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Broad tumor-associated expression and recognition by tumor-derived γδ T cells of MICA and MICB
Communicated by James P. Allison, University of California, Berkeley, CA (received for review November 23, 1998)
Human MHC class I-related molecules, MICA and MICB, are stress-induced antigens that are recognized by a subset of γδ T cells expressing the variable region Vδ1. This functional association has been found to be limited to intestinal epithelium, where these T cells are prevalent and where MICA and, presumably, MICB are mainly expressed. However, increased frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells have been observed in various epithelial tumors; moreover, MICA/B are expressed on diverse cultured epithelial tumor cells. With freshly isolated tumor specimens, expression of MICA/B was documented in many, but not all, carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, ovary, prostate, and colon. In tumors that were positive for MICA/B, the frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells were significantly higher than in those that were negative. Vδ1 γδ T cell lines and clones derived from different tumors recognized MICA/B on autologous and heterologous tumor cells. In accord with previous evidence, no constraints were observed in these interactions, such as those imposed by specific peptide ligands. Thus, MICA/B are tumor-associated antigens that can be recognized, in an apparently unconditional manner, by a subset of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells. These results raise the possibility that an induced expression of MICA/B, by conditions that may be related to tumor homeostasis and growth, could play a role in immune responses against tumors.
Cytolytic T cell responses against tumors require the recognition of specific peptides derived from tumor antigens in association with MHC class I molecules by CD8+ T cells expressing αβ T cell receptors (TCRs). Such responses are limited by antigenic peptides (1), which must be generated by intracellular antigen processing (2), by their highly selective binding to only some of the numerous polymorphic MHC class I molecules (3), and by the often-impaired expression of MHC class I on tumor cells (4). By contrast, T cells expressing γδ TCRs (5, 6) recognize antigens directly, with no requirement for antigen processing or presentation (7–9). Recently identified ligands for human γδ T cells are MICA and MICB, which are distantly related to MHC class I but are functionally distinct. These molecules seem to have no role in the presentation of intracellular peptide antigens; instead, they may function as self-antigens that can be stress-induced (10). MICA and MICB are closely related and functionally indistinguishable (10–12). Both are recognized by cytotoxic γδ T cells expressing the TCR variable region Vδ1. Although the recognition of MICA/B appears to be mediated by TCR engagement, these interactions are unusual because T cells expressing diverse γ and δ chain Vδ1(D)J junctional sequences are capable of recognizing these molecules (10). This common antigen specificity may enable a subset of Vδ1 γδ T cells, which are relatively infrequent and endowed with a limited TCR repertoire, to respond uniformly to expression of MICA/B as a generic tissue distress signal that may be triggered by infection, noxious conditions, or transformation.
Expression of MICA and, presumably, of MICB in normal tissues is restricted mainly to intestinal epithelium (13). This limited distribution correlates with increased frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells in this site (14–16), which is opposed to their usually low numbers in lymphoid organs and peripheral blood (17). However, increased frequencies of these T cells also have been found in various epithelial tumors, including lung, colon, and renal cell carcinomas (18–21). Moreover, we have observed that many cell lines of diverse epithelial tumor origins express MICA/B (refs. 10 and 13; V.G. and T.S., unpublished data). Hence, this evidence led us to investigate a potential role of these molecules as tumor-associated antigens. As reported here, expression of MICA/B was documented in many freshly isolated specimens of carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, ovary, prostate, and colon. Significantly increased frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells were found in tumors that were positive for MICA/B, and Vδ1 γδ T cell lines and clones derived from such tumors recognized these molecules on diverse tumor cell lines and on freshly isolated heterologous and autologous tumor cells. These results provide a basis for further investigation of the biology underlying the tumor-associated expression of MICA/B and of their potential significance as antigens for Vδ1 γδ T cells in an immune surveillance of tumors.
Tumor and Lymphocyte Cell Suspensions and Flow Cytometry.
Specimens of carcinomas (of breast, lung, ovary, prostate, colon, and kidney) were from resections undertaken for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes at various institutions in the United States and Brazil and were provided by Corixa Corp. (Seattle, WA). The tumor specimens were diagnosed by histopathological and immunohistochemical criteria and contained only malignant epithelium. Tumor samples were minced, enzymatically digested for 12 h [using collagenase type III (100 μg/ml), dispase (550 μg/ml), and DNase I (200 units/ml)] and sieved through wire mesh. Cell suspensions were centrifuged in differential 100% and 75% Ficoll/Hypaque (Pharmacia) gradients. Tumor cell and lymphocyte fractions, collected from separate gradient interfaces, that were of at least 80% purity as judged by microscopy were cryopreserved until use. Thawed and washed tumor cell suspensions were stained with mAb 6D4 (anti-MICA/B) or 2C10 (anti-MICA) or with Ig isotype-matched control antibody and examined by indirect immunofluorescence by using a FACStar flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson).
Cell-Surface Labeling and Immunoprecipitation.
These procedures were carried out exactly as described, by using biotinylation of cells with Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce) (13). Aliquots of immunocomplexes were treated with N-glycanase (PNGase F; New England Biolabs) as recommended by the manufacturer, separated by SDS/PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose, and reacted with avidin-horseradish peroxidase (Vector Laboratories) (13).
Cryosections of diagnosed solid tumor specimens and of normal tissues embedded in OCT compound (Baxter Scientific Products, McGaw Park, IL) were air-dried, fixed in cold acetone, quenched with H2O2, treated with 5% goat serum in PBS, and incubated with a titered dilution of mAb 6D4 (anti-MICA/B), mAb 35βH11 (anti-cytokeratin; Dako), or isotype-matched control Ig. Antibody binding was visualized by using biotinylated goat anti-mouse Ig (Dako), peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (Zymed), and diaminobenzidine (Polysciences) or the Envision System (Dako). The images shown in Fig. 2 were generated with the latter procedure. Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated in graded alcohols, and mounted in xylene. Tissue specimens were from Corixa Corp. and the Department of Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Their use was conducted under protocols approved by the institutional review board at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimen sections of breast carcinomas and control tissue from reduction surgery were provided by PhenoPath Laboratories (Seattle) and processed with the Envision System as described by the manufacturer (Dako).
Cell Lines, Transfectants, and Antibodies.
The tumor cell lines were from the American Type Culture Collection. Transfectants of C1R cells expressing MICA or MICB have been described (10, 13). The mAbs 2C10 and 6D4 are specific for MICA and MICA/B, respectively, as shown by staining and flow cytometry of various transfectants and of heat-shock-induced and uninduced epithelial cell lines (10, 13); the specificity of mAb 2C10 has been documented further by immunoprecipitation of MICA from lysates of metabolically labeled transfectants (13). Both mAbs inhibit Vδ1 γδ T cell responses against target cells expressing MICA or MICB (10). The epitopes recognized by these mAbs are within the α1α2 domains of MICA/B, as shown with transfectants expressing mouse H-2D or K hybrid molecules in which various domains had been replaced by the corresponding sequences of MICA (ref. 13; V.G. and T.S., unpublished data). Antibodies used for phenotyping or sorting of tumor T cell populations, T cell lines, and clones were biotinylated or FITC-conjugated anti-CD3, anti-TCR-α/β-1, anti-TCR-γ/δ-1 (Becton Dickinson), anti-PanTCRγδ, anti-Vδ2, and mAb δTCS1 (anti-Vδ1) (Endogen, Cambridge, MA). Second-layer reagents were phycoerythrin-streptavidin (Becton Dickinson) or FITC-F(ab′)2 goat anti-mouse Ig conjugates (BioSource International, Camarillo, CA).
T Cell Lines and Clones, Cytotoxicity, and IFN-γ Release Assays.
Frozen lymphocyte preparations from tumors were thawed, washed, and seeded in 96-well round-bottom plates (103 cells per well) and cultured with γ-irradiated C1R-MICA transfectants (2 × 104 cells per well) in RPMI 1640 medium with 8% FBS, 2% pooled human serum, rhIL-2 (2 units/ml; Chiron), rhIL-7 (10 ng/ml; a gift of N. Vita, Sanofi Recherche, France), phytohemagglutinin (0.5 μg/ml; Difco), glutamine, and antibiotics (10). Vδ1 γδ T cell lines were sorted from pooled lymphocytes after 1 week by using mAb δTCS1 and a FACS VANTAGE cell sorter (Becton Dickinson) and grown as above with weekly restimulations. After 3 weeks, T cells were phenotyped by antibody stainings and functionally tested. Long-term T cell cultures were in the additional presence of irradiated allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T cell clones were derived after the first week of lymphocyte bulk culture by sorting directly into 96-well plates (0.5 cells per well). The αβ T cell lines and the ovary tumor-derived Vδ2 γδ T cell line and clones were seeded by sorting, by using mAbs anti-TCR-α/β-1 and anti-Vδ2, respectively, and grown under the same conditions. The chromium-release assays and treatment of target cells with mAb 2C10 or mAb 6D4 were as described (10). Secretion of IFN-γ was measured with equal numbers of T cells and irradiated mock C1R cells or stimulator C1R-MICA transfectants, or autologous or allogeneic tumor cells that were positive for MICA/B (each, 105 irradiated cells and T cells per well). Phorbol myristate acetate (1 ng/ml; Sigma) and rhIL-2 (2 units/ml; Chiron) were included. Cytokine levels were determined after 48 h by ELISA with matched antibody in relation to cytokine standard pairs (R & D Systems). For inhibition experiments, stimulator cells were mixed with titered amounts of mAb 6D4 or Ig isotype-matched control mAb shortly before addition of T cells.
Reverse Transcription–PCR and cDNA Sequence Analysis.
RNA was prepared from T cell clones by using STAT-60 reagent (Tel-Test, Friendswood, TX) and cDNA synthesized with oligo(dT) and avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Promega). TCR-δ chain sequences were amplified by PCR by using Taq polymerase (Pharmacia) and specific primers for Vδ1 (5′-CCGTCGACGTCAACTTCAAGAAAGCAGC-3′) and Cδ [biotin-(5′-GTAGAATTCCTTCACCAGAC-3′)] in 30 cycles (30 s at 95°C, 20 s at 56°C, and 60 s at 72°C) (10). PCR products were sequenced directly by using a dye terminator cycle-sequencing kit (Perkin–Elmer). Because of space limitations, the sequences are not shown but will be made available on request.
Tumor-Associated Expression of MICA and MICB.
Expression of MICA/B in solid epithelial tumors was tested with cell suspensions prepared from a number of freshly isolated tumor specimens by using flow cytometry and the mAbs 6D4 and 2C10, which bind to epitopes on the α1α2 domains of MICA/B and MICA, respectively. The reactivity of these mAbs has been documented by flow cytometry by using various transfectants and stress-induced or uninduced tumor cell lines (mAbs 6D4 and 2C10) and by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled MICA (mAb 2C10) (10, 13). With epithelial tumor cell lines, the specificity of mAb 2C10 was supported further by immunoprecipitation of surface-labeled MICA (Fig. 1A). The tumor specimens examined were diagnosed by standard histopathological and immunohistochemical criteria and contained only malignant epithelium. By cytokeratin staining, the purified tumor suspensions consisted of at least 80% epithelial cells, which, by inference, were tumor cells. Significant proportions of cells positive for binding of mAb 6D4 were seen in some, but not all, samples of breast (2/10), lung (2/6), ovary (5/6), prostate (2/4), renal cell (2/2), and colon (4/5) carcinomas. Representative fluorescence profiles are shown in Fig. 1 C and E–G. The staining intensities were heterogeneous, with about 40–70% of cells showing intermediate to high levels of expression of MICA/B. Similar results were obtained with mAb 2C10, except each one of the colon and renal cell carcinoma suspensions that were positive for binding of mAb 6D4 were not reactive with mAb 2C10. With both mAbs, negative tumor cell populations showed no more staining than with isotype-matched control Ig (Fig. 1 B, D, F, and G).
These results were refined by immunohistochemistry by using mAb 6D4 and sections made from frozen or formalin-fixed tumor and control tissue specimens. In an initial, extensive tissue screen, no staining was observed in skin, lung, tonsil, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary, and prostate, whereas intestinal epithelium was consistently positive. Also negative were peripheral blood mononuclear cells examined by flow cytometry (data not shown). With breast tumors, however, sections from 7 of 20 different tumor specimens gave positive stainings of pathologically discernible tumor cells, which was contrasted by the absence of staining of connective tissue (Fig. 2B). By contrast, all of the six paired and seven unpaired normal tissue controls showed no significant staining (Fig. 2A). Moreover, each two of two lung and renal cell, two of three ovary, and two of two prostate carcinomas were positive, whereas the tissue-matched unpaired controls (in numbers of 3, 3, 1, and 2, respectively) were negative (Fig. 2 C–F; data not shown). Thus, together with the flow cytometry data, these results indicated that MICA/B were expressed in substantial numbers of epithelial tumors with no restriction to tumor type.
Relative Frequencies of Tumor-Derived Vδ1 γδ T Cells and Recognition of MICA/B.
We investigated relationships between tumor expression of MICA/B and their potential function as T cell antigens. Among the lymphocytes extracted from 13 tumor specimens (2 breast, 2 lung, 3 ovary, 2 prostate, 1 renal cell, and 3 colon) that were positive for binding of mAb 6D4 by cell-suspension staining, the frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells (detected with mAb δTCS1) among all γδ T cells (detected with mAb anti-TCR-γ/δ-1) were 35–100% (mean 63%) (Table 1). By contrast, among nine tumor specimens (six breast, two lung, and one prostate) that were negative for staining with mAb 6D4, the frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells were 2–40% (mean 17%). With all tumors, the proportions of γδ T cells of CD3+ T cells were 1–16% (mean 4.4%), within the normal range (0.5–15%; mean 5%) defined previously in peripheral blood (17) (Table 1). Thus, the frequencies of Vδ1 γδ T cells in proportion to all γδ T cells correlated positively with tumor expression of MICA/B. These frequencies were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon rank-sum test) than in the tumors that were negative for MICA/B. Thus, these results provided indirect support for a functional association between tumor-derived Vδ1 γδ T cells and their putative antigens, MICA/B.
For functional testing, T cell lines were established from carcinomas of the breast, lung, ovary, and colon. The tumor specimens selected were positive for MICA/B by cell-suspension stainings with the mAbs 6D4 and 2C10. Extracted and purified bulk lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of cytokines and irradiated C1R transfectants expressing MICA. Vδ1 γδ T cells were isolated after 1 week of culture by cell sorting and expanded. In parallel, CD8+ αβ T cell lines and a Vδ2 γδ T cell line were established from the same lymphocyte preparations derived from the four tumors and from the ovary carcinoma, respectively. The surface-marker phenotypes of the T cell lines were confirmed after 3 weeks of expansion (data not shown). In functional assays, all of the four Vδ1 γδ T cell lines (BTδ1, LTδ1, OTδ1, and CTδ1) were cytotoxic against C1R-MICA and C1R-MICB transfectants but not against untransfected C1R cells. Selected data representative of multiple experiments with these T cell lines are shown in Fig. 3 A–D. These responses were inhibited when target cells were treated with mAbs 2C10 or 6D4, whereas addition of isotype-matched control Ig or of the anti-HLA mAb W6/32 as a cell-binding control mAb had no effect (Fig. 3 A–D; data not shown) (22). By contrast, none of the CD8+ αβ T cell lines were cytotoxic against the C1R-MICA or C1R-MICB targets. Fig. 3E shows representative data obtained with the breast tumor-derived T cell line (BTαβ). The Vδ2 γδ T cell line was cytotoxic against C1R cells, as has been noted previously with Daudi cells (23), but there was no enhanced activity against the C1R-MICA transfectants (Fig. 3F). No unspecific T cell inhibition was observed in the presence of mAb 6D4 (data not shown). Thus, these results supported previous evidence indicating that T cell recognition of MICA/B was confined to the Vδ1 subset of γδ T cells and showed that T cells with this reactivity could be derived from tumors in which MICA/B were expressed.
Recognition of MICA and MICB on Heterologous and Autologous Tumor Cells.
The potential relevance and limitations of these T cell responses were tested by using tumor cell lines and freshly isolated tumor cells. The ovary tumor-derived OTδ1 T cell line was cytolytic against a panel of unrelated tumor cell lines derived from ovary (OV-1063 and SW626), prostate (DU145 and PC-3), colon (HCT116, Lovo, DLD-1, and SW480), liver (HepG2), and cervical (Hela) carcinomas that were positive for expression of MICA/B by staining with mAbs 6D4 and 2C10 and/or by immunoprecipitation of MICA with mAb 2C10 from lysates of surface-labeled cells (Figs. 1A and 4 A and B; data not shown). In all cases, the T cell responses were inhibited by mAb 6D4 but not by isotype-matched control Ig. The selected data shown in Fig. 4 A and B also were representative of additional experiments in which the BTδ1 and LTδ1 T cells derived from the breast and lung tumors, respectively, were tested. Corresponding results were obtained with two Vδ1 γδ T cell clones from different ovary tumors, which were assayed for IFN-γ release after 48 h of stimulation with breast, lung, or autologous or allogeneic ovary tumor cells. These tumor cells were from cell-suspension preparations that were stored frozen and were thawed and used directly, without prior exposure to culture medium; they were selected for positive staining with mAb 6D4. The measured responses were similar to those that were seen with the C1R-MICA transfectants but not with C1R cells and were all inhibited in the presence of mAb 6D4 (Fig. 4C). Thus, MICA/B were recognized on autologous and diverse heterologous tumor cells with no apparent specificity constraints associated with any of the many different tumor cells tested.
The diversity of the Vδ1 γδ T cells capable of recognizing MICA/B was examined after direct seeding of clones by sorting from the tumor-derived bulk lymphocytes and expansion. The clones selected for δ-chain cDNA sequencing showed significant cytotoxic activities against C1R-MICA targets. The 38 sequences derived from the breast, lung, ovary, and colon carcinomas included 12 different δ-chains that were allocated in numbers of 6 of 10, 2 of 11, 3 of 7, and 1 of 10, respectively, and showed no apparent junctional region similarities (data not shown; see Materials and Methods). Because paired peripheral blood samples were not available for analysis, it was not possible to examine whether these oligoclonal sequences were associated with selective expansion or retention of the Vδ1 γδ T cells in tumor sites. However, in accord with previous data (10), these results indicated that MICA/B can be recognized by a substantial subset of Vδ1 γδ T cells that remains to be defined.
The data presented show that MICA/B, which, under normal conditions, have a limited tissue distribution in intestinal epithelium, are expressed in many epithelial tumors independent of tumor type. This raises the question of whether a similar regulation may underlie this shared expression. Cultured epithelial tumor cells express intermediate to large amounts of MICA/B, which is associated with proliferation and is independent of cellular stress (10, 13). With nonproliferating cells grown at high confluency, however, the expression levels are low but can be increased strongly by heat shock and, presumably, other types of stress (10). Thus, tumor-associated expression of MICA/B could be induced by conditions related to tumor homeostasis and growth. It will be of interest to identify tumor-biology parameters and molecular markers that may be associated positively or negatively with expression of MICA/B.
The results confirm and extend previous evidence that indicated a specific functional association between T cells in the Vδ1 γδ T cell subset and MICA/B. This is supported further by the increased numbers of these T cells in tumors expressing these molecules. The recognition of MICA/B on all of the diverse tumor cells tested argues against an association of these molecules with self-antigen-derived peptide or nonpeptide ligands, which is in agreement with the previous model suggesting a function as self-antigens (10). It is apparent that the Vδ1 γδ T cell responses share similarities with those of natural killer cells. However, although the latter usually are inhibited by binding of inhibitory receptors to MHC class I molecules on target cells, we have not observed similar effects with the Vδ1 γδ T cells. Further studies will be required to determine the in vivo activation phenotypes of these T cells and to define the signaling and costimulatory molecules that are necessary for triggering the cytolytic response. In addition, a link between TCR-γ and -δ chain sequences and the recognition of MICA/B remains to be firmly established.
The physiological role and in vivo effector functions of Vδ1 γδ T cells are unknown, and no antigens except MICA/B have been identified. However, the tumor-associated expression of MICA/B and their apparently unconditional recognition by these T cells, independent of specific processing and ligand association requirements, suggest potential functions as components of an innate immune surveillance of tumors.
We thank M. Beauchamp, A. Gown, and A. Steinle for experimental help, T. Gooley for the statistical analysis, and L. Lanier for helpful comments. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AI30581 and CA18221.
- MHC class I-related chain;
- T cell receptor
- Received November 23, 1998.
- Accepted April 8, 1999.
- Copyright © 1999, The National Academy of Sciences
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|← How to Get a Gun
|Medicinal Marijuana →
Gun control can be referred to as the regulation of the use and sale of handguns and rifles. It has been termed by many that the gun control is unjust and controlling its use is injustice. This is because the guns are used to save lives in many situations. There has a rising quarrel on the gun control since year 2000. There has been conflict on whether there should be control of guns or whether there should not be. The control of guns can be considered injustice because people with the guns are able to control their lives well. However, not everybody should be given the permission of getting a gun. This is mainly because some may end up misusing it. There is concrete evidence of misuse of the guns like in the case of assassination of President John F. Kennedy. This increased the awareness from the public which led to increased gun control measures or laws (Donald, 1992).
The right to have or own a gun in most countries is stated in the constitution, not everybody is allowed to have a gun. In the US constitution, people are allowed to own guns, but the big question arises on the reason why there are gun control laws. The history of gun control started in Dallas, Texas. Some people try to convince others that there is no problem with the gun control. However, lack of controlling the use of guns can lead to a lot of behaviors that are harmful to the society. Guns usually promote some behaviors that are violent. Guns are being used by many Gangsters to kill people including children around the world. Therefore, there is need to control them and even put tough measures against their use as well as ownership (Earl, 1995).

