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FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts
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4000 - Advisory Opinions
Application of Interlocks Act to Notice of Acquisition of Control
March 30, 1981
Pamela E. F. LeCren, Attorney
The Atlanta Regional Office is currently reviewing a change in bank control notice filed by *** pertaining to the ***. At your request the Legal Division has reviewed the subject application to determine whether or not the acquisition would result in a management official interlock in violation of the Depository Institution Management Interlocks Act (12 U.S.C. 3201 et sec., "Interlocks Act") and Part 348 of FDIC's regulations implementing the Interlocks Act. Based on the following, we are of the opinion that the present acquisition of control, if approved, will not result in a management official interlock.
The facts of the instant case are as follows. ***, director of ***. 1 is seeking to acquire 24.92% of the outstanding shares of ***. When that amount is aggregated with stock currently held by ***, his total holdings will equal 31.58% of the total outstanding shares. *** and *** are both located in the same SMSA. The former has total assets in excess of $20 million. (We have not been advised as to *** total asset figure.) According to information supplied by the regional office, *** will be the largest single shareholder after the acquisition is consummated. It is also stated that *** intends to increase his stock holdings to 53% of the total at some time in the future.
The Interlocks Act and section 348.3(b) of FDIC's regulations implementing the Interlocks Act prohibit two banks that are located in the same SMSA from sharing management officials when either institution has total assets in excess of $20 million. The term "management official" is defined by the Interlocks Act to include directors, officers and employees with management responsibilities, and persons who have representatives or nominees serving in such capacities. It would be unlawful for *** to serve *** as a director or officer or employee with management responsibilities while he continues to serve *** as a director. In addition, a prohibited interlock would result if *** had a representative or nominee serving *** as a management official. In short, the Interlocks Act presumes an anti-competitive result in situations where a person who is an active management official of one financial institution is represented at another competing financial institution by a person who has the ability to affect, and is privy to, management decisions of the latter.
Section 348.2(k) defines the term "representative or nominee" as follows:
(k) "Representative or nominee" means a person who serves as management official and has an express or implied obligation to act on behalf of another person with respect to management responsibilities. Whether a person is a "representative or nominee" depends upon the facts in individual cases. The appropriate Federal supervisory agency or agencies will determine, after giving the affected persons the opportunity to respond whether a person is a "representative or nominee". Certain relationships (including family, employment, and agency relationships), or the ability and exercise of ability by a shareholder of a depository organization to elect a director, may be evidence of such an express or implied obligation. For the purposes of this subsection, person shall include only natural persons.
In at least one instance the Legal Division has found a representative or nominee relationship to exist based solely upon stock ownership. In that particular case, the acquiring individual was a director and officer of another bank, Bank A, in the same SMSA and was going to acquire nearly 46% of the outstanding shares of Bank B. As we stated at that time, any person with such a substantial interest in Bank B can hardly avoid taking an active interest in the management of the bank and selecting directors who serve his or her interests.
We are not able to come to the same conclusion in the case of *** inasmuch as the bank does not have cumulative voting for directors. *** cannot be assured of the ability to put even one director into office. We therefore cannot find that we will have a representative or nominee serving as a management official solely by virtue of the exercise of his voting rights.
It should be pointed out, however, that should *** acquire additional stock in *** so that he owns more than 50% of the total outstanding shares, he will have total control over the election of directors. A prohibited management official interlock based upon representatives or nominees would then, in our opinion, come into existence as a result of the exercise of his voting control.
1 *** is also a 10.66% shareholder of ***. Members of his family own an additional 11.20% and corporations in which *** is substantially interested own 7.98%. Go back to Text


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- Bibliography
- Filmography
- Biography
- Address
Bella Davidovich
*28 VII 1928 Baku
Bella Davidovich – 1st Prize winner, 4th International Frederic Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw (1949). Bella Davidovich was born into a family with musical traditions. Though her father was a popular surgeon in Azerbaijan and in fact not a professional musician, only an amateur, her mother and grandfather were professionals working in the orchestra and choir of the Baku opera house. Ms. Davidovich started taking piano lessons at the age of six with Maria Bykova at the children's music school of the Azerbaijan Conservatoire. She made her stage debut at the age of nine (1937), playing Beethoven's Piano Concerto in C major with the Conservatoire Philharmonic Orchestra under Nikolai Anosov.
In 1939, she enrolled for the Central Special Music School at the Moscow Conservatoire, where her teacher was Konstantin Igumnov. She continued her studies at the Moscow Conservatoire in Igumnov's piano class, and in Professor Jacob Flier's class after Igumnov's death in 1948. She graduated in 1951. Between 1951 and 1954 she was assistant to Flier at the Conservatoire.
In 1949 she enjoyed a great success, winning 1st Prize (together with Pole Halina Czerny-Stefańska) at the Chopin Competition in Warsaw.
Until 1976, Ms. Davidovich performed exclusively in the Soviet Union. In 1977 she left the USSR for the first time, accompanying her son – violinist Dmitri Sitkovetsky, who received an engagement to perform in Amsterdam. In 1978, Bella Davidovich emigrated to the United States.
Doors to an international career were swung open with a fabulous debut at Carnegie Hall in October 1979, widely acknowledged as the major event of the season. From that moment on she toured intensively, playing in the world's greatest halls with such conductors as Sergiu Comissiona, James Conlon, Christoph von Dohnanyi, Charles Dutoit, Christoph Eschenbach, Kirill Kondrashin, Raymond Leppard, Neville Marriner, Eugene Ormandy, Mstislav Rostropovich, Riccardo Muti, Leonard Slatkin, Edo de Waart and others.
She has a broad repertoire, including over 30 piano concertos, many compositions for solo piano and a rich selection of chamber pieces. Her favourite composer has always been Chopin. In the opinion of critics and listeners, Ms. Davidovich is an unshowy artist who focuses on faithfulness to the composer's intentions.
Since 1984 she is a US citizen. In 1988 she appeared in Moscow for the first time since she left Russia ten years before.
Ms. Davidovich is also active as a teacher, initially at the Moscow Conservatoire and later at the Juilliard School of Music in New York (since 1982). From 1999, she gives masterclasses at the Conservatoire in her native Baku.
In August 2003 two concerts were held in celebration of Ms. Davidovich 75th anniversary at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, featuring Ms. Davidovich herself, her son Dmitri Sitkovetsky as well as several friends and students.
She has recorded for Melodiya, Philips, Orfeo and Novalis. Recordings include works by Chopin (Concerto in F minor, complete Ballades and Impromptus), Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov, Brahms, Grieg and Ravel.
Ms. Davidovich participated as a jury member in international music competitions in Maryland, Vevey, Brussels and Warsaw (1995, 2010).
She was married to violinist Julian Sitkovetsky (1925–1958), prize winner at the International Wieniawski Violin Competition in Poznań.

subset: commoncrawl


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After Super Tuesday: What Happens Next
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By Nick Fouriezos and Libby Coleman
A Super Tuesday, indeed. Yuge wins for Donald Trump, but the race ain't over, not yet. Our thoughts on what's next for the contenders.
What's Up Trump's Sleeve
What do you do after a day of cleaning up delegates? Donald J. Trump's schedule has a three-day break — that's some confidence there, eh? — before rallies in Michigan and Louisiana on Friday. In the meantime, he's resting up in Palm Beach, Florida. Sorry, Marco — he's in your house.
But over the longer run? Expect the unexpected from the proven master of surprise. We're thinking endorsements. He's already picked up a couple of credentializers in Chris Christie and Jeff Sessions. What if he got Rudy Giuliani or, say, David Petraeus? Then there's policy. Trump's been thin here, but now he's on track to secure the GOP nomination. He might turn to a major policy speech or initiative, perhaps on — wait for it — racial reconciliation. To many, it'll sound like a preposterous idea. But this is Donald J. Trump we're talking about.
Why Cruz Could Still Win
Cruz isn't out of it — yet. By losing Texas, Oklahoma and splitting the Alaska delegates (12 to Cruz, 11 to Trump), the real estate mogul missed his chance to take Cruz out definitively. Now, the Texas senator's itinerary speaks volumes about his strategy: Next up is Kansas, one of the reddest states in the country, where he'll try to bolster his crusading conservative reputation in what could be winnable ground. He'll need to look further than that, of course, and Michigan (March 8) or North Carolina (March 15) might provide an opportunity to unleash the attack ads and slow the Trump train down. Should Cruz remain the last candidate standing against Trump, it'll be an unenviable choice for the Republican establishment.
What Rubio Must Do
It's a less-than-effusive homecoming for Florida's junior senator: Yes, he won Minnesota and came in a close second in Virginia tonight, but Marco Rubio still needs to close the 16-point gap between himself and Trump by the March 15 Florida primary. And that'd just be a start. Tonight, his delegate count stands at 106, compared to 205 for Cruz and 315 for Trump.
But here's a scenario in which Rubio stays in the game: Gov. John Kasich could lose the March 15 primary in his home state, Ohio — current polls show the governor trailing Trump by about 5 percent — and drop out. Should Carson (finally) leave the race too, Rubio could theoretically sweep up some new support. Let's face it: That's unlikely. The good news for Rubio is that he's only 44 and very fresh-faced.
Celebration for Clinton
Hillary Clinton's celebrating today, not just because she now has 1055 delegates (Bernie Sanders has 418), but because a new CNN/ORC poll shows that she'd handily beat Trump in a general election, 52–44. The polls suggest that the tougher competition, in fact, would be either Cruz or Rubio.
Is Fear a Double-Edged Sword?
Trump has undeniably stoked voter turnout for the Republican Party, evangelizing new voters in part by ramping up fears over immigration and terrorism. But fear is starting to play a major role in goosing Democratic voting — against Trump. "It's a scary election," Susie Sharfman, a 54-year-old college administrator in Atlanta, said. Experts say Clinton hasn't been able to inspire young progressives and may face low general-election turnout as a result. But if Trump is the nominee, her faults may not matter: Democrats could flock to the polls simply to try to stop Trump.
- Nick Fouriezos and Libby Coleman, OZY AuthorContact Nick Fouriezos and Libby Coleman


