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GIA is the world's most trusted name in diamond grading and gem identification. With objectivity and expertise as its hallmarks, GIA ensures the integrity and a...
IJL, International Jewellery London, Bright Young Gems, Diamond Club, Editor's Choice and the KickStart logo are trade marks of Reed Exhibitions Limited. The PIPR logo is a trade mark of Reed Exhibitions Limited and Royds solicitors. Reed Exhibitions is a trade mark of RELX Group plc. RELX Group and the RE symbol are trade marks of RELX Intellectual Properties SA, used under license.
© Reed Exhibitions Ltd.


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There is no wonder why people say that in the times of any crisis the luxury sector is always the one "to survive". The Dior brand is not at all bothered by the difficult economic situation in the euro area, and it has released a novelty – a smartphone which costs 85,000 euro.
This is not the first phone produced by Dior. In 2008, there was the Dior Black Diamond model in the market. The name itself shows that diamonds were the basis of design. Diamonds adorned the moving part of the phone, as well as the dial.
This year, the smartphone from Dior is called Reveries. This is an Haute Couture sensor model. It is adorned with white gold, pearls, and, of course, diamonds. The smartphone costs 85,000 euro, or 122,500 dollars. But if you do not have enough money for it, the version without diamonds is sold in Colette for a modest price of $4,700.
Source of the image: Trendland.

subset: commoncrawl


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A winning strategy for radio stations must consider the listener, brand. Content and promotion.
They must learn to understand and love their listeners who, after all, decide the shape of their brand. " Everything a radio station does in the air must be entertaining, useful, interesting to their listeners, and connecting to their heart, head and hand," says Francis Currie, international radio consultant, trainer and coach, UK.
Mr Currie spoke at the AIBD/Radiodays Europe/RCS Presummit workshop on "A Sound Future-Creating Engaging Content on all Platforms, held on 5 June 2017 in Qingdao, China. Some 31 participants from 16 countries in Asia-Pacific and Africa attended the workshop.
In his presentation, he emphasised that in the radio world, the hero is the listener and effective content can only be produced if you know who it is intended for.
"The brand is inside the listener, and the job of content people is to make sure they create the right feeling in their target listeners. Successful criteria for a brand requires that it be legitimate, relevant, distinctive and consistent," he said.
if you're designing a brand, Currie suggested to ask what should people think and feel about your radio station. He also said to talk to the listeners on air, and through marketing, sponsorships, events, social media and calls.
On the product, he cited radio's four building blocks, namely; music, personalities, entertainment and information.
" Music is premium content," he said, and listeners must love the music a radio station plays.
He added that choosing the wrong music and the presenter talking too much will produce a disconnect between the station and its audience.
Francis Currie also urged radio stations to follow the principle that emotion beats logic. Engaging emotionally with the listener is important for the brand and the presenters.
He also cited the importance of preparation and planning for good content and effective presenters.
In constructing content, he identified four key factors. These are the tease that stimulates, engages and challenges; the hook that cuts through the clutter and grabs the listener's attention; the main content that brings to life a simple story, uses sensory language and active verbs; and pay off or end of the content that should have high impact, a punch line and call to action.
A Microsoft study finds the average human attention span is now 7 seconds and it is important, for radio stations, Francis Currie said, to work hard on these factors to keep their loyal listeners and attract new ones.
He added that adding value to the content requires creativity, which he describes as the secret sauce of compelling content
"One thing about creativity is that if you want different output get different input, " he said. Content producers must get out of their routines to get new stimulation in life that can engender new and fresh content.
Finally, Mr Currie stressed the power of promoting the radio station and its programmes. Most listeners miss most of what radio stations do most of the time, he said, and it is important that programmes are recycled, reversed, repurposed and repromoted to enhance their reach and popularity.


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After seeing the reaction to Session, the newest skateboarding video game franchise that made some waves at E3 (mostly because it trolled all of the Skate 4 hopefuls), it's clear that skateboard games still have a fanbase.
With that in mind, allow me to re-present this article I wrote about the Tony Hawk franchise three years ago, following the release of the atrocious Tony Hawk's Pro Skate 5.
I should note that I personally think it's incredibly unlikely that we'd ever see a Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 6 or anything like that. If the franchise were to ever make a return, we'd have to imagine that it would a reboot of some kind.
But the point is to get the discussion going: will we ever see a new Tony Hawk game now that THPS 5 drove it into the ground? Let us know in the comments!
——Originally posted October 5th, 2015———-
There has been a lot of talk this past week regarding Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5, specifically as it pertains to just how awful the game is. In our THPS 5 review, I gave it a miserable 2.3 out of 10.0, noting that "it was one DLC announcement away from being the embodiment of everything that is wrong with video games in 2015."
We stand by that review, of course, but there's something we didn't mention in the review that I think deserves some discussion. Is it over for the Tony Hawk video game franchise, or could another game somewhere down the line resurrect the franchise? Will we EVER see a new Tony Hawk game announced?
While this is the worst skateboarding video game of all-time, it's worth noting that it didn't kill off the series' remaining fans. Sure, it was offensive that Activision could release such an atrocity, but the franchise could still be salvaged — all it needs is one great game.
Can the Tony Hawk franchise be saved? I could easily see THPS fans get behind a new game, say two years down the line when this has blown over. It would have to be significantly better than the game we just received, but that could theoretically be done.
It's also worth noting that Robomodo shouldn't be given the opportunity to develop the next game. They've had their three strikes with Tony Hawk: Ride, Tony Hawk: Shred, and now this recent release. That's it — take them out of the game. It also shouldn't be called Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 6, but should clearly take the reboot route by just being a Tony Hawk or something like that.
If Activision were to reboot the franchise — and I have no doubt that they'll make an attempt in a couple of years — they would have to replace Robomodo with a developer that knows what the hell they're doing. Personally, I don't think I'd ever purchase another Robomodo game as long as I live, so Activision would immediately be doomed if they gave the company another vote of confidence.
But place another company in the hot seat to bring new ideas that don't involve a cheap chunk of plastic, and it's possible that the Tony Hawk franchise could become relevant again.
With THPS 5 being such a miserable experience, and EA being completely mum on anything having to do with Skate 4 or the Skate franchise in general, maybe it's time for a new entrant into the skateboarding game market.
With the love for Skate being at an all-time high, it's clear that skateboarding game lovers want something closer to a sim than an arcade experience. Could Tony Hawk rebrand as a skateboarding sim and be successful? Or, should the series just be forgotten?
Sound off in the comments below – we'd love to hear from you!
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Story & Pictures by Andrea Abbott & Tyron Mackenzie
Gabi Ngcobo had finished school and was sitting at home in the rural Valley of a Thousand Hills outside Durban wondering what he was going to do with his life. "There were just no jobs."
As he pondered his rather bleak future, he noticed a stranger passing by. "I decided to approach him to see if he could give me a job."
The stranger was Ian Wilson, a MTB trail expert who was building bike trails in the region in preparation for the S.A MTB Championships in 2011.
"Ian offered me a job making the trails," says Gabi. "From that I started to get interested in riding and after a year, Ian got me onto a bike and taught me to ride."
Gabi proved to be a talented rider and soon found employment with the Durban Green Corridors (DGC) project as a highly regarded MTB and cultural tour guide at the DGC's eNanda Adventures site next to the Inanda Dam.
Fast forward to today and Gabi still works for DGC in a guiding capacity, but has added a stellar new role to his CV – head coach at the various bike parks operated by the Durban Cycle Academy, a programme dedicated to developing a cycling culture in the greater Durban region.
"Since the day I met Ian, there have been so many firsts and highlights in my life," he says. First job; first time on a bike; first bike race; promotion to head coach in the Academy; and first trip to Cape Town last November to compete in the Wine to Wales race. "That was my first time on a plane! I never thought that riding my bike would take me this far."


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- This event has passed.
Painting Party
January 18, 2018 @ 5:00 pm - 9:00 pm
We thought it would be amazing to organize a sign painting party for the 2018 Womens March… So, here it is!
The Fusion Restaurant is opening its doors to us on Jan. 18 from 5:00 – 9:00 pm for our sign making party.
If you're able to bring or donate supples, what we need are: poster-board, paint stir sticks, markers, bingo dabbers & duct tape (or anything that will make a great poster).
If you're unable to bring supples, that's okay!! Just bring your glorious self! Can't wait to see your there!


text: The USD/CAD pair rose during the course of the session on Monday, but still remains below the recent highs out the 1.3350 level. If we can get above there, the market should then head to the 1.35 handle. Any pullback at this point in time should be supportive, so we have no interest whatsoever in selling this pair. We think that there is support all the way to at least the 1.30 level, if not the 1.28 handle.


