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Medical Product Oversight - High Risk Issue
Americans depend on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety and effectiveness of medical products—drugs, biologics, and medical devices. FDA's medical product responsibilities are far-reaching and demands on the agency have soared in recent years.
FDA faces multiple challenges that threaten its ability to protect public health. These challenges make medical product oversight a high risk issue and include:
The United States has become increasingly dependent on global markets to supply its drugs and medical devices. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), nearly 40 percent of the finished drugs and about 50 percent of the medical devices used in the United States are made overseas, which has complicated FDA's efforts to assess the quality of these medical products.
FDA has attempted to respond to this through a variety of activities, such as by increasing the number of foreign establishments it inspects each year. However, the agency could do more, such as develop performance measures for, and meaningfully assess the effectiveness of, its foreign offices.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inspections of Domestic and Foreign Drug Establishments, Fiscal Year 2007 through June 30, 2016
Drug shortages
Drug shortages continue to be a serious public health concern, despite FDA's efforts to prevent and mitigate supply issues. Though new reports of drug shortages have declined in recent years, the total number of shortages during any given year—including both new shortages and ongoing shortages that began in a prior year—remains high. Although FDA alone cannot guarantee drug availability, the agency needs to conduct periodic analyses to assess drug shortage information and identify risk factors for potential drug shortages.
Drug Shortages, 2010- 2015
Drug safety monitoring
FDA may use expedited programs, such as "fast track" or "breakthrough therapy" designations, to bring drugs to market more quickly to treat serious or life-threatening conditions. These expedited programs sometimes allow drugs to be approved based on fewer or smaller clinical trials.
FDA conducts ongoing safety monitoring for all the drugs it approves after they go to market. However, the agency lacks reliable, readily accessible data to support this type of systematic oversight. Consequently, it cannot fully determine whether expedited drugs have different safety issues once they are more widely used than nonexpedited drugs.
GAO-19-157SP: Published: Mar 6, 2019. Publicly Released: Mar 6, 2019.
Every 2 years, we report on federal programs and operations that are vulnerable to waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement, or that need broad reform—our High Risk List. Our 2019 report reviews the status of areas on the list and outlines steps to lasting solutions. The ratings for over half of the 35 areas on our list remain unchanged. Since our last update, 7 areas improved and 3 regressed. We...
GAO-17-231: Published: Feb 7, 2017. Publicly Released: Feb 8, 2017.
In 1991, FDA allowed the first laparoscopic power morcellator—a device that cuts tissue into small pieces, which can be removed during minimally invasive surgeries—on the U.S. market. In late 2013, the agency began to receive reports that these devices may spread a difficult-to-diagnose cancer when used to treat uterine fibroids. In April 2014, FDA estimated that the risk of having the type o...
GAO-17-143: Published: Dec 16, 2016. Publicly Released: Jan 17, 2017.
Much of the U.S. drug supply is manufactured overseas. FDA inspects drug manufacturing facilities around the world to ensure that their drugs are safe for the U.S. market. FDA uses a risk-based approach to select which manufacturing establishments to inspect—prioritizing those that make drugs which, if defective, pose the greatest public health risk. In part to help its inspection efforts, FDA...
GAO-17-64: Published: Nov 17, 2016. Publicly Released: Nov 17, 2016.
A 2012 outbreak of fungal meningitis raised concerns about state and federal oversight of drug compounding, which is the process of creating a drug tailored for an individual patient. To improve public safety, a 2013 law helped clarify FDA's authority to oversee this practice. We found that FDA and some states collect data on the number of drug compounders, but not the volume of compounded drugs...
GAO-16-595: Published: Jul 7, 2016. Publicly Released: Jul 7, 2016.
When available supplies of prescription drugs are insufficient, patient care may be adversely affected. The number of new shortages has generally decreased since 2011, while the number of ongoing shortages remained high.Number of Drug Shortages from January 2010 through December 2015 To help address shortages, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prioritized the review of—more quickly reviewed...
More Reports
GAO-21-22: Published: Oct 1, 2020. Publicly Released: Oct 1, 2020.
Prescription medications, if misused or overprescribed, can lead to dangerous drug interactions, abuse, overdose, or death. Prescription drug monitoring programs—state-operated electronic databases that track patient prescriptions for opioids and other medications—can help. Physicians said that access to these programs improved patient care and helped them prevent drug misuse and potentially d...
GAO-20-630: Published: Sep 14, 2020. Publicly Released: Sep 14, 2020.
Physicians, nurses, and other providers can volunteer in their communities to help people affected by public health emergencies. These volunteers, known as the Medical Reserve Corps, provide first aid and shelter support during a variety of events—like wildfires, hurricanes, and pandemics—and provided medical aid to migrants at the southern border. They have also assisted with drive-thru testi...
GAO-20-525: Published: Jun 18, 2020. Publicly Released: Jun 18, 2020.
Medical emergency responders (e.g. doctors and nurses) enrolled in a Department of Health and Human Services program can be called up and sent to help states and localities in a public health emergency. But HHS doesn't know if it has enough responders available with the critical skills and competencies needed for current or future emergencies. In 2017, for example, HHS had a responder shortage...
GAO-20-626T: Published: Jun 2, 2020. Publicly Released: Jun 2, 2020.
The outbreak of COVID-19 has called greater attention to the United States' reliance on foreign drug manufacturers. Much of the drug manufacturing for the U.S. market happens overseas—and drugs for treating COVID-19 are no exception. Food and Drug Administration inspections of foreign and domestic drug manufacturers are critical to ensuring drug safety and effectiveness. But FDA began to pos...
GAO-20-341: Published: Mar 30, 2020. Publicly Released: Apr 29, 2020.
Antibiotic-resistant infections can be difficult or impossible to treat. We examined federal challenges to addressing antibiotic resistance: Surveillance—Tracking resistant infections is tough because of reliance on sampling and voluntary reporting Diagnostics—Lack of data on clinical outcomes impedes the development and use of antibiotic-resistance tests New treatments—The pipeline of n...
GAO-20-301: Published: Mar 6, 2020. Publicly Released: Apr 6, 2020.
Before a drug can be marketed in the United States, the FDA must determine it is safe and effective. The company or entity seeking to market the drug must submit evidence for review. FDA's goal is to complete 90% of these reviews within deadlines that vary depending on the drug. Some drugs—ones that may provide significant improvement over what's available—receive priority designations for...
GAO-20-244: Published: Mar 6, 2020. Publicly Released: Apr 6, 2020.
Before a drug can be marketed in the United States, the FDA must determine it is safe and effective. The company or entity seeking to market the drug must submit evidence for review. FDA's goal is to complete 90% of these reviews within deadlines that vary depending on the drug. Some drugs—ones that may provide significant improvement over what's available—receive priority designations for...
GAO-20-262T: Published: Dec 10, 2019. Publicly Released: Dec 10, 2019.
More than 60% of drug manufacturers for the U.S. market are located overseas. The Food and Drug Administration inspects foreign and domestic drug manufacturers to ensure drug safety and effectiveness. Among other things, we testified that: The number of inspections of foreign drug manufacturers has declined since FY 2016, which FDA attributes in part to fewer inspectors and difficulty filling jo...
GAO-19-577: Published: Aug 9, 2019. Publicly Released: Aug 9, 2019.
About 38% of U.S. adults have obesity and are at risk of developing conditions like heart disease, which are associated with increased risk of death. There are nine FDA-approved drugs to help treat obesity. Among U.S. adults with obesity, relatively few (about 660,000/year) used an obesity drug, according to estimates for 2012–2016. Health insurance plans might not cover obesity drugs. Some Me...
GAO-18-685R: Published: Sep 26, 2018. Publicly Released: Oct 23, 2018.
Over 42,000 people died from opioid overdoses in 2016, according to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Partly due to this, HHS declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency on October 26, 2017. This declaration allows HHS some leeway to conduct certain activities in response to the opioid crisis. For example, we found that HHS waived the public notice period for approval of...
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- Director, Health Care
- email@example.com
- 202-512-7114