text: 1/29/2019 Tea Tree Oil has been around for thousands of years and is one of the most widely used essential oils for hair, nails, skin, and body. Tea Tree Oil has many powerful benefits such as being Analgesic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-Acne, Antiseptic, Antiviral, Antimicrobial, Decongestant, and Insecticidal. Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is safe for... Continue Reading →


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Registered 2010-09-14 by Damar Riyadi
GOFRIS - Locking the system's got even easier -
GOFRIS is an open source application that can be used for locking your Home folder. It's like Deep Freeze in Windows environment. GOFRIS is recommended for public computers. When GOFRIS is enabled in your system, any changes made in your Home folder will be deleted after restarting. So, use GOFRIS carefully.
Project information
- Maintainer:
- Damar Riyadi
- Driver:
- Not yet selected
- Licence:
- GNU GPL v3
View full history Series and milestones
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stable series is the current focus of development.
All code Code
- Version control system:
- Bazaar
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- PyGTK, Bash
All bugs Latest bugs reported
Bug #706793: language incorrect
Reported on 2011-01-24
Bug #694742: Wrong notification when authentication is cancelled
Reported on 2010-12-27
Bug #640996: GOFRIS doesn't work in user who has different name between username and home folder
Reported on 2010-09-17
Bug #639596: The PPA package should depends on python-appindicator
Reported on 2010-09-15


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Horizon is our fall/winter jersey line, inspired by the tonality of the deserts, forests, and plains. For this drop, we worked exclusively with Endo Customs who used their flagship road cycling jersey design and turned it up a notch. Endo used two different materials with these jerseys, allowing for more breathability and stretch in the side panels. The new pricing reflects the increase in material cost and labor. These are race-fit, so expect them to run true to size but snug. If you like your jerseys baggier, then we suggest sizing up. Available in mens and womens sizing.
Please be mindful of the fit dimensions listed below. Exchanges will not be guaranteed due to the limited run of these jerseys!
Designed by color enthusiast Cari Carmean and made here in Los Angeles by Endo Customs.


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A quick look at the insanely clean and well executed rendering of the adidas PDS X Soccer Boot by adidas designer, Robert Quach. As well as Robert's involvement however, the design of the boots was a collaborative project from footwear design heavy weights; Jacques Chassaing and Jacky Weber.
← Hypebeast Discusses Textiles with byBorre (Video)
Interview with Brandon & Josh Brubaker of Clear Weather →
Product Designer + Footwear Architect | Founder of @ConceptKicks | www.MrBailey.co.uk
ConceptKicks © 2013-20


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Port Harcourt, Nigeria is open for investment
Africa Connected's Lee Kasumba is in Port Harcourt, Nigeria to find investment opportunities. Follow her journey.
On her final stop in Nigeria for Standard Bank's Africa Connected, Pan-African broadcaster Lee Kasumba sits down with the President of the Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce to discuss business opportunities available in the region.
Founded by colonial authorities over 100 years ago – the city of Port Harcourt which is home to approximately 1.8 million inhabitants, was built to transport coal and agricultural produce.
It was set up as an entrepreneurial biz...Dr. Emi Membere, President of the Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce
The capital of oil and gas in Nigeria, Port Harcourt is home to some of the biggest oil and gas companies. One such company is SIAT Nigeria Limited, the agro-industrial group responsible for the stunning rows of palm plantations along the roads leaving the airport for the city.
Next to the government, they are the highest employers of labour...Dr. Emi Membere, President of the Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce
Until recently, 99% of investment has gone into oil and gas, and related activities but, since the SIAT Nigeria Limited's establishment in the palm oil industry, it has become one of the leaders in sustainable palm oil products.
With the demand for the cultivation of palm oil products rising, SIAT Nigeria Limited has embarked on the building of Nigeria's biggest palm produce process plant ever – thus, creating more job opportunities in the country.
Port Harcourt is open for business!Dr. Emi Membere, President of the Port Harcourt Chamber of Commerce
Port Harcourt's opportunities, infrastructure and support services makes it a good investment destination.
Click here to access the Africa Connected portal or click below to watch Lee's full interview with Dr. Emi Membere...
This article first appeared on 702 : Port Harcourt, Nigeria is open for investment


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- Description
Durable titanium protects the exotic inlays in this blue wood wedding band. Crushed dinosaur bone runs down the center of this handmade ring, which is bordered by blue box elder burl wood. Give this colorful Jewelry by Johan comfort fit wedding band to that special someone to show off your love of nature! This product comes with ring armor waterproofing.
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- 0.5 mm Titanium
- 3 mm Dinosaur Bone (Crushed)
- 0.5 mm Titanium
- 1.5 mm Blue Box Elder Burl
- 0.5 mm Titanium
- Additional Information
Additional Information
Item Number AG-JBJ2658 Metal Type No Width No


