text:
21.3. autofs
/etc/fstab is that, regardless of how infrequently a user accesses the NFS mounted file system, the system must dedicate resources to keep the mounted file system in place. This is not a problem with one or two mounts, but when the system is maintaining mounts to many systems at one time, overall system performance can be affected. An alternative to
/etc/fstab is to use the kernel-based automount utility. An automounter consists of two components. One is a kernel module that implements a file system, while the other is a user-space daemon that performs all of the other functions. The automount utility can mount and unmount NFS file systems automatically (on demand mounting) therefore saving system resources. The automount utility can be used to mount other file systems including AFS, SMBFS, CIFS and local file systems.
autofs uses
/etc/auto.master (master map) as its default primary configuration file. This can be changed to use another supported network source and name using the autofs configuration (in
/etc/sysconfig/autofs) in conjunction with the Name Service Switch mechanism. An instance of the version 4 daemon was run for each mount point configured in the master map and so it could be run manually from the command line for any given mount point. This is not possible with version 5 because it uses a single daemon to manage all configured mount points, so all automounts must be configured in the master map. This is in line with the usual requirements of other industry standard automounters. Mount point, hostname, exported directory, and options can all be specified in a set of files (or other supported network sources) rather than configuring them manually for each host. Please ensure that you have the
autofs package installed if you wish to use this service.
21.3.1. What's new in
autofs version 5?
- Direct map support
- Autofs direct maps provide a mechanism to automatically mount file systems at arbitrary points in the file system hierarchy. A direct map is denoted by a mount point of "/-" in the master map. Entries in a direct map contain an absolute path name as a key (instead of the relative path names used in indirect maps).
- Lazy mount and unmount support
- Multimount map entries describe a hierarchy of mount points under a single key. A good example of this is the "-hosts" map, commonly used for automounting all exports from a host under "
/net/<host>" as a multi-mount map entry. When using the "
-hosts" map, an '
ls' of "
/net/<host>" will mount autofs trigger mounts for each export from
<host>and mount and expire them as they are accessed. This can greatly reduce the number of active mounts needed when accessing a server with a large number of exports.
- Enhanced LDAP support
- The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, or LDAP, support in autofs version 5 has been enhanced in several ways with respect to autofs version 4. The autofs configuration file (
/etc/sysconfig/autofs) provides a mechanism to specify the autofs schema that a site implements, thus precluding the need to determine this via trial and error in the application itself. In addition, authenticated binds to the LDAP server are now supported, using most mechanisms supported by the common LDAP server implementations. A new configuration file has been added for this support:
/etc/autofs_ldap_auth.conf. The default configuration file is self-documenting, and uses an XML format.
- Proper use of the Name Service Switch (
nsswitch) configuration.
- The Name Service Switch configuration file exists to provide a means of determining from where specific configuration data comes. The reason for this configuration is to allow administrators the flexibility of using the back-end database of choice, while maintaining a uniform software interface to access the data. While the version 4 automounter is becoming increasingly better at handling the name service switch configuration, it is still not complete. Autofs version 5, on the other hand, is a complete implementation. See the manual page for nsswitch.conf for more information on the supported syntax of this file. Please note that not all nss databases are valid map sources and the parser will reject ones that are invalid. Valid sources are files, yp, nis, nisplus, ldap and hesiod.
- Multiple master map entries per autofs mount point
- One thing that is frequently used but not yet mentioned is the handling of multiple master map entries for the direct mount point "/-". The map keys for each entry are merged and behave as one map.An example is seen in the connectathon test maps for the direct mounts below:
/- /tmp/auto_dcthon /- /tmp/auto_test3_direct /- /tmp/auto_test4_direct
autofs Configuration
/etc/auto.master, also referred to as the master map which may be changed as described in the introduction section above. The master map lists autofs-controlled mount points on the system, and their corresponding configuration files or network sources known as automount maps. The format of the master map is as follows:
<mount-point> <map-name> <options>
mount-pointis the autofs mount point such as
map-nameis the name of a map source which contains a list of mount points, and the file system location from which those mount points should be mounted. The syntax for a map entry is described below.
optionsif supplied, will apply to all entries in the given map provided they don't themselves have options specified. This behavior is different from autofs version 4 where the options where cumulative. This has been changed to meet our primary goal of mixed environment compatibility.
/etc/auto.master file:
cat /etc/auto.master
/home /etc/auto.misc
<mount-point> [<options>] <location>
<mount-point>is the autofs mount point. This can be a single directory name for an indirect mount or the full path of the mount point for direct mounts. Each direct and indirect map entry key (
<mount-point>above) may be followed by a space separated list of offset directories (sub directory names each beginning with a "/") making them what is known as a mutli-mount entry.
- <options> if supplied, are the mount options for the map entries that do not specify their own options.
- <location> is the file system location such as a local file system path (preceded with the Sun map format escape character ":" for map names beginning with "/"), an NFS file system or other valid file system location.
cat /etc/auto.misc
payroll -fstype=nfs personnel:/dev/hda3
sales -fstype=ext3 :/dev/hda4
sales and
payroll from the server called
personnel). The second column indicates the options for the autofs mount while the third column indicates the source of the mount. Following the above configuration, the autofs mount points will be
/home/payroll and
/home/sales. The
-fstype= option is often omitted and is generally not needed for correct operation.
service autofs start
service autofs restart
/home/payroll/2006/July.sxc, the automount daemon automatically mounts the directory. If a timeout is specified, the directory will automatically be unmounted if the directory is not accessed for the timeout period.
/sbin/service/autofs status
autofs Common Tasks
18.104.22.168. Overriding or augmenting site configuration files
/etc/nsswitch.conf file has the following directive:
automount: files nis
auto.master map file contains the following:
/home auto.home
auto.home map contains the following:
beth fileserver.example.com:/export/home/beth joe fileserver.example.com:/export/home/joe * fileserver.example.com:/export/home/&
/etc/auto.home does not exist.
/etc/auto.master map:
/home /etc/auto.home2 +auto.master
/etc/auto.home2 map contains the entry:
* labserver.example.com:/export/home/&
/home will contain the contents of
/etc/auto.home2 instead of the NIS
auto.home map.
auto.home map with a few entries, create a
/etc/auto.home file map, and in it put your new entries and at the end, include the NIS auto.home map. Then the
/etc/auto.home file map might look similar to:
mydir someserver:/export/mydir +auto.home
auto.home map listed above, an
ls of
/home would now give:
ls /home
beth joe mydir
autofs knows not to include the contents of a file map of the same name as the one it is reading and so moves on to the next map source in the
nsswitch configuration.
126.96.36.199. Using LDAP to Store Automounter Maps
openldap package should be installed automatically as a dependency of the
automounter. To configure LDAP access, modify
/etc/openldap/ldap.conf. Ensure that BASE and URI are set appropriately for your site. Please also ensure that the schema is set in the configuration.
rfc2307bis. To use this schema it is necessary to set it in the
autofs configuration (
/etc/sysconfig/autofs) by removing the comment characters from the schema definition. For example:
DEFAULT_MAP_OBJECT_CLASS="automountMap" DEFAULT_ENTRY_OBJECT_CLASS="automount" DEFAULT_MAP_ATTRIBUTE="automountMapName" DEFAULT_ENTRY_ATTRIBUTE="automountKey" DEFAULT_VALUE_ATTRIBUTE="automountInformation"
automountKey replaces the
cn attribute in the
rfc2307bis schema. An
LDIF of a sample configuration is described below:
# extended LDIF # # LDAPv3 # base <> with scope subtree # filter: (&(objectclass=automountMap)(automountMapName=auto.master)) # requesting: ALL # # auto.master, example.com dn: automountMapName=auto.master,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: top objectClass: automountMap automountMapName: auto.master # extended LDIF # # LDAPv3 # base <automountMapName=auto.master,dc=example,dc=com> with scope subtree # filter: (objectclass=automount) # requesting: ALL # # /home, auto.master, example.com dn: automountMapName=auto.master,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: automount cn: /home automountKey: /home automountInformation: auto.home # extended LDIF # # LDAPv3 # base <> with scope subtree # filter: (&(objectclass=automountMap)(automountMapName=auto.home)) # requesting: ALL # # auto.home, example.com dn: automountMapName=auto.home,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: automountMap automountMapName: auto.home # extended LDIF # # LDAPv3 # base <automountMapName=auto.home,dc=example,dc=com> with scope subtree # filter: (objectclass=automount) # requesting: ALL # # foo, auto.home, example.com dn: automountKey=foo,automountMapName=auto.home,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: automount automountKey: foo automountInformation: filer.example.com:/export/foo # /, auto.home, example.com dn: automountKey=/,automountMapName=auto.home,dc=example,dc=com objectClass: automount automountKey: / automountInformation: filer.example.com:/export/&
184.108.40.206. Adapting Autofs v4 Maps To Autofs v5
Autofs version 4 introduced the notion of a multi-map entry in the master map. A multi-map entry is of the form:
<mount-point> <maptype1> <mapname1> <options1> -- <maptype2> <mapname2> <options2> -- ...
/home file /etc/auto.home -- nis auto.home
/etc/nsswitch.conf must list:
automount: files nis
/etc/auto.master should contain:
/home auto.home
/etc/auto.home should contain:
<entries for the home directory> +auto.home
/etc/auto.home and the nis
auto.home map are combined.
In autofs version 4, it is possible to merge the contents of master maps from each source, such as files, nis, hesiod, and LDAP. The version 4 automounter looks for a master map for each of the sources listed in
/etc/nsswitch.conf. The map is read if it exists and its contents are merged into one large
auto.master map.
nsswitch.conf is consulted. If it is desirable to merge the contents of multiple master maps, included maps can be used. Consider the following example:
/etc/nsswitch.conf: automount: files nis
/etc/auto.master: /home /etc/auto.home +auto.master
auto.master and the NIS-based
auto.master. However, because included map entries are only allowed in file maps, there is no way to include both an NIS
auto.master and an LDAP
auto.master.ldap we could also add
"+auto.master.ldap" to the file based master map and provided that "
ldap" is listed as a source in our nsswitch configuration it would also be included.


