text:
|Digital imaging file processing system
|Lesnick et al.
|Data management apparatus
|Storage and retrieval of generic chemical structure representations
|Textual comparison system for locating desired character strings and delimiter characters
|Independent image and annotation overlay with highlighting of overlay conflicts
|Robertson et al.
|Information recording and retrieval system
|Dornbush et al.
|Picture image filing apparatus
|Microcomputer system for high-speed location of blocks of characteristics
|Holzner et al.
|Keyword search automatic limiting method
|Document and data handling and retrieval system
|Electronic document information filing system
|Information retrieval system serially comparing search question key words in recirculating registers with data items
This is a division of application Ser. No. 894,855, filed Aug. 8, 1986, now abandoned.
image file means for storing documents which are converted into digital document image data by a photo-electric conversion means and compression processed by an image processor;
document recognition means, coupled to said image file means, for recognizing said documents and for generating full text data of said documents, said full text data including character code strings identified as a result of recognition of characters in said document, wherein said document recognition means outputs multiple candidates of character codes for a character not identified as a result of character recognition and stores said multiple candidates of character codes between predetermined special character codes in said character code strings between correctly identified characters at the location of said character not identified;
text file means, coupled to said document recognition means, for storing said full text data;
data base file means for storing bibliographic items and information which identifies said document image data stored by said image file means and said full text data of said documents stored by said text file means thereby correlating said bibliographic items to said information, said bibliographic items each including a title, an author's name or classification of a document; and
retrieval means, coupled to said data base file means, said text file means, and said image file means, for searching whether a bibliographic item and a character code string input as a request for text content by an operator exists in said full text data of said documents stored by said text file means for outputting document image data corresponding to a document including said bibliographic item and said character code string requested by said operator, wherein said retrieval means searches said multiple candidates or character codes of each said character not identified in said full text data to locate a character code from said input character code string among said multiple candidates of character codes.
image file means for storing documents which are converted into digital document image data by a photo-electrical conversion means and compression processed by an image processor;
document recognition means, coupled to said image file means, for recognizing said documents and for generating full text data of said documents, said full text data including character code strings identified as a result of recognition of characters in said documents, wherein said document recognition means outputs multiple candidates of character codes for a character recognition and stores said multiple candidates of character codes between predetermined special character codes in said character code strings between correctly identified characters at the location of said character not identified as result of
text file means, coupled to said document recognition means, for storing full text data of said documents, said full text data including character code string representative of characters which exist in said documents as character codes, wherein said full text data is used for retrieving and said document image data is used for outputting;
data base file means for storing bibliographic items and information which identifies said document image data stored by said image file means and said full text data of said documents stored by said text file means thereby correlating said bibliographic items to said information, wherein said bibliographic items each include a title, and author's name or classification of a document; and
retrieval means, coupled to said data base file means, said text file means, and said image file means, for searching whether a bibliographic item and a character code string input as a request for text content by an operator exists in said full text data of said documents stored by said text file means and for outputting document image data corresponding to a document including said bibliographic item and said character code string requested by said operator, wherein said retrieval means searches said multiple candidates of character codes of each said character not identified in said full text data to locate a character code from said input character code string among said multiple candidates of character codes.
The present invention relates to a document storage and retrieval system for filing documents as an image, and is particularly concerned with a document storage and retrieval system capable of full text searching.
The typical information retrieval system has hitherto provided a retrieval of data chiefly according to a keyword and a classification code. Bibliographic information and patent information have been processed to form a data base by means of the system mentioned above. Mainly bibliographic information including abstracts in its coverage is processed for a data base here, but the situation is such that only a part of its function is realized to cope with the true need of information retrieval. That is, even if a document or patent conceivably relevant is found, there is the need to search among a lot of bookshelves to obtain the text.
Meanwhile, an optical disk capable of storing a mass data has now been available for loading the text in the data base to provide a so-called original document information service, thus coping with a social need. A paperless documentation at the Patent Office is so planned accordingly. In these systems, volumes of documents are stored in optical disks in the form of image data, and a conventional information retrieval technique based mainly on a keyword search is applied.
However, the conventional information retrieval technique is only effective to orders of tens to hundreds, and hence a further technique for squeezing relevant documents to 1/10 in number or so is desired. One method is that in which an original document (text) stored as image data is called onto a terminal and read visually by a retriever. The method is secure in principle, however, documents amounting to hundreds maximumly are too many to read out in the form of image data, and reading one by one visually is not efficient practically as a matter of course.
On the other hand, the conventional method based on the keyword and classification code must be updated all the time for the classification system itself changes as time passes, thus leaving an intrinsic problem. For example, volumes of documents classified already cannot be modified practically as the classification system is subjected to modification later. Documents and patents recording a progress of science and technology are novel in content and hence of value because they provide a new data conception which often is not included in the conventional classification system. For this purpose, it is impossible to define beforehand the keyword and the classification system representing a conception originally, which is a problem essentially for the information retrieval system.
For the reason as mentioned above, it is desirable to provide a method which will retrieve contents with reference directly to the text of a document. According to the method for referring to the text, a retrieval can be practiced by means of a vocabulary recognized as a conception which was not deemed to be important when the document was registered in a data base but is taken new at the point of time of retrieval. Or otherwise, an important document can be searched out directly without a "filter" or an indexer (specialized for giving index) at the time of registration.
