda Turner - Westerville Senior Center
February: Amelia Boye - SourcePoint/Westerville
March: Joan Pearse - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
April: Phyllis Hollifield - Westerville Senior Center
May: Pamela Klopfer - Frances Steube Community Center
June: Mary Howell - Westerville Senior Center
July: Barbara Gasdaglis - Westgate Community Center
August: Bill Bicking - Westerville/Martin Janis
September: Deborah Buckely - E.L. Evans Senior Center
October: Marcia Colucci - Westerville Senior Center
November: Donald Pearse - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
December: George Fleshman - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
2019 Senior Center Calendar Photo Contest Winners:
Cover: Amelia Boye - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
January: Janice Thomas - Pickerington Senior Center
February: Phyllis Hollifield - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
March: Creg Stockwell - Fayette County Commision on Aging
April: Jan Hoover - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
May: Susan Kozlowski - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
June: Janis Frame - Ernst Senior Center
July: John Rees - Golden Hobby Shop
August: Brenda Turner - Westerville Senior Center
September: Hsiang LanChen - Pickerington Senior Center
October: Marcia Helwagen - Pickaway Senior Center
November: Marcia Colucci - Westerville Senior Center
December: Nancy Tinker - Dublin Community Senior Citizens
2018 Senior Center Calendar Photo Contest Winners:
Cover: Donald Pearse - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
January: Linda Beverly - Olivedale Senior Center
February: Bernice Marshall - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
March: Bill Bicking - Martin Janis Community Senior Center
April: Ruth Neal - Gillie Community Senior Center
May: Wilma Sparks - Madison County Senior Citizens Center
June: Roger Howard - Westerville Senior Center
July: Bob Hosken - CASC & Dublin Community Senior Center
August: Mary Ann Schell - Westerville Senior Center
September: Janet Barr - Senior Citizens of Reynoldsburg
October: James Donohoe - Madison County Senior Citizens
November: Amelia Goode Boye - SourcePoint Enrichment Center
December: Sharon Andrews - Westerville Senior Center
2017 Senior Center Calendar Photo Contest Winners:
Cover: Mary Howell - Westerville.
January: Doris Dodson - Pickaway.
February: Roger Howard - Westerville.
March: Bernice Marshall - SourcePoint.
April: Karen Sturgill - Upper Arlington.
May: Creg Stockwell - Fayette Co Commission on Aging.
June: Brian Allen - SourcePoint.
July: Ellery Block - Westerville.
August: Wilma Sparks - Madison.
September: Mary Robb - Gahanna Senior Center.
October: Pamela Klopfer - Frances Steube Community Center (Canal Winchester).
November: Hsiang Lan Chen - Pickerington.
December: Debra Collins - Westerville.


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In contrast, the Nintendo Switch sold 4.7 million consoles in its first four months. While that's not bad at all, thw Switch is expected to sell 14 million units in its first year. Sony expects 18 million PS4 consoles to sell in the same time. The Switch is new, and the PS4 is still selling that well!
It's the opinion of many that the PS4 has become the premiere gaming console system to own. Do you agree or disagree?
What's your favorite gaming console?


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$180.00 $225.00
The 5" tall Seaview aft leaning mount is for Open Array Radars, Closed Dome Radars and Satdomes. The oval hollow mast section allows for easy cable management. The small 7"x7" foot print design is a great solution for limited space. This modular mount is light bar compatible. This modular mount is light bar compatible. Numerous accessories are also available for this mount such as wedges, hinges, spreaders, lightbars and floodlights. *Please note that a Top Plate is required (sold separately)*


text: Graine 1,342 Posted October 19, 2017 Share Posted October 19, 2017 "Today we announce that we ran [..] a payment through XRP and xRapid - the product that we have - that uses liquidity on bitstamp and bitso. And when we ran the pilot initially, we were getting much better rates going in MXN, because bitcoin was rallying". From 20:45 on https://www.credit-suisse.com/pwp/ws/videobroadcast/?pid=9ceVakBGCElMdKCKL5I4T6_prgxnKHap Would explain the picture, making rounds on twitter. No details as to what are the underlying mechanics of this. Who needs details, right? Leaving this down, in case they will be answered some day: Did they have MMs holding xrp/fiat on exchanges to enter/exit trades? Did they send XRP between exchanges to process the payment (might explain high xrp payment volume). If yes, how did they manage to force exchanges to credit deposit/withdrawals in prompt matter. How long (in seconds) did it take to settle this payment. Does this mean that Escrow Create/Cancel is no longer the only way ILP interacts with RCL And finally, why on Earth this was not mentioned during a dedicated panel on Swell? rippleric, Xi195, Global and 6 others 7 2 Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Increase metabolism, burn calories and blast stubborn fat cells with BSc's Neuro-Thermogenic fat burner
Increase metabolism, burn calories and blast stubborn fat cells with BSC Hydroxyburn Shred.