text:
Fobbit, by David Abrams, is an attempt at describing a wartime tour from different perspectives, including soldiers and support personnel. Chapter by chapter our viewpoint rotates within this cast of characters. Indeed, for every three infantrymen, five soldiers are required in forward deployed locations to cook, care for wounded, file paperwork, et cetera. Abrams himself performed such a support role as a public affairs officer deployed to Baghdad in 2005. Spending most of his time on Forward Operating Bases or FOBs, Abrams was one of many Fobbits, a kind of GWOT technocrat, fighting the war from behind a desk.
Two characters feature in the narrative, the Fobbit Staff Sergeant Chance Gooding and the infantry captain Abe Shrinkle. Gooding is a public affairs officer; he spends most of his time on the FOB, drafting press releases: 'With his neat-pressed uniform, his lavender-vanilla body wash, and the dust collected around the barrel of his M16 rifle, he was the poster child for the stay-back-stay-safe soldier. The smell of something sweet radiated off his skin — as if he bathed in gingerbread.' His reasons for joining the army are never explained or scrutinized. And his self-preservation is cheaply held, for he is entirely ensconced on the sprawling army installation. Shrinkle, by contrast, often finds himself in harm's way. He is a 'pinch-faced captain… known for his hems and haws,' a 'well-meaning but ultimately useless officer.' His recklessness, much like Gooding's apathy, is expected, beyond his own comprehension, automatic. In this sense, these men are more alike than they first appear.
And so the reader begins to detect an unnatural ineptitude within the characters, a cartoonish, robotic quality. Sadistically, their helpless state is combined with increasing amounts of pain. Abrams' war is not waged, it is suffered. For instance, the narrator informs the reader that one soldier will endure 'a long time, years and years of therapy,' before he can 'wipe from his mind the sight of that head erupting in a bloody geyser. He'd pulled the trigger without thinking…' War is unavoidably damaging. Recovery occurs when one can erase, not forget, an image of violence — an image Abrams lavishes in detail for the reader. Mind erasure, as if the soldier's brain is a hard-drive, further mechanizes his thoughtless action. Later in the story another soldier's irrational behaviour is reasoned thus, to do otherwise 'wouldn't be right in the whole scheme of the universe.' Gooding himself confides to Shrinkle that he is 'playing the odds' as the war 'is all one big crapshoot.' At which point the reader is forced to question why Gooding, if he were a gambling man, would join the army at all? It would seem that the answer is so that we might watch him suffer.
The war described by Abrams is one that is greater than his characters, and so it similarly dominates the reader as an unquestioned and obscure force. The climax of the novel occurs on the 2,000th American death, suggesting that the drama has been synced to an arbitrary clock. Unable to explore what Abrams identifies as the central force within the story, we must surrender to an onslaught of violence. For example, while Gooding reads Dickens' Hard Times in the bathroom, the omniscient narrator relates the following: 'At the marketplace near the al-Kadhimiya mosque… eight thousand feet pivoted on eight thousand heels and stampeded outward like a spreading stain. The huge mob of pilgrims pushed and screamed, shoved and ran, jostled and tripped… the mob funnelled onto the bridge… only to find their way choked by an impenetrable Iraqi police checkpoint… the pressure of human bodies grew too great and the railings broke and burst open, spilling body after body into the murky brown Tigris River forty feet below… the current sucked and licked up young children falling like little drops of flesh.' Abrams' reader is a voyeur of the war. Gooding himself, when he finally leaves the bathroom, watches the events on television. Described with bizarre gusto, the violence is interrupted by the voice of the narrator to remind the reader that, 'The Fobbits, watching from their sterile distance, struggled to make sense of it.' Paradoxically, inanimate objects gain the agency that characters lack. The river licks up the young children who are depersonalized as 'drops of flesh.' Elsewhere in Fobbit a mortar round has 'a mind of its own. It knew what it wanted. Flesh, human flesh.' A similar lust drives Abrams' narrative.
With these cringe-inducing characters and detail, the war becomes an endless set up for violent punchlines. Death and violence are described with a kind of inhuman coldness. American soldiers are 'barbequed' by IEDs; Iraqi children are trampled by crowds, their necks 'snapped like thin, dry twigs.' The reader is then reassured that thinking deeply about Iraq is only for fools and idealists. And so the war described in Fobbit remains something fanciful, something distant, something at which we are meant to chuckle. Even worse, it is something we care not to comprehend.
Steven McGregor is a former US Army officer who served in Iraq
Fobbit by David Abrams is published by Harvill Secker £ 12.99

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A Guide To Cron Expressions
Last modified: February 12, 2020
1. Overview
Simply put, cron is a basic utility available on Unix-based systems. It enables users to schedule tasks to run periodically at a specified date/time. And, it's naturally a great tool for automating lots of process runs which otherwise would require human intervention.
Cron runs as a daemon process – which means it only needs to be started once and it will keep running in the background. This process makes use of crontab to read the entries of the schedules and kicks off the tasks.
Over time, the cron expression format became widely adopted and can often be used in many other programs and libraries.
Further reading:
Introduction to Quartz
The @Scheduled Annotation in Spring
2. Working With Crontab
A cron schedule is a simple text file located under /var/spool/cron/crontabs on Linux systems. We cannot edit the crontab files directly; we need to access it using the crontab command.
For example, to open crontab file, you need to fire this command:
crontab -e
Each line in crontab is an entry with an expression and a command to run:
* * * * * * /usr/local/ispconfig/server/server.sh
This entry is added to run the mentioned script every single second.
3. Cron Expression
Let's understand the cron expression; it consists of six fields:
<second> <minute> <hour> <day-of-month> <month> <day-of-week> <year> <command>
From these, <year> field is optional.
3.1. Specials Characters in Expression
- * (all) – it is used to specify that event should happen for every time unit. For example, "*" in the <minute> field – means "for every minute"
- ? (any) – it is utilized in the <day-of-month> and <day-of -week> fields to denote the arbitrary value – neglect the field value. For example, if we want to fire a script at "5th of every month" irrespective of what the day of the week falls on that date, then we specify a "?" in the <day-of-week> field
- – (range) – it is used to determine the value range. For example, "10-11" in <hour> field means "10th and 11th hours"
- , (values) – it is used to specify multiple values. For example, "MON, WED, FRI" in <day-of-week> field means on the days "Monday, Wednesday, and Friday"
- / (increments) – it is used to specify the incremental values. For example, a "5/15" in the <minute> field, means at "5, 20, 35 and 50 minutes of an hour"
- L (last) – it has different meanings when used in various fields. For example, if it's applied in the <day-of-month> field, then it means last day of the month, i.e. "31st for January" and so on as per the calendar month. It can be used with an offset value, like "L-3", which denotes the "third to last day of the calendar month". In the <day-of-week>, it specifies the "last day of a week". It can also be used with another value in <day-of-week>, like "6L", which denotes the "last Friday"
- W (weekday) – it is used to specify the weekday (Monday to Friday) nearest to a given day of the month. For example, if we specify "10W" in the <day-of-month> field, then it means the "weekday near to 10th of that month". So if "10th" is a Saturday, then the job will be triggered on "9th", and if "10th" is a Sunday, then it will trigger on "11th". If you specify "1W" in the <day-of-month> and if "1st" is Saturday, then the job will be triggered on "3rd" which is Monday, and it will not jump back to the previous month
- # – it is used to specify the "N-th" occurrence of a weekday of the month, for example, "3rd Friday of the month" can be indicated as "6#3"
3.2. Cron Expression Examples
Let us see some examples of cron expression by using the fields and specials characters combinations:
At 12:00 pm (noon) every day during the year 2017:
0 0 12 * * ? 2017
Every 5 minutes starting at 1 pm and ending on 1:55 pm and then starting at 6 pm and ending at 6:55 pm, every day:
0 0/5 13,18 * * ?
Every minute starting at 1 pm and ending on 1:05 pm, every day:
0 0-5 13 * * ?
At 1:15 pm and 1:45 pm every Tuesday in the month of June:
0 15,45 13 ? 6 Tue
At 9:30 am every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday:
At 9:30 am on 15th day of every month:
0 30 9 15 * ?
At 6 pm on the last day of every month:
At 6 pm on the 3rd to last day of every month:
At 10:30 am on the last Thursday of every month:
At 6 pm on the last Friday of every month during the years 2015, 2016 and 2017:
At 10 am on the third Monday of every month:
0 0 10 ? * 2#3
At 12 am midnight on every day for five days starting on the 10th day of the month:
0 0 0 10/5 * ?
4. Cron Special Strings
In addition to the fields specified in the cron expression, there's also support for some special, pre-defined values – which can be used instead of the fields:
- @reboot – run once at the start-up
- @yearly or @annualy – run once a year
- @monthly – run once a month
- @weekly – run once a week
- @daily or @midnight – run once a day
- @hourly – run hourly
5. Conclusion
In this quick article, we've explored about the cron jobs and crontab.
We have also seen a number of expression examples you can use in your daily work, or simply infer other expressions from.


text:
By Olawale Oluwafemi (Femi), (Nigerian Space Agency) and DeStaerke Danielle (CNES)
The primary objective of every research project is not only about what you discover but also how do you communicate your discoveries to the interested audience. Delivering either a poster or oral presentation at a scientific meeting is not an easy task, but my passionate friend Danielle and I will present tips that will assist GLOBE Students and Teachers to deliver good scientific presentations.
Plate 1: Femi delivering poster presentation during GLOBE Annual Meeting at Estes Park, Colorado.
First of all, Let us talk about the emotional factors of delivering a presentation either poster or oral.
Plate 2: GLOBE students from Thailand presenting a project during GLOBE Annual Meeting at Maryland, USA.
The visual factor is also important, a good posture combines both the command "Attention" and the command "At ease" The speaker will then suggest to the audience that he is both alert and poised. During your presentation stand erect, keep the stomach in, chest in and chin in.
Plate 3: GLOBE students presenting research project during GLOBE Annual Meeting at Los Angeles, USA
Do your best to develop a summary of your work that you can call the Title, that you can state in 25 words or less for example:
"The Effect of Surface Temperature on Asphalt and Short Grass"
The content of your presentation sometimes should follow the guidelines of a published paper with sections like Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusions, Acknowledgements and References.
We recommend that you look to your friends, teachers, and scientists for assistance while developing the content of your presentation.
The first question that many students ask is how many slides to show. Some experts recommend at least one slide per minute, but this is probably a little slow. We advise that slides especially the graphs of data, which need to be talked about at length can take one minute but other slides like Title page, Presentation Overview among other can take less than one minute.
We recommend that you plan about 20 slides for a 12-minute talk. You must bear in mind each presentation is different and so the best approach will depend upon the material you are presenting.
Text slides can be used effectively in a variety of ways. For example, we recommend that you start your talk with a title slide which includes
Figure 1: Showing Ratio of Water in the Soil.
Lastly, your conclusion and findings should be brief and meaningful. We hope that these tips will be helpful in your presentation.


