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Evidence from brain research makes most of the educational debates of the past fifty years seem trivial and uninformed. We now know that learning is a physical process, based on making connections and building networks between brain cells, bound together and taken forward by the development and application of memory. Whatever builds these neural networks contributes to learning, and whatever neglects or interferes with them, prevents it. For an introduction to the work, and a description of its development over more than a century of Nobel-Prize winning research, see Erich Kandel's In Search of Memory, and for something more concise, Sarah-Jane Blakemore and Utah Frith's The Learning Brain.
On the positive side, this research is allows us to base teaching on evidence rather than fashion or conviction. For example, Dr Matt Davis of the Medical Research Council has shown that children recognise shared words in new languages more quickly than words with an unfamiliar origin. With a caveat against over-relying on the link because of a (small) number of false friends, the finding provides scientific endorsement for one aspect of the approach of the late Michel Thomas. He taught almost no vocabulary in his introductory language courses that the learner did not already know, at least in part, via the Latin link that runs through most European languages, and enabled adults to learn new languages quickly, even if they had previously failed.
We have evidence of the effects on brain structure of learning music, and can expect more, particularly in mathematics, where a person's problem solving skills depend in large measure on the knowledge and understanding they bring to the task.
On the negative side, this new evidence challenges the beliefs on which many people, on all sides of politics, have built their working lives and views of the world, and which they will not give up. Our opponents still attribute educational success and failure to privilege and social inequality. Pierre Bourdieu's idea of "cultural capital", which he linked to wealth rather than intellect, offers a Marxist endorsement of the idea. The "secondary modern comprehensive" suited their case very well, as the lack of challenge in schools ensured that only those whose parents invested personally in their education could succeed.
These parents were generally better off, sometimes from inheritance, and, thanks to grammar schools, because their own intelligence and education had made them higher earners.
Either way, education was seen to benefit one section of the population at the expense of the rest, and this had to be altered, even if it meant holding back the brightest. C4's "Educating" series has now shown the issue three times, in Harlow, Yorkshire and Walthamstow. It is, for those involved, a matter of principle, and their principles are different from ours. Jonny Mitchell's "I can't, and I won't," to the pupil he had unfairly suspended, reminded me of Martin Luther's "Here I stand. I can do no other". He still doesn't understand that the root cause was his failure to protect his pupil from bullying, but perhaps "I can't, I won't," applies there too.
As we approach the end of this parliament, our major reforms are in the balance. Changing the curriculum and examinations is a lengthy business, and has been made more difficult by the delaying tactics of our opponents. The opposition of many senior figures in teacher training to basing research on "what works" is undiminished, and they have persuaded Labour to oppose the involvement of the National College for Teaching and Leadership in educational research, just as its first major project, on maths, is beginning to have an impact.
Labour is still committed to the micro-management and coursework that have driven teachers to distraction. After the pugilism of Ed Balls, the two education spokesmen they have put up have said next to nothing, but from their point of view, this does not greatly matter. All they need to do is sit things out.
There are two bright spots as we approach the New Year.
The first is the work I mentioned in my last column on the teaching of writing, by Ros Wilson and, I now find, Alan Peat, both of whom tackle the underlying problems of building up language and control that have prevented children from doing their school work properly. They have marketed their work directly to schools, bypassing teacher training and the ideologues in the National Association for the Teaching of English. Schools across the country, from the Highlands to Cornwall, are responding with enthusiasm.
The second is the opportunity presented by the survey of teachers' workload, an issue that has nothing to do with the length of the school day or with holidays. Labour's paperwork requirements, for planning and coursework, were an outrageous imposition and a colossal waste of teachers' time. I admired the headteacher I worked with recently who said "I won't do it to them," but she is in a minority, and is taking a risk when inspection is still dominated by paperwork and spurious data.
Many headteachers, having complained about national curriculum level descriptions for years, have responded to their abolition by keeping them on for their own convenience. Some have even invented new ones.
Nicky Morgan may well have only one chance to make a significant change before the election, and this is it. By hook or by crook, she must cut the paperwork, and make sure that headteachers and inspectors base their judgements on direct and informed assessments of pupils' work. If she can do this – and it will not be easy – she will strike a blow against bureaucratic ignorance and give teachers a very good reason for voting Conservative.


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Custom Refinishing
Exotic or special custom finishes are no problem. We can match them all! Bring in your hot rod or show truck and we'll restore its flawless finish. We've also worked on:
- Custom built garden tractors
- Refrigerators
- Complete kitchen cabinet sets
- Fire Department rescue/recovery vehicles
- Motorcycles and parts
- Signs
- Lawn furniture
- Air pack prototype for NASA Astronauts
Flames are our specialty!
Our Toyota pickup truck and our Dodge Ram pickup truck are both done in conventional flames from the late 1960's, early 1970's era.