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Wouldn't it be cool if everyone came with their own personal soundtrack?
This week, I'll be associating each photo with a song that I feel artistically captures the moment.
Feel free to share your thoughts or own soundtracks.
Let's Dance
Let's Dance...Put on your red shoes and dance the blues
Let's Dance...To the song they're playing on the radio
Let's sway
While the colour lights up your face
Let's sway
Sway through the crowd to an empty space
Songwriters: Christopher Lee-Joe, Philippe-Marc Anquetil, Martin Scott Carre & David Bowie

subset: commoncrawl


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Success Lies Outside of Your Comfort Zone
Tamara Knight
Tamara Knight is a certified professional photographer (and very proud of this fact!) based in Orlando, Florida. Originally from Russia, she is a mother of two teen kids (please keep her in your prayers) and a wife to amazing guy. She has been a photographer for 9 years and loved every second of it.
In my work as a coach, I often come across inspiring professionals who have pushed themselves through significant change to achieve remarkable success. Certified professional photographer Tamara Knight is one such business owner, and a fellow immigrant as well, whom I interviewed on my podcast. Tamara serves women who believe they are not photogenic and haven't recently had a photo they love.
Tamara takes genuine joy in showing people their beauty and who they are through her art. So many of us, men and women, do not want to be seen. The truth is we are afraid to see who we are and how beautiful we can be. I know I don't like to be photographed, and when we met, Tamara made me comfortable. This ability and her quality of work have contributed to her success.
Here are a few shots of wisdom and insight from our conversation.
Plan, but Be Flexible
About 20 years ago, Tamara moved to the US from Russia to pursue the American dream. For the first couple of months, however, her limited English and thick accent made life unbearably frustrating—I can relate! In Texas, they have their own accent, too, and she struggled to understand what people wanted of her. She was ready to go back to Russia, to her comfort zone.
Tamara's Plan A was to get married, have children, build a career and stay. Plan B was to return to Russia as a rich woman, which she decided was having $500 in her pocket. But life, of course, had a third plan. For 10 years she worked as a graphic designer with good pay, and assumed she would do that for the rest of her life, but it wasn't challenging and she didn't feel fulfilled. Then she discovered photography—accidentally—and went back to school to study it.
Moving was the biggest change in her life, and it came with the greatest reward. She found her husband here, and her calling—she doesn't believe she was meant to be a teacher, as she was in Russia, nor a graphic designer, but a true artist, a photographer.
Best Advice: Practice What Is Uncomfortable
Tamara started her business the wrong way, of course, charging way too little money while pouring her heart into her work. Even if you have the greatest talent, Tamara says, you won't be successful if you don't understand the business side of things. She took many workshops and classes and set big goals for herself.
Tamara's greatest challenge in her new business was phone conversations. It was so bad that if anyone called her, she wouldn't pick up, but wait to listen to the voicemail and then maybe call them back. (or not). She was that scared.
Tamara is a self-proclaimed introvert and decided to push herself to rehearse her words, slowing down her speech and trying to erase her Russian accent. This practice gave her confidence and changed her business. She surprised herself when she eventually started calling her clients and offering new things, unafraid any more.
If you are afraid of something in your business, Tamara says, rehearse until it becomes second nature.
Lesson Learned: Success Is Outside the Comfort Zone
Many small-business owners tend to undersell themselves, but Tamara's favorite quote helped her overcome this fear. Imagine a blank sheet of paper with a circle in one corner called "success," and a circle in another corner called "comfort." You can see that success and comfort never touch. If you choose to sit in your wonderful comfortable happy place, you will not succeed.
Moving from comfort to success takes practice, practice, practice. Practice explaining what you do until it becomes second nature. Practice with your boyfriend, your mother, your friends. Push yourself. That illustration hangs over her desk with pictures of her children by the "success" circle. Whenever she is feeling down or lazy, she looks up at the circles, sees her kids and says, "Success it is," and pushes herself.
In my experience too, success happens outside the comfort zone. You can see this with athletes and entrepreneurs such as Steve Jobs who challenge the status quo. How can you use this advice to embrace the positive results you deserve?
Always Learn Something New
When I asked her what one thing you changed in your life that was so uncomfortable that you thought you would fail, she said it was her photography certification. She kept putting it off because it seemed hard: the test referred to theory she didn't know. She didn't need the certification, but she finally did it for herself.
She pushed herself to schedule the test and a prep class with a friend. Today her certification gives her confidence, partly because of the technical aspects she learned to pass it, especially adapting to many lighting conditions. It gives her leverage and comfort to shoot in more situations. Her certification is posted on every social platform, and in her studio, it is framed on the wall.
Her takeaway? Even when we feel we are good at something, or we have a full clientele, we can always something learn something to improve ourselves.
Favorite Business Book: The E-Myth Revisited
For anyone who wants to push their business the right way, she recommends The E-Myth Revisited: Why Most Small Businesses Don't Work and What to Do About It by Michael E. Gerber.
Most small business owners have a skill and they want to do that—be a photographer, cut hair, bake cakes—but they don't know how to run a business. This is an amazing book and could have pushed me through a few hurdles, had I read it earlier. It can benefit corporate professionals as well.
Plan for Expansion
Tamara says that many people like her start with a skill-based small business and don't consider expansion. She learned that artists can use their craft in areas they hadn't considered. When people saw her pictures in one setting, they wanted that in others: their professional life, for their family, their pregnancy, etc. So she expanded her offerings. She still doesn't do landscape (too boring) or wedding (too stressful) photography, but is expanding into new areas that are still portraiture, working with people, and she loves it.
Tamara's original goal was to set up a small studio, but she has already grown out of it and is looking to purchase a larger space. She has an assistant, can't imagine life without one, and may hire a second soon. An assistant allows her to delegate tasks that can be done without her brain, freeing her to focus on customer service and of course the photography she loves.
So check out TamaraKnight.com. On her home page you can download a guide that shows you how to pose for pictures: where to put your hands and how to position your legs, so you look nice and slim and tall in any shot.


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Merlin's weekly podcast with Dan Benjamin. We talk about creativity, independence, and making things you love.
Merlin's weekly podcast with Dan Benjamin. We talk about creativity, independence, and making things you love.
"What's 43 Folders?"
43Folders.com is Merlin Mann's website about finding the time and attention to do your best creative work.
Five fast email productivity tips
Merlin Mann | Feb 15 2005
There's been a lot of great discussions about email productivity going around on sites I enjoy, so I thought I'd throw in five no-brainers that I've seen help a lot of folks.
Update 2005-10-18 07:33:45
Yep, you read it right: in the eightish months since I posted this, I've set my email to check every hour. The result? I ain't missing much. A lot of stuff that can wait, a lot that resolves itself, and a huge mass of items that previously would have sent me on a 50-yard-dash to nothing.
Friends: stop letting your email poke you with a stick. It's just not worth it.
things i need to start...
Submitted by justin ward's blog (not verified) on February 16, 2005 - 3:18am.
things i need to start doing
Five fast email productivity tips | 43 Folders [via Kottke] Check out this read and follow the advice. I'm going to start today....
|EXPLORE 43Folders


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Telecommunications Technology
Telecommunications Technology (ICT30515) – ANZSCO: 342411/342414
We can deliver your Australian Qualification as a qualified IT Support Technician for Australia.
If you need your Skills Assessment for visa purposes then we can go on further to gain your Trades Skills Assessment from TRA for the purpose of migration on your behalf.
The Down Under Centre is proud to have Australian Trade Training College(ATTC) working from its building, in Ealing Broadway, London. We work closely with ATTC to facilitate their Technical Skype interviews and work with clients to ensure that they are ready for their RPL Qualification.
If you would like to see if you are eligible for a Skilled Visa, use our free visa points calculator and/or send your CV to email@example.com and our Migration Consultants will be happy to advise on your options.
Step 1 – Enrolment
You will need to complete a Self-Assessment Questionnaire and provide the enrolment documents required to enrol you to ATTC. A Self-Assessment Questionnaire is a form you complete to make sure your skill level is at the standard immigration is looking for. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for the Telecommunications Technology Self-Assessment Questionnaire or call us on 0203 376 1555.
Down Under Centre Agency Service
The Down Under Centre can provide you with an agency service to assist you in the next stage, the Candidate Kit, as it is considered to be the most difficult stage of your visa application which is gathering the documentation required to get your Australian qualification as a Telecommunications Technician. It pays to make sure you gather the year's evidence your migration agent requires correctly so that you are not going back and forth to employers. Please call us on 0203 376 1555 to enquire about our agency service and how it can specifically help you.
Step 2 — Candidate Kit
Once ATTC have confirmed your enrolment, you will then move onto the Candidate Kit. The Candidate Kit is where you provide as much information and documentary evidence as you can of your previous work experience as a Telecommunications Technician. You will need evidence that will show you can do the work listed in the Self-Assessment Questionnaire.
There will be a list of mandatory documentation that you must provide and a list of useful documentation that you could include in your Candidate Kit. You may wish to send your documentary and photographic evidence electronically.
You will also need to supply contact details of one or two work referees who can confirm your skills in the industry.
Your assessor will contact all employers and referees listed in your application documents to verify your employment history, job roles and work performance
Step 3 — Professional / Technical Conversation with Assessor
Your assessor will review the information and evidence you have provided and begin to match your skills to the units/subjects in the qualification.
You will have the opportunity to discuss and identify your previous experience with the assessor who will understand your industry experience and conduct a technical competency conversation with you.
You will be required to answer industry related questions to identify your current skills and in certain circumstances the conversation recording sheets may be given to you and the questions will be worked through with small prompts to assist you to elaborate and outline your experiences and/or undertaking of the various tasks required of the qualification.
Your assessor will also take notes during the conversation so that there is an accurate recording made of your experiences.
The Technical interviews will be held at The Down Under Centre's London office, 48 Haven Green, Ealing W5 2NX.
If you need to obtain your Telecommunications/Cabler Skills Assessment, the Down Under Centre can work with you to submit your application to Trades Recognition Australia(TRA).
Free Visa Points Calculator
Please fill in the form below to see if you eligible for a visa to Australia.
Trade workers should be able to connect, maintain and repair data broadcast equipment, aerial lines, channels, cables, radio antennae and communications equipment and appliances.
Tasks include examining drawings, conditions and work areas to control positioning and connections for equipment to be installed. You will be finding faults in broadcastings equipment using instruments such as ohmmeters and broadcast measuring apparatus. As well as attaching wires and cables to appliances you'll be altering, replacing and repairing faulty objects, and testing equipment using electronic instruments. You will be fitting any cabling for receiver, radio, pay TV and computer program; you'll also be assembling cables and fastening casings with lead and thermoplastic. This includes you establishing, testing and maintaining mid-air and underground wires and cables, and radio and mobile phone projections. Finally, you will be fitting telecommunications equipment and utilisations such as telephones, switchboards and data transmission equipment.
Looking for jobs in Australia? Why not visit our jobs page? www.downundercentre.com/jobs