To satisfy such a requirement, it is necessary that a character pattern is extracted from the document as an image data and the text is replaced by a character code, and a character recognition technique may be applied therefor. However, a document or a printed document, for example, which is an object for filing is not perfect character recognition from the point of view of diversification of the kinds of print quality and font. In a conventional optical character reader, imperfect recognitions such as error, rejection and the like are subjected to checks and corrections by operators. (For example, "Introduction to Character Recognition" by Hashimoto, Ohm-Sha, 1982, pp. 153-154) Accordingly, even if the recognition precision is extremely high, a method for checking visually a result obtained through recognizing the text is not realistic where the amount of documents is very large, and hence a document filing system with images as the main constituents which is available for text retrieval has not been realized until now.
An object of the invention is to provide a document storage and retrieval system having a full text retrieval function with reference directly to the text of a document by solving the problems referred to above.
In order to attain the above-mentioned object, the invention the invention stores and retrieves both the document image data and full-text data, where full-text data is used to support the full-text search capability, and the image data is used to present or display the contents of the retrieved documents to the retriever. This system inputs character strings as the retriever's request, and searches for these strings in character strings in the full-text data. By searching for the corresponding image file identifiers in the image file directory, the locations of the corresponding document image data are identified and the retrieved document images are displayed onto the document retrieval terminal.
This system further recognizes the contents of the documents from the image data and stores the resulting text data to support the full-text retrieval capability. To overcome the problem of insufficient character recognition accuracy, the character recognition module of this system outputs multiple candidates of character codes when more than one characters have very high similarity values, thereby avoiding misrecognition. The full-text data so created therefor includes some ambiguity. For example, an ambiguous text is represented as ". . . S[mw] [il] th . . . ", where [mw] represents two character, and "m" and "w" which are the candidates for the recognized character, and [il] represents "i" and "l" which are the candidates having the most similarity. The full-text search mechanism of this system can identify that a substring "Smith" is included in the string documents with high accuracy even from the full-text of the document recognition results.
As shown in FIG. 1, a document 10 is transformed into a notational expression as indicated by 20 in the system according to the present invention. The symbol string used is that provided in languages such as LISP. It follows a notation called S-expression. A process in which the document (image) is transformed into a notational expression 20 is called document understanding or document recognition. The notational expression signifies roughly the following. That is, the document is numbered 99, the class is "Technical Paper" , VOL=5, NO=7, the author is named "Peter S[mw] [il]th" , the title is "Fu[1l][l1]ΔText≢[RB]etr[il]e . . . ", the text is ". . . Fu[l1][l1]ΔTextΔse[ao]rch . . . " and so forth. Here, Δ indicates a blank (space) and so forth.
In the character recognition, that of ambiguity includes, in most cases, a character pattern which can hardly be coped with normally.
For retrieval, meanwhile, a user inputs "FULLΔTEXTΔRETRIEVAL" from a keyboard. Generally, there are such languages as will express the same meaning in different words, and in this case "FULLΔTEXTΔSEARCH" has also the same meaning. While handling such ambiguity automatically, the system is capable of searching documents having the same character string.
A plurality of partial character strings to be found out of the sentence to be retrieved are expressed by a finite state automaton as shown in FIG. 2. The title character string which is one of the sentences to be retrieved as exemplified in FIG. 1 can be expressed similarly by the automaton of FIG. 3. In this case, however, there is no distinction between a capital letter and a small letter. The invention provides a text search (character string retrieval) function in case there is present an ambiguity (a plurality of possibilities, or the state wherein elements which cannot be decided identically are present) on both searching key (partial character string) and sentence to be retrieved, which is a third principle.
A method given in a report [by A. V. Aho, et al. "Efficient String Matching: An Aid to Bibliographic Search," Communications of the ACM, Vol. 18, No. 6, 1975] is well known for searching a plurality of partial character strings out of an unambiguous text by the infinite state automaton.
FIG. 1 is a drawing showing a document image and a result of document understanding;
FIG. 2 is a state transition diagram of a synonymic character string generated from a partial character string;
FIG. 3 is a state transition diagram of a character string as a result of character recognition which includes ambiguity;
FIG. 4 is a system configuration drawing of a first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a table of the main directory keeping the bibliographic data;
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) together shows tables for storing location information of text data and image data;
FIG. 7 is a table storing publication information;
FIG. 8 shows an image file directory and its relationship with the body file;
FIG. 9 shows a text file directory and its relationship with the body file;
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a document recognizer;
FIG. 11 is an explanatory drawing of a rectangular area surrounding a character pattern;
FIG. 12 is a drawing illustrating a contour expression method for describing a pattern;
FIG. 13 is a drawing illustrating a relation between pattern components and character pattern;
FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 are drawings showing a result of segmenting rows and columns respectively by means of a bottom-up segmenter;
FIG. 16 is an explanatory drawing of an algorithm for obtaining a state transition list from a character string aggregation;
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a flexible string matching circuit;
FIGS. 18(a) and 18(b) together is an extended finite state automaton permitting an ambiguous character string;
FIGS. 19(a) and 19(b) together is a state transition table of the extended finite state automaton;
FIG. 20 is a drawing illustrating a program of FSM circuit;
FIG. 21 is a configuration drawing of a flexible string matching circuit in a second embodiment.
The invention will now be described with reference to illustrative examples. FIG. 4 is a configuration drawing of a document storage and retrieval system forming one embodiment of the invention. The system comprises a control subsystem 100 providing a general control and a data base function, an input subsystem 200 for inputting a document and others and registering in a file, a document recognizer 300 for recognizing documents, a text search subsystem 400 for carrying out a high-speed text search, and a terminal subsystem 800 for carrying out a retrieval.
A configuration and a flow of operation of each subsystem will be described in detail below.