text:
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RegB Designs
Regina was born and raised in North Florida. She is of Native American Muskogee Creek descent and a member of the Muscogee Nation of Florida.
Regina is passionate about gemstones and gemstone lore. She combines this love with her creative talents to produce gemstone jewelry. Her pieces are one-of-a-kind for two reasons: the fun is in the creation of a new and unique piece (not in repeatedly remaking it multiple times), and each gemstone is unique with a combination of colors, blemishes or other characteristics that uniquely identify it from all other gems (Mother Nature doesn't like to create the same thing multiple times, either).
All of her gemstone jewelry is shipped with a card documenting the gemstone and materials used. She also includes an overview of the gemstone's history and lore. Her items make unique gifts with a truly personal touch. The contents of each card is shown in the item detail page on our website.


text:
Handmade in luxurious cashmere, fine Tibetan wool, soft lambswool and pure cotton,
the perfect way to add warmth and colour to your bedrooms and cabins.
A luxurious collection of bedspreads crafted in a variety of fabrics including plain weave, cotton piques and our sumptuous cotton sateen jacquards, with matching cushions as shown. Bespoke colours are available on request.
Beautiful to look at, gorgeous to handle, these exquisite throws provide the perfect finishing touch and a splash of colour to any room.
We have a wide range of luxurious blankets to suit all requirements and can add trim to match our bed linens or your interior design scheme.
Blending the finest materials, creativity, skilled craftsmanship and meticulous attention to detail, for discerning clients who demand and expect the very best.


text:
Get you free eBook today! We all love making flowers for decorating, parties or adding a little color to our homes. "Fave Crafts" has just the book for you to download and get tutorials for 17 types of flowers, ENJOY!
What a great idea on saving money can use thes ideas at my next party
Hi Linda,
This is Julia from FaveCrafts – I just wanted to stop by and say thanks so much for featuring our eBook! We are so excited to show off these awesome projects and hope that the flower crafts usher in some much needed spring weather! Again, thanks again and have a lovely day!
Where is the link to download the ebook, please help!!!!


text:
Senior Member
Does anyone see a way adding a possessive apostrophe like that helps determine meaning? A example where a possessive or lack there of changes meaning or makes meaning clearer would be great.the correct form, as evidenced in punctuation guides, is '... 800 years' history' or '... 15 minutes' walk'.
a week's worth, two weeks' work
For expressions of time and measurement, the possessive is shown with an apostrophe -s: "one dollar's worth," "two dollars' worth," "a hard day's night," "two years' experience," "an evening's entertainment," and "two weeks' notice" (the title of the Hollywood movie nothwithstanding).


text:
YouTube TV adds AMC, BBC America and more to core packageBy Shawn Knight 8 comments
YouTube's $35-per-month streaming television service is getting an expansion. The Google-owned service on Monday added nearly half a dozen new channels to its base package including fan-favorites like AMC and BBC America.
The cord-cutter alternative, which competes with other live television streaming services like DirecTV Now, Sling TV and PlayStation Vue, has also added Sundance TV, WE TV and IFC to its line-up. They join Spanish-language channels Telemundo and Universo which appear to have been added a couple of weeks ago.
The new additions bring the total number of channels in the base package to 46. This is in addition to originals offered through YouTube Red, the $10-per-month ad-eliminating subscription service. There's also the option to add Showtime for $11 extra each month and Fox Soccer Plus for a $15 monthly fee.
YouTube TV launched initially in just five markets – Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area. As of writing, YouTube has yet to expand the service to new markets although we're told that it'll be coming to additional areas in the near future.
At $35, YouTube TV is roughly in line with the competition. Hulu quietly launched its streaming TV service a couple of weeks ago, commanding $39.95 per month for a package of more than 50 channels. Sling TV starts at just $20 each month for a base package of around 30 channels while DirecTV Now affords 60+ channels for $35 monthly. PlayStation Vue, meanwhile, starts at $29.99 per month for just shy of 50 channels.


text: SAVE Though coffee is still the drink of choice here in the Philippines, tea has been gaining more and more popularity especially amongst the healthy lifestyle advocates, and as you know, is long far from just being tea. With the milk variety as its most liked permutation besides the traditional one, tea now caters to a wide range of palates—even to those who think it's too healthy. Now the issue has become which variety to go for, when everything's just so good. We've compiled some pointers to help you easily decide when it's just too hard to pick your poison (pun not intended): Yay for Traditional Tea! Basic, conventional tea—most especially green tea, in its purest form, already offers many health benefits, from boosting your body's metabolism process to improving cholesterol levels. It's loaded with antioxidants which reduce the free radicals in your body and yes, can really help you lose weight, provided you complement it with proper diet and some physical activity. A variant to try: The Sakura tea, which is trusted by the Taiwanese to help them lose weight. Hear, hear for Milk Tea! If you're the type who can't stand pure tea, milk tea is heaven sent for you. Since this concoction's base is tea, you still get health benefits, but the sweetness the milk provides balances out its organic feel. The caloric content of tea is actually one to none, so you'll only have the calories from milk to think of—and if approximately 400 calories works for you, then go reach for that sweet cup. Tea may not be for the faint of heart (a.k.a those who can't stand the almost absence of flavor), and milk tea solves just that. When you can't decide between the two, ask yourself what's more important to you: Clean living or a sweet indulgence? Photograph of Super Duck teas by Vyn Radovan


text:
Box Office Analysis, May 31: "Shrek 2" Outlives "Tomorrow"
Tornados, floods and hail the size of toasters couldn't stop one jolly green ogre from taking the top spot this Memorial Day weekend–the highest grossing in history.
With a whopping four-day total of $92.2 million, DreamWorks' animated comedy Shrek 2 reigned at the box office for the second week, surpassing the global-warming disaster flick The Day After Tomorrow, which debuted at $86 million.
Bolstered by Shrek 2, this year's top 12 films grossed $233.5 million, making it the No. 1 Memorial Day weekend ever, beating 1997's record, which saw The Lost World: Jurassic Park open with a four-day total of $90.1 million.
Don't feel too sorry for Day After Tomorrow, though; it still managed to become the second best Memorial Day opener of all time, right behind The Lost World: Jurassic Park and besting last year's Bruce Almighty, which premiered with $85.7 million.
Other newcomers to this week's top 10 include the tear-jerker Raising Helen, starring Kate Hudson, which debuted in fourth place with $14 million, and the raucous comedy Soul Plane, which opened in the fifth spot with $7 million.
With the healthy chunk of change from the top 12 films this week, box office numbers were up 20.66 percent from Memorial Day weekend last year, when they totaled $193.4 million.
The top three last year included: Universal's PG-13 rated Bruce Almighty, which opened with a heavenly $85.7 million in 3,483 theaters, averaging $24,615 per theater; The Matrix Reloaded, in second in its second week with $45.6 million in 3,603 theaters, averaging $12,659 per theater; and Sony Pictures' PG rated comedy Daddy Day Care, which fell to third place in its third week with $18.1 million at 3,472 theaters with a $5,217 per theater average.
BOX OFFICE TOP 10, ESTIMATES: Memorial Day Weekend Four-Day Totals (Source: Exhibitor Relations, Inc.)
No. 1: Shrek 2 (Dreamworks, PG)
Gross: $92.2 million (-33%)
Weeks opened: 2
Theaters: 4,223 (+60)
Per-theater average: $21,833
Cume to date: $257 million
No. 2: The Day After Tomorrow (20th Century Fox, PG)
Gross: $86 million
Weeks opened: NEW!
Theaters: 3,425
Per-theater average: $25,109
No. 3: Troy (Warner Bros., R)
Gross: $15 million (-50%)
Weeks opened: 3
Theaters: 3,411 (unchanged)
Per-theater average: $4,400
Cume to date: $109.6 million
No. 4: Raising Helen (Buena Vista, PG-13)
Gross: $14 million
Weeks opened: NEW!
Theaters: 2,717
Per-theater average: $5,162
No. 5: Soul Plane (MGM, R)
Gross: $7 million
Weeks opened: NEW!
Theaters: 1,566
Per-theater average: $4,470
No. 6: Mean Girls (Paramount Pictures, PG-13)
Gross: $6.3 million (-30%)
Weeks opened: 5
Theaters: 2,618 (-436)
Per-theater average: $2,259
Cume to date: $73.5 million
No. 7: Van Helsing (Universal, PG-13)
Gross: $6.2 million (-54%)
Weeks opened: 4
Theaters: 2,891 (-527)
Per-theater average: $2,145
Cume to date: $100.1 million
No. 8: Man on Fire (20th Century Fox, R)
Gross: $1.9 million (-48%)
Weeks opened: 6
Theaters: 1,426 (-678)
Per-theater average: $1,701
Cume to date: $73.3 million
No. 9: 13 Going on 30 (Sony Pictures, PG-13)
Gross: $1.1 million (-56%)
Weeks opened: 6
Theaters: 1,164 (-864)
Per-theater average: $1,203
Cume to date: $54.5 million
No. 10: Super Size Me (IDP Films/Roadside Attractions, NR)
Gross: $1 million (+9%)
Weeks opened: 4
Theaters: 197 (+49)
Per-theater average: $6,873
Cume to date: $4.8 million
Saved! (United Artists, PG-13)
Gross: $440,000
Weeks opened: NEW!
Theaters: 20
Per-theater average: $22,000
Baadassss! (Sony Pictures Classics, R)
Gross: $57,929
Weeks opened: NEW!
Theaters: 13
Per-theater average: $4,456


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As an educator, consultant and advocate for Diversity and Inclusion in the workplace, with an emphasis on tech, I cannot stress enough the importance of data and transparency.
We all know diversity is an issue in tech. That's old news. What is not old news are the factual numbers: 26% women, 4% Latinos, 2% Black. When I go out to companies and do a "State of the Industry" talk, the audiences are always sobered by the numbers.
"We knew it was bad. We didn't know it was shameful."
Real, determined, serious work will need to be done to move the needle on these numbers. It will no longer be enough to hire one or two code students and call it a day. It will no longer be enough to have a booth at Grace Hopper. It will no longer be enough to sponsor 1 Hour of Code.
So what does real, determined, serious work look like?
Much of what I am suggesting is very scary for companies. Especially if they feel it opens up Pandora's box. The truth is, Pandora's box is open, and you can either have a proactive approach to fixing your diversity and inclusion problem and making all your employees and the future diverse employees you wish to have, feel welcome. Or you can wait until you have a problem you have to react to, and hope that it doesn't take down leadership and the company.
And if you do nothing else, embrace transparency and the data. The first step is admitting we have a problem. And that's why <div>ersity is the perfect tool — it lets us all see, hear and know how we can do better. And…
"When we know better, we do better." – Maya Angelou


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Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Table installation at Fuse Gallery,NYC
Topstitch Boutique, in Olde City, Philadelphia created a dining room installation with a few artists in New York and used yours truly as the tableware! The event was a hit and pieces were sold. Thanks girls for the support!
Posted by Pearl at 12:07 PM No comments:
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There are limitations to what the size of a file can be when uploading in Fronter.
- Multiple file upload (the new uploader) has a 1 GB limit.
- Single file upload (old uploader) has a 100 MB limit.
- Mobile App upload in assignments has a limit of 70 MB.
More info about the new uploader can be found here:
What type of files can I send to Ephorus?
The maximum document file size is 25 MB.


