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Deep brain stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgery where doctors put wires that can carry corrective electric signals inside a patient's brain. Electronic equipment located outside the brain can then send signals to specific parts of the person's brain. DBS is used to treat many diseases. DBS has been used to treat pain disorder, Parkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome.[1] The Food and Drug Administration approved DBS as a treatment for tremors in 1997, for Parkinson's disease in 2002,[2] Tourette syndrome in 1999,[3] and dystonia in 2003.[4] DBS is helpful for most patients but there can be serious complications and side effects.
Applications[change | change source]
Parkinson's Disease[change | change source]
Parkinson's disease is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[5] DBS does not cure Parkinson's, but it can help reduce symptoms and improve the patient's life.[6] DBS is only used for patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled with medications.
DBS was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Parkinson's in 2002.[2] DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).[7]
Major depression[change | change source]
Deep brain stimulation has been used in a few patients to treat major depressive disorder(MDD).[8] It is hard to find a good target in the brain for DBS because there are few patients that have had DBS for MDD.[8]
A study of DBS for major depressive disorder and Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) looked at 23 patients — nine for OCD, seven for MDD, and one for both. It found that "about half the patients did show dramatic improvement" and that there were few side effects and complications.[9]
DBS for treatment resistant depression can be as effective as antidepressants, but side effects and complications need to be watched. Common side effects for DBS for MDD include infection, headache, bad mood, and suicidal thoughts.[10]
Tourette syndrome[change | change source]
In 1999, DBS was approved for Tourette syndrome - an inherited neurological disorder.[3] Deep brain stimulation is used to treat patients with severe Tourette syndrome when medication does not help the patient. Many patients have fewer symptoms after DBS.[11] In some patients, the DBS is only put on one side of the brain. This can reduce symptoms and patients may have fewer side effects when the stimulation is only put on one side of the brain.[12]
There are two places in the brain where the stimulation is placed. The stimulation is either put in the thalamus[11][12][13][14] or the globus pallidus pars interna.[15][16] The thalamus is a more common target for DBS, but both targets can reduce symptoms.[17] The best target for treating Tourette Syndrome with DBS is not yet defined.[17]
Other medical applications[change | change source]
Alzheimer disease[change | change source]
In 2012, a literature review showed some slowed onset of dementia and memory loss in six Alzheimer's disease patients who had DBS.[18]
Trauma/coma[change | change source]
In August 2007, US scientists used DBS on a 38-year-old man who was in a coma for six years because of a head injury.[19] The patient was able to wake up, open his eyes, and turn his head in response to talking. After more DBS, the patient could name objects and use his hands. He could also drink liquid and eat food by mouth.[20] Although DBS has worked for some patients with head injuries, DBS may not work for every patient with serious head injury and/or coma.
OCD[change | change source]
DBS has been used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)[21] The use of DBS for OCD is one of the most successful uses of DBS for any disease. It is not understood why DBS is so successful for OCD.[22]
Possible complications and side effects[change | change source]
DBS is helpful for some patients, but other patients have side effects and complications. Patients may experience side effects of apathy, hallucinations, addiction to gambling, hypersexuality, cognitive problems, and depression. However, these may be temporary and related to correct placement and calibration of the stimulator. Some side effects can go away after some time.[23]
Because the brain can move a little during surgery, there is the possibility that the electrodes can move out of place. This may cause more complications like personality changes. Electrode movement is easy to find using a CT scan. There may also be complications of surgery, such as bleeding within the brain.[13]
In an rare case, a patient with severe Tourette's Syndrome had very severe side effects and complications. The patient suffered from opisthotonus- when the muscles are contracted without the patient's control. The patient later died from other infections.[14]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Kringelbach, Morten L. (1 August 2007). "Translational principles of deep brain stimulation". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Jenkinson, Ned; Owen, Sarah L.F.; Aziz, Tipu Z. pp. 623–635. doi:10.1038/nrn2196. Missing or empty
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vandewalle, V (1 February 1999). "Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus". The Lancet. van der Linden, Chr; Groenewegen, HJ; Caemaert, J. p. 724. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05964-9. Missing or empty
- ↑ 'Brain pacemaker' treats dystonia. KNBC TV, April 22, 2003. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
- ↑ Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). Clinical Neurology (6th ed.). Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 241–5. ISBN 0-07-142360-5.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, et al. "Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes." Mov Disord. 2006 Jun;21 Suppl 14:S290–304 PMID 16892449
- ↑ Doshi PK. "Long-term surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation". Stereotact Funct Neurosurg (2011). 89:2, 89–95. PMID 21293168
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Anderson, R. J., Frye, M. A., Abulseoud, O. A., Lee, K. H., McGillivray, J. A., Berk, M., & Tye, S. J. (2012). "Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: Efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 36(8), 1920–1933. PMID 22721950. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.001
- ↑ Lakhan SE, Callaway H. "Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: systematic review". BMC Research Notes. 2010 Mar 4;3(1):60. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-60 PMID 20202203
- ↑ Moreines JL, McClintock SM, Holtzheimer PE. "Neuropsychologic effects of neuromodulation techniques for treatment-resistant depression: a review". Brain Stimul. 2011 Jan;4(1):17-27. PMID 21255751
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Savica, Rodolfo (1 January 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome: A Description of 3 Patients With Excellent Outcome". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Stead, Matt; Mack, Kenneth J.; Lee, Kendall H.; Klassen, Bryan T. pp. 59–62. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.08.005. Missing or empty
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kuhn, J (1 November 2011). "Clinical effectiveness of unilateral deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome". Translational Psychiatry. Bartsch, C; Lenartz, D; Huys, D; Daumann, J; Woopen, C; Hunsche, S; Maarouf, M; Klosterkötter, J; Sturm, V. pp. e52. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.51. Missing or empty
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ackermans, L. (24 February 2011). "Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome". Brain. Duits, A.; van der Linden, C.; Tijssen, M.; Schruers, K.; Temel, Y.; Kleijer, M.; Nederveen, P.; Bruggeman, R.; Tromp, S.; van Kranen-Mastenbroek, V.; Kingma, H.; Cath, D.; Visser-Vandewalle, V. pp. 832–844. doi:10.1093/brain/awq380. Missing or empty
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Duits, A. (24 May 2012). "Unfavourable outcome of deep brain stimulation in a Tourette patient with severe comorbidity". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Ackermans, L.; Cath, D.; Visser-Vandewalle, V. pp. 529–531. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0285-6. Missing or empty
- ↑ Silburn, Peter (1 August 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation of Anteromedial Globus Pallidus Interna for Severe Tourette's Syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. p. 860. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101583. Missing or empty
- ↑ Hwynn, Nelson (1 September 2012). "Improvement of Both Dystonia and Tics With 60 Hz Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation". International Journal of Neuroscience. Tagliati, Michele; Alterman, Ron L.; Limotai, Natlada; Zeilman, Pamela; Malaty, Irene A.; Foote, Kelly D.; Morishita, Takashi; Okun, Michael S. pp. 519–522. doi:10.3109/00207454.2012.683219. Missing or empty
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ackermans, Linda (NaN undefined NaN). "Deep brain stimulation in Tourette's syndrome". Neurotherapeutics. Temel, Yasin; Visser-Vandewalle, Veerle. pp. 339–344. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.01.009. Check date values in:
|date=(help); Missing or empty
- ↑ Oluigbo, C. O. (1 January 2012). "Deep Brain Stimulation for Neurological Disorders". IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering. Salma, A.; Rezai, A. R. pp. 88–99. doi:10.1109/RBME.2012.2197745. Missing or empty
- ↑ Implant boosts activity in injured brain. Nature news (August 1, 2007). Retrieved on August 1, 2007
- ↑ Schiff N. D. et al. "Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury". Nature. 448, 600–3. (2007) PMID 17671503
- ↑ Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B (1999). "Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Lancet. 1999 Oct 30;354(9189):1526 PMID 10551504
- ↑ Benabid AL, Wallace B, Mitrofanis J, Xia R, Piallat B, Chabardes S, Berger F. (2005). "A putative generalized model of the effects and mechanism of action of high frequency electrical stimulation of the central nervous system". Acta Neurol Belg. 2005 Sep;105(3):149–57. PMID 16255153
- ↑ Burn D, Troster A (2004). "Neuropsychiatric Complications of Medical and Surgical Therapies for Parkinson's Disease". Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 17 (3): 172–180. doi:10.1177/0891988704267466. PMID 15312281.


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About this time last year, I popped my info product cherry when I released my very first product targeted towards people trying to build affiliate websites.
Maybe it has something to do with the adrenaline of starting a new year, but I am at it again and will be releasing my next info product in the very near future.
Tell us more!
While I don't want to reveal the topic of the info product just yet, there have been a few hints here and there that you should be able to piece together to get a pretty good idea of what I am doing.
Keeping in mind the lessons I learned on the first time around, I am most definitely keeping it simple and zeroing in on the target audience. Like my first product, there should be minimal need for customer support because what I am sharing is really straight-forward and easy to understand.
When you see it, you're probably going to slap yourself in the forehead with the proverbial "Doh!" moment.
Honestly, in all of the products that I have seen on this topic, I have yet to see one of them mention this super ninja tactic that will have you absolutely crushing it.
But most importantly, I am having fun!
Alright, that's all for now…
What fun would it be if I told you everything right now?
I've learned a thing or two about how to build anticipation, so I need to keep some things a secret until the product has been launched.
It shouldn't be long now, I'm hoping to get some feedback from a Goliath in this niche and then I will be making final revisions in preparation for release.
A'ight deuces! (That's for my son.)

subset: commoncrawl


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Wedding Event Management
Rajasthan Event Management provides Best Budget Wedding, Catering, Rajasthani Folk Dance Artists, Ladies Sangeet, Anchor Booking, Artist Booking, Live Orchestra Band, Wedding decoration, Revolving Stage Theme, Parties Organizer, Shahi Lavajma, jaipur, Rajasthan,India
Planning an event as special as a wedding in no easy task but with access to exotic wedding destinations and exceptional professionals we make your glorious event a lifetime memory. Our motto is giving you the best unlike the rest. We make every function eventful providing a joyous and colorful ambit to the hosts and the guests. Regardless of the religion and cast we carry out our best to make the function a magnificent event.