The input subsystem 200 has a central processing unit (CPU) 201 for controlling the subsystem, a main memory 202, a system file 251 and a terminal 203 as a basic division. The subsystem is controlled by operation from the terminal 203, image on each page of a document 220 is read optically by a scanner 221, and digitized image data is stored first in a video memory 224 by way of a bus 210. The image data is then subjected to a redundant compression on an image processor (IP) 223, transformed into MH (Modified Huffmann) code or MR (Modified Read) code and then returned to another area of the video memory 224.
The inputted document image is displayed on the terminal 203 for confirmation, and the operator is capable of inputting bibliographical items such as the title, author's name, creation data and others while observing the image displayed thereon. As will be described hereinlater, bibliographical items of a formatted document can be read automatically through document understanding, however, bibliographical items of a not-formatted document and items of information which are not entered in paper must be inputted manually. For example, it is natural that a classification code of document contents defined by users and a keyword which is not present on paper should be inputted by the operator. Then, a value and position setting of each document must be arranged independently by a user of the document, which can be inputted from the terminal 203. A data of such bibliographical items and others inputted as above is correlated with an image data (compressed data) in the video memory 224 and is then loaded in the main memory 202.
Here, each document is given a proper number (document ID) and stored in the memory so as to draw image data and bibliographical items using the proper number of the document as a key. The document proper number can be expressed, for example, by coupling an identifier number (`INSYS 01` and the like) of the subsystem to the character string indicating date and time. For example, INSYS01. 850501.132437 indicates a document inputted from an input subsystem INSYS01 at 13 h: 24 m: 37 s on May 1, 1985. There may be a case where the input time is important according to application of the system, and hence it functions as a time stamp otherwise.
Now, whenever a predetermined quantity of the document is accumulated in the subsystem 200 or a predetermined command arrives from the terminal 203, an interrupt signal is sent to a bus adapter 171.
A control subsystem 100, sensing the interrupt signal, reads a predetermined address in the memory 202 of the input subsystem 200. The contents of a request of the input subsystem can thus be decided.
An operation follows as described below upon request of a registration of the inputted document in a data base.
The central processing unit (CPU) 101 is acquainted with the proper number of documents stored temporarily in the input subsystem 200 according to a predetermined program in a main memory 102 and further with a memory address of bibliographical data (bibliographical items) relating thereto and image data.
The control subsystem 100 has a data base file 151 for storing and managing symbolic data such as bibliographical data and the like, and an image file 152 for storing and managing the image data.
The bibliographical data read out of the input subsystem 200 is written as a new record in a data base (loaded in the file 151) which is given in the form of the table in FIG. 5. The table of FIG. 5 is named MAIN-DIR (main directory) and has the following data columns.
|DOC#: A serial number of document registered in the system ID: A document proper number given by the input subsystem. NP: A page number constituting the document. TITLE: A title (character string) AUTHOR: An author's name (permitting iteration of plural data). CLASS: A symbol indicating classification, kind and the like of documents. PUBL#: A number of publication registered in the system (detail being managed on the table shown in FIG. 7.) VOL, NO, PP: Volume, number, page. KWD: A plurality of keywords. ABS: A text proper number of abstract expressed as a character code string (text data). TXT: A text proper number as a character code string. IMG: A proper number of image data. Since the image data is managed at every page, a plurality of image proper numbers are recorded.
In registration of the bibliographical data, only such data of the above columns as will relate partly to the bibliographical data is written newly.
Next, the image on a page constituting each document is read to the control subsystem 100 from a predetermined storage area of the input subsystem and is then stored sequentially in an empty area of the image file 152. Each image (page unit) is concurrently given an image proper number (IMGID). Then, a volume number (VOLSER) of the file having loaded the image data therein, a file unit number (UNIT), a loading physical address (PHYSA) in the file, a record length (SLENG) in the file and others are written in tables shown in FIG. 6(a) and FIG. 8. The image proper number INGID given newly is also recorded in IMG column of the table MAIN-DIR (FIG. 5).
Here, a table IMG-LOC shown in FIG. 6(b) is particularly effective when the image file 152 is constituted of a plurality of driving devices or a plurality of volumes, managing the location of each image. As a matter of course, it is updated at every operations for demounting and mounting the volume by operators.
Then, FIG. 8 shows a directory provided at each volume of the image file 152, and the following columns are provided therein.
|IMGID: An image proper number. PN: A serial page number (l to n) in a document. PHYSA: A physical address in a volume. SLENG: A record length (sector number, for example). CODE: An image compression code name. SIZE: An image size (pixel number). DOC#: A document serial number.
Then in the drawing, data in the column PHYSA of a record 157 indicates a leading address of an image data 158 in an image data area 156 in the image file.
Now, whenever the above operations come to end, the system is ready for retrieving the bibliographical items and the keyword from the terminal group 800.
A retrieval condition inputted from the retrieving terminal is transmitted to the CPU 101 of the control subsystem 100 by way of a gateway 175. A retrieval of a table MAIN-DIR (FIG. 5) in the data base file 151 is carried out according to a predetermined retrieving program of the memory 102. It goes without saying that indexing (for high-speed retrieval such as hashing, inverted file and the like) is applied to main columns of the table MAIN-DIR.
As a result of retrieving, a list of DOC#from the table MAIN-DIR (FIG. 5) and a list of image proper number IMGID are made out and stored in a predetermined area of the memory 102. Upon request for display from the retrieving terminal, a position in the image file is identified by means of a table IMG-LOC 154 (FIG. 6(b)) and a table IMG-DIR 155 (FIG. 8), and the image data is read successively onto the memory 102. The image data thus read out is transmitted to the retrieving terminal in turn and then displayed on a screen according to an indication on the terminal.