With BSC's Hydroxyburn Shred Neuro-Thermogenic fat burner, you'll be in the fat-burning zone, both physically and mentally, with a potent combination of thermogenic fat burners and nootropic ingredients, to get the most out of your training results, while combatting the mental side-effects of long-term calorie deficit from dieting.
Packed full of natural sources of caffeine, as well as Garcinia Gumm--Gutta Fruit Peel, Acetyl-L-Carnitine and Tyrosine, as well as a host of natural fat metabolizing ingredients, it's never been easier to get shredded for summer than with BSC's Hydroxyburn Shred.
Assisting in weight loss while suppressing appetite, you'll be able to keep those result-crushing cravings at bay, while burning through your day with improved mood and energy, while stimulating the metabolization of stubborn fat cells impeding you from reaching your goals.
Three sensational flavours of BSC Hydroxyburn Shred await you, Margarita, Blue Lemonade and Watermelon!
Body Science BSc Hydroxyburn Shred Neuro-Thermogenic Directions: If you are looking for superior weight loss results we recommend taking 2 x 5g serves of BSc Hyroxyburn Shred daily. One serve in the morning and one serve around lunch time. Alternatively, if you want to use HYDROXYBURN SHRED as a pre-workout we recommend taking one 10g serve 20-30 minutes pre-workout. Use only as directed maximum 10g consumption per day.
Supplement Facts
Serving size: 1 scoop (5g) , Servings per container: 60
|Garcinia Gummi-Gutta Fruit Peel
|Paullinia Cupana (Guarana) Seed
|Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leef
|Acetyl Levocarnitine Hydrochloride (Acetyl L-Carnitine)
|Chromium Picolinate
|Commiphora Molmol Gum Powder
|Total Caffeine


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Siege of Paris (845)
The siege of Paris of 845 AD was the culmination of a Viking invasion of West Francia. The Viking forces were led by a Norse chieftain named "Reginherus", or Ragnar, who tentatively has been identified with the legendary saga character Ragnar Lodbrok (Old Norse: "Ragnarr Loþbrók", contemporary Icelandic: "Ragnar Loðbrók"). Ragnar's fleet of 120 Viking ships, carrying thousands of men, entered the Seine in March and proceeded to sail up the river.
The Frankish king Charles the Bald assembled a smaller army in response but after the Vikings defeated one division, comprising half of the army, the remaining forces retreated. The Vikings reached Paris at the end of the month, during Easter. They plundered and occupied the city, then withdrew when they had been paid a ransom of 7,000 French livres [2,570 kilograms (83,000 ozt)] of silver and gold from Charles the Bald.
