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Military history of African Americans
The Military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United States to the present day. In every war fought by or within the United States, African Americans participated, including the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as other minor conflicts.
Revolutionary War
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African-Americans as slaves and free blacks served on both sides during the war. Gary Nash reports that recent research concludes there were about 9000 black Patriot soldiers, counting the Continental Army and Navy, and state militia units, as well as privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, and spies.[1] Ray Raphael notes that while thousands did join the Loyalist cause, "A far larger number, free as well as slave, tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots."[2]
Black soldiers served in northern militias from the outset, but this was forbidden in the South, where slave-owners feared arming slaves. Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, issued an emancipation proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to runaway slaves who fought for the British; Sir Henry Clinton issued a similar edict in New York in 1779.[3] Over 100,000 slaves escaped to the British lines, although possibly as few as 1,000 served under arms. Many of the rest served as orderlies, mechanics, laborers, servants, scouts and guides, although more than half died in smallpox epidemics that swept the British forces, and many were driven out of the British lines when food ran low. Despite Dunmore's promises, the majority were not given their freedom. Many Black Loyalists' descendants now live in Canada and Sierra Leone. Many of the Black Loyalists performed military service in the British Army, particularly as part of the only Black regiment of the war the Black Pioneers, and others served non-military roles.
In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. All-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many were slaves promised freedom for serving in lieu of their masters; another all-African-American unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 African-American soldiers fought as Revolutionaries, and at least 20,000 served with the British.
Peter Salem and Salem Poor are the most noted of the African American Patriots during this era, and Colonel Tye was perhaps the most noteworthy Black Loyalist.
Black volunteers also served with various of the South Carolina guerrilla units, including that of the "Swamp Fox", Francis Marion,[4] half of whose force sometimes consisted of free Blacks. These Black troops made a critical difference in the fighting in the swamps, and kept Marion's guerrillas effective even when many of his White troops were down with malaria or yellow fever.
The first black American to fight in the Marines was John Martin, also known as Keto, the slave of a Delaware man, recruited in April 1776 without his owner's permission by Captain of the Marines Miles Pennington of the Continental brig USS Reprisal. Martin served with the Marine platoon on the Reprisal for a year and a half and took part in many ship-to-ship battles including boardings with hand-to-hand combat, but he was lost with the rest of his unit when the brig sank in October 1777.[5] At least 12 other black men served with various American Marine units in 1776–1777; more may have been in service but not identified as blacks in the records. However, in 1798 when the United States Marine Corps (USMC) was officially re-instituted, Secretary of War James McHenry specified in its rules: "No Negro, Mulatto or Indian to be enlisted".[5] Marine Commandant William Ward Burrows instructed his recruiters regarding USMC racial policy, "You can make use of Blacks and Mulattoes while you recruit, but you cannot enlist them."[5] This policy was in line with long-standing British naval practice which set a higher standard of unit cohesion for Marines, the unit to be made up of only one race, so that the members would remain loyal, maintain shipboard discipline and help put down mutinies.[5] The USMC maintained this policy until 1942.[6][7]
War of 1812
During the War of 1812, about one-quarter of the personnel in the American naval squadrons of the Battle of Lake Erie were black, and portrait renderings of the battle on the wall of the Nation's Capitol and the rotunda of Ohio's Capitol show that blacks played a significant role in it. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave and Oliver Hazard Perry's personal servant, is thought to be the oarsman in William Henry Powell's Battle of Lake Erie.[9] Collins earned his freedom as a veteran of the Revolutionary War, having fought in the Battle of Rhode Island. He accompanied Perry for the rest of Perry's naval career, and was with him at Perry's death in Trinidad in 1819.[10]
No legal restrictions regarding the enlistment of blacks were placed on the Navy because of its chronic shortage of manpower. The law of 1792, which generally prohibited enlistment of blacks in the Army became the United States Army's official policy until 1862. The only exception to this Army policy was Louisiana, which gained an exemption at the time of its purchase through a treaty provision, which allowed it to opt out of the operation of any law, which ran counter to its traditions and customs. Louisiana permitted the existence of separate black militia units which drew its enlistees from freed blacks.
A militia unit, The Louisiana Battalion of Free Men of Color, and a unit of black soldiers from Santo Domingo offered their services and were accepted by General Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans, a victory that was achieved after the war was officially over.[11]
Mexican–American War
A number of African Americans in the Army during the Mexican–American War were servants of the officers who received government compensation for the services of their servants or slaves. Also, soldiers from the Louisiana Battalion of Free Men of Color participated in this war. African Americans also served on a number of naval vessels during the Mexican–American War, including the USS Treasure, and the USS Columbus.[11]
U.S. Civil War
The history of African Americans in the U.S. Civil War is marked by 186,097 (7,122 officers, 178,975 enlisted)[12] African American men, comprising 163 units, who served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. Both free African Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight.
On the Confederate side, blacks, both free and slave, were used for labor. In the final months of the war, the Army was so desperate for additional soldiers that the Confederate Congress voted to recruit black troops for combat; they were to be promised their freedom. Units were in training when the war ended, and none served in combat.[13]
Indian Wars
From 1863 to the early 20th century, African American units were utilized by the Army to combat the Native Americans during the Indian Wars.[14] The most noted among this group were the Buffalo Soldiers:
At the end of the U.S. Civil War the army reorganized and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry (the 9th and 10th US Cavalry). Four regiments of infantry (the 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st US Infantry) were formed at the same time. In 1869, the four infantry regiments were merged into two new ones (the 24th and 25th US Infantry). These units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by white officers such as Benjamin Grierson, and occasionally, an African-American officer such as Henry O. Flipper. The "Buffalo Soldiers" served a variety of roles along the frontier from building roads to guarding the U.S. mail.[15]
These regiments served at a variety of posts in the southwest United States and Great Plains regions. During this period they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.[16]
Spanish–American War
After the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the Spanish–American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill), where five more Medals of Honor were earned.[17] They took part in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico and in the Philippine–American War.
In addition to the African Americans who served in Regular Army units during the Spanish–American War, five African American Volunteer Army units and seven African American National Guard units also served.
Volunteer Army:
- 7th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 8th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 9th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 10th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 11th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
National Guard:
- 3rd Alabama Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 8th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)[18]
- Companies A and B, 1st Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 3rd North Carolina Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 9th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
- 6th Virginia Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
Of these units, only the 9th U.S., 8th Illinois, and 23rd Kansas served outside the United States during the war. All three units served in Cuba and suffered no losses to combat.
Philippine-American War
After the Treaty of Paris, the islands of the Philippines became a colony of the United States. When the U.S. Military started to send soldiers into the islands, most of the native population who have already been fighting their former Spanish rulers, opposed U.S. colonization and retaliated, causing an insurrection. In what would be known as the Philippine-American War, the U.S. Military also sent colored regiments and units to stop the insurrection. However, due to the discrimination of African-American soldiers, many of them defected to the Philippine Army.
One of those who defected was David Fagen, who was given the rank of Captain in the Philippine Army. Fagen served in the 24th Regiment of the U.S. Army, but on November 17, 1899,[19] he defected to the Filipino army.[20] He became a successful guerrilla leader and his capture became an obsession to the U.S. military and American public. His defection was likely the result of differential treatment by American occupational forces toward black soldiers, as well as common American forces derogatory treatment and views of the Filipino occupational resistance, who were frequently referred to as "niggers" and "gugus".[21]
After two other black deserters were captured and executed, President Theodore Roosevelt announced he would stop executing captured deserters.[22] As the war ended, the US gave amnesties to most of their opponents. A substantial reward was offered for Fagen, who was considered a traitor. There are two conflicting versions of his fate: one is that his was the partially decomposed head for which the reward was claimed, the other is that he took a local wife and lived peacefully in the mountains.[23]
World War I
The U.S. armed forces remained segregated through World War I. Still, many African Americans eagerly volunteered to join the Allied cause following America's entry into the war. By the time of the armistice with Germany on November 11, 1918, over 350,000 African Americans had served with the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.
Most African American units were largely relegated to support roles and did not see combat. Still, African Americans played a notable role in America's war effort. One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment, known as the "Harlem Hellfighters", which was on the front lines for six months, longer than any other American unit in the war. 171 members of the 369th were awarded the Legion of Merit.
Corporal Freddie Stowers of the 371st Infantry Regiment that was seconded to the 157th French Army division called the Red Hand Division in need of reinforcement under the command of the General Mariano Goybet was posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor[24]—the only African American to be so honored for actions in World War I. During action in France, Stowers had led an assault on German trenches, continuing to lead and encourage his men even after being twice wounded. Stowers died from his wounds, but his men continued the fight and eventually defeated the German troops. Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after his death, but the nomination was, according to the Army, misplaced. Many believed that the recommendation was intentionally ignored due to institutional racism in the Armed Forces. In 1990, under pressure from Congress, the Department of the Army launched an investigation. Based on findings from this investigation, the Army Decorations Board approved the award of the Medal of Honor to Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H.W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in six African Americans being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II. Vernon Baker was the only recipient who was still alive to receive his award.[25]
Some of the most notable African American units which served in World War I were:
- 92nd Infantry Division[26]
- 93rd Infantry Division
- 369th Infantry Regiment ("Harlem Hellfighters"; formerly the 15th New York National Guard)
- 370th Infantry Regiment (formerly the 8th Illinois)[27][28]
- 371st Infantry Regiment
- 372nd Infantry Regiment
Support units included:
- Butchery Companies, Nos. 322 and 363.
- Stevedore Regiments, Nos. 301, 302 and 303.
- Stevedore Battalions, Nos. 701, 702.
- Engineer Service Battalions, Nos. 505 to 550, inclusive.
- Labor Battalions, Nos. 304 to 315, inclusive; Nos. 317 to 327, inclusive ; Nos. 329 to 348, inclusive, and No. 357.
- Labor Companies, Nos. 301 to 324, inclusive.
- Pioneer Infantry Battalions, Nos. 801 to 809, inclusive; No. 811 and Nos. 813 to 816, inclusive.[29]
A complete list of African-American units that served in the war is published in the book Willing Patriots: Men of Color in World War One. The book is cited in the "Further Reading" section of this article.
Period between the world wars
Even though the U.S. government was nominally neutral in the wars waged by Fascists against Ethiopia and Fascists and Nazis against the Spanish Republic in the mid-1930s, African Americans found it hard to be neutral and many became Antifascist.[30]
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
On October 4, 1935, Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia. Being the only non-colonized African country besides Liberia, the invasion of Ethiopia caused a profound response amongst African Americans.[31] African Americans organized to raise money for medical supplies, and many volunteered to fight for the African kingdom.[32] Within eight months, however, Ethiopia was overpowered by the advanced weaponry and mustard gas of the Italian forces.
Many years later Haile Selassie I would comment on the efforts: "We can never forget the help Ethiopia received from Negro Americans during the crisis. ... It moved me to know that Americans of African descent did not abandon their embattled brothers, but stood by us."[32]
Spanish Civil War
When General Franco rebelled against the newly established secular Spanish Republic, a number of African Americans volunteered to fight for Republican Spain. Many African Americans who were in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade had Communist ideals. Among these, there was Vaughn Love who went to fight for the Spanish loyalist cause because he considered Fascism to be the "enemy of all black aspirations."
African-American activist and World War I veteran Oliver Law, fighting in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade during the Spanish Civil War, is believed to have been the first African-American officer to command an integrated unit of soldiers.[33]
James Peck was an African American man from Pennsylvania who was turned down when he applied to become a military pilot in the US. He then went on to serve in the Spanish Republican Air Force until 1938.[34] Peck was credited with shooting down 5 Aviación Nacional planes, 2 Heinkel He-51s from the Legion Condor and 3 Fiat CR.32 Fascist Italian fighters.
Salaria Kea was a young African American nurse from Harlem Hospital who served as a military nurse with the American Medical Bureau in the Spanish Civil War. She was one of the two only African American female volunteers in the midst of the war-torn Spanish Republican areas.[35] When Salaria came back from Spain she wrote the pamphlet 'A Negro Nurse in Spain' and tried to raise funds for the beleaguered Spanish Republic.[36]
World War II
We call upon the president and congress to declare war on Japan and racial prejudice in our country. Certainly we should be strong enough to whip them both.
The Pittsburgh Courier[37]