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As you know, I now have reflux. Not cool. Well, just to add to my over-the hillness, my doctor advised to me to add more fiber to my diet, so I watched this week's episode with my signature large bowl of cereal. But this time, instead of my new obsession Waffle Crisp, which literally tastes like waffles in syrup, I had Good Friends High Fiber Cereal, which brags about being a "trio of flakes, twigs and granola." Why would you admit to having twigs in the mix? Are you marketing to beavers? The new guy I'm dating noted that the two people whose photograph grace the cover of the cereal box are decidedly over 50. What happened to eight-year-old Mikey? Is this now my life? Should I be disappointed that no one asked me to be in the Encores! production of Follies? Did Mimi Hines steal my role? Anyway, let me put my walker down and recount this week's episode.
It began with a passive-aggressive bang as co-host Billy Bush said, "Welcome to the live finals" as a chyron underneath him blatantly upstaged him with "portions pre-recorded." If it's live, how can it be pre-recorded?
This week's episode began with a salute to Hershey Park's "I Heart the Fifties" show. The final six sang "Rock and Roll is here to stay." As usual, the keys for the men were set on Paul Robeson. Haven't the producer's read my column? Don't they know that when the men start singing lower than the last note in "I'm Not That Girl," I'm gonna complain? The good news is, I'm always a sucker for a high kick, and Ashley gave me a full 180. Not to be outdone, Austin showed us he's also got a flexible gam. The guys began the song, and then the girls, totally out of breath, were forced to sing after an energetic dance break. Why is that always the case with ladies? Lola has to do it in Damn Yankees (dance break then "I always ge-e-e-e-e-e-et!!!!"), Cassie has to do it A Chorus Line (Dance break, then "Pla-a-a-a-a-ay me the music…") Then again, women get juicy roles like Elphaba and Mame, and we're stuck playing Magaldi and Frid.
Denise Van Outen was wearing a pretty dress, but upon closer inspection seemed to made of crepe paper. Isn't that a fire hazard? The final two Sandys, Ashley and Laura, were chosen, and Allie was told that she's leaving. In a brilliant example of playing against your subtext, Allie said "It's a big letdown" with an enormous smile on her face. Brava, Ms. Hagen! There was a video montage showing highlights of her throughout the competition, and during the clip where she was singing, they decided to play musical underscoring in a completely different key giving "Hopelessly Devoted to You" a Sondheim-ian spin. The biggest shocker to me was the final two Dannys. They're both the most physically unlikely ones from the competition, blond Austin and goofy Max. The studly Derek was ixnayed and I assume is on the red eye flight to my apartment as we speak.
|photo by NBC
Then Laura and Ashley sang "Hopelessly Devoted to You" and divided up the parts. This was the most theatrical thing that's been on the show, and I wish more of the episodes could have been like this. They were on a set, with props, singing a theatrical song in context, not showing us their audition for the Luxor. Laura has a great voice, but I found her phrasing too legato. I wasn't used to hearing "Guess mi-i-i-i-ine is not the fi-i-i-i-irst…heart bro-ke-e-e-e-e-e-en…" As usual, I loved Ashley's voice. She sounded amazing on the high "ted" of "hopelessly devoted to you…" After the song Laura said that her wedding was supposed to be next weekend, but she's postponed it. My question is, did she postpone it without knowing she was going to be in the finals? Because it would have been amazing to be spending your supposed-to-be wedding day at home watching two other girls compete for the role you wanted. That could have turned her into a latter-day Miss Haversham with a high belt. There was a video played of her fiance saying he missed her and then one of Ashley's sister wishing Ashley luck and saying she was sorry she couldn't be there, but she couldn't afford the plane fare. Turns out, her sister was able to get there because members of the "Grease" message board paid for her ticket. Attention, "Grease" fans, I can't afford a trainer twice a week. Anybody? On a side note, I cannot tell Billy Bush's height. He's as tall as Laura, but Ashley is taller than he is. Is Ashley 5'6", and he's 5'5"? Is he 6'7", and she's 6'8"? They're always standing together on a blank stage. Why can't they stand next to something whose height is known by all? Like Tommy Tune or Baayork Lee?
Max and Austin then sang "Sandy," and Austin made it his own by adding a new riff on "Oh Sandy, baby . . . someday" that featured a double turn (not pirouette, a vocal double turn). Max, as usual, had great acting chops and sounded excellent. He does the actor-y thing of phrasing songs differently then they normally go because he's in the moment, but I never feel that it sacrifices the musicality of the song. After they sang, there was a video about them as children, and Austin pulled out the ol' "I want to win it for the ten-year-old fat kid inside me" chestnut while showing a picture of himself as said ten-year-old-fat kid. I definitely had him beat fat-wise as a child, but he had me beat in terms of glasses choice. Who picked those oversized picture windows he wore back then? Jiminy Glick?
Max trumped the fat kid photo by talking about his bout with Bells Palsy that he had in fifth grade. Half his face was paralyzed, and he had to learn how to move it again. He said the comments about him not being like the other Dannys and not being good looking enough hurt him because he had to try so hard to be normal when he was younger. Sorry, Austin. Even though Billy Bush revealed that there was less than a one percent difference in votes between Max and Austin, it's a known fact that chubbiness is trumped by facial paralysis. Next week the margin could be wide.
Then, in a non-intentional tribute to eighties proms, the couples sang "Endless Love" and "(I Had) the Time of My Life." The only thing missing was "Somewhere Out There." Come on! Where were the theatrical duets? "You Must Meet My Wife"? "Waltz for Eva and Che"? The first couples were Ashley and Austin, and Max and Laura. Ashley and Austin smooched at the end of their verse, and by "smooch" I mean re-created the beginning of "Short Bus." Contrasting that, the smooch Max and Laura pecked to each other after they sang would have made Mother Teresa look like a tramp. Both couples were told they were being judged on chemistry, and I felt it all seemed a little pushed. A lot of touching, gazing, lips an inch apart: I felt like I was on the subway standing next to two teenagers who just started dating. Suffice it to say, I took a quick shower during the commercial break.
Oh yeah, Billy Bush announced that tickets were on sale at GreaseonBroadway.com, but though it says performances begin July 24, it still says theatre to be announced. Well, if they can get away with that, I'd like to invite you all to my debut in a starring role on Broadway. Show, role and theatre TBA. See you next week for the big finale!
[Seth Rudetsky is the host of "Seth's Big Fat Broadway" on SIRIUS Satellite Radio and the author of "The Q Guide to Broadway." For two years Rudetsky was the pianist/assistant conductor for the 1994 revival of Grease!. He can be contacted by visiting www.sethsbroadwaychatterbox.com.]


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but really, many of the problems faced by any coaching job are the same wherever you go.
As the MLS season opened last week, I heard comments related to weather, time together as a team, fan attendance and the newness of the team as reasons for a team's performance. All these claims are legitimate. The truth is every week there is a different challenge, and the perfect scenario rarely, if maybe never, exists.
Good coaches adapt. MLS does not take time off on international fixture dates. Qualifying games take place before the season begins. Therefore, players miss an abundance of training time. Every team goes through it to a greater or lesser extent. My feeling was always to just deal with it. The ideal does not exist, so adjust and make do with what you have. Is the glass have full or half empty?
If you are convinced as a coach that the glass is half full, your players will follow that belief. If you believe the opposite, the players will buy into that as well. One player's lack of availability is another player's chance to shine.
At the start of every season, teams seem to be missing players due to P-1 visas not being processed in time. All teams go through it. The Crew was missing Mario Rodriguez; the Galaxy their new striker Naldo; the Rapids, Terry Cooke. Again you have to deal with it and move forward.
Visa delays and national team commitments within the regular season are problems that particularly plague MLS more than other leagues. But there are other common coaching challenges. Injuries, bad weather, and training time together are items of concern to all coaches.
I was in Blackburn in early March and watched them train. Paul Dickov, a key player for them, did not train and from what I was told had apparently missed many training sessions due to an injury. But he played in the games. No one talked about him not working with the team. As a coach you need to make a decision and move forward -- injuries are part of the game and as a result your team is often incomplete for training. But the fans don't care -- they want you to win.
Bad weather was a factor this weekend. It was coooold in Columbus and rainy, cold and wiiiindy in New York. The teams had to play and the four coaches needed to adjust and deal with the elements. It might alter the game plan a bit. It could require some psychological motivation for players who do not like the cold. No matter what it takes you as a coach still need to coax a performance out of your team.
If coaching was easy, everyone could do it. Let me pose a question to you. Let's say I had 10 teams and 10 coaches, divided up the talent equally, and gave each team the same training plan to follow so they would in fact mirror each other at training. Then we begin the season. Someone will finish first and someone last. Why?
Does that sound a little like MLS? It is the coach who adapts quickest to all the obstacles, challenges and adversity that come during a season who will generally win.
Adaptability is the key to coaching. The dynamics around the team are always changing in some way.
A couple of highlights from the first week: CHIVAS USA -- THE CROWD: I was at the Chivas USA-D.C. United game and the crowd had one very special element. Every team in MLS has their hardcore fans that do a great job. I enjoyed the Riot Squad and the Galaxians, during my time with the team.
The Chivas USA game was special because it was the first time I have been to an MLS game where I thought the whole stadium was involved. It was red and white stripes everywhere. The fans behind the north goal were great, but it was all the fans who cheered enthusiastically. We need to get this for all our teams in all our stadia.
LANDON RETURNS: Landon Donovan is back. It is great for the league. I can tell you that when I was at the Galaxy I wanted Landon back in 2001. We were rebuked in our quest and he went to San Jose. We need to remember that Donovan is a special player -- not only in his ability but also in his marketing appeal.
Landon is also one of the few Americans who can afford to come back. It is not financially feasible for many of the players in Europe to return, because their MLS salary would pale in comparison to their pay in Europe. If they had the chance to make the same here as there, some would surely return. There are the ones who would stay for varying reasons. It is great that the league stepped up and made Landon's return possible.
Until next week, get ready for Week Two and more excitement.
Sigi Schmid is one of the winningest coaches in MLS history, having led the Los Angeles Galaxy to four honors in his five-plus years at the helm, including the 2002 MLS Cup championship. Send comments to Sigi at firstname.lastname@example.com. Views and opinions expressed in this column views and opinions are the author's, and not necessarily those of Major League Soccer or its clubs.