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Place Category: Parks and Playgrounds
Woodtree Playground is so named for the prominent willow oak (Quercus phellos) trees in the playground. A popular tree for parks and streets, the willow oak is one of the more durable trees. Although it flourishes in a wetter climate, the willow oak adapts to widely varying conditions. The trees narrow leaves create a comfortable shade, and are among the last to fall during the autumn.
Woodtree Playground is one of many New York parks built under the supervision of Robert Moses (1888-1981), a New York City Parks commissioner and a legendary figure in New York City politics. Moses, who served as Commissioner from 1934 to 1960, supervised the construction of 255 New York City playgrounds. Prior to 1934, the only parklands serving the Steinway neighborhood were Astoria Park and Rainey Park. This site was acquired by condemnation on April 27, 1950, and placed under Parks jurisdiction on August 23, 1950.
The Steinway neighborhood is named for Steinway and Sons, the piano business established by Henry Engelhard Steinweg in 1853 before emigrating from Seesen, Germany, to America. He opened a piano factory in Manhattan in 1860, and the family name changed to Steinway in 1866. Henry died in 1871, and his sons Theodore and Henry, Jr., continued to craft pianos while Henry's brother William managed the business. Between 1870 and 1873, William purchased a 400-acre tract of land near Bowery Bay in Queens and built a factory and worker facilities. Steinway's Astoria Homestead Company included a kindergarten, a church, a public trolley line, a bath house, parks, athletic fields, a free library, and frame houses for the workers. The factory eventually relocated, but the neighborhood still bears the name.
When the playground opened in October 1951, it featured handball and basketball courts, a see saw, a jungle gym, a gated wading pool, slides, swings, a comfort station, drinking fountain, benches, and a flagpole. A reconstruction was completed in 1996 with $849,000 in capital funding provided by Council Member Peter Vallone. Today the playground also holds dolphin animal art, play equipment with safety surfacing, a sprinkler area, and a flagpole with a yardarm.
- Woodtree Playground
New York
United States
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Sometimes, you have got to try before moving on to something different, no matter how determined you were to make a thing succeed in the beginning.
This is a tough lesson to learn.
Where do you draw the line to signify when something you've worked towards isn't working at all? How do you know when you've tried enough and it is time to move on towards something else? These are very difficult questions to ask of one self, and the answer(s) isn't always easy to find, hear or simply acknowledge.
Here is what I was doing this past weekend – pictured below.
A stall a couple of friends and I held at a 3-day show; we carry silver jewellery, henna tattooing service (by me), gorgeous original paintings and prints by my friend Abecca, and organic hand-made ceramic vases and pendants by another friend, Rachel Sheree. We've been trying to do the market circuits for few months now, testing waters of one or the other every month in our venture to find some that work for what we carry. We were hoping this show would have been one of success for us, but unfortunately like so many others, it only disappointed.
However, we are believers that what happens is only for the better, and after months of trying this avenue, we have unanimously decided that we will keep fighting to achieve our goals – of making our art work for us as a living, but via another route.
It was a decision we had tossed around for a long time, however, our time is valuable and it's foolish to pursue a path with a dead-end. So after three long days of tiring disappointment, we are thrilled however to realise we have an opportunity now to try avenues we haven't yet given a go. What more could be as exciting as knowing that we may be stumped for now, but not for too long.
I take great delight in knowing that sometimes we have to go through tough situations, make scary decisions and pursue paths with anxiety to realise when something is worth our effort, or when it is high time we moved on to something different, something fresh, something better and something that may still see us succeed!
So take pride in what you attempt, even if it doesn't work out as planned some days, or other times, take the lesson learned and try to do something different, take a different route.
As for us, we are now concentrating more time on planning for bigger exposure, and for that we need to make sure we give our all – no more unnecessary distractions that's just holding us back. It's time to take the lesson learnt and move on to something better, bigger.
Don't give up your passion for anything. If something isn't working, then take a breather and try another avenue. After all, it's not the destination that is rich but the experience of getting there. So, safe journey to you all, whichever pathway you choose.