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Mango Chunda was something I got to taste during the Gurathi Food festival we had at office. One of my colleagues, was a gujju and he said this is their prized dish. We had Masala puri as one of the items and this is what they decided on. When we asked him to share some of their stored stuff, he got some very reluctantly, thinking we might waste. He needn't have worried, the bowl was clean licked off! I was most taken in by it and always wanted to try at home.
When I choose Bottled as the theme for this month's Microwave Easy cooking, I was hoping that I will get around making some of those book marked preserves. I had a Mango chunda recipe on hand. But it was with stove top reference. I knew it should take more than 5 mins to get it done. But I was still hesitating to handle it. Last week was the busiest one in terms of cooking something new and clicking it for the blog. But my obsession for this would never cease!
When I happened to chat with Divya, she said she has a Mango chunda made in microwave. I said I have been thinking of making just that, only I was thinking of the timing. so she mailed back the recipe with the MW process. Yeah, the recipe was the same but the timings, my god the one on stove top says it takes about 40 – 50 mins, working on the sugar and mango.
In fact Divya's recipe calls it to be soaking in for 5 mins, I skipped and just mixed sugar with Mango and kept it inside. It was just too simple to make in Microwave! Imagine by the traditional way, the whole family is involved in mixing the sugar and heating over the pan on a stove top! After making it and enjoying it with Roti, I felt I was really glad that I did this in microwave as this I feel is the real benefit of cooking in Microwave.
Ingredients Needed:
Raw Mango, grated – 1 cup
Sugar – 1 & 1/2 cup
Turmeric a pinch
Chili powder – 1/2 tsp
Roasted Cumin seeds, crushed – 1/2 tsp (I used powder)
Grate Mango and mix turmeric to it. Then mix the sugar to the Mangoes and in a MW safe glass, keep it for 2 mins.
Open and stir well. Then keep for 3 mins.
The sugar is all well melted and mixed, The consistency should be of one thread, when you test it.
Then mix the chili powder and jeera powder. Mix well and let it rest for 5 mins.
Enjoy with rotis or as such. This is my entry for my Microwave Easy Cooking, this month themed on dishes that can be bottled!
This I heard stays good for a year. But I am sure if I make this, it won't be around for so long!
We had been to Tiruchendur on a day trip and came back this morning. I got many mails from friends and readers saying they heard there was a slight tremor in Madras. Since we were not at home, I asked Athamma about it. She said she didn't feel anything. So it must've been very slight, thank God for that! Thank you all for your concerns. I am feel very honored to have your friendship!
Will be back with pictures we took in Tiruchendur. Have a great Sunday!
Microwaved Quick Mango Chunda
- 1 cup Raw Mango grated
- 1 + 1/2 cup Sugar
- A pinch Turmeric
- 1/2 tsp Chili Powder
- 1/2 tsp Cumin Seeds Roasted, crushed (I used powder)
- Grate Mango and mix turmeric to it. Then mix the sugar to the Mangoes and in a Microwave safe glass, keep it for 2 mins.
- Open and stir well. Then keep for 3 mins.
- The sugar is all well melted and mixed, The consistency should be of one thread, when you test it.
- Then mix the chili powder and jeera powder. Mix well and let it rest for 5 mins.


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Catching some rays outside could be a simple solution to managing acute asthmatic episodes, according to a new study at Tel Aviv University.
While previous studies cast a shadow of doubt over Vitamin D's influence on asthma, lead author Dr. Ronit Confino-Cohen says the sunshine's nutrient could regulate immune responses, hindering asthma's control over the immune system.
"Most of the existing data regarding Vitamin D and asthma came from the pediatric population and was inconsistent," says Dr. Confino-Cohen. "Our present study is unique because the study population of young adults is very large and 'uncontaminated' by other diseases."
The large-scale study worked with physician data from the records of 307,900 people whose Vitamin D levels were measured between 2008 and 2012.
Dr. Confino-Cohen and his team took into account key predictors of asthma, such as obesity, smoking and other chronic diseases, that could affect the outcome.
Of the 21,000 asthma patients studied, a deficiency in Vitamin D meant they were 25 percent more likely than other asthmatics to have had a recent asthma attack.
The association between Vitamin D deficiency and increasing asthma attacks has long been established, although a recent study conducted at the Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis found that the addition of vitamin D3 to the inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide did not improve the outcome of treatment.
Dr. Confino-Cohen recommends that asthma patients get their vitamin D levels taken and, in the case of a deficiency, says supplements may make sense.
Vitamin D is also delivered to the body through sunshine, by eating fish, eggs, cod liver oil and by drinking fortified milk.
Dr. Confino-Cohen's study was published in the journal Allergy.


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Stippled Blossoms is a great two-step stamp set (say that a couple times fast!).
Sweet Deets (all supplies Stampin' Up!):
Stamps: Loving Thoughts, Stippled Blossoms
Ink: Crumb Cake, Calypso Coral
CS: Crumb Cake, Very Vanilla
Accessories: scrap DSP, bitty butterfly punch, big shot, oval accents bigz die, finishing touches edgelits


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Claudia is a registered patent agent who focuses her practice on patent prosecution, counseling, and management for companies, universities, and institutions of all sizes in the areas of health care, life sciences, and energy technology.
Before joining Mintz, Claudia was a patent agent in the San Diego offices of two other international law firms. In addition to her law firm experience, Claudia worked in-house as a senior licensing officer and patent manager at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, an independent, nonprofit, scientific research institute. This experience added to her depth of knowledge in the areas of competitive landscape analysis, due diligence, freedom to operate, opinion writing, and patent portfolio counseling and management in a broad range of technologies, including stem cell research, neurobiology, molecular biology, chemistry, infectious diseases, immunology, diagnostics, small molecule modulators, and enhanced oil recovery.
Claudia's clinical and therapeutic research experience is extensive and includes stem cell biology, oncology, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and immunology. She did her postgraduate work in virology with Dr. Harald zur Hausen at the DKFZ in Heidelburg, Germany, and gained extensive experience in the area of stem cell research as a senior scientist in the lab of Dr. Fred Gage.
- Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics (PhD, Immunology and Genetics, summa cum laude)
- University of Vienna, Austria (MS, Molecular Biology and Genetics, summa cum laude)
- Represent a leading nonprofit clinical research center, hospital, and graduate school which is a founding member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. The center is focused on the treatment of cancer, diabetes, and other life-threatening diseases, and has been designated as a comprehensive cancer center, the highest acknowledgment granted by the National Cancer Institute. The firm's attorneys have represented the hospital in developing and implementing strategies for procuring patents in a variety of chemical and biomedical technologies.
- Member, San Diego Intellectual Property Association
- French
- German