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At Shriners Hospitals for Children, the health and safety of our patients, families, volunteers and staff is our top priority. With the evolving situation regarding COVID-19, we are closely monitoring updates from local health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and are actively following their recommendations.
If your child has an upcoming appointment, please contact your local Shriners Hospitals for Children location.
Shriners Hospitals for Children — Philadelphia visitor information.
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3551 N. Broad St. Philadelphia, PA 19140
Acute fractures are common orthopaedic injuries that occur in kids. Falls during play and injuries while playing sports are common. These fractures primarily involve the arms and legs. Most pediatric fractures can be treated with casting with or without closed reduction. Occasionally, surgery is required to realign the broken bones.
Amniotic band syndrome (congenital constriction band syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a fetus becomes entangled in the fibrous, string-like amniotic bands from the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the baby during pregnancy. Because the baby continues to grow and the bands do not, they restrict blood flow and disrupt normal growth and development. The restriction of blood flow can cause congenital deformities to the arms, face, fingers, legs or toes. Treatment of amniotic band syndrome may include surgery, occupational or physical therapy, or the use of a custom prosthesis made in-house.
Amputation can be secondary to a failure of the limb to develop during pregnancy or following trauma (e.g. lawnmower accident). An infant born with an amputation requires evaluation by a physician with expertise in pediatric amputation to ensure the best management options are provided, (i.e. therapy, prosthesis, family support and education). In contrast, a child who sustains a traumatic amputation requires emergent care and immediate management. This urgent care usually occurs at a trauma hospital with surgery directed at limb salvage (e.g. replantation). Successful salvage requires extensive rehabilitation. Unsuccessful salvage requires amputation management as detailed above.
Anterior cruciate ligament/ACL tear is an increasingly common sports injury that may lead to instability and pain in the knee. Treatment is often through surgical reconstruction, with a variety of management options based on the age of the patient, followed by rehabilitation.
Arthrogryposis is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple joint contractures (stiff joints), which can include weakness and fibrosis. Treatment may include physical and occupational therapy, splints or casts. Surgery may be necessary to improve joint function.
Leaders in arthrogryposis evaluation and treatment
We provide worldwide expertise in the evaluation and treatment of children with arthrogryposis. Our therapists, orthotics department and physicians are exceptional in the non-operative and operative management of these children. The goals of management include improving range of motion, achieving ambulation and promoting independence in life's daily activities. The upper and lower extremity teams work in concert to achieve these goals and coordinate care to maximize the child's potential.
Benign tumors of the bone are various types of tumors that can grow within the bone or sprout from the inside to the outside of the bone. Tumors within the bone are frequently benign cysts filled with fluid or composed of cartilage (a.k.a. enchondroma). These tumors grow and can expand the bone, making the bone more susceptible to break or fracture. In fact, a fracture may be the first sign that there is a tumor within the bone. Tumors that sprout from the bone are usually an exostosis (bone covered by cartilage). These benign tumors can be an isolated growth (solitary) or many growths in multiple areas (multiple hereditary exostosis).
Blount's disease/bow legs (tibia vara) is a rare growth disorder of the tibia (shin bone) that causes the lower leg to angle inward, resembling a bowleg. Treatment for Blount's disease may include bracing or surgery.
Bone lesions (non-cancerous) are abnormal growths or tumors found in the bone. Surgery may be a necessary form of treatment if the tumor enlarges or affects function.
Brachial plexus injury (Erb's Palsy) is paralysis or injury to the nerves located in the neck/shoulder area that control the muscles of the arm that usually occurs during birth. If these nerves are damaged during the birth process, there may be a loss of movement or weakness of the arm. The physician and occupational therapist will perform a thorough assessment to determine the best treatment plan. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the injury. Severe injuries or torn nerves require microsurgery to reconnect the nerves within the first year of life. Less severe injuries require range of motion exercises and occupational therapy. Periodic evaluations are important to assess progress. Insufficient recovery requires secondary surgery that may include joint release, tendon transfer or osteotomy.
Leaders in brachial plexus evaluation and treatment
We provide worldwide expertise in the evaluation and treatment of children with brachial plexus injuries. Our therapists, occupational therapy department and physicians are exceptional in the non-operative and operative management of these children. The initial goals of management are range of motion and exercises. The goal is to maintain supple joint and limb motion allowing time for the injured nerve to recover. This therapy is necessary while the child is still growing. In children who fail to recover movement, microsurgery is necessary to reconnect the nerves and the surgical team is facile in this operation. Ongoing expert evaluation is necessary for the best care options.
Bunions are an abnormal enlargement of the joint of the great toe. Bunions may be treated by taping or splinting of the foot, padded shoe inserts, anti-inflammatory medication or cortisone injection. Surgery may be necessary if conservative treatment does not work.
Cerebral palsy (CP) (static encephalopathy) is a condition affecting muscle tone, movement and coordination. It is the most common disability that occurs before, during or immediately after the birth of children and is related to an event which caused lack of oxygen to the brain and a neurological impact. Shriners Hospitals for Children is considered a leader in treating the orthopaedic effects of cerebral palsy and it is the most commonly treated condition at the Philadelphia Shriners Hospital.
There are three main types of CP:
Within each main type, there are several more specific diagnoses indicating a more specific area of neurological impairment, such as spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia, etc.
Children with cerebral palsy can exhibit a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe. Some typical indicators of cerebral palsy may include:
Treatment options for cerebral palsy include:
Charcot-Marie-Tooth is a group of disorders that affect the peripheral nerves that carry messages between the brain and muscles throughout the body. There is loss of muscle in the legs, feet, arms and hands. Treatment includes physical and occupational therapy, braces and splints. Surgery may be necessary for severe foot and hand deformities.
Cleft hand (central deficiency) is a condition where the central portions of the hand and/or feet fail to develop in utero. The hands and/or feet are missing a variable number of digits. The classic type is missing central digits with preservation of the border digits and a deep-seated cleft in between. Hence, the hands have thumbs and small fingers and the feet have great and small toes. However, there are variations with more or less digits absent. Cleft hand can be hereditary and occur in families or can occur spontaneously without other family members being affected.
Clubfoot/talipes equinovarus is a condition present at birth where the foot points downward while the toes and bottom of foot point inward. We use the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot. This consists of serial casting, which starts as soon after birth as possible. Most babies will have a minor surgical procedure called a tenotomy, followed by bracing with a foot abduction orthosis. Physical therapy may be ordered. Once corrected, older children are carefully followed and braced as needed. Rarely is there a recurrence of the clubfoot as the child grows.
Congenital hand deformities is a global term that implies failure of the limb to develop normally during pregnancy. Specific congenital hand anomalies include syndactyly, polydactyly, duplicated thumb, hypoplastic or absent thumb, cleft hand (central deficiency), radial deficiency, ulnar deficiency and macrodactyly. Treatment options include observation, bracing, therapy and possibly surgery to improve function.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition of the hip joint where the child is born with or develops an abnormal hip. The normal hip is a ball and socket joint where the ball (femoral head) is located on the top of the thigh bone (femur) and sits in a round socket (acetabulum) that is a part of the pelvis. DDH is a spectrum of disease ranging from slight under-covering of the ball by the socket to a hip that is completely dislocated. In the newborn period, treatment may involve a Pavlik harness to promote development of the hip joint. In older children, spica casting or surgery may be necessary to keep the ball in the socket and promote normal development of the hip. Newborns are susceptible to DDH by tight swaddling techniques. It is recommended that when a newborn is swaddled, the upper body can be wrapped tightly but the legs should be free to allow proper hip flexion and abduction. Tight swaddling where the hips and knees are straight not allowing movement has been shown to increase the risk for DDH.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) usually cause weakness in the legs more than arms and are very slowly progressive. The feet are often affected. This is an inherited condition that can develop during infancy up to age 40 and is managed with bracing, therapy and surgery if indicated.
Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 (an extra chromosome 21), is a condition that can cause abnormal motion of the bones of the neck (cervical spine). Too much abnormal motion in the cervical spine can cause pressure on the spinal cord. Treatment for this disorder requires regular clinical exams and X-rays. Surgery may be necessary if there is too much motion of the cervical spine (laxity) and/or if there is pressure on the spinal cord.
Duplicated thumb is a condition where the thumb fails to develop normally during pregnancy. The thumb forms with two parts and is also called a "split thumb." Duplicated thumb is common and typically requires surgery at about one year of age. The goal of surgery is to combine the best parts of each thumb to reconstruct the best thumb possible with regards to size, alignment and movement.
Dwarfism (achondroplasia) is a bone growth disorder resulting in short stature. Options for treatment may be hormone therapy or surgery.
Flat feet/pes planus is a very common condition that usually does not interfere with a child's comfort or ability to walk. If the flat foot persists and the child is complaining of pain, shoe orthotics/inserts, braces or pain medication may be beneficial. Surgery is rarely needed.
Fracture (complete or partial) is a broken bone. Treatment may include casting or surgery. Physical or occupational therapy may be necessary following the cast removal or surgery. Learn more about the fracture clinic.
Genu valgum (knock knees) is a common condition in young children, which they usually outgrow. Treatment is usually observation and sometimes X-rays. Pictures of the child's legs may be taken several months apart to see their progression. If necessary, a child may undergo a surgical procedure called guided growth, where plates and screws are secured to the growth plate; or a surgical procedure called an osteotomy, which is a complex procedure that involves cutting the bone, adding or removing a wedge of bone and realigning the bone.
Genu varum (bowed legs) is a common condition in young children. In the first year of life bowed legs are normal. Treatment is usually observation. Pictures of the child's legs may be taken several months apart to observe the straightening process. Most children outgrow this condition. If necessary, a child may undergo a surgical procedure called guided growth where plates and screws are secured to the growth plate; or a surgical procedure called an osteotomy, which is a complex procedure that involves cutting the bone, adding or removing a wedge of bone and realigning the bone.
High arched feet (pes cavus) is a condition where the arch of the foot does not flatten with weight bearing. Treatment for pes cavus is corrective shoes with arch supports or insoles. Surgery may be necessary for severe cases only.
Hypoplastic thumb is a condition whereby the thumb fails to develop normally during pregnancy. Hypoplastic means small or underdeveloped. The degree of smallness is variable and ranges from slightly small to completely absent. A slightly smaller thumb may require no treatment, or tendon transfer surgery to enhance thumb motion. The tendon transfer surgery moves a tendon from another digit to the thumb to promote movement. Very small or absent thumbs require a surgery called pollicization where the index finger is made into a thumb. This surgery is complicated and requires surgical expertise of a pediatric hand surgeon to obtain the best outcome.
In-toeing (pigeon toes) and out-toeing are common developmental concerns in children. The problem can develop solely in the foot or can be from a slight rotation of the hip or the lower leg bone. Most children outgrow this without any treatment, therefore special shoes, braces or exercises are not needed. Casting or surgical procedure is necessary for severe cases only.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (includes juvenile idiopathic arthritis) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints. Treatment may include medication and physical and occupational therapy. Surgery may be necessary for very severe cases only.
Knee pain is a very common finding, particularly in active children and youth. X-rays may be needed to determine the cause. Treatment is based on the specific diagnosis.
Kyphosis is an abnormally rounded back. Treatment may include physical therapy. Surgery may be necessary for a severe curve or if the spinal cord is being pinched.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes is a condition where blood no longer reaches the ball part of the hip, causing the bone to stop growing and flatten. Eventually blood flow is restored, dissolving the flattened part of the bone and replacing it with new bone. There is no known cause of this disorder. Treatment consists of observation, X-rays and keeping the newly growing bone centered in the hip socket. This helps the bone grow back in a properly round and smooth shape. Physical therapy (stretching) exercises may be prescribed to help keep the range of motion in the hip joint. Assistive equipment for walking, such as crutches, may be necessary. Occasionally, the child may need to be placed in casts or traction to keep the hip in the proper position while healing. Surgery is sometimes required, typically after the age of 7, to shape the hip joint and relieve pain.
Limb deficiency is a condition where a child is missing all or part of a limb. Limb deficiencies may be congenital or acquired and may take place in lower or upper limbs.
A multidisciplinary team of surgeons, nurses, prosthetists and therapists evaluate and work with each child to create a solution that maximizes their individual function. Treatment for both congenital and acquired limb deficiency may include custom prosthesis (artificial limb), splints or braces. Physical or occupational therapy may be needed. Surgery may be necessary to improve function and appearance of the residual limb.
Limb length discrepancy is a difference between the lengths of the arms or legs. Limb length discrepancy of the arms does not usually have an impact on how the arms function and usually requires no treatment. Children with limb length discrepancy of the legs may be treated using a shoe lift or shoe insert. Children with significant differences in leg length may need surgery. Surgical options include epiphysiodesis (slowing the growth in the long leg), Ilizarov method (lengthening of the short bone) or a new technique using lengthening rods. Epiphysiodesis is a surgery to stop the growth at the epiphysis (end of the bone). It is performed on the longer leg, which allows the shorter leg to catch up in growth. The Ilizarov method is an external device (metal rings on outside of arm or leg) with small wires that go through the bone. The bone is separated by cutting it and then slowly lengthened. When the desired length is reached, the metal ring and wires are removed and the limb is casted until the bone is fully healed, followed by physical therapy after cast removal.