Despite a high enlistment rate in the U.S. Army, African Americans were not treated equally, or even as well as German prisoners of war. Racial tensions existed. At parades, church services, in transportation and canteens the races were kept separate. The Women's Army Corps (WAC) changed its enlistment policies in January 1941, allowing for African American women to join the ranks of Army nurses to strengthen the war effort. Much like with male soldiers, Black women were given separate training, inferior living quarters and rations. Black nurses were integrated into every day life with their white sisters and often felt the pain of discrimination and slander from the wounded soldiers they cared for and the leadership assigned to them.[38]
The Navy did not follow suit in changing its policies to include women of color until January 25, 1945. The first African woman sworn into the Navy was Phyllis Mae Dailey, a nurse and Columbia University student from New York. She was the first of only four African American women to serve in the navy during World War II.[39]
Many soldiers of color served their country with distinction during World War II. There were 125,000 African Americans who were overseas in World War II. Famous segregated units, such as the Tuskegee Airmen and 761st Tank Battalion and the lesser-known but equally distinguished 452nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion[40] proved their value in combat, leading to desegregation of all U.S. Armed Forces by order of President Harry S. Truman in July 1948 via Executive Order 9981.
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. served as commander of the famed Tuskegee Airmen during the War. He later went on to become the first African American general in the United States Air Force. His father, Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., had been the first African American Brigadier General in the Army (1940).
Doris Miller, a Navy mess attendant, was the first African American recipient of the Navy Cross, awarded for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Miller had voluntarily manned an anti-aircraft gun and fired at the Japanese aircraft, despite having no prior training in the weapon's use.
In 1944, the Golden Thirteen became the Navy's first African American commissioned officers. Samuel L. Gravely, Jr. became a commissioned officer the same year; he would later be the first African American to command a US warship, and the first to be an admiral.
The Port Chicago disaster on July 17, 1944, was an explosion of about 2,000 tons of ammunition as it was being loaded onto ships by black Navy sailors under pressure from their white officers to hurry. The explosion in Northern California killed 320 military and civilian workers, most of them black. It led a month later to the Port Chicago Mutiny, the only case of a full military trial for mutiny in the history of the U.S. Navy against 50 African-American sailors who refused to continue loading ammunition under the same dangerous conditions. The trial was observed by the then young lawyer Thurgood Marshall and ended in conviction of all of the defendants. The trial was immediately and later criticized for not abiding by the applicable laws on mutiny, and it became influential in the discussion of desegregation.
During World War II, most male African American soldiers still served only as truck drivers and as stevedores (except for some separate tank battalions and Army Air Forces escort fighters).[41] African American women in uniform answered the call of duty by tending the wounded as nurses, or working as riveters, mail clerks, file clerks, typists, stenographers, supply clerks, or motor pool drivers.[42] In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, General Eisenhower was severely short of replacement troops for existing all-white companies. Consequently, he made the decision to allow 2000 black servicemen volunteers to serve in segregated platoons under the command of white lieutenants to replenish these companies.[43] These platoons would serve with distinction and, according to an Army survey in the summer of 1945, 84% were ranked "very well" and 16% were ranked "fairly well". No black platoon received a ranking of "poor" by those white officers or white soldiers that fought with them. Unfortunately, these platoons were often subject to racist treatment by white military units in occupied Germany and were quickly sent back to their old segregated units after the end of hostilities in Germany. Despite their protests, these brave African American soldiers ended the war in their old non-combat service units. Though largely forgotten after the war, the temporary experiment with black combat troops proved a success - a small, but important step toward permanent integration during the Korean War.[44][45] A total of 708 African Americans were killed in combat during World War II.[46]
In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer. In 1965 Marcelite J. Harris Became the first female African American United States Air Force officer.
Some of the most notable African American Army units which served in World War II were:
- 92nd Infantry Division
- 93rd Infantry Division
- 2nd Cavalry Division
- Air Corps Units
- Non Divisional Units
- Anti-Aircraft Artillery Unit
- Infantry Units
- Cavalry/Armor Units
- US Military Academy Cavalry Squadron
- 5th Reconnaissance Squadron
- 758th Tank Battalion
- 761st Tank Battalion
- 784th Tank Battalion
- Field Artillery Units
- 46th Field Artillery Brigade.[50]
- 184th Field Artillery Regiment, Illinois National Guard.
- 333rd Field Artillery Regiment.[51]
- 349th Field Artillery Regiment[52]
- 350th Field Artillery Regiment[53]
- 351st Field Artillery Regiment[54]
- 353rd Field Artillery Regiment[55]
- 578th Field Artillery Regiment[56]
- 333rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 349th Field Artillery Battalion
- 350th Field Artillery Battalion
- 351st Field Artillery Battalion
- 353rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 578th Field Artillery Battalion
- 593rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 594th Field Artillery Battalion
- 595th Field Artillery Battalion
- 596th Field Artillery Battalion
- 597th Field Artillery Battalion
- 598th Field Artillery Battalion
- 599th Field Artillery Battalion
- 600th Field Artillery Battalion
- 686th Field Artillery Battalion
- 777th Field Artillery Battalion
- 795th Field Artillery Battalion
- 930th Field Artillery Battalion, Illinois National Guard
- 931st Field Artillery Battalion, Illinois National Guard
- 969th Field Artillery Battalion
- 971st Field Artillery Battalion
- 973rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 993rd Field Artillery Battalion
- 999th Field Artillery Battlaion
- Tank Destroyer Units
- 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 646th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 649th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 659th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 669th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 679th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 795th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 828th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 829th Tank Destroyer Battalion
- 846th Tank Destroyer Battalion
Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps:
Medal of Honor recipients
On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor—the Medal of Honor—to seven African-American servicemen who had served in World War II.[57]
The only living recipient was:
- First Lieutenant Vernon Baker.
The posthumous recipients were:
- Major Charles L. Thomas
- First Lieutenant John R. Fox
- Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers
- Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr. Carter also has a Military Sealift Command vessel named after him.
- Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr.
- Private George Watson
Blue discharges
African American troops faced discrimination in the form of the disproportionate issuance of blue discharges. The blue discharge (also called a "blue ticket") was a form of administrative discharge created in 1916 to replace two previous discharge classifications, the administrative discharge without honor and the "unclassified" discharge. It was neither honorable nor dishonorable.[58] Of the 48,603 blue discharges issued by the Army between December 1, 1941 and June 30, 1945, 10,806 were issued to African Americans. This accounts for 22.2% of all blue discharges, when African Americans made up just 6.5% of the Army in that time frame.[59] Blue discharge recipients frequently faced difficulties obtaining employment[60] and were routinely denied the benefits of the G. I. Bill by the Veterans Administration (VA).[61] In October 1945, Black-interest newspaper The Pittsburgh Courier launched a crusade against the discharge and its abuses. Calling the discharge "a vicious instrument that should not be perpetrated against the American Soldier", the Courier rebuked the Army for "allowing prejudiced officers to use it as a means of punishing Negro soldiers who do not like specifically unbearable conditions". The Courier specifically noted the discrimination faced by homosexuals, another group disproportionately discharged with blue tickets, calling them "'unfortunates' of the Nation...being preyed upon by the blue discharge" and demanded to know "why the Army chooses to penalize these 'unfortunates' who seem most in need of Army benefits and the opportunity to become better citizens under the educational benefits of the GI Bill of Rights".[62] The Courier printed instructions on how to appeal a blue discharge and warned its readers not to quickly accept a blue ticket out of the service because of the negative effect it would likely have on their lives.[63]
The House Committee on Military Affairs held hearings in response to the press crusade, issuing a report in 1946 that sharply criticized its use and the VA for discriminating against blue discharge holders.[64] Congress discontinued the blue discharge in 1947,[65] but the VA continued its practice of denying G. I. Bill benefits to blue-tickets.[61]
Integration of the armed forces
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 integrating the military and mandating equality of treatment and opportunity. It also made it illegal, per military law, to make a racist remark. Desegregation of the military was not complete for several years, and all-black Army units persisted well into the Korean War. The last all-black unit wasn't disbanded until 1954.
In 1950, Lieutenant Leon Gilbert of the still-segregated 24th Infantry Regiment was court martialed and sentenced to death for refusing to obey the orders of a white officer while serving in the Korean War. Gilbert maintained that the orders would have meant certain death for himself and the men in his command. The case led to worldwide protests and increased attention to segregation and racism in the U.S. military. Gilbert's sentence was commuted to twenty and later seventeen years of imprisonment; he served five years and was released.
The integration commanded by Truman's 1948 Executive Order extended to schools and neighborhoods as well as military units. Fifteen years after the Executive Order, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara issued Department of Defense Directive 5120.36. "Every military commander", the Directive mandates, "has the responsibility to oppose discriminatory practices affecting his men and their dependents and to foster equal opportunity for them, not only in areas under his immediate control, but also in nearby communities where they may gather in off-duty hours."[66] While the directive was issued in 1963, it was not until 1967 that the first non-military establishment was declared off-limits. In 1970 the requirement that commanding officers first obtain permission from the Secretary of Defense was lifted, and areas were allowed to be declared housing areas off limits to military personnel by their commanding officer.[67]
Since the end of military segregation and the creation of an all-volunteer army, the American military saw the representation of African Americans in its ranks rise precipitously.[68]
Korean War
Jesse L. Brown became the U.S. Navy's first black aviator in October 1948. He was killed when his plane was shot down during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in North Korea. He was unable to parachute from his crippled F4U Corsair and crash-landed successfully. His injuries and damage to his aircraft prevented him from leaving the plane. A white squadron mate, Thomas Hudner, crash-landed his F4U Corsair near Brown and attempted to extricate Brown but could not and Brown died of his injuries. Hudner was awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts. The U.S. Navy honored Jesse Brown by naming a frigate after him—the USS Jesse L. Brown (FF-1089).[69]
Two enlisted men from the 24th Infantry Regiment (still a segregated unit), Cornelius H. Charlton and William Thompson, posthumously received the Medal of Honor for actions during the war.
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War saw many great accomplishments by many African Americans, including twenty who received the Medal of Honor for their actions. African Americans during the conflict suffered disproportionately higher casualty rates during the early years, but after reforms were implemented in 1967–68 the casualty rate dropped to slightly higher than their percentage of the total population.[70][71]
In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented the Medal of Honor to U.S. Army Specialist Five Lawrence Joel, for a "very special kind of courage—the unarmed heroism of compassion and service to others." Joel was the first living African American to receive the Medal of Honor since the Mexican–American War. He was a medic who in 1965 saved the lives of U.S. troops under ambush in Vietnam and defied direct orders to stay to the ground, walking through Viet Cong gunfire and tending to the troops despite being shot twice himself. The Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is dedicated to his honor.[72]
On August 21, 1968, with the posthumous award of the Medal of Honor, U.S. Marine James Anderson, Jr. became the first African American U.S. Marine recipient of the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life.
On December 10, 1968, U.S. Army Captain Riley Leroy Pitts became the first African American commissioned officer to be awarded the Medal of Honor. His medal was presented posthumously to his wife, Eula Pitts, by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Three out of the twenty-one African American Medal of Honor recipients who served in Vietnam were members of the 5th Special Forces Group otherwise known as The Green Berets. These men are as follows: Sergeant First Class Melvin Morris, SFC. Eugene Ashley, Jr., and SFC. William Maud Bryant.
Melvin Morris received the Medal of Honor 44 years after the action in which he earned the Distinguished Service Cross. Sergeant Ashley's medal was posthumously awarded to his family at the White House by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew on December 2, 1969.
Post-Vietnam to present day
In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Army General Colin Powell to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, making Powell the highest-ranking officer in the United States military. Powell was the first, and is so far the only, African American to hold that position. The Chairman serves as the chief military adviser to the President and the Secretary of Defense. During his tenure Powell oversaw the 1989 United States invasion of Panama to oust General Manuel Noriega and the 1990 to 1991 Gulf War against Iraq. General Powell's four-year term as Chairman ended in 1993.
General William E. "Kip" Ward was officially nominated as the first commander of the new United States Africa Command on July 10, 2007 and assumed command on October 1, 2007.
The previous Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, Carlton W. Kent, is African American; as were the previous two before him.
On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama was inaugurated as President of the United States, making him ex officio the first African American Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces.
Military history of African Americans in popular culture
The following is a list of notable African American military members or units in popular culture.
|Release Date (or Year)
|Name (or event)
|The Negro Soldier
|a Frank Capra recruitment documentary
|Wings for This Man
|a "propaganda" short about the Tuskegee Airmen was produced by the First Motion Picture Unit of the Army Air Forces. The film was narrated by Ronald Reagan.
|DC Comics
|John Stewart of the Green Lanterns was created as an African-American Marine
|A Soldier's Story
|a 1984 drama film directed by Norman Jewison, based upon Charles Fuller's Pulitzer Prize-winning Off Broadway production A Soldier's Play. A black officer is sent to investigate the murder of a black sergeant in Louisiana near the end of World War II.