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Price: $20.00
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Book Condition: Very Good
Wraps. 12 very nice loose color plates on stiff card approx. 7"x8 1/2", plus stapled booklet in several languages inlcuding English, in trifold wrap with small owner notation inside front. Not dated.
Title: Mistr Theodorik
Categories: Art,
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Item: 1.00 Item
Seller ID: 024774
Keywords: ART COLOR PLATES,


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On Saturday, September 9, 2012, Lavinia Schwarz presented Genealogy 101: Getting Started, at the Society of California Pioneers in San Francisco. Lavinia heads the research team at the California Genealogical Society and is a former member of the board of directors.
The class grew out of a desire for collaboration between our two societies. Our board members, Pat Gallagher and Henry Snyder, worked with California Pioneers Director of Library and Archives, Patricia L. Keats, to make it happen.
|Lavinia Schwarz teaching "Genealogy 101" in the
Joseph and Mildred Rolph Moore Gallery.
The setting was the beautiful Joseph and Mildred Rolph Moore Gallery. The class was free and open members of both the California Genealogical Society and the Society of California Pioneers. SOCP Director of Membership Services, Peggy Huntington, and SOCP Board President Thomas McLaughlin were present to welcome attendees and get things started. More than thirty participants heard Lavinia's excellent presentation on how to get started on a genealogical quest.
|Members of both the California Genealogical Society and the Society of California Pioneers were in attendance.
Lavinia provided an excellent overview for the beginner. Using examples and photographs from her own family, she outlined the "how-to process" and shared her secrets for success. Her discussion covered the following topics:
- Talk to everyone in the family.
- Gather what you collect and pick an approach.
- Learn the lingo.
- Copy and source what you find.
- If you can, use technology.
Lavinia provided a hand-out with resource suggestions, a comprehensive list of genealogy websites, and three sample forms – ancestral chart, research calendar, and family group record sheet.
|Tim Cox, Lavinia Schwarz and Thomas McLaughlin, President of the Board of Society of California Pioneers
The class was very well-received. Organizer Pat Gallagher noted: "Lots of folks left the room saying how inspired they were to get going."
Copyright © 2012 by Kathryn M. Doyle, California Genealogical Society and Library


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Leptospirosis Symptoms
Chills are feelings of coldness accompanied by shivering. They may arise with or without fever. Without fever, chills typically arise after exposure to a cold environment. Essentially any condition that may produce fever (including infections and cancers) can result in chills along with fever. Fever and chills are common symptoms of influenza infection (the flu).