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Advent Podcasts'17 - The Selah Series: Volume II - 27 Nov 2017
Join us this Advent to be stop. To be still. To "selah"...
The word Selah is often interpreted as to "stop" or to "pause". Following from last year's Selah Series, we're stopping again this Advent to be still. To reflect on just one verse of Scripture:
But the angel said to them,
"Do not be afraid.
I bring you good news
that will cause great joy
for all the people."
– Luke 2:10
The Selah Series: Volume II. Now LIVE.
Spend 60 seconds each weekday morning to be still in the midst of Advent, dwelling on what it means that the arrival of Jesus is Good News. And Great Joy. For All People.
Join in with the series by downloading on iTunes and on our website. Alternatively, catch each episode each morning on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter.


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Seared Tuna Over A Powerhouse Kale Salad
This was an impulse dinner. I stopped at my favorite seafood shop hoping for a nice piece of salmon. They were all out of salmon, so I settled for my second favorite fish, tuna. The first time I
ever had sesame crusted tuna was 12 years ago when I waitressed at an Ernest-Hemingway-themed restaurant. I don't know exactly how sesame tuna goes with Hemingway, but it tasted really good.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Serves 1
Total time 20-25 minutes
Fresh kale
2 Button mushrooms
1 Scallion
Jalapenos (or bell pepper if you don't like spicy)
1 radish
¼ of an English cucumber
Sesame ginger salad dressing
One 6-10 oz piece of sushi grade tuna. It doesn't matter the size, but it must be fresh
Cooking spray (I like coconut oil spray because it makes me feel healthier)
Black sesame seeds
- Start with the salad because the fish only takes a minute. Plus I think the salad tastes better if it sets for a few minutes first. Chop the kale into small pieces and add to a large mixing bowl.
- Slice the vegetables and add to the salad. Add the salad dressing.
- This is how I always mix my salads: Use tongs. Toss gently, folding it until it is all incorporated. I never pour my dressing over the salad in the serving dish. Sure, you dirty one more bowl, but it tastes much better.
- Transfer your salad to the serving bowl and stick it in the fridge.
- Spray the fish with cooking spray, and dump lots of sesame seeds on top, coating it thoroughly. Flip it over and repeat.
- While the fish comes to room temp, heat your skillet to medium-high. Once it's hot, add the fish and cook for about 2 minutes per side. Transfer to a cutting board and slice against the grain.
- Top your salad and enjoy.


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Using a secured credit card is like being in high school: you have some freedom, but you're counting the days until you can graduate onto something better. With costly deposits, low credit limits, annual fees, high interest rates and minimal rewards, secured credit cards usually aren't great for shopping, but they can help you establish a good credit history and work your way into some better terms.
Secured credit card basics
A secured credit card is easier to qualify for than a regular — or unsecured — credit card. With this type of card, you'll have to pay a deposit as a form of collateral to cover the issuer's losses if you default. You don't draw on the deposit on when you use the card, so you'll need to make monthly payments just as you would with an unsecured card. You'll be able to get this deposit returned to you after you upgrade or close your card, so long as you stay current on your payments.
The issuer then extends a line of credit to you, often matching the same amount of money you've provided for the deposit. For example, if you deposited $500, you'd typically get a $500 credit limit. Many secured cards also report to the three major consumer credit bureaus, which allows you to build credit. This is a major difference between secured cards and prepaid debit cards, which won't do anything to improve your score.
» More: How Do Secured Credit Cards Work?
Make building credit a priority
Just as you probably don't want to stay in high school forever, there's a good chance you don't want to hold onto your secured credit card for the rest of your life, either. Even the best secured cards don't offer much spending flexibility, and most are expensive to maintain. Instead, you're looking for a credit card you can use as a stepping stone to get an unsecured credit card.
Because of this, it's important to look for a secured credit card that will report your payments to the three major consumer credit bureaus, TransUnion, Experian and Equifax. If you get a card that doesn't report to these bureaus, it won't help you improve your credit, and your on-time payments won't make it easier to get an unsecured card.
As of February 2015, US Bank, Capital One and Wells Fargo were among major issuers of secured credit cards that report all payment activity to these credit bureaus. If you're not sure whether your secured credit card reports, call and ask. This way, you'll know whether your on-time monthly payments are counting towards your credit reports and your credit scores.
For now, rewards aren't that important
Sure, it's tempting to look for a secured card with the best rewards, but when you have a secured credit card, that probably shouldn't be your top concern. Getting 1% cash back on your purchases may sound enticing, but if you have a $300 credit limit on a secured card, that 1% makes almost no difference. Your credit score may also suffer if you get too close to that limit, making it difficult to qualify for unsecured credit cards with larger rewards in the future. Here's what you may want to look for instead:
- A grace period: Not all secured credit cards have grace periods, or set amounts of time when interest does not accrue. If your card doesn't have this time window (often around 25 days), you may end up shelling out a lot more in interest, even if you pay in full every month, especially if it already has a high annual percentage rate, as many secured cards do.
- An easy way to upgrade: Some credit card issuers offer programs that upgrade you to an unsecured card after a period of responsible credit use. Because closing your secured card could lower the average age of your credit accounts and ding your credit score, finding a card that upgrades could be a smart way to continue building your credit while gaining better terms. Nerd note: If you have bankruptcies, tax liens or other serious, negative information on your report, it may be a little tougher to upgrade to an unsecured card. Be patient, and keep making those on-time payments.
- A manageable deposit. Most secured cards have a minimum deposit requirement of $200 to $300. For some people, just coming up with the minimum is a challenge. But if you can put down more than the minimum, you gain more flexibility. Using too much of your available credit can hurt your credit score, and it's a lot easier to max out a $300 credit line than a $1,000 line.
- Low fees. Many good secured cards charge a $0 fee, and some have fees of $40 or less. Watch out for "fee harvester" cards with high annual fees, monthly maintenance fees and other unavoidable charges.
Once you have your card, focus on staying below the limit and paying off your balance in full every month. If you start with no credit, it may take as little as six months to build up enough good history to get approved by another issuer for an unsecured credit card, if you don't want to wait for an upgrade from your original issuer. If you have bad credit, it will likely take longer.
» MORE: Credit cards for bad credit
When it comes down to it, the earlier you establish these good borrowing habits, the sooner you'll be able to boost your credit. And once you're ready to graduate to an unsecured card, all your efforts will be worth it.


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June 23, 1920 - November 18, 2013
Middletown, NY
Jean Carrozza, of Middletown, NY, died Monday, November 18th, at the age of 93.
Jean was born in Brooklyn, NY on June 23, 1920, a daughter of the late Frank and Sarah Lazzura Mazzarisi. She went to school, married her high school sweetheart, and raised a family there. She was a stay-at-home mom, but when her children were older she worked as an aid in Wingate High School.
She was predeceased by her husband, Joseph V. Carrozza, and all of her brothers and sisters: Leo, Charlie, Joey, Bobby, May McVey and Carole DeLeon.
She lived for the past twenty eight years in Middletown, NY. She was a member of St. Joseph Parish in Middletown, but the last few years of her life attended church with her daughter at St. Mary's in Washingtonville. She belonged to the Mulberry House Seniors and the Middletown Senior Citizens. While living in Middletown, she volunteered for Meals on Wheels, People for People and was proud to be a volunteer at Horton Hospital for over 20 years.
She is survived by her children: Barbara Kaloz, and her husband, Attila, Dr. Steven Carrozza and his wife, Ann, and Dr. Joseph Carrozza; her grandchildren, whom she loved dearly: Adam Kaloz and his wife, Michelle, Dr. Darrin Kaloz and his wife, Carly, Gregory Kaloz Esq., Christina Rudzinski and her husband, Greg, Lisa Roberts and her husband, Herb, Alexis Merrill and her husband, Dave, Gabrielle Reynolds and her husband, Drew, Rachael Carrozza and her fiance, Charles. Jean also had seven great-grandchildren that gave her great joy: Matthew and Michael Rudzinski, Sophie Kaloz, Alex and Aiden Merrill, Tristen and Caleb Reynolds. Jean also had several nieces and nephews and many dear friends.
Jean's passion in life was dancing and we hope that she is back with her best dance partner, her husband Joe, dancing to their heart's content.
Friends may call on Friday, November 22nd, from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9 p.m. at Morse Funeral Home Inc., 33 Railroad Ave., Middletown, NY. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at St. Joseph's Church, Middletown, NY, at 11 a.m. on Saturday, November 23rd, with Interment at St. Joseph's Cemetery, Middletown, NY.
Arrangements are under the guidance of Morse Funeral Home Inc., Middletown, NY - 845-343-6918.