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Teen Dies in Fall in Angeles National Forest
An 18-year-old from Whittier, Jeremy Tyler St. Julian, was pronounced dead Tuesday night after falling from a 100-foot cliff in the Chantry Flat area of Angeles National Forest. St. Julian had been hiking with five friends when he went over. This tragic news follows another incident in Angeles National Forest from last February, where one hiker died and four were injured in a fall from Islip Saddle.


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Klipsch to Sponsor Car in IndyCar Race
Klipsch has announced another big sports sponsorship. The brand is the primary sponsor for Sarah Fischer Hartman Racing (SFHR)'s #67 entry at the upcoming Indianapolis Grand Prix.
The race is set for May 10. Josef Newgarden, already a Klipsch brand ambassador, will drive the car.
"Bringing Klipsch as the primary sponsor to the inaugural Grand Prix will be fantastic, especially with its headquarters located here and the excitement around this particular event," Sarah Fischer, co-owner of SFHR, said as part of the announcement. "We are thankful for their increased involvement and know both SFHR and Klipsch will share the benefits of this great partnership in Indianapolis."
"Serving as the primary sponsor of Klipsch brand ambassador Josef Newgarden during Indianapolis' inaugural Grand Prix will be a legendary moment for our company," Paul Jacobs, CEO of Klipsch, said in a statement. "Our relationship with the SFHR team has given us a direct link to the sport and its fans for which our headquarter city of Indianapolis is most known. We look forward to the upcoming race, as well as the continuation and growth of our partnership."


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The Unbecoming of Mara Dyer by Michelle Hodkin
Release Date: September 27th 2011
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Goodreads | Book Depository | Amazon
My Rating: 5/5 Stars
From Goodreads: "Mara Dyer doesn't think life can get any stranger than waking up in a hospital with no memory of how she got there.
There has been a lot of hype over The Unbecoming of Mara Dyer, that is why I found myself putting this book off and off. I just couldn't bring myself to read it in case after all the hype, I didn't like it. I wish I had of read it sooner! This book was actually amazing.
Michelle Hodkin has created a very unique story that has captivated the Young Adult crowd. There was a great deal of mystery with this book, most of the reviews I have seen didn't go into much detail because they 'couldn't' as it would spoil it. So now it's my turn to try and praise this book without spoilers...
The Unbecoming of Mara Dyer... Where to start. Mara has lived an ordinary life, up until her friends die in an accident, of which she is the only survivor. The accident was in a place she was not meant to be, no one is meant to be, and even worse? She can't remember anything about the accident.
Mara wakes up in hospital with her family around and some nervous looking nurses. Turns out Mara has a killer right hook. How is Mara supposed to go on without her very best and pretty much only friend? She doesn't know.
Her family moves towns and Mara has to start in a new school, where she surprises herself and makes a new friend, Jamie. She also comes one of the popular boys, Noah, a total 'asscrown.' He just won't leave her alone and she doesn't know why.
That's all that I will say about the plot, I don't want to give any of the good bits away! I will say a bit about the characters though.
Mara has been in a slump since the accident. She is very confused about the accident and has become pretty depressed. There is just so much going on in her head sometimes it's hard to concentrate. There are times when we as the reader are confused as Mara herself is confused. Mara is a great female lead to this story and Michelle Hodkin has portrayed her very well.
Noah, dreamy dreamy Noah. He comes off as a bit of an 'asscrown' at the start, he won't leave Mara alone. As the story progresses though, Noah becomes so much more than an 'asscrown,' he becomes Mara's salvation. He cares for Mara, more than he has cared for other girls. He is just an all round amazing love interest.
With many twists and turns, Michelle Hodkin has created a remarkably unique story that is both intriguing and thrilling. The Unbecoming of Mara Dyer will have you guessing right up to the last page.
What did you think of this one?
Happy reading!
- Amy


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All students entering the two-year IB Diploma Programme (IBDP) at Aarhus Gymnasium study the subject courses offered by the International Baccalaureate and our students sit the IB's widely-recognised examinations. To complete the IB Diploma, students must ordinarily choose one subject from Groups 1 to 5, and then a sixth subject chosen either from Group 6, or from Groups 1 to 4. A large number of our students choose to do two Group 1 languages (which anulls the requirement for a Group 2 language). Students who complete the IBDP with two Group 1 languages are awarded a Bilingual IB Diploma.
In addition, students must also complete the IB Diploma Programme's 'core' which consists of a course in Theory of Knowledge, a programme of Creativity, Activity and Service (CAS) and an Extended Essay (4,000 words) in a subject of their choice.
AARHUS GYMNASIUM currently offers the following IB Diploma Programme subjects:
Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
Danish A Literature, English A Language and Literature, English A Literature, School-Supported Self-Taught A Literature
Group 2: Language Acquisition
Danish B, Danish ab initio, English B, French ab initio, German B, Spanish ab initio
Group 3: Individuals and Societies
Global Politics, History, Psychology, Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS)
Group 4: Experimental Sciences
Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS), Physics
Group 5: Mathematics
Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation (SL / HL)
Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches (SL / HL)
Group 6: The Arts
Music, Visual Arts
Descriptions of the individual subjects can be found by choosing 'Diploma Programme Subject Briefs' here.
Self-Taught Literature, ab initio languages, Psychology and ESS are only available at Standard Level (SL). For the full Diploma, students must take three subjects at Higher and three at Standard Level. Higher Level (HL) subjects entail additional curricular requirements, more exams and greater depth of analysis.
Subject selection is important with regards to university possibilities, so we recommend that students discuss selections with student counsellors, parents, teachers etc. We also cooperate with Studievalg Østjylland to provide up to date information on university applications and requirements.


