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At our estate Margarita Vineyard, you will find a rare array of five distinct soil types that bring natural dimension and complexity to our wines.
Margarita Vineyard's most spectacular soil profile is found along a block that we call Oyster Ridge, where the ground is riddled with petrified oyster shells and scallops that testify to the land's origins as an uplifted sea bed.
It is a sight so astonishing that Wine & Spirits Magazine called it "perhaps the most dramatically calcareous chunk of earth in the entire state."
Indeed, as you walk along the Oyster Ridge block, you can see the white fossils literally spilling out of the soil, some of them as large as footballs. If you dig a bit deeper, you discover an entire strata of these compressed fossils.
The high calcium content these fossils acts like an amped-up form of limestone, yielding wines with high-toned flavors, pretty aromatics and fine tannins. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot are among the varieties that excel in this ancient sea bed, and we make a Bordeaux-style blend called Oyster Ridge that pays tribute to this soil.
When you visit our Paso Robles tasting room, you can see some of these fossils close up, and taste the wines that they produce. You can also take one of our Paso Robles vineyard tours to see Oyster Ridge firsthand. And, of course, you can conclude your visit with a bite at our Paso Robles winery cafe.
We just got an awesome aloha from Chuck Furuya—master sommelier, wine writer, restaurateur and friend of Ancient Peaks.
He shared photos from his recently remodeled VINO restaurant in Honolulu, which now includes a "rock wall" of soil samples inspired by a recent visit to our tasting room, which includes a similar display of the five soil types found at our estate Margarita Vineyard.
According to Chuck, there was a wall in the restaurant that needed some "loving." After seeing our display, Chuck recalls thinking, "What an idea!"
Says Chuck, "I thought of all the restaurants that showcase pictures of the owner or chef standing next to some celebrity, or in front of some iconic restaurant somewhere in the world. I have also seen other eateries featuring pictures of farmers and fisherman they work with. Well, for us, with a name like VINO, we look to feature the soils from some of our favorite vineyards in the world."
The result is a magnificent cross-continental display of soils in glass cylinders from five different sites:
Schist from southern France (Domaine La Tour Vieille); clay-limestone from Burgundy (La Genelotte); red slate from the Rheinhessen region of Germany (Nackheimer Rothenberg); black-grey slate from the Mosel region of Germany (Wehlener Sonnenuhr); and fossilized oyster shells from our own Margarita Vineyard (Ancient Peaks).
We are honored to have our soil included in this display, and to be a part of the magnificent VINO dining experience.
We talk a lot about the rare diversity of soils at our estate Margarita Vineyard, but sometimes it's helpful to dig a bit deeper to get the complete story.
On that note, we are excited to share the accompanying photos of the pronounced shale soils in our Block 32 Zinfandel.
While plenty of shale flakes percolate up to the surface in this part of the vineyard, much of the soil base is obscured by a thin layer of topsoil. By digging pits, we are able to get a much better look at exactly what the vines are rooted in, and to discover exactly what lies beneath.
In the above photo, you can see the layer of darker topsoil along the top of the ground. Below that is the deep base of compacted stratified shale. You can often pry this shale apart with your bare hands. Some of the pieces crumble apart into thin wafers, as if Mother Nature had neatly stacked a million corn flakes. It's truly a geologic marvel.
Many people will look at this and ask, "Vines grow in that!?"
The answer is yes, but that doesn't mean it's easy. When vines grow in extreme rocky conditions like this, the roots are challenged and soil moisture is scarce. This results in vines with limited vigor and smaller yields that produce intensely flavored grapes—and ultimately exceptional wine.
Shale is one of five soil types that ebb and flow through Margarita Vineyard, the others being volcanic, granitic, rocky alluvium and ancient sea bed. Not all of these soil zones are as visually extreme as the shale pictured here, but each brings its own unique influence to our wines (for example, check out this earlier post on our ancient sea bed soils).
If you hear us talking about soils a lot, this is why. Soil diversity speaks to the uniqueness of our place, and therefore the essence of our wines. You can see it with your eyes, and you can taste it in the glass.
We were honored last week to host a group of top sommeliers as part of the CABs of Distinction festivities across Paso Robles. They came out for a tour of our estate Margarita Vineyard, and for a look at the vineyard's rare diversity of soil types. They tasted our wines along the way, and were the first people outside of the winery to experience our Cabernet Sauvignon soil trials in progress.
To say that these folks have discriminating palates would be an understatement, so we were pleased when they seemed to like what they tasted. The wine that really seemed to ring some bells was our new 2011 Cabernet Sauvignon "Jackpot," a limited-edition reserve wine made from four selected barrels.
The soil trial tasting consisted of 2013 Cabernet Sauvignon barrel samples from three distinct soil types. During the last harvest, our winemakers, Mike Sinor and Stewart Cameron, chose fruit from three separate Cabernet Sauvignon blocks rooted in ancient sea bed, diablo series clay and Monterey shale, all picked at the same ripeness. Each of these small Cabernet Sauvignon lots is now being made with the same winemaking and aging practices. This will give us a more controlled opportunity to compare the effects of the soils and to share our discoveries.
"The somms were very knowledgeable, and I think they appreciated the fact that we offered something different," Mike says. "Few vineyards have five distinct soil types like ours, so it's natural for us to focus on that and share how it shapes our wines."
On that note, here are our current observations on the soil trials at the moment:
• Block 15 – Ancient Sea Bed
Rich, dense, black fruit core. Shy nose will open up in time.
• Block 50 Bottom – Diablo Series Clay (Rocky Alluvium)
More red fruit on the nose, cherry, zingy, bright and high toned.
• Block 50 Top – Monterey Shale
Earthy, mineral aromas. Supple, round black and red fruit on the palate.
Of course, it's still early and the wines will evolve, but the distinctions are already apparent. Stay tuned for more details as the trials progress.
Our estate Margarita Vineyard is blessed with a rare array of five soil types, and these soil differences from block to block have always been notable in the wines they deliver.
The geographical map pictured below provides a visual explanation as to why Margarita Vineyard is such a ground zero for soil diversity.
We have cropped the map to show the location of Margarita Vineyard, and all of the black lines you see are fault lines. This abundance of localized faults has churned and turned the terrain over time, which explains why you can see everything from uplifted fossilized sea beds, thick fields of shale, rocky plains of alluvium and more during a short walk through the vineyard.
Why does soil diversity matter to us? Well, it allows us to build natural complexity into a single estate-grown wine. For winemakers Mike Sinor and Stewart Cameron, it's like giving them more colors to paint with.
Starting with the 2013 vintage, we are taking our interest in soil influence to the next level by conducting a more controlled trial of Cabernet Sauvignon lots grown in calcareous ancient sea bed, diablo series clay and Monterey shale. Each lot was farmed the same in terms of crop load and irrigation; harvested at similar ripeness; went through the same fermentation protocols; and was racked to the same barrels (once-used Taransaud barrels with medium+ toast levels).
In the above video, Stewart provides an update on these lots four months after harvest. And so far, the differences are pretty striking.
The ancient sea bed lot from Block 15 is showing a deep, dense black fruit character. The diablo series clay lot from the bottom of Block 50 is exhibiting a zingy red fruit quality, while the Monterey shale lot from the top of Block 50 is showing plum and boysenberry with assertive tannins.
Stay tuned, as we will be following these wines to see how they mature from ground to glass, and looking into ways to share the results at special tastings down the line.
The French concept of "terroir" is something that goes to the heart of Ancient Peaks wines.
In simple terms, terroir signifies the influence of "place" on a given wine, namely the soil, topography and weather.
Now, any time you talk about terroir, it comes at the risk of sounding high-minded or pretentious. But that's not our intent here. Our intent is to simply understand and embrace how a sense of place makes different wines distinguishable and ultimately more enjoyable.
We believe that our estate Margarita Vineyard is the epitome of terroir. It stands alone as the southernmost vineyard in the Paso Robles region, with its own distinct microclimate and a rare array of five soil types.
These singular interconnected conditions, in turn, have a direct influence on the fruit and the character of the resulting wines.
It's also worth noting that "place" is not exclusive of "people." There is a cultural aspect to terroir. Functional vines don't grow without supervision, and wine can't be made without guidance from the human hand—a subject that Director of Winemaking Mike Sinor and Winemaker Stewart Cameron discuss in the accompanying video.
Terroir is what separates wine from a mere recipe or formulaic commodity. In that sense, you could say that terroir is what makes wine fun and interesting. And there's nothing pretentious about that.
P.S. Come out for one of our Paso Robles winery tours to get a hands-on taste of Margarita Vineyard's terroir.
Our Director of Winemaking Mike Sinor likes to call it "moon dust," but it actually comes from the ocean, not outer space…
Of course, we are talking about the uplifted ancient sea bed at our estate Margarita Vineyard, along a block that we call Oyster Ridge.
Here, massive white oyster fossils—some as large as footballs—are literally spilling out of the ground, embedded in fine pale calcareous soil that looks like, well, moon dust.
Considering that Margarita Vineyard is tucked into the Santa Lucia Mountains at the top of the towering Cuesta Grade above San Luis Obispo, the sight of old sea creatures here is rather astonishing. So, how did they get here?
Well, the vineyard is tucked between two local seismic faults, and it is located only about 45 miles from the massive San Andreas fault. Over thousands of years, tectonic grinding and localized earthquakes have turned the old inland sea into today's dry ground.
Still, you rarely see an ancient sea bed exposed along the surface like you do at Margarita Vineyard. We just happen to be located in a very geologically active spot, which explains why the vineyard spans a rare array of five soil types.
But the bottom-line question is: What does all of this mean to the wine?
For starters, Calcium-rich soil is coveted by winemakers worldwide. And considering that Wine & Spirits Magazine called Oyster Ridge "perhaps the most dramatically calcareous chunk of earth in the entire state," that is saying a lot.
"Oyster Ridge is planted predominantly to Bordeaux varietals," Mike says. "The fruit from this soil displays pretty aromatics, with high-toned flavors and really fine tannins. The Cabernet from this spot is different from the Cabernet on other parts of the ranch."
He adds, "At the end of the day, it gives us another color to paint with, and to create an estate Cabernet blend with balance and complexity."
The rare diversity of soils at our estate Margarita Vineyard is something we talk about frequently. It's part of the fabric of our wines—a point of differentiation that defines our sense of place. And if you can't get excited about a wine's sense of place, then you're missing perhaps the most vital aspect of wine appreciation!
Margarita Vineyard lies along the base of the Santa Lucia Mountains between two fault zones, where ongoing geologic upheaval has blessed the land with a striking mix of soils. Walking around the vineyard, you will find fields of flaky shale, slopes of fine sediment and expanses of calcareous ancient sea bed riddled with oyster fossils. Granitic and volcanic soils are also present.
While we can't say that the mineral content of a certain soil type fosters a specific flavor (such as blackberry, blueberry, etc.), we do know that soil type has a bearing on the available nutrients and how those nutrients are taken up, as well as moisture retention and root zone development. These and other soil factors do have a significant impact on the resulting fruit and wine, in terms of texture, fruit intensity, flavor profile and tannin profile; and these factors shift as you transition from sedimentary soils to calcareous soils to shale soils.
The differences in the resulting wines are obvious to our winemakers, Mike Sinor and Stewart Cameron. They like to say that the varied soils give them more "colors" to paint with when it comes to assembling final blends, allowing them to build natural complexity and dimension into a single estate-grown wine.
Starting with the 2013 vintage, we are taking these observations to a more experimental level. Mike and Stewart chose fruit from three separate Cabernet Sauvignon blocks rooted in three distinct soil types, all picked at the same ripeness. As Mike explains in the video above, each of these small Paso Robles Cabernet Sauvignon lots is now being made with the same winemaking and aging practices. This will give us a more controlled opportunity to compare the effects of the soils and to share our discoveries with you down the line. Stay tuned!
P.S. If you want to see some of these soils firsthand, including the sea bed with oyster fossils, come out for one of our Paso Robles winery tours.
We like to say that soils are the ingredients behind our wines, as our estate Margarita Vineyard is home to a rare diversity of soil types that ebb, flow and intermingle from one block to the next. These soil types include shale, sedimentary, granitic, volcanic and ancient sea bed.
In some blocks, the base soil composition is obvious, such as at Oyster Ridge, where the ancient sea bed soil is literally percolating up to the surface in the form of ancient oyster fossils.
In other blocks, however, the nature of the soil isn't plainly evident. Have a look at the exposed soil pit pictured above in one of our Zinfandel blocks. As you walk along the surface of this block, your boots get covered in young soil that is dark, fine and fluffy.
But as you can see, just 18 inches beneath that young soil layer is a solid foundation of stratified shale rock. It's a stark and sudden shift that speaks to the true nature of the growing conditions in this block.
Here, the vine roots tend to grow laterally once they hit the hard rocky soil, seeking an easier way to acquire moisture. Consequently, the vines in this block have limited vigor and produce small, intensely flavored berries. In other words, the soil sets the tone for the fruit—and ultimately the character of the resulting wine.
And when the soils are as diverse as they are at Margarita Vineyard, it gives us that many more ingredients to create wines with natural depth and complexity.
Our new release 2011 Zinfandel comes from three blocks spanning three distinct soil types at our estate Margarita Vineyard.
We recently staged a tasting of barrel samples from our various Zinfandel blocks, and our guests were astonished at the profound differences in aroma and flavor—even though all of these Zinfandel lots came from the same vineyard, and several were of the same clonal selection.
Of course, these differences are also shaped by the weather exposure of a particular block and other factors. But there is no doubt that the rare diversity of soils at Margarita Vineyard enhances the distinctions between our Zinfandel components.
So what does this mean to the wine? It essentially gives Winemaker Mike Sinor and Assistant Winemaker Stewart Cameron more colors to paint with, allowing them to naturally build nuance, depth and complexity into a single estate grown Zinfandel.
We are confident that you will taste these qualities in our 2011 Zinfandel, which is now available in our tasting room.