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Back for Week 3 of The Raw Report. Raw is in Dallas this week, home of Wrestlemania. Vince and WWE really brought the good old Texas heat on this Monday night. With Hell in the Cell on Sunday WWE finally stepped up, and delivered a great card for Raw.
The Raw Opening
You cannot I repeat YOU CANNOT open Raw better than have Stone Cold Steve Austin to introduce Undertaker. Then you have Paul Heyman and Brock Lesnar interrupting Undertaker, and now I am in heaven. While nothing was really said it was amazing. Raw started off with a bang and the fans went wild, especially for the Texas Rattlesnake.
To start off the second hour, The Heart Break Kid, Shawn Michaels came out to the ring. While talking about the match card at Hell in the Cell, then Seth Rollins comes and interrupts HBK. They have a great promo with each other, where Rollins proclaims himself the new show stopper. It is great to see Shawn Michaels, since he is my second favorite wrestler of all time (Triple H is 1 and is the G.o.a.t.) but even better to see HBK still can shoot a promo with the best of them.
Shield Reunion
Always fun to see a reunion, especially a one night only Shield Reunion. What I really loved was the dynamic between the three in this match. These three have great chemistry with each other, and it showed again tonight. I will be very excited when all three are fighting each other for the Heavyweight title, which will be very soon I think.
Team Bella
Sunday night can't come fast enough so Niki Bella can lose to Charlotte and we can move on. Team Bella is bad because nobody has a reaction to them anymore. Only thing worst then getting booed is not caring, and that is how I feel. This new wave of serious Diva talent has made the Bella's obsolete. I will give anybody 50 bucks if you can name the third member of Team Bella? Exactly you can't.
Ric Flair
Woooooo! Flair maybe is getting to old as he had no clue when he was back on the air, but I could not care less. I love Ric flair and always great to see him, but I did not like how they used him tonight. I did not like they are trying to have the dirtiest player in the game get over a baby face in Reigns. For the most this whole Wyatt vs Roman reigns feud has fell flat for me, I really do not know why but just have not been a fan.
Overall B
It is always great to see the legends come back. The fans love it, I love it, and the ratings love it. The problem with the legends is the other matches that do not have legends in the match get pushed to the back. I barely remember the Kevin Owens vs Mark Henry match, because I wanted to see more Shawn Michaels
The Steve Austin Podcast
One of my favorite things happened after Raw and that is the Stone Cold Steve Austin Podcast. This week Stone Cold had Brock Lesnar on it, and was great. Steve Austin can give a great wrestling interview, and this one was no different. I highly recommend to watch this interview, and the other interviews he has done for the network. My personal favorite interview he did was with Triple H.
This Sunday is Hell in the Cell, and the match card looks very exciting with Brock vs Taker round 3. I will have a special recap of Hell in the Cell on Monday. I will be live tweeting either on my personal account @MCC612 or on @ThatEntertains. Will see if boss man lets me, but either way you should follow both.
- The Raw Report: The State Of WWE - June 22, 2016
- WWE: Wrestlemania Gambling Preview - April 1, 2016
- WWE: Who Will Undertaker Face at Wrestlemania? - January 14, 2016


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Categories: News
Before they stopped seeing each other and eventually stopped talking a decade ago, Jay Brooks spent years trying to coax his father away from the solitude of Upstate New York.
He pleaded with him to join the family in South Carolina, where his grandchildren lived, the hunting was better and the fish were plentiful.
But Robert Brooks was not fond of change, and except for his time as a gunner on a B-17 in World War II, he had lived only in Upstate New York. That's where he wanted to stay.
So Brooks let his father be and with time the two grew apart.
Then on March 11, Jay Brooks got a phone call from police.
A farmer in Arkansas had discovered a suitcase among some trees in his field, police told him. Stuffed inside was the body of a small man.
The man, police believed, was Jay's father.
In the days since then, Jay Brooks, now a 58-year-old mental health nurse in North Carolina, has been consumed by what happened during the years when he and his father shared only silence.
Robert Brooks had been a devoted husband, a caring neighbor, a veteran, a simple man but proud man who grew his own vegetables and hated the spotlight. He would have turned 90 at the end of March.
How, Jay Brooks wondered, did the life of his father end so undignified, 1,300 miles away from the home he hated to leave?
It was a question that troubled not just Jay Brooks, but law enforcement authorities in two states and veterans' groups across the South, who, after they read about it, demanded justice for the elder Brooks.
They never knew him, but they knew this: He had served his country; his life mattered; he deserved better.
In Des Arc, Arkansas, where the suitcase was found, the Prairie County Sheriff's Office and the Arkansas State Police tracked down two suspects – Brooks' apparent caregivers – and later charged them with abuse of a corpse. Weeks later, up north in Johnstown, where Brooks was living when he died, police arrested two more people.
Together, the agencies began investigating.
Was it Social Security fraud? Elder abuse? Did these people take advantage of Brooks? Or did he trust them? If so, why?
Prairie County Sheriff Rick Hickman took it personally.
"We're talking about a WWII B-17 belly gunner," Hickman told The Washington Post. "He didn't deserve to be dumped in a suitcase in the woods."
Robert Brooks. (Courtesy of Jay Brooks)
Robert D. Brooks enlisted in 1944. Military records list him as both 5-foot-5 and 5-foot-1. Jay Brooks figures he stood somewhere between the two.
Brooks' small teenage frame made him a perfect candidate for one of the military's most dangerous assignments: a "belly gunner," whose job it was to shoot from inside the ball turret of the B-17.
The "Flying Fortresses" were primarily deployed in daylight strategic bombing campaigns against German military and industrial targets. The belly gunners wore thick coats to fend off frigid temperatures along with their oxygen masks. Only a layer of glass separated the gunner inside from the anti-aircraft fire below.
The job was considered a suicide mission.
But Brooks survived, was honorably discharged in 1946 and returned to Upstate New York, where he married his wife, Antoinette, and eventually had a son. Soon after Jay's birth, though, Antoinette was diagnosed with a relapsing-remitting case of multiple sclerosis, and the family's life from then on revolved around her care.
Jay Brooks would abandon his paper routes to give her shots so they could avoid hospital bills. Robert Brooks worked as a mechanic and then a night guard at MCA Records in Gloversville, New York.
When Jay Brooks graduated from high school at 16 with college credits and joined the Marine Corps, Robert Brooks disapproved but signed the waiver anyway. His son served in South Carolina, where he eventually settled with a wife and children of his own.
Robert Brooks remained in Gloversville, shoveling snow for neighbors and taking care of Antoinette, whose deteriorating condition forced him to move her into a nursing home. He was there when she rose each morning and stayed until bedtime. On weekends, as long as he could, Robert took Antoinette home.
As Jay Brooks' family and technology business grew in South Carolina, his visits up north dwindled. Antoinette got sicker, Robert more stubborn.
Then in 2004, Jay's 19-year-old son, Ryan Anthony Brooks, was killed in a car accident on his way home from work. Jay Brooks was paralyzed with grief.
"I lost my business. I lost everything. I gave up," Jay Brooks said. "That's when everything began to fall apart."
Jay Brooks was so despondent, he said, that when Antoinette died, his father shielded him from the heartache. He withheld the news for months, making excuses for why his mother couldn't talk when Jay would call.
Remembering it now makes Jay Brooks cry.
"He kept that from me with a good heart," he said. "Not out of meanness."
He once again tried to persuade his dad to move south, but again Robert balked. So from South Carolina Jay Brooks occasionally dispatched distant relatives still living in New York to check on his father.
The two would still talk on the phone, and it was during one of those conversations that Robert told Jay he had befriended a nice woman who took care of him.
The next time Jay Brooks called, though, his father's phone line had been disconnected.
It wasn't until a decade later, when police told Jay Brooks that his father had moved to Johnstown, that he began theorizing about who the woman was and whether her intentions were sinister.
Police told Jay Brooks his father had moved to Johnstown, a city a few miles south of Gloversville, to live with his longtime caretaker, Virginia "Ginger" Colvin. But then a few years ago, the two moved south to Arkansas, police said, where Virginia had family. Robert stayed there with her for several years, returning to Johnstown at the beginning of January.
They moved into a white apartment on Perry Street and were joined by Colvin's boyfriend, Michael Stivers, who came with them from Arkansas, police said.
It was there in Johnstown, at that apartment, police told Jay Brooks, that his father probably died of natural causes – in January or February, months before his body was found in the field.
Authorities said it was Colvin and Stivers' plan to dispose of Robert's body in Arkansas, where they planned to bury him in an unmarked grave.
And they might have succeeded, if not for some curious teenagers and the tightknit community where the two chose to commit their alleged crime.
On the afternoon of March 5, police got a frantic 911 call from the Arkansas home of Stivers' relatives.
The couple's blue Toyota Tundra was parked in the driveway, stuffed full with furniture and knickknacks they intended to sell, the caller said. Some teens at the house were rummaging through the truck bed when they discovered a large, rolling black and gray suitcase. They zipped it open, authorities said, and out fell an arm.
They screamed, spooking Colvin and Stivers, who jumped inside the truck and fled, according to police.
Prairie County Sheriff Rick Hickman was among those who responded to the call. As they searched, in came a second call to the sheriff's cellphone from a neighbor who had spotted a blue Toyota Tundra driving away from a cluster of minnow ponds on a farm stretching for thousands of acres.
Within 20 minutes of the first 911 report, the sheriff had tracked down the truck. Inside were Colvin and Stivers, but the suitcase was gone.
[More: Son of Johnstown man found dead in suitcase says father was too trusting]
A quick check revealed Stivers was wanted in a neighboring county for unpaid child support and Colvin was driving with an expired license. The sheriff arrested Stivers and wrote Colvin a ticket, then sent the truck to the impound lot. Colvin used the sheriff's cellphone to call for a ride.
On his drive back to the office, Hickman called up the farmer with the minnow ponds – the property where a neighbor had spotted the blue truck.
Hickman gave the farmer specific instructions. Go out there, he said, and look around. Don't touch anything.
There were wheel tracks for about 150 feet, from the minnow pond levee back into the woods. Beside a stump, the farmer found the suitcase.
"You wouldn't have seen it unless you were really looking for it," Hickman said. It could have stayed there for a long time unnoticed had the farmer not spotted the truck and had the sheriff not made the connection.
The sheriff had Stivers in custody, but Colvin was missing. She had already left the impound lot so Hickman tried to use her expired license he had confiscated to entice her back to him. He found the number she had called from his phone and dialed back.
Then, Hickman said, she began to cry and hung up.
"She knew she was caught I'm pretty sure," the sheriff said.
Days later, authorities found her hiding out near Little Rock. Hickman rode along to bring her in.
"If she was going to dump this guy in my county," the sheriff said, "I was going to make sure I was the one to arrest her."
Colvin and Stivers were both charged with felony abuse of a corpse and authorities in Arkansas and New York opened a Social Security fraud investigation.
Weeks later, authorities in New York arrested two more people in connection with the case. Leeann Sager, Colvin's niece, and Aaron Rulison also had ties to the Perry Street apartment and were charged with concealment of a human corpse.
None of those taken into custody could be reached for comment.
In states across the South – from Arkansas to South Carolina – chapters of the Patriot Guard, a charity that attends the funerals of service members and veterans, readied their motorcycles and American flags for a processional that would take three days and stretch 700 miles.
After weeks of fundraising by Jay Brooks, the Arkansas Patriot Guard secured his father's ashes on March 30 and a week later commenced the cross-country motorcade with a cluster of 65 riders.
Each time they crossed a state line, the Patriot Guard captains performed what they call a dignity transfer, passing over the urn and flag and signing their names inside a new King James Bible.
It's a rite Patriot Guards have been performing for years, one that felt especially somber this time.
"You don't do something like this and put him in a state known for standing up for their veterans," David "Dirty Water" Cone, captain of the Arkansas Patriot Guard, told The Washington Post. "This is a black mark, and we'll do everything we can to erase it."
Robert D. Brooks's journey to South Carolina began early Sunday morning to the sound of Taps.
More than 65 bikes lined up in Little Rock to salute the urn that carried Brooks' ashes and escort him to the Tennessee border, where a fresh batch of Patriot Guard Riders joined the procession.
And so it went, through Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia, toward their final destination, Fort Jackson National Cemetery in South Carolina, where the remains, an American flag and Bible signed by the Patriot Guard captains who carried him there, will be given to Jay Brooks, in a reunion 10 years overdue.
Jay Brooks is still short the funds necessary to give his father's ashes a proper resting place in the plot near Jay's son, Robert's grandson. But Jay Brooks is okay with the delay: "I'm going to keep him home with me for a while."
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Tucson restaurant news: Buddy's Grill, Montana Avenue, burgers, Panera, Pastiche, Slow Food Tucson
Update June 22: Panera is coming to Tucson. I posed the question below. According to reliable sources -Panera Bread now owns Paradise Bakery & Cafe and are opening a new Panera-Paradise hybrid here. They have plans to open two locations this year (September) and a potential third next year. Stay tuned for more info…
Closed: Buddy's Grill
Buddy's Grill at 4821 E. Grant Road is closed. A sign posted on the window thanks patrons for 22 good years. I would think this location is prime restaurant real estate. The Buddy's Grill on the southeast side is still open at 7385 S. Houghton Rd. @Valencia, 881-2226. The closed restaurant is still listed on the website as of this writing.
Switching: Montana Avenue
Fox Restaurant Concept Montana Avenue will be closing mid August but then expects to reopen within a week as Zinburger; 40 more seats will be added. Can that be done? Only a week to transform? According to our waitress last night, she astounded us saying four days of transformation. Does the city need to inspect? Do they ever meet any deadlines? I wonder why the Montana Avenue concept failed? I guess gourmet burgers and wine will always be in the popular curve and change is good for a restaurant's soul.
Speaking of Burgers: Five Guys
While driving east on Broadway @ Craycroft, I noticed a new Five Guys. I think this will be the second Five Guys as the first one is on Campbell @ Glenn and another at Oracle & Wetmore is slated to open soon. I have not tried this chain yet. Have you? Thoughts?
Question: Panera
I heard through the foodie grapevine that Panera Bread Co. was coming to Tucson but I cannot determine if it's true or not. I don't often tout chains but I like Panera Bread Co. Once while spending four days in Whittier, Calif. cleaning out the home of a dear friend who died, I ate at Panera's every night and in my exhaustion and sadness always had a satisfying fast casual meal with good service.
Philanthropy with Phlavor
If it's June (and October), it must be Philanthropy with Phlavor month at Pastiche. Like clockwork, Pastiche invites us diners to designate 5 percent of our check (less tax and tip) to the charity of our choice. It is an amazingly altrustic gesture that has expanded the coffers of many of Tucson's local charities in need.
Pasco and Slow Food Tucson
Pasco Kitchen & Lounge pairs with Slow Food Tucson on Sunday, June 26 for a 4-course cocktail dinner and cooking/cocktail demo. Chef/Owner Ramiro Scavo will create a one-of-a-kind menu featuring cucumbers and summer squash from River Road Gardens in every course – even dessert! Each course will be complemented with a unique, refreshing cocktail creation from Andrew Record, mixologist. The cost is $45/person which includes tax and tip. Here's the menu and how to reserve your space.