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Home/ Historical Writings / Church & Denominational History / James Aitken Wylie / The History of Protestantism
The History of Protestantism
by 'James Aitken Wylie'
Book 14 Rise and Establishment of Protestantism at Geneva
Chapter 30 Calvin's work
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Impression made by the News of Calvin's DeathExultation of Rome Despondency of the ReformedBoth Mis-calculateThe Reformation is CalvinGeneva grows still GreaterLuther and Calvin Compared The Two Reformations OneThe Culmination of the German Reformation, the Starting-point of the GenevanCalvin's Special Service to the ReformationTheories of Church GovernmentLuther's ViewsMelancthon'sBrentius'Lambert'sZwingli'sCalvin Builds on the Foundations of his PredecessorsThe Key of his PositionThe Two Lessons.
WHEN the tidings sped through Europe that Calvin was dead, the two great parties into which Christendom was divided were very differently affected. The one gave way to unbounded joy, the other was seized with nearly as unbounded sorrow. Rome, hearing in the news the knell of Protestantism, confidently anticipated the immediate return of the revolted countries to their obedience. "The man of Geneva," as she termed the Reformer, was no more. The arm which had so often smitten her legions, and chased them from the field in disastrous rout, would never again be lifted up in battle; and she had nothing more to do, in order to restore her Church to its former glory and dominion, than simply to go forth and summon the Reforming ranks, now left without a leader, to surrender. The Pope went so far as to nominate seven commissioners, who were to proceed to Geneva on this business. [1] This step was taken with the advice, amongst others, of Cardinal Boromeo and the Bishop of Anneci, who seem to have persuaded the Pope that the Council and citizens of Geneva only waited for some such embassage to abandon Protestantism, and bow as penitents and suppliants at the footstool of the Papal throne. In truth they would have done so during Calvin's life-time, they insinuated, but for the extraordinary influence which that heretic exercised over them. The issue of this affair was very far from answering the expectations of the Pope and his advisors.
If Rome thought, on the one hand, that the death of Calvin was her triumph, there were Protestants, on the other, who viewed it as the almost certain overthrow of the Reformation. There was just as little foundation for this conclusion as for the other. It is principles, not men, that keep the world moving. The Reformer, in his short life of not quite fifty-five years, had embodied all the principles of the movement in his writings; he had enshrined them as in a living model in Geneva; through Geneva he had initiated the great work of impressing them on Christendom. This, not the handful of dust in the Plain-palais, was Calvin. The eye truly enlightened could see him still occupying his chair at Geneva, and legislating and ruling Christendom from it as from a throne. While the Reformation was there, Calvln was there; and if at Geneva, it was in France, and in all Christendom. Both those who triumphed and those who trembled, thinking the last hour was about to strike to Geneva and the Reformation, were alike mistaken. The city rose higher than before, though the man who made it fantous was in his grave. The movement spread wider than ever, and if the city was a center and impelling power to the movement, the movement was a bulwark around the city. "The Genevese of the sixteenth century," says an eloquent modern writer, "committed one of those deeds of saintly daring which seem folly in the eyes of men, but which are in reality the safeguard of nations heroic enough to attempt them. Geneva had been the representative of a great right, liberty of conscience; she offered an asylum to all the martyrs of the faith; she had put her hand to the work, and pursued her career without casting a look behind. Politicians and calculators may, if they please, see a sort of madness in a republic, without strength or riches, proclaiming religious and moral liberty in the face of Italy, Spain, and France, united for the triumph of Romish despotism. But the God of the faithful ones who hold fast the truth confounded human prevision, he surrounded our town with that celestial protection, against which the plots and the rage of the mighty broke in vain. Thus Geneva, without arms and without territory, accomplished her perilous mission; and remaining faithful to the principle of her nationality, the city of Calvin saw herself the object of the Divine favor, and enjoyed a prosperity, a respect, and an outward security which the most powerful States in the world do not often obtain." [2]
Now that we have come to the close of Calvin's career, it is necessary that we should pause, and ask wherein lay his distinctive characteristic as a Reformer, and what was it that constituted the specific difference between his Reformation and that of Luther. The answer to this inquiry will help us to understand the unity that belongs to the great drama whose successive developments we are attempting to trace. The work of Luther was needed to prepare for that of Calvin, and Calvin's was necessary to complete and crown that of Luther. The parts which each acted were essential to constitute a whole. Wittenberg and Geneva make between them one Reformation. This can be better seen in our day than when Luther and Calvin were alive, and toiling each at his allotted part of the great task.
Let us first sketch in outline the difference between these two men and their work, and then return and explain it a little more in detail.
By the year 1535, the Reformation in Germany had culminated, and was beginning to decline. The Augsburg Confession (1530) marked the era of greatest prosperity in German Protestantism; the formation of the Schmalkahl League notified the moment of its incipient decline.
That League, in itself, was quite defensiblenay, even dutiful, considering the power of the princes, and the attempts the emperor was making to destroy the political system of Germany. But it exercised, especially after the death of Luther, a depressing and withering effect upon the spiritual energies of the
Protestants, which did more to throw back the movement than would any amount of violence that could have been inflicted upon it. With Luther in his grave, with Melancthon and his compromises, with Landgrave Philip and his soldiers, the Reformation in Germany had closed its period of well-doing. Another center had to be found where the movement might have a fresh start. Geneva was selected. There the Reformation was extricated from the political entanglements with which it had become mixed up in Germany. It was rescued from the hands of political and military men: it was withdrawn from reliance on armies, and committed to those who could further it only with their prayers and their martyrdoms. True, its second cradle was placed on a spot which, of all others, seemed open to attack on every side, and where it was not sure of a day's life; yet around that spot were invisible ramparts; the poise constantly maintained in the ambitions of its neighboring sovereigns Charles, Francis, and the Popewas to it for walls.
As new foothold had to be found for the movement, so too had a new chief. And, accordingly, before Luther had been laid in his tomb at Wittenberg, Calvin was fairly installed at Geneva. He was prosecuting his work in quietness by the shores of the Leman, while the princes of the Schmalkald League were fighting on the plains of Germany. Under Calvin the Reformation entered upon a new and more spiritual dispensation. All the incidents in Luther's life are sudden, startling, and dramatic: this form was given them to draw attention and fix the minds of men. But the movement, once launched, needed this array of outward drapery no longer. Under Calvin it appeals less to the senses and more to the intellect: less to the imagination and more to the soul. The evolutions in Calvin's career are quiet, gradual, without the stage effect, if we may be permitted the phrase, which marked Luther's more notable appearances, but they are more truly sublime. Henceforward the Reformation proceeds more silently, but with a deeper power, and a higher moral glow.
The leading stages of Luther's history repeat themselves in that of Calvin, but after a different fashion. In the career of each there is a marked point of commencement, and a marked point of culmination. The nailing of the ninety-five Theses to the church door at Wittenberg has its analogue, or corresponding act, in the publication of the Institutes at Basle. The one manifesto struck and stirred Christendom even as did the other. Each notified the entrance of its author upon a high career. They were two mighty voices telling the world that great instructors had been sent to it, and bidding it hear them. Again, the appearance of Luther before the Diet at Worms has its corresponding act in the victory of Calvin over the Libertines of Geneva, when at the risk of life he barred their way to the Communion-table. The first was the more dramatic, the second was the more evangelically grand. Both were needed fully to define the office and place of the Reformation. The first demonstrated the Gospel's power to withstand kings and armies, and triumph over all the power of the sword: the second showed that its energy equally fitted it to cope with Libertine mobs, and to resist their devastating theories. It would not lay its freedom at the feet of the tyrant, and neither would it surrender its purity at the call of the populace.
Im fact, we see only the one half of the work which Calvin accomplished, when we confine our attention to the blow he dealt that great system which had so long kept the intellect of the world in darkness and its conscience in bondage. The evil he prevented rising up was as great as that he helped to pull down. It is altogether a mistake to suppose that if the Reformation had not come, the Church of Rome would have continued to exercise the sway she had wielded in the past. The hour of her supremacy had gone by. The scandals and dogmas of the priesthood had destroyed belief: the speculations of the schoolmen had sown the seeds of pantheism, and a great tempest lowered over Europe. Loosened from its old foundations, an upheaval of society was inevitable. But for Protestantism, Servetus would have been the Voltaire of the sixteenth century: the Libertine club, on the shores of the Leman, would have anticipated the Encyclopaedists who at a later period flourished on the banks of the Seine; Geneva would have filled the post which Paris did two centuries after, by becoming the headquarters of revolutionary propagandism; and the year 1593 would have been as fatal to the thrones and altars of the Papal world as was the year 1793. Providence postponed the tempest through the agency of Calvin, who grappled with the young giant of pantheistic revolution, and made Geneva the headquarters of a Protestant propagandism, which by restoring knowledge and faith imparted a new life to the European nations, and laid over again the foundations of a world that was dissolving and about to vanish away. And not only was the storm deferred thereby, its violence was mitigated when at last it came, and its devastations restricted to the one half of Europe. The Roman Church may not see the debt it owes to Calvin; that, however, does not make it less the fact that there is no man who ever lived, to whom its priests owe half what they owe to him. The inviolability of person which they continued to enjoy for two centuries after his day was due to the Reformer.
Such were the two men who figured so largely in the sixteenth century, and such is the part accomplished by each in the one work assigned to them. But let us explain a little more fully what we have now briefly stated. The special service that Calvin rendered to Protestantism
was to codify its laws, and organise its adherents so as to conserve their morality and holinessin other words, the Reformation itself. His first step in the direction of this great endin his view the standing or falling of Protestantismwas to exclude the profane from the Communion-table. This power he lodged in the Consistory, or body of pastors and elders. He would allow no other authority on earth to exercise it: and in claiming this powerand we have seen at what risks he exercised ithe separated between the Church and the world, and laid the first stone in that system of polity which he afterwards elaborated, and which was ultimately extended to the Protestant Churches of France, of Holland, of Scotland, and of yet remoter countries.
In what he did in this matter, the Reformer of Geneva built upon the foundations of his great predecessors. The more eminent of the Reformers who had been before him, had felt the necessity of drawing a distinction between the Church and the world, and of excluding the ungodly and vicious from the Sacraments, and so conserving the Church's purity; but their theories of Church discipline were elementary and crude, and their practical attempts were to a great extent failures. Still it is beyond doubt that these early and immature experiments helped to eliminate the principles and shape the projects which resulted at last in the establishment of the Genevan polity.
Luther saw, and often mournfully felt, that the Church needed a discipline, but he failed to give it such. When Luther enunciated his idea of a Church as "a congregation of saints, a spiritual assembly of souls in one faith," [3] he laid the foundation of a fabric on which Calvin afterwards placed the top-stone. But the German Reformer proceeded no farther on this fundamental idea than to constitute an office of men to preach the Word and dispense the Sacraments. Scattered through his writings are the germs of a more complete and efficient polity; he could distinguish between the temporal and the spiritual jurisdiction, [4] but how to give these principles effect in the gathering and organising of the Church he knew not. He sorrowfully confesses, in his German Mass and Order of Divine Worship, his inability to furnish what was so much neededa working plan for the government of the Church. One main obstruction in his path was the low state of practical religion among the mass of the German people. "I have not the people," said he, "whom it requires. For we Germans are a wild, rude, riotous race, among whom it is not easy to set anything on foot unless necessity compel." [5]
Melancthon enunciated his views on this head a little more clearly than Luther. He declared his opinion "that a pastor ought not to excommunicate any man without the concurrence of a body of judges, and the cooperation of some worthy members of the Church." [6] So also taught the four Saxon ReformersPomeranus, Jonas, Luther, and Melancthon. In a joint epistle to the ministers of Nuremberg, in 1540, exhorting them to resume the practice of excommunication, they annex the condition that, in this business, elders be associated with the pastor. [7] These projects embrace the elements of the Genevan polity. They fell to the ground, it is true, about 1542, when the system under which the Churches of the Lutheran Communion still are, was adoptednamely, a Consistory, chosen by, and responsible to, the civil powers; but they exhibit a notable approximation on the part of the German Reformers to the plan of ecclesiastical rule afterwards elaborated and set working by Calvin.
Next in order is the scheme of John Brentius. Brentius was the Reformer first of the free imperial city of hall, in Swabia, and afterwards of the Duchy of Wurtemberg. He had the merit of proposing to the Council of Hall, in 1526, a better working plan for the regulation of the Church than either Luther's or Melancthon's, although still his plan was defective. Founding on what, according to his view, was the order followed in the Apostolic Church, he says: "The saints of the primitive Church thought it good to observe the following order in conducting evangelical discipline: Certain ancient, honorable, and discreet men were elected from the assembly by the Christian people of each locality, to whom charge was given to take the oversight of the congregation; and in particular to admonish such as gave offense by unChristian 'unchristian' behavior, and to inflict excommunication, if admonition proved unavailing. Of these chosen men the one who was appointed to preach the Word, and who was authorised to convene the others for business, was styled Bishopthat is, overseer or shepherd; the rest were styled, in allusion to their age, Presbytersthat is, Councillors. The meeting of the Presbyters and Bishop was designated a Synodthat is, an assembly." Such was the scheme of Brentius; it is a well-defined and independent plan of Church rule, lodging the correction of manners solely in the hands of the Church herselfthat is, of her office-bearers.
Brentius appeared on the point of anticipating Calvin as regards his Church polity; and yet he missed it. The existence of a Christian magistracy, in his view, modified the whole question. A pagan magistrate could not be expected to correct Church scandals, and therefore it behooved the primitive Church, unaided by the State, to administer her whole discipline; but now, the magistrate being Christian he was fitted, according to Brentius, to share with the Church the task of correcting and punishing evils; although still there were vices and sins which the civil ruler could not or would not correct, and these the Church herself must see to. Thus he inextricably mixed up the Church's discipline with the State's authority, and he added to the confusion by giving to the magistrate the nomination of the lay-assessors who were to take part with the pastor in the exercise of discipline.
Another scheme claims a
moment's attention from us. It is that of Francis Lambert, ex-monk of Avignon, and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse. It was laid before the Committee of Hornburg in the same year (1526) that saw the scheme of John Brentius submitted to the Council of Hall. It is the most advanced of all. It lodged the administration of discipline immediately and directly in the members of the Church. First of all, so far as human judgment could effect it, a Church of saints only was to be constituted; these were to convene from time to time, "for the public punishment and exclusion of scandalous persons... for passing judgment on the doctrine of their pastor, for electing and, in case of need, deposing bishops and deacons (i.e., ministers and helpers) and guardians of the poor, and for whatsoever other functions pertain to the congregation; for these reasons, we ordain that in every parish, after God's Word shall have been preached for a season, there shall take place a convention of the faithful, wherein all males, who favor the cause of Christ and are reputed saints, shall come together to decide, along with the bishop, on all Church affairs, according to the Word of God. The bishop or minister may by no means excommunicate or absolve by himself, but only in conjunction with the congregation." [8]
This is not so much the Presbyterian as the Congregational polity. It is, in fact, a scheme that blends the two, for it was made to approximate the first, by the institution of provincial Synods, consisting of the pastors and a deputy from every congregation. It is remarkable, when its age and place are considered. A draft of it was sent to Luther for his approval. He advised that for the present the project should not be attempted, but that every effort be made to fill the pulpits and schools with efficient men. Thereafter the plan might be introduced piece-meal, and if it met with general approval might become law; "for to draw a fine plan and to reduce it to practice are two very different things. Men are not constituted as those people imagine who sit at home and sketch fine plans of how things are to go." This constitution was hardly set a-working when it was abandoned. The Church of Hesse, surrounded on all sides by laxer schemes of polity, in a year or two forsook that of Lambert, and adopted that under which Luther had placed the Churches of Saxony.
The plan of Zwingli was intermediate between that of Luther and that of Calvin. The Reformer of Zurich framed a code of laws and ordinances covering the entire field of social life, and committed their administration to a series of judges or courts, supreme over which was the State.
Marriage, the Sunday, and the Sacrament were the three centers of his moral scheme, the three points on which his ecclesiastical code hinged. With Luther, he regarded the power of discipline as vested in the whole body of the faithful; and the provisions he made for the exercise of that power were, first, the Kirk-session, or Still-stand, so called for this reason, that at the close of public worship the members remained in church, still-standing, with the pastor, and in that attitude made their communications to the minister, and to one another, and reproved those cited before them for discipline. [9] Secondly, the half-yearly Synod, which chiefly occupied itself with the doctrines and morals of the clergy; and thirdly, the Board of Moral Control, to which was added, when the discipline of the Church extended, the magistrates of the district. Excommunicationthat is, exclusion from the membership of the Church, with all implied in that sentence in Switzerlandwas often pronounced by the Still-stand as a temporary measure; but as a final measure it could be pronounced only by the Council. The supreme ecclesiastical authority was thus in the hands of the State, but it was handed over to it by Zwingli on the express condition that the magistrates were Christian men, and were to take the Word of God as their sole directory in all their proceedings. [10] The zeal and promptitude with which the Council of Zurich aided Zwingli in his reforming measures, was not without its influence in molding his scheme of polity, and indeed the Swiss magistrates of those days were amongst the more enlightened and pious of the population. But seeing Constitutions are permanent while men change, in order to be wisely framed they ought to be based, not on exceptional cases, but on great and general laws.
Next to the doctrine of the Church, there is nothing that appertains more to her well-being than her discipline. Without this, her life would ebb away, and she would fall back into the world from which she had come out; whereas, with a suitable organization, not only would her life be preserved, but her vigor and efficiency would be increased tenfold. We have therefore sought to trace the successive stages of the growth of the polity of the Protestant Churches. We see the Church's government, like her doctrine, gradually developing and taking shape. The doctrine of the priesthood of all believers we find lying at the foundation of all these schemes. On this idea Luther constitutes the office of preacher of the Word. He feels that this is not enough, but does not see how, in the then immature state of the Church, more can be done. Brentius joined lay-assessors with the pastor, who were to exclude the unworthy from the privileges of the Church; but the better half of this power he gave to the magistrate, who might in the endthis was of course the questionable part of the schemeusurp the whole of it. Francis Lambert went to the other extreme. He made all the members of the Church judgesa plan that will work with difficulty in any age, and which certainly was unsuited to the age that saw its
birth. The polity constructed by Zwingli was more elaborate, and did much to nourish morality and piety in Switzerland, but its framer seriously endangered it when he surrendered to the magistrate the power, in the last resort, of excluding from the Church and her ordinances.
Calvin, doubtless, had studied all these attempts, and profited by them. There is no reason to think that he reached this scheme of Church polity at a bound; it was rather a reproduction of earlier schemes, avoiding, as far as he could, the rock on which his predecessors had split. His genius detected the one thing which he thought essential in Church discipline; and less concerned about other matters, he tenaciously grasped this, the power namely of admitting to or excluding from the privileges of the Church. It was his strong opinion that he who had this power had the guardianship of the Church's purity, and the control of her govermnent, and that this right must be exercised by the Church herselfthat is, by her chosen representativesto the exclusion of all other authority and power. No one, he considered, can share with the Church, and no one dare interfere with her in the exercise of this right. At great peril and suffering he vindicated this right, against both the Council of Geneva and the Libertine democracy. In this battle he stemmed the rising tide of infidel sentiment and immoral manners which would have been more fatal to Reformation than the arms of the Empire, and he laid the corner-stone of that spiritual dominion which Protestantism was to exercise over the nations.
The Presbyterian of the present day will not admit that Calvin's scheme was faultless. The Reformer's views touching the theocratic character of States prevented him doing full justice to his own idea of the individuality of the Church, and forbade his placing his ecclesiastical polity alongside the State's government, as an independent and distinct autonomy. In the administration of practical discipline at Geneva the Council was greater than the Consistory. But the essential principle, as Calvin deemed it namely, the sole power to admit or exclude, which was in his mind the key of the positionhe combated for, and vindicated with all the force of his mighty intellect. And when he came to apply his theory of Church power to the French Churches, the completeness and consistency of his ideas on ecclesiastical polity were better seen. In France the government was hostile, and there, even if Calvin had wished, he could not have effected the complication that existed at Geneva. But all the more was the fitness of his scheme demonstrated. It gave a perfect autonomy to the French Protestant Church, which enabled her to maintain her place alongside the throne, and to survive a lengthened succession of terrific tempests, which began from this time to assail her.
It is not difficult to see, now that we look back on the epoch, that God was then teaching a great lesson to the worldthat a scripturally constituted and scripturally governed Church would, in days to come, be the only bulwark against the tremendous evils which were beginning to assail Christendom from opposite sides. This lesson, we must repeat, was taught twice over, first in the case of Luther, and secondly in the case of Calvin.
In Luther we see the Reformation, undazzled by the blaze of worldly glory, and unterrified by the threats of worldly power, maintaining its ground despite the insolence of authority. In the case of Calvin, in the Cathedral of St. Peter's, we see the Reformation standing before a licentious and furious infidel mob, who hate it not less than the emperor does, and are just as eager to extinguish it in blood, and we behold that mob recoiling abashed and awe-struck before its moral power. Happy had it been for Italy and Spain had they laid to heart the first lesson! and happy had it been for France had she pondered the second!
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Carpentier, Eric and Greenbaum, Larry A. and Rochdi, Driss et al. (2012) Identification and Characterization of an Activating F229V Substitution in the V2 Vasopressin Receptor in an Infant with NSIAD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 23 (10). pp. 1635-1640. ISSN 1046-6673. PMCID PMC3458462. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121204-143945341