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Release Date: 1984 |
Mikesn EMERITUS (5)kwill15 (5)A highly influential album that cemented the band's legacy as masters of metal....northerncomfort (4.5)An astounding album of magnificent scope, but with a few (admittedly very good) filler tra...matthew36 (4.5)A work of art...
metallicaman8 (5)Brooky22888 (4.5)sonictheplumber (5)To the tune of starving millions, to make a better kind of gun....Altmer (3)
needmorelumber (5) Defines "Classic Iron Miaden", and is undoubtedly one of their best albums....NeutralThunder12 (5)The sky is not the limit for Iron Maidenâs masterpiece....dude64 (5)BenHobson (5)On this website this album is rated higher than The Number of the Beast. And rightly so....
Itsonlyme (5)a jewel in the crown of eighties metal...
Album Rating: 4.5great review. i think back in the village is underrated too!
Album Rating: 5.0This is my favorite band of all time. This is truly a classic, but it is not my favorite maiden album, but hell its 5/5 for sure.
Album Rating: 5.0WHOA my favorite band of all time too! This is one of the VERY FEW albums i would consider a NEAR PERFECT 5/5
powerslave is one of my favorite maiden songs
Album Rating: 4.0 | Sound OffAces High and the title track are my favorites by far here. Good review too. Maiden are pretty good even though I haven't really tried to get into them yet.
It would have been nice if you mentioned that Rime Of The Ancient Mariner isn't actually Iron Maiden's original story.
Awesome album, but not their best.
Album Rating: 4.5Funny, I did a review for this album and posted it on here a while ago, but it seems to have disapeared. No matter, you did a great job. Fantastic album.
Great album, the first two tracks are godly. This is probably my favorite Iron Madien album, and I generally do not like metal. Good review
Good review. This is by far there best. Back in the Village is one of my favourite (if not my favourite) Iron Maiden songs. Everything else from this album is amazing to.
Album Rating: 5.0I don´t think The Duellists(the real song name, not Duellist like is written on the top) and Flas of the Blade are weak, these two just are a little bit down than the other songs.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: Criminal Reform in Don Quixote
Picaros Don Quixote
The gallery of rogues in Don Quixote shows readers that a strong element of Picaresque realism runs throughout the narrative. While picaresque novels usually feature casteless, amoral, outsiders who feel inwardly unrestrained by societies prevailing mores and only appeal to conform to them when they think it suits their needs, Roque Guinart, a violent highwayman, and Gines de Passamonte, a gypsy thief, are a bit different. They rob less money then they can, feel situational frustration and even come to regret their crimes. Unlike Don Quixote, however, whose aim is to do "good to all and harm to none," these picaros wander about from place to place under the cover of darkness, preying on people to survive. Never soiling their hands with an honest days work, Roque Guinart and Gines de Passamonte murder, deceive, and steal to survive.