text: UFDC Home myUFDC Home | Help | RSS Group Title: 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow - ICMF 2010 Proceedings Title: 12.1.3 - A generalized subgrid air entrainment model for RaNS modeling of bubbly flows around ship hulls ALL VOLUMES CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00102023/00299 Material Information Title: 12.1.3 - A generalized subgrid air entrainment model for RaNS modeling of bubbly flows around ship hulls Bubbly Flows Series Title: 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow - ICMF 2010 Proceedings Physical Description: Conference Papers Creator: Ma, J.Oberai, A.A.Hyman, M.C.Lahey Jr., R.T.Drew, D.A. Publisher: International Conference on Multiphase Flow (ICMF) Publication Date: June 4, 2010 Subjects Subject: subgrid air entrainmentbubbly flowmultiphase simulationship hulls Notes Abstract: The quantitative prediction of bubbly flow around a maneuvering Naval surface ship is critical in determining its hydrodynamic performance and its acoustic and optical signatures. It is a challenging multiscale problem that relies heavily on subgrid models of turbulence and air entrainment. In this manuscript we analyze this problem using a novel air entrainment model that predicts the location and rate of air entrainment around a surface ship. This model was coupled with a two-fluid Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RaNS) model and used to evaluate the flow field around a Naval surface ship in straight ahead and turning motions. For straight ahead motion the predicted void fraction distributions aft of the stern were compared with experiments at three different speeds and good agreement was found. The qualitative differences in the location of the air entrainment and the resulting bubbly flow between straight ahead and steady turning motions are also discussed and compared with experimental observations. To our knowledge this study contains the first quantitative comparisons between predicted and experimental void fraction distributions for a full-scale surface ship. General Note: The International Conference on Multiphase Flow (ICMF) first was held in Tsukuba, Japan in 1991 and the second ICMF took place in Kyoto, Japan in 1995. During this conference, it was decided to establish an International Governing Board which oversees the major aspects of the conference and makes decisions about future conference locations. Due to the great importance of the field, it was furthermore decided to hold the conference every three years successively in Asia including Australia, Europe including Africa, Russia and the Near East and America. Hence, ICMF 1998 was held in Lyon, France, ICMF 2001 in New Orleans, USA, ICMF 2004 in Yokohama, Japan, and ICMF 2007 in Leipzig, Germany. ICMF-2010 is devoted to all aspects of Multiphase Flow. Researchers from all over the world gathered in order to introduce their recent advances in the field and thereby promote the exchange of new ideas, results and techniques. The conference is a key event in Multiphase Flow and supports the advancement of science in this very important field. The major research topics relevant for the conference are as follows: Bio-Fluid Dynamics; Boiling; Bubbly Flows; Cavitation; Colloidal and Suspension Dynamics; Collision, Agglomeration and Breakup; Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows; Droplet Flows; Environmental and Geophysical Flows; Experimental Methods for Multiphase Flows; Fluidized and Circulating Fluidized Beds; Fluid Structure Interactions; Granular Media; Industrial Applications; Instabilities; Interfacial Flows; Micro and Nano-Scale Multiphase Flows; Microgravity in Two-Phase Flow; Multiphase Flows with Heat and Mass Transfer; Non-Newtonian Multiphase Flows; Particle-Laden Flows; Particle, Bubble and Drop Dynamics; Reactive Multiphase Flows Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00102023 Volume ID: VID00299 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: 1213-Ma-ICMF2010.pdf Full Text 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 A generalized subgrid air entrainment model for RaNS modeling of bubbly flows around ship hulls Jingsen Ma* Assad A. Oberai* Mark C. Hyman! Richard T. Lahey, Jr* and Donald A. Drew* Center for Multiphase Research. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 110 8th St. Troy, NY 12180. USA. t Naval Surface Warfare Center-Panama City, Panama City, Florida. 32407 USA firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com and email@example.com Keywords: subgrid air entrainment, bubbly flows, multiphase simulation, ship hulls Abstract The quantitative prediction of bubbly flow around a maneuvering Naval surface ship is critical in determining its hydrodynamic performance and its acoustic and optical signatures. It is a challenging multiscale problem that relies heavily on subgrid models of turbulence and air entrainment. In this manuscript we analyze this problem using a novel air entrainment model that predicts the location and rate of air entrainment around a surface ship. This model was coupled with a two-fluid Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RaNS) model and used to evaluate the flow field around a Naval surface ship in straight ahead and turning motions. For straight ahead motion the predicted void fraction distributions aft of the stern were compared with experiments at three different speeds and good agreement was found. The qualitative differences in the location of the air entrainment and the resulting bubbly flow between straight ahead and steady turning motions are also discussed and compared with experimental observations. To our knowledge this study contains the first quantitative comparisons between predicted and experimental void fraction distributions for a full-scale surface ship. Introduction A maneuvering surface ship at sea typically entrains large quantities of air due to breaking bow waves, un- steady transom flows and wave/structure interactions along the hull. This is evidenced by the "white water" that extends many ship lengths behind the stern wake. Bubbly flow around a Naval surface ship is important because it determines its acoustic and optical signatures and may alter its drag characteristics. Thus the simula- tion and prediction of the air entrainment and the result- ing bubbly flow around a surface ship is of interest in Naval and marine hydrodynamics. Over the last few decades igmiik.illm progress (see for example Carrica et al. 1999; Hyman 2006; Moraga et al. 2008) has been made in predicting bubbly flows around surface ships by utilizing multifluid models described in Drew and Passman (1999) and Lahey (2009). However, to date quantitative comparisons with experimental data have not been feasible partly due to the lack of a ro- bust and accurate subgrid air entrainment model. Clearly the location and rate of air entrainment play a critical role in determining the accuracy of a multiphase simu- lation. Moraga et al. (2008) have previously proposed a subgrid air entrainment model and applied it to simu- lating the flow around a surface ship with some success. This model assumed that bubbles are present everywhere close to the free surface and they are entrained once the downward liquid velocity exceeds the bubble rise veloc- ity. However, this model does not account for the fact that if the free surface moves downward with the same velocity as the liquid, no bubbles are entrained. Further, it only provides an expression for the location of air en- trainment and not its rate, which must be chosen empir- ically. Several models for determining the air entrain- ment rate have also been proposed for canonical flows such as plunging liquid jets (see for example Bin 1993; ( li.iii n 1996; Ma et al. 2010b) and hydraulic jumps (see for example ( II.iMi, in 1996) and they can be used in select regions around a surface ship, but none that can capture all the sources simultaneously. Recently, we have developed a subgrid air entrain- ment model (Ma et al. 2009, 2010a) that assumes that the turbulence in the liquid produces a rough air/liquid interface with cavities of a certain size. These cavities are entrained into the liquid once the downward liquid velocity exceeds the downward velocity of the interface. This leads to a simple expression for the location and rate of air entrainment that is proportional to the product liquid's turbulent kinetic energy and the gradient of the liquid velocity in the downward (pointed away from the interface) direction. This model has been implemented in the framework for a two-fluid model (Drew and Pass- man 1999; Lahey 2009) and applied to canonical prob- lems such as a plunging liquid jet and a hydraulic jump. In both cases the same model yielded accurate results (Ma et al. 2009, 2010a). In this manuscript we apply it to model the two-phase flow around the research vessel (RV) Athena. We consider both straight ahead motion and a steady turn. For the former we compare our pre- dictions with at-sea measurements of void fraction. For the latter no such data is available but we are able to make qualitative comparisons between the two motions and aerial photographs from a sea test. We note that the air entrainment model contains one parameter that de- pends on material properties of the liquid and the gas components of the bubbly flow. Since in all the simu- lations in this manuscript the liquid is sea water and the gas is air, we have frozen this parameter. The format of the remainder of this manuscript is as follows. In Section 2 we describe the RaNS two-fluid model and the sub-grid air entrainment model that are used in this study. In Section 3, we present simulations of bubbly flows around the RV Athena, in both straight ahead and steady turn motions. We discuss the results and compare the predicted void fraction profiles with the available experimental data. We end with Conclusions in Section 4. Multiphase Modeling Framework In this section we summarize the derivation of the sub- grid air entrainment model and describe its implementa- tion within a RaNS-type, two-fluid, computational mul- tiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) code. For simplicity, we restrict our simulations to mono-dispersed bubbles and to one-way coupling. We model the fluid as com- posed of a continuous liquid phase and a dispersed gas phase comprised of bubbles of a given diameter. This diameter was selected to be the typical bubble diameter measured in the experiments. Readers interested in the effects of two-way coupling and polydisperse modeling are referred to the work of Moraga et al. (2008). Air entrainment model The subgrid air entrain- ment model we used may be derived as follows. Con- sider a gas/liquid interface, Fi, with roughness and air cavities of size z a (see Fig. 1). In addition F is an imaginary surface below the interface at a distance a/2. 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 We require that F moves with the same downward veloc- ity as the interface. Thus any air that passes through F is entrained. The average volume of air passing through F per unit area and time is then given by: V (o) V,(a/2) '7/,: Figure 1: Schematic of a rough air/water interface. q C= C(u,(a/2)- ~- SC(u,(a/2) C2Ou" (\)) w -^wnO~a Un(0)) Un(0)) where Un is the downward liquid velocity at the inter- face, an overbar indicates an ensemble average and Sf f >0 /(f) 1 f < 0 A simple approximation for the roughness (Hunt 1984) is a u'2/g = k/g, where k is the local turbulent ki- netic energy and g is the acceleration due to gravity. So, C 9un, k 2 On g Based on this, the equivalent volume sources per unit volume of water in a liquid layer of thickness Pent is given by: q C 0O, k Q = = (4) Pent 2 dn ,entg Thus the source term for the number density of bubbles per unit volume of water is: Q CentK( an~ k On -. - where vg is the volume of an average bubble, Cent = 2 is the model coefficient that depends on the physical properties of the liquid and the gas in the multiphase flow. Ja Mass conservation of the dispersed phase Due to the assumption of momodispersed bubbly flow, bubble coalescence and air dissolution play no role. In this case, the conservation equation for the bubble num- ber density, N.", for bubbles of a characteristic diam- eter, D,, moving with a velocity of ug, often referred to as the population balance equation (see for example Martinez-Bazan et al. 1999), is given by: a N1' at+ V. ( N[") = (6) a t where , is rate at which bubble density increases due to air ingestion and is given by eq. (5). Note that other sources of bubbles on the right hand side of eq. (6), such as those due to bubble breakup and coalescence, can also be included if appropriate. Momentum balance of the dispersed phase The ensemble-averaged balance of momentum equation for the dispersed phase is given by Moraga et al. (2006), o(vN "p.ug) dU) + V. (v9N .'pd, u) (7) at Y N"Vc + 7N"'p g + M where vg is the volume of a bubble with diameter Dg, Pd is the air density, and pc is the pressure of the liquid. Note that Mg, the fluctuating interfacial force density, must be constituted. This term primarily determines mo- mentum transfer between the continuous phase and the dispersed phase. It may be partitioned to account for different types of interactions, MT MD MTD MV ML + M (8) where the right hand side contains contributions due to drag (D), turbulent dispersion (TD), virtual mass (VM), lift (L) and wall-induced forces (W). For the specific ex- pressions for each of theses terms the reader is referred to Moraga et al. (2008). Conservation laws for the continuous phase It is assumed that the continuous liquid phase is incom- pressible and is not affected by the dispersed phase (one- way coupling). As a result the continuity equation for the liquid phase simplifies to, V uc = 0. (9) The ensemble-averaged statement of the balance of lin- ear momentum for the continuous phase is (Moraga et al. 2008), p + u (10) at+ V. ue uc = V (T + TR") +pg (10) 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 Where T = -pl + 2pcD is the Cauchy stress for a Newtonian fluid, and TR" is the Reynolds stress tensor modeled as: In the expressions above I is the identity tensor, /c is the liquid's viscosity, Dc is the rate of strain of the liq- uid phase, and k and pt are the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent viscosity, respectively. In this work, a blended (k c)/(k c) turbulence model developed by Menter (1994) was used to determine k and pt, and hence to construct TZ". All model coefficients are given in Menter (1994). For further details on the implementa- tion