Lordosis is an exaggerated swayed back. Treatment may include physical therapy or bracing. Surgery may be necessary for severe cases.
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the tissues and organs. Lupus is treated with medication.
Macrodactyly is an abnormal enlargement of fingers. Surgery may be required to improve the look and function of the fingers.
Meniscus injury - The menisci are semi-circular cushions inside the knee joint that are important for the long-term health of the knee. A meniscal tear may require surgical repair, followed by rehabilitation.
Metatarsal adductus is when the toes and forefoot point towards the midline. This may often be treated with stretching or casting, sometimes followed by bracing. Surgery is occasionally (but rarely) needed.
Missing thumb or fingers is a condition whereby the digits fail to develop normally during pregnancy. The number of digits missing is variable. A missing thumb is known as a hypoplastic thumb and the treatment is detailed under that category. A missing finger can be completely absent or manifest as a residual soft tissue nubbin. The treatment of missing fingers depends upon the number of fingers missing and the presence or absence of a thumb. In some cases, no treatment is necessary as the child is able to function well with his or her compliment of fingers. In other cases, reconstruction is necessary by adding bone to the residual soft tissue nubbin. In extreme cases, microsurgical transfer of a toe to the hand to act as a finger may be necessary.
Muscular dystrophy is a genetic and progressive disease that causes muscle fibers to weaken and break. Common treatments include physical therapy, medication and bracing of the limbs. Mobility aids, such as a cane, walker or wheelchair, may be needed. A ventilator may be needed for breathing assistance. Surgery may be necessary for contractures or scoliosis.
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse injury in the knee area of growing adolescents. There are several treatment options for Osgood-Schlatter disease including rest, ice, pain medication, physical therapy or a knee strap.
Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition in which there is a damaged area of cartilage and underlying bone within a joint, most commonly the knee or elbow. This may be treated with surgery or with bracing and rehab alone, depending on the nature of the lesion.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) is a genetic defect that impairs the body's ability to make strong bones. Treatment may include medication, casting or bracing. Surgery may be necessary for fractures that do not heal, recurrent fractures of the same bone or for scoliosis.
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection. This condition requires immediate treatment. Typically, the infected bone is removed and intravenous antibiotics are administered for a prolonged time. Once the infection is gone, the bony deficit requires reconstruction. Small deficits may heal or require bone grafting. Large deficits require more extensive surgery to bridge the defect.
Out-toeing – Some children may turn their feet out at rest or when they walk. There are many potential causes for this, which will be evaluated. In many cases, no treatment is needed; however, depending on the underlying cause, treatment with surgery or physical therapy may be required.
Patellar instability is a condition in which the patella (or kneecap) does not track smoothly in its joint. This may be treated with focused physical therapy and bracing or surgery in some cases.
Polydactyly is being born with extra fingers and/or toes. This deformity occurs during pregnancy. Polydactyly is treated with surgery to remove the extra digits.
Radial deficiency is a condition where the radial (radius bone) side of the forearm fails to develop normally during pregnancy. The extent of involvement is variable. Mild cases have mild shortening of the radius and a normal hand. Severe cases have complete absence of the radius and a missing thumb. In these cases, the hand/wrist is unsupported and sits perpendicular to the forearm. Treatment may require centralizing the wrist on the end of the remaining ulna (forearm bone) to make the forearm straight. Additional thumb reconstruction via pollicization (surgery that makes the index finger into a thumb) is often necessary.
Rickets is a metabolic bone disease that causes weak bones, bowed legs and other bone deformities. Treatment for rickets may include vitamin D and calcium supplements or bracing. Surgery may be required for severe cases only.
Scheuermann's disease is a more severe form of kyphosis or abnormal rounding of the back. Treatment may include physical therapy or bracing. Surgery may be necessary for a severe curve or if the spinal cord is being pinched.
Scleroderma is a condition that includes chronic hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue. Treatment may include medication and physical or occupational therapy. Surgery may be necessary for complications caused by scleroderma.
Scoliosis is a progressive condition causing the spine to curve. Treatment may include bracing with custom orthoses made in-house. Surgery may be necessary for severe cases. See Scoliosis and spine care page.
Leaders in scoliosis evaluation and innovative treatment
We provide worldwide expertise in the evaluation and treatment of children with scoliosis. Our therapists, orthotics department and physicians are exceptional in the non-operative and operative management of these children. Non-operative treatment utilizing physical therapy and bracing is helpful in most children. Progressive deformity requires surgery to prevent severe spine curvature. Our surgeons offer fusion and fusionless options dependent upon your child's age, curve and the status of his/her spine.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a condition when the upper end of the femur slips backwards in the hip socket, causing hip pain. Surgery is necessary to prevent further slipping.
Solitary and multiple hereditary exostoses are tumors that sprout from the bone; usually bone covered by cartilage. These benign tumors can be an isolated growth (solitary) or many growths in multiple areas (multiple hereditary exostosis). Multiple hereditary exostosis requires a team of experts and the bone tumors can grow anyway in the upper extremity, lower extremity and even the spine. Exostoses are removed if they are causing pain, deformity or neurologic problems. Surveillance is necessary into adulthood and there is a small chance that benign exostosis can degenerate into a cancerous lesion (chondrosarcoma) that requires removal.
Spina bifida (myelodysplasia) is a congenital defect of the spine where the spinal cord and its coverings (meninges) are exposed through a gap in the backbone. The initial care to address the exposed spinal cord and hydrocephalus is provided by a neurosurgeon. Orthopaedic evaluation and treatment for children with spina bifida begins after the neurosurgical intervention. Orthopaedic treatment for spina bifida includes physical therapy and occupational therapy, motion/gait analysis, ambulatory aids and/or orthoses (braces) to improve independence. Some children with spina bifida benefit from a custom wheelchair and seating assessment to improve mobility and prevent pressure areas. At Shriners Hospitals for Children — Philadelphia, we practice a multidisciplinary team approach including rehabilitation care, assistive technology, wheelchair and seating clinic, motion analysis center, neurology, neurosurgery, orthopaedics, orthotics (bracing), urology and nutrition services. Care is customized according to each child's needs.
Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord usually related to trauma, such as motor vehicle accident, sporting injuries or violence. The injury can occur at the cervical (neck) level, the thoracic (chest) level or the lumbar (lower back) level. The injury disrupts the signals that travel from the brain to the spinal cord and prevents them from reaching their downstream targets. The injury can be a complete blockade or incomplete barrier that allows some signals to traverse the injured segment. Cervical spinal cord injury affects the arms and legs (tetraplegia). Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord injury spares the arms and affects the legs (paraplegia). The initial injury requires immediate management to prevent any additional injury to the spinal cord. Surgery is often required to stabilize the bony/ligamentous injury to the spinal column. Many medical issues also require management, as the injury to the spinal cord affects many other homeostatic systems such as blood pressure. We provide worldwide expertise in the evaluation and treatment of children with spinal cord injury. Once the spine is stabilized, extensive rehabilitation is necessary that requires a multidisciplinary team, including rehabilitation specialists, spine surgeons, therapists, urologists, phycologists, nurses and social work. The team works together and with the patient/family to ensure that the optimum care is rendered. Although not required, we also perform ongoing clinical research to carefully assess our outcomes following treatment. We also are devoted to basic science research in the effort to find the cure for spinal cord injury. We offer non-operative and operative management. Therefore, children with spinal cord injury are best cared for at an institution that specializes in the care and treatment of spinal cord injury.
Spinal instability is an abnormal motion between the bones of the spine (vertebra) from a disorder/syndrome or a trauma. Too much abnormal motion of one vertebra on another can cause pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. Treatment for this disorder requires regular clinical exams, X-rays and possible bracing. Surgery may be necessary if there is too much motion of the spine and/or if there is pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.
Spinal muscular atrophy is a group of disorders of the motor cells in the spinal cord and lower brainstem, which leads to muscle weakness and atrophy. This condition is typically inherited. Treatment for spinal muscular atrophy may include physical therapy, respiratory care, splints, spinal orthoses or surgery.
Spondylolisthesis is the slipping forward of a vertebra over a lower segment, which causes back pain. Treatment for spondylolisthesis may include medication, steroid injections, physical therapy or bracing. Surgery may be necessary to prevent further slipping.
Spondylosis is a defect or crack in the back part of the vertebra, which causes back pain. Spondylosis can occur in the cervical (neck) or lumbar (low back) spine areas. Treatment for spondylosis may include medication, steroid injections, physical therapy or bracing. Surgery may be necessary to prevent further slipping.
Sports injuries include strains, sprains or overuse injuries to the bones or ligaments, tendons or muscles from athletic activity. Recommended treatment for sports injuries includes RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation; medication; bracing, casts or splinting; and physical or occupational therapy.
Syndactyly is a condition in which the fingers/toes were not completely separated (webbed) during development. Some forms of syndactyly are inherited while some forms occur sporadically. Treatment of syndactyly varies by child; therefore each child will be evaluated by a team of hand and foot specialists to decide a treatment plan. Sometimes the hand functions well without surgery and sometimes surgery is required to separate the fingers and deepen the space between the fingers.
Synostosis is a condition whereby the joint between two bones fails to form normally during pregnancy and the bones are fused together. Any joint in the body can be affected, including the spine, arms or legs. The child is born with a stiff joint and absence of skin creases across the affected joint. Synostosis can involve one or more joints in the body. Surgical treatment is difficult and efforts to make a joint have been disappointing. Physical and occupational therapy is helpful in facilitating walking and activities of daily living.
Tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection of the two bones at the back of the foot, causing foot pain. There are several treatment options for tarsal coalition, including rest, shoe inserts/arch supports, boots or casts, or steroid injections. Surgery may be necessary to improve function and reduce pain.
Tethered spinal cord is a neurological disorder caused by tissue attachments that limit the movement of the spinal cord in the spinal column. This condition is often seen in conjunction with spina bifida. Treatment for this condition is surgery.
Toe walking is a condition where a child walks on his/her toes without putting weight on the heel or any other part of the foot. It is common in toddlers and typically children outgrow it. If toe walking persists beyond age three, it is suspicious for an underlying neuromuscular problem. If treatment is necessary, a child may undergo physical therapy, bracing, splinting, serial casting or surgery.
Torticollis is a condition where an infant's neck does not turn equally to both sides. The cause of congenital muscular torticollis is unclear, although a specific muscle (sternocledomastoid) is tight. The initial treatment is therapy, such as gentle stretching to release tightness, strengthening exercises to improve muscular balance and handling to stimulate movement toward the affected side (e.g. placing toys on the affected side to promote turning of the neck). About five to 10 percent of cases fail to respond to stretching and require surgical release of the muscle. Non-congenital muscular torticollis occurs in older children and has numerous underlying causes including cervical vertebrae abnormalities, adenitis, tonsillitis, rheumatism, enlarged cervical glands, retropharyngeal abscess or cerebellar tumors. An extensive work-up is required including X-rays and MRI.
Transverse myelitis (TM) is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation across the spinal cord. Damage from inflammation can interrupt communications between the nerves in the spinal cord and the body. Symptoms of TM include a loss of spinal cord function over several hours to several weeks and in severe cases results in paralysis, bowel dysfunction and bladder dysfunction. Some children with TM have permanent impairments that affect daily activities and mobility. The segment of the spinal cord that is damaged by TM determines which areas of the body are affected. At Shriners Hospitals for Children — Philadelphia, our multidisciplinary team provides children with acute inpatient rehabilitation and outpatient medical and rehabilitation care. Our team members specialize in rehabilitation care, orthopaedics (spine, hand and lower extremity), urology, intensive care, wound care and custom orthotics (braces). Additional services include aquatherapy, locomotor training, tendon transfers followed by intensive rehabilitation, custom wheelchair, and seating clinic and social services.
Trigger thumb/finger is a common condition where a thumb or finger snaps or locks, causing pain and impaired function. Trigger thumb or finger may be treated with splinting and a home exercise program. If this treatment is unsuccessful, surgery may be required to release the digits so it may be straightened.
Ulnar deficiency is a condition where the ulnar (ulna bone) side of the forearm fails to develop normally during pregnancy. The extent of involvement is variable. Mild cases have mild shortening of the ulna and a normal hand. More involved cases have increased shortening and/or missing ulnar digits (ring and small fingers). Severe cases have complete absence of the ulna and the radius is fused to the humerus bone (synostosis). Treatment of the ulnar deficiency is challenging, especially when missing fingers and lack of joint movement are present, but the goal is to promote the best function possible.
Vertical talus is a congenital foot disorder where the foot points upward, creating a rocker bottom. There are several treatment options for vertical talus, including casting, physical therapy and stretching or surgery.
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Great Jones Street, New York | 15:56
Some people turn out to be super fun to shoot. This young woman caught my attention because of her big almond eyes (these photos don't do them justice at all), but I'm glad I stopped her because she had such a positive attitude. Our two respective friends behind us during this shoot, she had the awkwardly (and surprisingly difficult) task of letting me photograph her while she watched out for oncoming traffic. After a few frames I asked her to try and look serious, and well, this was the best she could do.