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Redox BETA charger
A very popular compact and universal charger with inbuilt balancer. With the use of this charger, we will also charge and discharge the LiIon, LiPo, LiFe, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, PB batteries.
The charger can be powered with the use of the AC charger or a 12V battery.
Charger's features:
Charged cells: LiIon LiPo i LiFe, Ni-Cd i Ni-MH
Inbuilt charger
Adjustable current
Programmed control (microprocessor)
Charger's information:
Input current: 11-18V or a AC/DC 230V 5A charger
Maximum charging power: 50W
Maximum discharging power:5W
Charging current: 0.1~5.0A
Discharging current: 0.1~1.0A,
Number of Ni-MH/Ni-Cd cells: 1~15
Number of Li-Ion/Poly cells: 1~6,
Supported Pb batteries: 2~20V,
Pb batteries current: 2~20V
Charger's inbuilt memory: maximum 5 battery packs
The set includes:
- the Redox Beta charger,
- the AC charger,
- an adapter and a balancer plug adapter,
- 12V DC power cable ( Jack – crocodile clip )
- 1 x DEAN adapter – crocodile clip
- 1 x DEAN adapter – BEC plug
- 1 x DEAN adapter – Futaba type servo plug (also compatible with the JR type servo type), EC3 plug
- 1 x DEAN adapter – plug for charging the clips,


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From the way an order is entered into the system by customer service to the way a truck is loaded by a shipping associate, every company has its step-by-step method of executing everyday tasks. These "steps," in getting a task completed are called procedures. While these procedures are common practice, what many companies do not do are standardize the work, document the procedure, and train its employees to the standardized procedures.
Other topics in the series are:
- Steps in creating effective SOPs
- SOPs and Continuous Improvement – how are they related and how do they help my company?
- Templates and examples of SOPs
As long as the job gets done, that should be enough right? Why do I need to invest company time and resources in developing and maintaining an SOP program? The answer is to the first question is false. Having an effective SOP program doesn't just get the job done but get it gets the job done right the first time.
SOPs are important in many ways. First, an effective SOP standardizes the steps. This means every employee, assuming training was conducted, is expected to follow the same exact procedure. This increases productivity as there's no more thinking involved on how to perform a task. The "thinking" part was done during the SOP creation. And at this point, once the SOPs have been signed off and training has been administered, it's all about execution for the users.
Secondly, having SOPs reduces errors. So long as the SOPs were created with input from stakeholders (workers, supervisors and internal customers and internal suppliers), best practices should have made it on to the procedures. This means quality issues were addressed and countermeasures were embedded on to the processes.
Third, it's good for employee morale. I took over a company's distribution facility once where virtually every employee had his own way of performing the same task. No one knew what their inventory accuracy were, including management, but they would quote 95% to customers. Meanwhile, on-time shipment was below 40%, mainly because of the warehouse and inventory team. When I finally completed a physical inventory, their accuracy was at 30%. Not having SOPs resulted in distrust within the department and from other departments.
Lastly, an SOP process makes financial sense. Your operational cost will be reduced due to increased productivity (from having procedures and happier employees), and from lowered re-work costs as quality issues should also go down. And an optimized operation results in happier customers and an improved chance of additional sales.
Having Standard Operating Procedures is not an option but a necessity for any business, big or small, to be successful. It is even more important for small businesses since every dollar lost is much more to it than it would for a big company. While it is cumbersome and you will incur some cost from development and training, the return on investment will be ten-folds. From the cost reduction and contribution to increased sales, to the improved employee morale and having a process-oriented company culture, having an effective SOP program can and will prove to be a win-win for your company.


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By using this website, you consent to our use of cookies. For more information, visit our Privacy PolicyX
Miguel Tinker Salas is professor of Latin American history at Pomona College. His research includes work on the history of contemporary Venezuela and Mexico, and he is the author of Venezuela: What Everyone Needs to Know and The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture and Society in Venezuela.


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Horse racing is one of a few sports that can trace its roots back to ancient antiquity. This equestrian sport has marvelled millions of spectators across the world throughout history. It is a sport many people associate with elegance and luxury and a certain bit of mystery. Since it is such an old sport, different countries and cultures adopted their own rules and competitions. As a result, today there are a wide variety of types for one to enjoy.
Trot Racing
This competition is sometimes also known as Harness Racing or Trotting. A two-wheeled cart, known as a sulky, is attached by way of a harness, to the horse. A jockey sits on the sulky and directs the horse during the race. In some European countries, the jockey is made to sit directly on the trotter.
As with other horse racing competitions, some countries set restrictions on the breeds of horses that can compete in Trot Racing. Standardbred horses are the only ones allowed to compete in the United States. European races, on the other hand, are more open to varied breeds like French or Russian Trotters. Meanwhile in Scandinavian countries Finnhorses and Coldblood Trotters race separately.
Even the type of race varies depending on the country. European races feature only trotting, but in other countries horses can also pace. The difference between the two styles is in the movement of the horses' legs. Pacing horses are known to be faster and are more reliable since they are less likely to break stride.
There are many competitions around the globe, but the most famous is the Prix d'Amérique, which is held annually in France. With a prize running of €1 million, it welcomes some of the best trotting horses in the world. In the United States, meanwhile, major competitions include the Hambletonian which is open to 3-year-old trotters and Little Brown Jug which is open to 3-year-old pacers.
Flat Racing
Flat Racing is another very popular horse racing competition. It consists of the jockeys riding their horses on a level course which is specially made for this type of racing. The track is usually made up of pressed dirt, however, turf surfaces have become increasingly popular. The distance and aim of the race vary considerably across the world. The longest tracks can go on for up to 3 miles.
The goal of the race might be a test of speed on the horse, but it might also be a test of stamina. Similarly, the jockey is tested in his ability to keep the horse under control whilst pushing it to its limit. Flat Racing competitions employ a looser breed restriction than Trot Racing. However, over time experts in the field realised that Thoroughbreds make the best contestants.
The Royal Ascot is one of the most popular events hosting Flat Racing. Frequent important spectators include members of the royal family, including the Queen herself. The Derby Stakes, held in Surrey, is another competition with a long history. It is 1 of the 5 Classic British Races.
Between May and September, Scandinavian countries open their doors to Flat Racing events. The Scandinavian Open Championship, held in August, is one of the biggest events. The course is one of the longest, at over 2km. The season comes to a close with the Stockholm Cup International, held in September.
Jump Racing & Steeplechases
Jump Racing is also known as Hurdling and, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, it is referred to as a National Hunt. As the name suggests, this race requires a constant jump on the part of the horse and puts added stress on the jockey who rides on top. Each hurdle is over 1 metre in height and made of brush and panels in order to be flexible. As a minimum, Jump Races need to have at least 8 hurdles and be at least 3km long.
Horses which do very well in Jump Racing usually move on to Steeplechases. This race is also known as the a National Hunt. In these races, hurdles are replaced by fences and other obstacles, such as water pools, are added to the track. This makes the competition much more exciting for the spectators and much more challenging for the horse and jockey.
The Grand National event held at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool is generally accepted to be the most famous in the world. The winner walks off with a prize sum of over €1 million, together with the prestige and reputation that comes with the event. In Paris, the Grand Steeplechase held at the Auteuil Hippodrome is one of the oldest competitions still held today. The first event took place in 1874.
The Czech Republic has its own world-renowned Steeplechase. The Velká Pardubická is organised annually in Pardubige. Since it is organised in the middle of October it gets a lot of publicity as many other events would have already finished by then.


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South Ayrshire pupils call on football stars to kick out stalking
Some of Scotland's top football clubs and stars are being asked to show their support for a national campaign to raise awareness about the dangers of stalking. That's the message coming from South Ayrshire pupils who have been taking part in an ambitious pilot project in partnership with Action Scotland Against Stalking and Ayr United.
In the last three months, primary seven pupils from Annbank, Coylton, Dalmilling, and Newton Primaries have been taking part in the 'Pass the Ball' pilot project. The programme wrapped up on Monday 9th May when 130 girls and boys took part in an all-day, football tournament at the Citadel Leisure Centre in Ayr.
There are plans to roll out the programme across the country and to kick start the campaign, the pupils are looking for support from other professional clubs and have pledged to tweet top football stars at clubs including Celtic, Rangers, Hearts, Hibernian, and Kilmarnock. It's hoped the activity will start the ball rolling and encourage more organisations to actively support the Pass the Ball campaign.
Pass the Ball is designed to try and make children think about their actions from an early age to try and root out problem behaviour in later life. Pupils discussed the potential dangers of posting messages and pictures online. The sporting element of the programme put boys and girls in training sessions with professional footballers, where they were taught the value of team work and mutual respect.
Rhys Berry (11) and Sophie Harrison (11) from Dalmilling primary School were the first two pupils to give their support for the campaign.
Rhys said he hoped other clubs would follow Ayr United's lead, "Ayr United is a big local club but it would be great to see other teams in other areas help to spread the message.
"I'll be helping to get in touch with football clubs around the country and hope to see others like Rangers, Celtic, and Kilmarnock retweet their support too."
Sophie said she hoped the campaign would soon find new supporters, "It's been a great project to be part of and working with other schools has been really interesting.
"Some football teams may be rivals but we're hoping that they can put all that to one side and support the pass the ball campaign."
Councillor Ann Galbraith, Chair of the South Ayrshire Multi Agency Partnership (MAP) to tackle violence against women and children, said, "Pass the Ball is an ambitious programme with a positive message, and this next stage is proof that armed with information, young people can help drive change.
"We've had a fantastic response from the pupils and it's great to see them volunteer to contact high profile players directly to ask them to lend their support to this valuable campaign.
"We look forward to working further with Action Scotland Against Stalking in future and hope to see more organisations backing the campaign in the months to come."
Stalking has been very much in the public spotlight in recent weeks. Research from the UK Criminal Justice Survey suggests that 1 in 6 men and women have experienced stalking in the last 12 months. Meanwhile pop star Lily Allen complained publicly about her treatment following a stalking case.
Ann Moulds founder and chair of the Scottish National Stalking Group said, "I'm immensely proud of the way the young people have responded to the Pass the Ball programme.
"The support of Ayr United has been central to the message being taken on board and we hope that other top players will respond to the message from these enthusiastic young people and start spreading the word.
"We're now looking for find new supporters to extend our work across the country as we continue to make the case that stalking should be viewed as completely unacceptable in 2016 and I hope our professional football clubs respond to that call."
Roddy Macdonald, Community Team Leader, Ayr United Football Academy, said he was looking forward to seeing the Pass the Ball go from strength-to-strength, "This project has been a great example of partnership working and our focus has always been on the kids and their personal safety.