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Mindcrest Inc. is tackling Europe by way of London
11 Oct, 2017, 21:33 BST
LONDON, Oct. 11, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Mindcrest Inc., a leading legal services firm and LPO provider headquartered in Chicago, is announcing its entry into the UK and EU through the opening of its London office.
While Mindcrest has conducted business in the UK and Europe in the past, this added location is a commitment to its clients that it can handle their growing legal needs in the UK and EU going forward.
Ganesh Natarajan, co-founder and CEO of Mindcrest said, "We are very excited about our London office as we have already worked with banking, corporate and law firm clients in the UK. A presence in London will enable us to be proximate to our clients and provide an enhanced level of service."
Located in the heart of London, the office will provide the full range of Mindcrest's services.
Mindcrest offers innovative technology-driven solutions to many of the world's biggest organisations, reducing rapidly expanding costs while enhancing quality associated with Contracts Management, Compliance, Legal Analytics and Litigation and Investigations. Using experienced, legally-trained and forward-thinking talent and coupling it with cutting-edge technology, Mindcrest is transforming the legal services industry.
"London remains the business capital of the world. With a world class financial services and legal centre and the ability to do business across multiple time zones, London offers the perfect location for professional service firms looking to expand into international markets," David Slater, Director of International Trade and Investment at London & Partners said. "It's great to see that Mindcrest has chosen London as its base to grow its business in Europe. London and Chicago share common strengths in innovation and technology and there is a great opportunity for the two cities to work together to help businesses expand in each city."
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David Koch of the famous oil-chemical super-billionaire brothers agreed to an interview with me on the issue of climate change. David and Charles have spent several billions in efforts to block legislative measures to block carbon pollution, the major cause of global warming. This and other measures to control climate change would cut into the profits of Koch Industries. Also, millions in Koch dollars have gone to ads on TV to convince the public that the concept of climate change is a hoax.
When I pointed out to David Koch that a recent study by the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that, if the nations don't stop emitting greenhouse gases, global warming in the future will cause food and water shortages or their total unavailability, the death of the oceans and, eventually, the extermination of human life, he responded.
"What does today owe tomorrow? What have future generations ever done for me? My daddy taught me that the rule of life is 'you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.' If people in the future haven't done anything for me why should I spend my hard-earned money on them?"
I responded that he had two sons and a daughter and that in a few generations a climate apocalypse will occur.
"Well, a few people on earth may have to go to other planets. We're a rich family so we'll go, and so will other deserving individuals who have inherited great fortunes. As for the billions of people left on a dying planet, today doesn't owe them anything come tomorrow, as I just said."