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Investigation: No ambulance for stroke victim
HEALTH authorities have launched an investigation into an incident at Byron Central Hospital where a man suffering a stroke was allegedly told his wife should drive him to hospital.
The investigation was confirmed by Northern NSW Local Health District chief executive Wayne Jones in a letter to Paul Rea obtained by The Northern Star.
Mr Jones also announced the investigation in a statement where he outlined the events leading up to Mr Rea's transfer to John Flynn Hospital late last month.
"The time taken for the patient to be examined, receive medical imaging and be assessed as stable was an hour 45 minutes, during which time a referral to a specialist neurologist was arranged," Mr Jones said.
"Upon discharge, the patient was provided with the option to travel privately to John Flynn Private Hospital based on his stable condition.
"The specialist physician has since been in contact with the patient who advised the clinician he was more than satisfied with the treatment he received at (Byron Central Hospital)."
Mr Rea clarified the issue is centred on inability to resource an ambulance to transfer him not the treatment provided by Byron Central Hospital staff.
"I was exposed to medical danger because of a lack of decent transport," Mr Rea said.
"I've always been told strokes are medical emergencies."
Mr Rea said he wanted to add his voice to "what appears to be a catalogue of complaints" about the hospital's resources.
Byron Shire Mayor, Simon Richardson expressed his sympathies to Mr Rea and his wife.
Cr Richardson also cited an incident where his daughter, who he said had suffered a head injury, was allegedly told at Byron Central to either wait five hours or drive his daughter to another hospital.
He said Mr Rea's story highlights a statewide issue and the critical need for our hospitals to have sufficient emergency transport.
Health minister Brad Hazzard was contacted for comment.