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02 September, 2016 0 comments Leave a comment
This blog from my highly talented sister (one of the triplet three) says it all … and sums up my vacation home to Canada this summer. Nine cousins all together, four families and Oma, all together for one fun-filled (and balloon-tossing) good time. There may have been some wine consumed as well :) Give it a read, but most of all, check out her amazing photography skills. Cheers!
Credit to Pamela VanBelle Photography


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WOLVES' man of the moment Jay Bothroyd cannot afford to rest on his laurels and must keep striving to fulfil his potential as "the best striker in the Championship".
That's the view of Molineux boss Mick McCarthy.
Bothroyd has struck four goals in his last two games since returning to the starting line-up after injury and the form of Andy Keogh and Stephen Ward consigned him to the sidelines.
With previous "big game" goals against Leeds and Albion already to his name this season, Bothroyd is one of those to whom Wolves will look for inspiration in Sunday's white-hot derby with Blues.
McCarthy wants to see that inspiration every week.
"Getting Jay to his best is an ongoing thing, it doesn't just happen," he says. "First and foremost seeing two players like Keogh and Ward come in and play as well as they did pushes anybody's nose out of joint.
"Let me tell you not being able to get in the team, that insecurity, doesn't half make you work a bit harder and fight a bit more.
"Jay's got undoubted ability and fair play to him, he has worked harder and seen the benefit.
"I remember the fans saying after he scored the winner against Albion that he can do anything now - no he can't!
"I can't be doing with that mentality, I want more of it all the time. I don't sit back and think, 'that's great', I look back and think, 'why the hell hasn't it been happening all season?'
"Jay might be seen as the league's in-form striker, potentially he's the league's best striker.
"He should be playing on the biggest stage, he should be in the Premiership, but you have to have the substance behind it and that's what he's shown over the last few games."


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(© CI/photo by Mark Erdmann)
The Walking Shark or Hemiscyllium halmahera is a newly discovered species from Indonesia. Found off the remote eastern Indonesian island of Halmahera, this is the third species of walking shark in the past six years to be discovered in eastern Indonesia. These sharks will use their fins to "walk" across the ocean floor, searching for food in the darkness of night. This species is harmless to humans and can grow to about 30" (76cm) in length. You can check out some underwater footage of this shark walking in the video below.
Little more is know about this new species. If you have any additional information about the Walking Shark please leave us a comment below.


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1. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 2, 2013 2:42 AM (in response to userc_41605)Hi kiiid
Recently, CyFiSNP protocol is going well, I think
Max packet size is 14byte, Measurement time interval is 1 sec around
20 - 100 node points is available in actually
But Can 69103 device contain this protocol?, I don't know,
anyhow I have some 103 chip 213 chip.
I've been use CY3630M module + control PSoC That is applicable to this protocol.
And for more informations
FTK3271 has many sample code
FTRF kit only file is useful.
2. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 2, 2013 4:54 PM (in response to userc_41605)
Thanks but that doesn't seem to be available for 69103. And I don't need any nodes, only a simple transmit/receive layer. Can somebody advise me how to get that on the 69103 chip with the minimum working amount of code?
3. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 4, 2013 5:56 PM (in response to userc_41605)
I am very disappointed... I thought it was a simple and straightforward question but no one from Cypress made the effort to write a response in support of their own product. Apparently we all have to be large companies ordering millions of devices in order to get some little respect...
4. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 4, 2013 6:19 PM (in response to userc_41605)Don't you know Cypress' knowledge searching system
Enter 69103 into Keyword Search on left upper corner and then
You can find some App-note, example code and discussions
Also, you can find Wireless key&mouse examples with 103 and 213
And Wusb dongle software in somewhere.
Less effort can't get great solutions.
5. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 4, 2013 7:27 PM (in response to userc_41605)
Don't you think I haven't gone through all that before asking? Lot of stuffing and not a single simple general example how to transfer some data from one device to another
6. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 4, 2013 8:46 PM (in response to userc_41605)Simplest example code is in Datasheet of Legacy/CyFiSPI module
It's similar with the Wusb, I guess
Is it not enough for you?
Where were you been looking in?
7. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 4, 2013 9:01 PM (in response to userc_41605)
I will try that one. Thanks
8. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 5, 2013 5:16 PM (in response to userc_41605)
Ran the example exactly as it is given in the datasheet. The hardware is a copy of the mouse from RDK4672. No luck.
Then ran a simple loop to transmit only. No output at all on the RF pins of 69103... :(
There must be something in the configuration of this chip that I am missing.
9. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 5, 2013 5:44 PM (in response to userc_41605)RF system is complex in hardware and software.
That is mutual system of host and client.
To make from bare chip is difficult to get work well.
I recommand you to development kit
Like FirstTouch Kit-3271 or other RDKs
10. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 5, 2013 7:06 PM (in response to userc_41605)
This is of no help at all. The point of these ICs is to be used in custom devices, not to play with the kits only. I have done a lot of RF devices using other chips in the past so I consider myself at least a bit knowledgeble in making boards and firmware. It is the configuration here where things get nasty.
At least there is always a valuable lesson to learn. In this case - no RF from Cypress ever again...
11. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 5, 2013 7:41 PM (in response to userc_41605)Walk, Don't run. Huh
12. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 5, 2013 7:45 PM (in response to userc_41605)
It looks like the IRQ pin might be the reason. I have left it unconnected outside just as in the schematic for the mouse from kit 4672. But the software module does require it set. Is there any way to disable the use of interrupts in CYFISPI?
I commented out everything in my code stripping it to the bare minimum. It looks like it gets stuck on the CYFI_Start() and hangs forverer there.
13. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_40792 Dec 5, 2013 8:27 PM (in response to userc_41605)If you use CyFiSPI module, there is a IRQ_Port setting in that properties
And able to select option to NONE,
Side effect? I don't know.
14. Re: CYRF69103 helpuserc_41605 Dec 5, 2013 8:49 PM (in response to userc_41605)
If I select 'None', it fails on compilation somewhere in the asm code:Starting MAKE...creating project.mk -- no changesLinking..!ERROR {linker} file 'cyfi_e2_spim.o': undefined symbol 'CYFI_IRQ_MASK'make: *** [output/KeyD.rom] Error -1KeyD - 2 error(s) 0 warning(s) 13:48:27


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Brushes – iPad Edition full review
Brushes started its life on the iPhone and grew up on the iPad. It's a very powerful artistic program, similar in many ways to SketchBook Pro, but sporting a much friendlier interface. Everything is extremely responsive and so easy to learn, it doesn't come with instructions.
Brushes has everything you'd expect from a professional editing program: various brushes and opacity, up to six layers, blend modes, and so on. You can also replay your brush strokes, so you can see an animated movie of your design taking shape over time.
There is one downside, though – your artwork is limited to working in Brushes.


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From my new article in the ideas issue of Politico Magazine:
The calls for Donald Trump to release his tax returns began early during the campaign and never really let up. It was easy to assume he eventually would make good on his promises to turn them over. Every president since Jimmy Carter had released his taxes; Trump would have to do the same, right?
What we've learned since then, of course, is that Trump didn't have to reveal anything. The Constitution doesn't require disclosure; plenty of federal officials need to submit their tax returns to the Senate, but not the president. It's just a norm.
One of the crucial lessons of the past year, turns out, is just how much of American politics is governed not by written law, but by norms like these.


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Membership Resources – The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with more than 2.4 million youth members and nearly one million adult volunteers. Since its founding in 1910 as part of the international Scout Movement, more than 110 million Americans have been at one point or another members of the BSA.
Advancement is the process by which youth members of the Boy Scouts of America progress from rank to rank in the Scouting program.
Forms: Here is a repository of the latest official versions of popular forms available to download: Click Here to View the List
Journey To Excellence: "Scouting's Journey to Excellence" is the BSA's council performance recognition program designed to encourage and reward success and measure the performance of our units, districts, and councils. It is meant to encourage excellence in providing a quality program at all levels of the BSA.
Recharter: BSA issues a charter through the local Council to a Chartered Organization, like the Church or other organization that owns your unit, which allows it to use a BSA program to serve youth in its community. For example, a Cub Scout Pack uses Cub Scouting to serve boys in the first through fifth grades. BSA requires that the charter be renewed annually to continue using the program. We call that annual renewal "recharter".
Scouts Wanted is where you can find all of our community partners that are in need of volunteers to help with Events, Activities, Service projects and anything involving help wanted for your Scout or Unit. This Site will be updated periodically with new opportunities to serve Southern Arizona business and community organizations.
Scouting with disabilities is where you can find information and resources on Scouting with disabilities.
Unit Budgeting: To help you prepare for your ideal year in Scouting, we have provided a budget worksheet and resources for your unit.
Unit Program Planning Guide: Providing a year-round, quality Scouting program should be the goal of every Scouting unit.
Some Helpful Links:
Scouting Language


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Monaco Yacht Summit
Since 2016, the annual Monaco Yacht Summit seeks to inform and educate yachting clients in a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere.
Attended by pre-qualified individuals, their representatives, family offices and private investors, the Summit includes a series of informative panel discussions with expertise drawn from across the superyacht industry.
Organised by the Monaco Yacht Show on the eve of the show itself, the Summit is now in its fourth year and has established itself as a key event for end-user clients and their advisors looking to enter or understand better the world of yachting.
Aims of the event:
→ Discuss current topics in superyachting
→ Share unbiased insight from industry experts
→ Meet industry professionals
The Monaco Yacht Summit is intended for potential charterers, buyers, their representatives and Family Offices. The Monaco Yacht Show reserves the right to decline applications to attend the Monaco Yacht Summit.


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CELTIC'S NEW DEFENDER Marvin Compper spoke to German publication Sports Buzzer as the German packed up to start his new life in Glasgow.
During the interview Marvin spoke about his time Leipzig, potentially staying in German football and showed off his new found knowledge of Celtic.
However, he singled out his new manager for praise and spoke about his first meeting with Brendan before he signed on the dotted line.
"He (Brendan Rodgers) is definitely incredibly open. I was invited to his home for breakfast. There was gluten-free bread and lactose-free cereal. And then he showed me an eight-page exposé about me. He knew everything about me, knew my taste for healthy food and even the age of my wife and children."
This perhaps gives some Celtic fans an insight into how deep the manager delves into the background and mentality of his potential signings.
Brendan Rodgers and his backroom staff are meticulous in their approach, which may make it that little bit more galling when you have ex-players like Kris Commons in the paper slagging your new recruit.