|film featuring the 54th Union regiment composed of African American soldiers. Starring Denzel Washington and Matthew Broderick
|The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson
|A film about the early life of the baseball star in the army, particularly his court-martial for insubordination regarding segregation.
|January 31, 1992
|Family Matters
ABC TV series
|In the episode entitled "Brown Bombshell", Estelle (portrayed by actress Rosetta LeNoire) is determined to share the stories of her late fighter-pilot husband and World War II's Tuskegee Airmen to an uninterested Winslow clan. Eventually, she is invited to share her stories to Eddie's American history class.
|The Tuskegee Airmen
|Produced and aired by HBO and starring Laurence Fishburne.
|G.I. Joe action figure series
|The Tuskegee Airmen are represented.
|TV made film of the 1944 Port Chicago disaster
|The Wild Blue: The Men and Boys who Flew the B-24s over Germany
|Book, by Stephen Ambrose where the Tuskegee Airmen were mentioned and honored.
|The Commander Peter Ulysses Sturgis Turner (played by Scott Lawrence) is an African-American Navy Officer in the JAG TV series. Former submarine officer, he serves now as lawyer in JAG
|JAG: "Port Chicago"
|The television drama features the incident
|Hart's War
|a film about a World War II prisoner of war (POW) based on the novel by John Katzenbach
|Silver Wings and Civil Rights: The Fight to Fly
|this documentary film was the first film to feature information regarding the "Freeman Field Mutiny", the struggle of 101 African-American officers arrested for entering a white officer's club.
|Willy's Cut & Shine
|a play by Michael Bradford depicting African American World War II soldiers and the troubles they encounter upon returning home to the Deep South.
|Miracle at St. Anna
|Italian epic war film set primarily in Italy during German-occupied Europe in World War II. Directed by Spike Lee, the film is based on the eponymous 2003 novel by James McBride, who also wrote the screenplay.
|a play about the Tuskegee Airmen
|For Love of Liberty
|a PBS documentary television series that portrays African-American servicemen and women and their dedicated allegiance to the United States military.
|Red Tails
|George Lucas announced he was planning a film about the Tuskegee Airmen. In his release Lucas says, "They were the only escort fighters during the war that never lost a bomber so they were, like, the best."
See also
- Afro-Asian
- Military history of the United States
- United States Colored Troops
- List of African American Medal of Honor recipients
- Frederick C. Branch
- Benjamin O. Davis
- Martin Delany
- Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr.
- National Association for Black Veterans
- List of African-American astronauts
- African-American discrimination in the U.S. Military
- Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces
- ↑ Gary B. Nash, The African Americans Revolution, in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution( 2012) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250–70, at p 254
- ↑ Ray Raphael, A People's History of the American Revolution (2001) p 281
- ↑ Selig, Robert A. "The Revolution's Black Soldiers" orig. published summer, 1997
- ↑ Gray, Jefferson M. "Francis Marion Foils the British", Military History Quarterly, pub. online Aug. 3, 2011
- 1 2 3 4 Shaw, Henry I., Jr.; Donnelly, Ralph W. (2002). "Blacks in the Marine Corps" (PDF). Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters USMC. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ↑ Morris, Steven (December 1969). "How Blacks Upset The Marine Corps: 'New Breed' leathernecks are tackling racist vestiges". Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. 25 (2): 55–58. ISSN 0012-9011.
- ↑ MacGregor, Morris J. (1981). Center of Military History, U.S. Army, ed. Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965. Government Printing Office. pp. 100–102. ISBN 0-16-001925-7.
- ↑ U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Battle of Lake Erie
- ↑ Copes, p.63. This is in some dispute. See here
- ↑ Battie, Charles A. (1932). "Rhode Island African American Data: HANNIBAL COLLINS". Negroes of Rhode Island. Rhode Island Genealogy Trails. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- 1 2 African American History & the Civil War(CWSS)
- ↑ Herbert Aptheker "Negro Casualties in the Civil War" The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 32, No. 1. (Jan., 1947), pp. 12.
- ↑ Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War (2005).
- ↑ William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie, The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012)
- ↑ Charles L. Kenner, Buffalo Soldiers and Officers of the Ninth Cavalry, 1867–1898: Black and White Together (University of Oklahoma Press, 2014)
- ↑ Frank N. Schubert, Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870–1898 (1997)
- ↑ Heitland, Jason. "The Role of the Buffalo Soldiers During the Plains Indian Wars". http://www.us7thcavcof.com/GCompany.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011. External link in
- ↑ McCard, Harry Stanton; Turnley, Henry (1899). "History of the Eighth Illinois United States Volunteers". Chicago: E. F. Harman & Co.
- ↑ "A HOMAGE TO DAVID FAGEN, AFRICAN-AMERICAN SOLDIER IN THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION". www.academia.edu. p. 20. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ↑ Rudy Rimando, "Interview with Historical Novelist William Schroder: Before Iraq, There Was the Philippines", November 28, 2004, History news Network.
- ↑ Ryan, David (2014). Cullinane, Michael Patrick, ed. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Other. Berghahn. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-1782384397. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ↑ William T. Bowers; William M. Hammond; George L. MacGarrigle (May 1997). Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea. DIANE Publishing. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0-7881-3990-1.
- ↑ The Saga of David Fagen
- ↑ Freddie Stowers,Corporal, United States Army
- ↑ "African American World War II Medal of Honor Recipients". U.S. Army Center of Military History. 2011–02–03 [last update]. Retrieved July 18, 2011-07-18. Check date values in:
|access-date=, |date=(help)
- ↑ Video: U.S. Air ForAllied Bombers Strike On Two Fronts Etc (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ↑ "Complete History of the Colored Soldiers in the World War". New York: Bennett & Churchill. 1919.
- ↑ Sweeney, W. Allison (1919). "History of the American Negro in the Great World War".
- ↑ Scott, Emmett J. Scott's Official History of The American Negro in the World War. p. 316. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
- ↑ African Americans in the Spanish Civil War: "This Ain't Ethiopia, But It'll Do." Edited by Danny Duncan Collum. Victor A. Berch, chief researcher. New York: G.K. Hall and Co., 1992.
- ↑ Aric Putnam "Ethiopia is Now: J. A. Rogers and the Rhetoric of Black Anticolonialism During the Great Depression" Rhetoric & Public Affairs – Volume 10, Number 3, Fall 2007, p. 419
- 1 2 Gerald A. Danzer, J. Jorge Klor De Alva, Larry S. Krieger (2003). The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century. McDougal Littell.
- ↑ Rowley, Hazel (2008). Richard Wright: The Life and Times. University of Chicago Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-226-73038-7.
- ↑ Abraham Lincoln Brigade – James Peck
- ↑ Gail Lumet Buckley, American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert Storm, ISBN 978-0-375-50279-8
- ↑ Reilly, Salaria Kee (1913–1991)
- ↑ The Pittsburgh Courier December 13, 1941 pg. 1
- ↑ Stuart, Oneida Miller. "Oneida Miller Stuart Interview with Oneida Miller Stuart." Interview. Veterans History Project. October 26, 2011. Accessed August 2, 2016. http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp-stories/loc.natlib.afc2001001.04850/sr0001001.stream?start=478&clipid=d39755e152.
- ↑ Roussel, Meg. "Phyllis Mae Dailey: First Black Navy Nurse - The National WWII Museum Blog." The National WWII Museum Blog. 2012. Accessed August 02, 2016. http://www.nww2m.com/2012/03/phyllis-mae-dailey-first-black-navy-nurse/.
- ↑ Lee, Ulysses (1966). The Employment of Negro Troops. U.S. Army.
- ↑ Blumenson, Martin (1972), Eisenhower, New York: Ballantine Books, p. 127
- ↑ http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/wac/wac.htm
- ↑ Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K., eds. (2010), World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 534, ISBN 0-313-35652-1
- ↑ Colley, David (2006), African American Platoons in WWI, http://www.historynet.com/african-americans-platoons-in-world-war-ii.htm External link in
- ↑ "African American Platoons in World War II | HistoryNet". HistoryNet. 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
- ↑ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
- 1 2 "Historic California Posts: Camp Lockett". Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ↑ "The 28th Cavalry: The U.S. Army's Last Horse Cavalry Regiment". Retrieved 2007-04-24.
- ↑ "Defending the Border: The Cavalry at Camp Lockett". Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated the 46th Field Artillery Group.
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated as the 333rd Field Artillery Group.
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated as the 349th Field Artillery Group.
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated as the 350th Field Artillery Regiment
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated the 351st Field Artillery Group.
- ↑ Subsequently, unit reorganized and redesignated the 353rd Field Artillery Group
- ↑ Unit subsequently reorganized and redesignated the 578th Field Artillery Group
- ↑ "World War II African American Medal of Honor Recipients". United States Army Center of Military History.
- ↑ Jones, p. 2
- ↑ McGuire, p. 146
- ↑ Shilts, p. 164
- 1 2 Bérubé, p. 230
- ↑ Quoted in Bérubé, p. 233
- ↑ Bérubé, p. 241
- ↑ Bérubé, p. 234
- ↑ Associated Press (1947-05-21). "Army to abandon 'blue' discharge". Jefferson City (MO) Daily Capital News. p. 1.
- ↑ Department of Defense Directive 5120.36
- ↑ Heather Antecol and Deborah Cobb-Clark, Racial and Ethnic Harassment in Local Communities. October 4, 2005. p 8
- ↑ John Sibley Butler. "Affirmative Action in the Military Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", Vol. 523, Affirmative Action Revisited (Sep., 1992), pg. 196.
- ↑ "USS Jesse L. Brown". Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy.
- ↑ War within war; The Guardian; September 15, 2001
- ↑ Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam: American Combat; Christian G. Appy; University of North Carolina Press; Pg. 19
- ↑ "Who is Lawrence Joel?". Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum – Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ↑ The Negro Soldier at the Internet Movie Database
- ↑ Wings for This Man at the Internet Movie Database
- ↑ A Soldier's Story at the Internet Movie Database
- ↑ "TV.com Family Matters Episodes: Season 3". Retrieved 2007-01-01.
- ↑ The Tuskegee Airmen at the Internet Movie Database
- ↑ 1997 G.I. Joe Classic Collection
- ↑ Ambrose, Stephen Edward The Wild Blue: The Men and Boys who Flew the B-24s over Germany, Simon & Schuster, 2001, Chapter 9, p. 27
- ↑ Silver Wings and Civil Rights: The Flight to Fly
- ↑ Bradford, Michael (2006). Willy's Cut & Shine (first 15 pages) (PDF) (Second ed.). Broadway Play Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-88145-269-6.
- ↑ Miracle at St. Anna
- ↑ Gates, Anita, "Breathing new life into an oft-told tale," The New York Times, October 9, 2009, retrieved September 29, 2012
- ↑ For Love of Liberty
- ↑ Exclusive: Lucas looks to the future
- Bérubé, Allan (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two. New York, The Penguin Group. ISBN 0-452-26598-3 (Plume edition 1991).
- Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227): 49–77.
- Jones, Major Bradley K. (January 1973). "The Gravity of Administrative Discharges: A Legal and Empirical Evaluation" The Military Law Review 59:1–26.
- McGuire, Phillip (ed.) (1993). Taps for a Jim Crow Army: Letters from Black Soldiers in World War II. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0822-5.
- Shilts, Randy (1993). Conduct Unbecoming: Gays & Lesbians in the U.S. Military Vietnam to the Persian Gulf. New York, St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-09261-X
- Aptheker, Herbert. "The Negro in the Union Navy." Journal of Negro History (1947): 169–200. in JSTOR
- Bennett, Michael J. Union Jacks: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War: Yankee Sailors in the Civil War (U of North Carolina Press, 2005)
- Bureau of Naval Personnel, "The Negro in the Navy in World War II." Washington, 1947. 103 pp. online
- Davis, Michael Shawn. "'Many of them are among my best men': The United States Navy looks at its African American crewmen, 1755-1955." PhD dissertation, Kansas State U. (2011). online, with detailed bibliography pp 216–241
- Jackson, Luther P. "Virginia Negro Soldiers and Seamen in the American Revolution." Journal of Negro History (1942): 247–287. in JSTOR
- Langley, Harold D. "The Negro in the Navy and Merchant Service—1789-1860 1798." Journal of Negro History (1967): 273–286. [ in JSTOR]
- Miller, Richard E. (2004). The Messman Chronicles: African Americans in the U.S. Navy, 1932–1943. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-539-X.
- Miller, Richard E. "The Golden Fourteen, Plus: Black Navy Women in World War One." Minerva: A Quarterly Report on Women and the Military 8.3&4 (1995): 7–13.
- Nelson, Dennis D. The Integration of the Negro into the U.S. Navy, 1776–1947 (NY: Farrar Strauss, 1951)
- Ramold, Steven J. Slaves, Sailors, Citizens: African Americans in the Union Navy (2002)
- Reddick, Lawrence D. "The Negro in the United States Navy During World War II." Journal of Negro History (1947): 201-219. in JSTOR
- Schneller, Jr. Robert J. Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the U.S. Naval Academy (Texas A&M University Press, 2008)
- Valuska, David L. The African American in the Union Navy, 1861–1865 (Garland Pub., 1993)
- Williams III, Charles Hughes. "We Have … Kept The Negroes' Goodwill And Sent Them Away": Black Sailors, White Dominion In The New Navy, 1893–1942 PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, 2008. online
Further reading
- Alt, William E.; Alt, Betty L. (2002). Black Soldiers, White Wars: Black Warriors from Antiquity to the Present. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97621-7.
- Buckley, Gail (2001). American Patriots:The Story of Blacks in the Military From the Revolution to Desert Storm. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-76009-9.
- Dalessandro, Robert J.; Gerald Torrence (2009). Willing Patriots: Men of Color in the First World War. Schiffer. ISBN 978-0-7643-3233-3.
- David, Jay; Crane, Elaine (1971). The Black Soldier. William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-688-06037-4.
- Fletcher, Marvin E. (1974). The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army 1891–1917. University of Missouri. ISBN 978-0-8262-0161-4.
- Foner, Jack D. (1974). Blacks and the Military in American History. Praeger.
- Gibson, Truman K., Jr.; Steve Huntley (2005). Knocking Down Barriers: My Fight for Black America. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-2292-8.
- Höhn, Maria; Martin Klimke (2010). A Breath of Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10473-0.
- Knauer, Christine (2014). Let Us Fight as Free Men: Black Soldiers and Civil Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Lindenmeyer, Otto (1970). Black and Brave: The Black Soldier in America. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-037876-6.
- Scott, Emmett J. Scott's Official History of The American Negro in the World War. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
External links
- "African Americans in the U.S. Army". U.S. Army.
- "Blacks in the U.S. Army: Then and Now". U.S. Army.
- "Story of America's Black Patriots". U.S. Army.
- Simpson, Diana (compiled by) (February 1999). "African-Americans in Military History". Air University Library, Maxwell Air Force Base.
- "Black History at Arlington National Cemetery". Historical Information. Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
- Black Confederates documentary book
- "Black Military World".
- "Black Military History: African Americans in the service of their country". Father Ryan High School.
- "A Chronology of African American Military Service: From the Colonial Era through the Antebellum Period".
- First Kansas Colored Infantry flag, Civil War, Kansas Museum of History
- The "Colored" Soldiers, Kansas Historical Society
- Military history of African Americans is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- "The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II at Pritzker Military Museum and Library".