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Football - Premier League - Bet Now at William Hill
Fabregas and Nasri have been left out of the Arsenal squad to play Newcastle on Saturday. They are both expected to move in the transfer window and the squad must be unsettled. The 'will he or won't he' protracted transfer sagas have been in the headlines all summer.
Wenger has left it late to strengthen his squad and he is unlikely to sign a player with their qualities any time soon. They have also lost a cracking left-back in Clichy and injuries are already taking their toll on the weakened squad.
Van Persie needs a fitness test and Wilshere and Diaby are notable absentees. Arsenal may be weakened but it is rare that they will ever be as big as 21/20 away from home unless they play a top-six side.
The team travel to St.James Park, the home of another side in disarray. Newcastle have looked to France for some value this summer with some bargain basement signings but they are short of quality.
Barton may play a part in the match after the twitter saga and Newcastle could keep him for the final year of his contract. They will need to keep him onside and he has become disillusioned with the transfer policy at the club.
He has been linked with Arsenal and he is 2/1 to join the club on a permanent deal. Newcastle are 11/4 to win at home and after their dramatic comeback against the Gunners at home last season, they must fancy their chances.
Newcastle recovered after conceding four goals and the game ended 4-4 ( 200/1). At half-time Newcastle looked like they were heading to the Championship and the Gooners looked like potential Champions.
Pardew's side have lost a lot of quality this summer with the sales of Enrique and Nolan. However, Arsenal do not like it when the opposition plays rough and they may not cope with the physical presence of the men in black and white.
For the Match Winner, we have enhanced the price of Barton to score anytime from 11/2. If he plays like he tweets, there could be a shock on Tyneside. He was highly influential last season and if the other players are on his side, they could surprise the Gunners.
With the lack of quality on display and Newcastle's strike force looking lightweight, there could be a lack of goals. Under 2.5 goals is 10/11 and it looks likely in this scrappy affair. Both sides would accept the 1-0 win and only Newcastle to score is 11/2.
Arsenal will be relying on Gervinho to start his Premier League career with a bang. He is 5/4 to score anytime and 5/1 to grab the opening goal. He has looked sharp in pre-season and he is young and quick. He will definitely be a success at the club, he will have to hope that he gets the necessary service on Saturday.
View all Football betting at William Hill


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Every wedding day is unique and at Wild Renata Flowers there is no set formula or template that we work to when creating your designs, it is your day and we pride ourselves on creating beautiful wild romantic bouquets, arrangements and installations to suit your style. Big or small we love them all and guarantee planning your flowers with us will get you hooked on flowers and plants for life. Call us or email to chat through your ideas and let's get sketching up some designs.
telephone - 07818542804
email - firstname.lastname@example.com


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Vincent Kompany believes Manchester City's erratic form this term is not a cause for concern and is simply a result of Pep Guardiola's pursuit of perfection.
City started the season off in fine style with six successive Premier League wins, but Guardiola's honeymoon period did not last, and that run was followed by a sequence of a single victory in four outings.
Since then, City have lost to Chelsea, Leicester City, Liverpool and Everton, while also drawing at home to Tottenham and falling 11 points behind Antonio Conte's Stamford Bridge pacesetters.
Kompany is adamant it has not been a bad season, though, insisting City's struggles are providing them with valuable lessons in their quest to play the "perfect game".
"I think this season has been interesting, very 'learnful'," the City captain told the club's official website.
"Obviously you want to be top of the league and with the ambitions we have we want to be competing for everything and winning everything, but it has been very 'learnful' and I think we are somehow on a good track. It just needs to translate into results.
"We are looking to play the perfect game at the moment, and on the way to playing the perfect game there are a few times where it is not all going your way.
"I am not a person that will feel overly happy when the results aren't there but I won't feel negative about it because I have seen a lot of work in the background.
"A lot of players are trying to take in a new way of playing football and I think with little tweaks here and there we are on the right track as a club and as a team."
Kompany has had a minor role on the pitch for City this term due to a number of injuries, but after being fit enough to sit on the bench for their last two league outings, he feels ready for greater involvement in the second half of the campaign ahead of Monday's trip to Bournemouth.
"I want to stay fit but I want to keep improving," he said. "Very few know how many hours I put into coming back every single time.
"I think it is only when people see me back in training they realise, 'he is still running well, he is still mobile, he is still strong'.
"People don't understand you need to fight every single day against what happens when people get injured. It gives me a chance to come back into the team, to be in contention and help make a team stronger that is already one of the best in Europe.
"I am there now and I want to stay in this team as long as I can, I really enjoy it."
Tagged with: betting news • football • footballnews • live sport channels • sport betting • sport odds • teams reviews


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Dale Honning
Dale writes, "I have been a photographer, of sorts, since I was a kid and have always been amazed at what happened when you clicked the shutter. Starting with a makeshift darkroom set up by my dad on the back porch of our apartment, we developed and printed black-and-white images that were truly amazing. Today working in a totally digital world, the amazement is the same and the quest for quality imagery has never been stronger."
Dale has worked as a professional photographer since 2001, with the main focus of providing the visual tools to help others promote their products and market themselves. He's always in search of emerging technologies, working through the advent of digital photography, the QR code, virtual tours and using remote controlled drones for an unparalleled aerial view of properties. He's eager to bring the best of the best to his field.
He applies his past experiences, "State of the Art" equipment and techniques to make his clients' projects stand out and motivate those who see it to action.


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A Good Life, Too: Alonzo Clemons from The Good Line on Vimeo.
This is the story of a man that was institutionalized for 10 years after suffering a brain injury as a child. He began to make sculptures as a way to express himself. "When they wouldn't give him clay, he would scrape warm tar from the parking lot."
This is an example of a character profile that a filmmaker might stray away from due to fear of not being able to understanding the character and their message. However, the people that put together this video short thought outside of the normal realm of creativity to be able to help Alonzo Clemons tell his story. They used text as a tool to help the audience understand his message. Also, I thought that this was also a good example of Wes's point that video is over 50% close-up shots. The detail shots of Alonzo's face and hands as he was molding the clay figure were very powerful and effective.


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1006 525 Foster Avenue, Coquitlam Listing #: R2497338
Welcome to Lougheed Heights 2 by BOSA's BlueSky Properties! This new and bright North facing 1Bed+1Bath condo features 1 parking+ 1 locker, high end appliances, laminate flooring, in-suite laundry, and beautiful panoramic mountain view from its own balcony. The "Bosa Space" floor plan comes with ExtenTABLE: Kitchen island transforms into an 8-people seating long table for your hosting/dining enjoyment; SleepTHEATRE: TV slides to reveal a spare guest bed or sofa. This premium concrete complex also offers over 24,000 sqft of resort-inspired amenities: fully equipped gym, heated outdoor pool+kitchen, Sauna&Steam room, basketball court, guest suite, concierge, lounge, piano room etc. Steps from Burquitlam Station and Lougheed Town Centre! Close to SFU & BCIT. *GST paid!* Tenant just moved out!
- Club House
- Guest Suite
- Pool; Outdoor
- Recreation Center
- Sauna/Steam Room
- Concierge
- ClthWsh
- Dryr
- Frdg
- Stve
- Drapes
- Window Coverings
- Garage Door Opener
- Intercom
- Microwave
- Oven - Built In
- Refrigerator
- Security System
- Smoke Alarm
- Stove
Site Influences
- Central Location
- Recreation Nearby
- Shopping Nearby
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Listed By: Team 3000 Realty Ltd.
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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A&E flooded with concert goers, inquest told
Co Laois man Shane Brophy (21) died after Swedish House Mafia gig
A doctor working at Dublin's Connolly Hospital on the night of the Swedish House Mafia concert told an inquest that the emergency department dealt with an "unprecedented" number of transfers following the gig
A doctor working at Dublin's Connolly Hospital on the night of the Swedish House Mafia concert told an inquest that the emergency department dealt with an "unprecedented" number of transfers following the gig.
Emergency medicine registrar Dr Salah Bibars told the inquest into the death of Shane Brophy (21) from The Swan, Crettyard in Co Laois, that the environment in A&E on the night was "quite difficult".
Mr Brophy died at the Blanchardstown hospital on July 8th last year. Dublin Coroner's Court previously heard that he had collapsed at the home of a friend after attending the concert. The pathologist gave the cause of death as drug toxicity involving "ecstasy and possibly cocaine".
At the resumption of the inquest, Dr Bibars told the court that Connolly's emergency department received the biggest share of transfers from the concert.
"I remember the department to be exceptionally busy as a result of an unprecedented number of ambulance transfers from the music concert held in Phoenix Park earlier that day," he said.
There were a "lot" of people intoxicated, young people who had taken drugs and the hospital also dealt with six "minor" stabbings, he said. There were health and safety issues in the department as a result of people coming in covered in mud up to their waist, he added.
When asked by barrister for the family Muireann Noonan if the situation required extra staff, Dr Bibars said that they had been able to deal with the case load but described the environment as "quite difficult".
Dr Bibars saw Mr Brophy immediately on arrival at 3.45am and paramedics told him that his friends had said he may have taken a "large number of illicit drugs in addition to alcohol". He was administered Naloxone, an antidote given to patients who may have taken opiates. The toxicology screen subsequently found amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine only in Mr Brophy's urine.
Dr Bibars said it is protocol to give Naloxone to overdose patients while waiting on the results of a toxicology screen which can take ten minutes. The drug would not harm patients, he said.
Mr Brophy subsequently went into cardiac arrest and died despite extensive attempts at resuscitation.
A number of the Brophy family were present, however, the court heard that his parents were delayed by a major accident in Athy. The inquest was adjourned to January 17 to allow them to hear the verdict.