The Frankish Empire was first attacked by Viking raiders in 799 (ten years after the earliest known Viking attack at Portland, Dorset, in England), which led Charlemagne to create a defence system along the northern coast in 810. The defence system repulsed a Viking attack at the mouth of the Seine in 820 (after Charlemagne's death) but failed to hold against renewed attacks of Danish Vikings in Frisia and Dorestad in 834.[1] The attacks in 820 and 834 were unrelated and relatively minor; systematic raiding did not begin until the mid-830s, with the activity alternating between the two sides of the English Channel.[2] Viking raids were often part of struggles among Scandinavian nobility for power and status.[3] Like other nations adjacent to the Franks, the Danes were well-informed about the political situation in France; in the 830s and early 840s they took advantage of the Frankish civil wars.[4] Big raids took place in Antwerp and Noirmoutier in 836, in Rouen (on the Seine) in 841 and in Quentovic and Nantes in 842.[1]
Invasion and siege[edit]
In March 845,[5] a fleet of 120 Danish Viking ships[1][6] containing more than 5,000 men[7] entered the Seine under the command of a Danish chieftain[8] named "Reginherus", or Ragnar.[1] This Ragnar has often been tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok, but the accuracy of this remains a disputed issue among historians.[5][7] Around 841, Ragnar had been awarded land in Turholt, Flanders, by Charles the Bald, but he eventually lost the land as well as the favour of the King.[9] Ragnar's Vikings raided Rouen on their way up the Seine in 845,[8] and in response to the invasion, Charles—who was determined not to let the royal Abbey of Saint-Denis (near Paris) be destroyed[8]—assembled an army which he divided into two parts, one for each side of the river.[5] Ragnar attacked and defeated one of the divisions of the smaller Frankish army, took 111 of their men as prisoners and hanged them on an island on the Seine.[5] This was done to honour the Norse god Odin,[1] as well as to incite terror in the remaining Frankish forces.[5]
The Vikings arrived in Paris on Easter Sunday, 29 March,[8] entered the city and plundered it.[5][8] During the siege, a plague broke out in their camp. The Norse had been exposed to the Christian religion, and after first praying to the Norse gods, they undertook a fast, acting on the advice of one of their Christian prisoners, and the plague subsided.[10] The Franks could not assemble an effective defence,[5] and the Vikings withdrew only after being paid a ransom of 7,000 livres (French pounds) of silver and gold by Charles the Bald,[9] amounting to approximately 2,570 kilograms (5,670 lb).[11]
Considering Ragnar's earlier loss of land to Charles, the substantial payment may also have been regarded as some form of compensation to Ragnar, and the invasion itself as an act of revenge.[9] This was the first of a total of thirteen payments of so-called Danegeld to Viking raiders by the Franks[1] (the term is not expressly known to have been used at this point).[12] While agreeing to withdraw from Paris, Ragnar pillaged several sites along the coast on the return voyage, including the Abbey of Saint Bertin.[8]
Although Charles had been criticised severely for granting the large ransom payment to the Vikings, he had other more critical issues to deal with at the same time, including disputes with his brothers, regional revolts and disgruntled nobles, as well as pressure from abroad. Since he would have trouble trusting his own counts to assemble and lead troops to defeat Ragnar's large force militarily, paying them off instead would buy Charles time, and possibly peace from further Viking raids—at least in the near future.[12]
The same year, a Viking fleet sacked Hamburg,[3][5] which had been elevated to an archbishopric by Pope Gregory IV in 831 on the initiative of Louis the Pious to oversee the Saxon territory and to support the introduction of Christianity to Scandinavia.[3] In response, the Frankish king Louis the German sent a diplomatic mission, headed by Count Cobbo (one of two court counts), to the court of Horik, demanding that the Danish king submit to Frankish overlordship and pay reparations for the invasion. Horik eventually agreed to the terms and requested a peace treaty with Louis, while also promising to return the treasure and captives from the raid. Horik most likely wanted to secure the border with Saxony as he faced a conflict with King Olof of Sweden and domestic struggles. By the treaty, Louis demanded Horik's obedience, which was further secured by Horik regularly sending embassies and gifts to Louis and his suspension of support to Viking raiders.[3]
Although many Vikings had died in the plague during the siege of Paris, Ragnar lived to return home to King Horik. According to a story originating from a member of Cobbo's embassy, Ragnar, having attacked the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, then in the outskirts of medieval Paris and which Cobbo later visited, attributed the plague to the power of Saint Germain of Paris.[13] While Ragnar showed the gold and silver he had acquired to Horik and boasted about how easy he thought the conquest of Paris had been,[9] he reportedly collapsed crying while relating that the only resistance he had met was from the long deceased saint.[13] As several of Ragnar's men died not long after, the king was so frightened that he ordered the execution of the survivors and the release of his Christian captives.[13] This event, in part, led Horik to receive Archbishop Ansgar, "Apostle of the North", on friendly terms in his own kingdom.[13] Vikings returned again and again in the 860s and secured loot or ransom but, in a turning point for the history of France, the city's walls held against the Vikings' greatest attacking force in the siege of Paris (885–86).[citation needed]
- ^ a b c d e f Kohn 2006, p. 588.