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This section contains 912 words
(approx. 3 pages at 400 words per page)
"Spring was coming on: a rich, beautiful life would soon everywhere be bursting; and Edward spoke of it with delight." (Part I, Chapter 1, p. 140)
"'Men think most of the immediate—the present; and rightly, their calling being to do and to work. Women, on the other hand, more of how things hand together in life, . . . because their destiny is bound up in this interdependence.'" (Part I, Chapter 1, p. 143)
"'Self-consciousness, my dearest husband,' insisted Charlotte, 'is not a sufficient weapon. It is very often a most dangerous one for the person who bears it.'" (Part I, Chapter 1, p. 146)
"Hitherto, everything had gone as he desired. Charlotte had become his; he had won her at last, with an obstinate, a romantic fidelity: and now he felt himself, for the first time, contradicted, crossed in his wishes . . ." (Part I, Chapter 2, p. 148)
". . . for anyone else, it would have...
This section contains 912 words
(approx. 3 pages at 400 words per page)


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1847 Rogers CHARTER OAK RARE Pierced PEA/ICE SERVING SPOON 8 3/4 1906 EX
Oct 4, 2018
1847 Rogers Bros CHARTER OAK RARE Pierced PEA Serving Spoon 8 3/4 1906! Ultra RARE CHARTER OAK Pierced PEA or ICE Serving Spoon in Excellent condition! B rilliant mirror finish and a lovely crisp acorn & oak leaf pattern! Minimal light surface scratches only. No areas of plate loss, heel wear or monogram. Freshly hand polished and ready for use! This scarce serving spoon is about 8 3/4″ long and the bowl measures 3 1/2″ long by 2 3/4 wide. Marked on the back "1847 Rogers A1 ". This is the 2nd pierced ice spoon in the Charter Oak that I had come across and about fell over when I found another from a different source! I tried to find another example of this rare piece but only found the Replacements had one at one time. This is a different serving spoon than the more commonly found Saratoga Chip/Ice Server Spoon that has the shovel end. This slotted spoon would be extremely handy for many different serving purposes. The Charter Oak pattern is so beautiful and ornate, adorned with lush oak leaves and acorns keeping in the Art Nouveau style of the times, around the turn of the century. This pattern was popular back when it was in production and still remains popular and highly collected today! This incredibly rare PEA Serving Spoon would make a spectacular to a Charter Oak flatware set! Make sure you check out my other vintage and antique silver, and more collectible treasures! Please contact me if you wish to combine or use the handy "cart" option. Thanks for stopping by. The item "1847 Rogers CHARTER OAK RARE Pierced PEA/ICE SERVING SPOON 8 3/4 1906 EX" is in sale since Monday, October 1, 2018. This item is in the category "Antiques\Silver\Silverplate\Flatware & Silverware". The seller is "karenkat929″ and is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, South africa, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Croatia, Malaysia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Dominican republic, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, El salvador, Honduras, Jamaica.
- Maker: 1847 Rogers Bros.
- Composition: Silverplate
- Style: Art Nouveau
- Age: 1900-1940
- Pattern: Charter Oak
- Type: Serving Spoon
- Brand: 1847 Rogers Bros


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"The Way"
Pilgrimage from France to Santiago de Compostela
Camino means 'the way', and the Camino de Santiago means 'the way of St. James'. The Camino de Santiago is a network of trails leading from all over Europe to the Cathedral at Santiago de Compostela where legend has it that the bones of St James, the apostle of Jesus, are kept. Historically, pilgrims from all over the world have travelled the caminos to reach the Cathedral. People walk the trails for personal, health, and spiritual/religious reasons. Watch the movie 'The Way' starring Martin Sheen, and you'll get an idea of what it is like to walk the Camino de Santiago.
In 2018, Leslie walked the Frances Way, which is the most heavily traveled camino. It starts in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port in France, and ends at the Cathedral in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain.
The Frances Way is 500 miles from start to finish, traversing the Pyrenees, and winding through many towns and villages along the way. It took Leslie 40 days to complete the walk.
Reasons People Walk 'The Way'
If you ask 100 people why they walk the Camino de Santiago, you will get 100 different answers. It is a highly individual and personal journey. Leslie has several reasons for walking the Camino including supporting research for a way to radically improve early breast cancer detection, so MORE women with breast cancer become SURVIVORS.
The Scallop Shell
The scallop shell is the most prominent symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Most pilgrims will wear a shell somewhere on their backpack as they travel, and most all signs showing the direction of the trails will display a scallop shell. Many explanations exist about how and why the symbol came to be. One theory is that the lines on the shell represent the idea that the many roads of the Camino Santiago all lead to one place (the cathedral) at the base of the shell.
"It's your road and yours alone. Others may walk it with you, but no one can walk it for you."
– Rumi


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Previous Challenge Entry (Level 4 – Masters)
Topic: The Editor (05/27/10)
TITLE: Real Connection | Previous Challenge Entry
By Beth Muehlhausen
Frank Koselke had been the editor of The Village Press for as long as anyone could remember. Once it had been a thriving eight-page periodical, but as the population of the village of Flat Creek dwindled over the years the paper dropped to six pages, and then four.
No one knew how Frank kept The Press going. Not only was there little news to report, but also advertising disappeared when several local businesses shut down. Frank filled the empty add space with borrowed cartoons or quotes, but those didn't pay the bills.
Still, Frank believed in his little newspaper and its ability to cohesively bind the community of Flat Creek together. The bi-weekly publication maintained at least a hundred subscribers who paid $12.00 a year to keep up with each other in print. The Press survived financially because of a generous discount offered by a nearby printing company, and the fact that Frank had no paid employees.
Front-page features included stories like, "Cat Blinds Dog's Eye in Fight" and "Bridge Club to Meet Saturday." A Purple Heart World War II veteran authored a regular column, and assorted editorialists offered their creative opinions about raising children, fighting obesity, and caring for geriatric parents.
It was a very real, tell-it-like-it-is, newspaper.
As an ex-writer escaping big city sophistication I wanted to retire where I could enjoy a simple lifestyle. Within a few weeks of moving to a modest bungalow in Flat Creek I read my first copy of The Press. Soon after I learned its office consisted of a small room at the back of the gas station called "Yummies" where more ice cream was sold than gasoline. On a Wednesday morning at about 10:00 I knocked on the door.
"C'm-in," a deep voice bellowed.
I turned the rusty doorknob tentatively and peeked inside to see a messy desk piled high with papers. Old calendars hung on the walls like collector's items that had accumulated accidently, one after the other, perhaps for decades. "Hello?"
Before me sat a gruff-looking Santa Claus-type, complete with unkempt steel wool beard and eyebrows sprouting inch-long white hairs. His red nose twitched with what I thought might be a hint of impatience as he held a dog-eared typewritten page with one hand and a pipe with the other.
"And you are … ?"
"Hello Mr. Koselke, my name is Ben Weatherspoon, and I recently moved into the area. I'm a retired writer."
"Lookin' for a job? I can't pay."
"Well, not necessarily a job. I'd be happy to volunteer if there's anything I could do to help support your efforts with The Press."
Frank stared at me as if trying to see through my body to the wall on the other side. Perhaps he thought I was a ghost of Christmas past.
"Volunteer?" He lifted the pipe to his mouth, bit down hard on its mouthpiece, and puffed until smoke billowed from the bowl like gray cotton balls rising from a miniature volcanic mountain.
"Yes sir. Write or edit stories or headlines. I'm decent at page layouts, too. I could bring you a resume if you'd like."
He shifted his weight like a hunched beast unable or unwilling to entertain such an offer. Finally he pulled the pipe from his mouth. "Why? You don't know the people here. They're all like family to me – that's why I keep The Press running. But why should you donate your time?"
I hadn't expected this kind of challenge. "Well sir, I do care about people in general, and I … I love the written word. I enjoy writing fluently and creatively, and connecting with people at the heart level."
The editor stared at the would-be volunteer, eyeball-to-eyeball, sizing me up one side and down the other, looking for evidence of solid character in this too-good-to-be-true apparition.
I continued my self-defense. "Your paper looks like a perfect place to share real life. I've been praying for God to lead me to a place where I can be part of such heart-to-heart connection."
Frank puffed on his pipe and drummed his fingers on the desk as his face softened. "Be here Friday morning?"
"Sure - what time?"
"Eight o'clock?"
"And … well … what should I expect?"
Frank Koselke stood up, and his six foot two inch barrel-chested body loomed over my smallish frame. His pointer finger jabbed at me like a striking snake. "Brother, we'll pray … and see how the Lord directs us."
That's all I needed to know.
The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
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Neteller is an amazing option to cashout your Bitcoins with. This e-Wallet allows you to deposit on tons of online merchants, FX sites, and pokersites (e.g. Pokerstars). Coinimal is the only provider that lets you sell Bitcoins and receive funds on Neteller.
What is Neteller?
Neteller is a leading e-Wallet provider that offers its service to customers from 160 countries. The service enables customers to send, receive, and spend money online directly in their Neteller account.
Don't have a Neteller account? Sign up now!
How to sell Bitcoin and receive funds on Neteller?
- Step 1: Sign up on Neteller. This is very fast and easy. I would recommend opening a EUR account to minimize fees!
- Step 2: Sign up on Coinimal
- Step 3: Go to: Coinimal.com and select Neteller as payout provider and follow the instructions.
- Step 4: Enter your Neteller email (or account ID) and finalize the order. Send the amount of Bitcoins to the displayed address.
- Step 5: Finished! You will receive a deposit on your Neteller account as soon as the Bitcoin transfer is confirmed (this usually takes around 10-30 minutes)
What are the limits?
The limit for unverified accounts is 1000€/day. If you want to increase this limit you can verify your account to get upto 5000€/day limit.Good luck with your Neteller funds!