A managing method for the text used for full text retrieval will be described, next.
As described in the main directory MAIN-DIR (FIG. 5), each document is stored and managed not only for image data but also for text expressed in a character code string. In the example, the abstract and the text are stored and managed in text files 451, 452, 453 as a text. Each text (character string) is given a proper text number and recorded in columns ABS and TXT of the table MAIN-DIR (FIG. 5), a column TXTID of the table TXT-LOC shown in FIG. 6(a), and a column TXTID of the table TEXT-DIR shown in FIG. 9.
FIG. 9 indicates a method for storing and managing texts in the text files 451, 452, 453. In the drawing, a text body is stored one-dimensionally in a file storage area 466. Each text (one character string) is given a proper number TXTID and managed in a directory table TEXT-DIR 465.
|TXTID: A text proper number. NCH: A total number of characters constituting the text. PHYSA: A physical address in which the text is recorded. SLENG: A record length on a storage medium of the text. CCLASS: A class of characters expressing the text (Chinese character-mixed Japanese statement, English statement, Roman character, kana character and others).
A record 467 of the table 465 indicates that the text expressed by the record is a portion 468 in the storage area in the file.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 4, the text can be recorded in a plurality of volumes, and the text directory is that of managing the text in each volume. When the plural volumes are mounted, it is necessary that a presence of a text in any of the volumes be known, and the table TXT-LOC shown in FIG. 6(a) manages the location of each text. A volume serial number VOLSER in which the text having the text proper number TXTID is recorded, and a file unit number UNIT in which the volume is mounted is managed. TXT-LOC will be updated automatically as a matter of course when a physical volume is demounted or newly mounted by operators.
Then, when input of document images, input of bibliographic items and registration of documents are over as a flow of big operation, a text recognition (document understanding) of the registered document is carried out by the document recognition apparatus 300. An input of the recognition apparatus is the document image 10 shown in FIG. 1 in an image file 152, and a recognition result output is a notational expression 20 shown likewise in the drawing. A text portion of the abstract and the text in the notational expression 20 is stored newly and so managed by the text files 451 to 453 as described hereinabove.
The document recognition will be described with reference to a detailed block diagram of the document recognition apparatus shown in FIG. 10.
The recognition apparatus 300 is connected to a bus 110 of the control subsystem 100 through a bus adapter 371 and controlled by CPU 301. A memory 302 stores data of a program and a parameter for controlling operation of the apparatus.
An image data to be recognized is transmitted from the image file 152 to a memory 321. The image data is coded through compression, decoded to a bit expression image by an image processing circuit IP 322 and is again stored in the memory 321. Then consecutively, a contour extraction of the pattern is carried out by the IP 322 from the image decoded to a bit expression, and a result of extraction is again loaded in the memory 321.
The extracted contour data is expressed as follows: ##EQU1## where i represents a contour proper number (1, 2, 3, . . . ), and Ci represents a class of the contour. Then, Ci=0 represents an outer contour (a full line 1001 in FIG. 11), and Ci=1 represents an inner contour (a broken line 1002 in FIG. 11). Those xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin represent a coordinate of the vertex of an outer quadrangle of the contour, each, as shown in FIG. 11. Further, (xs, y2) is a coordinate of one point Ps of the contour length (or, for example, the point found first by contour retrieval). With the point Ps as an origin, as shown in FIG. 12, the contour data itself is expressed by rows of sets of a quantized direction code θ and a pixel number L with the same direction continuing therefor.
Next, an inclination correction circuit 323 detects a tilt angle arising at the time of document input from the contour data given by the expression (1), corrects the contour data accordingly and then rewrite it to the memory 321. For example, a system disclosed by the inventor in Japanese Patent Application No. 152210/1985 may be employed for the inclination correction algorithm.
From a portion of the contour data corrected for inclination (xmax, xmin, ymax, ymin), a raw segmentation and a column segmentation are carried out on a bottom-up segmenter (BSG) 324.
The bottom-up segmenter BSG inputs the data expressed in the form of expression (1), generates a pattern list given by the expression (2) and loads it in the memory 321. (j xmax,j xmin,j ymax,j ymin,j) (2)
Here, j represents a pattern proper number, the pattern is defined as a rectangular area not overlapping mutually, and the expression (2) further defines vertex coordinates of the rectangular area. For example, rectangular areas 1008, 1009 indicated by broken lines in FIG. 13 are inputs of the BSG, however, a rectangle 1010 is obtainable through the BSG. The rectangles 1008, 1009 are made of one contour each to be an element, and the rectangle 1010 is a pattern forming one character. An element constituting the pattern j is obtainable through searching the rectangle included in a rectangular area defined by the expression (2) from the contour data of the expression (1). It can be obtained separately and loaded as data. A result of row segmentation and another result of column segmentation are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 respectively.
A character segmentation division (CSG) 325 extracts the pattern constituting a character from the above pattern list with reference to a document knowledge arranging regulations such as document form and the like. As shown in FIG. 10, the document knowledge is loaded in a document knowledge file (DKF) 327.
Structural regulations of the layout of such as a title, author's name, author's belonging, abstract, text and the like are stored according to each kind of documents in the document knowledge file together with a parametric knowledge such as the size of font. The knowledge is described in a format description language. The language disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 122424/1985 may be used as a format description language.