- ^ Jones 2001, p. 210.
- ^ a b c d Goldberg 2006, p. 134.
- ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 133–134.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jones 2001, p. 212.
- ^ Sawyer 2001, p. 39.
- ^ a b Sprague 2007, p. 225.
- ^ a b c d e f Duckett 1988, p. 181.
- ^ a b c d Sawyer 2001, p. 40.
- ^ Mawer 1922, p. 330.
- ^ According to a contemporary source, Annales Bertiniani, the sum was 7,000 French livres (Ogg 1908, p. 166). One "livre d'estelin" or "livre de Charlemagne", the mass standard used in France from c. 800 to c. 1350, is equivalent to 367.1 g (Zupko 1990, p. 346). Converted, 7,000 livres equals 2570 kg (7000 * .3671 = 2569.7).
- ^ a b Jones 2001, p. 213.
- ^ a b c d Hoops & Beck 2002, p. 90.
- Duckett, Eleanor S (1988). Carolingian Portraits: A Study in the Ninth Century. University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-06157-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876. Cornell University. ISBN 978-0-8014-3890-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hoops, Johanne; Beck, Heinrich (2002). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). 20. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017164-8.
- Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-280134-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kohn, George C (2006). Dictionary of Wars. Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mawer, Allen (1922). The Cambridge Medieval History. III. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 489937746.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ogg, FA (1908). A source book of mediæval history: documents illustrative of European life and institutions from the German invasion to the renaissance. American Book Co. OCLC 774441936.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Sawyer, PH (2001). Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Sprague, Martina (2007). Norse warfare: The Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings. Hippocrene. ISBN 978-0-7818-1176-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science. 186. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-186-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′06″E / 48.8566°N 2.3518°E


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Original Kangertech Top EVOD Starter Kit
For the first time, now you can buy Kangertech Top EVOD starter Kit in India. eCigs in India have been available in Indian markets for quite some time now but none of them were from reputed manufacturers and most of them fell short in terms of quality and reliability. However, with original Kangertech products, all of this is going to change. The Kangertech Megastarter kit in India is the perfect product for those who have some experience with electronic cigarettes but were never able to get a product that truly fulfilled their vaping demands.
The Kangertech EVOD Megastarter kit is based on the proprietary technology known as dual coil setup that was developed by Kangertech itself to provide the customers with better and more efficient electronic cigarettes. No matter which way you look at it, it feels and works as a premium product. From battery to clearomizer, each element is state of the art. It comes with a 650mAh battery and Top tank eliquid fill to avoid spills and leakage.
The charging port features a micro USB jack and is located at the bottom of the battery. This means that you won't have to unwind your device each time you want to charge it. And the best feature is that it supports "pass through vaping", which means that you can put your device on charge and still use it for vaping. Also included in the box is a large 1.7ml atomizer tank. Since the tank has such a large capacity, it can hold enough e-liquid for you to vape throughout the day without constantly worrying about refilling it. Buy original Kangertech in India.
Note: Use special caution when working with Li-ion cells, they are very sensitive to charging characteristics and may explode or burn if mishandled. Make sure the user has enough knowledge of Li-Ion rechargeable batteries in charging, discharging and assembly before use. Always charge in/on a fire-proof surface. Never leave charging batteries unattended. We are not responsible for damage if there is any modification of the batteries/chargers in any form or shape (including pack making).