text: LS1 Fuel Injected with Magnusson Supercharger / 500 HP / 525 ft. lb torque custom fitted taking an estimated 100 hours to sit below the hood "Cut 2 Fit". Tremec T-56 6 speed manual transmission with custom fitted shifter / boot. Speedway Engineering Quick change rear end with Moser axles fitted by raising trunk floor and Spectre fuel tank 4 inches. Painted Victory Red with Black / White stripes designed by Jason Rushforth. Custom Black Leather Racing bucket seat interior with Red stitching and G-Force seat belts. Power 4 wheel Corvette Z-51 brakes. AGR quick ratio Rack & Pinion steering. C-6 front suspension mated to an Art Morrison sub frame. 4 wheel Strange adjustable coil overs. Speedway Engineering Nascar splined swaybar. Dual Thrush 3" exhaust with Edelbrock headers. Aluminum radiator with electric fans. Vintage Air. Detroit Speed Select-A-Speed wipers. Tilt column with LeCarra billet wheel. Racepack dash gauge package. Billet window cranks. Kenwood AM/FM/CD/Aux stereo with kick-panel speakers. Custom finished trunk compartment. Tinted glass. Smoothed firewall. Front and rear bumpers have been tucked. Blackout trim. Polished stainless fuel tank. 2" mini-tub. Ring Brothers billet hood hinges. Dual painted sport mirrors. Front / Rear spoiler. 19" Front / 20" Rear Rushforth wheels. The custom build out list goes on and on. This Camaro was featured on the magazine cover of Camaro Performance in July 2011 with and article spread, and a SEMA feature car in Las Vegas (2010), and took Builder's Choice Award at the National Good Guys car show. Showing 3,583 miles.


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Meditation has long been lauded. Now science indicates that deep relaxation changes the body on a genetic level – for that better. It's a piece of advice yogis have given for centuries: take a deep breath and relax. Watch the strain melt from your muscles and all sorts of your niggling worries vanish. Somehow everyone knows that relaxation is good for us.
Health Benefits:
It makes your heart happy.
Meditation slows the center rate and breathing pace and boosts the flow of blood to the heart, that is thought to have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. Meditation has additionally been found to lower blood pressure and lower stress, two factors that bring about a healthy heart.
It boosts your defense mechanisms.
Regular meditation acts as a natural anti-oxidant by increasing blood circulation and helping the body rid itself for free radicals.
Switch off stress.
Yoga, meditation as well as repetitive prayer and mantras all induced the comfort effect. The more regularly they are practiced, the more deeply rooted the advantages will be. Try one or more of they for 15 minutes once or twice each day.
It builds confidence.
Meditation Techniques will help you look at the sunny side of life by enhancing your self- esteem and reducing fears or phobias. The precise reasons for this are not yet known but are closely related to the increased levels of serotonin and also the ability to overcome inner conflict through introspection.
It will help you help others.
We're all serial and habitual helpers. We put others' needs before our own, sometimes at the sacrifice of the. When we take time to cultivate our very own inner peace we can observe that benefit ripple out to those around us. We're more calm with our partners and kids, more kind to our colleagues and usually more pleasant to be around.


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The Energy Efficiency De-risking Project
There is a large potential for energy savings in buildings and industry in Europe.
- Buildings are responsible for 40% of final energy consumption and industry is responsible for 26% of final energy consumption in EU
- 75% of buildings were built with no or minimal energy-related building codes and 75-90% of today's buildings will still be in use in 2050
- EU's industry is a world leader in energy efficiency, but there are still substantial potential savings
- EU's investment need in energy efficiency 2014-2035 (for 2⁰C scenario, IEA) is 1300 billion USD in buildings and 154 billion USD in industry
Energy efficiency investments have multiple benefits for Europe:
- Increase supply security through reduced reliance on imported energy (presently 400 billion EUR per year)
- Enhance competitiveness of Europe's industry
- Reduce global and local environmental problems
The EEFIG 2015 report highlighted among others the following problems:
- Lack of evidence on the performance of energy efficiency investments makes the benefits and the financial risk harder to assess.
- Lack of commonly agreed procedures and standards for energy efficiency investment underwriting increase transaction costs.
In continuation of the EEFIG 2015 findings, the EEFIG de-risking project is now addressing the fundamentals of energy efficiency investments in the buildings and corporate sectors through:
- Creation of an open source database for energy efficiency investments performance monitoring and benchmarking
- Interpretation of gathered data and development of a investments risk/performance modelling methodology
- Development of common, accepted and standardized underwriting and investment framework for energy efficiency investing
Become a user
Become a data provider
How to engage
Public and private financial institutions, industry representatives and sector experts may through EEFIG be engaged in an expert dialogue and contribute to enhancement of the fundamentals of energy efficiency investments in the buildings and corporate sectors.
You may contact:
European Commission:
DG Energy - Unit C3
Last update: 20-09-2017


text:
Stocks End Higher on Strength in Tech, Industrials
Stocks notched a second consecutive day of gains, led by the industrial and technology sectors, as investors kept an eye on the latest developments regarding Europe's debt woes. Steven Russolillo has details on The News Hub.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
the ... the ... stocks to sell its set out ... to bring us up-to-date to thank you Brian much to us the Money permission ... some cinemas and lining and as the only looking in on how we know ... leaving them ... you know we we finished up slightly today ... as well as these but it was a lot of conviction either way is always open smaller we're all tired ... of the debt market moving much into dump a stop about forty five points or so but the ... rally in the mastectomy meaning of the China mainland has ... been missing at the SB five hundred and Nasdaq Composite bolted the ABC that I am here that when when when true that was was this anything but with the with the rally and the Nasdaq and the newest Cisco which cannot sign that read about timing is going to continue yet ... there's a little bit more optimism about tech in general I and he saw some of that that that the appellant's no one really stood out today ... up to get ... out ... Mussa said he had now that the thinking because there ... was just not like conditions you really seen big moves ... we actually saw only a one hundred and fifty points away ... from the law without you I ... love that I use to me what it is to be a lot ... but that was the smallest knowing that we've seen since July on July twenty six of this year so you ... don't want to ... see what what about the pace moan and whine about the medium term fiscal Amtran and European countries will knew what about the European banks holding the debt of those countries ... was in the euro Deming implode imminently ... I'm going to stop by yesterday Island and all that happened was ... to use your person the kids were sleeping today ... just no news ... that was interesting because European banks rallied strongly today after starting off really portly the reversal ... it was no news to suggest that you know Merkel made the comments but when dishing out ... and so there's really nothing to hang your hat on ... suddenly over in the commodities sector oil was up gold was up all these other ... of ... MacEdon and the result and we had this Treasury auction of the ten year career ... you know it did that the auction sold between two percent Deal The and that was one basis point ... higher than expected two percent on a ten year ... pricing and in the slowdown is so slow it will be indistinguishable from not moving until I mean if you have ... to pursue ... a ... I think that that that the Miguel's you're obviously has been between four and and for better or worse whatever may come out of Europe with embryo is least of all this is something we've been talking about for a long time now ... but now the worry is that if Greece does the fault ... is this going to be a disorderly default not what it meant the ramifications they can sustain the use of ... talking about for whatever reason ... the market decided to ignore that today ... but that doesn't mean that that may not happen tomorrow I mean ... there are just there are ... grave concerns are down but what's been happening in Europe and the spillover effect into the other euro zone nations ... what's happened faculty I know and talk about this ... we don't even have feistier much to drizzle of caps the McGann ... line weekdays at ten thirty for the markets up


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Today a Marine Board of Investigation began interviewing the four men who survived last week's sinking of the fishing vessel Katmai in the Aleutians. Seven crew members were lost, five bodies were recovered. The cause of the sinking is not yet clear.
Steve Heimel, APRN – Anchorage
Download Audio (MP3)