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Books 163-174
{163} "Offer to God the sacrifice of Praise." Have you ever wished for a miracle working healing ministry or any other supernatural ministry from God? then what time and effort are you prepared to sacrifiec to see that ministry come into being,
{164} "Book Two of the trilogy, the titles that Jesus has." this second book of the trilogy explains the titles of the name of Jesus giving greater understanding the tremendous power and authority we have when we use that awesome name above all names, when you know the titles behind the name of Jesus you can use that name with greater power and effect for God's glory.
{165} "Book three of the Trilogy, The Name of Jesus in action." Read the continuing book on the power and authority in the titles and name of Jesus, these titles will help you understand the person behind them as you minister to others in his name Jesus, combine the three books together and print them out and pray over the scriptures for miracle working power in the name of Jesus to manifest in your life.
{166} "Healing the Inner man / woman. there are dark areas of our lives that need healing areas of the soul {mind} and this little book offers you a way to have those areas healed or if your in a healing ministry or pray with people then this book will help your ministry grow in the grace of God.
{167} "What makes your religion different from any other." Other religions are struggling to get into heaven through either their religion or by what they do in this life. The Christian is dead already and is in heaven already, they are starting from a point of being in heaven allready whilst still living on this earth in the body. the Joy of knowing you are already in heaven is wonderful, what an amazing God we serve.
{168} "Why are you worried about things that happen?" God tells us that every day of our lives are recorded in his book even before they happen. Think about this if God knows every day, then he knows whats going to happen every day and he knows our reactions, and it is our reactions that define us as children of God or not.
{169} "Declaring the Joy of the lord in your life" Many Christians are like I have been, feelings of sadness, deadness and some feeling depressed, the lord wants to heal those things permantely. Follow the written word of God and you, like me, you will experience a new found joy in your life.
{171} "Love never fails" it is us who fail love! the Holy Spirit has shown me a simple exercise to grow more and more in love with a little bit of effort and daily practice. ten weekly seperate lessons to grow in love. What is ten weeks out of a life? and the benefits are heavenly. Every Christian needs to do what this book says, then we would see the Christians explode with miracle wonder working power
{172} " Will you swap me your sins for eternal life," Says God. A new way to look at salvation. God is willing to swap his eternal life, his holiness for your crappy sins. perhaps this is a new way to approach the lost, to bring them into salvation.
{173} " Behold! God is your father! " "What does that make you?" Christians are unaware of their true identity, they find it so hard to believe the word of God, yet God says, "I have made you Gods," and that scares them, they automatically think thats blasphemy, but those are the words of Jesus himself regarding us his brothers and sisters. I only write what the word of God says regarding our true nature.
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#SMACtalk Episode 1: S.M.A.C. impact on the Future of Work
#SMACtalk Episode 1: S.M.A.C. impact on the Future of Work
Topics Covered:
Dependence on Technology
Sharing Economy
Daniels daughter adopted virtual chickens
AirBnB & Uber rethinking resources and lifestyles
IBM Social Business and Pure Matter Event in NYC #NewWayToWork
Futurist Faith Popcorn presentation
By 2020 50% of the workforce will be freelancers
One to many relationship between employee and companies they're supporting.
Leverage Internet of Things and Devices to improve our way of life.
Big Data's relationships with sensors and IoT devices.
Proximity Data
Elimination of Silo's at work and at Home
Ability to work from Everywhere including working from home or work while at a kids event.
Millennial Mindset impact on life
"If our work becomes our play and our play is our work, why would you not love what you're doing!"
Collaboration without limitations thanks to technology like Google Docs, Hangouts, Chat Clients, Social Business tools and more.
#CloudTalk (Thursday at Noon ET = Hangout + Twitter Chat) Hosted by Dan & Brian
Need for Swiss Army Skill Sets for new employees and the need for small business, startsup and enterprises to hire employees who are generalists.
Omni-Channel Marketing / Shopping / Relationships
No longer limited to hiring employees based on locations of the talent allowing a startup to compete for the same talent as an enterprise brand.
Rethinking and ReInventing industries
Data Center Companies moving from a real estate model and more about Cloud Computing technology and how you provide services and meet needs.
Digital Transformation
The transition of retail shopping and brick & mortar stores embracing digital and the need for brands to extend into digital space to create and grow communities and relationships.
Email or social can't replace a Handshake
"Email and Social can't replace a handshake, but done well it can turn a handshake into a hug!"
One to One Relationships Selling is what Omni Channel is done right!
Social Selling, shared data and Product shopping including reviews and community collaborations impact on the in store experience.
Technology and the Digital Economy is drastically impacting the way we work.


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Title: My Soul to Save (Soul Screamers #2)
Author: Rachel Vincent
Publisher: Harlequin Teen
Release Date: December 29th, 2009
Source: Purchased
My Rating: 4.5/5
(Side note: I apologize for the lack of reviews here on the blog recently. I've been battling this very weird tiredness which has had me sleeping all day, or not being able to sleep at all. I'm also in the middle of exams so I'm trying to juggle studying and blogging and it's becoming difficult. Once I'm done exams (Nine days from now!) I will be back on track!)When Kaylee Cavanaugh screams, someone dies.
So when teen pop star Eden croaks onstage and Kaylee doesn't wail, she knows something is dead wrong. She can't cry for someone who has no soul.
The last thing Kaylee needs right now is to be skipping school, breaking her dad's ironclad curfew and putting her too-hot-to-be-real boyfriend's loyalty to the test. But starry-eyed teens are trading their souls: a flickering lifetime of fame and fortune in exchange for eternity in the Netherworld—a consequence they can't possibly understand.
Kaylee can't let that happen, even if trying to save their souls means putting her own at risk...
I love to re-read books. I know a lot of people who never do, but I adore it. I find you notice so many more things the second (or third, or forth, etc.) time around than you do the first and it often really adds to the story. Characters are seen in a different light, actions take on entirely different meanings, and little hints are finally noticed. In the case of My Soul to Save, it made me like the characters AND the plot line that much more.
Now, I liked My Soul to Save the first time around, but it wasn't as amazing as My Soul to Take. I thought the plot was a bit out there, and I was still very frustrated with Kaylee. This time I have to say, I really saw where the plot was heading, and my respect for Kaylee was definitely more than previously. Since I don't want to give out any spoilers for future books, I can't really say what I noticed about the plot, just that it plays a role in the next few novels. One thing about the plot I was really excited to notice is the "greed" element. A little while back, Rachel Vincent wrote a blog post (WARNING: The post contains spoilers for the series) about how each book was based on a seven deadly sin. My Soul to Take was vanity, and My Soul to Save was greed. I could definitely see where Vincent took that idea, and how she threaded it through each characters story line. Really fun to read about!
I also have to say, I was really proud of Kaylee. My first time reading it, I was always aggravated by her decisions and just her personality in general. This time, I could see where she was coming from and although she didn't always make the smartest choices, she made them with the best of intentions.
I also loved getting to see Tod's flawed side. His sarcastic attitude and casual smirk took a backseat to his raw emotions in this book. I think it was fantastic to see a different side of him, and really added to his character.
Overall, My Soul to Save grabbed me, even reading it a second time. I was pulled into the fight to save Addison's soul, Kaylee's unrelenting courage to do just that, and all the emotion turmoil that this quest entailed. It was a ride, a heart-breaker, and just generally a fantastic book. Make sure to check out Rachel Vincent's Soul Screamer series, if you haven't already. Mythical creatures, heart-breaking characters, and kissing (lots of it) all wrapped up in one delicious series!
If it sounds good to you, why not make it even better and take part in the Soul Screamers Reading Challenge! It's a bit late into it, but it's very easy to catch up! These books will not let you go until you're finished!
- Ciara who is lost at midnight
Find this book: Amazon | Goodreads | Rachel Vincent's website