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Smith, Amanda
|CHAPTER XXXV. -- RETURN TO LIVERPOOL--FAITH HEALING--BISHOP TAYLOR LEAVES -- AGAIN FOR AFRICA--USE OF MEANS--THE STORY OF MY -- BONNET--TOKENS OF GOD's HELP AFTER MY RETURN FROM -- AFRICA.
I left Sierra Leone in November, 1890. I was so miserable that I only gave myself three weeks to live; I thought I might possibly drag along about that length of time.
I did not go to any of my friends in Liverpool, or Southport, as they wanted I should do. I was so tired, and weak, and I thought of the care and anxiety I would be to them, and then the extra work for the servants--all this I thought of--though I never saw better principled servants in my life, than in England.
I suppose there is not a lady in England who would think of consulting her servants as to whether she should entertain a colored person in her home; I do not believe there was ever such a thing heard of in England. But such a thing in America would not be considered out of place. I have met the like more than once.
I was at a good lady's house in Philadelphia, not long since; she was very kind to me, and wanted to ask me to stay for tea, but did not dare to do so, on account of an old servant who would have been vexed if she had had to serve a colored woman, whom the lady herself had asked to sit at her table. It was night, and I only had to ride two and a half hours, from Philadelphia to Newark, my home, and I got my own supper, thank the Lord.
Well, I had no fears of this kind in England. But I felt that I wanted to be quiet, and simply let alone. I had it in my mind all clear as to what I would do with little Bob.
While on the steamer I had my first attack of "la grippe." I had not neard of it in Africa; it had not got there then; so that I did not know really what had happened to me. But the good
I had seen poor Mrs. Beede, when on my way from Old Calabar, buried at sea. And I knew all that would have to be done, and I shrank from it. I said, "Oh! Lord, if Thou wilt only give me strength to get to Liverpool, I will not trouble Thee any more."
For I was so tired of holding on, and trying to keep up; and for three weeks after I got to Liverpool I did not pray. It seemed to me the Lord had done all I asked Him, and now all I had to do was the little I could do for myself, and just wait and see what next the Lord would do.
I calmly looked over all my mind, and my work in Africa. I felt that while there was so much to be done, and I had only done a little, yet that I had God's approval that I had done all I could. I went to Africa at His bidding, and did not leave till I was sure I had His sanction. So I felt, if I were to die, my conscience was clear before my God. I had worked willingly, and suffered cheerfully, in the work, for His sake. And there was not a shadow between my soul and God, and I felt I had nothing to ask.
We got into Liverpool on Friday night. The stewardess said I could have lodgings with her. So she took me to her house. All night I suffered. On Saturday morning I felt a little rested; but the pains troubled me very much; so, as the evening drew near, I sent out and got some medicine, and thought I would go to bed early. But just about eight o'clock, my dear friend, Mrs. Stavely (whom I had written to say I had got in, but did not expect to see before Monday), and her husband came in. Dear souls, how very kind they were. They were delighted to see me, and said they thought I looked well to what they expected. I told them how miserable I had been, and had suffered. At once Mrs. Stavely said:
"Oh! why don't you trust the Lord to heal you?"
"Why," I said, "that is what I have been doing all along; and I believe if I had not done so I would have been dead long ago."
She had often written me on the subject of faith healing, while in Africa, and had sent me numerous papers; then I knew dear Mrs. Baxter, and Mrs. Dr. Bordman, and many others of those choice spirits. But somehow I did not seem to be able to see the
"However," I said to Mrs. Stavely. "if an effort on my part is necessary, I cannot make it, I am too weak. But like the man we read of in the Gospel, I am willing for anybody to do anything for me that he can."
The man we read of in the Gospel was too weak to do anything himself, but was willing they should take the roof off the house and let him down before Jesus; and Jesus, seeing their faith, said to the sick of the palsy: "Arise." So I said, "there is just where I am. I am willing, from the crown of my head to the soles of my feet."
"Oh, well," she said, "if you are willing, the Lord can do it."
"But, then," I said, "I have just swallowed a dose of castor oil and laudanum five minutes before you came in."
"Well," she laughingly said, "you can trust the Lord."
I knew how very conservative good Mr. Stavely was; that he was not an enthusiast by any means, though one of the grandest men I ever knew; and he spoke up:
"Yes, Sister Smith, why not trust the Lord to heal?"
"My," I thought, "if he has got to believing so, it is wonderful."
After a pleasant chat they went home. All day Sunday I suffered. There was a sick lady in the next room to me, and they called in a doctor for her. He was a good Christian man. So, as I was so very ill, my hostess said I had better have the doctor see me. I agreed, and he came in. He was very pleasant, and I told him I was just from Africa. He was much interested, and said that they had a large mission on the Congo. He was delighted to see little Bob, and said he would like me and Bob to come to Sabbath School in their church.
He left me some medicine, which did me good, and relieved the pain so that I was able to sleep a little on Sunday night. Then, as he had to call on the other lady on Monday and Tuesday he called each time to see me, also.
I took the medicine on Sunday and Monday, but did not take it on Tuesday.
"Now, I ought to trust the Lord--now as I am willing," I
So sure enough he called in on Wednesday, had a nice chat, and said, "Well, Mrs. Smith, I see you are better."
"Yes, Doctor," I said, "I am feeling much better. How much shall I pay you?"
"Oh! nothing at all. I am very glad to do what I can for you."
So I thanked him, and he left.
On Friday I heard that Bishop Taylor was in town, and would leave on Saturday. So I went down to Mr. Stavely's office, the Temple, Dale Street, Liverpool, and found that the office of Anderson Fowler, Bishop Taylor's agent, was next to Mr. Stavely's.
This was the first time I ever saw a telephone work. It was a new thing to me. But I soon heard from the Bishop. They said, "Yes, he was there; had just gone out five minutes before."
So I left my address, and asked the Bishop to call on me at my lodgings. But, as the Bishop was poorly, with asthma, his son, Mr. Ross Taylor, and Mr Welch, the former editor of the "African News," called at my lodgings.
I was delighted to see them. We did have a pleasant time together. We had a little song, and then we knelt and had prayers. My! how Brother Ross Taylor did pray; and Brother Welch. They were in quite a hurry, so did not stop long.
Mr. Ross told me that his father was to leave for Africa on Saturday. So next morning I got a cab, and Bob and I went down to the pier to see the Bishop off. I got there before the Bishop arrived, and I saw him when he came on board; and I think I never pitied a man so in my life. It seemed as though he could scarcely walk, he was so weak and thin. I said to myself, "That is not the Bishop Taylor that I left in Africa." Oh! how changed he was. After I had looked at him for a time (for he did not see me) I went to him and said:
"How do you do, Bishop?"
"Pretty well," he said.
How glad he was to see Bob and me. He saw us last at Cape Palmas, in Africa. Then I said, "What a dreadful cold you have."
"Yes," he said, "an attack of asthma. I have not had an attack before for (I think he said) thirty years. The other night I did not know but I was going. My breath was so short. But I told the Lord if He would spare me. I would like to live a little longer for Africa."
And I saw the great tears in his eyes, and his lips quivered. Then he brushed the tears away, and said, with a twinkle in his eye:
"You know, Amanda, I have known men to die for want of breath."
"Yes," I said, "they generally die for such a want."
Oh! how I would like to have gone back with him. As I looked at him I said, "Oh! what a sacrifice, all for my people. At his time of life he ought to have his home comforts, with his wife to look after him, and his children around him. Now he is so weak and sick. And then he is going all alone on the steamer, and not a soul to do anything for him."
I cannot tell how sad I felt. I said to Mr. Ross, "Can't you go as far as Madeira with the Bishop?"
"No," he replied, "father says I must go home."
Then the Bishop said to me, "Well, good bye, Amanda. Take good care of Bob."
I bade him good-bye the best I could, and left. I never expected to see him again in this life. When I got into the cab, oh! how I cried! And for three days every time I thought of the dear old hero, I had a good cry; I couldn't help it. How good the Lord was to take him to Africa, and bring him back to his home land so well and strong. How like a God is He who doeth all things well. Amen.
Again I turn to my story. Going out at that time gave me fresh cold; I had not got my winter clothes yet; so a dreadful cough set in, and rheumatism in my left arm; and what I suffered, God only knows. But I had quit taking any means. I was willing to trust the Lord.
"Lord," I said, "there are all the things I have been taking, and they have helped me up to a certain point, and then I had to trust you. So I will trust you and do without taking anything."
Now this time the Lord did not seem to test me as before. I just wanted a little relief from pain, for I was going to die anyhow. So I went on.
One night about two o'clock, I had not slept a wink up to that
"Thou knowest, "I replied, "I have not got any; but in the morning I will ask the lady if she has any."
So I did, and she gave me some. I got down before the fire on my knees, and put on the cotton batting. It did seem to relieve me, and the pain seemed to quiet down as I knelt down before the fire and it got warm, and I fell into a little doze of sleep. It was better next day, but, oh! so sore. I told my friends I believed it was the good Spirit that prompted me to put on the cotton batting. But they thought I should not have done it, but simply ignored the plan, and just trusted the Lord.
Well, I tried the best I could. They sent me books on the subject; but I said, "I will not read anything but the Bible. I am going to take the Word of God, and ask help of the Spirit."
All right. One night after this my cough troubled me so that I could not sleep. After a severe fit of coughing, I said, "Oh! Lord, do help me. What must I do?" And in an instant a voice distinctly said to me. "Beet root tea will allay the irritation." And I said, "Now, Lord, if that is Thy voice speaking to me, please keep it in my mind till morning and I will do it."
I remembered that twenty years before I was told this thing, and did it for a friend who was ill with cold, and it helped her; but I didn't remember that I had ever thought of it from that time until it came to me that night.
This was between three and four o'clock in the morning. About day-break I got a little quiet; and at seven o'clock a servant came in and made the fire, and it came to me about the beet root. I said, "Well, I am better now, and I needn't mind about it."
I got up at eight, and it came again, "Beet root tea." But still I did not heed. About nine o'clock the same whisper came to me again:
"You said if the Lord would keep it in your mind till morning, you would make the beet root tea."
"So I did."
And I called Bob and sent him downstairs to ask the lady if she had any red beets. She sent me two small ones, but very nice
I believe that God is honored as much when He tells me to do a thing and I obey, as when He says not to do it, and I obey. "Thou shalt not covet." "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart." To me obedience in both cases is absolutely necessary to honor God. I only receive blessings as I obey.
Rev. D.F. Sanford, of Boston, was so kind to Bob and me, and he and his wife were at the Berachia home, at Southport, and during the series of meetings he was holding he gave Bible readings on this subject; and it seemed so clear, and many seemed to get help and blessing, and I did too.
But many thought I was not half out of the woods. So one day two ladies called to see me, after I had returned to Liverpool. I had never seen them before, but they said they had heard of me; and one of them, Mrs. A., told me of her wonderful experience of how she was healed of dropsy.
I was deeply interested, as she went on narrating all the incidents in relation to it, and how she used oil and anointed herself, as she said she felt the Lord led her to do.
"Oh," I said, "I was out last evening to the shop, and it came to me to get some sweet oil."
"That is it," she said at once.
"But," I said, "I did not get it."
"Well," she said, "olive oil is the best; but I did not have that in my case. Haven't you got oil of any kind in the house?"
"Only a little castor oil that was left in the glass."
"It only needs a few drops, and that will do."
So I knelt down, and they anointed me with this oil, and prayed very earnestly. They both said they got such a baptism when they were healed; so I could not help expecting some assurance to this work of healing my body, as I did to my sanctification and justification.
They told me this was right for me to expect, for God had made the provision for the body's healing, with that of the soul; and I did honestly try to see it just as they did. But I could not. I went on for ten days waiting for this especial assurance that I
Christmas came. My dear friend, Mrs. Stavely, had invited me to Seaforth. It was with great difficulty that I got there. When I did, Oh! what a night of suffering. She prayed with me. Oh, how true and kind she was. Her faith held on to God for me.
Next day another dear friend, Mrs. D., came; and they two together prayed and encouraged me to still hold on; that all the pain I suffered was simply a temptation; the Lord would heal me. I made my will do the best it would; but I felt the pain just the same.
About noon I got up, and they helped me to get my clothes on. They were so anxious I should be down to Christmas dinner with them. So I was, and as best I could, endured the pain through dinner. When it was over I could not hold out any longer; I went up to my room, and walked the floor in agony. I tried to ignore the pain; but in spite of my will and faith, it would not be ignored a bit!
About day-break I got a little quiet and slept a little; and while the pain was not so bad as it had been, it was three weeks before I was able to get my arm above my head. And when I would use any means, or talk of it, my friends would feel so sorry for me, and say that it was not honoring the Lord to do so.
But I had sincerely prayed for light. And I believe God has given it to me; if for no one else, He does to Amanda Smith, and I feel quite sure I am not mistaken in God's leading me. I think He has saved me from bondage on these points. Amen. Amen.
As one of the little incidents that reached its culmination after my return from Africa to England, I must here relate the story of my bonnet--not a very important story in itself, but, like most stories, it has its moral, also, if we choose to see it.
How I did hate to give up my nice Quaker bonnet! I had no special feeling about putting it on, so far as feathers and flowers were concerned. I settled that when I was converted. All of those things were surrendered, though the love of them was deep in my heart, so that when I sought the blessing of cleansing I had no difficulty on the dress question.
I always admired the Friends' dress, so this was at once my choice, and at that time many of the Christian sisters among all
It was not a question of your belonging to the Society of Friends because you chose to dress like them. I remember that not only colored Methodists dressed like them, but white Methodists as well, so that I never dreamed of anyone questioning me on my plain dress. When I got to England I found it was different, dressing like a Friend and not being a Friend, and none of my people being Friends. They did not understand it, so as I went about I was often questioned, though in a very nice way.
I was with the Friends a great deal, and they were most hospitable and kind. They would sometimes say:
"Does thee belong to the Society of Friends?"
"Did thy father and mother?"
"And none of thy people are Friends?"
"How strange that thee should wear the Friends' garb."
Well, then I would go into a long explanation, tell of Americans being independent in what they choose; how no one felt bound to wear any set garb; that Methodists or Presbyterians, no matter who, if they liked to dress like the Friends, or anybody else, if they had the money, just got the article, whatever it was, and no one had any thought about it.
They would listen patiently, and then kindly say: "Well, I think if I were thee, I would not do it."
I didn't understand it at first, but later on I found out that no one in England would wear a Friends' bonnnet who was not a Friend, if they did they would be suspected of pretending to be what they were not. When I first heard this I was frightened. I said, "Oh, deary me, is this why I have been so questioned?"
As I was going from place to place, everybody treated me most kindly, but, "oh," I said, "has this been the thought in their mind, that I have been pretending to be what I am not?"
I prayed and cried about it a great deal for the Lord only
Then the people on this side thought I was representing myself, by wearing the Friends' dress, to be what I was not.
So there I was, between two fires, and the thought of sailing under false colors, this was more than I could bear, but I stood it until I got back to Liverpool, then I had to get a new bonnet. I dreaded going through the explanation again. I saw that the settled ladies were wearing little bonnets. I thought, "What shall I do, I can never were a little bonnet."
I thought if I could find a Friends' milliner, I would get me a plain bonnet if it were not a real Friends' bonnet. I knew I could not get what I wanted at any ordinary milliner, and I did not know where to go in Liverpool to find a Friends' milliner.
I wrote to my friend, Mrs. Margaret Davis, of Fox Rock, Dublin, and told her my dilemma. She wrote and told me she thought I was quite right about getting the bonnet I wanted, and that she would find out where I could find a Friends' milliner in Liverpool. But before I got her word, two ladies called on me and would go with me to get some warmer clothing. It was very cold and I had only my African clothes, four double, but then I was not warm, so we went shopping, as we would say in England.
The ladies got me a nice fur cloak, warm under flannels, nice jersey jacket, stockings, gloves, etc., then they said:
"Is there anything else, Amanda?"
"That is all," I replied.
Just then one of the ladies said, "Oh, you must have a nice bonnet!"
Then I told them I was waiting for a letter so as to know where to go. They said, "You will not wear that big bonnet again."
I tried to explain to them as best I could, but they insisted that I must get a bonnet, "properly," as they said. So we went into the millinery department and got me a "nice bonnet," the largest one they had, and that was not very large, and the plainest.
So I went on all right until I came back to America, then here it was again, "Oh, what have you done with your plain bonnet?" I felt so sick of explaining that I felt like starting a new style and wearing no bonnet at all!
Scores of people have asked me about my bonnet that have never thought of asking me how my soul prospered, and this, after all, is more important in God's sight than though I wore a hundred plain bonnets.
I thought it well to give this final explanation. Amen.
I had a great many expenses during my stay at Sierra Leone. I had my two native children, Bob and Frances, with me, and the little girl was sick all the time. I did everything I could for her to get her well enough to bring with me.
She had been sick for three months before I left Monrovia; but I had got her well enough to get as far as Sierra Leone, where I hoped, through better medical attendance, she would get quite well enough for me to bring to England.
After spending three or four months in Sierra Leone, and doing all I could for her, paying doctors' bills and all, the doctor told me at last that the child could not stand the climate if I brought her, and that she would be a great deal of trouble and care, so I had to decide to leave her, as I had little Bob to look after.
Then I had to provide everything for Frances, so as to leave her comfortable, as I was going to bring little Bob with me. This made my expenses more; but I had quite enough to bring me to Liverpool, if I could live to get there, though sometimes I was a little doubtful whether I would. But the Lord understood my case.
It was not long after I got there before my loving Father, God, began to fulfill that blessed old promise, that He gave me when I left America: "My God will supply all your need according to His riches in glory, by Christ Jesus." Phil. 4:19. Different friends began to send in, as I have already shown; some, three pounds; then two pounds; others, one pound.
One week when I needed just four shillings to pay for my lodgings at Liverpool, before leaving for my friend, Mrs. Staveley's, at Seaforth, where I was going that afternoon, the postman brought a letter in the morning, and when I opened it was from America, and contained one dollar. I did not know the sender--no
"This, this is the God I adore,
My faithful, unchangeable friend
His love is as great as His power,
Which neither knows measure nor end."