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To get your commercial loans approved!
We Make Real Estate Work For Business Owners and Real Estate Investors
Options Commercial Mortgage is a full service commercial mortgage broker who will work for you to achieve your commercial real estate financing goals. We specialize in commercial mortgages from $250,000.00 and up for acquisition or refinancing of multifamily, shopping centers, office, retail, mobile home parks, mini storage, senior housing, assisted living, industrial, mixed-use, hotel, motel, gas station and other specialized use properties.
OCM prides itself on finding innovate solutions to maximize the return for the borrower. Our experience allows us to anticipate an act on every detail of the transaction to avoid potential problems.Sometimes, it is hard to find a property that completely matches your vision. No problem. Look into a new-lending solution. Whether this means a purchase, refinance or to renovate a new commercial property, OCM has the connections and resources to make your vision come to life.
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Fattier fish like salmon or sea bass absorb smoke better than leaner fish. While any fish will be delicious cooked in the smoker, we suggest going with tuna, salmon, sea bass, or sailfish for tender, moist smoked fish.
Smoking 101: How to Smoke Fish in a Smoker
Fish take on a deliciously moist texture when slow roasted in a smoker. The meat of the fish easily peels away in tender, flaky chunks as it is infused with all the flavors of sweet smoky wood. When paired with seasonings of fresh herbs and citrus aromatics, smoked fish is a tasty treat that you can feel good about indulging in. Here are our best tips for how to smoke fish in a smoker.
The Best Fish to Smoke
How to smoke fish in a smoker
How to Prepare Fish.
There are many different ways to enjoy smoked fish, and these variations mostly depend on how you prepare it. Whole fish makes a delicious smoked fish treat because the skin crisps up and separates from the meat of the fish. Fish fillets with skin on are our favorite, though, because they are easy to eat and hold up well in the heat of the smoker.
Choose the Right Wood Chips.
Sweet, mild woods like apple, cherry, or alder are the best option for smoked fish because they won't overpower the delicate, mild flavor of the meat.
Smoke Fish. Preheat smoker and add wood chips to get things going. We suggest letting the wood chips preheat for about 45 minutes. Add fish and let smoke for about 3 hours at 175°F to 200°F.
Test the Temperature. Whether your fish is caught wild from a stream or plucked from the meat aisle, it's vital to smoke your fish until it has reached a safe internal temperature. Most fish fillets will be done once the internal temperature reaches 160°F. You can use an instant read digital thermometer to check the temperature throughout the cook time to be sure.


text: Finance Offer Retail Offer: New Audi A3 Saloon Sport 30 TFSI 110 PS Manual Duration 4 years 47 monthly payments of £299.00 Customer deposit £4,435.61 Total cash price of optional extra - metallic paint £575.00 Recommended on-the-road price (inc metallic paint) £25,840.00 Amount of credit £21,404.39 Optional final payment £11,328.75 Total amount payable £29,827.36 Acceptance fee (payable within first payment) £0.00 Option to purchase fee (payable with optional final payment) £10.00 Rate of interest 6.18% fixed Representative APR 6.2% APR Excess mileage 4.8p per mile Miles per annum 10,000 *At the end of the agreement there are three options: i) pay the optional final payment and own the vehicle; ii) return the vehicle: subject to excess mileage and fair wear and tear, charges may apply; or iii) replace: part exchange the vehicle. With Solutions Personal Contract Plan. ^Can consist of a contribution towards the cash price and a contribution towards the deposit (Please see Audi Centre for details). 18s+. Subject to availability and status. T&Cs apply. Offer available when ordered by 03/01/2021 from participating Centres. Indemnities may be required. Offers are not available in conjunction with any other finance offer and may be varied or withdrawn at any time. Accurate at time of publication [October 2020]. Freepost Audi Financial Services. Make an Enquiry More Offers


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In Maycomb County racism happened all the time everywhere and was not
thought to be wrong in any way. The colored people were basically treated
like nothing and just worked and had no say in any thing. Also in the time of
Maycomb colored people were still beaten and there were no labor laws and
they were forced to work all the time and were not allowed to go to school.
They were also accused of white people's wrongs and were tortured, beaten,
and hung for them before they could even get a trial.
Today's society has not really changed all that much since then, except the
other ethnic groups are being tortured and beaten and hung because of a
white man accusing him of something. Although the physical abuse and labor
forced upon other ethnic groups are not there any more the mind set of white
people assuming they are better in most ways is still present.
Most people do
not realize it but yes, racism is still a huge issue in today's world.
White people are always comparing other races to themselves as if they
are the best race of all and they are the ones that set the standard. Some white
people deny being racist in any way but what they don't realize is there just
as racist as any buddy else that is. They still judge and assume things just
because of the color of another human being's skin. Colored people do not
have it as easy as white people do just because they have a different color of
skin and society has taught the generations of kids and previous kids and will
probably teach our future kids to be racist.
Most people do not look at another person's character or their actions or
how they feel or there opinion in certain areas but most of their attention goes
towards their ethnic back round and skin color, or how a person looks on the
outside. Martin Luther King was a very courageous man who opened
people's eyes on the issue of racism and showed people how different races
are being treated by the white race. He tried to show that it was what was in
the inside of a person that counts not there skin color or ethnicity.
I think people are individually different in many ways, not by the fact of
there skin color but there skills and their skills come from there ethnic back
round which make them special in their own way and also make them better
in certain areas than other people. I do not make any assumptions until I meet
a person there skin color means nothing to me, their character, attitude, moral
values are what is important to me. People are people and should be treated
like it and not be demoted because of skin color their color and ethnicity is
what makes them unique as an individual person.