The character segmentation division CSG operates for integration of a pattern constituting one character which has been divided into two patterns or more or, to the contrary, for compulsory separation of two or more characters which has been fused through contact into one pattern.
The character segmentation division CSG outputs the number of the patterns constituting each character in a list for each item such as the title, abstract or text as the result of processing. For example: ##EQU2## represents that the abstract is constituted of a string of characters expressed by a pattern number jk. Here, [jn jn+1 jn+2 ] represents that the character can be any of three patterns jn, jn+1, jn+2.
A character recognition division (CRG) 331 extracts the contour data constituting each character pattern, as described hereinabove, from the above-mentioned pattern list (expression (3), for example) and the contour data (given by expression (1)) on the memory 321, and transforms it into a data structure ready for feature extraction.
Since a known art may be employed as the character recognition technique, a detailed description will be omitted here, however, after a feature is extracted from the contour data, each character can be recognized through a pattern matching with the standard pattern in a standard pattern file 333. In FIG. 10, a memory STPM 334 is one for storing a standard pattern with high reference frequency, aiming at a high-speed processing.
The result of the character recognition is output, as described hereinabove, by the notational expression 20 shown in FIG. 1. In the process of final decision in the character recognition, when a similarity obtained as a result of pattern matching satisfies an expression (4), a character category (character code) ωk for giving the similarity is output. ##EQU3## where ρk is a similarity to the character category k, k is a total category number, and ε is a relative threshold.
If the expression (4) is not satisfied, then an aggregation of the character category {ωk │k=k1, k2, . . .} satisfying an expression (5) is output within two special character codes. For example, a character (code) string ωs ωk1 ωk2 . . . ωe is output. Here, ωs represents "[", and ωe represents "]". ##EQU4##
In case a similar character is present and the expression (4) is not satisfied by the above processing, a recognition result "FU[L1][L1]ΔTEXTΔSEA [RB]CH" is obtainable, for example, in response to the input pattern "FULLΔTEXTΔSEARCH". The recognition result is buffered on the memory 321 and then transmitted to the memory 102 (FIG. 4) collectively.
In the control subsystem 100, a maximum text proper number is detected with reference to the table TXT-LOC (FIG. 6), and a character code string (text) of the recognition result is registered with a value added by 1 as a new text proper number. The registration is carried out with respect to the main directory 153, the table TXT-LOC and the table 465 (FIG. 9), and the text data itself is loaded in any of the text files 451 to 453.
Now, the document to which a text data is given as above is ready for retrieving using the text search subsystem 400.
Next, the text search subsystem 400 for retrieving text contents and its operation will be described in detail.
A request for text content retrieval or ABS="TEXTΔRETREIVAL", for example, which is so made from the terminal 800 is transmitted first to the control subsystem 100. In the subsystem 100, where the document to be retrieved has already been narrowed down through keyword retrieval or other means, a proper number of the text incidental to the document is selected from the main directory MAIN-DIR 153, and an expression (6) for the list of proper numbers of the texts to be retrieved is made out according to each text file with further reference to the table TXT-LOC. (ui vi (til ti2 . . . tin))ptm (6)
i=1, 2, . . . , M
where ui is an i-th file unit number, vi is a volume serial number, tik is a k-th text proper number to be retrieved on the volume. Then, M is a maximum number of the text file unit.
On the other hand, when the document to be retrieved has not been narrowed, a special symbol (expression (7), for example) is sent to the whole text file. (ui vi *) i=1, 2, . . . , M (7)
The expression (6) or (7) and the partial character string ("TEXTΔRETRIEVAL", for example) are transmitted to a memory 402 of the text search subsystem 400 by way of a bus adapter 172.
In the subsystem 400 (FIG. 4), a hetero-notation generation processing and a synonym processing of the transmitted partial character string are carried out according to a predetermined program in the memory 402. A hetero-notation generation convention and a thesaurus are stored in a file 403.
"TEXT SEARCH" will further be obtainable through referring to the thesaurus. Further, with reference to the hetero-notation generation, a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 150176/1985 may also be employed.
As the result of the above-mentioned processing, an aggregation of character strings ("TEXTΔRETRIEVAL" "TEXTΔSEARCH") is obtainable, after all, to "TEXTΔRETRIEVAL". This is indicated by an expression (8). ##EQU5## where n is a number of character strings, mi is the length of an i-th character string, aij is a character code j-th from the lead of an i-th character string Ai.
The subsystem 400 further transforms the expression (8) representing the character string aggregation into a state transition list (9) representing the finite automaton illustrated in FIG. 2 according to a predetermined program. ##EQU6## where each element of the list a list (9) implies that when the character Cki is inputted (or coincides therewith) in the state Sji, the state can be transmitted to the state Sli. Then in the expression, those which are equal to each other are included in {Sji, . . . , Sji, . . . , Sjm }.
Further, an output list (10) expression is generated. ##EQU7## where (Sjp Aip) implies that the character string Aip is found at the point of time when reaching the state Sjp.
FIG. 16 shows a PAD (program analysis diagram) of the algorithm for deriving the state transition list (9) and the output list (10) from the character string aggregation (8) expression.
Next, a failure transition list (11) expression is obtained from the state transition list (9). f list=((So Sjo) . . . (Sm Sjm)) (11)
The element (Sm Sjm) of f list specifies transition of the character Ck inputted in the state Sm to the state Sjm with reference to f list when the state to be transmitted is not specified in a list (9) expression. It may be called generally a failure function.