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Carina Ray named winner of the Wesley-Logan Prize by the American Historical AssociationCarina Ray, associate professor of African and Afro-American Studies, has been selected as the winner of the 2016 Wesley-Logan Prize for her book "Crossing the Color Line: Race, Sex, and the Contested Politics of Colonialism in Ghana."
The Wesley-Logan Prize is awarded annually by the American Historical Association (AHA) to honor the best book on the subject of African diaspora history. The prize will be awarded during a ceremony at the association's annual meeting.
"Crossing the Color Line is an innovative study of interracial sex in British West Africa and Europe from the period of colonial expansion to the era of decolonization," commented the prize committee. "It skillfully interweaves readings of individual cases of interracial unions with analyses of broader imperial policies to show how the British sought to contain relations between African and European men and women across racial boundaries. This book is a welcome contribution to the historiographies of West Africa, Europe, and the African diaspora."
The AHA Committee on Minority Historians established the prize in 1992 in memory of two early pioneers in the field, Charles H. Wesley and Rayford W. Logan. The American Historical Association is a nonprofit membership organization founded in 1884 and incorporated by Congress in 1889 for the promotion of historical studies. It is the largest organization of historians in the United States.
Return to the BrandeisNOW homepage
Categories: Humanities and Social Sciences, Research


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Windows 7 Beta's new touch and multitouch features this week, and came away largely disappointed. It's not that they don't work, at least on occasion, it's that they don't really provide a comprehensive or pleasurable method for using a computer. The primary enhancements to the OS that really make touch usage possible include a taller taskbar, pinch to zoom and tap-and-drag scrolling. There's a fancy new onscreen keyboard that's actually usable, and those quick-swipe gestures from Vista remain for forward, back, copy, paste, undo and redo.
Windows 7 multitouch: it's a gimmick (for now)
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It sounds like a lot, but really adds up to very little. Interactions are inconsistent from program to program, including Microsoft applications, gestures seem to work when you don't want them, and don't work when you need them, and at least 50 percent of the OS is still too small to use with touch -- making the improvements to touchability of the rest of it slightly pointless. All that said, we really like the idea of a touchscreen desktop OS, at least in theory. There are certain actions like messing with photos and casual browsing that seem to make sense for augmenting regular computer inputs with touch -- they've certainly been enhanced by multitouch trackpads of late -- but we're going to need more consistent implementations to really get into it OS-wide. Of course, this is just a Beta, things could always get better, and third party support will, like with most things, make or break it. We'll hope for the best, but we're not tossing our keyboard and mouse just yet. There are about 8 minutes of semi-frustrating interaction below.
All testing was done with an HP TouchSmart PC running a beta OS and beta multitouch drivers, and isn't an indication of the final experience.
Further reading:
Windows 7 SKUs announced: your worst nightmare has come to pass
It's worse than you could have possibly imagined.
Microsoft extends Windows 7 beta downloads to February 10
Good news for those of you who haven't yet snagged a copy of the Windows 7 beta -- Microsoft's decided to extend the beta download period to February 10th.
Windows 7 Beta in-depth impressions
We finally gathered together all our thoughts and impressions of the OS into one meaty pile of words and screencaps.
Windows 7 install roundup
After resting up and settling into our post-CES golden desk chairs, team Engadget got busy at installing Windows 7 on pretty much anything they could find.


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Bitcoin Improvement Protocol. New feature proposed for Bitcoin are BIPs.
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By Lisa Moir
UK charity Pace4Life has unveiled controversial plans to 'recycle' life saving pacemakers for use in the developing world.
The charity, born in 2012, is working in partnership with the University of Michigan and their parallel organisation "My Heart, Your Heart" to research the reuse of the devices.
Pace4Life in conjunction with The Society of Allied and Independent Funeral Directors (SAIF) have recently announced the initiative to collect and reuse the pacemakers collected in the UK.
Director of Abbey Funeral Services and executive committee member of SAIF, Jo Parker said: "As a funeral director, I have to arrange for the removal of pacemakers from the deceased if the family asks for a cremation as pacemakers cannot be cremated due to the lithium in the battery. These pacemakers are then sent away to be destroyed. Following a chance meeting with Lavan we have been working closely together on this project. As a member of the executive committee for SAIF, I have rolled this idea out to our 1,000 funeral home membership. Many Funeral Directors have signed up to Pace4Life and are coming on board. I see no reason for this not to work as the choice is destroy or recycle/reuse, the families I have dealt with are more than happy for the latter."
After the 30th of November 2013, all pacemakers removed by SAIF members will require a completed next of kin consent form. This will allow Pace4Life to begin testing and sterilisation of the units enabling those meeting requirements to be exported for use in the the developing world. Any units not making the grade of at least 70 percent battery will continue to be recycled for the precious metal contents, providing essential funds to the project.
The initiative has been met with trepidation by global leader in pacemakers Medtronic. In a statement, Medtronic said: "Medtronic does not support the reprocessing or reuse of its implantable cardiac devices. Our devices are designed for one-time use only to maintain a consistently high level of quality and reliability that ensure safety and efficacy for patients. The sterility or performance of the device cannot be guaranteed with reused devices. These devices are complex and we believe these practices have the potential to introduce unacceptable risks to patient safety and quality medical care."
Despite the concerns of pacemaker manufacturers, the plans are greeted with much enthusiasm from those involved. Pace4Life founder, Lavan Balasundaram, said: "By partnering with the University of Michigan in the United States, leaders in the research into the reuse of pacemakers this programme is being carefully constructed to allay any fears and ensure the highest level of care and devices are provided."
Given that over 35,000 pacemakers are implanted in the UK each year, the potential for saving lives in the developing world by reusing old devices could be huge. As it stands, having a brand new pacemaker put in costs over £6,000, putting the life saving device out of reach of patients from poorer backgrounds. In comparison, the estimated cost of a reused pacemaker is at £200.
There are no current official examples of pacemakers being reused.
Pace4Life are looking to kick off implantation of the recycled units by the end of March 2014.