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The Champaign County Farm Bureau Foundation provides educational opportunities that impact the future of the food and agricultural industry in Champaign County, and around the world.
This is accomplished through our Ag in the Classroom program which provides educational materials, classroom presentations and other resources in an effort to educate our community from K to Consumer. Meanwhile our scholarship program allows students to attend the college of their choice as they pursue their dreams of an agricultural degree.
We're able to make this impact through the generous support of individual sponsorships and corporate friends who share our mission of impacting the future of Agriculture.
Our History
Since our start in 1985, the Champaign County Farm Bureau Foundation has awarded over $940,000 scholarship funds. From just two scholarship awarded in 1986, the Foundation has dramatically increased the amount of scholarships and the number of recipients impacted each year.
The addition of our Earth Partners agricultural literacy program (now called Champaign County Ag in the Classroom) followed in 1993. Initially created to bring Agriculture programming to Champaign County classrooms, the program has grown to reach over 1,000 students each month. This impact expands even further when you add in the teachers, parents and family members who learn about our programming, and the importance of Agriculture second hand.
In recent years, the Ag in the Classroom program has expanded outside the traditional elementary school classroom to include High School Teens, 4-H Clubs, after school programs and even adult education resources and classroom-style presentations.
Working at the direction of a volunteer board of directors, the Foundation holds several fundraising events throughout the year. Without the support of our individual and corporate donors our mission simply would not be realized. We share our donors energy and enthusiasm for agriculture and strive to represent their passion for the future of our industry.
Past Foundation Presidents
John Reifsteck, 1985-86
Richard Rayburn, 1986-87
Linden Warfel, 1987-91
Jerry Wallace, 1991-92
Bob Cochrane, 1992-93
Jim McKinstray, 1993-95
Gary Grace, 1995-2000
Larry Wood, 2000-2009
Jim Goss, 2009-2012
Brian Stark, 2013 – 2016
Brian McCoy, 2016 – 2019
Cory Mitchell, 2019 – Present
Foundation Executive Directors
Dave Lawrence, 2000-2002
Carol Keiser, 2002-2007
Debby Rehn, 2007-2013
Larry Wood, 2013-2015
Kirk Builta, 2015 – Present


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Management Toolbox
Enterprise business intelligence tools for the small and mid-sized business
Management Toolbox from MG Technology Group is a complete business intelligence solution for multi-location retail businesses. It provides a comprehensive arsenal of reports and tools to bring enterprise level capabilities to the small and mid-sized multi-location retail business.
Management Toolbox includes advanced reporting capabilities, automated statistical analysis, inventory management tools, and integration with accounting/ERP and payroll solutions.
Keep your finger on the pulse of your business. Enable your operations staff to spend more time in the field and less time generating and analyzing reports. At the same time equip them with more relevant and actionable information than ever before.
Management Toolbox from MG Technology Group allows for easy integration of POS system data with your accounting/ERP and payroll solutions, helping you eliminate manual data entry, improve accuracy, reduce your time to close financials and complete payroll.
Reduce your administrative overhead and leverage the power of your existing systems with MG Technology Group!


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IntroductionOn the Red Sea, near the border with Djibouti, Assab is the nation's largest port (though it sits idle until relations with Ethiopia normalize) and site of its only oil refinery. It's also a center for fishing and various watersports. The town itself isn't worth a visit, but the volcanic scenery of the Dankalia region, which you pass through on the way there, is beautiful and otherworldly enough to warrant the journey. This is a rough and remote trip best done with a local driver. 300 mi/480 km southeast of Asmara.
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More runaway and lost pets end up in animal shelters over the 4th of July holiday than any other time of year. The noise of fireworks can cause animals to become frightened and panic, and a panicked animal can run very long distances and become disoriented and lost. To help ensure the speedy return of missing pets in the Puget Sound area, Homeward Pet Adoption Center is providing free pet microchipping on Friday, June 29 and Saturday, June 30, between 10:00am – 2:00pm.
While it's best to leave pets securely in doors on the 4th of July, it's not always possible. In the unwanted event a companion cat or dog goes missing, a microchip is one of the most effective ways to make sure they are safely and quickly returned to their owner, as it is becoming standard practice for animal shelters and animal control centers to scan incoming cats and dogs for microchips.
Dogs and cats will be microchipped for free at Homeward Pet, while supplies last. No appointment is necessary. All dogs and cats brought in for microchipping at Homeward Pet must be spayed or neutered.
Located in Woodinville, Homeward Pet Adoption Center (Homeward Pet) is one of the largest no-kill, non-profit animal shelters in Western Washington. Homeward Pet cares for homeless animals from all over Washington state and beyond, whether surrendered by owners or transferred from other rescue organizations or shelters that euthanize.
For more information, please visit http://www.homewardpet.org.
Homeward Pet is located at:
13132 NE 177th Place
Woodinville, WA 98072


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Brookfield Planning Meeting | October 16, 2014
Part 1 of 1
Meeting Notes
Welcome to the Brookfield New Hampshire Planning Board meeting from 10/16/14. The board meets at the Town Offices, 267 Wentworth Rd and this meeting began at 6:30 pm.
Encrypted analysis: RnkodRxoSj3KApGM7epAPTz9MWuoxIhj =E 732
Past Brookfield Planning Meetings


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In English
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Lee Lockyer
London, , (EC3V) Reveal full address
Age: 40-49
Company Appointment: RFIB LAUDRUM LIMITED
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Note: this is a free listing. To see a full address and telephone number for Lee Lockyer, use our phone number search.Alternatively you can search for company details on RFIB LAUDRUM LIMITED . You can use our director search to find director details and all company appointments for Lee Lockyer.


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E-Mapping Database
In 2014, UAC developed an online mapping of HIV and AIDS service providers' database for 112 districts in the country. The e-mapping database is used to capture information for routine monitoring of HIV and AIDS related structural and behavioral interventions and coordination of the service providers.
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There has been much discussion of the massification of higher education and its impact on contemporary universities in terms of increased demands on academic staff in the context of neoliberal managerialism, and the power regimes which govern the sector. Less is written about the pedagogies used under neoliberalism. Many academics view tertiary education as both an individually and socially transformative process, and there is a sense that the current discursive environment engenders an inertia wherein this commitment is lost. This paper focusses on a small qualitative study of staff working in two universities at the bottom of the league tables. Their perceptions of pedagogical work and their views of their transformative potential under neoliberalism is discussed. The argument is made that there is the potential for building a space for critical education in contemporary universities. This article explores these issues, arguing that the use of transition pedagogies can create a transformative education.
Transition pedagogies and the neoliberal episteme: What do academics think?
Published: 2017-07-23
Pages:21 to 30
Section: Articles
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Total Abstract Views: 806 Total PDF Downloads: 587


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Everyone who uses Instagram is interested in getting followers. This is true no matter what you intentions are but it is especially important if you are using the site for social media marketing. It is vital for you to create a good image or yourself and your brand in that case.
This is why you want to get real likes on Instagram any way that you can. The best way to be sure about it is to make certain that everything you post is of good quality. That means using the best, high resolution images that you have in stock.
Take plenty of good photos and collect strong images or also make good art to post. The images you use should include a strong sense of emotion so that they really appeal to the hearts of followers and potential followers. The idea is to create attraction.
If you look at the more popular Instagram posts out there, you will notice that they are composed of detailed images that are colorful. Avoid using bland photos with no vitality as that would be just plain boring and you do not want to turn people off. Again, it is about attraction.
With this in mind, there is one more thing you can do to make the posts you have stand out as attractive. When you do not have many likes for a post, you can buy them. The ones you buy from the best services will be real and not at all contrived or fake.
When you do this, it makes your posts look much more popular than they actually are and people like that. People are drawn to what already looks like it is winning in terms of popularity. Instagram is all about your image in more than one way. That includes your perceived reputation.
When you find a site to get real likes on Instagram, buy the lots that you need in a timely manner. Do not go all out and buy millions of likes at a time. Take it easy and pace yourself. As you add them to your posts, add them in an even manner. Spread them out to keep a natural look.
After a period of time doing this, you will start to get more and more followers that you can follow up with. You need to engage your followers so that you can keep them. Otherwise, you look a bit selfish and that will do no good for your overall images. Understand the importance of this.
You can also buy shout outs to get more shares for your posts and to gain more followers. This is when you pay someone to place your posting on their account and offer a call to action so that people will like and follow accordingly. It is a very practical tactic that you should include in your budget.
By doing all of these simple things, you will soon be well liked on Instagram and that is something that will go far to help your sales.


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Celtic celebrations
for Captain
KILKENNY athlete Cliodhna Manning played a captain's part as she led Ireland to success at the Celtic International.
The Kilkenny City Harriers (KCH) runner led a strong under-18 team at the competition, which was held in Aberdeen on Saturday.
The captain led by example, winning the 400m event with a new personal best (PB) of 56.47 seconds. She also made a valuable contribution to both the 4x100m and 4x400m relay teams, helping Ireland to victory in both races. Shannen Dawkins (St Joseph's) was also a worthy member of the team, scoring a win in the 100m hurdles and finishing second in the high jump.
Combined events
The St Joseph's club had a number of athletes in action at the Combined Events finals, which were held in Santry over the weekend. Pat Power won the silver in the quadrathlon over-50 section, finishing with 1,423 points. Best of the juveniles in the pentathlon was Sophie Becker who took the bronze in girls' under-16 event with 1,347 points.
For the boys Shane Power finished fifth on 2,236 points in the under-15 category while Paul Manning finished 12th at under-16 level with 2,265 points.
Catriona Twomey (KCH) was fifth in under-18 octathlon with 3,559 points. The top Kilkenny competitor over the two days of competition was her fellow Harrier, Michael Bowler. Michael had hoped to score more than 6,000 points in the senior decathlon but despite scoring a PB of 16.6 seconds in the 110m hurdles he came up a little short. Bowler ended the competition on 5,992 points, but gained ample consolation by collecting the gold medal.
Date change
Owing to a clash of fixtures the date has been changed for the county road championships. The races, a 10 mile event for men and five-miler for women, will now be held on Sunday, September 23. Start time in Gowran will be 11am.
League final
The Harriers will be chasing national honours when their men's team compete in the inter-club league final in Tullamore on Sunday.
Solid results during the earlier rounds in June and July the KCH men's team qualified for the First Division final by virtue of their fifth-place finish. They expect to have British-based athlete Eoin Everard available for the final. His presence should enhance the teams chances of pushing for medals.