VapourIndia is not responsible for any damage caused by misuse or mishandling of Li-Ion batteries and chargers. We only recommend using Lithium Ion rechargeable batteries with a control circuit (protection PCB) to assure safe charge, discharge, etc, use of lithium ion batteries without a protection circuit is potentially hazardous.
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- 650mAh EVOD Battery
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- 1.7ml Liquid Capacity
- Replaceable bottom dual coil
- Triple sealed to prevent leaks and to give rich vapour.
- Fill eliquid from top to avoid spill and leakage
Package Contents
- 1 x EVOD 650mAh rechargeable battery
- 1 x Top Tank 1.7ml clearomizer
- 1X Atomizer VOCC-T 1.5 ohm
- 1 x USB charger or cable


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The results of the Machine Research workshop from back in October were launched at Transmediale: the zine, and a studio talk.
During the workshop, we explored the use of various writing machines and ways in which research has become machine-like. The workshop questioned how research is bound to the reputation economy and profiteering of publishing companies, who charge large amounts of money to release texts under restrictive conditions. Using Free, Libre, and Open Source collaboration tools, Machine Research participants experimented with collective notetaking, transforming their contributions through machine authoring scripts and a publishing tool developed by Sarah Garcin. (The image accompanying this post is a shot of the PJ, or Publication Jockey, with some text it laid out on a screen in the back). The print publication, or 'zine, was launched at transmediale is one result of this process. You can read the zine online
The studio talk brought together one half of our research group that talked about'infrastructures'. Listen to it here: (I'm speaking at 44:09)


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Andy has over 20 years of experience providing strategic tax advice to clients on transactional and tax compliance services across numerous industry sectors including manufacturing, distribution, online-retail, commerce and software, real estate, and investment funds. As the leader of HCVT's Mergers & Acquisitions Tax practice, Andy addresses the tax structuring and reporting issues associated with complex transactions. He focuses on the analysis of the tax efficiencies of proposed deal structures and conducts comprehensive tax due diligence. Andy's M & A experience includes both buy-side and sell-side strategic advisory services. Andy has worked with clients through all phases of the business cycle, including start-up, rapid growth, steady cash flow, and workouts. Andy was recognized by the Los Angeles Business Journal as one of the Most Influential M & A Advisors in Los Angeles.
Andy is a thought leader and has served as an expert witness in tax matters and has authored numerous articles addressing complex tax issues included in such publications as the BNA Bloomberg Tax Management Real Estate Journal, Tax Notes Today, the Orange County Business Journal, and the Los Angeles Business Journal, among others. Andy is a frequent guest speaker at the USC Gould School of Law Tax Institute addressing topics such as the tax issues related to buying or selling privately held businesses. Local media, including ABC Eyewitness News, contacted Andy to provide commentary on the fiscal cliff in 2012.
Andy began his career with Deloitte in Los Angeles, which included a three-year rotation in its Washington National Tax office and was a member of the M&A group based in Los Angeles. Andy has served as an adjunct professor for the Master of Science in Taxation program at California State University, Northridge. Andy has a bachelor's degree in accounting from Pepperdine University with honors and a master's in taxation from the University of Denver. A strong supporter of the arts, Andy is the Chairman of the Board of the Lark Musical Society.
Professional Experience
Professional and Community Involvement
Lark Musical Society, Chairman of the Board
Honors & Awards
- Most Influential Private Equity Investors and Advisors, Los Angeles Business Journal, 2019
Most Influential M & A Advisor, Los Angeles Business Journal, 2013
Practice Area & Specialization
Industries Served
Credentials and Certifications
CPA, California
MT, University of Denver
BA, Accounting, Pepperdine University, with honors


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I am proud to now offer Wild Woman New Moon Circles to the women of my community! Finally! A safe place for all who identify as women to honor themselves, their unique experiences, and their spiritual journey.
But what exactly is a Wild Woman New Moon Circle?