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Enjoy Kitchen Breakfast Bar Table
Would you like to have a bar at home? Having a bar at home or putting bars in the kitchen is becoming more fashionable. Go ahead and create your own bar cabinet and bar in the kitchen and enjoy the funniest parties in your home. You will only need kitchen breakfast bar table and give your imagination rein. How do you want your bar to be? What style of stools are you going to choose?
What do you think about when you sit down? The answers are endless, to sit you have infinite possibilities, sofa, chairs of all kinds, armchairs, poufs and many more seats. The new fashion that is increasingly playing a more important role in home decoration is that of the kitchen breakfast bar table. These are a really versatile seat, which offers visual and useful features, unlike any other seat you have at home. They are very useful for anyone, whether they live in an apartment or a house, or you have them in mind for the garden or the terrace.
When we talk about the materials we can find for kitchen breakfast bar table we could think of metal or wood, but this goes further, chrome stools, stools in all kinds of plastics that give rise to a thousand shapes and colors, elegant models that combine various materials and even glass stools.


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Educational Articles
Canker is now rarely seen but is a serious infection of the horn of the foot, that results in the formation of a soft, moist, disintegrating growth of horn. It most commonly affects the hind feet and is most often seen in horses kept in wet tropical climates, or in large draught type horses.
The term 'contracted tendons' describes a condition where the leg is excessively straight, usually at the fetlock or coronary band, i.e., corono-pedal joint, but it occasionally also affects the knees.
Epistaxis means simply bleeding from the nose. The term can therefore cover anything from a tiny trickle down one nostril to a heavy gushing from both nostrils. Blood that appears at the nostril can originate from anywhere in the upper or lower respiratory tract including the sinuses or other closely related structures of the head.
This condition takes its name from the comparable human condition, metabolic syndrome. It is a complex, multi-factorial problem involving numerous body systems. In humans it increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, diabetes and other potentially serious medical disorders.
A heart murmur is an abnormal sound that originates from the heart valves and can be heard with a stethoscope skillfully placed over the heart valves.
Navicular 'disease' is really a group of related conditions affecting the navicular bone and associated structures in the foot. There are several possible causes of pain in and around the navicular bone.
Osteochondrosis (OCD) is a failure of the bone underlying the smooth articular cartilage inside the joints, i.e. the subchondral bone, to form properly from the skeleton's cartilage template.
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID, previously known as Equine Cushing's Disease) is a complex condition associated with abnormal function of a small, hormone-producing organ, the pituitary gland, that lies at the base of the brain.
Infection in the foot is by far, the most common cause of acute (sudden), single-leg lameness in the horse. Infection results in painful inflammation and pus (abscess) formation.
Quittor is an old term for a condition that involves death and destruction (necrosis) of the collateral cartilages of the foot (see our information sheet on sidebones), following an infection in the foot (see our information sheet on pus in the foot).


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Customer Service
I can't find my Starbucks Cards in the Starbucks mobile app. What should I do?
First, ensure that you are signed in the correct Starbucks account in which your Starbucks Cards are registered. If you are having problems with your Username or Password, go here.
To find your Starbucks Cards on the Starbucks App for the iPhone®, select "Pay" on the Starbucks app home page - this will bring you to your primary Starbucks Card. To see other cards registered to your account, simply swipe right. If you want to see more details about your cards, reload or manage them, select "Pay" from the Starbucks app home page, and then swipe from right to left.
To find your Starbucks Cards on the Starbucks App for Android™, you will see your primary Starbucks Card when the App first opens. To see other cards registered to your account, swipe left or right to view them.
Contact Us
If you can't find what you're looking for, here's how to get in touch with us.


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Terms of Service
Consulting is an appointment based service. Emergency service (defined as service without an appointment, outside normal business hours, or holiday/weekends) is billed at $185/hr (1hr minimum) plus $50/hr for travel. Scheduled on-site or remote service is billed at $135/hr with a 30 minute per day minimum and in 15 minute increments thereafter plus $20/hr for travel. Appointments canceled without 24 hours notice are assessed a $30 cancellation fee. Any parking or building access fees encountered will be billed to the customer. Shipping and handling charges cannot be refunded. Invoices, statements, documentation or other paperwork are sent via email; any communication requiring postal mail is assessed a $5 processing fee plus postage. Future consulting will not be available to any customer with an account balance 15 days past due. Unpaid invoices after 90 days are assessed a 10% late fee, with a 15% late fee assessed every additional year. People Technology reserves the right to change terms, fees, and other restrictions, or to refuse/discontinue service at any time. Any work performed at your premises or invoice payment indicates your acceptance of these terms.
Remote Support Agreement
Consulting Services Agreement
People Technology Consulting, Inc.
Terms of Service
Copyright & Legal


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In the aftermath of hurricanes Harvey and Irma, the US needs to rethink its flood insurance programs, experts say.
In a recent Washington Post op-ed, Larry Larson and David Conrad of the Association of State Floodplain Managers, describe how the Great Flood of 1993 in the Upper Midwest briefly focused federal attention on the importance of mitigating flood risks. But that sense of urgency quickly waned, and at-risk communities, including Houston and areas of coastal Florida, largely ignored the need to mitigate flood risks.
"Experts and policymakers have known for a long time that we need to change the way we approach flood mitigation and prevention, but that hasn't stopped the nation from making the same mistakes over and over. Now, as the federal government prepares to spend billions more cleaning up from catastrophic floods, we're in danger of doing it again," they wrote.
Some changes were made after the 1993 floods, but not nearly enough has been done, they claim.
Before the 1993 flood, the federal government would help people rebuild, but it had no program in place to help mitigate the cost of future disasters in the same location, says Larson. After 1993, the government created the Hazard Mitigation Match Program, which includes the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program. Now, communities can send an application to FEMA and the state asking for assistance with either rebuilding homes to better withstand flooding or relocating residents. Larry Larson says the program is cost-effective, returning five dollars in savings for every dollar spent on mitigation.
Policyholders fund the program at $175 million a year and FEMA tries to focus that money on buying out repetitive-loss structures. About 25 to 30 percent of flood claims come from just two percent of policyholders.
In addition to these repetitive-loss structures, Larson says, the biggest floods are happening in states that often do the least to prevent flood damage. "So, we're kind of encouraging bad behavior," Larson says. "We've got to quit incentivizing poor behavior and, instead, let's incentivize good behavior."
"We know that after a disaster everybody will get disaster relief," he continues. "The point of the flood insurance program was to say, 'At least those people at risk are paying a portion of that cost through their premiums.' … [Now] we need to better marry the flood protection standards in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) with the disaster program to say, 'If you do a better job making sure new development is at less risk of flooding, you'll be getting a better portion of disaster relief.'"
One idea, called the "Disaster Deductible," emerged during the Obama administration and is still under consideration. This proposal requires every state to pay a deductible before the federal government kicks in federal taxpayer dollars after a disaster. If a state does more to reduce floods in new development and redevelopment, their deductible goes down. If a state is already doing enough, it will have no deductible.
Houston is a prime example of an area that simply did not do enough to mitigate potential damage from flooding, though they had been warned repeatedly about potential problems created by new development, Larson says.
"You can't pave over thousands of acres of what was wetland or pasture area and not have an impact on runoff — because you took all that pervious surface that would soak up water and turned it into an impervious surface where the water simply runs off," Larson says
Good floodplain maps are the basis for how communities guide development and right now mapping lags far behind, Larson says. The US has about 3.5 million miles of coastline and rivers with floodplains and the NFIP has mapped only about 1.2 million of those miles — and many of those are out of date.
We need to map now and get ahead of development, Larson insists, because new developments are being created in what he calls "cornfields and cow pasture" country, outside urban and suburban areas. Many of these places are in a floodplain but don't know it because the area has never been mapped. Only later, Larson explains, does FEMA come in and inform home buyers they've built too low in a floodplain and need to buy flood insurance.
Elevating structures two feet adds only one to two percent in development costs, Larson says, so if mapping precedes development, some of these problems can be prevented.
According to Larson, a bill currently under consideration in the Senate addresses these issues. It increases aid to victims of flood disasters, so they can afford to rebuild higher and more resiliently, and it dedicates a percentage of the premiums paid into the NFIP to increase and improve mapping of at-risk areas.
Congress must reauthorize the National Flood Insurance Program, which was set to expire Sept. 30 but has been extended into December.
This article is based on an interview that aired on PRI's Living on Earth with Steve Curwood.


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Thames Community Sport & Recreation Centre
Since 2002, Zoom Zone has been undertaking consultation, research and lobbying of Thames-Coromandel District Council to promote the development of a community indoor court facility and aquatic centre. Thames High School has been identified and progressed as the site for key development options which include:
- Thames Community Leisure Centre: an indoor one court facility with support amenities located immediately adjacent to the current High School indoor court
- An aquatic facility consisting of a 25m outdoor lane pool with support amenities; and other possible aquatic options, which include an indoor hot water programme pool and fitness centre; and also consideration of an indoor lane pool.
Need for More and Better Recreation Facilities in Thames
A review of the sports and recreation facilities in Thames conducted in 2007 found that the only full size indoor court within the Thames town centre is the gymnasium at Thames High School. The study demonstrated that the potential utilisation of a new indoor court facility was substantial – more than 5,500 hours per year for two courts. Industry benchmarking indicates that a facility should cater for a minimum of 1,500 hours use per court per year which supports the case for at least a two court indoor facility in Thames.
The projections were based on more than 50% utilisation by community groups for activities such as fitness, sports training, and tournaments and the remainder by Thames High School. Potential user groups include basketball, badminton, aerobics, Kiwi-gym, over 50s exercise, volleyball, martial arts, primary schools, indoor bowls and gymnastics.
Thames' existing aquatic facility, Thames Centennial Pool, was built in the 1960s and has served the people of Thames well. Over the past three years, evidence of subsidence has lead to the Thames Coromandel District Council recognising that the pool has an expected life span of no more than 10 years.
Preferred Site
An extensive site evaluation was conducted in 2007. All the potential sites in the Thames area were thoroughly investigated. The short list consisted of Rhodes Park, Danby Field, and Thames High School main campus. Rhodes Park was eliminated because of its flood way designation (Environment Waikato) and Danby Field because of its education designation by the Ministry of Education. Should this designation change then Ngati Maru have made it clear that the land would be treated as surplus to requirements and likely be subject to a Treaty of Waitangi claim. The Thames High School main campus was identified as the preferred site because of its central location and ease of access by both the school itself, two other primary schools, and the general public.
The business case completed in 2009 recommended that the most cost effective way to provide Thames with a two-court facility would be extend the existing Thames High School gymnasium. The addition of a full size indoor court to the existing gymnasium would enable infrastructure such as changing facilities and administration to be shared keeping ongoing operational costs down. Having two courts under would ensure the facility could be used to cater for large groups in one session including hosting events such as sports tournaments.
The current location for Thames Centennial Pool on Taipari Park is not suitable for a replacement facility as the site is an urupa and therefore tapu. Thames High School has agreed to make a site available on its main campus which would be in close proximity to the dry court facility.