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Purpose: To analyze the role and translational potential for hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores in the regulation of small RNAs within urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). To examine microRNAs (miR) and mirtrons, a new class of RNA located within gene introns and processed in a Drosha-independent manner.
Experimental design: The methylation status of 865 small RNAs was evaluated in normal and malignant cell lines by using 5-azacytidine and microarrays. Bisulfite sequencing was used for CpG regions around selected RNAs. Prognostic and diagnostic associations for epigenetically regulated RNAs were examined by using material from 359 patients, including 216 tumors and 121 urinary samples (68 cases and 53 controls). Functional analyses examined the effect of silencing susceptible RNAs in normal urothelial cells.
Results: Exonic/UTR-located miRs and mirtons are most susceptible to epigenetic regulation. We identified 4 mirtrons and 16 miRs with CpG hypermethylation across 35 regions in normal and malignant urothelium. For several miRs, hypermethylation was more frequent and dense in CpG shores than islands (e.g., miRs-9/149/210/212/328/503/1224/1227/1229), and was associated with tumor grade, stage, and prognosis (e.g., miR-1224 multivariate analysis OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3–5.0; P = 0.006). The urinary expression of epigenetically silenced RNAs (miRs-152/328/1224) was associated with the presence of UCC (concordance index, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80–0.93; ANOVA P < 0.016).
Conclusions: Hypermethylation of mirtrons and miRs is common in UCC. Mirtrons appear particularly susceptible to epigenetic regulation. Aberrant hypermethylation of small RNAs is associated with the presence and behavior of UCC, suggesting potential roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1287–96. ©2010 AACR.
Translational Relevance
Altered microRNA (miR) expression is common in urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and reflects genetic events within tumors. Here we identify a cohort of miRs and mirtons, a new class of small RNAs, which are susceptible to epigenetic silencing. We show DNA hypermethylation in 35 CpG regions adjacent to 20 miRs. We find miRs-152/1224 have prognostic and diagnostic value in UCC. We show hypermethylation of CpG shore regions and find it more common and potentially disease specific than corresponding CpG islands. Finally we identify that mirtrons are particularly susceptible to epigenetic silencing in cancer. These data reveal insights into disease biology and suggest epigenetically silenced small RNAs are potential therapeutic targets and could be used as biomarkers in UCC.
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder is the fourth commonest male malignancy, third most prevalent and one of the most expensive cancers in the United States (1). Most UCC are low-grade tumors that are characterized by mutations of FGFR3 and relative genetic and epigenetic stability. These tumors frequently recur within the bladder, but rarely progress to invasion. High-grade UCC have numerous genetic events and are characterized by loss of the p53 function (2, 3). These tumors may be diagnosed while confined within the urothelium, but frequently progress to muscle invasion. High-grade tumors have frequent CpG island hypermethylation and this can be used to identify progression risk (4, 5).
MicroRNAs (miR) are short noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression and are implicated in carcinogenesis (6). We have recently observed differential expression of numerous miRs in malignant and normal urothelium (7). These alterations may arise from either genetic or epigenetic events (6, 8). Although it is known that CpG island hypermethylation is associated with tumor-suppressor gene silencing, this alteration is not always disease specific (9). Epigenome-wide profiling has revealed that many regions with cancer-specific differential methylation are located adjacent to CpG islands in regions of less dense CpG dinucleotides, termed CpG shores (10). Hypermethylation of these shores appears important in the regulation of gene expression.
Little is known about epigenetic control of miR expression in UCC. Reports in other malignancies have found aberrant CpG island hypermethylation is associated with miR silencing (11–13). We hypothesized that altered miR expression in UCC may arise from epigenetic mechanisms and that changes occur in both CpG islands and shores. We were also interested in a new class of small RNA, termed mirtrons (14, 15). These are transcribed from short introns and processed independently of Drosha. We hypothesized their location within gene coding RNAs may make them susceptible to epigenetic silencing. To test these hypotheses we examined the methyl status of 700 small RNAs and mapped their proximity to both CpG islands and differentially methylated shore regions.
Materials and Methods
Patients and samples
We investigated 359 patient samples and 4 urothelial cell lines representing low-grade (RT4), high-grade (RT112), and invasive (EJ/T24) UCC, and normal human urothelium (NHU; ref. 7, 16). To explore the frequency and translational roles for epigenetic miR silencing we studied malignant and normal urothelial tissues from 238 patients (Table 1) and 121 freshly voided urinary samples (cohort 3, Table 1; detailed in Miah and colleagues, submitted manuscript). Urinary controls included those without disease, those with symptoms suggestive of UCC, urinary stones, and benign prostatic enlargement. Patients with hematuria or uropathology had UCC excluded by cystoscopy and urinary tract imaging (n = 50/53, 94%). Ethics committee approval was obtained prior to opening this study and patients recruited following informed consent.
RNA expression and methylation of CpG dinucleotides and adjacent histones
To determine CpG hypermethylation we compared miR and mirtron expression in cell lines using microarrays before and after DNA methyltransferase inhibition with 5-azacytdine. To determine methylation of individual cytosines we used bisulfite sequencing of CpG regions adjacent to miRs (methods detailed in Supplementary Material and ref. 17). We used commercial microarrays containing probes to 865 human small RNAs (V2 miRNA microarray; Agilent; GEO Platform: GPL7731) in triplicate for each cell line and treatment. Expression of individual miRs was measured by real-time RTPCR (Applied Biosystems) as previously described (7). For DNA methyltransferase inhibition we grew cells for 5 to 7 days in 2 μmol/L 5-azacytidine (Sigma).
We selected RNAs for analysis by using bisulfite sequencing from those in which 5-azacytdine induced altered expression and were adjacent to CpG islands and differentially methylated regions (DMR), from miRs found to be methylated in other tumors, and from RNAs located adjacent to both CpG islands and DMRs (12, 13, 18). Briefly, target CpG regions were amplified by using bisulfite-specific PCR, the products cleaned and cloned into Escherichia coli before sequencing (detailed in ref. 19). Histone modification adjacent to CpG regions was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies to histone-3 lysine-9 trimethylation (Millipore) and a nonspecific control (rabbit IgG; Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
Methylation in primary tumors and phenotypic effects
Clinicopathologic associations with methylation were examined in 176 microdissected samples by using methyl-specific PCR (Supplementary Methods; Supplementary Table 1). Products were visualized in a 3% agarose gel and compared with positive (universally methylated DNA; Invitrogen) and negative controls (4). The regulation of cell proliferation by RNAs susceptible to epigenetic silencing was evaluated by the MTT assay. Six replicates for each experiment were conducted in NHU cells reverse transfected with specific anti-miR molecules (50 nmol/L; Ambion) and a scrambled RNA sequence (negative control). Cells were transfected once by using siPORT NeoFX reagent at the start of the experiment (as detailed in ref. 7). Successful knockdown was confirmed with QRTPCR.
Bioinformatics and statistical analyses
To examine CpG proximity and to annotate our microarray we combined the location of all small RNAs on our microarray (n = 865), all human CpG islands (n = 28,227) more than 200 bp in length (20), and the 19,086 DMRs recently identified (10)—of which 73% were CpG shores—into a single database. We incorporated the miRGen database describing the relationship with coding genes for 443 miRs (21). We carried out a similar analysis for 36,953 coding genes.
RNA expression was compared between treated and untreated matching cell lines by microarray fluorescence values extracted by using feature selection software (Agilent). We compared CpG methylation and RNA expression with clinicopathologic features by χ2 or Kendall-tau test for discrete variables, ANOVA or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous data, and the log-rank test with Kaplan–Meier plots for outcome. Tumor progression was defined as pathologic, radiological, or clinical evidence of an increase in tumor stage and measured from the time of surgery. Individual miR expression was determined by real-time PCR and quantified relative to RNU48 (ΔCt = CtmiR − CtRNU48). All statistical analyses were 2-sided and conducted in SPSS (Vsn. 14.0 SPSS Inc.; ILL) by using P < 0.05 for significance.
MicroRNA genes, mirtrons, coding genes, and CpG proximity
We were able to map 705 small RNAs to CpG island and DMR proximity. We found 155 (22%) and 263 (37%) of these were located within 3 and 10 kb of a CpG island, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1; http://www.shef.ac.uk/medicine/oncology/units/urology/data.html). This distribution is similar to that for coding RNA genes [n = 7,494 (25%) and n = 12,409 (42%), respectively, χ2P > 0.05]. For DMRs, we found 90 (13%) and 168 (24%) miRs were located within 3 and 10 kb, respectively. MiRs closest to DMRs were more often those within 3 kb of a CpG island [59 of 155 (38%)] than those distant [31 of 550 (11%), χ2P < 0.0001]. We located protein coding gene proximity for 443 miRs and found 254 (57%) were intergenic, and 189 (43%) intragenic [including 151 (34%) intronic]. MiRs located within coding gene exons and UTRs were closer to CpG islands and DMRs [n = 16–23 of 36 (44%–64%) within 10 kb] than those within introns [n = 33—50 of 151 (22–33%)] and intergenic regions [n = 67–94 of 254 (26–37%), χ2P = 0.002). In total, 15 of 38 (40%) exonic and UTR miRs were close to both CpG structures. We mapped 13 of 19 known mirtrons to chromosomal location (22). The majority were close to CpG islands [<10 kb, n = 9 of 13 (69%)], but only 3 of 13 (23%) were near a DMR. Thus mirtrons and exonic/UTR-located miRs are potentially most susceptible to epigenetic silencing.
MicroRNA and mirtrons expression following 5-azacytidine
Microarrays detected the expression of 465 RNAs from the 865 examined (deposited data: GEO GSE22380). Individual RTPCR measurements by TaqMan Low-Density Airways (TLDA) RTPCR arrays confirmed microarray quantification (Pearson's correlation r = −0.65 to −0.74, P < 10−17; ref. 7). For each cell line we calculated the change in RNA expression following 5-azacytidine treatment (Supplementary Table 2). Hierarchical clustering revealed cell lines grouped according to identity rather than 5-azacytidine treatment (Supplementary Fig. 2). In total, 195 miRs increased and 73 decreased the frequency of their expression with 5-azacytidine. MiRs with altered expression were not related to CpG/DMR/coding gene proximity (Kendall-tau test, P > 0.2). Of the 268 miRs with altered expression, 75 (28%) and 124 (46%) were within 3 and 10 kb of a CpG island, and 41(15%) and 86 (32%) within 3 kb and 10 kb of a DMR. In total, 27 (11%) and 79 (29%) miRs were within 3 kb and 10 kb of both a CpG regions. To determine the relationship between expression and DNA methylation we selected 20 miRs for analysis from those with altered expression after 5-azacytidine that were close to CpG islands and DMRs, and mostly expressed in NHU cells (Supplementary Table 2). We included miRs-9/34b/152 as they have previously been reported aberrantly hypermethylated in cancer and a sample of those close to both DMRs and CpG islands (12, 13).
Methyl status of CpG islands and DMRs
Bisulfite sequencing revealed hypermethylation of many CpG islands and DMRs (Table 2; Fig. 1A). For RNAs adjacent to only CpG islands, we usually found hypermethylation in one or more cell line. For miRs-9–3/152/516a/551a hypermethylation appeared tumor-specific. In miRs close to both CpG islands and DMRs, we saw 2 patterns of methylation. For most (9 of 13 RNAs) we found the DMR had more extensive and was more frequently hypermethylated than the corresponding island. For the remaining RNAs (4 of 13) there was equal hypermethylation of both regions. In 3 RNAs (miR-210/212/1227) the difference in hypermethylation between DMR and CpG island was absolute.
To compare RNA expression and DNA methylation directly, we measured these for miR-1224 in EJ before and after 5-azacytdine (Supplementary Fig. 3). We chose this cell line as its showed absolute hypermethylation with sequencing (Fig. 1) and miR upregulation by using microarrays. We found that 5-azacytidine reduced DNA methylation levels in both the CpG island and shore (mean 1.0 to mean 0.46) and this was associated with a 4-fold increase in miR-1224-3p expression [mean ΔΔCt 4.21 (Nb. miR-1224-3p is the dominant species from the miR-1224 gene)]. We then compared methylation and expression in 20 UCC cases from cohort 1. Once again we found the presence of hypermethylation was significantly associated with low RNA expression (ANOVA P < 0.006; Supplementary Fig. 3D).
We expected methyl patterns to be disease specific, but detected CpG hypermethylation in NHU cells. As NHU cells are adapted to in vitro growth and fail to grow in the presence of 5-azacytidine, they may have acquired epigenetic alterations in their transition from NHU (23). We performed bisulfite sequencing on 18 CpG islands and DMRs in corresponding pairs of frozen urothelial biopsies (taken at harvesting) and culture-adapted NHU cells (Supplementary Table 3). For most loci the paired samples had identical methyl profiles. For miR-149 there were 2 pairs in which the NHU cells were enriched for hypermethylation, when compared with the frozen counterparts (samples #2, #3, Supplementary Fig. 4).
Histone methylation adjacent to CpG islands and DMRs
Histone-3 lysine-9 trimethylation is associated with hypermethylation of the adjacent DNA. To date, most investigators have described this association in CpG islands. We were interested to see whether the association persisted in the less dense DMR regions (i.e., CpG shores). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR we detected this modification in both CpG islands and DMRs. Histone methylation often matched the corresponding DNA methyl status (Fig. 1B; densitometry in Supplementary Fig. 5). For example, the CpG islands around miRs-149/212 are unmethylated at the DNA and for histone-3 lysine-9, in contrast to the adjacent DMR.
Cell phenotype and RNA expression
We previously profiled the expression of 365 miRs in 52 UCC (cohort 1; ref. 7; data deposited: http://www.shef.ac.uk/medicine/oncology/units/urology/data.html). We analyzed progression-free survival in these 52 patients by using 13 of the 20 identified miRs (Nb. 7 miRs not present on the TLDA array). Normalized miR expression was dichotomized around the mean and normal expression determined from 10 normal urothelial samples (patients without UCC). We detected higher progression rates with reduced expression for miRs-152/193a/503 (log-rank P < 0.05; Supplementary Fig. 6) and nonsignificant trends toward higher progression rates with reduced expression for miRs-9/24/126/34a/210 (P < 0.2), compared with tumors with normal expression. The low sample size may have prevented sufficient analysis of these loci. Multivariate analysis using clinicopathologic details and miR-152/193a/503 expression revealed that stage (Cox OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.7) and miR-152 expression (Cox OR = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9) were the factors most associated with progression.
We chose miR-152 and miR-1224 for further analysis. MiR-1224 was absent on the TLDA array but appeared differentially methylated in the urothelium and across the island/shore regions. To examine a functional role for these we measured proliferation following miR knockdown. MTT assays in NHU cells with loss of miR-152 and miR-1224 revealed generally higher proliferation rates when compared with control cells. This reached significance at 14 days (Supplementary Fig. 7A; ANOVA P < 0.001). Quantification of miR knockdown revealed that RNA expression returned to pretreatment levels by day 5 (Supplementary Fig. 7B), suggesting that the mRNA changes affecting proliferation occur within the first 5 days and are not dependant on continuous miR suppression.
Mirtron and microRNA hypermethylation in bladder tumors
Hypermethylation at the CpG island and DMR adjacent to miR-1224 and the CpG island for miR-152 was analyzed by using DNA from cohort 2. Bisulfite conversion was determined by using primers to the unmethylated CpG islands (Fig. 2). For each locus, hypermethylation was significantly more common in malignant than NHU (χ2P < 0.032; Table 3). The extent of methylation increased with worsening differentiation and advancing stage. This increase reached statistical significance for all relationships except miR-1224 CpG island and tumor grade (χ2P = 0.43). When compared, hypermethylation at the DMR for miR-1224 appeared pathologically more specific than for the island (Table 3). For each locus there was more progression to advanced disease in tumors with miR hypermethylation, than those without this change (log-rank P < 0.003, Fig. 2B). The DMR (CpG shore) at miR-1224 appeared more predictive than the CpG island. Multivariate analysis including clinicopathologic details revealed that miR-1224 DMR hypermethylation (Cox OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3–5.0; P = 0.006), grade (Cox OR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7; P = 0.012), and stage (Cox OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.3; P = 0.007) were independently associated with tumor progression. Concordant methylation of the DMR and island at miR-1224 was found in 104 of 153 (68%) tumors (r = 0.34, P < 0.0001).
Urinary mirtron and microRNA expression
We compared the expression of epigentically regulated RNAs in cells from 121 urine samples (68 UCC cases and 53 controls). We measured the expression by using commercial assays and normalized to RNU48 (methods detailed in Miah and colleagues, submitted manuscript). We analyzed miRs-152/212/328 and miR-1224-3p, and found each was detected more frequently and with a higher expression in urinary samples from cancer-free controls than in patients with UCC (ANOVA P < 0.016; Table 4; Fig. 2C). Low expression of miRs-152/328/1224 were most diagnostic of UCC (concordance indices, 0.80–0.84). We dichotomized each RNA around its mean and scored samples according to the number of abnormally expressed RNAs. The combination of low miRs-152/328/1224-3p was most concordant with UCC (Concordan index, 0.86; 95% CI 0.80–0.93; Fig. 2D).
Approximately one third of miRs are close to CpG islands, approximately one fourth are close to CpG shores, and approximately one fifth are close to both structures. The likelihood of proximity to these regions increases to approximately half for miRs located within coding gene exons and UTRs, and further still for mirtrons (70% are close to CpG islands). Our systematic analysis has revealed the clustering found for many miRs creates potential hotspots of epigenetic deregulation where CpG methylation at single locus may affect numerous miRs. For example, we identified hypermethylation of the CpG shore and island at miR-24-1. This miR is clustered with miR-23b and miR-27b around this CpG island on Chr 9q22.32 within the 3′UTR of Aminopeptidase O and upstream of FANCC. Loss of 9q22 occurs in 50% of UCC (24) and targets include PTCH, TGFBR1, TSC1, and DBCCR1. MiR-24 is known to have a p53-independent antiproliferative effect (25). We previously observed correlated downregulation of these 3 miRs in UCC (Supplementary Fig. 8A). There are other such potential epigenetic hotspots, including the 6 miRs around within C13orf25 at 13q31.3 (correlated expression illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 8B), miRs-16–2/15b within SMC4 at 3q26, miRs-647/1914 with UCKL1 at 20q13.33, and miRs-449a/449b within CDC20 at 5q11.
Our experiments focused on CpG methylation around small RNAs and identified a high frequency of DNA hypermethylation among selected small RNAs. We confirmed reports of aberrant hypermethylation in other tumors for miRs-34a/126/149/152/193a/200b/210/212/503/516a and for miRs-9-1/9-2/9-3 (26, 27). We identified new miRs susceptible to epigenetic silencing including miRs-24-1/328/551a and mirtrons miRs-1224/1226/1227/1229. These data are interesting as they reveal that epigenetic silencing may be generic to cancer or subtype specific. Hypermethylation of miRs-9/34/200 has been reported in UCC, colon, breast, lung, and kidney cancers (12, 26–28), suggesting they control events generic to malignancy. Indeed the combination of miR-9 and miR-200 has recently been proposed as prognostic signature for cervical cancer (29). In contrast, hypermethylation for miRs-24-1/126/212 appears specific to UCC and colon cancer (12), as this does not occur in other tumors (27). No previous reports have identified hypermethylation of miRs-328/551a/1224/1226/1227/1229 in cancer. This may be due to disease specificity (possibly for miR-328/551a) or that these targets were not analyzed previously.
MiRs-1224/1226/1227/1229 belong to a recently identified family of small RNAs known as mirtons (14, 15). These differ from miRs in their genomic structure and processing. Mirtron genes are transcribed as hairpins, spliced, and debranched in a Drosha-independent manner (30). Their genomic structure consists of short introns that use splicing to avoid Drosha cleavage. Following nuclear export, mirtrons are integrated into the canonical miR pathway and cleaved by Dicer before incorporation into the RNA-silencing complex (14, 15). Mirtron hairpins preferentially select the 3′ transcript for mRNA targeting, in contrast to the 5′ predominance for miRs. Each mirtron is located within a coding gene intron (Table 2) making them interesting from the genomic perspective and often located close to CpG islands. The mirtrons we identified are found within regions implicated in human cancer and in UCC specifically. MiR-1224 is located at 3q27.1 within a CpG island in intron 18 of VWA5B2 (von Willebrand factor A domain containing 5B2). This is close to the p63 tumor suppressor gene that is downregulated and associated with a poor prognosis in UCC (31). MiR-1226 is within the putative RNA helicase DHX30 at 3p21.1, a fragile site deleted in lung and other tumors (32, 33). Deletion of this region is associated with smoking and asbestos exposure suggesting direct carcinogen targeting (34). MiR-1227 is located at 19p13.3, close to STK11 the gene implicated in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, and within a region deleted in colon cancer (35). MiR-1229 is found within a glycotransferase (MGAT4B) at 5q35.5. This region is deleted in a small fraction of UCC but is a common fragile site in lung cancer (33, 36). Epigenetic silencing of MGAT4B is likely in cancer as down regulation occurs during the development of drug resistance (37) and can be reversed by 5-azacytidine (38). Interestingly, comparative genomic hybridization analysis of lung tumors identified 3 of our 4 mirtron loci and that for miR-1225, as fragile hotspots deleted within the disease (33).
We selected miR-152 and miR-1224 for prognostic and diagnostic evaluation. The expression of both was associated with the presence and phenotype of UCC. This suggests they play roles in urothelial carcinogenesis and the need for functional studies to evaluate mRNA targets. When compared it appeared that methylation of the CpG shore for miR-1224 was more prognostic and more closely associated with phenotype than for the island. This supported cell line observations, where CpG shore methylation was more common and extensive than for islands. This was especially true for mirtrons. These observations support the role for CpG shore hypermethylation in human cancer and could potentially lead to more disease-specific diagnostic tests. Studies of CpG island hypermethylation around tumor suppressor genes report age related changes that affect diagnostic test specificity (9). It should be noted that conflicting observations were seen with respect to cancer specificity and CpG island and shore methylation. Although for miR-1224 the shore appeared more cancer specific than the island, the reverse was true for miR-9-1/-2. Further studies to evaluated CpG shore regions are needed in UCC.
In conclusion, we have identified a cohort of miRs and mirtrons that are susceptible to epigenetic silencing in cancer. We have shown the presence of CpG hypermethylation for many of these in UCC and found that certain CpG shore alterations appear more disease specific than for the corresponding island.
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Grant Support
This work was supported by a GSK Clinician Scientist fellowship to JWFC and project grants to JWFC from Yorkshire Cancer Research, Sheffield Hospitals Charitable trust and the European Union (European Community's Seventh Framework Programme. grants FP7/2007-2013 and HEALTH-F2-2007-201438). The Agilent microarray scanner was purchased following kind support from Yorkshire Cancer Research and the NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Sheffield.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
We thank Messrs Anderson, Chapple, Hastie, Hall, Inman, Oakley Rosario and Smith for allowing us to study their patients, Professor Mark Meuth for his advice with the manuscript, Dr Paul Heath for his help with microarrays, and the staff and patients of the Royal Hallamshire Hospital.
Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Clinical Cancer Research Online (http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/).
- Received July 27, 2010.
- Revision received November 10, 2010.
- Accepted November 16, 2010.
- ©2010 American Association for Cancer Research.