of this model, the reader is referred to Moraga et al. (2008). Modeling the free surface The free surface of the air/water mixture is represented using a single-phase level set function p described in Sussman et al. (1994), which represents the signed distance from the free sur- face, with the level set = 0 representing the free sur- face. Its evolution is governed by: - + u, VO = 0 at For more details on the application of the single-phase level set method to bubbly flow simulations the reader is referred to the work of Carrica et al. (2006); Moraga et al. (2008). Simulation of bubbly flow around the Naval RV Athena Using the methodology described in the previous section we have performed simulations of bubbly flows around the hull of the research vessel Athena which is operated by the Carderrock Division of the US Navy Naval War- fare Center. Athena results have been previously used by Hyman (2006) and Moraga et al. (2008) as a test case for verifying CMFD models. We first simulate the straight ahead motion of Athena at three different ship velocities and compare the void fraction profiles aft of the transom with the experimental measurements reported by Terrill (2006). Then we simulate the flow around Athena dur- ing a steady turn. Some interesting differences between the straight ahead and steady turning motions are ob- served and discussed. Straight ahead ship motion We model one-half of the ship by assuming symmetry about the hull and ignor- ing any asymmetrical instabilities in the flow. The grid consisted of 3.7 x 106 cells with one and two levels of Te -_(2pk)I +2/tDc, C nested Chimera overset grids that were used to resolve the hull appendages (i.e., the skeg and rudder). This grid emphasizes a heavily refined overset block in the near wake region but not in the bow region since our focus was on the transom flows for which experimental mea- surements have been reported (Terrill 2006). The reader is referred to Hyman (2006) and Moraga et al. (2008) for further details about the grid and boundary conditions employed in our numerical simulations. Figure 2: Predicted rate of air entrainment close to the free surface for RV Athena at 9 knots: (a) Overall view in which the entrainment at the transom is clearly seen; (b) Magnified view of the masker; (c) Magnified view of the hull-air-water contact line. We have simulated the straight ahead motion of Athena at 6, 9 and 10.5 knots, which corresponds to Reynolds numbers of 1.46 x 108, 2.18 x 108 and 2.55 x 108, respectively, and Froude numbers of 0.14, 0.21 and 0.25, respectively, based on the ship speed and ship length, L = 47.2m. The air entrainment model was switched on once a statistical stationary state for the liquid flow was obtained. A uniform bubble size of 0.08mm was assumed. For the air entrainment model, the entrainment depth was set to Pent = 0.002L and Cent = 11.8 was used. Using a time step of 0.005 in non-dimensionalized units, which translates to a dimen- sional time interval of about 0.06s, it took about 300 steps for bubbles to traverse the computational domain. We started to collect data after this interval and moni- tored the evolution of time-averaged values for the gas velocities and void fractions until they attained a statis- tically stationary state. 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 Fig. 2 is a snapshot of the source term E, close to the free surface. We observe strong entrainment just aft of the transom stern and also see some scattered sources in the near-wake region. In addition to these regions, air entrainment was also observed along the hull-air-water contact line and at the masker. All these regions of en- trainment are consistent with visual observations at sea (see Terrill 2006). The only exception is the bow region, where we did not predict the expected entrainment be- cause we were unable to resolve the breaking bow wave due to insufficient grid resolution (also see Moraga et al. 2008; Hyman 2006). Figure 3: (a) Time-averaged void fraction aft of the transom stem along the ship's center plane, at a ship speed of 9 knots; (b) Enlarged view of the region close to the transom, that is the boxed part of (a). The time-averaged plots of void fraction at the cen- ter plane along the ship length are shown in Fig. 3. The zoomed-in view near the transom stern indicates the presence of a large vortical structure that is responsible for much of the air entrainment and is reminiscent of the air entrainment mechanisms in a hydraulic jump (see Ma et al. 2010a, 2009). We have computed the time-averaged void fraction data along the center plane of the ship, 2m aft of the transom. We compare our simulations with at sea mea- surements for RV Athena (Terrill 2006). This compar- ison was performed at three different ships speeds and the results are presented in Fig. 4. The predicted results are in good agreement with measured data. It should be noted that we achieve this agreement using the same value of the air entrainment parameter Cent at all speeds. The main deviation occurs well below the interphase, at a depth greater than im, where our simulation appears to under-predict the void fraction likely because we did not do a polydispersed prediction and thus did not predict the smaller bubbles. Anyway the measured void frac- tion in this region is very low (around 10 4), and thus it is prone to experimental error. Furthermore, some of these bubbles have been generated due to cavitation at the propeller, which was not modeled in our simulation. ,, I~ 'i ~--~---~---~ '1. -Model Exper. 103 102 mean void fraction -Model | Exper. 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 In any event our simulation appears to accurately predict the void fraction distribution in the transom stem region. Steady turn We have also computed the flow around Athena undergoing a steady starboard turn with a turn- ing radius of Rt 4L. For this simulation the flow was asymmetric and a grid around the entire ship was gen- erated having approximately 6.5 million points in 100 computational blocks. The ship speed during the turn was U 10.5 knots, resulting in a Reynolds number of 2.55 x 108 and a Froude number of 0.25. The val- ues used for the bubble diameter and the air entrain- ment coefficient were the same as for straight ahead ship motion. The background grid extended sufficiently far away from the ship for the assumption of undisturbed waters in the far-field boundaries to hold. As a result the boundary conditions in the far field were the same as for straight ahead motion. The simulation was initiated with the ship and the background grid advancing in the prescribed turn and used a time step of At 0.01L/U. This condition was continued for 100 time steps in order to dissipate the startup transient. At time t L/U, the bubble entrainment model was switched on and it con- tinued on for another 100 time steps. 10' 10-2 mean void fraction 103 102 mean void fraction Figure 4: Predicted and measured void fraction distri- butions 2m aft of the transom stern along the ship's cen- ter plane, as a function of depth for straight ahead ship speeds of of 6 (top), 9 (center) and 10.5 knots (bottom). Figure 5: Predicted rate of air entrainment close to the free surface for RV Athena in a steady turn: (a) Overall view in which non-symmetric air entrainment at the tran- som is clearly seen; (b) Magnified view of the masker; (c) Magnified view of the hull-air-water contact line. Fig. 5 shows a snapshot of the predicted bubble source strength close to the free surface around RV -Model Experiment 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 straight ahead ship motion. From Fig. 7 we note that in the turning ship case there is some entrainment ahead of the transom, toward the left side of the picture, that is missing from the simulation. We believe that this is due to the interaction of a wavy sea with the contact line and is not captured because we are simulating steady seas. Figure 6: Void fraction close to the free surface for Athena in straight ahead motion (right) and during a steady turn (left). Athena during a steady turn. We observe a wave orig- inating on the starboard (inside turn) corer of the tran- som. By comparing Figs. 2 and 5 we conclude that in both the straight ahead and steady turn cases air en- trainment is seen at the contact line along the hull, at the masker and particularly at the transom. This en- trainment leads to a region of "white water" aft of the transom. Some ,ignilik.iIii differences are observed be- tween the bubbly wake of the straight ahead and steady turn cases and they are highlighted in Figs. 6 and 7. First, as expected, the bubbly wake for the steady turn case is curved toward the path traced by the ship. Sec- ond, the void fraction distribution in the near wake is markedly different. For the straight ahead case we ob- serve two symmetric streaks of high void fraction re- gion (void fraction over 0.2) perpendicular to the tran- som, originating at the the two ends of the transom. This was also observed in the sea tests and is believed to be caused by the diverging waves due to the transom's ge- ometry (see Fig. 7). In the turning case these streaks are also observed, however they are closer together and they last longer, implying higher rates of air entrainment. In addition a third streak was observed at the inside cor- ner of the turn though it's shorter and weaker than the former two (as seen in the left plot of Fig. 6). We be- lieve that this extra entrainment is caused by the comer wave induced by the turning motion. Once again this pattern was also observed in the sea tests (see Fig. 7). In general it appears that the void fraction distribution for the steady turn case is more heterogeneous than for Figure 7: Top: predictions of void fraction close to the free surface for Athena in straight ahead (right) and steady turn (left) motion. Bottom: Corresponding sea test pictures of the bubbly wake taken along a similar orientation for same ship motions. Conlusions Three dimensional simulations of the bubbly flow around the Naval research vessel, Athena, was per- formed using a RaNS-based two-fluid modeling ap- proach and a novel subgrid air entrainment model. Con- sistent with experimental observations, the model pre- dicted entrainment at the masker, at the contact line, and particularly at the transom of the ship. For straight ahead motion the time-averaged values of the predicted void fraction profiles near the transom were compared with experimental data at three different speeds and good agreement was found. A single simulation was also performed for a steady turn of the ship and qualitative comparisons were made between the predicted straight- ahead and steady turn cases and the RV Athena visual- ization data taken at sea. It was found that the ship ma- neuvers in a turn leads to greater rates of air entrainment and to a more heterogeneous bubbly wake. Acknowledgments This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Re- search (ONR), grant N00014-03-1-0826, under the ad- ministration of Dr. Patrick Purtell, and was supported in part by a grant of computer time from the DOD High Performance Computing Modernization Program at the Maui High Performance Computing Center (MHPCC), US Army Engineering and Research Development Cen- ter (ERDC) and Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC). We owe thanks to Dr. Francisco Moraga at the General Electric Corporate Research Center for very helpful discussions about CMFD models and technical details about ship modeling. We also give thanks to Dr. Eric Terrill at Scripps Institution of Oceanography for providing the experimental aboard RV Athena void frac- tion data. References A.K. Bin. Gas entrainment by plunging liquid jets. Chemical Engineering Science, 48(21):3585-3630, 1993. PM Carrica, D. Drew, F Bonetto, and RT Lahey Jr. A polydisperse model for bubbly two-phase flow around a surface ship. International journal of multiphase flow, 25(2):257-305, 1999. PM Carrica, RV Wilson, and F. Stem. An unsteady single-phase level set method for viscous free surface flows. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 53(2):229-256, 2006. H. ( li.iii,'n Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-Surface Turbulent Shear Flows. Academic Press, 1996. D.A. Drew and S.L. Passman. Theory of multicompo- nentfluids. Springer Verlag, 1999. J.C.R. Hunt. Turbulence structure and turbulent diffu- sion near gas-liquid interfaces. In W. Brutsaert and G.H. Jirka, editors, Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, pages 67 - 82. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1984. M. Hyman. Unsteady bubbly flow modeling near ship hulls. In ONR Ship Wave-Breaking and Bubble-Wake Review, March 2006. Organized by Program Manager Patrick Purtell. R. T. Lahey, Jr. On the computation of multiphase flow. J. Nuclear T,. ih. 1.... ., 167:1-17, 2009. J. Ma, A.A. Oberai, D.A. Drew, R.T. Lahey Jr, and M.C. Hyman. A comprehensive subgrid air entrain- ment model for Reynolds-averaged simulations of free- surface bubbly flows. In APS DFD Meeting Abstracts, 2009. J. Ma, A.A. Oberai, D.A. Drew, R.T. Lahey Jr, and M.C. Hyman. A comprehensive sub-grid air entrainment model for rans modeling of bubbly flows near the free surface, to be submitted, 2010a. 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL, May 30 -June 4, 2010 J. Ma, AA Oberai, DA Drew, RT Lahey Jr, and FJ Mor- aga. A quantitative sub-grid air entrainment model for bubbly flows-plunging jets. Computers & Fluids, 39(1): 77-86, 2010b. C. Martinez-Bazan, JL Montanes, and JC Lasheras. On the breakup of an air bubble injected into a fully devel- oped turbulent flow. Part 1. Breakup frequency. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 401:157-182, 1999. F.R. Menter. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications. AIAA journal, 32 (8):1598-1605, 1994. FJ Moraga, AE Larreteguy, DA Drew, RT Lahey, et al. A center-averaged two-fluid model for wall-bounded bub- bly flows. Computers & Fluids, 35(4):429-461, 2006. FJ Moraga, PM Carrica, DA Drew, and RT Lahey Jr. A sub-grid air entrainment model for breaking bow waves and naval surface ships. Computers & Fluids, 37(3): 281-298,2008. M. Sussman, P. Smereka, and S. Osher. A level set ap- proach for computing solutions to incompressible two- phase flow. Journal of computational Physics, 114(1): 146-159, 1994. E. J. Terrill. Measurements of the air entrainment around the full scale surface ships. In ONR Ship Wave-Breaking and Bubble-Wake Review, March 2006. Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - Version 2.9.7 - mvs