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LGU execs told to enforce curfew for minors
MANILA, Philippines—The National Capital Region Police Office urged local government units to strictly enforce the ordinance on curfew hours for minors amid the recent cases of missing children.
Speaking to reporters, Chief Inspector Kimberly Molitas, NCRPO spokesperson, also called on parents to be more watchful of their children, especially those between 13 years old and 17 years old.
"We believe that intensifying the implementation of the curfew will help us prevent the cases of disappearances of children," Molitas said in a news briefing at Camp Crame.
She said there are already existing city ordinances in different parts of the Metro Manila on curfew for individuals below 18 year old from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m.
As to fears that children are being kidnapped by syndicates for organ harvesting, Molitas said they have asked doctors and were told that children aged from three to four years old "are not viable for organ transplant."
Earlier Thursday, John Gabriel Calimag was reunited with his parents four days after he went missing in Quezon City.
The family who found and took care of John Gabriel said they decided to temporarily keep the child due to fears that the child might be victimized by human traffickers.
Since January 2012 until present, Molitas said NCRPO has recorded 36 cases of missing children aged 17 years old below, but said that all the missing persons have been found and were now with their legal guardians.
Subscribe to INQUIRER PLUS to get access to The Philippine Daily Inquirer & other 70+ titles, share up to 5 gadgets, listen to the news, download as early as 4am & share articles on social media. Call 896 6000.


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This one's a bruiser, I mean you will be covered in audio induced welts after listening to it, no joke.
Expect four original, bass and breaks heavy tracks ready to shut down any late night event. Served with a side of remixes (from Spooky, Endgame, Pixelord and GHSTGHSTGHST) each with a similarly devastating impact.
The 'Inner Fight' EP is out on Tommy Kid and Calcium's Parisian imprint [Re]Sources. Get your gumshield in for this one.
A nod to // insert // for this one.


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Truck YeahThe trucks are good!
Parts of Colorado were besieged by biblical flood waters in September of 2013. Some how, some way, this old GM made from parts of what looks like at least four different pickups picks the perfect line from one safe spot to another. It's downright inspiring to watch from this aerial perspective.
Not that driving through flooded areas is anything I would condone; it's damn dangerous and unpredictable business. It's so easy to underestimate the pushing power of water, especially when its too murky to make sense of the depth.
Still, the casual swagger of this beater parting floodwater seas is a lot of fun to watch.


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SAVOR, Cuban Street Music is one of my favorite Cuban bands in Santa Fe! Victor and the boys know how to get your moving and grooving on the dance floor every time they play! A must see show in Santa Fe!
VICTOR ALVAREZ is the founder and leader of "SAVOR" Cuban Street Music. Cuban born award-winning mandolinist and guitarist, Victor has traveled the world with his salsa orchestra La Express. He has recorded under the labels of AARP and North to South. Victor sings and plays mandolin as a Cuban laud and also plays guitar with Savor.
In 1997, Victor followed his dream of playing a more complete repertoire of true Cuban music, such as the Buena Vista Social Club, for audiences to listen, learn about and enjoy Cuba's often forgotten and underestimated contribution to Latin music. SAVOR performs from a TRIO to EIGHT pieces. Using congas, hand percussion, vocals, acoustic bass, guitar, bongos and trap-set for bigger shows, the music that the group performs includes Cuban and Afro-Cuban sounds and rhythms based on the original Cuban "Son"; which is the grandfather of the modern 'Salsa' rhythms. The music is performed in an informal acoustic and street-like manner, making it raw and infectiously dance-able.
In addition, SAVOR's repertoire includes many other Latin American and Spanish songs for the eclectic and Latin hungry taste. SAVOR, which fans and music lovers now see performing, is the product of several years of hard work and dedication to a personal quest of homage to a long vibrant Cuban heritage of great music and culture. We invite all who find themselves curious about Cuban rhythms and Cuba's music to come out, hear us and party with us like on the streets of Habava Vieja! (old Havana)
See Savor inside La Fiesta Lounge inside the beautiful La Fonda Hotel at 100 E. San Francisco St.
Downtown Santa Fe, New Mexico!


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"Riccardo Tisci is incredibly gifted," writes artist Kehinde Wiley from his studio in Beijing, where he's putting the finishing touches on "An Economy of Grace," a series of African-American female portraits inspired by historical paintings that will be shown at the Sean Kelly Gallery in New York (opening this weekend). It's the first time Wiley has focused solely on the fairer sex—typically his work depicts African-American men in contemporary street wear, painted against Baroque or other backgrounds—and he asked Tisci, whom he met through the gallery, to create custom dresses for the sittings. "He has a very dramatic and aspirational understanding of beauty and design in regards to the painting aesthetic," Wiley says of the Givenchy creative director.
Both Wiley's vibrant and provocative aesthetic and Tisci's vision of a strong, powerful woman are inarguably modern, and yet Wiley believes this idea of artist joining forces with designer is as old as the Enlightenment-era paintings his work references. "In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, commissioning unique clothing for important portraiture was common practice," he explains. "By working with a major fashion house, we're revamping that tradition for the twenty-first century."
As part of their research, the two took a tour through the Louvre, examining the costumes in works like Jacques Louis David's Portrait of Madame Récamier, which portrays the young, porcelain-skinned Madame Récamier dressed in a cap-sleeved, gauzy white dress that pools on the floor as she reclines on a Empire-style sofa. "We had a very open-ended conversation," says Wiley of his and Tisci's creative dialogue during their visit, without revealing much more. "The design for Riccardo's dresses takes its starting point from [the paintings that jumped out at us], a very neoclassical design that allows for simple lines and heightened dramatic effect."
Until the exhibit opens on Saturday, we'll have to take Wiley at his word since he's only released only one portrait, that of a woman named Dacia Carter he discovered in a street casting. Intended to evoke the feeling of the old masters, as opposed to being based on one specific painting, the work shows a formidable-looking Carter wearing a one-sleeved white dress with a gold chain tucked into dense ruffles at the neck and an oxblood leather belt cinching her waist. Her power and elegance are electric.
"Kehinde Wiley: An Economy of Grace" opens May 5 and is on view through June 16 at Sean Kelly Gallery, 528 West Twenty-ninth Street, NYC; skny.com


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Cardigan // Gina Tricot Dress // H&M Hair Circlet // Primark Shoes // Pep Step Select Tights // H&M (purple) over Primark (black) Nail Polish // P2 "poetic"I think it's safe to say that spring has finally arrived where I live. It's so fantastic to get a little bit of sunshine everyday! And so today, instead of having breakfast at home, Sven prepared some bread rolls for us to take to the park. Meanwhile, I asked myself: "What better way to celebrate spring than by wearing a floral dress?… By pairing the dress with accessories in different shades of purple!". Just because I can. Did I tell you recently how much I love purple? No? I love purple very much.
Have a great weekend filled with sunshine!
{eine kleine Zusammenstellung ähnlicher Kleidungsstücke}
{a little collection of items similar to the ones I'm wearing}


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Commercial real estate is a very difficult, time-consuming investment. However, the rewards can easily outweigh the costs. Follow the advice in this article, and you will surely find success in the world of commercial real estate.
If you are renting or leasing, pest control is important to look at. Look over your rental or lease agreement, and know if you are covered, especially if you live in an area with known infestations.
When purchasing any type of commercial property, pay close attention to the location of the real estate. Think about the type of neighborhood the property is in. Also, consider local growth projections. This is important, as you don't want to be in a current growth area only to have the neighborhood stagnate in a few years.
If you are trying to choose between two desirable commercial purchases, the larger one may be the better choice. The difficulty in securing financing doesn't increase linearly with the size of the building you are buying. Also, purchasing more units is like buying in bulk. The more you buy, the cheaper each unit will be.
When you are picking a broker, make sure you know if they are experienced within the commercial real estate market. Make sure they have their own expertise in the area of your curiosity or it could be an endeavor wasted. Make sure you find an exclusive agreement that works for you and your broker.
Ensure that the amount of money you want for your commercial property makes sense, given local market conditions. Your property's actual value is influenced by many factors.
If your real estate deal includes inspections (and it always should), make sure to ask to see the credentials of all of the inspectors. You should particularly watch for people involved in insect or pest control. There are a large number of individuals who work in these areas that do not hold the proper credentials. Doing so, will help you avoid much larger problems after actually making the purchase.
If you intend on putting your commercial property on the rental market, find a simple, but solidly constructed building. These buildings give off an appearance of being well-maintained and are more inviting to potential tenants. Investing in good buildings will save you money on repairs later.
Check out where the utility hook-ups are on any commercial property. Your business is sure to have unique utility requirements, but services typically required by most include sewage, water, power, telecommunications and maybe even natural gas.
Look at the surrounding neighborhood before you decide on purchasing a specific commercial property. If you are buying the property in a more expensive neighborhood your business will most likely be a lot more successful, people there have more to spend. If your business is a bit more shady, like a rent-to-own store, payday loan outlet, or pawn shop, it's better to locate in a poor neighborhood.
As has already been stated, the purchase of commercial property can be a very profitable investment. Apply the advice of this article to your own situation and hopefully, you will find much success in commercial real estate.


text: Life Technologies (NASDAQ: LIFE), the Carlsbad, CA-based provider of biomedical diagnostic equipment and laboratory supplies, has agreed to acquire AcroMetrix, a diagnostics controls specialist based in the Bay Area community of Benicia, CA. Financial terms of the deal were not disculosed. Life says in a statement that AcroMetrix' diagnostic quality control products allow a laboratory to achieve better standardization across systems and are more economically efficient to use than "homebrew" control reagents.