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Spectacular and a little spooky; Ban.jo, an iOS/Android app that launched last summer, is startling in what it's able to give the user: the realtime whereabouts of any friends who have location services active for any of (now five) different social media platforms.
The real fun begins after signing in to any of the five services through the Ban.jo app — because once that's done, you can set alarms that'll activate if any of your friends come within a definable radius around your location. And because Ban.jo itself doesn't actually broadcast your location — it merely aggregates and relays locations from the services it links with — your friends don't have to be logged in to the Ban.jo service for it to work. Just you.
There're other cool features too, like being able to save images you see on Ban.jo to your iCloud photostream, and viewing nearby updates from the various services — which reminds me a little of Localscope.


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David from Fredericksburg, VA emailed pictures of his install of an Assured Performance Air Horn and Viair Air System he purchased from Assured Automotive Company.
David installed the Dual Trumpet Truck Air Horn and 275c Viair Compressor 1 Gallon Air System in his 2010 Chevy Silverado 1500 Crew Cab 4×4.
Assured Automotive Company sell Train Air Horns as well as Air horns for Trucks and Cars.
The first thing that was installed was the one gallon Viair Air Tank.
The Viair air tank was installed in auxiliary battery tray behind the headlight.
Using the exiting holes, the tank mounted perfectly with ease.
The Viair 275c Compressor was mounted behind the front driver side headlight near the tank.
The Viair Compressor is behind the splash guard and is securely mounted using the 3 of the required 4 bolts, with 2 addtional holes needed to be drilled.
Because the compressor is basically mounted to a body panel and the frame, you can hear and feel the compressor when it runs.
David states that the sound and vibration of compressor in cab is tolerable and definitely can be lived with.
Now for the fun part, installing the Assured Performance ACHRSK-106 Truck Horn.
You can see the backs of the horns on the right side of the picture.
The install of the horns were quick and clean. David mounted the horn vertically behind the grill, near the Viair compressor.
Two holes needed to be drill in the grill to mount the air horn bracket to.
The decision to face the horns vertically, with the trumpet opening facing downward is a great decision.
This doesn't allow any moisture from rain or snow to accumulate in the trumpets or in the diaphragm housings.
All horns should be mounted at a downward angle as much as possible.
Once the grill was reinstalled everything is well hidden from the outside of the Silverado.
From the inside the engine compartment the only thing that is really visible is the Viair air tank.
That is what we call a super clean install.
The included pressure switch and relay was wired in the engine compartment near the fuse box.
The trigger wire for the relay, the wire for the horn solenoid and some quarter inch tubing for the gauge was feed through the cabs firewall.
A hole was drilled near the brake booster and reservoir.
After the tubing for the gauge and the relay trigger wire was ran into the cab, it was feed into the Chevy Silverado's center console.
Another wire from under the dash that was an ignition source was also ran to the console. These are only trigger wires, so installers can use thin wire like 16 gauge.
The two wire were connected to the switch in the gauge panel.
The tubing was plumbed to the gauge with the included compression fitting.
The wire that was feed from the horn solenoid was ran under the dash to a SPDT switch so user can switch from OE horn to Air Horn.
When steering wheel horn switch (OE Switch) is pressed, it will now sound the air horns.
David did a great job installing this horn. He stated his friends are envious of him.
We are confident that David will be back when he needs another Air Horn for Truck


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Saccottini with Sun-Dried Tomatoes
1/2 pound Saccottini ( I used cheese-pesto saccottini but you can use any kind)
sea salt
Olive oil
1 pound cherry tomatoes, sliced
3/4 cup good black olives, such as kalamata, pitted and diced
5 sun-dried tomatoes in oil, drained and chopped
1/2 cup Parmesan cheese, grated
1/2 cup basil leaves, julienned
For the dressing:
5 sun-dried tomatoes in oil, drained
4 tablespoons good olive oil
3 garlic clove, diced
1 teaspoons kosher salt
3/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1/2 tsp sugar
1/2 cup Parmesan cheese
Cook the pasta in a large pot of boiling salted water with a splash of oil to keep it from sticking together. Boil for 6 minutes, or according to the directions on the package. Drain well and allow to cool. Place the pasta in a bowl and add the tomatoes, olives, and chopped sun-dried tomatoes.
For the dressing, combine the sun-dried tomatoes, olive oil, garlic,sugar, Parmesan cheese , salt, and pepper in a food processor until almost smooth.
Pour the dressing over the pasta, sprinkle with the little more Parmesan and basil, and toss well.


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Developing electronics
Together, we will create new designs
with the right components for the future.
Delivering total speed
and precision
Our advanced manufacturing capabilities
ensure quality results on time, every time.
At ADL Technology, we are an contract manufacturer that builds PC Boards and Assemblies on your terms. From concept to production or at any point in between, we partner with you to provide customized electronics manufacturing and design services. Let's get started.
ADL Technology employs a comprehensive suite of electronics manufacturing services, expertise, & advanced assembly equipment to fabricate your product.
Experience a collaborative approach to PCB design and rely on ADL Technology's engineering team for as much or as little support as your project requires.
ADL Technology offers extensive automated and manual inspection and testing capabilities, both standard and customized, for a highly effective quality assurance program.
Tap into ADL's advanced technology and serious industry expertise to build your existing assemblies or transform your products with smart electronic solutions.
ADL Technology
ADL Technology brings contract manufacturing capabilities and design services together to deliver comprehensive solutions for your electronic assembly applications.
We can provide a turnkey, design-to-production service, or support you only in the parts of the process where you need us. Either way, we're focused on manufacturing effective products that meet and exceed industry quality standards and our own benchmarks for success.
To achieve this level of service, we put a premium on customer support and team accessibility. Answering questions, solving problems and overcoming challenges, often while sitting just across the table from you.
Contact Us
What can ADL Technology help you achieve?
- Upgrading your product with an electronics assembly?
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Our dedicated business managers and manufacturing engineers are here to help with these and other electronics assembly challenges and opportunities. Give us a call at 614.345.9040, use our online form to create a connection or visit our Columbus, OH facility any day of the week.


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|Sighting Report
|Occurred : 11/15/2011 21:45 (Entered as : 11/??/11 21:45)
Reported: 12/8/2011 12:31:11 PM 12:31
Posted: 12/12/2011
Location: Perth Amboy, NJ
Shape: Light
Duration:Less than 5 mins
|Lighted symmetrical "CROSS-HAIR LIGHT EVEN" Nov/2011
This event was reported to me by a relative on Thanksgiving Day, 2011. It is by a senior female of high reliability and standards yet she felt compelled to relate this observance to me because of it's strangeness and visibility in the night sky. She also wishes to remain anonymous She took the dog out for it's nightly walk at approx 945 pm EST. her attention was drawn to the south-east sky by a commercial jet on landing approach to Newark Airport, the sighting location is within the landing/takeoff patterns of Newark and she thought this was normal However, in the clear night sky she observed a LARGE "LIGHTED CROSS-HAIR" being formed in the SSE sky, the rays of this cross were razor sharp, thin, white and seemed to emanate from an unknown source (not Ground based) and when they converged at a center point in the sky they all WINKED OUT the same time , the process was repeated many times. The timing of the event was approx 10-15 secs with a brief interval between occurrences. They repeated at least 8-10 times as she walked back into the house as the cross-hair rays were still being formed, extinguished, and formed again and again.
From her telling this to me at Thanksgiving I took her out front of the house and she pointed out in the night sky where this event happened, it was high over water approx 50-60 degrees off the horizon SSE, and her statement of size was it was bigger than her hand held outstretched; it did not block it out. Since I cannot pinpoint this exact date on that week of Nov 2011 it seems that this event was high in the clear night sky, stationary and not of any terrestrial origin, advertising or aircraft production, it happened high over coastal water in the sky over southern NY but was viewed from Central NJ (Perth Amboy) location Anybody else ever see this type of light show event here or other parts of the country?
((NUFORC Note: Witness indicates that the date of the sighting is approximate. PD))


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Those Who Fly, and Those Who Help Them
So you don't like to fly. Take-offs and landings are scary. Turbulence can be frightening. On the plane, you're cramped and uncomfortable. And you've seen footage of plane crashes. You know how dangerous flying can be.
Imagine being the person responsible for flying that plane safely. Commercial pilots often show up on lists of most stressful jobs, for understandable reasons. If a pilot makes a mistake, he might die -- and take a lot of other people with him. Or, an equipment failure or weather emergency might endanger everyone on board the airplane through no fault of the pilot's. If the pilot saves the day, he or she becomes a hero like Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, the U.S. Airways pilot who safely landed a damaged plane into New York's Hudson River in 2009. But that's not always the outcome.
Other lists include the related job of air traffic controller. Air traffic controllers work under intense pressure, sitting for long stretches at their equipment. They often have to make split-second decisions, knowing that many lives depend upon them.
And the highly publicized case of Steven Slater, the JetBlue flight attendant who grabbed a few beers and escaped down an emergency chute on a runway in August 2010, reminds us that those who tend to nervous airline passengers also have stress-filled jobs.