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"And He called to Moses, and God spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting, saying..." (Leviticus 1:1)
The verb "to call" in Hebrew is vayikra; if you read the text in the original Hebrew you can see that the word is written with a midget sized aleph. This lends the word a surface resemblance to a different Hebrew word - vayikor, which means, "to chance upon." Both of these words are often associated with prophecy throughout the Torah except that the word vayikor is specifically selected to convey the very opposite of the idea of "to call"; the intention is to portray the prophetic experience it describes as no more than a chance encounter.
People who are selected by God to be prophets are generally on a very high spiritual level; prophets are beloved of God. (See Maimonides, Foundations of the Torah, Ch.7) Sometimes God will conduct a conversation with a person who is far from beloved; a person that He is 'reluctant' to be associated with. He talks to such people when He needs to communicate some vital information specifically through them; when this happens, God is careful to describe such conversations as having 'taken place by chance'. He wants to emphasize that they were necessity driven rather than relationship oriented. For example, the word vayikor is used to describe the contact between God and the non-Jewish prophet, Bilaam (Numbers 23:16).
In the context of a conversation with Moses, who was certainly beloved of God, the implication conveyed by the small aleph is false and inappropriate. The Ba'al Haturim, a medieval commentator, basing himself on Rashi's commentary, explains:
In his monumental humility, Moses wished to describe God's revelation to him with the same uncomplimentary word used to describe God's connection to Bilaam; he wanted to omit the aleph. God insisted that he write the aleph; He wanted to emphasize that His call to Moses was not by chance. It was issued voluntarily and was the expression of the deepest affection. Too humble to do this wholeheartedly, Moses inserted a small aleph.
Although humility is an admirable trait, its expression in this instance seems totally inappropriate. The call to Moses was not issued to him in his personal capacity but as the representative of the Jewish people. This same humble Moses fought like a lion when God threatened to withdraw His special connection to the Jewish people or to himself as their representative:
"How then will it be known that I have found favor in Your eyes, I and Your people, unless You accompany us, and I and Your people are made distinct from every people on the face of the earth!" (Exodus 33:16)
Rashi (ibid.) interprets this passage as a plea to relate to Jewish prophets in terms of the special relationship the Jewish people enjoys with God: Jewish prophets should be treated with special affection as representatives of their nation no matter what their personal merit might be. The description of the connection that flows through Jewish prophecy as Vayikra, in contrast to non-Jewish prophecy characterized as Vayekor, is a direct outcome of Moses' own request.
How does it make sense for Moses to deliberately attempt to nullify the very distinction that he fought to obtain? It is not his personal honor that is at stake; the enunciation of the special status of the Jewish people in God's eyes is at stake in the omission of this crucial little aleph. This is hardly the appropriate occasion for a demonstration of personal humility.
To find the answer to the problem, we must first discuss the theme of the Book of Leviticus, called Vayikra in Hebrew. On closer examination, the origin of the entire Book is to be found in the little Aleph of our story.
This week's Torah portion - Parshat Vayikra – opens an entire book devoted largely to the description of different sorts of animal sacrifices and the rules that are associated with offering them.
The modern mind has difficulty relating to the idea of offering such sacrifices to God; we cannot help regarding the ceremonious butchering of animals as barbaric, a practice that belongs to a more primitive age. Yet we Jews pray for the rebuilding of the Temple and the reinstatement of animal sacrifices three times daily; it is therefore important to gain some insight into the practice, and attempt to understand how sensible human beings can accept it as essential to maintaining a close relationship with God.
Jewish tradition teaches that a person has two souls. He has a nefesh ha-elohit, a "Divine soul" and a nefesh ha-behamit, literally an "animal soul." The animal soul is attached to the blood and serves as the source of the energy that powers life; it is the quality we think of as the 'life force'. God Himself states in the Torah:
"Any man of the House of Israel and from the proselyte who shall dwell among them who will consume any blood, I shall concentrate My attention upon the soul consuming the blood, and I will cut it off from the midst of its people. For the soul of the flesh is in the blood and I have assigned it for you upon the altar to provide atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that atones for the soul." (Leviticus 17:10-11)
English is not a spiritual language; it lacks the vocabulary to differentiate between the different parts of the soul. A soul is just a soul. Not so Hebrew, the language of the Torah, which is very rich in words that describe spiritual phenomena.
According to Jewish tradition the Divine soul has various levels:
- The lowest level of the soul is the nefesh ha-elohit, a spiritual 'life force' that exactly parallels the nefesh ha-behamit.
- This nefesh is attached to something on a higher spiritual level called the ruach, meaning "spirit."
- The ruach in turn is attached to the neshamah; literally God's "breath."
- This neshamah is eventually (through two more levels) attached to the Shechina, a manifestation of God.
We have explained at great length in our essay on the previous Torah portion, Pikudei, what we mean when we declare that the manifestation of God's Presence called the Shechina 'resides' in the Temple. Our thesis was that as the Temple is a part of the physical world, the Presence of God, clearly a spiritual phenomenon, couldn't possibly reside in it directly. The resting place of the Shechina is the human soul. When the spiritual attachment of the human soul to the Shechina is widespread and intense, the attachment can be 'felt' in tangible terms and it is this 'attachment' that is detectable in the Temple. We shall now attempt to bring this idea closer to earth.
By focusing his life on attaching his Nefesh Habehamit, or his 'life force', to his Nefesh Elokit, his Divine soul, and extending the connection through the levels of the Divine soul all the way up to the Shechina, man has the ability to connect the entire physical world, of which his animal soul is the highest expression, directly to the Presence of God. The completion of this connection provides the Shechina with a spiritual highway that connects the Heavenly throne with the physical world. The Shechina can use this highway to make God's Presence manifest in our world.
But how do we attach our Nefesh Habehamit to our Nefesh Elokit first of all, and then how can we extend the connection through the levels of the Nefesh Elokit up to the Shechina?
Our 'life force' is not only the expression of our Nefesh Habehamit; it is also the concentrated essence of the physical world. In order to live, we must eat and drink, we must have shelter and clothing etc.; we extract innumerable inputs from the physical world to keep ourselves alive. The life force that attaches to our blood and circulates through our bodies is not only an expression of our Nefesh Habehamit; it is also the distilled essence of all the resources of the physical world necessary to sustain it.
When we apply the energy provided by this life force to carry out the commandments of the Torah, we transform the essence of the physical world into a living expression of the Torah's teachings. But while we take the energy to carry out the Torah's commandments from the physical world, the thrust and the enthusiasm to fulfill mitzvoth is generated by our Divine souls. The animal soul feels no compulsion to observe the commandments – why would it? - Its requirements can only be satisfied by inputs that are extracted from the physical world.
This means that when we use our life force to carry out the dictates of the Torah, we actually turn our animal souls into vehicles of expression for our Divine souls. As the Nefesh Habehamit, the 'life force' is also the distilled essence of the physical world, the entire physical world becomes subsumed to man's Divine soul through the fulfillment of the Torah's commandments. The subjugation of the animal portion of man to his Godly part is the phenomenon that fuses the various parts of the soul to one another; we can now appreciate why it is necessary to observe the mitzvoth if we desire the Shechina to be a Presence in the physical world.
But what if the animal soul refuses to submit to its spiritual counterpart? What if it drives its owner to violate the commandments of the Torah in the pursuit of its own interests, the consumption of more of the inputs of the physical world?
As described above, both our souls have a nefesh portion – the battle between them takes place on the level playing field of nefesh versus nefesh - as both are in charge of the movements of the self same physical body, when the animal soul refuses to bend to the Divine soul, the opposite must happen. The Nefesh Elokit is subjugated to the Nefesh Habehamit and becomes its captive.
As the Nefesh Elokit starts to fuse with the Nefesh Habehamit the link between the Nefesh Elokit and the higher level of ruach is weakened; the highest level of the Divine soul, the neshama detaches almost entirely from any connection with the level of nefesh; the highway that connects the physical world to the Shechina is blocked; there is no way for the presence of God to manifest itself in the physical world.
The Presence of the Shechina departs from the Temple, which loses its spiritual significance and becomes merely another physical building. If the process of detachment is not reversed within a reasonable period the Temple is eventually destroyed. It cannot survive as a purely physical artifact.
The human mind and the human heart serve as the battleground for the war that rages between the two souls - the animal and the Divine. Man's life on earth is a series of battles; he is constantly forced to choose to identify himself with one or another of his two souls.
To fully round out the picture of the way the process of the integration of the different portions of the soul operates it is helpful to approach it in the context of the three basic stages of human development with which we are all familiar.
An adult human being is generally in control of his own life and is therefore charged with the duty of setting a course for himself. An adult comes to terms with the world around him through a combination of things. He looks at the world through the window of his character and attitudes; a looking glass that was formed by forces beyond his control; the combination of heredity and environment that is unique to him. But his judgments are voluntary; they are made in the light of the knowledge he has assembled through his life experience. He reaches decisions regarding the purpose and aim of his life, and marshals his forces and directs his activities accordingly. The pattern of our lives as adults is justifiably regarded as accurate expressions of who we really are.
Children cannot fully express their understanding in their lives. They have not yet developed the maturity or self-discipline to subject their behavior to their understanding; it is for this reason that children's lives are generally managed by others, hopefully by concerned and mature adults. But while children's lives cannot demonstrate their views, they express their basic characters perfectly.
Precisely because of his lack of self-control, the child is driven by his innate desires and ambitions, ruled by his emotions. It is not that children have feeble minds; on the contrary, we are at the very peak of our ability to absorb new information at this stage of our lives. But a child's mind is not the faculty that he expresses in his life; at this stage of development we can only express our hearts. If adult behavior is a window to understanding and intelligence, than childhood can be regarded as a display of the workings of the heart.
An infant cannot even express his heart. The infant is entirely ruled by the intensity of his life force. This stage of our development is the one in which we demonstrate the least amount of individuality. All infants are pretty much alike and express the very same things in much the same way. When they are want something they cry, and when their needs are satisfied they gurgle and smile.
R' Chaim of Volozhin, the famous student of the Gaon of Vilna, explains in his work Nefesh HaChaim (Gate 1) that the neshama expresses itself in our ideas and thoughts, the ruach attaches itself to our emotions and our speech, and the nefesh can only express itself through our actions. Spiritually speaking, we are adults, teen-agers and infants simultaneously throughout our lives on different levels.
When a person fulfills a Torah commandment on the highest level - with full understanding of what he is doing and why his deed is significant in the eyes of God - his entire soul is able to express itself in his act. (His neshama fuses with his thoughts, his ruach fuses with the emotion he invests, and his nefesh is expressed in the actual physical performance.) He is a spiritual adult, a person worthy of respect and capable of maintaining a mature relationship with the Shechina.
When he lacks Torah knowledge and therefore spiritual understanding, he is only able to express his spiritual feelings and character through the medium of the ruach. Without spiritual understanding he cannot relate to God as a spiritual adult but he is able to maintain his relationship with God on the level of a child to his parent, which is also quite an intense spiritual bond.
But when he is unobservant, a person is considered to be totally lacking in spiritual self control and is regarded as a spiritually infant. He can feel happy or cry but cannot communicate spiritually at all. You can love an infant but there is no way to communicate intelligently with him or her.
When the Shechina bonds with a person that person becomes God's representative in the lower world. You can look at him or her and see the Divine reaction to world events. How can God allow Himself to be represented by infants, or even by children? Someone who is not on the spiritual level of Neshama is obviously unsuitable to serve as God's representative. God can only be present in the world when Jewish society has a large number of spiritual adults.
We now have a fair degree of understanding why the unification of the Divine soul and the animal soul is necessary to allow the Shechina to penetrate into the physical world. The endurance of the Temple as a physical entity depends on the ability to permanently maintain this state of unity between the two souls. It follows that if there is a desire to preserve the Temple for any length of time, we have to provide man with a mechanism that allows him to re-attach the animal soul to the Divine soul when the state of unity is severed, something that is bound to happen.
"The human being who only does good and never sins does not exist on earth." (Ecclesiastes 7:20)
Slipping off the 'straight and narrow' path is the inevitable lot of man. The highway the Shechina uses to enter the world will necessarily require repeated repairs. The Temple cannot remain a permanent fixture in the physical world without a method to carry out these repairs.
Hence the need for animal sacrifices.
The life force of the sacrificial animal is a close relative of the human animal soul, the repository of the human life force. When a person buys a sacrifice, the animal life force becomes an expression of the owner's own. The money that he expended on the purchase was acquired through labor and effort generated by his own life force. The resources of the physical world that were employed to energize the owner's own animal soul supplied the energy that fueled this labor and effort.
The sacrificial animal is thus an expression of the owner's animal soul. When it is offered up on the altar to God, it is man's own animal soul - which has fused with that of the sacrifice –that is being metaphorically placed on the altar; the act of sacrifice allows it to reunite with the Shechina once again. The breach between the animal soul and the Divine soul is mended; the highway to God is repaired and the Temple can continue to function.
Of course this only happens when the sacrifice is offered properly. All sacrifices must be modeled on the Akeida of Isaac, the Binding of Isaac [Sha'rei Hoavodah, R' Yonah]; the owner has to imagine the animal as his replacement. He must regard the blood sprinkled on the altar, the innards that are burnt by the fire as substitutes for his own blood and innards; the limbs of the sacrifice as representing his own; they are the very ones that performed the improper deeds which caused the parts of his soul to separate from each other and from the Shechina.
Just like you cannot have sacrifices without a Temple, it is impossible to maintain a Temple without sacrifices.
We are now ready to return to the little aleph of Moses.
God called to Moses. Why? If it was merely to catch his attention there is no need to record the call. The summons forms no part of the subsequent conversation; it is quite obvious that it is impossible to speak to a person without first catching his attention
Rashi (Leviticus 1:1) quotes the Sages who tell us:
This summons to Moses is mentioned to teach us that whenever God wished to impart a new command to him, He first summoned him lovingly, saying "Moses, Moses." [This is] the method of communication employed by the angels, who call each other and say, "Holy, holy, holy!" (Isaiah 1:6-7)
The call is a summons to come near; God wants to communicate with Moses from up close, not from a distance. The purpose of the call is to establish the quality of the subsequent communication, not merely to initiate it.
As we have described, coming near to God is accomplished by ascending the three steps of holiness represented by the phrase Holy, holy, holy uttered by the angels. The nefesh must ascend to the ruach, the ruach to the neshama, and the neshama must connect with the Shechina. Only thus can one speak with God face to face as it were:
"Mouth to mouth do I speak to him, in a clear vision and not in riddles, at the image of God does he gaze." (Numbers 12:8)
God desires Moses' nearness. As Moses ascends through the levels of holiness, the Shechina descends through the same levels to the physical world; it all fuses into one.
Moses ascribes his ability to climb the levels of holiness to God's summons. It is only because God draws him near that he differs from Bilaam. On his own, he would remain mired in the physical world on the spiritual level of nefesh, forced to communicate with God from such a great distance that the very connection would necessarily feel accidental. His desire to omit the Aleph does not describe the quality of the communication but is his assessment of the size of his spiritual contribution.
But God attributes His nearness to Moses to Moses' own ability to establish the highway that allows the Shechina to descend to the physical world. He insists on the use of the aleph as His assessment of the size of Moses' contribution. The Temple is a microcosm of the entire universe and all it contains, the heavens and the earth squeezed into a tiny area. Man ascends and the presence of God descends.
God tells Moses to write the word with the aleph. It is along the spiritual highway constructed by the Jewish people that God enters the physical world and summons Moses to draw near. It is due to the fact that the distance between the heavens and the earth has become reduced through human effort that Moses is able to respond to God's summons and actually manage to close a gap that is as wide as the universe.
As in all healthy relationships, each side perceives the contribution of the other as more significant than his own. Indeed there is ample room for the expression of humility here.
Jacob was the first one to envision a house containing the presence of God on earth. On that site, upon which God's Temple would eventually stand, he had a vision:
"A ladder was set earthward and its top reached heavenward. And behold! Angels of God were ascending and descending on it. And behold God was standing over him, and He said, 'I am YHVH, God of Abraham your father and God of Isaac. The ground upon which you are lying, to you will I give it and to your descendants.'" (Genesis 28: 12-13)
When Jacob awoke, he exclaimed:
"How awesome is this place! This is none other than the house of God and this is the gate of the heavens!" (Genesis 28:16-17)
Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin:
This ladder is none other than the soul of man. It is the force that connects the heavens to the earth and allows the angels to ascend and descend. It allows the Shechina to descend to the Holy Land, which therefore is granted to Jacob's descendants and transforms the Temple into the gates of heaven through which the prayers of the Jewish people can freely ascend.