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Location and Map Shama Hongqiao Shanghai
Conveniently located in the rapidly developing Minhang district, Shama Hongqiao Shanghai is only a 15-minute drive from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Hongqiao transportation hub. Our Hongqiao serviced residence is 20 minutes from National Exhibition and Convention Center while West Nanjing Road is approximately 1-hour away. Shanghai World Trade Center, Hongqiao Park and the city's attractions are also nearby.
Distances and Travel Times
- Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport / 5 kilometres, 15 minutes
- Shanghai Pudong International Airport / 60 kilometres, 1 hour
- Hongqiao Railway Station (interchange station connecting to Metro Line 2, 10 and 17 and Shanghai high-speed rail line) / 2 kilometres, 10 minutes
- Shanghai Railway Station / 23 kilometres, 35 minutes
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Word lists by frequency are lists of a language's words grouped by frequency of occurrence within some given text corpus, either by levels or as a ranked list, serving the purpose of vocabulary acquisition. A word list by frequency "provides a rational basis for making sure that learners get the best return for their vocabulary learning effort" (Nation 1997), but is mainly intended for course writers, not directly for learners. Frequency lists are also made for lexicographical purposes, serving as a sort of checklist to ensure that common words are not left out. Some major pitfalls are the corpus content, the corpus register, and the definition of "word". While word counting is a thousand years old, with still gigantic analysis done by hand in the mid-20th century, natural language electronic processing of large corpora such as movie subtitles (SUBTLEX megastudy) has accelerated the research field.
In computational linguistics, a frequency list is a sorted list of words (word types) together with their frequency, where frequency here usually means the number of occurrences in a given corpus, from which the rank can be derived as the position in the list.
Nation (Nation 1997) noted the incredible help provided by computing capabilities, making corpus analysis much easier. He cited several key issues which influence the construction of frequency lists:
- corpus representativeness
- word frequency and range
- treatment of word families
- treatment of idioms and fixed expressions
- range of information
- various other criteria
Traditional written corpus
Most of currently available studies are based on written text corpus, more easily available and easy to process.
SUBTLEX movement
However, New et al. 2007 proposed to tap into the large number of subtitles available online to analyse large numbers of speeches. Brysbaert & New 2009 made a long critical evaluation of traditional textual analysis approach, and support a move from written corpus toward oral corpuses analysis and thanks to open film subtitles available online. This has recently been followed by a handful of follow-up studies[1], providing valuable frequency count analysis for various languages. Indeed, the SUBTLEX movement completed in five years full studies for French (New et al. 2007), American English (Brysbaert & New 2009; Brysbaert, New & Keuleers 2012), Dutch (Keuleers & New 2010), Chinese (Cai & Brysbaert 2010), Spanish (Cuetos et al. 2011), Greek (Dimitropoulou et al. 2010), Vietnamese (Pham, Bolger & Baayen 2011), Brazil Portuguese (Tang 2012) and Portugal Portuguese (Soares et al. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSoaresMachadoCostaIriarte (help) 2015), Albanian (Avdyli & Cuetos 2013) and Polish (Mandera et al. 2014). SUBTLEX-IT (2015) provides raw data only[1].
Lexical unit
In any case, the basic "word" unit should be defined. For Latin scripts, words are usually one or several characters separated either by spaces or punctuation. But exceptions can arise, such as English "can't", French "aujourd'hui", or idioms. It may also be preferable to group words of a word family under the representation of its base word. Thus, possible, impossible, possibility are words of the same word family, represented by the base word *possib*. For statistical purpose, all these words are summed up under the base word form *possib*, allowing the ranking of a concept and form occurrence. Moreover, other languages may present specific difficulties. Such is the case of Chinese, which does not use spaces between words, and where a specified chain of several characters can be interpreted as either a phrase of unique-character words, or as a multi-character word.
It seems that Zipf's law holds for frequency lists drawn from longer texts of any natural language. Frequency lists are a useful tool when building an electronic dictionary, which is a prerequisite for a wide range of applications in computational linguistics.
German linguists define the Häufigkeitsklasse (frequency class) of an item in the list using the base 2 logarithm of the ratio between its frequency and the frequency of the most frequent item. The most common item belongs to frequency class 0 (zero) and any item that is approximately half as frequent belongs in class 1. In the example list above, the misspelled word outragious has a ratio of 76/3789654 and belongs in class 16.
where is the floor function.
Frequency lists, together with semantic networks, are used to identify the least common, specialized terms to be replaced by their hypernyms in a process of semantic compression.
Those lists are not intended to be given directly to students, but rather to serve as a guideline for teachers and textbook authors (Nation 1997). Paul Nation's modern language teaching summary encourages first to "move from high frequency vocabulary and special purposes [thematic] vocabulary to low frequency vocabulary, then to teach learners strategies to sustain autonomous vocabulary expansion" (Nation & 2006la harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNation2006la (help)).
Effects of words frequency
Word frequency is known to have various effects (Brysbaert et al. 2011; Rudell 1993). Memorization is positively affected by higher word frequency, likely because the learner is subject to more exposures (Laufer 1997 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLaufer1997 (help)). Lexical access is positively influenced by high word frequency, a phenomenon called word frequency effect (Segui et al.). The effect of word frequency is related to the effect of age-of-acquisition, the age at which the word was learned.
Below is a review of available resources.
Word counting dates back to Hellenistic time. Thorndike & Lorge, assisted by their colleagues, counted 18,000,000 running words to provide the first large scale frequency list in 1944, before modern computers made such projects far easier (Nation 1997).
Traditional lists
These all suffer from their age. In particular, words relating to technology, such as "blog," which, in 2014, was #7665 in frequency[2] in the Corpus of Contemporary American English,[3] was first attested to in 1999,[4][5][6] and does not appear in any of these three lists.
- The Teachers Word Book of 30,000 words (Thorndike and Lorge, 1944)
The TWB contains 30,000 lemmas or ~13,000 word families (Goulden, Nation and Read, 1990). A corpus of 18 million written words was hand analysed. The size of its source corpus increased its usefulness, but its age, and language changes, have reduced its applicability (Nation 1997).
- The General Service List (West, 1953)
The GSL contains 2,000 headwords divided into two sets of 1,000 words. A corpus of 5 million written words was analyzed in the 1940s. The rate of occurrence (%) for different meanings, and parts of speech, of the headword are provided. Various criteria, other than frequence and range, were carefully applied to the corpus. Thus, despite its age, some errors, and its corpus being entirely written text, it is still an excellent database of word frequency, frequency of meanings, and reduction of noise (Nation 1997). This list was updated in 2013 by Dr. Charles Browne, Dr. Brent Culligan and Joseph Phillips as the New General Service List.
- The American Heritage Word Frequency Book (Carroll, Davies and Richman, 1971)
A corpus of 5 million running words, from written texts used in United States schools (various grades, various subject areas). Its value is in its focus on school teaching materials, and its tagging of words by the frequency of each word, in each of the school grade, and in each of the subject areas (Nation 1997).
- The Brown (Francis and Kucera, 1982) LOB and related corpora
These now contain 1 million words from a written corpus representing different dialects of English. These sources are used to produce frequency lists (Nation 1997).
- Traditional datasets
A review has been made by New, Pallier & 3.01 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNewPallier3.01 (help). An attempt was made in the 1950s–60s with the Français fondamental. It includes the F.F.1 list with 1,500 high-frequency words, completed by a later F.F.2 list with 1,700 mid-frequency words, and the most used syntax rules.[7] It is claimed that 70 grammatical words constitute 50% of the communicatives sentence,[8] while 3,680 words make about 95~98% of coverage.[9] A list of 3,000 frequent words is available.[10]
The French Ministry of the Education also provide a ranked list of the 1,500 most frequent word families, provided by the lexicologue Étienne Brunet.[11] Jean Baudot made a study on the model of the American Brown study, entitled "Fréquences d'utilisation des mots en français écrit contemporain".[12]
More recently, the project Lexique3 provides 142,000 French words, with orthography, phonetic, syllabation, part of speech, gender, number of occurrence in the source corpus, frequency rank, associated lexemes, etc., available under an open license CC-by-sa-4.0.[13]
- Subtlex
This Lexique3 is a continuous study from which originate the Subtlex movement cited above. New 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNew2007 (help) made a completely new counting based on online film subtitles.
There have been several studies of Spanish word frequency (Cuetos et al. 2011).[14]
Chinese corpuses have long been studied from the perspective of frequency lists. The historical way to learn Chinese vocabulary is based on characters frequency (Allanic 2003). American sinologist John DeFrancis mentioned its importance for Chinese as a foreign language learning and teaching in Why Johnny Can't Read Chinese (DeFrancis 1966). As a frequency toolkit, Da (Da 1998) and the Taiwanese Ministry of Education (TME 1997) provided large databases with frequency ranks for characters and words. The HSK list of 8,848 high and medium frequency words in the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s TOP list of about 8,600 common traditional Chinese words are two other lists displaying common Chinese words and characters. Following the SUBTLEX movement, Cai & Brysbaert 2010 recently made a rich study of Chinese word and character frequencies.
Most frequently used words in different languages based on Wikipedia or combined corpora.[15]
See also
- Letter frequency
- Most common words in English
- Long tail
- Google Ngram Viewer – shows changes in word/phrase frequency (and relative frequency) over time
- ^ a b "Crr » Subtitle Word Frequencies".
- ^ "Words and phrases: Frequency, genres, collocates, concordances, synonyms, and WordNet".
- ^ "Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)".
- ^ "It's the links, stupid". The Economist. 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ Merholz, Peter (1999). "Peterme.com". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 1999-10-13. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ Kottke, Jason (2003-08-26). "kottke.org". Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ "Le français fondamental". Archived from the original on July 4, 2010.
- ^ Ouzoulias, André (2004), Comprendre et aider les enfants en difficulté scolaire: Le Vocabulaire fondamental, 70 mots essentiels (PDF), Retz - Citing V.A.C Henmon
- ^ "Generalities".
- ^ "PDF 3000 French words".
- ^ "Maitrise de la langue à l'école: Vocabulaire". Ministère de l'éducation nationale.
- ^ Baudot, J. (1992), Fréquences d'utilisation des mots en français écrit contemporain, Presses de L'Université, ISBN 978-2-7606-1563-2
- ^ "Lexique".
- ^ "Spanish word frequency lists". Vocabularywiki.pbworks.com.
- ^ Most frequently used words in different languages, ezglot
|Look up Wiktionary:Frequency lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Theoretical concepts
- Nation, I.S.P. (1997), "Vocabulary size, text coverage, and word lists", in Schmitt; McCarthy (eds.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6–19, ISBN 978-0-521-58551-4
- Laufer,, B. (1997), "What's in a word that makes it hard or easy? Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words.", Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–155, ISBN 9780521585514CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Nation, I.S.P. (2006la), "Language Education - Vocabulary", Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Oxford: 494–499, doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00678-7, ISBN 9780080448541 Check date values in:
- Brysbaert, Marc; Buchmeier, Matthias; Conrad, Markus; Jacobs, Arthur M; Bölte, Jens; Böhl, Andrea (2011). "The word frequency effect: a review of recent developments and implications for the choice of frequency estimates in German." (PDF). The Word Frequency Effect. Experimental Psychology. 58. pp. 412–424. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000123. PMID 21768069.
- Rudell, A.P. (1993), "Frequency of word usage and perceived word difficulty : Ratings of Kucera and Francis words", Most, 25, pp. 455–463
- Segui, J.; Mehler, Jacques; Frauenfelder, Uli; Morton, John (1982), "The word frequency effect and lexical access", Neuropsychologia, 20 (6): 615–627, doi:10.1016/0028-3932(82)90061-6, PMID 7162585, S2CID 39694258
- Helmut Meier: Deutsche Sprachstatistik. Hildesheim: Olms 1967. (frequency list of German words)
- DeFrancis, John (1966), Why Johnny can't read Chinese (PDF)
- Allanic, Bernard (2003), The corpus of characters and their pedagogical aspect in ancient and contemporary China (fr: Les corpus de caractères et leur dimension pédagogique dans la Chine ancienne et contemporaine), Paris, INALCO
Written texts-based databases
- Da, Jun (1998), Jun Da: Chinese text computing [Accessed August 21, 2010].
- Taiwan Ministry of Education (1997), 八十六年常用語詞調查報告書 [Accessed August 21, 2010].
- New; Pallier (3.01), Manuel de Lexique 3 Check date values in:
- Gimenes, Manuel; New, Boris (2016), "Worldlex: Twitter and blog word frequencies for 66 languages", Behavior Research Methods, 48 (3): 963–972, doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0621-0, ISSN 1554-3528, PMID 26170053
SUBTLEX movement
- New, B.; Brysbaert, M.; Veronis, J.; Pallier, C. (2007), "SUBTLEX-FR: The use of film subtitles to estimate word frequencies" (PDF), Applied Psycholinguistics, 28 (4): 661, doi:10.1017/s014271640707035x, hdl:1854/LU-599589, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-24
- Brysbaert, Marc; New, Boris (2009), "Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: a critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English" (PDF), Behavior Research Methods, 41 (4): 977–990, doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.977, PMID 19897807, S2CID 4792474
- Keuleers, E, M, B.; New, B. (2010), "SUBTLEX--NL: A new measure for Dutch word frequency based on film subtitles", Behavior Research Methods, 42 (3): 643–650, doi:10.3758/brm.42.3.643, PMID 20805586
- Cai, Q.; Brysbaert, M. (2010), "SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese Word and Character Frequencies Based on Film Subtitles", PLOS ONE, 5 (6): 8, Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510729C, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010729, PMC 2880003, PMID 20532192
- Cuetos, F.; Glez-nosti, Maria; Barbón, Analía; Brysbaert, Marc (2011), "SUBTLEX-ESP : Spanish word frequencies based on film subtitles" (PDF), Psicológica, 32: 133–143
- Dimitropoulou, M.; Duñabeitia, Jon Andoni; Avilés, Alberto; Corral, José; Carreiras, Manuel (2010), "SUBTLEX-GR: Subtitle-Based Word Frequencies as the Best Estimate of Reading Behavior: The Case of Greek", Frontiers in Psychology, 1 (December): 12, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00218, PMC 3153823, PMID 21833273
- Pham, H.; Bolger, P.; Baayen, R.H. (2011), "SUBTLEX-VIE : A Measure for Vietnamese Word and Character Frequencies on Film Subtitles", ACOL
- Brysbaert, M.; New, Boris; Keuleers, E. (2012), "SUBTLEX-US : Adding Part of Speech Information to the SUBTLEXus Word Frequencies" (PDF), Behavior Research Methods: 1–22 (databases)
- SUBTLEX-DE: [Not yet published: Buchmeier 2012:] Buchmeier (2012), The word frequency effect: A review of recent developments and implications for the choice of frequency estimates in German, PMID 21768069 database
- Mandera, P; Keuleers, E; Wodniecka, Z; Brysbaert, M (2014). "Subtlex-pl: subtitle-based word frequency estimates for Polish" (PDF). Behav Res Methods. 47 (2): 471–83. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0489-4. PMID 24942246. S2CID 2334688.
- Tang, K. (2012), "A 61 million word corpus of Brazilian Portuguese film subtitles as a resource for linguistic research", UCL Work Pap Linguist (24): 208–214
- Avdyli, Rrezarta; Cuetos, Fernando (June 2013), "SUBTLEX- AL: Albanian word frequencies based on film subtitles", ILIRIA International Review, 3 (1): 285–292, doi:10.21113/iir.v3i1.112, ISSN 2365-8592
- Soares, Ana Paula; Machado, João; Costa, Ana; Iriarte, Álvaro; Simões, Alberto; de Almeida, José João; Comesaña, Montserrat; Perea, Manuel (2014), "On the advantages of word frequency and contextual diversity measures extracted from subtitles: The case of Portuguese", The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68 (4): 680–696, doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.964271, PMID 25263599, S2CID 5376519
| This article includes a language-related list of lists.
If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Lizzy Borden is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1983. Lizzy Borden is also the name of the band's lead vocalist.
Lizzy Borden specializes in the shock rock style originated by artists such as Alice Cooper and Kiss. The band is named after the notorious Lizzie Borden, a woman accused and acquitted of murder in the late 19th century.
Though the band was considered a part of the Los Angeles "glam metal" scene in the mid-1980s, they were musically influenced by bands such as Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Kiss, Alice Cooper, and Judas Priest. Their lyrical themes are more representative of this style, especially on earlier recordings.