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Brand Story
Created by Randy Mason of Mason Cellars, Pomelo wines are known for their refreshing and expressive fruit profiles that please every palate and pocket. Sourced from California's North Coast counties, we work closely with growers to hand select grapes that ripen gradually and evenly, producing clean, approachable and balanced flavors.
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Food Neophobia
Have you ever heard of a fear… of new foods? Infants and toddlers face the big challenge of expanding their diet with new flavors, textures, and quantities within a short period of time. This fear of new foods is a real concern for many families. Think about what it would feel like to eat bugs? What if someone brought it …Read More


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The Fall Classic 5K
This event will be presented by the Private Wealth Management at Heathrow to benefit the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit at Arnold Palmer Hospital.
Private Wealth Management at Heathrow presents The Fall Classic 5K! The event will take place in Oval Park off of International Parkway in Heathrow, Fla., on Saturday, Nov. 21st, 2015, at 9 a.m. This family friendly event will include a kids' fun run, health and wellness fair, delicious food for our participants provided by our sponsors, music and many other fun activities. This is a chip timed race with medals being awarded to the Top 3 finishers in several age groups.
Proceeds from the race will be benefitting the Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children's Bone Marrow Unit.
Pediatric Oncology at Arnold Palmer Hospital has unique strengths. They have the largest, most experienced, and nationally involved faculty in Central Florida. APH has a large portfolio of clinical trials for newly diagnosed and relapsed patients, as well as the only truly comprehensive neuroncology program in the state. APH also boasts access to early phase trials not available anywhere else in the state.
APH is raising money to build a stem cell transplant and cellular therapy program to lead the way to pediatric cancer and cellular therapy care in Florida, and the Southeast. The program would allow Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children to bring therapies to kids that are local, smarter, safer, and more effective.
For additional information, please click here.


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Home › Forums › iPad Forums › can't get game app back to my account after logging off
- This topic has 1 reply, 2 voices, and was last updated 3 years, 5 months ago by SK.
phyllis stevensGuest
my grandson signed out of my angry birds account and signed into his angry birds friends account on my i pad, which we had done a lot. When i tried to sign back into my account i only got a new player, not my account. When i tried to go through facebook to the angry birds game, it went to new account and when i tried to change, it went back to grandsons. I tried uninstalling, reinstalling, changing my apple id and password and doing the same. It made a new game and the same thing happened when I changed, it went to his account . Everything on my i pad is in my name and all other games, except the angry birds friends. Can you help?
Hi Phyllis,
Make sure you update the settings with your information. Go to Settings > Game Center > and update all the information there with your current Game Center ID (Apple ID). It is indeed strange that it's just a problem with Angry Birds and not any other games. I would also suggest that after updating your Game Center settings, uninstall the Angry Birds App, then close all apps by double pressing home and swiping up on each app to close. Then do a reset by pressing both home and power buttons until the Apple logo appears. Then after a complete restart, reinstall Angry Birds and see if it picks up on the updated Game Center credentials.
Keep us posted,


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Upcoming events in Austin, TX!
Dane's Body Shop presents F'nGive Benefit for Explore Austin
Dane's Body Shop is hosting donation based bootcamp that benefits the youth leadership, mentoring and adventure non-profit Explore Austin at Barton Springs park on Saturday, August 16th. The Fusion 'n Go (F'nGo) is an outdoor workout program that caters to South Austin, and the F'nGive is a free workout session taking place on the south lawn of Barton Springs. Donations of $10 and up will grant you access to the class, as well as admission into Barton Springs. Choose a workout at 8:15 am or 9:10 am — or both if you're up for a challenge. Bring the family out for some active fun in the sun! For more details, visit their website.
2014 Classic Game Fest
Classic Game Fest is Austin's biggest retro video game convention! Taking place on August 16-17 at the Parmer Events Center, CGF has become a summer tradition from retro gamers of all ages. For the low price of $10 for the whole weekend, guests can play classic video games, participate in retro game tournaments and costume contests and listen to live video game music! Bring your gamers out to enjoy everything from a pro level Smash Bro's tournament to a classic video game museum. Find out more details here.
Le Garage Boutique Sale 2014
On Saturday, August 23rd, Independent boutiques in Austin, online retailers and local designers will gather together for a popular semi-annual event and give Austinites an opportunity to shop for boutique fashions at discounted prices. Retailers bring it all out at Le Garage Sale, including end-of-the-year overstock as well as current season fashions. Le Garage Sale will feature more than 70 local boutiques, online retailers and designers offering women's, men's and kids' fashion as well as home decor. Get access to the deals for just 10 dollars, get your tickets here!
MAX's Wine Dive presents Eat.Drink.Empower.
On Thursday, August 21st, MAX's Wine Dive is brings back its annual Eat.Drink.Empower event, which showcases the best of Austin's female chefs. This year's event will benefit SafePlace, a local, nonprofit organization dedicated to providing services for individuals and families suffering through incidents of domestic or sexual violence. Guests can enjoy a decadent 12-course menu with beverage pairings, all expertly curated and designed by the talented team of female chefs and bartenders. Individual tickets will cost you $195.00 while a table of eight can eat for $1,950.00. Come out and support a good cause and eat some delicious food! Purchase tickets on their event page here.
Austin Bat Fest 2014
An Austin favorite has always been watching the bats fly out from under the Congress Avenue bridge. 1.5 million Mexican free-tailed bats fly through the sky at dusk each night in the summertime. The 10th annual Austin Bat Fest celebrates this truly Austin experience with a festival on August 23rd, taking place across the entire bridge.
More than 75 local arts and crafts vendors will be on hand in addition to other bat-centric activities (bat costume contest, anyone?). Three stages of music includes headliners like Blue October, Saints of Valory, Del Castillo, Alpha Rev and plenty more. Tickets are only 10 dollars, and you can find more information here.


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This Look Inside the Human Body During Pregnancy Is Fascinating
Have you ever wondered what's really going on inside your body during pregnancy? This animation shows how your organs shift to make carrying a baby possible.
Pregnancy is a pretty amazing thing, especially when you consider that every organ in your body somehow conspires to make the miraculous business of growing a human possible. While the external physical changes associated with pregnancy are well documented (hello, baby bump!), it's pretty tough to imagine how things are shifting within your body. After all, it's not like you can just peek under your skin!
We all know that a pregnant woman's uterus expands, but think about it: all those other organs have to step aside to allow this process to happen. We found one animation gives us a better look at what's really happening on an internal level during pregnancy, and it's fascinating.
The video comes from the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, where's it was featured as part of an interactive exhibit focused on the human body. The animation shows us exactly how the body changes throughout pregnancy, giving viewers a good idea of what's going on at every stage of gestation. Finally, it shows what happens as the body works to get the baby out (though, to be fair it looks a lot easier in the video than it actually is...)
Take a look. And when you see how it all happens, you'll instantly understand why preggos suffer so many aches and pains!


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When wearing this exquisite python neckpiece one feels as though they are adorned in art. It is impeccably sculpted by hand to retain it's shape and drape effortlessly upon a décolletage. Our vintage acrylic rings add a dash of whimsy to this seductive and bold accessory.
Shipping Details: Ready to ship. Upon ordering product ships within 5-7 business days.