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text: I am kind of new to saltwater tanks. I had one many years ago and just got a 29 gallon nano tank a few months ago. I had a local salt water company here in tucson set it up for me. Everything was fine for the first couple months, then all of a sudden, any fish that was in there started dying. First my beautiful powder blue tang, then my clowns and jawfish. The one fish that survived, my yellow angel, finally died a couple days ago. I thought that fish would last through anything. Towards the end he started to develope what looked like bruises before he died. All of my water paramaters check out normal through my own testing and testing at the fish store. The one issue we though was that my water temperature was to cold. I was not paying attention to that. By the time I got a digital thermometer the temp was 71 degrees. I take the blame for that. I know have a heater in and got the tank to around 77 before I put any more fish in. I put a couple clowns in and they lasted two days before they both died. I have been doing monthly water changes, not using RO water but my house filtered/softened water, which I was told was ok, and it was for a while. So now I dont know what to try. I ordered a water conditioner so when I do my next water change in a couple days I will use that to see if it removes anything that might be in my water. The guy at the fish store does not know what else it could be right now. My coral, snails, shrimp are all doing fine.


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Rolex Datejust Lady 31 178274
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Product Description
|12 years (2008)
|Case size
|Case material
|Steel & White Gold
|Bracelet material
|Dial type
|Mother of Pearl Pink Arabic
|Water resistance
|100 metres
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Local Administrators Group and Compliance Settings
Hi All,
how do you manage the local administrators group? Many companies use the Restricted Group in the Active Directory/GPO to do it, but unfortunately, this settings is not an "add" rule, it is a replace.
What i mean by this is simple: Imagine the scenario where you have 3 groups that always need be member of the admin group (Group1, Group2 and Group3). It is simple, you create a group policy and add this group of users to the restricted group. Now, you have few servers that need to have a 4th group. For server1 and server2, you need to add the group4 and for server3 and server4, you need to add group5. You can think that it is easy, just create a restricted group for those 2 set of servers adding the group4 or group5…
in this scenario, once the 2nd GPO is applied, it will replace the group membership of the local admins…in this case, the server1 and server2 will only have the group4 as member of the local admin.
For this, it is not a problem, you can easily add the group1, group2 and group3 to list and will not have a problem and it is true…
Now, let's increase the difficulty of this. On every single workstation, group1, group2 and group3 needs be member of the local admin group plus the primary user (that is defined on the SCCM or another database). lets imagine an medium environment with 5000 clients, 500 servers. How many GPO's you'll need? well…this is crazy isn't it?
But Compliance Settings (or DCM for the SCCM 2007 people :)) is here to help you out. I've created 2 powershell scripts that help you to achieve this.
Discovery script:
$useraffinity = gwmi -Namespace root\ccm\policy\machine -Class ccm_useraffinity
$users = "administrator","DOMAIN\Domain Admins","DOMAIN\myadminuser"
foreach ($useraff in $useraffinity)
{ $users += $useraff.ConsoleUser }
$members = net localgroup administrators | where {$_ -AND $_ -notmatch "command completed successfully"} | select -skip 4
New-Object PSObject -Property @{
Computername = $env:COMPUTERNAME
Group = "Administrators"
} | out-null
$adminusers = $true
foreach ($useradm in $users)
if (!($members -contains $useradm))
$adminusers = $false
foreach ($useradm in $members)
if (!($users -contains $useradm))
$adminusers = $false
write-host $adminusers
This script will validate if the users/groups administrators, Domain\Domain Admins, Domain\another_group are member of the group as well as the primary user defined on the SCCM as well as if there are any user that should not be there.
The following script, will remediate non-compliant machines (it means, will add users that should be there and remove users that should not be there)
$useraffinity = gwmi -Namespace root\ccm\policy\machine -Class ccm_useraffinity
$users = "rfladmin","RFLSYSTEMS\Domain Admins","RFLSYSTEMS\svc_sccmpush"
foreach ($useraff in $useraffinity) { $users += $useraff.ConsoleUser }
$domain = $env:USERDOMAIN
$adsi = [ADSI]"WinNT://./administrators,group"
$members = net localgroup administrators | where {$_ -AND $_ -notmatch "command completed successfully"} | select -skip 4
New-Object PSObject -Property @{
Computername = $env:COMPUTERNAME
Group = "Administrators"
} | out-null
foreach ($useradm in $users)
if ((([Array]$members) -contains $useradm) -eq $false)
$adsi.Add("WinNT://$Domain/" + ($useradm -Replace ("$($domain)\\","")) + ",group")
foreach ($useradm in $members)
if ((([Array]$users) -contains $useradm) -eq $false)
try { $adsi.Remove("WinNT://$Domain/" + ($useradm -Replace ("$($domain)\\",""))) }
catch { $adsi.Remove("WinNT://$useradm") }
the remediation script will add any user that need as well as remove any user that should not be there 🙂
now, create a powershell script CI and add this to a baseline and deploy to a device collection..
in the scenario i've described, instead of having lots of Group Policies objects, you'll need only 1 script 🙂