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NEW YORK — New York Life today announced that AARP has extended its agreement through 2022 for New York Life to serve as the exclusive provider of life insurance products to AARP's 37 million members.
"New York Life is very proud to be affiliated with AARP and combine the power of our brands to offer a top-notch life insurance program to the senior market, with more than two million AARP members currently enrolled. New York Life will continue to offer life insurance products with competitive rates and special product features – such as guaranteed issue – tailored to meet the needs of AARP members. With our experience providing life insurance to AARP members for nearly two decades, and award winning customer service, we are extremely well-positioned to take the program to an even higher level to benefit AARP members," said Don Salama, senior vice president of New York Life – Direct, including the company's AARP Operation. "Both organizations take pride in our commitment to serving our constituencies when they need us most. Together we are a winning combination."
"For nineteen years, New York Life has provided access to a wide range of affordable products and services that fill a need for 50-plus consumers," said Mitch Stevens, SVP of Financial Products and Services for AARP Services, Inc. "We are pleased to announce our extended relationship with New York Life and look forward to them continuing to provide these products to our members and carrying on their long tradition of excellent customer service."
New York Life – Direct, based in Tampa, Florida, which supports the AARP program, has been recognized as an employer of choice and acknowledged for its superior customer service. New York Life – Direct has received The International Customer Management Institute's 2013 Global Call Center Team Award for Best Strategic Value to the Organization and has been named a top workplace on the Tampa Bay Times' 2013 Best Places To Work survey. In addition, the customer contact center that supports AARP policyholders has been certified as a Center of Excellence for the tenth year in a row by BenchmarkPortal, a leading contact center research and consulting organization.
New York Life is also the provider of lifetime income annuities to AARP members under a contract begun in 2006. New York Life is the market share leader in fixed immediate annuities in the United States, according to an industry source.*
About AARP
AARP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, with a membership of more than 37 million, that helps people turn their goals and dreams into real possibilities, strengthens communities and fights for the issues that matter most to families such as healthcare, employment and income security, retirement planning, affordable utilities and protection from financial abuse. AARP advocates for individuals in the marketplace by selecting products and services of high quality and value to carry the AARP name as well as help our members obtain discounts on a wide range of products, travel, and services. A trusted source for lifestyle tips, news and educational information, AARP produces AARP The Magazine, the world's largest circulation magazine; AARP Bulletin; www.aarp.org; AARP TV & Radio; AARP Books; and AARP en Español, a Spanish-language website addressing the interests and needs of Hispanics. AARP does not endorse candidates for public office or make contributions to political campaigns or candidates. AARP Foundation is an affiliated charity of AARP that is working to win back opportunity for struggling Americans 50+ by being a force for change on the most serious issues they face today: housing, hunger, income and isolation. AARP has staffed offices in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Learn more at www.aarp.org.
About AARP Services, Inc.
AARP Services, Inc., founded in 1999, is a wholly-owned taxable subsidiary of AARP. AARP Services manages the provider relationships for and performs quality control oversight of the wide range of products and services that carry the AARP name and are made available by independent providers as benefits to AARP's millions of members. The Braden Insurance provider offers currently span health products, financial products, travel and leisure products, and life event services. Specific products include Medicare supplemental insurance; credit cards, auto and home, mobile home and motorcycle insurance, life insurance and annuities; member discounts on rental cars, cruises, vacation packages and lodging; special offers on technology and gifts; pharmacy services; legal services; and long term care insurance. AARP Services also engages in new product development activities for AARP and provides certain consulting services to outside companies.
About New York Life
New York Life Insurance Company, a Fortune 100 company founded in 1845, is the largest mutual life insurance company in the United States** and one of the largest life insurers in the world. New York Life has the highest possible financial strength ratings currently awarded to any life insurer from all four of the major credit rating agencies: A.M. Best (A++), Fitch (AAA), Moody's Investors Service (Aaa), Standard & Poor's (AA+).*** Headquartered in New York City, New York Life's family of companies offers life insurance, retirement income, investments and long-term care insurance. New York Life Investments**** provides institutional asset management and retirement plan services. Other New York Life affiliates provide an array of securities products and services, as well as retail mutual funds. Please visit New York Life's website at www.newyorklife.com for more information.