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The River's Bane
Bander's appearance is deceiving. Looking at his hulking, battle-scarred body, you might think he was a just brawling warrior or even a gladiator. He stands nearly seven feet tall and weighs as much as a stag. But beneath the brawn is a keen mind that never stops solving mysteries. Both have served him well during his long career as the Imperial Investigator in the capital city of Rundlun. Three years ago, Bander retired — and now spends his days wandering the countryside, enjoying the peace and quiet.
But one day—when he takes a seldom-traveled trail through some of the roughest terrain in the Empire—he encounters conspiracy and murder in a remote mining village.


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Middle School
The Middle School is comprised of 5th through 8th grades.
Challenging Academics
In the Middle School, rigorous academics involve in-depth investigations of sophisticated content, as well as applying academic formatting and conventions to scholarly work. In addition to learning content, students are expected to make higher-level thinking connections across academic disciplines, to their own lives and to the world at large. There are a variety of curriculum components that contribute to the rigor of academics in the Middle School.
Students engage in an accelerated vocabulary building program that not only prepares them for college entrance exams, but increases the depth of their writing and reading comprehension. Middle School students read a variety of genres in Language Arts that are aligned with the Social Studies curriculum. This alignment helps students have a deeper understanding of the selected literature and related historical events.
Math instruction challenges our students not only to develop a strong foundation of skills, but to strengthen their analytical skills vital to higher level math courses and real world problem solving situations.
Science is taught with an emphasis on mastering the scientific method and utilizing scientific information as a tool for problem solving. Topics covered include earth, life and physical science.
In addition, the Middle School program focuses on effective study, time management and organizational skills. Teachers create an environment that promotes curiosity and a joyful passion for learning while transitioning students from young learners into true scholars.
Independent Thinking
Students are given the opportunity to showcase their developing academic skills by creating independent study and honors projects. Students select a topic of study, working in conjunction with their division advisor to create a proposal. Honors projects include a research and reflection component, an authentic creative element and a presentation for an audience of teachers, students and parents. The final presentation is intended to demonstrate intellectual curiosity and original thinking.
The project requires students to properly cite references and document research. Examples of past projects include, "Unknown Influential Americans," "How to Teach Spanish," and "Exploring the Galapagos Islands." These projects encourage Middle School students to demonstrate creativity, organization, public speaking skills and an effective use of research and resources.
Leadership Skills
Leadership skills are fostered in a variety of ways in the Middle School, as it is especially critical for students to learn positive leadership traits during this developmental stage. Students are divided into "tribes." Each tribe is comprised of students in various grades. "Tribe Time" takes place once a month, where students are assigned a project, task or problem they must solve together. Other leadership development activities include Pine Rock Studios and off-campus trips, such as wilderness retreats to East Troy and Lake Geneva, and a week-long 8th grade trip to Washington D.C.
Pine Rock Studios
Hands-On Learning
In Middle School, students develop a greater mastery of content studied as a result of more sophisticated and in-depth hands-on learning activities. These hands-on projects integrate math, engineering, environmental science, art and organizational skills. Students use these skills in a concrete fashion that quickly leads to concept mastery.
Projects include:
- Designing and programming robots
- Tapping maple trees to produce maple syrup
- Creating Rube Goldberg inventions
- Building and racing CO2 cars
The ULS teachers and leadership team believe that at the core of technology in education is a model in which technology's purpose is to enhance the learning experience rather than be the experience. Students and teachers are active participants in their own learning, choosing the best tools to accomplish their goals. Technology is used to develop strategies that allow learners to reflect on the process and make choices that will lead to improved learning outcomes.
Middle and Upper School students utilize their own portable computer as research work and academic projects need to be worked on increasingly outside of class.


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Princeton Alumna Clifton and Seniors Lu, Platt and Soltas Awarded Rhodes Scholarships
Princeton University alumna Katherine Clifton, a member of the Class of 2015, and seniors Richard Lu, Cameron Platt and Evan Soltas have been awarded Rhodes Scholarships for graduate study at the University of Oxford.
They are among the 32 American recipients of the prestigious fellowships, which fund two to three years of graduate study at Oxford.
Clifton, of Honolulu, concentrated in English and completed a certificate in theater at Princeton. A recipient of the Martin A. Dale Fellowship, Clifton is spending this academic year in Belgrade, Serbia, writing and staging an original documentary play exploring hostilities between Serb and Roma people. At Oxford, she plans to pursue a Master of Science degree in Russian and Eastern European studies and an M.Sc. in forced migration and refugee studies.
"I feel so grateful for this honor and excited to engage fully the unique opportunities it involves beneath the 'dreaming spires,'" Clifton said. "I'll be spending Thanksgiving with my family at home this year for the first time in six years, and I feel immensely lucky to have so many reasons to be thankful."
Read the full story here.


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June 2013
Accordance to Keynote, Part 1
June 27, 2013 - David Lang — In the probably-bit-off-more-than-I-can-chew department, I've recently begun teaching a Sunday School class on "Understanding the Old Testament." My intention in this class is to give folks a birds' eye view of the Old Testament, exposing them to parts of the Bible they rarely visit and often struggle to understand. To do this effectively, I can't afford to spend a lot of time going into depth on individual passages. So naturally, I've spent the last six weeks or so going through Genesis 1 and 2! At this rate, I may finish when I'm sixty! My ...
Voicemail no service
June 26, 2013 - Helen Brown — A technical fault has taken out the office voicemail. We expect it to be fixed in the next 24 hours. The lines are open, but if you only get a busy signal, please try again, or use the Livechat or send an email. Thank you for your patience.
Accordance for Windows: Questions and Answers
June 18, 2013 - Darin Allen — It's been almost a year since we first announced that we were developing a native version of Accordance for Windows, and the response has been very encouraging. We appreciate all of the excitement from the community, and we wanted to take a moment now to answer some of the most common questions we've received about Accordance for Windows. What is the current status of Accordance for Windows? The Windows version is quite far along at this point. We recently launched a closed beta on June 6, 2013 and we currently have about 25 beta testers that ...
Finding Sentences with Every Letter of the Alphabet
June 18, 2013 - David Lang — Not long ago I stumbled across a post on a Bible software forum that taught me a new word: "pangram." I had to Google it to find out that a pangram is a sentence that includes every letter of the alphabet. A classic example is that odd sentence used to display all the characters of a typeface: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." The forum post I read cited Deuteronomy 4:34 and Zephaniah 3:8 as examples of pangrams in the Hebrew Bible, then asked how to find a pangram in the Greek New Testament or Septuagint. Now, I have no idea why ...
Don't Miss Our Summer Deals
June 17, 2013 - David Lang — In case you haven't heard, we're offering a new set of items for sale each week during the months of June and July. Last week's sale, which ends today, includes a must-have Hebrew lexicon (the unabridged BDB), and Hebrew grammars by Joüon-Muraoka and Waltke-O'Connor. Check the sale page each week to see a new set of deals.
Free Updates to Accordance and GNT Syntax
June 03, 2013 - Helen Brown — Accordance 10.1.7 was released over the weekend, free of course to all users of Accordance 10 (MacAppStore users will need to wait a few days). The improvements and bug fixes are listed here. The Help files have also been revised and updated. Accordance for iOS 1.6.5 is now live in the App Store, with more bug fixes, and the improved display implemented in 1.6. GNT28-T.syntax is now available to work with the GNT28-T. It is a free upgrade for users who own the GNT-T.syntax, but must be ordered in our store. This module provides full ...