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Is search marketing Facebook's end goal?
Facebook's June 20 new product announcement is gathering a lot of curiosity by the technology business world. We are all in anticipation over what Facebook will release and how we think it will affect the lives of Facebook users, which now account for 1 in 7 people across the planet. Early indicators based on code released by Facebook point to some form of an RSS tool.
From a user functionality point of view, a feature with RSS feed could be a new channel to find information, or track trending topics within Facebook. Similar to how Reddit has built a very successful aggregator of information through user submitted and promoted content, Facebook could potentially optimize its News Feed to include trending topics amongst Facebook users. Recent interface changes would also support this theory. For example, Facebook has added nested comments making it easier to for users to have conversations based on comments as is popular in Reddit.
Other changes within the Facebook interface seem to point in the direction that Facebook is working on a much larger goal. It would appear that Facebook has their sights set on becoming a player in the search marketing business. It started with the introduction of the Open Graph, as Facebook opened their walled garden to include objects that exist outside of the Facebook network. Then they rolled out Graph Search, which makes it much easier to search socially for things like "songs my friends like" or "restaurants my friends like." We've also recently seen the addition of interactive hashtags, making it possible to search for trends and other popular topics.
From a business standpoint, it begs the question: Who should be worried about these changes? Google and Twitter have the most to lose should Facebook successfully enter the search game. In the short term, Twitter has the most at risk. Hashtags in Facebook are a clone of Twitter's most popular feature and Facebook already has the larger network of users. If Facebook users quickly adopt hashtags, it could have an immediate impact on those Twitter users who use the service primarily to track trends.
In the long term, Google will need to keep an eye on Facebook as advertisers look for digital advertising options. Today, Google still dominates the direct response market, especially in key categories like retail and travel based on implied behavior from keyword intentions. For example, someone who uses the "Samsung Galaxy" is most likely looking to either buy the latest Samsung Galaxy phone or they are looking to research the product. Facebook's Open Graph Search has the potential to be more accurate than keyword intention. Instead of searching just for a keyword, consumers can tap their social network for purchasing advice via searches like "what smartphones do my friends use" or "where is the best site to buy a smart phone?" Google+ already shows that Google is playing the defensive as they try to build up a social network to supplement keyword data with social demographics.
At the end of the day, Facebook, Google, and Twitter all run on the same advertising business model. The company that will succeed will be the one who can deliver the best relevance between consumer and advertiser. If Facebook can put together a search engine that enables a more natural way to find information via searchable web behavior based on Open Graph data, it will attract the big advertising budgets that currently flow primarily to Google.
Joe McCormack has more than a decade of digital marketing experience and currently serves as the CEO of Adotomi, a Facebook PMD. Joe sits on the board of directors at multiple technology companies and is a long-time expert on the advertising technology industry. Adotomi is a Social Advertising Technology company which works with some of the biggest brands, developers and agencies in the world including SodaStream, OMD, Konami, Playtika, and Wix.
Main image courtesy of Shutterstock.