text:
Upcoming Showsno upcoming shows listed (solo, or for current projects)
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Matt Vetten
"Olympic Circus"
Unknown - Confirmed: Sep. 7, 2008 (Awaiting Update)
Age: 32 (estimated)
I really have no 'ONE' style, it's wierd. from Victoria BC
Instruments: Guitar, Vocals, Drums, Piano/Keyboards details
Contact DetailsMatt
Well I moved to Victoria to save money and create good music. My ultimate goal would to just have one other guy or girl singing and playing guitar with me, kind of like Tenacious D or Flight of the Conchords, only not as funny. But funny songs are also dope as hell so I would be down with anything. Anyway, I've been playing music for about 6 years now and that's all I really want to do, aside from writing & directing movies. Anyway if your down you should get ahold of me my email is [email protected]
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text:
Black Bean Chili With Salsa Recipe
onions, sweet pepper, jalapeno, salt, black pepper, tomato, lime juice, cilantro, +black beans, +vegetable oil, +green pepper, +garlic, +chili, +cumin, +water, +avocado, +green onion, +sour cream
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Pico de Gallo translates to "rooster's beak" in English (when you dip tortilla chips into it, your thumb and forefinger loosely resemble a pecking...
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Avocado Tofu Dressing
Use as a Dip, Dressing, or top a Taco Salad
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By Syed Ali Zia Jaffery
War has been a recurrent phenomenon in the annals of history more than any other theme. It has been a veritable tool to advance, project and protect interests, no matter how they are defined. In his seminal work titled "On War", celebrated military theorist Carl von Clausewitz referred to war as an "act of violence to compel our opponent to fulfill our will". Wars and conflicts are inherently related; acrimony is festered by using war as an instrument of state policy. This is not a mere assertion but a reality in the conduct of Indo-Pak ties over the last 7 decades. Both India and Pakistan physically locked horns. Enemies imposing war on each other is not an anomaly; it is a given and a constant occurrence. War always has a casus belli, where in this South Asian showdown, the reasons of animosity are well-documented. But even with these justifications, does South Asia – especially Pakistan and India – need military options in face of a sea of poverty that haunts the whole region?
Unfortunately, the future doesn't look one where this ever-burgeoning dispute will fade away. There are many reasons to believe that the temperatures may increase. One of them is India's will and resolve to "teach Pakistan a lesson". Besides, now Indo-Pak rivalry will be embedded in the new "Great Game" in the region, something that merits another write-up. India perceives Pakistan to be a rogue state; one that is "exporting terrorism". India also blames Pakistan for recent terror attacks on its territory. The aim of India is to "compel" and "deter" Pakistan. Despite being courted by Washington, Delhi is not mollified with Washington's unwillingness and inability to pull the plug on Pakistan. After the end of Hafiz Saeed's incarceration, defense analysts in India have once again started their rhetoric of taking out the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks.
What can India do in a bid to teach its enemy a "lesson"? Last month, the Indian Air Chief, Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa said: "The IAF has the ability to locate, fix and strike and that is not only for tactical nuclear weapons but also for other targets across the border." However, it is prudent to analyze that airstrikes on alleged militant camps inside Pakistan will invite a stern response. Pakistan may not deem Indian airstrikes as limited, justified and a means to terminate conflict. Hence, a response will be well in order, and what India might aim to start as a limited war could turn into a full-scale war with the ever-increasing likelihood of the usage of nuclear weapons in the worst case scenario.
Such a threat was identified by Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC), General Zubair Mehmood Hayat. He said that Pakistan, being a credible and responsible nuclear-armed state, rejects the aggressive Indian strategic posture – and considers that "irresponsible". But the question still stands where India's highly touted proactive war strategy, casually known as Cold Start Doctrine (CSD), can "rein in" Pakistan? India's aim seems to use a credible military threat to cajole Pakistan to change its course. Indian political and military leadership has expressed its intention and resolve to carry out airstrikes and invoke the Cold Start Doctrine.
Two factors forced the Indian military to drive away from the Sundarji Doctrine and move towards a proactive doctrine of limited war: one was the overt nuclearization of South Asia and the other was the abysmally slow mobilization during Operation Parakram. Much to the chagrin, the slow mobilization in the operation launched after the Delhi attacks allowed not only Pakistan to counter mobilize but also invoke international pressure. The feeling was that Pakistan went "scot free ". The idea behind Parakram was to militarily respond to Pakistan due to its alleged involvement in the Parliament attack in India. The aim was to punish Pakistan before international pressure could "rescue" Pakistan. Parakram failed to achieve the objective, therefore CSD was launched.
With sharpness as its defining feature, Cold Start calls for reshuffling the old Holding and Strike corps. The former would create shallow bridgeheads into Pakistani territory. It would be followed by Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) attacking along various axes to further ingress inside Pakistan. Thereafter, in tandem with air support the 3-strike corps would concentrate on firepower. In order to avoid a nuclear retaliation, forces will bite and hold territory up to 25 kilometers inside Pakistan.
There are tactical and operational challenges in carrying out Cold Start that have thus far baulked the Indian Army from operationalizing this doctrine. A thorough assessment of exercises that were conducted to test the concept revealed that synergy (a prerequisite to CSD) was not achieved. This was the reason why the military leadership in India discarded it long ago. However, the resolve and the desire to invoke the doctrine was reiterated in the Army Day address by the Indian Army Chief, General Rawat earlier this year. What could this doctrine achieve is a matter of introspection.
India wants to compel Pakistan to rein-in so-called inimical forces. Thomas Schelling coined the term "compellance", alluding to threats to make the adversary do something. It is often said that it is harder to compel than to deter. This becomes all the more difficult and obfuscating when the conflict spectrum and the escalation ladder has a nuclear rung in it. How could a limited war proactive strategy compel Pakistan to commensurate with India's accord? What could be the implications on escalation of hostilities?
Compellance relies upon a credible military option which would encourage the enemy to take a different course. Under the nuclear umbrella, it is rather difficult to punish and frighten without pushing the engagement to the highest end of the conflict spectrum. Given the aims of Cold Start, holding territory is a compellant threat. However, the efficacy of this in compelling Pakistan is less and fraught with dangers. One that it could do exactly the opposite: Indian invasion may very well be repelled by the Pakistani military and alleged militants in unison. Besides, it will give credence to Pakistan's long-held views about India being the aggressor.
A potentially debilitated army will be supported forcefully by the highly-touted irregulars. It could invoke a "nation in arms" response. Even otherwise a weakened military will then have no means to rein in anti-Indian elements and sentiments. If India manages to achieve this objective, it is logical to assume that Pakistan will have to take punitive retaliatory action to wrest back control. India would have the urge to press on but if they are unable to breakthrough, they would direct more firepower which would cause escalatory pressure. In such a scenario, Pakistan may invoke its tactical nuclear weapons and shift the burden of escalation on India as Indian inroads would not be deemed of as limited.
Therefore, on can conclude that if India uses any of its military options, the conflict will not remain limited and the region could be in for an all-out war with higher likelihood of a nuclear clash. But having said that, it is economic, and not military, options that both the countries need to exercise in order to tackle to demon of poverty in the region.
Syed Ali Zia Jaffery is a Research Analyst and Sub-editor at the Global Village Space. He frequently writes on defense and strategic affairs for various national and international platforms. He tweets: @syedalizia1992