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We're usually four girls there, but today there were 18 names on the list of reservations, among them several had reserved 2 tickets o_O Where did they all come from? MiMi looked extremely nervous today. I can't help but think it might have been caused by the fact that we were quite a few foreigners there this time. Usually he's really relaxed and never seems nervous, but he was dripping with sweat during the MC, shaking and kept fiddling with his hair. He kept the MC quite short, saying how he tends to spend the same amount of time as one and a half song talking ^^; And, he also announced that they have another sponsored event coming up! :D I hope I can actually go to this one (>_<) Out of all the lives they've done for the past year, there was only one that I had absolutely no chance of going to, and it happened to be the first sponsored event they've done in five years ;__; I'm glad we didn't have to wait that long again.
^They did bring candy for us :) Got it from the staff girl after the live, but still, Halloween candy (^o^)
^They did bring candy for us :) Got it from the staff girl after the live, but still, Halloween candy (^o^)
I was just joking when I mentioned to friends how Bera would probably shape his hair into horns for every live now that we had called him kakkoii.... But he really is continuing doing his hair like that XD It did look very good today though, as he had curled the back of his hair really nicely, but it still makes me laugh.
He's also continuing going one step at a time towards being less shy and reserved. Last time we got kissing, this time we got grabbing. He kept to the people he was familiar with, but grabbed both mine and mrs_fujiwara's arms, pulling us towards him. That was unexpected and fun ^^
The setlist:
1. 狂った夜に
2. クライベイビィ
3. ポワゾン
4. ヒロイン
5. 白いカラスは眠れない


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IPhone to get larger screen: A report to take with a grain of salt?
Apple has begun preparing to launch an iPhone with a larger screen than its previous models, according to a report in the Wall Street Journal.
The tech giant has ordered screens that measure at least 4 inches diagonally from its Asian suppliers, the Journal reported early Wednesday, attributing its information to "people familiar with the situation."
Production for the larger screens is expected to begin next month, according to the report.
If the report is accurate, the sixth-generation iPhone would be the first in Apple's phone line to have a screen larger than 3.5 inches.
Apple could be making the move as a response to other manufacturers' phones, which have continued to grow larger.
For years there has been a large selection of Android phones with larger screens. A few more phones heading to the market - notably the HTC One X and the Samsung Galaxy S III - measure over 4.7 inches. Samsung also has a phone/tablet hybrid, the Galaxy Note, that comes in with a 5.3-inch screen.
But be cautious with this news. Apple has been rumored to be on the verge of increasing the size of its iPhone's screen size numerous times in previous years, with no result.
The Cupertino, Calif., company could be hesitant to begin switching up its mobile gadgets' screen sizes to avoid one of Android's biggest problems: fragmentation.
Keeping every iPhone the same size has helped Apple ensure that most of its users are running the latest iOS version, which in turn helps developers create apps with the latest features and therefore have some of the best smartphone apps available.
Explore further
(c)2012 the Los Angeles Times
Distributed by MCT Information Services


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I have a problem with a Webdrive synchronization set up by someone else on a system at my university.
After some tmp files got deleted, the local pc is in a loop of synchronization errors with this "Webdrive Sync Errors" popup:
File: \locationA\tclxxx.tmp
Issue: Delete
Message: 550 Could not delete tclxxx.tmp: No such file or directory.
I get the options to resolve, ignore, retry all or close, but no matter what I do, the error reappears shortly after.
I have tried to remove more .tmp files from locationA, but this does not help.
Minutes after, the sync error is back and it grows in size if I leave it, I guess maybe one new file is created for every sync attempt or something along those lines.
I also tried to clear caches, but no luck there either.
Since I did not set up the system, I am not so keen on trying to uninstall and make big changes if I can avoid it, but on the other hand the error is quite annoying.
I tried to untick "Display errors in popup dialog" but it did not change anything.
Anyone know what I can do?
Thanks very much in advance!


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Hi guys!
We're officially back from New Orleans and back to school and work and all that. Bleh, real life.
But we had the best time! My boys are already talking about going back next year and I'm so excited they love it (and New Orleans) as much as I do.
Naturally, everybody was sick when we got home. You ever done an 8 hour car ride with sick kids? I don't recommend it. Normally I'm the one to come home with the plague but thankfully I somehow avoided it this time.
The best way to deal with a cold is cookies, right?
That's how I always deal with them, at least.
I'm so into these cookies right now. They're totally flourless so it's basically just sugar and peanut butter baked together.
They absolutely melt in your mouth.
Also, super easy to make. My 7 year old can whip up the dough in about 5 minutes.
Sidenote: can we talk about how awesome it is when kids learn to read and can FOLLOW RECIPES?! Like, life-changing.
Make them. Share them.
Or don't share them.
I'm not going to judge you. This last batch didn't last 6 hours in my house.
- 1 large egg white
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/3 cup sugar plus 2 tablespoons for pressing the cookies
- 1/4 cup brown sugar
- 1 cup crunchy peanut butter
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1/2 cup semisweet chocolate chips
Preheat oven to 375F. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
Beat egg white and salt in a large mixing bowl until frothy. Beat in 1/3 cup sugar, brown sugar, peanut butter, and vanilla. Stir in chocolate chips.
Taking a tablespoon at a time, roll into balls and place 2 inches apart on prepared baking sheet. Use a fork dipped the remaining sugar to gently press them down, creating a criss cross pattern.
Bake about 10 minutes, or until browned.
Cool completely before serving.


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Judge Decides Not to Pick-A-Fight with Pick-A-Payment
The Case. A significant decision involving the sufficiency of federal securities fraud claims based on alleged misrepresentations concerning Wachovia Bank's exposure on variable repayment mortgage practices was handed down in In re Wachovia Equity Securities Litigation, 08 Civ. 6171 (S.D.N.Y. March 31, 2011). In that case, Judge Richard J. Sullivan of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed class action claims by purchasers of Wachovia stock.
The Allegations. Plaintiffs' claims centered on alleged misrepresentations made by Wachovia and its executives concerning the company's exposure on the Pick-A-Payment mortgage practice employed by Golden West Financial Corporation, a company acquired by Wachovia in October 2006. Pick-A-Payment allowed mortgage borrowers to choose from among multiple payment options each month, including the option of minimum payments that were insufficient to cover the monthly interest assessment, resulting in an increase of loan principal and negative amortization. Plaintiffs contended that defendants misrepresented the risks posed by the Pick-A-Payment practice from 2006 until early 2008, and that when the actual performance of the Pick-A-Payment loan portfolio was disclosed by Wachovia, the price of the company's stock plummeted to less than $1 per share.
The Court's Rationale. In holding that the federal securities fraud claims brought by purchasers of Wachovia stock under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 were insufficient to state a claim as a matter of law, Judge Sullivan ruled that plaintiffs had failed to sufficiently plead the element of scienter (intent to defraud) under the enhanced pleading standards adopted in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The court reasoned that plaintiffs had failed to plead allegations supporting a motive to commit fraud by the defendants, and had failed to specify in their pleading the contrary information allegedly available to defendants at the time of the challenged public statements concerning Pick-A-Payment. Judge Sullivan summarized his holding on the scienter issue as follows:
"After examining the entirety of Plaintiffs' scienter allegations, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to plead facts giving rise to a strong inference that Defendants acted with the intent 'to deceive, manipulate, or defraud.' The more compelling inference, at least based on the facts as they are alleged in the complaints, is that Defendants simply did not anticipate the full extent of the mortgage crisis and the resulting implications for the Pick-A-Pay loan portfolio. Although a colossal blunder with grave consequences for many, such a failure is simply not enough to support a claim for securities fraud. Bad judgment and poor management are not fraud, even when they lead to the demise of a once venerable financial institution."
Plaintiffs' Remaining Claims. Despite granting defendants' motion to dismiss the class action claims brought on behalf of purchasers of Wachovia stock, Judge Sullivan permitted certain securities claims under Sections 11 and 12(2) of the Securities Act by purchasers of Wachovia bonds and notes to proceed against Wachovia and its executives and certain underwriters involved in public offerings of Wachovia securities. Judge Sullivan also denied the motion to dismiss the Section 11 claim against Wachovia's auditors, KPMG, concerning an audit report included in a Wachovia registration statement.


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D'Carlo Italian Cuisine was a subterranean restaurant off of Oak Lawn Avenue, since converted to a Thai space called Si Lom. Before it was d'Carlo, the space was called Daniele Osteria, another Italian restaurant owned and operated by chef Daniele Puleo. Puleo sold out in 2011, and has been opening multiple locations of another restaurant calIed Inzo Italian Kitchen.
I bring all this up because Puleo has announced his intentions to open another new business, Bottega Italia, which will grace Sylvan | Thirty by the end of this year. This is welcome news, and it shows that development project has some style.
Usually, after the bricklayers leave a new construction site, the folks from Chipotle and Chili's swoop in, stamping out another square of homogenous pseudo-urban real estate. But the folks at Sylvan | Thirty have curated a great family of businesses so far.
Cox Farms Market opened back in April and offers a nice switch from yet another Whole Foods or Sprouts. Teiichi Sakurai's ramen shop Ten might have been open now if a fire hadn't set everything back, but it's still coming along, and now Puleo announces that the Italian restaurant won't be a Maggiano's but a locally owned Bottega Italia.
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Expect a coffee bar, handmade pizzas and sandwiches, a deli counter and a market with pastas, olives, olive oils, sea salts, vinegars, sauces, cheeses and charcuterie. They're also selling take out fare, wine and locally brewed beer. Sounds like a pretty sweet bodega for those moving into the new apartments in the same development. Anyone want to split a two-bedroom?