text: The Cheka (ЧК - чрезвыча́йная коми́ссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya, Extraordinary Commission Russian pronunciation: [tɕɛ.ˈka]) was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. It was created by a decree issued on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by aristocrat turned communist Felix Dzerzhinsky. Aft… Read More


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We have worked with Lego to painstakingly collect and catalog almost every minifig ever produced into a photographic timeline. You will be able to see the evolution of the iconic figure starting with the iconic 1970s space, city and castle sets that you can see in our exclusive tour of the secret historic Lego vault. Sensory overload ahead.
Introduction of the first minifigs as part of the Town, Space and Castle sets. They are all plain. The first female minifig is introduced two months after the first male minifigs.
First changes in faces introduced with the Lego Pirates. They maintain the basic expression but add extra features, like eye patches and beards.
The first specialized minifig appears in Lego Castle: a ghost.
Lego Island Adventure theme is introduced. That means minifigs wearing bikinis and thongs. Lego truckers also appear in Lego Town. Obviously, there's a connection between truckers and thongs.
The Lego skeleton comes out of the closet, the second specialized minifig. Aquanauts line introduced.
Lego Western appears, at last opening the possibility of forming the Village People with Lego minifigs: The sets include cowboys and, for the first time ever, a different Lego race: Native americans. By the way, this contradicts the answers about race that Lego gave us in our Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lego Guide.
Adventurer Johnny Thunder, an Indiana Jones wannabe, appears. This comes before Lego ever got into the whole licensing of movies intellectual property.
The now famous Lego Star Wars appears, introducing the first ever licensed minifig: Luke Skywalker.
Lego Soccer scores a few goals with spring-loaded tabletop game action. This is a very bad year for the history of the minifig, however: Jar-Jar Binks minifig appears, the first figure with a molded head ever. It should have never happened. The minifig. And the movie.


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Description: Cafe 50's ext; Baskin-Robbins ext; lawn bowling; Home; Savings ext.; Venice boardwalk; downtown w/ freeway in fg; homes; Griffith Observatory; La Reina Center; Tower Video; Johnny Rockets ext.; Cafe Gelato; Sunset Blvd; street sign 'Ocean Front Walk'; w/s tourists on Venice Boardwalk; city skyline, freeway in fg; city scenes, glass bldgs; Griffith Park; hazy smoggy day Hollywood sign; Griffith Park Observatory dusk; neon signs at night
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Gator 200 MG Tablet
Gator 200 MG Tablet is an antibiotic that is used to treat infections of the eye, such as conjunctivitis. Remember, that it is an antibiotic and thus will treat eye infections that are caused by bacteria only and not the others.
Don't stop taking the medicine prematurely as it might cause a relapse of the infection. If you have been using other drops for your eyes, it is advised to wait for some time before you use them.
Gator 200 MG Tablet has certain side effects that include watery or blurred eyes, headaches, irritation of the eyes, pain, redness of the eyes and a bad oral taste. However, none of these should persist and should they bother you, seek prompt guidance from your doctor. Persistent adverse effects such as eye irritation, swelling of the eyelids as well as redness must be brought to the doctor's attention without any delay. Remember that there's always a possibility of new fungal infections if you use this drug beyond the prescribed time.
Although rare, an allergic response to this medicine cannot be ruled. Report to the doctor right away if you experience any irritation, swelling or redness of the eyes along with rashes, itching, swelling of the throat and nose combined with breathing difficulties.
Use Gator 200 MG Tablet cautiously during pregnancy. Discuss with your doctor the possibility of any complication cropping up. Steer clear of it if you have had any allergic reaction to quinolone antibiotics in the past.
Bacterial ConjunctivitisGator 200 MG Tablet is used in the treatment of Bacterial Conjunctivitis which is an eye infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae.
Community Acquired PneumoniaGator 200 MG Tablet is used in the treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia which is a common type of lung infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
CystitisGator 200 MG Tablet is used in the treatment of Cystitis which is a bladder infection caused by E.coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Tendinitis Or Tendon RuptureAvoid taking if you have a past history of tendinitis or tendon rupture after using Gator 200 MG Tablet or any other medicines belonging to the class fluoroquinolones.
How long is the duration of effect?This effect of this medicine lasts for a duration of 2 to 3 days.
What is the onset of action?The peak effect of this medicine can be observed within 1 to 2 hours of oral administration.
Are there any pregnancy warnings?Use of this medicine is not recommended for pregnant women. Use only if clearly needed under the supervision of a doctor.
Is it habit forming?No habit forming tendency has been reported.
Are there any breast-feeding warnings?Use of this medicine is not recommended in women who are breastfeeding due to the adverse effect on the development of the infant's joints. Use only if clearly needed under the supervision of the doctor. Monitoring of undesired effects like diarrhea, diaper rash is necessary.
Below is the list of medicines, which have the same composition, strength and form as Gator 200 MG Tablet , and hence can be used as its substitute.
Missed Dose instructionsThe missed dose should be taken as soon possible. It is advisable to skip the missed dose if it's already time for your next scheduled dose.
Overdose instructionsSeek emergency medical treatment or contact the doctor in case of overdose.
United States
This medication belongs to the class of an antibiotic that works by inhibiting the enzyme DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV. This prevents bacterial DNA from replicating, transcribing, repairing and replicating, eventually leading to death.
Whenever you take more than one medicine, or mix it with certain foods or beverages, you"re at risk of a drug interaction.
Interaction with Alcohol
AlcoholInteraction with alcohol is unknown. It is advisable to consult your doctor before consumption.
Interaction with Lab Test
LabInformation not available.
Interaction with Medicine
Aluminium Hydroxide/Magnesium HydroxideTake Gator 200 MG Tablet at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after taking Gator 200 MG Tablet. Usage of other medicines should be reported to the doctor.
DigoxinGator 200 MG Tablet may increase the blood levels of digoxin and may cause serious adverse effects on the heart. Inform the doctor if you are on either of the medicines. An alternate medicine or suitable dose adjustments are to be made based on the clinical condition.
Interaction with Disease
DiabetesUse with caution in patients with diabetes as this medicine may lead to increase or decrease in blood glucose levels. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels is necessary. Suitable dose adjustments or an alternate medicine should be considered based on the clinical condition.
Qt ProlongationAvoid using Gator 200 MG Tablet if you experience any chest discomfort. Regular cardiac function tests are to be performed if you have any heart disease (arrhythmia) or family history of heart disease.
Interaction with Food
FoodInformation not available.
Lybrate is a medium to provide our audience with the common information on medicines and does not guarantee its accuracy or exhaustiveness. Even if there is no mention of a warning for any drug or combination, it never means that we are claiming that the drug or combination is safe for consumption without any proper consultation with an expert.
Lybrate does not take responsibility for any aspect of medicines or treatments. If you have any doubts about your medication, we strongly recommend you to see a doctor immediately.