For centuries, women have gathered to support each other as sisters in community. Many of these gatherings coincided with the natural phenomena occurring around them, such as the change of seasons and the cyclical phases of the moon. A Wild Woman New Moon Circle is a place to meet with like-minded women who wish to support and nurture their own spiritual journeys while also supporting and nurturing the other women in attendance. Each Circle meets close to the monthly new moon and consists of discussion, sharing, meditation, deep soul guidance, and intention-setting, all done in a respectful, private, and confidential manner. No two Circles are ever exactly alike, and each individual will leave the Circle infused with her own new wisdom, insight, and next steps to continue her unique spiritual journey.
Sounds amazing, right?
It really is. I was led by Spirit to the Wild Woman Project as I searched for a new way to interact and serve my community. My own experiences in these Circles have been soulful, prayerful, and life-changing, just to use a few adjectives. I've laughed and cried in these Circles as I released unnecessary obstacles to my growth and embraced new goals. I've sung with joy, I've received valuable guidance, and I've altered the way I look at and work in my world. Through it all, I've been uplifted, inspired, and renewed by the amazing women with whom I've interacted. I am honored to now facilitate these Circles so that other women can experience their own positive transformations.
Won't you join me and experience it for yourself?
This Circle will be held at the beautiful Gracetree Yoga & Growth Studio. Please visit their website to purchase your ticket.


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The marketing phrase to which my title refers is normally followed by a question mark. I choose to emphasize by way of an exclamation mark that we all "got milk!"…
How often one reads of or observes first hand a good deed and refers to such as stemming from "the milk of human kindness"! Such phraseology is a hyperbole of our innate goodness. Indeed, every kind word and good deed are merely reflective of the genuine goodness of our actual inner nature. When we act upon our basic impulses of kindness and generosity, we are living out our natural inclinations and our normal tendencies.
Active moral self cultivation comes from reflecting upon our true nature and remaining consistent in word and deed with such. Although natural, such is not always easy. Ego and desires are ever influenced by a society whose fundamental basis is founded upon encouraging and enticing these baser qualities which distract us from our natural selves. When tempted to depart from your true and original nature of kindness and commiseration, just remember this reality:
We all "got milk"!!


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Hunter Valley Gardening – Roses
Winter is over and Spring is in the air. The sights, scents and sounds are all around with the garden coming back to life. Trees are coming into leaf, the blossoms are out and the roses are budding up ready to commence their 9-month flowering spree.
The rose is one of the most widely grown of all plants and dates back to ancient times, there are even fossil evidence discovered in Colorado dating back 35 million years.
The domestic rose most likely originated in Asia around 5 thousand years ago and has made its mark throughout history as symbols of love, beauty, war and politics. In ancient Egypt the rose was considered the most sacred of all flowers and was used as offerings to Gods as well as being used as wreaths in tombs. In 1492 a crew member on Columbuss ship picked a rose branch out of the ocean which was a sign of the presence of land and the next day Columbus discovered America, while in England in during the 15th century the rose was used as a symbol for factional fighting. Known as the War of the Roses- the white rose symbolised York and the red rose symbolised Lancaster. In the 17th century roses were in such demand that royalty considered roses and rose water as legal tender and Shakespeare refers to roses over 50 times in his works.
In modern times the rose continues to make its mark with the Netherlands being the world leader in the export of roses with over 19,000 acres under rose cultivation while Zambia being a small nation has 80 per cent of its cultivated land dedicated to the production of roses. The rose is also the national floral emblem of the US and was signed in by law in 1986 by President Ronald Reagan.
So what does all this mean? Not much really except that the rose has stood the test of time, not only due to its beauty and elegance but also because it is one of the toughest plants around. Full sun, a little fertiliser and some water and the modern rose will reward the even the most novice of gardeners. The biggest problem people face these days is which rose to grow. Roses come in all shapes, sizes and colours (except blue!) and the range can be a bit confusing – Bush, Climbers, Standards, Ramblers, Pillars, Hybrid Teas, Floribundas and landscape are few types but all will do well in our climate.
If you have never tried to grow roses before and not sure what to grow, here is a list of the top 10 we grow at Hunter Valley Gardens. All these varieties are tough, disease resistant and very free flowering and will reward with months of colour.