The f list is provided so as to cope with the case where a reinitialization of the state to So is generally not correct when a matching is successful halfway of a character string but the next character does not coincide in the partial character string matching, i.e., a destination of the predetermined state transition is not found. For example, a retrieval of two partial character strings "CHARACTERΔRECOGNITION" and "OPTICALΔCHARACTERΔREADER" is assumed. Supposing a sentence reading ". . . OPTICALΔCHARACTERΔRECOGNITION . . . " is inputted, a portion up to "OPTICALΔCHARACTERΔRE" coincides with the second partial character string but the next character "C" is not for matching. Here, if the state is returned to So to resetting, the automaton processes the ensuing sentence "COGNITION . . . " as input characters, therefore the partial character string "CHARACTERΔRECOGNITION" will be overlooked after all. Accordingly, the state to be transmitted in the case of failure matching is not So, but the state must stand as matching a transition pass "CHARACTERΔRE" of the first character string "CHARACTERΔRECOGNITION".
Then next, the subsystem 400 transmits the state transition list, a list, the output list, o list, and the failure transition list, f list, made out as described above to lower flexible string matching circuits FSMs 501 to 503.
A further detailed block diagram of the flexible string matching circuit 501 is shown in FIG. 17. (The block diagram applies likewise to FMSs 502, 503.)
The above-described three lists, a list, o list and f list, are loaded in predetermined areas of a memory 513 by way of an adapter 571. A microprocessor 511 generates an extended finite automaton shown in FIG. 18(b) in the form of state transition matrix on the above information according to a predetermined microprogram.
The finite automaton that the lists, a list and f list, directly imply has a simple form as shown in FIG. 18(a). The drawing illustrates two transitions ##EQU8## in the a list.
The microprocessor 511 extends and transforms the finite automaton shown in FIG. 18(a) to the one as shown in FIG. 18(b). The transformation is determined identically. A predetermined partial character string can be searched from the ambiguous text to be retrieved according to the transformation. Here, in the drawing, f(Sj) is a failure function made out of the failure transition list f list, indicating a state of the destination of transition when failing in matching at the sate Sj. Then, the state Wj corresponds one-to-one to the state Sj, scanning the ambiguous character string (given within symbols [j). Further, the states Tj1, Tj2 are states coming out of the state Wj correspondingly to a transition from the state Sj, indicating that the character being retrieved (Ck1 or Ck2 in the drawing) has been found in the ambiguous character string.
Practically, the microprocessor 511 is capable of generating the state transition table shown in FIG. 19(a) directly from the two lists, a list and f list. A column (vertical) in the state transition table indicates a current state, and a row (lateral) corresponds to a character (code) inputted under the state. The state to transit next is written in the table. Since the algorithm for generating the state transition table will be analogized easily from illustration according to FIG. 18, a further description is omitted.
The microprocessor 511 further transforms the output list, o list, into the form of an output table shown in FIG. 19(b) and records it in a predetermined area of the memory 513 together with the state transition table.
A string search algorithm using the finite state automaton is given as below.
S:=So ;
While not eof do
read (c);
S: next (c, S);
if out (S) <>nil
then γ:=`true`;
Here, the function next (c, S) is one for obtaining the next state from the state transition table shown in FIG. 19(a) on the character c and the current state S. Further, the function out (S) is one for deciding whether or not an output is present on the state S with reference to the output table shown in FIG. 19(b).
Then, the state is assigned to a unit of one character code in the above description, however, in case the one character code is 2 bytes like Japanese, it is divided into 1 byte each and then the above-described method can be applied thereto.
Next, the text search subsystem 400 accepts the lists (6) expression and (7) expression of the proper numbers of texts to be retrieved, and transmits them to the corresponding FSM as text proper number lists to be retrieved at each FSM. Accordingly, if there exists an object to search in the corresponding text file, each FSM obtains the proper number list (ti1 ti2 ti3 . . . tin). The text proper number list is loaded in the memory 513 (FIG. 17). The microprocessor MPU 511 detects a physical address of each text according to a predetermined program (FIG. 20) in a microprogram memory 512. The text proper number and the physical address are managed by TEXT-DIR illustrated in FIG. 9, and the table can be read out of the file 451 and thus detected.
The microprocessor 511 then reads each text data out of the file 451. A file control division 531 inputs text data (character string) thus read out successively to an FIFO (first-in-first-out) circuit 532. The microprocessor MPU 511 reads characters one by one out of FIFO 532 and verifies whether or not a predetermined partial character string is present according to the finite automaton (FIG. 18(b)) defined in the memory 513. A string matching result b list (FIG. 20) is returned to the memory 402 of the upper processor.
CPU 1 arranges text proper number lists with retrieval conditions coincident with each other which are sent back from a plurality of lower FSM's into one according to a predetermined program and transmits them further to the memory 102 in the upper control subsystem. A document proper number DOC# with partial character strings matched therefor and a proper number of a document image IMGID or a title TITLE can be identified from the text proper number by referring to the main directory 153 (FIG. 5).
The retrieval results are sent back to the terminal 800. Users are capable of calling the image of a desired document to a CRT to display thereon while observing the title and others on the CRT.
A second illustrative example will be described, next. In the example, a configuration of the flexible string matching circuit 501 only is different. FIG. 21 is a configuration drawing of the flexible string matching circuit FSM in the second example.
In the drawing, a secondary storage unit (text file) 461 has a plurality of heads capable of reading a signal simultaneously, and in the example, data can be read out of the four heads simultaneously. The data is transmitted to four FIFO circuits 551 to 554 each by way of a file control unit FCU 541.