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Welcome to Purple Pawn, covering games played around the world by billions of people every day.
01 Mar
Posted by David Miller as Classic Board Games
A man has been charged by Circleville, Ohio police with "inducing panic" for leaving a Backgammon case next to a pump at a gas station. The police were able to track down the man by the credit card he used to pay for gas.
A photograph of People's Congress deputies in a Chinese party newspaper caused an uproar on the internet when some people noticed that they were working around a Mahjong table.
In Shenzhen, China a toddler drowned in a bucket of water while her mother was playing Mahjong next door.
In Annapolis, Maryland a man was charged with murder for allegedly shooting someone to whom he had lost money in a dice game. In San Leandro, California, police are still looking for the person who killed another over a $5 dice game loss. In Royal Oak Township, Michigan though, two men were convicted for robbing a dice game last July. And in Columbus, one man was convicted of murder connected to a dice game.
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Costs, promotions, types, and availability could vary. Lowe's Protection Plans provide prospects with product protection that extends protection previously offered by the producer's warranty. • Do your shopping from house – browse an endless aisle of products, or restrict your search to gadgets at the moment accessible in-retailer for pick-up or immediate delivery.
One of many few shiny spots in the retail sector is residence improvement, with giants like Lowe's and Residence Depot opening dozens of recent shops and touting sturdy earnings that beat expectations within the fourth quarter. The corporate sells merchandise of a number of brands that embody Whirlpool, Jetclean, Vitality Star, Basic Electric, Maytag, Frigidaire and KitchenAid.
A mission of Lowe's House Improvement, Lowe's Innovation Labs and SciFutures, the Lowe's Holoroom is powered by Marxent's 3D Furniture Cloud 3D Cloud, the virtual merchandise platform. Though within the short-time period, Lowe's saves more money, within the lengthy-time period, people stop shopping for your merchandise.
• Get the within scoop on house improvement merchandise and see how others use them to accomplish their DIY and reworking tasks. As most bricks-and-mortar retailers struggle to get buyers in their stores, visitors in Lowe's established shops grew by 1.1 p.c during the vacation quarter.
According to this whisper (which we have since heard from a variety of of us), a spouse who felt she had not been fairly treated in a divorce used the knowledge she'd gained whereas in her marriage to create a rival to her husband's chain of dwelling improvement provides business, even to the point of locating her stores subsequent to his in an effort to steal his customers.


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Finger Lickin' Good is going down at Charley's Restaurant and Saloon this Friday, Feb. 3. BrownChicken BrownCow is back on their favorite island, and ready to throw it down for their Maui fans. The Northshore will surely be raging with boot-stomping vibes and cool people. Here's a great chance to experience the best of Maui's nightlife. 21+. 9:30pm. Charley's Restaurant and Saloon, (142 Hana Hwy., Paia); 808-579-8085; Charleysmaui.com
Photo courtesy Facebook/BrownChicken BrownCow Stringband


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Alan, Rather than using the public community for just debate, perhaps it would be best used as an educational tool. For example, what is your definition of a construct within the context of knowledge systems design in life sciences? I have found that occasionally revisiting definitions to include refinement is essential for advancement of a practice, which has indeed been a sticky point in knowledge systems often enough. And even when agreement can be reached, definitions tend to be fluid, particularly in fast evolving areas of science. Also, for those who use generic email addresses without links to web sites, it would be very useful to occasionally inform folks on our backgrounds and relationships, like a link to a web page and/or bio for example. .02 Mark Montgomery CEO, Kyield http://www.kyield.com Managing Partner Initium Venture Capital http://www.initiumcapital.com ----- Original Message ----- From: "Alan Ruttenberg" <email@example.com> To: "Kashyap, Vipul" <firstname.lastname@example.com> Cc: <email@example.com>; "Pat Hayes" <firstname.lastname@example.com> Sent: Wednesday, June 20, 2007 8:53 AM Subject: Re: Evidence On Jun 20, 2007, at 10:08 AM, Kashyap, Vipul wrote: > VK> I think Pat raises a very valid point. I do sense that folks are > treating BFO as "true" and sometimes probably trying to shoe- horn their > requirements into it. The scientific method requires that the various > constructs and distinctions of BFO (and for that matter others such as > DOLCE, OpenCyc, etc.) be evaluated from the use perspective and see if > they bring any value in the context of a real application probably > healthcare and life sciences. Usually I think of the scientific method as trying to determine truth, not utility, though as you know I'm a big one for utility. Note that my general support for BFO has been based on its utility in collaboratively building ontologies for combining knowledge, particularly OBI and in the HCLS demo. I'm quite interested in anyone else's work that might be used to be able to evaluate alternatives, but I plan to invest my limited time in continuing to use and improve BFO until it breaks in a way that can't be fixed. > BTW, I do not intend to evaluate whether these constructs are > ontologically sound, etc. but the question we need to answer as a group > is: Are these constructs useful? I don't know what "ontologically sound" means. I would offer that a "best practice" would be be to make sure that part of our "acceptance tests" for agreeing that something is useful is that many of us understand what is meant by a construct. -AlanReceived on Wednesday, 20 June 2007 16:06:48 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.4.0 : Friday, 17 January 2020 17:20:27 UTC


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It's been weeks since I made a post because I haven't much to report. I've been spending my time doing research for the new Me and My Friend Maddie book. I was trying to build a story about a road trip gone awry when the characters get stuck in a town of hipsters. I've been reading Russian folktales, primarily those about Baba Yaga, as I planned for her magical hut to parallel the RV used on the road trip. I also read a book called How to Spot a Hipster as part of the research and planned to structure the story based loosely off of the 1975 film Race with the Devil, staring Peter Fonda. But after all that, I just couldn't make the story come together, so it's back to the drawing board.
This book is important to me because I know readers want to see the resolution between Maddie and Jackie Jinxed and I want to provide that and show where their relationship goes after the ending of The Dead Girl I Like Heart and Stuff. So I think I'm going to do something I haven't done with any of the other books, which is begin writing the story without having a myth in mind. I feel this way, their relationship can be explored and developed in exactly the way I want, with no restrictions caused by adhering to a myth. As the writing unfolds and the story begins to solidify, perhaps I will look for a way to incorporate a myth into the story.
So far I've used Greek, Japanese, Native American, and Catholic stories to build the other four books. I'm not sure where I will venture next. Perhaps I will ultimately break convention and not use a myth at all, but I don't know if that will be disappointing to the fans of the series.
For the time being, I've put the brakes on Forever Candy as I just can't make up my mind on which point of view to tell the story from. Each time I decide on a point of view and begin to write, something happens in the story that makes me want to switch the point of view and I would prefer that this book not have shifting points of view. I'm contemplating rewriting the original screenplay version as that medium really worked well with the story.
On a final note, now that some time has passed since I finished writing Scribbling The Eternal, and the book is being edited, my mind is naturally wandering back to Orly, so I may begin writing the third installment of the Black Wax Vampire Trilogy sooner than I expected.