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- Video lectures - lecture 15 - Ampere's law
- Lewin, Walter
- eng
- Educação Superior::Ciências Exatas e da Terra::Física
- This video presents a lecture about Ampere's Law and Solenoids
- Concept of Biot-Savart Law
- 2002
- 9-Aug-2010
- 9-Sep-2010
- 9-Sep-2010
- 9-Sep-2010
- MIT OpenCourseWare – Massachussetts Institute of Technology
- Educação Superior::Ciências Exatas e da Terra::Física::Eletricidade e Magnetismo; Campos e Partículas Carregadas
- Solenoids
- Law
- Ampere
- To study concepts and applications of Ampere's Law and Solenoids
- The resource contains two files, one is the video-class and the other is a pdf file with the transcript of the video lesson.
- http://objetoseducacionais2.mec.gov.br/handle/mec/15073
- http://acervodigital.unesp.br/handle/unesp/369602
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text: This fits your?. Make sure this fitsby entering your model number.1. BREATHABLE: Durable,Breathable Layer Fabric Knit Upper,features outstanding breathability and quick-drying, keeps your feet refreshing and cool.2. FEATURES: Excellent shock-absorbing ability provide great foot support and protect.Comfortable,Breathable, Lightweight, Durable, Stylish.3. Open-weave mesh and no-sew overlays provide optimal foot conformity and breathability.4. Comfortable knit upper with elastic band, more flexible and breathable, offering you a superior good foot fit.5. Function: breathable, lightweight, wear-resistant, non-slip, comfortable,


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Located opposite the surf beach at beautiful Burleigh Heads, Bujerum Apartments on Burleigh is a 5-minute walk from vibrant James Street, with a variety of cafes, restaurants and shops. Guests here enjoy lovely ocean views from their private balcony.
Each air-conditioned room includes a flat-screen TV, an iPod dock and a fully equipped kitchen with a dishwasher and a coffee machine. There is also a private bathroom, a dining area, a washing machine and a tumble dryer. Some rooms have a private spa bath.
Bujerum on Burleigh is directly across the road from parklands with picnic tables, BBQ facilities and a children's playground. Burleigh Heads National Park is less than 5 minutes' walk away, and Gold Coast Airport is a 15-minute drive away.