On the other hand, retrieval conditions sent from the upper subsystem 400 are interpreted by the microprocessor 551 and then transmitted to microprocessor units MPU1 561 to MPU4 564 including data memories.
Text data read out of the text file 461 are read to the microprocessor units 561 to 564 each by way of FIFO circuits 551 to 554. The microprocessor units search in parallel a predetermined partial character string from among four character strings (text data) and sends the result back to the microprocessor 511 by way of a data bus 521.
Since the other portions are equal to those of the first example, a description will be omitted.
A third illustrative example will be then taken up for description. In the example, the hardware configuration is the same as those of the first and second examples, but the text searching is different.
In taking up the case where a document to be retrieved is narrowed down by means of a keyword or classification code according to a hierarchical retrieval method, the document screened in the process is generally unevenly distributed to a volume of the text file.
In the system of the example, a text data is stored redundantly in a plurality of text file volumes for multiplicity. According to a predetermined program, CPU 401 (FIG. 4) selects a volume to access so as to even the frequency of access to a plurality of volumes for the texts stored redundantly in the volumes. According to the system, all the flexible string matching circuits operate efficiently, and a high-speed retrieval can be realized as a whole.
In the above example, a multiplicity of the flexible string search circuit is 3 or 4, however, the multiplicity is not particularly limited in the system according to the invention.
Then, the text search is carried out of the whole document uniformly and so described hereinabove, however, information on the page boundary will be recorded in the text in a special symbol, and a page number successful in string matching can also be output as a matching result, the system of which is also included in the invention.
Further, the description has been given on an English text, however, the system can also be applied likewise to other languages.
Then, the text data is extracted through character recognition in the above example, however, the mode of a text content retrieval is apparently applicable to a text data inputted by hand, which is included in the invention.
Further, a system status has been described as illustrated in FIG. 4, however, it remains unchanged substantially in the case of miniature system or stand-alone system, which is also included in the invention. In particular, it is conceivable that a text file and an image file provided in another system be loaded to a small scale retrieval station, which is included in the invention.
Still further, it goes without saying that retrieval conditions can be combined through a logical operator or extended so as to retrieve the partial character string satisfying a relative positional relation. Particularly, a combinative high retrieval can be realized at high speed through postprocessing by outputting a presence of each of a plurality of partial character strings.
As described above, according to the system of the invention, a desired document can be retrieved at high speed by referring to the contents of the document text, and also retrieved efficiently from a conception which is not conceivable at the point in time of having registered the document. Particularly at the time of registration, there is no necessity for worrying excessively about what is suitable to put as a classification code or keyword. A retrieval precision can be enhanced consequently and a noise occurrence can be suppressed at the same time.
Further, a text can be retrieved at high speed by juxtaposing the text search subsystem internally. A high speed operation can be attained particularly by adding a string matching circuit at every reading heads.
In the case of a retrieval for a large scale document file, the text contents can be retrieved by decreasing documents to be retrieved according to a keyword and bibliographical items, thus realizing an efficient retrieval as a whole.
Then, for obtaining a text data from document images, a document recognition result must have been inspected in each occasion to correct errors in the prior art, however, no attendant is particularly required therefor according to the invention. The text content retrieval has not been substantially realized hitherto for the reason mentioned above, but an effective text content retrieval can be secured by the invention.


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The RMJ Tactical TNK Dragonfly is a Push Dagger featuring a double edged blade with a T-handle for instinctive gripping. Whether you are law enforcement, military or a civilian, this knife is a great edition to your EDC (every day carry) system. Comfortably sitting between the middle and ring finger, the Dragonfly is a great defensive knife that discreetly carries on the belt with two provided scout carry straps. If you are looking for a knife that is easy to conceal, quick to draw, and can be done without direct line of sight, this is a great option for you.As a TNK exclusive feature, we also offer a custom made leather sheath supplied for vertical dress carry in addition to the horizontal Kydex carry for those who prefer an upgraded leather rig to the standard Kydex.
Overall Length: 4.75 in
Blade Length: 2.375 in
Cutting Edge Length: 2.32 in
Blade Thickness: .135 in
Weight: 1.8 ounces (without sheath)
Blade Material: New Jersey Steel Baron Stainless Nitro-V RC 60Carry Description: Custom Kydex sheath with breakaway chain plus premium leather carry systemNEW JERSEY STEEL BARON NITRO V COMPOSITIONC: 0.680Si: 0.384Mn: 0.780P: 0.0190S: 0.0020Cr: 12.980V: 0.079N: 0.1098MADE IN TENNESSEE USA
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text:
Proposition Summary
AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT. TAX CREDITS. INITIATIVE STATUTE. Authorizes State Air Resources Board and delegated air pollution control districts to award $218 million in state tax credits annually until January 2011, to encourage air-emissions reduction through acquisition, conversion, and retrofitting of: -- vehicles, buses, and heavy-duty trucks; -- hearth products; -- construction vehicles and equipment; -- lawn and garden equipment; -- ambient air pollution destruction technology; -- off-road, nonrecreational vehicles; -- port equipment; -- agricultural waste and rice straw conversion facilities; and through research and development. Requires study of air quality market-based incentive program for prescribed burning projects. Establishes local transportation funds as trust funds. Summary of Legislative Analyst's Estimate of Net State and Local Government Fiscal Impact: Annual net state revenue loss due to new tax credits, averaging in the range of tens of millions to over a hundred million dollars, from 1999 to beyond 2010. Increase in local sales tax revenues, potentially in the millions of dollars annually through 2010-11. State costs of up to $4.7 million annually through 2010-11 to administer new tax credit program. Potential long-term savings to state and local governments, of an unknown amount, in health care expenditures.