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European Journal of Neurology
Volume 8 Issue 6 Page 659 - November 2001
A. Chaudhuri & P. O. Behan
We report here 39 cases in which
definite multiple sclerosis (MS) was precipitated or exacerbated by specific
hyperextension-hyperflexion cervical cord trauma. The worsening or onset
of the symptomatic disease bore a striking temporal relationship to the
focal injury. Our data suggests that central nervous system (CNS)-specific
acute physical trauma such as cervical cord hyperextension-hyperflexion
injury may aggravate latent clinical symptoms in MS. The deterioration
of MS bore no direct relationship with the severity of neck injury. Possible
pathogenic mechanisms of focal CNS-specific trauma aggravating the course
of asymptomatic or benign MS are discussed. This may have implications
in improving our understanding of the factors that may modify the clinical
course of MS.
Despite many years of intensive research, the precise cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown. Recently, researchers have drawn attention to an underlying axonal pathology (Trapp et al., 1998) and the role of nitric oxide (McDonald, 2000) in the demyelinating injury. Focal trauma increases nitric oxide in the brain (Cobbs et al., 1997) and spinal cord (Yick et al., 1998). Most researchers generally accept that certain factors do modify the clinical course for MS by precipitating or aggravating the clinical symptoms. These include infections (Sibley et al., 1985), pregnancy (Confavreux et al., 1998), electrical injuries (Bamford et al., 1981), and penetrating and surgical wounds of the brain (Poser, 1994a). Vaccinations (Sibley and Foley, 1965) and acute emotional psychological stress (Franklin et al., 1988) may also adversely affect the course of MS although certain vaccinations may be safe in MS patients (Ascherio et al., 2001; Confraveux et al., 2001). It is also recognized that breakdown in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an early and obligatory event in the development of acute MS lesions (Broman, 1947; Poser, 1994b). As focal hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries to the cervical spinal cord have been shown to cause a severe disruption of the BBB both locally and generally in the brain in experimental animals (Ommaya et al., 1964; Goodman et al., 1976; Kobrine et al., 1976; Domer et al., 1979) and to affect cerebral metabolism in man (Otte et al., 1995), serious consideration therefore must be given to this type of injury for its effect on MS.
In recent years, we have documented 39 patients who developed symptomatic MS or in whom a stable disease with minimal disability was converted to a rapidly progressive form within some days to weeks after an acute hyperextension-hyperflexion injury to the cervical spinal cord. These cases are described here in order to focus attention on this unique occurrence. As the allelic variations of the APOE gene have been reported to influence the clinical course of MS (Chapman et al., 1999; Evangelou et al., 1999) and the recovery after head injury (Roses and Saunders, 1995), we also carried out APOE genotype determination in this group.
Clinical details
All patients in this series presented within 3 months from the date of their acute cervical cord injury (hyperextension-hyperflexion injury in automobile accidents and hyperextension-rotational injury in industrial or environmental accidents). The diagnosis of definite MS in all the cases was confirmed by the neurologists prior to their referral to one of us (POB). There were a total of 39 cases, 24 of which were of new onset. These latter cases had new disease, without any history of neurological symptoms and were previously in excellent health. There were 12 males and 12 females, whose ages ranged from 19 to 55 years with a mean age of 32 years. They were all in excellent physical health previously. The onset of the symptoms occurred within a range of 12 h-12 weeks post-trauma with the maximum number of new cases reaching their peak between 2 and 3 weeks. Their expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores ranged from 1.5 to 8.5 with a median score of 5.0. A further 15 cases, three male and 12 female, were of mild MS which rapidly accelerated to a progressive form following their injury. Their ages ranged from 21 to 51 years with a mean of 38.6 years. Their pre-trauma EDSS score had a range of 1-3 with a mode of 1, whilst their post-trauma EDSS at the time of examination were between 3 and 8.5 with a median score of 5.5. The worsening of their MS, i.e. the onset of new symptoms occurred between 1 and 12 weeks post-trauma with a mean maximum incidence of 1-2 weeks.
The severity of soft tissue injury was assessed retrospectively on an arbitrary scale of 1-15 (Table 3). There was no apparent correlation between the individual severity of injury as measured in this arbitrary scale and the subsequent deterioration of MS symptoms. In this series, none of the cases had any cervical vertebral fracture, dislocation or spinal cord compression.
Table 1 Patient data
Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients
Table 3 Characteristics of neck injury
Table 4 APOE studies
Table 5 Possible mechanisms as to how specific focal trauma can aggravate multiple sclerosis
APOE-4 studies
Results are presented in Table 4. APOE genotyping was determined from the samples of buccal smears as previously described (Ilveskoski et al., 1998). Only 4 of the 27 patients for whom APOE genotypes were determined possessed an E4 allele and these were all heterozygous. The E4 frequency of the patients is therefore 0.07 compared with a figure for the general population of 0.15. There was thus no over-representation of the APOE-4 allele in our group of patients with exacerbation of MS.
The role of physical trauma on MS has been debated for a number of years. The current consensus appears to be that whilst general, non-specific physical trauma may not influence the course of MS adversely, the role of central nervous system (CNS)-specific moderately severe physical trauma in modifying the clinical course of MS is still unknown. In this case series, all the patients had developed new symptoms of MS within 3 months following the cervical spine hyperextension-hyperflexion injury. The 24 patients with the new onset of MS had been in perfect physical health with no evidence of any disturbances within the CNS. Fifteen cases were considered to have previous MS symptoms but few had any major disability (pre-trauma EDSS range 1-3, median 1.0) prior to their acute cervical cord trauma. The sex distribution of the latter group was skewed towards the female patients (M : F=1 : 4). We do not have any satisfactory explanation for this other than by chance.
It is important to stress that the trauma was of a uniform type in all cases, i.e. an acute hyperextension-hyperflexion focal injury to the cervical spinal cord. The majority of cases occurred in motor car accidents but some followed accidental injuries in the work environment. As seen from Tables 1 and 2, the onset of symptoms occurred as early as 12 h with the maximum number of cases reaching their peak between 2 and 3 weeks following the specific trauma. The clinical course of MS was generally more rapid and progressive than usual in these cases. There is some suggestion of an association of APOE-4 allele with a more rapidly progressive course in patients with MS (Chapman et al., 1999; Evangelou et al., 1999). However, the fact that the majority of our patients were APOE-4 negative might suggest that they should have had a more benign course. It is noteworthy that the first post-trauma MS symptoms (Table 2) in the majority of these patients localized to lower brain stem (INO, oscillopsia) and cervical spinal cord (e.g. arm paraesthesia, motor weakness of both legs). The onset of oscillopsia was dramatic in all the four cases after cervical injury. The severity of the soft tissue injury was mild to moderate in the vast majority of cases.
There is existing literature supporting the concept that specific CNS trauma may precipitate or aggravate MS. In a personal study of 255 cases, Keschner (1950) had observed that specific focal trauma had to be to the skull or vertebral column aggravates MS symptoms with a close temporal relationship. Lord Brain studied 17 patients in whom the clinical features showed the co-existence of cervical spondylitic myelopathy and MS (Brain and Wilkinson, 1957). Two of these patients died and at autopsy plaques were present throughout the cord and brain, the most conspicuous demyelinating lesions being found in the cervical cord in the region of the spondylitic compression. Oppenheimer (1978) studied the spinal cords at autopsy of 18 patients with MS. He paid particular attention to the cervical enlargement, finding that demyelination occurred in the cervical bulb twice as commonly as in other parts of the spinal cord axis, with a preponderance of fan-shaped lesions in the lateral columns. He attributed this to mechanical stresses communicated to the cord via the denticulate ligaments during the flexion of the spine and postulated that these repetitive physical stresses caused the breakdown of the BBB, providing the nidus for demyelination. Both McAlpine (1946) and Miller (1964) had reported their experience of cases where MS exacerbations occurred after specific physical trauma. Gonsette in examining the brains of patients with MS who had been subjected to stereotactic neurosurgery, found a direct anatomical relationship between new fresh plaques and the path of the trocar (Gonsette et al., 1966). He emphasized that these plaques were fresh and inferred that mechanical destruction of the cerebral parenchyma led to a breakdown of the BBB, thus allowing putative myelinotoxic substances egress into the brain to form new plaques. His argument is supported by the fact that demyelination was not demonstrated from the same techniques used in other patients who did not have MS. This finding was later confirmed by Reichert et al. (1975). Electrical injuries in animals and man also cause breakdown of the BBB and there is evidence to support that electrical injuries induce the symptoms of new disease or aggravate existing MS. One of Millers patients had developed sensory symptoms within 6 days of electrical injury in the same limb only to be followed later by the development of clinically definite MS. Electrical injury was associated with a statistically significant risk of MS exacerbations in Sibleys prospective study of non-specific physical trauma and MS (Sibley et al., 1991). Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) increases the permeability of the BBB and dramatic clinical deterioration of symptoms have been reported in 20% of all MS patients receiving ECT for depression (Mattingly et al., 1992). Furthermore, widespread spinal cord demyelination has been found to occur in patients after electrocution (Levine et al., 1975) and lightning injuries (Davidson and Deck, 1988).
The critical role of changes in BBB influencing the clinical course of MS was evident from a series of clinical research carried out in Oxford in the 1950s. Initially, patients with tuberculous meningitis were treated with PPD intrathecally with the aim of creating a sterile meningitis and thereby increase, because of the resultant breakdown of BBB, the delivery of the systemic antituberculous drugs within the CNS. The Oxford workers noticed an apparent success with this treatment (intrathecal PPD) in MS patients who also suffered from tuberculous meninigitis (Smith et al., 1955). This formed the basis of a controlled trial of intrathecal tuberculin (PPD) in MS (Kelly and Jellinek, 1961). However, MS patients in this and other trials treated with intrathecal tuberculin did not improve, and on the contrary, deteriorated both in their physical symptoms and also in serial psychometric tests (Tables 3 and 4).
Subsequent research has clearly established that an abnormal BBB plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of demyelination (Broman, 1947; Poser, 1986, 1994b). The effect of this increased vessel permeability may be more generalized as it is known that retinal vessels may also be leaky during an attack of MS (Poser, 1986; Lightman et al., 1987; Gay and Esiri, 1991). Our hypothesis is that acute hyperextension-hyperflexion injuries of the neck will at the very least produce a local breakdown of the BBB as in animal studies, including non-human primates, massive breakdown of the BBB not only of the cord itself but also of the brain follows experimental induction of whiplash injuries (Ommaya et al., 1964; Goodman et al., 1976; Kobrine et al., 1976; Domer et al., 1979). Ommaya and others had shown by means of injecting sodium fluorescein that BBB alterations occurred at a distance from the site of trauma. In their study, a blow to the occipital area altered the BBB in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord when the monkey did not wear a collar (Ommaya et al., 1964). Korbines group observed that when rhesus monkeys were exposed to moderately severe trauma to the cervical spinal cord, extravasation of Evans blue dye and radio-iodinated human serum albumen from small cerebral vessels was observed (Kobrine et al., 1976). Domer et al. (1979) injected intravenous technetium (Tc99m) pertechnate to show a significant increase in BBB permeability in the brains of animals subjected to whiplash injury that had not been subjected to head trauma. These experiments further demonstrated that the increased permeability occurred not only in the cervical cord but also throughout the brain explaining why in some of our cases lesions were found in the occipital lobes and periventricular regions. The only prospective epidemiological study showing lack of significance of physical trauma and MS (Sibley et al., 1991) did not address the specific question of acute, moderately severe, cervical cord trauma (as in all of our cases) and were not sufficiently powerful to have a good chance of producing a significant result if, indeed, there were a casual connection between CNS-specific focal trauma (e.g. acute cervical cord hyperextension-hyperflexion injury) and MS.
There are many instances of pathologically verified lesions within the brain where new MS plaques were observed surrounding the specific areas where BBB had broken down. This was seen in the post-mortem material in patients with congophilic angiopathy (Heffner et al., 1976), a condition where amyloid is deposited at the sites of BBB breakdown and also in patients dying after sterotactic brain surgery (Gonsette et al., 1966; Reichert et al., 1975) and open brain surgery (Russell, 1946). It is not impossible, therefore, that any external factor that can influence the integrity of BBB of an individual with a diathesis to develop MS will have the potential to trigger the disease symptoms. Other than the breakdown of BBB, CNS-specific focal trauma may also induce neuronal nitric acid synthase (Grünewald and Beal, 1999) which may act alone or synergistically with cytokines to produce neuronal injury. Mechanisms by which CNS-specific trauma like whiplash injury may unmask MS are probably multifactorial (Table 5) and these are not mutually exclusive. The cervical region is the commonest site of spinal cord involvement in MS and spinal cord atrophy provides the best correlate of the degree of disability as measured by Kurtzkes EDSS scale (Loseff et al., 1996). Thus, it would only seem logical that rapid progression of disability was a direct consequence of the cervical cord disease in our cases.
A question that may be asked is whether the association of specific trauma in this series of MS patients reflected a recall bias on the part of the patients who were involved in accidents. However, because of the nature of injury sustained (acute cervical hyperextension-hyperflexion) and the close temporal relationship of the symptoms (often days and weeks), it seems improbable that the recall bias was the only explanation for this association. We could not identify either the specific mechanism(s) that could cause clinical deterioration of MS cases after focal trauma or any individual characteristics of our patients that made them more vulnerable to the effect of acute cervical cord injury. We accept the limitation of our study in that it is observational and based on personal case series. However, a randomized control study of CNS-specific acute, focal trauma in MS would be impractical and ethically impossible.
In our paper, we have sought to draw the attention of the readers to the role of certain CNS-specific focal trauma (cervical cord injury, stereotactic brain surgery like thalamotomy and electrical injury) in precipitating the symptoms of undeclared MS and adversely affecting the course of benign MS. Like infection, which will trigger MS symptoms only in a proportion of patients [10% (McAlpine et al., 1965)-48% (Sibley and Foley, 1965)], cervical cord hyperextension-hyperflexion injury is likely to unmask or worsen the natural course of MS in a subgroup of affected patients with an underlying diathesis. This may be important because the prevalence of asymptomatic (silent) MS has been estimated to be about 25% of that diagnosed in vivo (Engell, 1989).
We must make it clear that we do not propose physical trauma in any form causes MS per se. Physiologically, CNS-specific trauma produces focal breaches in the BBB and induces metabolic changes by activating the stress response. In addition, focal trauma also enhances the expression of nitric oxide synthase in the CNS microvasculature (Cobbs et al., 1997). In susceptible individuals, these effects might unleash critical changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide, thus triggering MS symptoms ab initio or aggravating symptoms of pre-existing latent disease. The mechanism of MS is still unknown and research must focus on the role of traumatic breakdown of BBB, stress and nitric oxide pathways in the MS symptom exacerbation for a better understanding of this common, disabling neurological disorder.
We thank James AR Nicoll (Department of Neuropathology, University of Glasgow) for carrying out the APOE genotyping. AC is supported by the Barclay Research Trust held at the University of Glasgow.
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Fox Tech High School: The Kick Off Point for Changes in the Downtown Landscape
Last week the launch of the San Pedro Creek Improvements Project kicked off with a celebration at Louis W. Fox Tech High School, where ceremonies at the football stadium featured speakers and performances to mark the start of construction on the $175 million project.
Cited by historians as the location of the city's original Spanish settlement, the creek's natural appearance was largely obliterated decades ago when the concrete channel was installed to avert downtown flooding. But renewed interest in redeveloping the western part of downtown, from near Fox Tech to South Alamo Street, led to an intricate improvement plan to change the landscape of the area.
Slated for completion in time for San Antonio's tri-centennial celebration in 2018, Phase One of the project spans from Fox Tech HS to Cesar Chavez Blvd. This made us here at G. W. Mitchell (GWM) a little nostalgic seeing as we built the high school in 1972.
In the Beginning
San Antonio's first high school finally got a permanent home in 1882, when a three-story stone building was constructed on Acequia Street (later Main Avenue), opening in 1883. This school was called High School and Central Grammar until 1886 when it was consolidated with another neighboring school and became known as School No. 1. The city's first secondary school officially became known as the San Antonio High School, but familiarly was referred to most often as simply "the high school" or "High School."
Name Changes
The campus name changed after Brackenridge High School opened in 1917, and the original school was renamed after its location – Main Avenue and was to serve students located in the north side of town. Development to the north moved faster, and Main Avenue, the older facility, was showing signs of strain by the late 1920s. Thanks to a bond issue passed in 1929 before the stock market crash, SAISD was able to build the opulent new Thomas Jefferson High School on otherwise undeveloped land considered to be far northwest of the city.
Main Avenue subsequently was renamed and repositioned as San Antonio Vocational and Technical High School, often shortened to San Antonio Tech. This was largely the doing of Louis William Fox (1889-1978) who grabbed the old Main Avenue High School building and turned it into a vocational school. Fox, who served as principal of Tech, retired in 1949. In his honor, the school was renamed the Louis W. Fox Vocational and Technical School and received its last name change in early 1972, which is when GWM comes into play.
During the 1972-1973 school year, Fox Tech students attended Brackenridge High School while the Main Ave. buildings were demolished and replaced by a $5 million academic complex. Bartlett Cocke was the architect on the project while Melvin Mitchell, our current Chairman of the Board and second generation leader of GWM leadership, oversaw the construction as the Project Manager.
In 95 years, G.W. Mitchell has seen many changes in San Antonio. A company rich with history, we value the importance of improvements like the San Pedro Creek project and can't wait for the changes in the area to come to fruition – even if it does mean changes are inevitable for projects like Fox Tech we built decades ago.