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Ride for Precious Lives 2019
Ride for Precious Lives is our unique annual sponsored 205 mile, 3 day cycle challenge to raise money for short and precious lives. Riding from St Austell to Bristol, you'll cycle through challenging but breath taking scenery and visit our three very special Children's Hospices Little Harbour near St Austell, Little Bridge House near Barnstaple, and Charlton Farm near Bristol along the way.
This exceptional event attracts cyclists who are committed to ride between 65–80 miles each day incorporating several hills the South West has to offer! Are you up for the challenge?
Cyclists who have taken part have been inspired by the children and families they met along the way at our three hospices, together with the care team and family members that take part too - and it is this that makes the Ride for Precious Lives a truly unique cycle event and a must do on any cyclist's calendar.
Feeling inspired but would like a little longer to train and fundraise?
Edwards to sponsor Ride for Precious Lives
Every year since 2013, Edwards has sponsored and had a team participate in a 205-mile cycle from Cornwall to North Somerset. Aptly named Ride for Precious Lives.
Kindly sponsored by
Raising sponsorship
Fundraising is a fantastic way to get involved with Children's Hospice South West and provides us with an essential source of income. Without the wonderful support of our fundraisers we would not be able to continue offering the wide range of vital services that we currently offer to our families and children.
Your registration fee covers the cost of your participation in this event but your sponsorship will help us to deliver our promise to 'make the most of short and precious lives across the South West'. For our Ride for Precious Lives event we suggest a sponsorship target of £1000.
Fundraising ideas and support
We have a dedicated community fundraising team who are here to support you, and we have lots of really fun ideas to raise money to help you smash your own personal fundraising targets.
Fundraising tools
Set up your online fundraising page
Save yourself the hassle of collecting your sponsorship money. It's quick, easy, secure and the donations will come straight to us.
Need help?
If you would like to find out more about this event, or need help with fundraising, just click the ask a question button to send us an email or give us a call and we'll be happy to help!
What's included in the £230?
- 20 and 10 week training programmes
- Support from your community fundraiser to raise at least £1000
- Breakfast (porridge and pastries) at Little Harbour on Friday morning
- Two nights' accommodation in a hotel including fully cooked breakfasts
- Evening meal and entertainment at each hotel.
- Pub lunch each day you cycle.
- Two water stops each day you cycle with homemade cakes and hot / cold drinks.
- Beautiful scenery
- Fully supported crew, Arrowhead Management, that will check bikes every evening and provide first aid, mechanics and carry luggage for you all weekend
- Bespoke Ride for Precious Lives cycling jersey
- CHSW cheer team and support all weekend!
- Finish line party at Charlton Farm for you, family and friends on the Sunday
There are limited availability single occupancy rooms available for a supplement of £40.00. All other rooms are twin/triple share. If you would like to share a room with someone you know you can enter their name on the registration form when you apply. Otherwise we will allocate your room with another participant.
Team cycle jersey
Our bespoke cycling jerseys are crafted from a professional Qwick-Dri™ fabric; the moisture wicking properties provide year-round comfort as it moves chill-inducing perspiration away from the skin, keeping your body warm and dry. The Lycra© fibre we used in these custom jerseys can stretch, but has excellent recovery performance so that garments can keep their shape for years. These jerseys include a 1cm silicone gripper on the back hem, zip covers at the top of the jersey, elasticated cuffs, a reinforced curved back pocket with three open pockets and an extra zipped pocket, plus reflective stitching in the side panels for great visibility.
The Ride for Precious Lives bespoke jersey is yours as a thank you for taking part in the challenge. You will receive this jersey as you register on the Thursday evening before the event.
Training cycle jersey
To keep you company whilst training and assist with your fundraising, we also have a CHSW cycling jersey available to buy, priced at £18.00.
The aim of this challenging three day ride is to visit all three Children's Hospice South West hospices while cycling through the beautiful Cornish, Devonshire and Somerset countryside admiring the views, enjoy the camaraderie with fellow riders and conquering the tough terrain!
The event commences with registration on the Thursday evening St Austell, before riders set off from Little Harbour on Friday morning. The first day will offer a challenge to our cyclists as you tackle the hills to ride out of Cornwall towards Bideford for our first nights stop.
Saturday offers cyclists the opportunity to take in a special visit to Little Bridge House before they set off on a cycle taking in breath taking views across Exmoor as we travel towards our overnight stop in Taunton.
Sunday offers cyclists the exciting and emotional challenge of Cheddar Gorge as they cycle on with a huge sense of achievement and pride towards our very special finish at Charlton Farm, where friends and families can welcome you.
St Austell, Cornwall to Bideford, Devon - 76.5 miles
After departing from Little Harbour Hospice you will soon be thrown into all that Cornwall has to offer! Quiet country roads, stunning scenery and short punchy climbs.
Passing through Bodmin town you will then slowly climb up onto Bodmin Moor for a well earned water stop in Blisland village at 20 miles.
You then continue across Bodmin Moor skirting Crowdy reservoir and reaching the well deserved lunch stop at The Wilsey Down, Hallworthy after 35.5 miles.
After lunch you will head across the border into Devon and on towards Bradworthy for our second water stop of the day at 61 miles.
With a couple of remaining hills you then have 8 miles down hill into Bideford and your hotel at 76.5 miles (save an ounce of energy for the 300m hill up to the hotel!)
Bideford, Devon to Taunton, Somerset - 69.5 miles
On the second morning you all leave en mass for a gentle warm up ride to Little Bridge House, our second hospice. After a brief stop for photos and to meet some of the staff and children you head off for Barnstaple, and steel yourself for the long climb up onto Exmoor.
Water stop one in Bratton Fleming at 17.5 miles is a hugely welcomed rest to break up the climb. Continue up onto Exmoor and all the hard slog is worth it for the sense of achievement and the beautiful views.
Enjoy mile after mile of the Exmoor views before descending to The Anchor at Exebridge for lunch at 42 miles.
After lunch you are left to tackle the Somerset hills through to Taunton, stopping at our second water stop in Appley at 53.5 miles.
From then on it's almost entirely downhill to your hotel and a well earned rest at 69.5 miles.
Taunton, Somerset to Wraxall, North Somerset - 59 miles
After two days of hills in Devon and Cornwall, the morning ride on the Somerset levels is very well received! Meander your way through quiet lanes, with a couple of hills just before your first water stop in Westhay at 25 miles.
The next stage takes you through the incredible Cheddar Gorge, the Gorge is always one of the highlights of the trip and at 4km long with an average gradient of 5% it's quite the obstacle to overcome, so try and enjoy it!
After completing this incredible climb lunch is only a few miles ahead at the Castle of Comfort Inn at 42.5 miles.
Smiles all round as the final leg of the journey is now upon you with a ride past Chew Lake, through Chew Stoke, a couple of hills on the way to Winford and Long Ashton.
Finally the last hard push up Wraxall Hill and the finish at Charlton Farm, our final hospice, at 59 miles for hugs, smiles and perhaps even a few tears!
Do I really have to train?
Yes! Cycling Challenges are designed for people of average fitness as long as you are prepared to train. You should start training several months before the event, and the attached programmes will help you to do this.
How you start training for a long distance bike ride depends largely on your present fitness level, age and the amount of cycling you have done in the past. There are various ways to train for your challenge, below and in tabulated form are various training regimes that can be adapted to fit into your personal lifestyle.
Non-Cyclists/moderately fit
People who have not ridden a bike for several years or indeed at all will have to start their training regime at least four months in advance of their trip. Mileage should be built up gradually to avoid injury and over-exercise, and to establish a good base fitness on which to build the stamina levels you will need on a cycle challenge.
A cycle ride every other day should be attempted for the first four weeks and the mileage should be between 5 and 10 miles, there is no need to over stretch the ride by pushing a gear that is too difficult, or riding as fast as you can, this can come later.
From the outset you should attempt to develop your cadence, which is the speed at which your legs rotate (RPM), this will improve your aerobic capacity meaning your heart and lungs will grow stronger and be less stressed when cycling or exercising.
To develop your cadence you should select the gear that feels most comfortable when you are cycling on whatever gradient. If you can keep a steady RPM of around 60 - 70 most of the time this would greatly aid the speed at which you become cycling fit, and will increase your strength and stamina which you can then build on.
Before you know it you will find yourself being able to push harder gears while maintaining the same RPM. After you have become comfortable with your cadence and riding position, it will be time to start stepping up the mileage. For the next 4 weeks you should attempt to ride 15 - 20 miles three times a week, with a Sunday ride every other weekend of about 25 miles.
By now you should be feeling really confident and starting to enjoy the sport of cycling. In the next two weeks it would be worth maintaining the same schedule but now starting to ride 20 - 25 miles three times a week with an alternate Sunday ride of 30 miles.
The following two weeks should see the introduction of an extra day's cycling into your training, this day's mileage may only be around 10 - 15 miles but it will help you get a feel for cycling day after day. It would now be a good idea to step up the Sunday rides to three a month with a mileage of 40 miles.
In the final three weeks your daily mileage should be around 30 miles on each outing and any Sunday rides should break 50 miles. A week before you leave for the trip you should wind down and perhaps attempt three short 10 - 15 mile rides.
Cyclists/moderately fit
This category might include anyone who has been cycling intermittently over the years, perhaps by cycling to work in the summer or regular Sunday rides with the family. As you will have a degree of basic fitness and confidence built up from previous cycling, three months or so of training should prepare you for the ride.
The first four weeks should be spent introducing a regular programme into your training and concentrating on your cadence (as above), which will help develop your strength for the sustained ride. A mileage of 15 miles three times a week combined with alternate Sunday rides of 30 miles should be attempted for the first month.
The second lot of four weeks should see you feeling stronger and confident to increase the mileage; your cadence should be fluent and comfortable, and the three rides a week should be covering about 25 miles each and the Sunday rides up to 40 miles.
The penultimate three weeks should see the introduction of a fourth training ride every week, these four rides should be around 30 miles in length with three Sunday rides a month of 50 miles or more. You should by now be feeling comfortable with all these distances as long as you don't push yourself too hard.
The final week should be spent winding down with three 10 - 15 mile rides and the confidence that you know you can complete and enjoy the 10-day ride ahead of you.
This category would include people who cycle regularly throughout the year whether it be commuting 20 miles or more to work a day or training seriously with weekend races and time trials. People within this category should already have a good training schedule and be amply fit to tackle a cycle challenge, though they should probably step up the training for long days riding.
People included within the commuting bracket may find it a good idea to step their weekly mileage up by cycling a longer route to work, or doing a brief morning or evening ride and by also doing regular weekend rides of around 50 miles or more.
Fitting training into your busy life
The programmes here are only a rough training guide. Obviously with work, family and fundraising commitments you may not always be able to achieve what we have set out for you. However in order to get close to achieving the training it is very important to organise your time properly. There are plenty of ways to ensure that you maximise your training, even if you feel you have no time outside work.
- You must organise your week to make time to get out to do some training.
- Get up an hour earlier and go out for a quick cycle with some stretching in the morning before work while it is still light.
- If you can cycle to work, do so. If you can't cycle the whole distance between work and home, why not cycle to a station/bus stop in between home and work and then continue your journey on public transport. You will obviously need to be happy that you are able to leave your bike in a safe and secure place.
- Use your lunchtimes to take regular brisk walks or cycle around your work area.
- Find a steep set of stairs i.e. five floors of a department store/office block and climb them five times, at least three times per week.
- Swimming, squash, badminton, fast walking and any other sport will also help get you prepared.
- Joining a leisure centre is a good idea as the local fitness instructors may well be able to design a programme specifically for you. Most good gyms have exercise bikes, or even better spinning classes, where you can clock up mileage more safely and comfortably. But do try to cycle as much as possible in 'real' conditions. The more you can train in similar conditions to your challenge, both in terms of terrain and weather, the better.
- It is important at weekends to get into some hilly areas to experience cycling on different surfaces and to experience the hills and of course the weather.
- You should make the time to cycle on some consecutive long days: an isolated Sunday ride does not have the same effect as two consecutive days.
Nothing will prepare you for the trip better than actually cycling.
You may not stick to the training guide exactly but you need to keep it in mind and to do regular exercise every week according to the guide. You will enjoy this experience far more if you are physically fit, indeed, without training you may not be able complete this challenge.
We have 10 and 20 week training guides along with training tips and a stretch programme to help you train.