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Search Results
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Has the standard AI gotten an upgrade in the last 18 months?
Quote from WascallywabbitCDN: "Nuclear bombs, in WW2, were too large to fit into the tip of a missile, hence the need to transport them in B-29s. It wasn't til well after the war that miniaturization of nukes allowed them to fit into missiles " Ladies and gentlemen, we have a winner . . . .
Favourite Drink?
Quote from WarOnTheMoon: "But My Dad Says Bud Lights the best alcohol " Your dad needs to get out more.
Lewis B. Puller -- the Marines' Marine. forum.callofwar.com/index.php?…bf304ec92c2a531d9d3b0c452 My father was a U.S. Navy Seabees officer who defended Henderson Field, Guadalcanal, with Chesty Puller's Marines in 1942. Despite inter-service rivalries, my father, for the duration of his life, never had a single bad thing to say about service members of the U.S. Marine Corps. Two of my father's sons -- my older brothers -- volunteered for the Marines during later conflicts. After I graduated from…
And is there a collective noun for the Cannuck(s)? You know, like a pod of whales, murder of crows, or school of fish? If not, I would like propose one: a pub of Cannuck(s).
Quote from Ryan04px2025: "Cannuck(s) " Is that like "moose" or "fish" -- is the proper plural the same as the singular?
Oh, those special COW moments that deserve a screenshot . . .
And I call this one, "My girlfriend parallel parking the boat": forum.callofwar.com/index.php?…bf304ec92c2a531d9d3b0c452
Quote from Ryan04px2025: "No there is not elite unit but we have 4 active Canadians in the forum. Me, @revengegirl, @WascallywabbitCDN and @Killer8282. You can hire us for in game elite commandoing " Thanks. If I'm in need of the All-Cannuck COW SAS, I know who to call.
Quote from WascallywabbitCDN: "There are called Canadians " Canadian SAS, etc., are very good. But don't be cocky about it -- some of us remember the story of the Dieppe raid.
Quote from VorlonFCW: "Coming attraction. " Do air drops have blueprints for this coming attraction, or can I stop chasing air drops in inconvient territory now that I have completed my paratrooper unit blueprint set?
Is there such a thing as an "elite" commando unit? If not, why is it shown on the blueprints page, as a set of blueprints to be collected in airdrops? If so, is it like the bonus track at the end of a CD? Because I certainly can't find a unit spec sheet or research cycle for it.
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Quote from WascallywabbitCDN: "I agree they should have no attack value vs naval units but at the same time, locking an enemies ships up in a naval melee and then killing them with rockets is a guilty pleasure lol " Back in the old days, we had AI phantom pirate fleets from AI countries that had been completely conquered, randomly destroying unescorted convoys of newbies who thought they were already safe from that AI. One of my guilty pleasures was to find those 10 and 15-unit AI naval stacks a…
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Quote from patriota75: "OK, but I still do not get it. example, you use one rocket on a stack of 8 destryers, 4 crusers, 4 battleship and 3 aircraft carriers and you destroy one destryer, In stats rocet makes 22 damage and destroyer has 75 HP, so how it works? " WW2-era rockets should have no attack values vs. naval units, because they could barely hit the broad side of London, let alone an individual regiment size unit in the field. Or a moving destroyer. LOL You know the Germans only tried to …
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Thanks, @patriota75, but freezy has provided the inside dope, including the exact answer I was seeking. Freezy's extended explanation above is well worth taking a few minutes to read and absorb.
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Quote from VorlonFCW: "also if your first volley damaged the airbase turning the planes into convoys " No, sir, L1 air base was still intact (5/5 hit points) until my units captured it, and aircraft unit was not a truck convoy. Obviously truck convoys are easier to kill (and treated as ground units) because of the reduced hit points from 20 for a fighter unit to 5 as a truck convoy. That was not the scenario here. I had a very specific question, and freezy wins the Cup!
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Quote from freezy: "For basic artillery: Since it is twice as strong when attacking compared to defending, this means that the attack damage vs. aircraft is twice the damage it uses for defending vs. aircraft. So 2.0 when attacking aircraft. " Thank you, @freezy. That's the answer I'm seeking. Your extended answer and explanation were helpful and educational as background. Thank you for that, as well. I was getting many previous opinions, educated guesses, and extrapolations from other scenarios…
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Quote from VorlonFCW: "In practice: Regular artillery do very little damage to planes parked on the ground, SP arty are better for that purpose by a little. It still takes a lot of time or a lot of firepower. " My five-unit battery of artillery killed aircraft unit in two ticks.
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Please see screenshot from in-game newspaper below: forum.callofwar.com/index.php?…bf304ec92c2a531d9d3b0c452 Please note that the aircraft (17th Fighter Squadron) was destroyed on the ground at 5:21 am GMT. Fifteen minutes later, the armored car unit guarding the air base/province was also destroyed at 5:36 am GMT. When the artillery bombardment ceased, the L1 airbase was still 100% intact. And, yes, I watched the whole thing in real time. This is one of those twice-speed "tutorial" games played…
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Gentlemen, to be perfectly clear: 1. aircraft unit is on the ground; 2. aircraft unit is fully refueled; 3. air base is fully functional (100% completed L1 or above); 4. artillery is bombarding the base from a distance; 5. air base is not damaged sufficiently to convert aircraft units to truck convoys; 6. air base is not captured by enemy units, nor contested in battle by enemy units; 7. if player (or AI) were not asleep at the switch, aircraft unit could be flown away at any time prior to its d…
Where can I find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value?
Clearly, given enough time, artillery will destroy fully refueled aircraft units that remain on the ground. And, no, I am not talking about un-fueled aircraft, or aircraft in truck convoy form that are grounded by virtue of a damaged airbase . . . . So, where do I go to find the artillery vs. aircraft on the ground attack value? Are aircraft being bombarded as such treated as ground units?
Quote from WascallywabbitCDN: "To the point that he would refuse time off lol " Oh, I'm not so sure about that. You apparently just haven't had the right girlfriend. Sometimes a little down time, sleep and electrolytes are required to keep up.