text:
CHARLOTTE, N.C. – On February 16th The Unknown Brewing Company will be releasing the rarest beer they've ever made. The appropriately titled Imperial Pastry Sweet Stout will be called "Rarest Bean" due to the 2 different beans that were used during the brewing process. The first bean that was used was "Black Ivory Coffee", it is literally the rarest coffee bean on earth. The coffee is consumed and processed (and by processed we mean pooped out) by elephants and only 1,000 pounds of coffee are produced a year, thus making this coffee extremely expensive ($100 a bag).
The second bean that was used was the Tongan vanilla bean, each vanilla bean container only contains 2 beans and is around $30-$40 per container. The vanilla bean is sliced opened down the middle and the oils inside are used to create an extremely rich vanilla flavor.
Due to how rare and expensive these beans are we are only producing 100 bottles and are limiting the taproom only release to only 2 bottles per person.
Make sure you come out next Friday to secure your bottle of the "Rarest Bean", an incredible Imperial Pastry Stout.
About Unknown Brewing Company
The Unknown Brewing Company, located in Charlotte's South End neighborhood and just three blocks from Bank of America Stadium, is a local craft brewery that made Charlotte its home in 2013 when owner Brad Shell opened the 22,500-square-foot brew house. The Unknown Brewing Company's culture is about breaking the mold and making exceptional beer, which includes a variety of unique seasonal and mainstay brews. For more information, visit www.unknownbrewing.com


text:
mining with 1000 TB ? what pc i need too buy four this ?
my plan is too buy big storage 1000 TB and too mining the pool.....is that possible ? or i must to earn solo ?what pc configuration i need for mining with 1000 TB ? this calcutaion is good or im wrong in something ? thanks for answers....if you know what type of (server) i need and cheap i wood like too talk about on skype... nick is...branislav.usjak
The calculation is accurate, as long as you have 100% uptime (better calculate with 80% to be safe) ... with 1pb you should mine solo.
(Also remember block reward decreases 5% each month and price may vary a lot)
You have some decisions to make ... building via USB3 or internal SAS/SATA ...
I can suggest controller like this e.g. for internal https://www.broadcom.com/products/storage/host-bus-adapters/sas-9305-24i#overview
On such a setup you will benefit from using GPU supported miner, so you will also need a decent GPU and a quite good CPU in addition.
Currently i guess you would need some 2011-3 socked PC with lot of PCIe.
It can be done, but to build a 1PB PC you have to do some research fist and need some basic knowledge on hardware.
E.g. if you want internal drives, you have to find a solution to provide enough power for that 100 drives, a normal pc power supply would not be enough.
Nobody will provide you the perfect working setup, but you will sure find some suggestion/help here ...
Moved to 'System Builds and other hardware stuff. '
i know i need 2-3 slots with PC expres 16x Gforce Cuda....but dont know what model i need.....i need graphics card wiht good perfomance and low power cosuption....Petabyte is too expensive for me..
Neo38 last edited by
Hello everybody
I want to increase my hardware to 100 TB but i dont no which hardware use ?
Have you got exemple please of a configuration with photos ?
Bests regards
iKnow0 last edited by
@Branislav A motherboard with 6 pcie slots, 1 pcie slot for GPU and the other 5 pcie slots for 24 port sata controllers for a total of 120 drives.
120 x 10TB drives = 1080TB of drive space, = 1PB of plots (aprox).
Neo38 last edited by
Hello everybody
iKnow0 what is the card that you use for the sata port controler ?
It is usb3.0 slot ?
What type of hardwre do you plug on each sata port for your 120 drives ?
Thanks for avance for your reponses !
Bests regards
iKnow0 last edited by
@Neo38 https://www.broadcom.com/products/storage/host-bus-adapters/sas-9305-24i is an example, each SAS port can take 4 SATA drives (http://www.compusb.com/wp-content/uploads/images/products/p-1492-cooldrives_2079_43844162_1.jpg). it really depends on your budget for the miner. The best advice i can give, is to start small and build it up over time as there is a learning curve. USB 3.0, SAS, SATA are all different types of computer interfaces to hard drives, each having a different level of performance.
Also be warned, you used the calculator which only shows the current block reward, in 12 months it will half that, in 24 months it will be a 1/4 of it. So take your time, educate yourself.
this is mashine i wish to buy for mining...what internet speed i need for mining wint 1000TB ? sorry for slovak language i cannot change site to english
@Branislav Internet speed is not important, you could mine on a dial up modem.
agente last edited by
What about reading speed configuring 24 hdd on one sata pcie card?
@agente I'm using 24 port SAS controllers - 80TB in 30-40 seconds, even while plotting with most of the cores
agente last edited by
@haitch simply a curiosity.. what do you use to power 24 hdd? Did you buy powered enclosures?
@agente My latest 24 bay server: Pennywise2 You'll need to scroll down to see specifics.