Apricot Nectar – A floribunda rose with large, very fragrant apricot blooms with pink tints. A compact bush with strong stems. An excellent cut flower.
Chameleon – A floribunda miniature rose with flowers that change colour as they mature on the plant. Starting at a mid yellow with the outer petals changing to pink while the centre changes to white.
Double Delight – A large flowering hybrid tea rose. A very fragrant rose with high centred double flowers. Creamy white with red streaks around the edges of the petals.
Fiona's Wish – A vigorous hybrid tea. Large vivid pink petals flushed with a white underside. A full classic rose with fragrance. Bush. Excellent for cut flowers.
Iceberg – The best rose available. A white flowering cluster floribunda with slightly scented flowers. A very free flowering rose that will show colour all year round.
Just Joey – A large flowering hybrid tea. Full petalled flower in tones of fawn, copper and buff. Very fragrant in warmer climates with extremely large flowers that fold out.
Peace – A vigorous large flowered hybrid tea. Very large flowers are a bright yellow flushed with pinkish-red at the edges and are lightly scented.
Pierre De Ronsard – A pillar/climbing rose with very full double cupped blooms with a slight fragrance. Flowers are centred with mid pink and fade to white on the outer petals.
Seduction – An open flowered floribunda rose. Buds start at mid pink and fade to a white. Flowers open completely to expose stamens. A delicate, elegant flower.
Simply Magic – A spreading floribunda rose. Very heavy flowering variety with carmine-pink clusters of open petal flowers. A low and spreading variety with a very long flowering period.
For those who enjoy their roses or want to try something new, there are some exceptional new releases available for 2008 that are sure to inspire.
Tequila La Savillana A floribunda with bright yellow-orange flowers blending to pink. Loose medium flowers that offer a continuous display.
Blooming Miracle Highly perfumed repeat flowerer with apricot, cream blooms. Very hardy.
Fire & Ice A hybrid tea with a white petalled flower with cherry red tips. Excellent disease tolerance and dark glossy green foliage.
My Hero A Classic shiny pink flower that will not fade and is self-cleaning. Massive flowers borne above dark glossy foliage.
Love-In A psychedelic rose with swirling lemon, pink flower that ages to a rose colour. Voted the most disease resistant rose at the 2006 rose trials.
Make sure you visit your local garden centre to see all the latest releases and enjoy the spring weather and Happy Gardening.


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Eric Graydon Lair
- Gov & Administrative Law, Estate Planning, Environmental Law ...
- Oklahoma
Eric Lair started his legal career at a large, distinguished and well respected Oklahoma Law Firm after graduating from the University of Tulsa College of Law in December, 1994. He fine tuned litigation skills at a small firm where he worked from 1996 to 2006, gaining invaluable experience and logging many hours in depositions and in the courtroom. It was during this time that he saw firsthand how disruptive litigation can be to individuals and businesses alike. Now, his practice focuses primarily on providing outside General Counsel Services to business clients and individuals. He currently serves as outside General Counsel to the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority where he deals with a range of legal issues. This experience has made Eric a well rounded attorney capable of addressing your legal needs. In his civil litigation cases, Eric varies his practice and has represented clients in catastrophic personal injuries and wrongful death to commercial and business litigation, including the representation of real estate developers and oil and gas companies. Eric graduated from Oklahoma Baptist University in 1989 with a Bachelor of Business Administration. He is a member of the Oklahoma State and Tulsa County Bar Associations. Eric is admitted to practice before the Oklahoma Bar and United States District Court for the Eastern, Northern and Western Districts of Oklahoma. Eric is also admitted to practice before the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.
- University of Tulsa College of Law
- J.D. (1994) | Law
- -
- Honors: Graduated top 25% of class.
- Oklahoma State Bar
- Member
- Current
- Oklahoma
- 10th Circuit
Contingent Fees
Varies with nature and complexity of the case.
- Gov & Administrative Law
- Estate Planning
- Environmental Law
- Business Law
- Personal Injury
- Website


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