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If we move back into the nineteenth century we get nothing like the same number. And in a society still largely governed by the tenets of the church, discussions of a homosexual nature were difficult. But even so, the eagle-eyed have difficulty making such an extensive list: Ethel Smyth, Saint Saëns (possibly), Tchaikovsky, Schubert (possibly).
Homosexuality itself was a nineteenth century construct. The word came into existence in 1869 so Tchaikovsky (1840 -- 1893) is one of the first who would have been able to classify himself as homosexual, if he had wanted to. Language has an important effect on the way we think, so the development of the word homosexual can be seen to have helped the development of some sort of homosexual consciousness. Before the late nineteenth century the concept of a homosexual person was vague, non-existent even. There were just homosexual acts. But with this homosexual consciousness (for want of a better word) would have come the sense of being an outsider, of not belonging. For much of the twentieth century homosexuals were in society without ever completely belonging. Could this sense of not quite belonging, of being in some ways an outsider, be a pointer to the prevalence of twentieth century composers who were homosexual?
So where does this lead to? Some of you will remain convinced that whatever composers did in the bedroom should remain firmly there and not be brought to light. Others will wish to assume nineteenth century composers are heterosexual if the evidence is not resoundingly to the contrary. This brisk canter through a list of composers is hardly a firm basis on which to create a theory. But it does help to make us think about what it takes to make a major composer. Why some people create great music and why others, despite immense talent, fail to do so. And this is, ultimately, why I think such lists matter. Initially, perhaps, they are created to help re-affirm the identity of the people making the list. But such lists give us fascinating little windows into the make-up of the composers involved.
I am, though, no further on with an explanation of this significant number of twentieth century gay composers and I would be interested in hearing from anyone who might have something positive to contribute to this discussion.