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ATLANTA – Following an acute stroke, optimizing stroke secondary prevention measures, medical complications, and transitions of care is essential to reducing 30-day readmissions and improving patient outcomes, a large analysis of national data showed.
"Care that is fragmented with readmissions to other hospitals results not only in more expensive care and longer length of stay but also increased mortality for our acute stroke patients," lead study author Laura K. Stein, MD, said in an interview in advance of the annual meeting of the American Neurological Association.
In 2017, a study of the Nationwide Readmissions Database demonstrated that 12.1% of patients with acute ischemic stroke were readmitted within 30 days (Stroke 2017;48:1386-8). It cited that 89.6% were unplanned and 12.9% were preventable. "However, this study did not examine whether patients were admitted to the discharging hospital or a different hospital," said Dr. Stein, a neurologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. "Furthermore, it did not include metrics such as cost, length of stay, and mortality with 30-day readmissions. Hospitals are increasingly held accountable and penalized for metrics such as length of stay and 30-day readmissions."
In 2010, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services introduced the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program in an attempt to decrease readmissions following hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and pneumonia. "In 2012, CMS started reducing Medicare payments for hospitals with excess readmissions," said Dr. Stein, who is a fellowship-trained stroke specialist. "While readmission to the same hospital has great implications for hospital systems, any readmission has great implications for patients."
In what is believed to be the first study of its kind, Dr. Stein and her colleagues drew from the 2013 Nationwide Readmissions Database to examine in-hospital outcomes associated with 30-day readmission to a different hospital for acute ischemic stroke. They used ICD-9 codes to identify index stroke admissions and all-cause readmissions. Outcomes of interest were length of stay, total charges, and in-hospital mortality during the 30-day readmission. The main predictor was readmission to another hospital, compared with readmission to the same hospital as the index acute stroke admission. The researchers used linear regression for the outcomes of length of stay and charges, and logistic regression for in-hospital mortality. They adjusted for several variables during the index admission, including age, sex, vascular risk factors, hospital bed size, teaching hospital status, insurance status, discharge destination, National Center for Health Statistics urban-rural location classification, length of stay, and total charges.
Of 24,545 acute stroke patients readmitted within 30 days, 7,274 (30%) were readmitted to a different hospital. The top three reasons for readmission were acute cerebrovascular disease, septicemia, and renal failure. In fully adjusted models, readmission to a different hospital was associated with an increased length of stay of 0.97 days (P less than .0001) and a mean of $7,677.28 greater total charges, compared with readmission to the same hospital (P less than .0001). The fully adjusted odds ratio for in-hospital mortality during readmission was 1.17 for readmission to another hospital vs. readmission to the same hospital (P = .0079).
"While it is conceivable that cost and length of stay could be higher with readmission to a different hospital because of a need for additional testing with a lack of familiarity with the patient, it is concerning that mortality is higher," Dr. Stein said. "These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing secondary stroke prevention and medical complications following acute stroke before discharge. Additionally, they emphasize the importance of good transitions of care from the inpatient to outpatient setting (whether that's to a rehabilitation facility, skilled nursing facility, or home) and accessibility of the discharging stroke team after discharge."
She acknowledged certain limitations of the analysis, including its reliance of administrative data, which could include misclassification of diagnoses and comorbidities based on ICD-9 codes. "However, we have chosen ICD-9 codes for stroke that have been previously validated in the literature," Dr. Stein said. "For instance, the validated codes for stroke as the primary discharge diagnosis have a sensitivity of 74%, specificity of 95%, and positive predictive value of 88%. Second, we do not know stroke subtype or severity of stroke. Third, we do not know what the transitions of care plan were when the patients left the hospital following index acute ischemic stroke admission and why these patients ended up being readmitted to a different hospital rather than the one that treated them for their acute stroke."
The researchers reported having no financial disclosures.
SOURCE: Stein L et al. Ann Neurol. 2018;84[S22]:S149. Abstract M127.


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Rest In Deceit Dagger Patch
available between £10.00 - £800.00 Learn More
Large Rest in Deceit iron on Dagger patch.
This is one of our larger patches, measuring up to approximately 26cm in height, therefore it's the perfect size for a back patch!
Designed and made in house by Mysticum Luna! This patch has iron on backing for a more permanent placement, however it's also able to be stitched into place.
Not feeling the Rest In Deceit Dagger patch? That's okay! Shop the rest of our patches HERE
Don't forget to tag your battle jackets on Instagram by using the hashtag #mysticumluna.We love to see how our customers rock our patches, because one patch is never enough!


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News in Brief
Florida Teachers Push Back On Mandated Collaboration
Research has shown that when teachers collaborate, their practice changes, and student learning improves. But when the superintendent of Florida's Palm Beach County district mandated that all teachers spend 90 minutes a week in group meetings, he received an onslaught of complaints from the teachers' union. Union officials said the requirement took away from teachers' planning time, according to the Palm Beach Post. They threatened to file a federal unfair-labor-practice complaint.
After about a week, Superintendent Robert Avossa dropped the plan, calling the opposing teachers "isolationists" and "divisive."
Teachers and union officials took issue with Avossa's characterization of teachers as being opposed to collaboration. They said teachers already work together and want to collaborate more, but not by a bureaucratic decree.
Vol. 36, Issue 02, Page 4Published in Print: August 31, 2016, as Florida Teachers Push Back On Mandated Collaboration
We encourage lively debate, but please be respectful of others. Profanity and personal attacks are prohibited. By commenting, you are agreeing to abide by our user agreement.
All comments are public.


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Submit your review
Cedar Valley Breast Care Center
Average rating: 4 reviews
Sep 1, 2011
Talk to a Real Person
I want to call and talk to a real person, not a machine. Especially for my test results.
Thank you Dee for your review, and you are right, when you call our Cedar Valley Breast Center you will definitely talk to someone real and someone who really cares!
Aug 1, 2010
Dedicated 100%
I wanted a surgeon for my breast problems who is dedicated 100% to breast care
Jul 14, 2010
Results are faster.
I'd use the Breast Care Center because the results are faster.
Dec 1, 2008
One-Stop Shop
It sounds useful. I want a one-stop shop for my mammogram. Where I know if I need additional help, it's right there for me.


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Desperately seeking an Aussie identity
(This article first appeared in the Brisbane Courier Mail)
Our culture may not be distinct, but there are still some things that mark me as clearly Australian – knowing my football club song, how to fill out a box trifecta and a good price for a kilo of prawns.
NEARLY every country I've visited features a traditional dress, music, food and architecture.
So as a fifth-generation Australian male, what's my culture? A pie with a side of steak and prawns? With pavlova for dessert?
Pavlova is from New Zealand, and the rest of that meal has existed for well over 200 years.
What about traditional music, dance or clothing? A singlet, board shorts and thongs, drunkenly swaying to Crowded House or AC/DC? Bands whose key members aren't Australian.
Even if that was traditional, it's not something worth re-enacting at the airport to welcome visitors.
As an Australian whose ancestors all arrived within the last 200 years, I'm often accused of not having a culture. That's often by countries with thousands of years of well-documented history, rituals and religious practices. In most countries, your clothing and race reveals whether or not you're a local.
The only way you can tell a tourist in Australia is if they're acting like one. Wearing a "Caution: Koalas next 10km" T-shirt, caught in a rip at that beach, marching around the Opera House behind a guide with a small flag on a stick, or stuck at a train station trying to decipher how to buy a ticket.
We might not have any typically Australian food, but you can get just about anything else, and its quality in terms of ingredients and preparation are admired the world over.
Unlike other countries, in Australia your accent does not reveal the town or city or often even state you're from, and nobody gives a stuff about your family name, who your parents are, where you went to school or where you grew up.
Our rivalries have been forged through battles on the sporting field, not actual battles.
To me, Australia is a place where if a hand is offered you shake it; if someone needs help you give it; and you're free to believe whatever you like as long as it doesn't hurt anyone.
Also, I do reckon there are a few traits that mark me as distinctly Australian. Such as knowing my footie club song, how to fill out a box trifecta and a good price for a kilo of prawns.
Along with understanding the logic behind drive-through bottle shops, believing that insulting friends or family is a sign of respect and, despite our efforts to capture typical Australians on film, I think this was best done by a bunch of drag queens in the desert.
Then, not knowing every word of the national anthem, the date of the Queen's actual birthday or where my name is "from" and being equally proud of all those things.
Really though, the idea of "Australian" is very much a work in progress. We're so diverse and have been together as a group such a short time, any definition is still up for the defining.
Which is actually an amazingly privileged and unique position. Through our actions and decisions, we all have a pivotal role in determining what it means to be Australian.
My first ever E-BOOK has just launched and is available for FREE!
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This article first appeared in The Brisbane Courier Mail:


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By Dr. Selwyn R. Cudjoe
December 05, 2017
Princess we are happy
You came our way
But unfortunately
You could not stay.
This is a welcome
That has no end
Please pay us a visit
Now and then.
— The Mighty Sparrow
In 1955 Princess Margaret came to Trinidad to visit. Most of Her Majesty's subjects felt elated. I attended Tacarigua AC School at the time. All of my fellow students lined the Churchill Roosevelt Highway with our flags (the Union Jack) to pay tribute to our princess. Two days later we headed down to the Queen's Park Oval to give her a royal welcome.
Continue reading The Black Princess


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Sprint's Virgin Mobile Decides to Hold Off on Throttling Heavy Users
Sprint, which boasts of its totally unlimited plans for its main brand, has delayed a plan that would have started throttling Virgin Mobile customers who used more than a certain amount of data each month.
The company announced in July that it would start in October to reduce the data speeds of customers who used more than 2.5GB of data in a given month. Virgin Mobile said at the time that the move would affect fewer than 3 percent of its customers, who would then have their access returned to full speed the following month.
Today the company said it had delayed that plan until sometime in 2012. The announcement was noted, almost as a footnote, at the bottom of a press release announcing two new Android phones coming to the prepaid brand.
Asked to explain the move, a Virgin Mobile representative told AllThingsD, "We have decided to delay the reduction of data speeds until 2012 to ensure we have all the necessary systems in place so that our customer experience will remain positive."
The company didn't say when in 2012 the move would take place, but the representative said that the company "will provide further information on timing beforehand so our customers have advance notification."
T-Mobile has relied on throttling extensively to manage data use on its network, while both AT&T and Verizon largely rely on overage charges to deal with those who exceed their data plan in a given month.