text:
Developers will be able to take a sneak peek at the Android 1.5 SDK which will be based on the cupcake branch from the Android Open Source Project. What's new in this version? Well, developers can expect APIs for features including soft keyboards, home screen widgets, live folders and speech recognition. Head on to the developer site if you want to download the early-look Android 1.5 SDK, and before getting started, make sure you read up all important information concerning upgrading your Eclipse plugin and existing projects so that you can best make use of all the improvements found in Android 1.5. Other changes include the developer tools and structure of the SDK itself.
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text:
Chap Up…
By Tim Ard, Forest Applications Training, Inc.
Chainsaw operators for many years have known about the positive aspects of the leg protective saw chap. Every month though it seems I come across people that didn't know chaps are available and don't understand how they work nor their ever increasing need to put them on.
Loggers in the Western USA and the US Forest Service have been using them for decades now and they are increasing in popularity in all the states. Why you say? Because it hurts to be cut by a chainsaw and many of the injuries happen to the operators legs.
Leg protection garments work from what is called the process of jamming. The fiber padding in the chap leg is designed to pull out and jam the chainsaw chain, bar and sprocket to slow the speed of the saw chain and intentionally stop the chain rotation. The process doesn't mean in every situation that chaps will prevent injury but the intention is to give reaction time and hopefully reduce the injury should the accident occur. I hear almost weekly testimonies of how chaps prevented cuts in accident situations.
Most all leg protection garments have a layered pad of what is called ballistic nylon. These nylon fibers are used in bullet resistant body armor, thus the term ballistic came about. Some are out of a fiber that is white in color and often called warp-knit. Some of the first on the market were from DuPont's Kevlar® which is a yellow colored fiber. Some others have a combination of both fibers. The fiber is important but the real ability to work with the saw chain is how it's woven and how the multiple layers are constructed in the pad.
A relatively new padding on the market is available from Elvex Safety. The fiber combination is called Elvex Prolar®. This Prolar® material, used in their leg protection products, is designed specifically for chainsaw leg protection. The material when hit by the moving saw chain pulls out and wraps the saw drive system as others but then it appears to explode (so to speak, it expands) and jams quickly. The result is a new generation Elvex ProChaps tested in compliance by Underwriter's Laboratories in accordance with ASTM F-1414, Measurement of Cut Resistance to Chain Saw Lower Body Protective Clothing. http://www.elvex.com/forestry-safety-videos.htm
It is important too that leg chaps are comfortable and the design is such that it covers the legs in a fashion that reduces the chance of twist. If the straps are uncomfortable or the position of the leg pad is not positioned correctly, the chain will find its way to your leg. A design that seems to work best with this twist possibility is one called asymmetric. The pad is positioned slightly to the left of the chap leg to aid in preventing the twist, giving more coverage area and reaction time.
Outer materials of the garment you choose is related to the amount of wear you plan. There are lighter weight and heavy weight outer materials, usually of Cordura® fabrics. The pads are the same, so it doesn't effect their protection. There are a variety of sizes and lengths however that can effect safe coverage. You want to make sure to cover from your groin area to the top of your footwear. Also available are full wrap designs that cover the back of the leg, your calf area.
Two labels important to look for when purchasing are the testing classification label and the care instruction label. Make sure your chaps are designed for chainsaw protection and that you can easily clean them when they become soiled. Dirty, oil soaked protection pads may reduce the ability for the chain to pull out the jamming fibers and enable it to better cut through. Keep them clean…
My emphasis during training workshops is to never use your saw without Leg Protection and other important PPE items of Head, Hand, Eye, Ear, Face and Foot Protection. The ever-increasing need I wrote of earlier is simply - it costs more to repair you, a friend or family member, than ever before. Make sure you have it and use it!
For more information visit our website www.ForestApps.com
© Copyright 2011 Forest Applications Training, Inc.