text:
- Kera @ Nugget On A Budget said...
Love! I've been wearing headbands on my daughter since she was a newborn too...and she's now 22 months old. She pulls them off sometimes now, but for the most part, she keeps them on. It's good, because she still doesn't have much hair lol. I actually make my daughter's headbands, bows, and clips myself :) I don't have a shop online yet, but I'm hoping to get that up soon. I'll let you know when I do!
- August 5, 2013 at 5:08 AM
- Stephanie said...
Quite the cute little model you have there! If I ever have a girl I'll keep some of your suggestions in mind :)
- August 5, 2013 at 7:41 AM
- Jessica said...
I'm so glad you wrote this post! Everdeen probably has two headbands haha! I've searched and searched, but just couldn't seem to find any in local stores. Online shopping it is!!
- August 5, 2013 at 10:26 AM
- Head to Toe Chic said...
These are too cute! They would be the perfect gift for my friends baby girl :)
- August 5, 2013 at 8:32 PM
- Sarah said...
I absolutely adore your headband style!! I make them, but primarily give them as presents just because I think they are so adorable!! Hopefully I'll have a little girl of my own one day soon!
- August 6, 2013 at 7:45 AM
- Lauren said...
these are all so adorable! Elyse is out of the headband age, we're just into bows now...but I'm so thankful that I started early so she wouldn't mind wearing them on a regular basis!
- August 6, 2013 at 10:08 AM
- Kate Craig said...
My favorite ones were from Target, too! I think they might be the same at the last picture. But my cousin just started selling headbands, so I think this next baby will be wearing a lot of hers! https://www.facebook.com/pages/VanElla-Bean-Designs/150448485114898
- August 6, 2013 at 7:44 PM


text:
GEODIS' Air Freight services are tailored to our customers' requirements. At the same time, they are also highly standardized when it comes to quality of service, global reliability and effectiveness of operational execution. We use three levels of Air Freight services to provide this proven, customer-oriented mix: AirFast, AirFlex and AirSave. We also offer a multi-modal service that balances the best of our core Air Freight and Ocean Freight activities: the Air-Sea combined transport mode. See details
Many of our customers come to us for the temperature-controlled transport of their goods. This cold chain transportation must be delivered with an extremely high level of service. To ensure temperature-controlled shipping excellence, GEODIS uses its own unique invention: the G-box. The G-box uses a pallet wrapping technique that ensures the right ambient temperature from departure to arrival. See details


text:
ABRCMS: Promoting Diversity in Science
In 2016, I attended the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students (ABRCMS), for the second time in Tampa, Fla., where 4,000 primarily undergrad minority students will gathered excited at the perspective of a career in science. When I made my decision to join ASM as its CEO, I was very excited to learn that ASM manages the ABRCMS meeting. ASM is deeply committed to promoting diversity in science.
There are no doubts that issues about minorities, race and diversity are among the most polarizing topics in American society, and they are too often swept under the rug for fear of giving offense or in the desire to avoid controversy. This is why I am so glad that at ABRCMS and at ASM we can tackle these complex issues and work to find solutions to ensure the best workforce possible in science. This is an ambitious, challenging, and broad goal, and one too important to be brushed aside.
A few years ago, I read an illuminating book by social psychologist Claude Steele, now Dean of the School of Education at Stanford University, with the intriguing title of Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do. The book presents overwhelming evidence from solid scholarly behavioral research on the implicit biases that reside inside all of us. Steele is African-American, and the title of his book derives from a story told to him by New York Times reporter Brent Staples, an African-American friend who had been a graduate student at the University of Chicago. Staples observed that, while walking at night through the streets of Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood wearing a hoodie, oncoming pedestrians would cross the road so as not to be on the same sidewalk. To them, there was something threatening about a young black man in casual clothing at night in a sketchy neighborhood. However, when Staples—the same young black man, in the same outfit, at the same time, and in the same neighborhood—tried cheerfully whistling the "Spring" tune from Vivaldi's "Four Seasons," passersby were much friendlier. They would say hello and wouldn't cross the road.
The evidence provided in Steele's book, which spans an enormous range of situations and stereotypes, is solidly data-driven, based on the results from many controlled behavioral experiments that testify to these widespread biases. Steele's point is not merely that negative biases exist—he says there are noxious biases about virtually every group in American life: young, old, male, female, Northerners, Southerners, geeks, jocks, Californians—but that often the real damage is internal for the person on the receiving end. Self-worth and personal expectations fall. The problem is especially serious when someone is made to feel out of place and under suspicion, such as an inner-city minority student on a college campus that seems populated only by privileged whites. A dynamic is set up, says Steele, where these individuals systematically underperform when compared with their already demonstrated potential. This is a real and difficult problem to address, particularly in science education. But if we are unable to foster a diversified and multicultural environment, we will lose talented individuals who cannot express their abilities or perform as well as they could. The power of diversity is that it creates better groups, better schools, and ultimately a better society.
Stereotypes are deeply rooted in our society. The challenge is to recognize them and to act. If you think that you are immune to bias, think again. Your immune system may be working hard to fight it, but the antigen is certainly around. Try taking the Harvard Implicit Association Test (IAT), which takes about five minutes. IAT is a very solid, robust, and validated instrument that has been used by hundreds of thousands of people. It is illuminating to see what kind of biases may be creeping into your daily life. When I took the IAT, my reaction was "Really?" But it was useful for me to take the test because I started paying much more attention to the issues of bias, diversity, and stereotypes. For example, I have started a diversity council at my daughter's school, convincing principal, teachers, and parents how important it is for successful education to recognize differences and bias as a first step toward action. Interestingly, there are proposals that participants in NIH study sections take the IAT test before reviewing grants. I applaud the idea.
Diversity produces benefits, although it can be hard to look beyond the snap biases that, as Steele so clearly shows, pervade our daily lives. We know on one level that people from different identity groups or cultures bring different tools, ways of thinking, and problem solving to an open society. And yet, rather than leveraging those differences for the collective benefit, we often allow them to impede progress and innovation. Certainly leveraging diversity is not an easy job. The political scientist Robert Putnam presents data indicating that the level of civic engagement and general trust decreases when communities become more diverse. The problem is compounded; not only do people trust other groups less, they trust people within their own group less.
However, other researchers, most notably the mathematician, economist, and "decision scientist" Scott Page, author of the wonderful book The Difference, builds on organizational theorist I. D. Steiner's work to provide us with an interesting conceptual framework. When we are tasked to do something as a group, we need to analyze the nature of the assignment. Is it a disjunctive task, where only one person needs to succeed in the group for the whole group to succeed, or is it a conjunctive task, where every member's contribution is critical? A group tackling a complex math problem is an example of a disjunctive task. The more diverse the thinking, the easier it is for the team to solve the problem. Football, though, is a conjunctive task. The players in each position must complete their tasks, or the the other players cannot succeed in their assignments. If a lineman fails to do his job, the quarterback gets sacked (ask Washington Redskins' quarterback Robert Griffin III, a.k.a. RGIII, about conjunctive failures during last year's playoffs!).
So, the more we can deal with disjunctive tasks, the easier it will be to leverage diversity and differences. The problem in research science is that tasks are rarely either disjunctive or conjunctive, but a mix of the two. The trick is to transform conjunctive tasks into disjunctive tasks. The best example is crowdsourcing, and the greatest current example is Wikipedia, where distributed problem solving became a powerful source of innovation. So, in this framework, where decentralized problem solving and innovation go hand-in-hand, diversity deserves some credit. We have to think of sharing ideas—and sharing our scientific community—not as protecting privileged information or advantages but as building a collective scientific enterprise, a lever large enough to lift the world, as Archimedes said.
I cannot wait for the curtain to go up on the ABRCMS meeting and to meet as many students as time will allow me, and most of all, ABRCMS 2016 attendees, I cannot wait to see what you will end up accomplishing in life! Enjoy the meeting, and smooth sailing in your scientific career!