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Ms. Alison M Kay
Research Assistant, Psychology
Publications and Further Research Outputs
Peer-Reviewed Publications
Rover, W.(ed.), Kay, A., Corrigan, S. and Cromie, S., Foreign Object Retention - Reduction and Mitigation, 5th World Congress on Patient Safety & Quality, June 22nd, 2020. , 22nd June 2020, 2020
Siobhán Corrigan, Alison Kay, Katie O'Byrne, Dubhfeasa Slattery, Sharon Sheehan, Nick McDonald, David Smyth, Ken Mealy and Sam Cromie, A Socio-Technical Exploration for Reducing & Mitigating the Risk of Retained Foreign Objects, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2018
Transferring Learning Across Safety-Critical Industries in, editor(s)Malcolm MacLachlan , Maritime Psychology Research in Organizational & Health Behavior at Sea, Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2017, pp49 - 68, [Paul M. Liston, Alison Kay, Sam Cromie, Nick McDonald, Bill Kavanagh, Roddy Cooke, Peter Walter]
De Looze, C., Brian Vaughan, B., Kelly, F. and Kay, A., Providing Objective Metrics of Team Communication Skills via Interpersonal Coordination Mechanisms, Interspeech 2015, Dresden, Germany, 6-10 September, 2015
McDonald, N., Kay, A.Liston, P., Morrison, R., and Ryan, M, An integrated Framework for Crew-Centric Flight Operations, 12th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics as part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, 2nd-7th August 2015, edited by Don Harris , 2015
Corrigan, S. Martensson, L., Kay, A., McDonald, N., Implementing Collaborative Decision Making: Challenges & Recommendations., Journal of Cognition, Technology & Work, 17, (2), 2015, p207 - 218
Kay, A., Liston, P. and Cromie, S.D., Measuring Crew Resource Management:, HCI International 2014, Crete, Greece, 22-27 June 2014, edited by Don Harris , 2014
Corrigan, S., Martensson, L., Kay, A., Okwir, S., Ulfvengren, P. and McDonald, N. , Preparing for Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) implementation: an evaluation and recommendations, Cognition, Technology and Work, 2014
Monferini, A., Konstantinidou, M., Nivolianitou, Z.,Weber, S., Kontogiannis, T., Kafka, P., Kay, A., Leva, C. and Demichela, M,, A compound methodology to assess the impact of human and organizational factors impact on the risk level of hazardous industrial plants , Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 119, 2013, p280 - 289
Monferini, A., Konstantinidou, M., Nivolianitou, Z., Weber, S., Kontogiannis, T., Kafka, P., Kay, A., Leva, C. and Demichela, M., A compound methodology to assess the impact of human and organisational factors impact on the risk level of hazardous industrial plants, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 119, 2013, p280 - 289
Maritime Work: Psychosocial and organisational aspects of work at sea and their implications for health and performance in, editor(s)Carter. T. & Schreiner, A , Textbook of Maritime Medicine. , Bergen, Norwegian Centre for Maritime Medicine., 2013, [Malcolm MacLachlan, Sam Cromie, Paul Liston, Bill Kavanagh, and Alison Kay]
MacLachlan, M., Kavanagh, B. and Kay, A., Maritime Health: A review with suggestions for research, International Maritime Health, 63, (1), 2012, p1 - 6
Liston, P., Kay, A., Cromie, S., Leva, C., D'Cruz, M., Patel, H., Langley, A., Sharples, S. and Aromaa, S. , Evaluating the Iterative Development of VR/AR Human Factors Tools for Manual Work. , 18th World Congress of Ergonomics, Recife, Brazil, February 12-16, 2012
Liston, P., Kay, A., Cromie, S., Leva, M.C., D'Cruz, M., Patel, H., Langley, A., Sharples, S., and Aroma, S., Evaluating the iterative development of VR/AR human factors tools for manual work., Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, 2012, p2208 - 2215
Liston, P., Cromie, S., Kay, A., Leva, C., D'Cruz, M., Patel, H., Langley, A., Sharples, S., Aromaa, S.,Vizzo, C. , Evaluating a Modular Virtual Reality Platform for High-Skilled, High-Value Manual Tasks in Real Industrial Cases, Joint VR Conference of euroVR and EGVE, Nottingham, UK, September 20-21, 2011
Leva, C., Kay, A., Smith T., Diez A., Azpiazu J., Liston, P. and Cromie S., The Use of Augmented Reality to Support Maintenance: Human Factors Issues and Advantages. , Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference , June 2011, 2011
Leva, C.; Liston, P.; Kay, A.; Cromie, S.; Krassi, B; Aromaa, S, Human Factors Methods in ManuVAR: A Contribution to Go beyond Leand and Agile Approaches , Proceedings Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference 2010, Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference 2010, Limerick, Oct. 2010, ISSN 1649-2102, 2010, pp17 - 26
A. Monferini, M. Konstandinidou, Z. Nivolianitou, S. Weber, T. Kontogiannis, P. Kafka, A.M. Kay, M.C. Leva, M. Demichela, Human & Organizational Factors impact on risk level in an NG treatment and storage plant, ESREL, Rhodes, Greece, 5-9 September , 2010
Rignér, J., Ulfvengren, P., Cooke, M., Leva, C. and Kay, A., Study of safety performance indicators and contributory factors as part of an airline systemic safety risk data model, 17th world congress on Ergonomics, IEA 2009, Bejing, China, 9-14 August, 2009
M.C. Leva, F. Mattei, A. Kay, S. Cromie, The Development of a Tool for Modeling Tasks in Safety Critical, Irish Ergonomic Society Annual Review, Dublin, June, 2009
M. Chiara Leva, J. Cahill, A. Kay, G. Losa, N. McDonald, The Development of a Unique Report for Performance Monitoring in an Airline Safety Management System, 18th AR2TS symposium, Loughborough, England, 21st - 23rd of April, 2009
Maria Chiara Leva, Alison Kay, Joan Cahill, Gabriel Losa, Sharon Keating, Diogo Serradas, and Nick McDonald , Unique Reporting Form: Flight Crew Auditing of Everyday Performance in an Airline Safety Management Syste, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5618 , HCI 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 2009, Springer, 2009
Leva M.C, Cahill, J., Kay, A., Losa, G. & Mc Donald, N., The Development of a Unique Report for Performance Monitoring in an Airline Safety Management System, Journal of the Safety and Reliability Society, 29, (4), 2009, p17 - 34
Rignér, J., Ulfvengren, P., Kay, A., Measuring safety performance - Strategic risk data, EASS, 21st annual European Aviation Safety Seminar, Nicosia, Cyprus, March 16-18, 2009
M.C. Leva, J.Cahill, A.M.Kay, G.Losa, N.McDonald, The Advancement of New Human Factiors Report- 'The Unique Report' - Faciliating Flight Crew Auditing of Performance/Operations as part of an Airline's Safety Management system , Ergonomics , 2009
M.C. Leva, A.M. Kay, F.Mattei, T. Kontogiannis,M. De Ambroggi, S.Cromie, Dynamic Task Representation Method for a Virtual Reality Application , HCI International , San Diego, U.S.A, July 19-24, 2009
Leva M.C., Kay, A., Cahill J, Losa G., & Mc Donald N, Collaborative prototyping in the development of an accident reporting form, Irish Egonomics Society, Annual Review, June, 2009, 2009
Stewart, R.J., Stanton, N.A., Harris, D., Baber, C., Salmon, P., Mock, M., Tatlock, K., Wells, L. and Kay, A. , Distributed Situational Awareness in Airborne Warning and Control Aircraft: application of a novel ergonomics methodology, Cognition, Techology and Work, 10, 2008, p221 - 229
A. M. Kay, M.C. Leva, S.D. Cromie, N. Solazzi, Competency Framework - A particular use in the technical domain, Psychological Society of Ireland/British Psychological Society joint annual conference, Dublin, April 4-8, 2008
Case study in RAF Boeing E3D Sentry in, editor(s)Stanton, N.A., Baber, C. and Harris, D. , Modelling Command and Control- event Analysis of Systematic Teamwork, Hampshire, UK, Ashgate, 2008, pp157 - 180, [Kay, A., Lowe, M., Salmon, P.S., Stewart, R., Tatlock, K. and Wells, L. ]
Lower, M., Kay, A.M., Thomas, L.J. and Muir, H., Localizable sound and its application in guiding passengers towards exits during aircraft evacuations, The Fourth Triennial International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 15-18 November, 2004
Non-Peer-Reviewed Publications
O'Sullivan, B.(ed.), Alison Kay, Siobhán Corrigan, Katie O'Byrne & Sam Cromie, A Socio-Technical approach to Reducing & Mitigating the Risk of Retained Foreign Objects, South-Southwest Perioperative Conference, Cork University Hospital, Sept 14th, 2019., 14th September 2019, 2019
McDonald, N., Ward, M., Morrison, R., Corrigan, S., Leva, M.C., Cahill, J. & Kay, A., Systemic Human Factors for Ultra Safe Aviation, Irish Ergonomic Review, 2015
Awards and Honours
UK Ergonomics Society President's Medal 'for significant contributions to original research, the development of methodology and the application of knowledge within the field of ergonomics'


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Launching hayu.
Reality on demand.
NBCUniversal International
Building app platform
NBCUniversal International came to us with a unique brief; they were creating an all-reality subscription video on-demand service. And they wanted help to differentiate the service and stand out from the crowd.
With a strong brand strategy and name provided by NBCUI – hayu – Stereo assisted in developing the look and feel of the brand.
Working alongside NBCUI, Stereo defined the UX for the website to help to create one of the most intuitive, socially integrated SVOD services on the market.
Addictive and Irresistable
episode section
Independent research commissioned by NBCUI revealed that younger-skewing female audiences think of Reality TV as a "guilty pleasure" – but without the guilt. They consider that watching Reality is valuable "me time" activity and that the social buzz about the show's stars / celebrities is as important as the shows themselves.
iPhone App
Together we designed hayu as the most social SVOD service on the market. Users can comment on episodes, share clips and even search using emojis. Like the brand, the "hayu" name is as bold and direct as the shows themselves.
hayu is a true innovation in SVOD and the first all-reality service of its kind. It's about the content – and then so much more; it's a fully integrated entertainment platform featuring news, social feeds and short-form "snippets" that eliminates the old "second-screen" approach to TV viewing. Above all, it's the ultimate destination for anyone who is passionate about reality.


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Civil War in Russia (2)
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Contact Us
The second decade of the twentieth century was a critical one in many ways. The Great War (WWI) saw the introduction and development of technologies that were new to warfare – not just aircraft and armor, but also motorized transportation. It was also critical for automotive manufacturers, as they competed to take advantage of a rapidly growing market, though many would not survive the decade. Mack Trucks would emerge from a maze of corporate mergers and sales as a survivor, due to the success of their AB- and AC-series chain-driven trucks. Over 40,000 AC-series trucks would be built from 1916 through 1939, including 4000 for the U.S. Army and 2500 for Britain during WWI. The story goes that it was British "Tommies" who dubbed the Mack AC as the "Bulldog", for its durability and tenacity, a nickname which the company has proudly carried ever since.
The heavy-duty Mack AC truck was a hard-tired, chain driven all purpose truck that was used by British, French and American troops during World War 1. The first AC model was introduced in 1916. There are a couple of stories surrounding the trucks' "Bulldog" moniker. One says that British soldiers in France said the Mack truck had the tenacity of a bulldog. At that time, the bulldog was one of the symbols of Great Britain. Another says that whenever other trucks could not make it, British troops would yell, "Bring the Bulldogs in!" It may also be the snub-nosed appearance of the truck that gave it the well-known nickname. By 1922, Mack trucks had adopted the Bulldog as its symbol, using it in advertising and on truck name plates.