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Our Fayetteville Personal Injury Attorneys Are Committed to Clients
Injured working people deserve solid representation
The Martin Law Firm is dedicated to helping working people who have been injured because of someone else's negligence or wrongful conduct.
A personal injury case is a type of civil lawsuit in which a Fayetteville, Arkansas, accident attorney pursues money damages because you've been harmed by another's lack of reasonable care. Some of the damages you might be entitled to are medical expenses, property damage, pain and suffering, loss of earning capacity, emotional distress, loss of consortium, legal costs and attorney fees.
Most personal injury and medical malpractice claims settle out of court, which is faster and less expensive than a trial and leads to a more predictable outcome. When a settlement cannot be reached, the parties proceed to state court, or federal court in a larger case or class action suit.
Strong counsel on your side, in all circumstances
Whether in a conference room or a courtroom, The Martin Law Firm provides a skilled personal injury attorney to clients injured in automobile accidents, truck accidents, motorcycle accidents and railroad accidents. The firm helps those who have been harmed by medical malpractice, nursing home neglect, and unsafe premises liability/slip-and-falls. Our Fayetteville attorneys at the Martin Law Firm also represent clients with asbestos cases related to on-the-job exposure, as well as accident cases involving permanent catastrophic injuries including paraplegia, quadriplegia and closed head injuries.
The team at the Martin Law Firm have a long history of success in obtaining compensation for injuries, whether through negotiation, mediation or litigation. No matter your situation — from destitution resulting from an injury or homelessness growing out of an injustice — the Martin Law Firm won't turn you away. Our clients are the most important people to us, and the lawyers at the Martin Law Firm will do what it takes to solve their legal problems.
Let a Fayetteville lawyer fight for you
Contact the Martin Law Firm at or online today to schedule a free initial consultation for your personal injury claims in Arkansas and the surrounding states. We take evening and weekend appointments. All work is done on a contingency basis, which means you pay nothing unless we win compensation for you.


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4CGeoWorks has developed strategic relationships with key GIS industry leaders in order to complement our consulting services and to provide our clients with the highest level of business value. Our rapport with these local, regional, and national vendors guarantees access to world-class expertise and support in mapping technologies, while our "vendor neutral" policy ensures that our recommendations are always based on value and performance, never on brand recognition alone. Here are our key and tenured partners:
- 4CTechnologies and its GIS division, 4CGeoWorks, have obtained business partner status with Esri — the world's leader in geographic information system technology. Located in Redlands, California, Esri develops GIS solutions that function as an integral component in nearly every type of organization. On any given day, more than a million people around the world use Esri's GIS services to improve the way their organizations conduct business. Esri gives GIS users what they need by listening closely and incorporating their feedback and recommended improvements. Esri fosters relationships with more than sixty-five (65) software, technology, data, hardware, system integrator, and consulting companies to ensure product compatibility and to explore new technologies. Our partnership with Esri gives 4CGeoWorks the ability to offer a unique combination of expertise and national market presence, growing GIS solutions in new markets, assisting customers with Esri technology, and strengthening the worldwide GIS community.
As an ESRI ArcGIS Online Specialty Partner, 4CGeoWorks can provide your organization with the training and technical assistance it needs to implement ArcGIS Online. Additionally, we offer long-term support, custom application development and creative solutions to keep your business moving forward. Learn more about our comprehensive platform of consultative offerings, MAPS, structured to help you translate available data made possible with ArcGIS Online and transform information into business value, as well as real, actionable recommendations.
- The International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) is the premier voice of the global retail real estate community. Founded in 1957, ICSC is the premier global trade association of the shopping center industry. It has more than 60,000 members in over 90 countries including shopping center owners, developers, managers, marketing specialists, investors, retailers and brokers, as well as academics and public officials. As the global industry trade association, ICSC links with more than 25 national and regional shopping center councils throughout the world.
- 4CTechnologies achieved Premier Partner status with IBM in 2006. In fact, for over fifteen years, 4CTechnologies has harnessed the economy, versatility, and power of IBM Lotus Notes and Domino to create departmental and enterprise-wide solutions for our clients. IBM's products are priced to meet the economical requirements of small business, with the scalability to match the sophisticated demands of large corporations. Because IBM hardware and software leverages "open standards," 4CTechnologies can design and implement cross-platform solutions for your business that work with the majority of modern hardware and software platforms in use today, such as relational databases, accounting packages, office productivity suites, and handheld devices. 4CTechnologies has received numerous awards from IBM for business excellence over the years, including the prestigious Beacon Award. We maintain a variety of certifications necessary to meet IBM's strict business and operating standards.
- 4CTechnologies is a Microsoft Registered Member. Our experience with Microsoft enables 4CTechnologies to make software recommendations that are objective and supported by this rock-solid and respected national vendor. Microsoft's vision is to empower people and businesses through great software — anytime, anyplace, and on any device. Our partnership with Microsoft allows us to provide our clients with a variety of options in their ongoing efforts to improve performance, increase profitability, and reduce costs through technology.


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Grignard Reaction
Also found in: Dictionary, Medical, Wikipedia.
Grignard reaction[grin′yär rē'ak·shən]
Grignard Reaction
a general method of synthesizing organic substances using mixed organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents) of the type RMgX, where R is an aliphatic or aromatic radical and X is a halogen (usually Br or I, more rarely C1). The Grignard reaction was discovered by the French chemist F. A. V. Grignard in 1900. Grignard reagents are obtained by the action of Mg on alkyl or aryl halides in an ether medium and are usually used in the form of ether solutions. Methods of preparing RMgX using solvents other than ether have been worked out for industrial use. An atom of carbon bound to an atom of magnesium carries a partial negative charge δ-, so that compounds of RMgX are reactive in relation to reagents with positively charged reaction centers:
When RMgX reacts with C02, carboxylic acids are formed. With formaldehyde (CH2=0) primary alcohols are formed; with aldehydes (RCH=0), secondary alcohols; and with ketones (RR'C=0), tertiary alcohols. The use of the Grignard reaction to obtain ketones from carboxylic acids and their derivatives, for example,
RMgX + R'COCI → RCOR' + MgXCI
is limited. It is difficult to stop the reaction at the ketone-forming stage, and ordinarily tertiary alcohols are formed in considerable quantity.
Grignard reagents react easily with halides of elements, for example.
2RMgX + HgCl2 → R2Hg + 2MgXCl
In this manner it is possible to obtain organic compounds of Be, Cd, B, Si, Ge, Pb, P, and other elements. Grignard reagents react with oxygen and sulfur to form alcohols and thioalcohols, respectively. When reacting with water, alcohols, acids, amines, and other compounds containing a labile atom of hydrogen, the RMgX decompose and hydrocarbons are formed:
RMgX + R'OH → R—H + R'OMgX
If CH3MgI is used, then it is possible to determine the amount of active hydrogen by the amount of methane released (the Chugaev-Tserevitinov method).


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English | ISBN: 0061735221 | 2010 | EPUB | 400 pages | 224 MB
Are You Ready to Take The Warrior Challenge? World-renowned fitness coach Martin Rooney will take you where no warrior has gone before.
On an epic international quest, Rooney traveled to top-fight destinations around the globe to study and train under the last living masters in the eight core disciplines of Mixed Martial Arts. More than 1,000 full-color photos reveal hundreds of the original training secrets he discovered along the way, from the slopes of Japan's Mt. Fuji and the beaches of Brazil to the streets of Russia.
With nearly fifty varieties of push-ups, dozens of kettlebell exercises, and hundreds of unique training techniques, Ultimate Warrior Workouts also offers:
• A complete six-month workout program
• Cutting-edge nutrition ADVICE and a sample diet plan
• "Warrior Challenges" to assess your fitness level
• The history and philosophy of the arts that comprise mixed martial arts
Giá: 30.000 vnd
(Mang theo USB để chép file)


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President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has received a delegation led by Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, Assistant Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States Mirjana Egger.
The head of state hailed the UNDP's successful activity in Azerbaijan, which spans more than twenty years. President Ilham Aliyev emphasized the UNDP`s and other UN institutions' support for Azerbaijan in the first years of the country's independence.
Mirjana Egger described Azerbaijan as an upper middle-income country, hailing the UNDP's cooperation with Azerbaijan. She expressed the UNDP's readiness for long-term partnership with Azerbaijan in the field of economic diversification, development of small and medium entrepreneurship, and other priority areas for the country.
The importance of Azerbaijan's contribution to the international humanitarian projects was hailed, the issues of cooperation between Azerbaijan and the UNDP in this field were discussed at the meeting.
© President.az


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TWO VIDEO.Mrs. Mia1.Beautiful Extreme Shit Enema Princess Mia If you are into scat eating and puking you're gonna love this video. CUSTOM-Milk-enema- Scat,Shit,Enema,Piss,Toilet slavery If you are into scat eating and puking you're gonna love this video. Mia's ass misses the boyfriend, and Mia decided to invite him home to humiliate again. She caught him on the street and lured home. He was also bound, the mouth was closed so that he would not call for help. The girl cooked a chocolate dish for the guy, placed directly on the plate and began to dunk his face, humiliated him. But this is not enough, she made an enema with milk and began to water his head with shit and milk, so that the slave could not breathe at all and coughed. Mia loves when her boys are covered in shit. She pushes his head into shit with milk and laughs at the weak guy. 2.Scat Domination Smearing.Toilet Slavery
Keywords: Toilet Slavery, Toilet Slavery Clips, Princess Mia and toilet slave


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|Home > From dysfunction to bis-function: on the design and applications of functionalised ionic liquids
Some of the recent developments concerning the synthesis, properties and applications of functionalised ionic liqs. are highlighted. Various strategies are presented, including functionalisation of the cation, anion or both cation and anion in the same ionic liq., leading to what has been termed dual-functionalised ionic liqs. Particular attention is given to the application of functionalised ionic liqs. as reaction media, to stabilize nanoparticles/modify surfaces and to generate porous materials.