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Upstate Dental Surgery
Wednesday, October 21, 2020
Bone Grafting
Loss of the alveoler bone, the bone that holds the teeth has been a long standing problem in dentistry. When we lose our teeth, the alveoler bone starts to resorb. In some people who have worn dentures for many years this is very obvious. It can become so bad that it is almost impossible to wear dentures. Fortunately because of implants we are now able place implants into the bone that is only 10-14 mm in height occasionally there may be insufficient bone.


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Red Velvet Cake
Weeks ago, a friend of mine introduced me to the Red Velvet Cake. There is this certain person who makes these delicious made to order cakes at their subdivision. Valentine's Day was fast approaching so I took the opportunity of ordering one to give to my girlfriend. I believe it would make a great Valentine's gift. She and her family loved it. It was perfect.
I ordered this cake for 800 pesos and it was very much worth it. It made my Valentine's Day sweet, romantic and very memorable.
I'd surely recommend this to anyone who loves delicious cakes with just the right amount of sweetness. It could go well with different occasions. By the way, I actually just asked it to be heart shaped because of Valentine's Day. Normally, you could order it as a regular round cake.


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PHRD has purchased a site licence for Edublogs. All students and staff have an account. Students ePortfolios will follow them from year to year and can be exported to a WordPress account when they leave PHRD.
How to login to your PHRD sponsored Edublog account:
Go to- blogs.phrd.ab.ca
Login using your @phrd.ab.ca email account and password.
Edublog Tutorials ** A great place to start!
Edublogs User Guide
Edublogs YouTube Channel
Mobile Blogging info


text: Join Dex and Mac this week as they answer questions from various forums. The fact that no one was asking them doesn't seem to get in their way at all. At some point along the way you may even learn a thing or two about making gold in World of Warcraft, but don't bet your gold cap on it! 😉


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Lindsey German, convenor of Stop the War, addressing the rally in Trafalgar Square at the end of the 100,000 strong Stop the War Coalition and CND 'Troops Out Now – No Trident Replacement' demonstration against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The demonstration was in London on Saturday 24 February 2007.
(Video: Ady Cousins)


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Identifying Signs and Symptoms
Identifying ISHB Attack and Fusarium Dieback (FD) in Trees
Because ISHB is just a tiny beetle which spends most of its life inside the tree, it can be difficult to find, let alone identify the beetle itself. If you're unable to find a ISHB beetle on the bark surface, start looking for small (ball point pen tip-sized), round entry-holes on the bark. In addition to entry-holes, trees under attack can exhibit a variety of other signs of ISHB-FD infestation, like staining, gumming, presence of frass (thin sawdust), and sugary exudates (see descriptions below). Each tree species reacts differently to ISHB attacks, so the combination of symptoms can be unique to each host tree species (see the Field Guide to the right for guidance). Finally, there are other beetles and disease-causing pathogens that can cause signs similar to signs of ISHB-FD; use this look-alike pests guide to help determine if ISHB-FD is a likely cause of the tree's problems or if another pest or pathogen may be to blame. Once the correct identification of the problem is made, you can use this handout and this ISHB Detection Assessment to choose the most appropriate management action.
Select a tree to view ISHB symptoms on that species.
The typical entry-hole to a PSHB gallery is perfectly round and about 0.85 mm (less than 0.04 inches) in diameter, or about the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen. The abdomen of the female beetle can sometimes be seen protruding from the entry-hole. It may also be plugged or covered by sap, exudate, or frass (sawdust from boring) from the tree. If sending photos to a specialist for identification, include a picture with a pen for scale.
Symptoms of Attack
Entry-holes are typically accompanied by attack symptoms, which are the host tree's visible response to stress. These symptoms (and examples of species that produce them) include:
- Staining: may be wet and dark OR dry and light-colored (e.g. sycamore species, oak species)
- Gumming: thick resin that sometimes pushes the beetle out of the gallery (e.g. silk trees, Koelreuteria species like Goldenrain tree)
- Sugary exudate: may form white, powdery "volcanoes" (e.g. avocado)
- Frass: produced by the beetle's boring activity, may be present on any host tree depending on the infestation level (long "matchsticks" of frass have been observed on box elder, coral tree, and willow species)
Some of these symptoms may be washed away or obscured by rain or irrigation water.
Branch Dieback
Advanced infestations lead to branch dieback and overall decline. Watch for beetle attacks concentrated on a branch or in the branch collar (the point of attachment between the main trunk and a branch)—infestations in this area can lead to limb failure.