text:
Bots are complicated. They're made to process repetitive actions autonomously and can be fairly easy to build, but they aren't always working on the side of good. Here's what you need to know.
Each year, EContent magazine compiles a list of the 100 companies that matter most in the digital content industry.
Voting is now closed. We'll announce the results of the first-ever EContent 100 list chosen by the people!
Vivisimo, a provider of enterprise search, announced a strategic OEM agreement with LexisNexis, a global provider of content-enabled workflow solutions.
Posted May 15, 2009
Google announced new features at the Searchology event.
Composite Software, Inc., a provider of data virtualization, and Motio, Inc., a provider of advanced software for IBM-Cognos BI deployments, announced the new Composite BI Accelerator.
Posted May 12, 2009
In today's enterprise, information discovery is often treated more as a survival mechanism than an opportunity. And that's only for the companies that have solid information discovery practices in place. For organizations that still rely on simple search engines to uncover data assets within their IT infrastructure, the opportunity costs can be catastrophic.
Posted May 11, 2009
Search appliances can be rather like a ready meal. They are almost instantly available; all you have to do is slot them into a server rack the way you would a meal on to a tray in the oven. The meal can be quite satisfying if all you need is "food," but you learn little from the experience. The hard work has been done by developers and scientists, and while you may marvel at their skills, you certainly don't learn how to "cook."
Broadlook Technologies, Inc., a provider of lead generation and internet research automation for sales, marketing, and recruiting, announced the launch of Profiler X.
Posted May 08, 2009
Integreon, a provider of Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) in the legal industry, announced it has completed its acquisition of the e-discovery assets of ONSITE3, a provider of electronic evidence solutions for law firms and corporations.
Serials Solutions, a business unit of ProQuest, has added University of Calgary as a beta development partner for the Summon unified discovery service.
Posted May 05, 2009
Recently filed patent 7508978 explains how Google's proprietary book scanning technology works.
Sherpa Software, a provider of e-discovery and archiving software company, announced the release of version 4.5 of Sherpa Software's Mail Attender, a scalable content management tool that addresses mailbox, Outlook PST file, and public folder management for Microsoft Exchange users.
Intelius, an information commerce company, purchased people search engine Spock.
First quarter federal reports show Google lobbied on the electronic medical records provisions of the federal economic stimulus act, contradicting earlier claims that Consumer Watchdog's report of its effort was "100 percent false."
Posted May 01, 2009
ISYS Search Software, a global supplier of information access and discovery solutions for mining intelligence and corporate knowledge, announced the arrival of ISYS:sdk 9, the company's enterprise search integration kit for original equipment manufacturers (OEM), independent software vendors (ISV), and systems integrators.
Endeca Technologies, Inc., a search applications company, has partnered with investor Intel to reengineer aspects of its core technology to natively exploit multi-core computing available with the Intel Xeon processor line.
Posted Apr 24, 2009
Google announced that users will now have greater control over what people find when they search for their name.
Ask.com, formerly known as Ask Jeeves before being bought by InterActive Corp, announced it is reverting to its original name, and has commissioned Tale Of Despereaux maker Framestore to reimagine the original butler character than appeared on the website.
Posted Apr 21, 2009
Credo Reference, a provider of full text reference services for libraries and information centers, and EBSCO Publishing, a database aggregator, have made a new custom linking agreement.
Posted Apr 17, 2009
The U.S. Geological Survey has chosen Vivisimo, a provider of enterprise search software and expertise, to provide its website users data and information from a number of biological data sources.
Serials Solutions, a global provider of E-Resource Access and Management Services (ERAMS), announced the release of enhanced full-text and peer review features for the Serials Solutions 360 Search federated search service.
StoredIQ Inc., a provider of Intelligent Information Management and eDiscovery technologies, announced that it has closed an $8 million investment financing from its existing investors, including S3 Ventures and Techxas Ventures.
EContent magazine contributing editor Ron Miller has released a new ebook: Unlock the Power of Enterprise Search.
Posted Apr 14, 2009
DocuLex, a document management company, and dtSearch, a provider of enterprise and developer text retrieval software, announced an email archiving extension to DocuLex's Archive Studio product line.
Posted Apr 10, 2009
Gen-9, Inc. announced the release of StratoVista - Google Edition v1.0.
Google and Microsoft have added new health partners.
Posted Apr 07, 2009
Bell Mobility and Coveo, a provider of information access and search solutions for the enterprise, announced a search and access tool called Enterprise Search from Bell.


text:
They say there's no business like show business, and week five of the Ultimate Queen All-Stars battle at Tracks (Thursdays for the next four weeks) proved that adage as the girls were challenged to do their best with the music of soundtracks — from Broadway or Hollywood.
Gia StaxXx kicked things off with her drag take on Beetlejuice and its spooky/mambo-themed tunes; Valerie Shearz — coming off two straight weeks of winning challenges — brought big-eyed ambition to a mash-up of Broadway's Hairspray with the original John Waters version; Kyile Vanderpump hustled through multiple costume changes with her take on Whoopi Goldberg's Sister Act Vegas show; Mani Queen dazzled in a Chicago/Great Gatsby number that kept her hoofing and flapping; Arial StaxXx brought a sexy Willy Wonka to life; and Candy Warhol — who came back to the competition after winning that right in a second-chance showdown — gave a Bond-themed performance that wove from "Skyfall" to "Diamonds Are Forever" to a coy and sexy "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend," showing the crowd that she's out to win this whole shebang.
The night was the highlight of the competition so far — if not of the entire Ultimate Queen history — and you could see that every girl left her heart on the stage. When the stardust settled, Arial StaxXx claimed her first win in a challenge that would have made the late Gene Wilder smile — or at least have some weird feelings — and the judges were left to, as Felony Misdemeanor stated, "Pick the worst of the best" for elimination.
But with such compelling numbers, who could send anyone home? The judges deliberated and decided to let everyone stay; meanwhile, their second- and third-place choices got to lip-synch for a big VIP prize. And so Candy and Mani popped their tucks to Lady Gaga's "Paparazzi," with Candy coming out sweetly on top — cementing her ambition to stay in for the win.
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The week's challenge will prove interesting ,as the queens must show up in an outfit made of "anything but clothes." May the best creative woman win — or at least be spared standing nude on stage if that hot glue doesn't hold. Until then, enjoy these video highlights of last Thursday's clash.
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And some bonus fun footage of an off-the-cuff moment in the competition:
Ultimate Queen All-Stars continues Thursdays at Tracks, 3500 Walnut Street. Doors open at 7 p.m., with new episodes of RuPaul's Drag Race All-Stars Season 2 starting at 7:30 p.m.; the UQ All-Stars competition rolls after that, and the party continues until 2 a.m. Admission for 18+ is a $5 cover, $10 after 10 p.m.; 21+ is free. Find more info at tracksdenver.com.


text:
From: "Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 8" Subject: Iran nuclear program self-sufficient, top official claims - CNN.com Date: Sun, 5 Dec 2010 11:22:16 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB946E.AC2A2E30" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.0.6002.18263 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB946E.AC2A2E30 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/12/05/iran.nuclear/index.html?hpt=T2
(CNN) -- Iran now produces everything it needs for the nuclear = fuel=20 cycle, making its nuclear program self-sufficient, the head of the = country's=20 Atomic Energy Organization told state media Sunday.
The Islamic republic has begun producing yellowcake, Ali Akbar Salehi = told=20 Press TV.
Salehi's announcement came just a day before Iran is to continue = stalled=20 nuclear talks with the so-called P5 plus 1 countries -- Germany and the=20 permanent members of the U.N. Security Council: the United States, = China,=20 Russia, France and the United Kingdom.
That's no coincidence, CNN's Reza Sayah says. Iran wants to show that = despite=20 ever-tighter sanctions, it is not negotiating from a position of = weakness.
The United States has known for years that Iran has been working on = mining=20 and producing its own yellowcake, a senior U.S. administration official = told CNN=20 Sunday.
Salehi said the yellowcake was coming from the Gachin mine.
That mine is too small to produce all the yellowcake for a nuclear = energy=20 program -- Iran's official reason for building nuclear reactors -- but = could be=20 useful for a secret nuclear weapons program, nuclear expert David = Albright told=20 CNN.
"The Gachin mine is tiny relative to what is needed for a nuclear = power=20 program," he said. But it "could be significant from the standpoint of a = covert=20 nuclear weapons program, since it could produce plenty of uranium for an = Iranian=20 nuclear weapons program."
Iran has another mine and mill, but they are not yet operating, he = said. That=20 mine is twice as large, though still small from the point of view of a = nuclear=20 power program.
The United Nations nuclear watchdog does not inspect Iran's uranium = mines and=20 does not know how much uranium Gachin produces, Albright said.
"So the main interest in Gachin is finding ways to ensure that all = its=20 uranium is accounted for. Iran has little interest in allowing that = right now,"=20 he concluded.
Yellowcake, an intermediate stage in processing uranium, is a uranium = oxide=20 concentrate which is then heated to remove impurities, the International = Atomic=20 Energy Agency says.
Iran had been importing it, Salehi said, but is now mining it and = processing=20 it within the country.
The IAEA monitors Iran's yellowcake processing at the Isfahan Uranium = Conversion Facility.
Despite Iran's claims that it can now run the entire nuclear fuel = cycle=20 without help from abroad, it is not clear that Tehran actually has the=20 technology to turn enriched uranium into fuel rods to run a nuclear = reactor.=20
Russia is supplying the fuel rods for Iran's Bushehr nuclear reactor. =
The United States and its allies fear that Iran is trying to produce = a=20 nuclear bomb. Iran denies it.
The nuclear talks are set to take place in Geneva, Switzerland, on = Monday and=20 Tuesday, said a spokeswoman for Catherine Ashton, the European Union's = foreign=20 policy chief.
The spokeswoman said the goal of the talks is to end Iran's nuclear=20 enrichment program.
It has been more than a year since the Islamic state has had formal=20 discussions with the P5 plus 1.
Iran has been under stiff sanctions over its continuation of uranium=20 enrichment.
Two Iranian nuclear scientists were targeted by bombers on Monday, = leaving=20 one dead.
Iran blamed Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom's spy = agencies=20 for the attacks, which killed Majid Shahriari and injured Fereydoun = Abbasi.
But Salehi said Sunday that the "assassination of = Iranian=20 scientists will not hamper our progress."
CNN's Elise Labott and Pam Benson = contributed to=20 this report.