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Location: Bought at an HEB in San Antonio.
Ambiance: A gourmet supermarket/grocery store.
Cost: About $3.50 for 12 oz.
Presentation: Found in the "sausage" section of a major grocery store chain: Tightly sealed in a thick vacuumed pack.
Casing: Rubbery and thin.
Rice/Meat Ratio: Meat? I suppose there are tiny bits of meat in here but they are swamped by the rice.
Texture: Kind of pasty with lots of undercooked rice.
Spices: Medium .
Overall Taste: Salty, greasy and lots of parsley. But the defining taste here is a chili and a slight tomato taste. Kind of a "hamburger helper" chili taste. Not strong, but undeniable. Sure there is chicken in here, but it is inconsequential to the link.
Comments: What could we expect? Creole Style boudin? What's that. Never had it in Louisiana, so why would it be good from Texas? Or anywhere? Creole Style CHICKEN boudin? Huh? And the ingredients include butter and tomato . . . . Huh? True the addition of tomato would lean in the direction of the Creole, but come on . . . . . . . . .
Reviewed May 2007
© 2013 Boudin Link | Site by : Red Room - Web Design Lafayette, Louisiana


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Do local schemes such as the Lewes pound have a future?
By Philippa Busby
Business reporter, BBC News, Lewes
- Published
Cliffe High Street in Lewes has a uniquely traditional feel about it.
Among the independent shops on the busy thoroughfare are names like Percy's Fishing Tackle, The Gardener's Arms and May's General Store.
On 14 September 2008 as the world felt the first blow of what was to deepen into a financial crisis with the collapse of the US giant bank Lehman brothers, the traders of Cliffe High Street in Lewes became part of a micro-economic experiment designed to bring greater financial resilience and independence to their town.
The Lewes pound was born.
The idea was simple: create a complementary currency which could be exchanged for sterling but could only be used within the confines of Lewes with the aim of bringing loyalty and therefore trade to independent shops as well reducing the carbon footprint of it's residents.
Valuable lesson
Complementary currencies have existed in different cultures for centuries.
But they came into their own during the 1930's.
"The biggest explosion of them came in the Great Depression, mainly in America but also in Central Europe and to a far lesser extent in the UK," , says David Boyle from the New Economics Foundation (NEF).
"The British have always been very conservative about money, they don't realise as other countries do, that you can experiment and create your own if you're running out of cash.
"I think that is a lesson we still have to learn over here," he said.
'Changing behaviour'
Residents of Lewes aren't the only ones trying to learn that lesson. There are also local pounds to be found in London's Brixton, Stroud in Gloucestershire and Totnes in Devon.
So do local pounds work?
"The individual cash has, I believe, a small economic effect but the behaviour change that it can cause has a much bigger impact," Patrick Crawford, a member of the Lewes pound group says.
But when asked whether shoppers will be opening their purses and wallets and using it today he accepts it may be a little hard to find.
"Some people are - if that's not too diplomatic. I think it's working."
I show the notes to a number of shoppers. Some recognise it, others don't.
A few people like the idea but say they never see them, whilst one man tells me they're a great and he uses them when he can.
Taking off
Two years ago, locals swapped £30,000 for Lewes notes. These stayed in circulation for a year before being withdrawn.
A new issue worth £15,000 will be in use for the next four years.
But the town has plans and is currently advertising for a co-ordinator to push the project on.
However, some think local currencies will need to become more sophisticated to really take off.
"I don't think we're going to see a huge difference in this country until they start being able to get loans in them - very low interest loans or perhaps interest free loans," says NEF's David Boyle.
"At that point I think it starts to have the real potential to make an economic impact. So copying what they do in Switzerland for example, where there is a parallel currency, and where you can get very low interest loans.
"When local authorities start catching on to the possibilities then we'll see a real difference over here."
'Lost momentum'
Bill's Produce Store and Café is one place in Lewes where the pound is accepted. Owner Bill Collison thinks the idea has lost momentum but it is an idea worth fighting for.
"When the Lewes pound came out we all grabbed at it," he says.
"It seemed to come out at a time when the world was sort of sinking and the Lewes pound became the major talking point.
"I think we can work hard to make it used more again. It's something I think Lewes people are proud of. We still see them in the tills quite a lot."
Busker Tim Bolwell is also a fan.
"Every now and again someone puts a Lewes pound in my hat.
"Any kind of pound is good to me, it's certainly better than getting pence."
But with retail expansion increasingly global, do small local currencies have a future?
"I think local currencies have a critical role to play," David Boyle says.
"Although this is many years off, increasingly we'll be using many different currencies in our day-to-day lives for different aspects of our lives."


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