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I do not remember to whom I was speaking when I mentioned my blog last, but I do remember mentioning that I liked my blog better when I was angry. I was on Myspace then, and blogging was truly the way that I expressed pain, sorrow, fear, and doubt. There was enough happiness, pride, and celebration present to offset the angry posts, but the fact is that I used my blog as a tool more than a place of expression.
Looking back on it this afternoon, it is not that I liked my blog better when I was angry at all. What I appreciated was the freedom I wielded. I was happy, I was sad, I championed causes, I lamented decisions, and I pressed hard against oppression – both personal and not.
I still control the same type of freedom; my blog is my own and I can say whatever I please. I can offer my opinion, be it educated or ignorant. I can offer my expertise – training or certification is unnecessary. The loss of freedom that I feel, or the difference between my blog then and today, is that it matters what other people think.
It is not a personal need to appease people. For a time, it was because my blog was available to my superiors – it still is. While I was in school, it was available to my educators – it still is. After I graduated, it was available to potential employers – it still is. Because I was required to care about how they viewed me, I attempted to maintain a nice, neutral feeling on my blog. It is still 100% me, but lacking the fire or fury that drove me before.
I do not think it has changed much. I feel that I have forgotten how to rant and rave at injustice. I have lost the need to draw attention to a slight or an offense. The fury is there, and my passion for championing my opinion is there. Those will never leave me, but my need to place my indignation on the Internet for the world to see is unnecessary.
I do want to sometimes. I want to scream, and point fingers, and denounce others. Why does growing up mean I have to keep my tears and fury off the Internet? *shrug* Because it does.
My previous musing might make perfect sense to some, but others might wonder at the sudden dredging of my blogging history. I do not even know where to begin, but I do know that I have no desire to linger on what upsets me today. Life is great, my support channel is endless, and I have not yet reached the point of worrying over our future. Matt and I will be successful, regardless of the things we cannot control.
The Army said no. There, I said it.
"Set in stone" does not mean much to me. I have seen The Sword in the Stone enough times to know that "set in stone" is optional to a point. The reason for "to a point" involves fate. Arthur was fated to draw the sword and rule the kingdom. I just need to decide where my fate begins and how far I want to push to find it, or to argue with it.
While Matt and I were at dinner at Kim and Heather's house, they mentioned that perhaps fate was dictating a different path. Their argument is valid – and supported by more friends and family than I could count, although not in the way they all might think. I attempted to get a job; it did not work. I attempted to rejoin the military; it appears to be either impossible or more difficult than I imagined. There is another path possible for me, but a large part of it also depends on fate.
The trip to the Bay Area in California has been fabulous. Matt and I have gone to the scenic areas twice, seen friends a few times, and spent some amazing time with his parents. I think we can say that the trip has been successful as far as chores have been concerned. Matt got his license taken care of and I have had step one of two completed in the deep cleaning. The next trip to the dentist is on Tuesday.
Matt and I were blessed with two glorious days at Fishermans Wharf and the surrounding area. We went once by ourselves and enjoyed some shopping – bamboo sheets and towels are on their way to my mother's house – and great food and drink – bread bowl soups and chocolate goodness at Ghirardelli Square. The second trip included his parents and Lonny and his mother, Dee. We did not go through the lengths to "tourist" with the whole family, but were able to have a great time eating at the Hard Rock Cafe, shopping a bit, and enjoying the sunshine.
I am marveling at how easy my direction can take a turn. I have been faced with a lack of job opportunities, a wall at my attempt to join the Army, and a directionless motivation for the future. I have motivation, but maybe it is not for something that others would believe of me. Where friends and family would comment at how it is not a great "fit" for me, I believe they would be surprised. Matt surely believes in me.
I would love to be hired and have a job that I enjoy enough to keep doing it. What do I need to do to make fate work towards that end as opposed to the path I seem to have placed at my feet, I wonder?
By the way, thanks Kim and Heather for voicing some of the things that I had considered, but had yet to take seriously.
That is going to do it for tonight. I did not touch on game stuff like I had planned, nor did I talk about Les and Marcy's 33rd anniversary like I wanted to, but I feel a bit better having publicly addressed the standstill in which I find myself. I wish Sarah were closer. Truth be told, I owe her a phone call from days ago. I also owe Chris a phone call. If you could spare a moment for some good thoughts, send them his way. He needs it and I have no idea how to really help him while he handles the things life is throwing his way.


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Located in the heart of San Diego's Gaslamp District, the historical Balboa Theatre was the city's first big downtown theater built to showcase motion pictures. The existing five-story structure with basement and 1,350-seat audience chamber has been updated to today's building standards while paying particular attention to preserving the historic fabric of the original theater. State-of-the-art audio/visual, stage rigging, theater lighting, and hoisting systems have been installed. New theater seating that replicates the original seating is located on raised tiers to allow for better viewing angles. The exterior and interior ornamental plaster and existing windows, doors, and ornamental metal railings have all been restored. A pair of live waterfalls built into the ornamental plaster walls within the audience chamber was reconditioned to working order.
Tight site constraints posed considerable challenges to renovating and expanding the 45,113-square-foot theater. Modern requirements for staging, dressing rooms, and support needed to fit entirely within the building, and limited space eliminated the possibilities of freight elevators and temporary cranes to get the job done. In response, the PCL Special Projects division made a temporary opening in the roof to install a 500-foot-by-3-foot catwalk above the existing ornamental ceiling. This small opening was easily repaired prior to completion, and the historic restoration project went on to win no fewer than a dozen awards for its spectacular results.
San Diego Historic Preservation Award - City of San Diego Historical Resources Board
People in Preservation Award - Save Our Heritage Organization (SOHO)
Merit Award for Architecture - AIA California
2008 Preservation Design Award - Preservation Foundation (CPF)
2008 Restoration Project of the Year - California Construction
2008 Performing Arts Project of the Year - California Construction
2008 Overall Top Project of the Year - California Construction
Alonzo Award - Downtown San Diego Partnership
Best of 2008 - Urban Restoration - San Diego Magazine
2008 Platinum - Reconstruction & Renovation Award - Building Design + Construction
Project of the Year - American Public Works Association
2008 Orchid Award - San Diego Architectural Foundation
Copyright © 2020 PCL Constructors Inc. All rights reserved
Read the latest issue of Horizons, PCL's quarterly publication.
All Issues »


text: Contemporary Cinema Studies is a peer-reviewed journal of academic cinema studies in Korea, which is dedicated to discussing the history, theory, and aesthetics of film and the moving image. Its first issue was published in May, 2005. Being registered in the list of the Korea Citation Index(KCI) in 2015, the journal has been recognized as one of the leading journals in cinema and media studies in Korea. Since 2017, the journal publishes four issues annually: February, May, August, November. The journal ultimately aims to frame a new academic paradigm for cinema studies with historical, aesthetic, and critical ground work in the 21st century, by promoting its multidisciplinary approaches to the Arts and Humanities both in Korean and beyond.


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|Top Online Data Backup Rankings
WOBURN, MA – June 22, 2016 — /BackupReview.info/ — Kaspersky Lab has today published its ransomware research report, which found a drastic increase in encryption ransomware attacks, with 718,536 users hit between April 2015 and March 2016. This is an increase of 5.5 times compared to the same period in 2014-2015, showing that crypto-ransomware has become an epidemic.
It's no secret that crypto-ransomware, which encrypts data on users' systems has become a huge problem for cybersecurity over the last few years. In order to accurately understand its scale, Kaspersky Lab has researched how this malware threat has evolved over a period of 24 months. The company's analysis includes attack statistics for classic screen-blocker ransomware as well as crypto-ransomware. The report covers a full two-year period, which for comparison reasons has been divided into two parts of 12 months each: from April 2014 to March 2015 and from April 2015 to March 2016.
Key findings:
"The biggest problem with crypto-ransomware today is that sometimes the only way to get the encrypted data back is to pay the criminals, and victims tend to pay. That brings a lot of money into the underground ecosystem that has grown up around this malware, and as a result we are seeing new cryptors appear almost daily," said Fedor Sinitsyn, senior malware analyst at Kaspersky Lab. "Companies and regular users can protect themselves by implementing regular backups, using a proven security solution and keeping themselves informed about current cybersecurity risks. The ransomware business model seems to be profitable and safe for criminals, and the security industry and users can change that just by implementing these basic measures," he added.
Crypto-ransomware is a dangerous type of malware, and Kaspersky Lab recommends the following ways to protect yourself or your organization against this threat.
Tips to consumers:
Tips to businesses:
To learn more about the evolution of ransomware threat, read the report on Securelist.com
About Kaspersky Lab
For the latest in-depth information on security threat issues and trends, please visit:
Threatpost | The First Stop for Security News
[1] - Among users attacked with any type of ransomware
Source: Kaspersky
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Every family has their special holiday traditions! I cannot wait to start new traditions with our girls as we blend special traditions from both of our family and friends. Every year my best friend's family hosts their Annual Bruschetta Party. In my opinion, this is by far one of the most creative, yet easiest holiday parties to host.
Every guest is instructed to bring a bruschetta dish and bottle of wine to share. Guests must arrive promptly at 6:00 p.m. because judging starts shortly thereafter. The judges consist of the winner from the previous year plus several chefs or owners of local restaurants. They take into account everything from taste, display, originality, etc. There are several categories of winners like "Judges' Favorite" and "People's Choice" awards. Once the judges have sampled all the bruschetta, everyone else is able to start eating. Each guest receives five "Bruschetta Bucks" that they can distribute amongst their favorite bruschetta dishes.
Each year there seems to be a trend amongst the different recipes, but without a doubt, there will always be a few recipes that include bacon. I have seen everything from salmon bruschetta to pizza bruschetta to sushi bruschetta to dessert bruschetta.
I always scour Pinterest trying to come up with the best bruschetta that no one has made yet. However, this year, I decided to go with my classic bruschetta…nothing more than fresh tomatoes, basil, olive oil, white balsamic vinegar, garlic and a little salt and pepper served on a baguette. Nothing special, but it does taste pretty good in my opinion! Well the judges thought the same because guess what, I WON the Judges' Favorite award! Not only does this mean I get the honor of being a judge next year, but I also received a gift card to a local restaurant and a nice bottle of wine which we are saving for after the girls arrive.