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Christmas Facebook filters and overlays for profile pictures
Holidays Profile Filters are here! pick one of our selected Christmas profile overlays and filters, and spread the holidays spirit on your Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram profiles. Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays!
Simply select one of the Christmas profile picture filters below, once you find your favorite Christmas profile overlay, click it and and you will be redirected to the next step where you can safely login with your facebook account so that we can automatically import your profile picture from facebook and help you merge it with the Christmas overlay that you selected here


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Imagine doing only one job your whole life and loving every minute of it! Alex Lacamoire can. He is an award-winning, Cuban-American music director, arranger, and orchestrator who has worked on many musicals both on and off Broadway his whole career. He tells us how he accomplished it in this episode of The Doorpost Podcast Project!
Alex Lacamoire won a Tony and a Grammy as the music supervisor, co-orchestrator and cast album producer of In The Heights. His latest project is Hamilton (The Public Theater; premiering on B'way in Summer 2015), for which he received a Drama Desk nomination for the Orchestrations. Other credits as music director, arranger and/or orchestrator: Wicked; Bring It On; 9 To 5 (Drama Desk and Grammy nominations); Annie (2011 B'way revival); Working (59E59); The Wiz (City Center); The People In The Picture; Legally Blonde; High Fidelity; Bat Boy: The Musical, Fly (Dallas Theater Center), and the 2001 National Tour of Godspell. He is an Emmy-nominated composer for Sesame Street on PBS.


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John Lennon
Eye Love Shadez Retro Collection - John Lennon. This model was made popular by John Lennon himself, if your looking for a cool retro look this it. A variety of colored lens and frames are made available for you. Take you eye-wear game to the next level with some of the best round sunglasses.


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This list of online resources has been compiled for informational purposes only. The content of these pages is not intended to replace professional medical advise from your physician, nor is it intended to diagnose illness or disease. Consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your personal health.
We hope you find these resources helpful. However, please note we do not endorse or control the content represented within these sites.
Safe Harbor
South Carolina Victim Assistance Network (SCVAN)
Above the Influence
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
Children & Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder
Free Vibe
National Institute on Drug Abuse for Teens
Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD)
The Bipolar Child
The McCord Center
Communities In Schools (CIS)
Compass of Carolina
Greenville United Way
One Stop – Greenville Workforce System
South Carolina Vocational Rehabilitation Department
The National Crime Prevention Council
Urban League of the Upstate
American Association for Marriage & Family Therapy
Greenville Family Partnership
National Families in Action
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Parents Anonymous of South Carolina
Partnership for Drug-Free Kids
AID Upstate
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Greenville Health System (Prisma Health)
National Institutes of Health (NIT)
United States Department of Health and Human Services
United States National Library of Medicine
Homelessness Resource Center
United Housing Connections
American Psychiatric Association
American Psychological Association
Co-dependents Anonymous
Depression & Bipolar Support Alliance
Mental Health America
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems
National Attention Deficit Disorder Association
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
SC Department of Mental Health
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
The National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence
Alcoholics Anonymous
Community Anti-drug Coalitions of America (CADCA)
Drug Strategies
Join Together
Just Think Twice
MADD-Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Narcotics Anonymous
National Inhalant Prevention Coalition (NIPC)
National Institute on Drug Abuse & Alcoholism
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institute on Drug Abuse & Alcoholism
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
SC Department of Alcohol & Other Drug Abuse Services (DAODAS)
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University
The Partnership for a Drug Free America
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes


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Sun, 23 December 2018
Please forgive us for we know NOT what we do...for another insane, crazy Christmas Special Progcast! Mr. Ross belts out the Carols and Mr. Burdis treats us all to a very special storytime. And we are visited by some special guests.
Direct download: ECBT2000AD_Ep422_Xmas2018.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 3:59pm PDT


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The annual spring ritual of honoring women who have helped shaped Alaska, took place last weekend in Anchorage. The Alaska Women's Hall of Fame holds their induction ceremony in the Wilda Marston theater at the Loussac Library.
Every year, women, some well known and others not, are honored for their contributions to the state. This year's 13 inductees ranged from one of the first female USGS geologists, who at one point worked on a top secret federal program– to women who had achievements in musical artistry and activism and others who championed conservation and science education.
One of this year's inductees was Marie Meade, honored for her work in preserving and teaching Yup'ik language and culture. Marie was raised in the Bethel region and now works as a language scholar at UAA. Known for her humble nature, she said she didn't feel as if she'd accomplished anything, just saw the work and did it- starting in the 1960s with Native students in Anchorage.
"I was teaching boarding home students in East High and I would get on the bus with students and go to Dimond/Mears and work with students there and I would work with junior high students at Romig Junior High, so that was the beginning" she said.
Another well-known Alaska name, even though she passed on many years ago, is Ann Stevens, honored posthumously for her work assisting her husband, the late Senator Ted Stevens and serving on the board of the Red Cross, the Salvation Army, league of women voters and other organizations.
Her oldest son Walter accepted the award for the family. He said his mother had a great sense of humor, but also taught him important lessons about respect. Particularly in the 70s when Richard Nixon was President and the Stevens family had been invited to the White House for Sunday services.
"I just kind of put my foot down and said "No, I'm not going to see ole tricky Dick." And well, my mother came down the hallway, extremely agitated and said, "You will go. You might not like the person, but you will respect the office, so get get your suit on and go.' And so I did, there wasn't much choice and that was a great lesson in respecting the higher institutions in this country which I think we all should regardless of who we might disagree with at the time who might be occupying those positions."
Ann Stevens was honored for community and statewide activism, volunteering and as a role model.
Inductee Arlene 'Buddy' Clay came to Alaska in 1944, long before statehood. She and her husband worked for the civil aeronautics administration. She says their first station was Nome, and then they were transferred to Aniak. There, she became a magistrate. The Clay's built a cabin near the village and lived a subsistence life together, traveling around the country with their dog team for a decade. When her husband died she stayed on.
"I had a 30-ft round bottom river boat with a 40-horse Johnson and I commuted to Aniak with in the summer," she said. "In the winter I used my dog team and I became magistrate in 1960 for the Alaska Court System and I had 12 villages under my jurisdiction, Kuskokwim, Yukon and Iditarod Rivers.
Clay was inducted for her work in rural justice. She now lives in an assisted living home in Wasilla and at 102, she still operates her ham radio every Thursday evening, something she started in 1948. In all, thirteen women were honored. It is the seventh year of inductions.