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Mon 30 Nov 2015
Marvel's Hip-Hop Album Covers are Being Compiled Into a Free ComicPosted by Andy B. under Good For Hip Hop , Music News
No Comments
As you may have noticed, Marvel have been slowly flooding the Internet over the last few months with comic book-inspired reinterpretations of classic rap album covers from the likes of Biggie, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, The Roots and 50 Cent. Now, Marvel are bringing a selection of 14 covers to life in a free 32-page comic book, hitting participating stores on January 6.
Continue reading below…
"The hip-hop variants were a really special initiative that caught fire in the outside world," Axel Alonso, the editor in chief of Marvel, told The New York Times. "We thought this was a great opportunity to highlight that and make it available to fans for free."
No word on which covers will be included in the comic, but with 55 (and counting) to choose from, they can't go wrong. Check out a few of our favorite remakes below, and marvel (no pun intended) at the full selection here.
Related: Watch the Trailer For Marvel's 'Daredevil' Netflix Series


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When you use MarketScout, you are wielding a powerful tool in your quest to succeed in selling on the Amazon marketplace.
But, as other noteworthy spies would attest, the tools you use are only useful if you know how to use them.
New users might be overwhelmed by all the data available. Those who have used MarketScout for a while might not be aware of some of the lesser-known tricks inside the product.
We've come up with this handy tutorial to help you figure out what each column means and how you can use them to make the best purchase. We'll start with Item Cost, Category, and Rank.
When you first upload your data into MarketScout, you have the opportunity to include the item cost. This would be the price you would pay for a particular item from a vendor.
Why do you need to input this information? Simply put, this is going to be the fastest way to decide if an item is worth buying or not. MarketScout will use the numbers that you enter to calculate the potential profits and margins of the product.
Running MarketScout without entering the Item Cost would be like a spy waving around a gun that isn't loaded. Still potentially effective, but not nearly as much as it could be. Remember also that different vendors may have varying prices for similar items, so it's important to keep your orders straight.
This is the category that Amazon, Inc. ("Amazon") has determined is correct for any given ASIN. New sellers may not know how to categorize certain items, and there are always those pesky items that don't fit neatly into one category. (Is a WiFi detector shirt clothing or electronics?)
Amazon has approximately 40 categories of items. However, nearly half of them require specific approval. If you see a great deal on your report, but it's in a category you aren't approved for yet, hold on. You may be stuck with the item, if you can't get on the approved sellers list.
Some examples of open categories are Amazon Device Accessories, Camera and Photo, and Health and Personal Care. However, you will need approval for Beauty items, B2B Business Products, and Clothing.
Some sellers prefer to stick to a certain category - either because they know the domain well, or because it is a niche category they are approved for. In this case, it is helpful to filter your report based on those categories.
The rank of an item tells you how well that ASIN sells in its category. A rank of 1 means it is the top seller. The lower the number, the higher the sales velocity.
But remember that rankings are relative to the category. An item that ranks 100,000 for toys may still sell pretty well. However, ranking 100,000 on Fine Art may mean it could take a long time before you see anything move.
If you choose items with a good ranking (a lower number), these ASINs usually attract a good crowd of sellers. That means that even though you will probably make more sales, your profits might be much lower. Conversely items with a very high number for their rank will typically have slower sales, but potentially better margins.
That's the start of our series on the data you can get from MarketScout. In future articles, we'll look at how MarketScout grabs data live from the Amazon marketplace to help you make the best possible decision.
If you haven't experienced using MarketScout yet, you can give it a try now for free for up to 100 ASINs.
Originally published on July 21, 2017, updated October 20, 2020
This post is accurate as of the date of publication. Some features and information may have changed due to product updates or Amazon policy changes.
Let us know what you think
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Copyright© 2007-2020 eComEngine, LLC. All Rights Reserved. eComEngine®, FeedbackFive®, Restockpro®, SmartPrice™, and MarketScout™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of eComEngine, LLC. Amazon's trademark is used under license from Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.


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It has no meaning to focus on music in terms of musicianship,complexity, sound quality and such shit: Four tracks that last just a few seconds over a minute each, each song has two riffs one for the chorus and one for the verse, each riff brings two or three chords, simple bass lines, a new strange way of drumming and after 4:50" the whole thing is done. Singing delivers one line for each verse and one line for the chorus and instead of the typical melodic singing there was a shouted/yelled kind of "singing" that repeated a polemic against war and capitalist society so someone can ask "where is the meaning in this simple as hell shit?" and the answer is "this is the meaning of this shit". The question was replied thousand times from the hordes of D-Beat bands that named Discharge as their influence in the next decades: Copying, distorting, repeating and altering, down tuning and adding speed in these guitar riffs and drum beat and reproducing the lyrical anti war and anti system verses and cover artwork aesthetic or even the dis-name and the spiked leather jacket.
Realities.. was released by Mike Stone's Clay Records (Clay 01) back in 1980, this first classic line up recorded a couple of diamonds: Decontrol, Fight Back and Why? the rest are history well known. Check Kill From The Heart and Wikipedia for more details


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"I Need To Sell My House Fast in Los Alamitos!"
We Buy Houses Los Alamitos, CA And Other Parts of California, And At Any Price. Check Out How Our Process Works. We're Ready To Give You A Fair Offer On Your House |
Los Alamitos, CA
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Stop the frustration of your unwanted property. Let us buy your Los Alamitos, California house now, regardless of condition.
Avoiding foreclosure? Facing divorce? Moving? Upside down in your mortgage? Liens? It doesn't matter whether you live in it, you're renting it out, it's vacant, or not even habitable. We help owners who have inherited an unwanted property, own a vacant house, are behind on payments, owe liens, downsized and can't sell… even if the house needs repairs that you can't pay for… and yes, even if the house is fire damaged or has bad rental tenants.
Basically, if you have a property and need to sell it… we'd like to make you a fair cash offer and close on it when you're ready to sell.
Do You Need To Sell Your House in Los Alamitos, CA, short sale, potential foreclosure, economic depression or for any reason?
Even if an agent can't sell your house, we can help. (Sometimes selling a house through a real estate agent is not for everyone.) And as a bonus…
- you don't need to clean up and repair the property
- don't waste time finding an agent who you trust and who can't deliver on their promise of selling your house quickly
- you won't need to sign a contract that binds you to an agent for a certain term
- or deal with the paperwork and the waiting and wondering (and hoping)
- We Buy Houses in Los Alamitos, CA & Surrounding Cities, all throughout CA
We'll know very quickly if we can help you, and unlike selling through an agent, you don't have to wait to see if the buyer can get financing… we're ready to buy right now as We Buy Houses Los Alamitos, CA & Surrounding Cities.
Your divorce proceedings not only tires you mentally but also drains your finances. If you are facing issues paying legal fees, alimony,or maintenance costs, then don't worry. In these trying times, you can sell your house to raise quick cash. Sell your property in Los Alamitos fast and get cash to face life's troubles.
I want to sell my Los Alamitos house quickly!
We will buy your property in any condition, be it fire damage or wiring issues. Get instant approval and spot cash offers. No realtor would be able to sell such a property at a short notice without incurring a loss. But it won't be a problem for us. We give you the best deal in the real estate market for your property. Lessen your financial problems with a bit of assistance from us. We buy houses in and around California.
We are just a call away. Contact us and we'll send someone over pronto to inspect your property in Los Alamitos. This will help us draw you up a fair price and quick quote. So, focus on your divorce proceedings with peace of mind, knowing that you are protected financially.
All that hassle can add stress, months to the process, and in the end after paying the agent's expensive fees, you may or may not be ahead of the game.
We work differently at We Buy Houses at Fair Price. When you contact us and submit the short property information form (below), we'll give you a fair all-cash offer on your house within 24 hours… and the best part is: we can close whenever YOU choose to close – it's entirely up to you. It doesn't matter what condition the house is in, or even if there are tenants in there that you can't get rid of… don't worry about it. We'll take care of it for you. And if you need the cash quickly, we can close in as little as 7 days because we buy houses with cash and don't have to rely on traditional bank financing. (Go here to learn about our process →)
In short…
No matter what condition your house is in; no matter what situation or timeframe you're facing…
Our goal is to help make your life easier and get you out from under the property that's stressing you out… while still paying a fast, fair, and honest price for your house.
Or Give Us A Call Now At: 714-477-1001
We Buy Houses in Los Alamitos, CA & Surrounding Cities
We help property owners just like you, in all kinds of situations. From divorce, foreclosure, death of a family member, burdensome rental property, and all kinds of other situations. We buy houses in California… including Los Alamitos and surrounding areas and pay a fair cash price, fast. Sometimes, those who own property simply have lives that are too busy to take the time to do all of things that typically need to be done to prepare a house to sell on the market… if that describes you, just let us know about the property you'd like to be rid of and sell your house fast for cash.
If you simply don't want to put up with the hassle of owning that house any longer, and if you don't want to put up with the hassle and time-consuming expense of selling your property the traditional way, let us know about the property you'd like to be rid of and sell your house fast for cash. Talk to someone in our office before submitting your property information by calling us today at 714-477-1001
We buy houses in Los Alamitos, CA 92845 and all surrounding areas in California. If you need to sell your house fast in California, connect with us… we'd love to make you a fair no-obligation no-hassle offer. Take it or leave it. You've got nothing to lose :-)…because We Buy Houses in Los Alamitos, CA & Surrounding Cities!
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- Helpful Resource for Understanding Foreclosure: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure
- Helpful Resource for Understanding Shorts Sales & HAFA Program : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_sale_(real_estate)
- Helpful Resource for Understanding Economic Depression : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(economics)


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Open Kitchen, Turners Falls, MA
The kitchen and dining room in this home were decent sized, but completely cut off from one another. By removing the wall between the two rooms, the entire space was opened up. The dining room went from an infrequently used room to the heart of the home. A narrow mudroom was also incorporated into the space, with storage for coats and shoes cleverly disguised as a pantry cabinet.