Proposition Number
Document Type
Popular Vote Results
Election Type
General Election
Proposition Type
Initiative Statute
For Author
JOHN BALMES, M.D., Co-Chair, Clean Air Advisory Group American Lung Association of California; R. MICHAEL KUSSOW, President, California Air Pollution Control Officers Association; KIT COSTELLO, R.N., President, California Nurses Association
Against Author
DAN AGUIRRE, President, California Association of Professional Scientists; STATE SENATOR QUENTIN L. KOPP; LENNY GOLDBERG, Executive Director, California Tax Reform Association
Rebuttal Against Author
SENATOR MIKE THOMPSON, Chairman, California Joint Legislative Budget Committee; HOWARD RIS, Executive Director, Union of Concerned Scientists; JOHN VAN DE KAMP, Former California Attorney General
Recommended Citation
Air Quality Improvement. Tax Credits. California Proposition 7 (1998).


text:
THE LEVANT – Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif on Wednesday accused Washington of being "obsessed" with sanctions as a new round of high-stakes bilateral nuclear negotiations opened in New York.
"We are committed to resolving this issue," Zarif told a US think-tank, as a State Department official confirmed to AFP that the two sides had resumed talks here late Wednesday.
But Zarif argued part of the problem blocking a deal was the US "infatuation" with sanctions.
"This deal would require the United States to lift the sanctions, and the reason Congress is objecting to this is that it wants to keep these sanctions," Zarif told the Council on Foreign Relations.
"Sanctions have become an end in themselves. Sanctions do not serve any purpose," he argued, saying during the time that the Iranian economy has been slapped with Western measures the number of the country's centrifuges has soared from 200 to 20,000.
"So sanctions have produced, just in normal calculus, 18,800 centrifuges," he said, joking it was "simple maths."
- 'Safer world' –
US Secretary of State John Kerry told lawmakers the aim was to reach a deal under which "any pathway to a bomb will be eliminated" and "we have the ability to come to you and say the world is safer, our allies in the region are safer."
"That's the goal. We're not there yet. I don't know if we can get there," said Kerry, who has insisted that military action against Iran's suspect nuclear facilities has not been ruled out.
The two sides missed a July target date for a deal following an interim deal under which Iran agreed to freeze its uranium enrichment in return for access to some about $7 billion in oil revenues frozen in bank accounts around the world.
The five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany — known as the P5+1 — are returning to the negotiating table with Iran seeking to reach a deal to scale back Tehran's nuclear activities by a new November 24 deadline.


text:
Who: Baby Boomer Blues
Where: MY Place
When: March 7-8, 8 p.m.
Turn on the news or pick up the national paper. What do you see? A war with Iraq looming, missiles going off in North Korea, terrorist forces still breeding, still plotting.
But what else do you see? Millions of people marching peacefully. Three quarters of a million in Manhattan, walking in protest against a war with Iraq. In London, the city staged the biggest street parade in history. In Australia, women got nude to form a peace sign, and in Turkey thousands marched against U.S. troops moving in.
If youre like me, youre probably asking yourself: "Whats Goin On?" as so poignantly sung by Marvin Gaye back in the late 60s. Its a song written over 30 years ago that is still bearing relevance today, and theres many more like it. Crowds of disenfranchised are chanting 60s era Beatles songs like Come Together and Let It Be. Burt Bacharachs song by Dionne Warwick, What the World Needs Now Is Love is resonating through the streets. The list is, as they say, endless.
So what is it about the songs of the 60s that seems so timeless? The cast of Baby Boomer Blues have their theories. The seasoned performers are finding their concerts have become more than a tribute to the great tune smiths and melody makers of the 60s. The 60s song era has become testament to a time of turmoil.
"Our shows are not just a memory lane trip for the baby boomer generation, were getting people of all ages," said singer Andy Thoma. "The younger kids are finding the songs really quite thought-provoking and emotional in light of whats going on in the word today."
Fellow cast-mate, Shari Ulrich agreed.
"If you think about it, history is, in a way, repeating itself. Back in the 60s we had the Vietnam War raging on and peace rallies were everywhere," she said. "And today holds similar events, but theres no music on the radio representing the masses. Theres nothing in the charts about politics or revolution. It all seems to be about escapism. So perhaps people are turning to the past for representation," she offered.
Ulrich is particularly close to the songs of the 60s. She was a college student in the San Francisco Bay area during the Vietnam War and remembers it as a time of great unrest.
"All my peers were getting drafted, which meant possible death. It was very worrying. In our passionate youthful idealism, we never believed it was our business to be in Vietnam and we spent a lot of time protesting. I was horrified when four students at Kent State University were shot and killed at the hands of the national guard. It was so ironic because it was a protest for peace. So I left soon after and moved to Canada for safety, and have stayed ever since."
Keyboardist Jim Hodgkinson of the Baby Boomer Blues said music became the choice for a generation grasping for a way to express their feelings.
"I still remember the song San Francisco (Flowers In Your Hair) and I was completely in awe. I couldnt believe songs like that existed, expressing the sentiments at the time. They offered social commentary representing a large part of the community and it brought many of us together as a unified force with a powerful voice," said Hodgkinson.
The cast and crew behind Baby Boomer Blues have chosen a set of songs to celebrate but also to inspire.
"The harmonies and the hooks behind most of these songs are so catchy, so simple but so intelligent and revolutionary. Bob Dylans Blowin in the Wind is a prime example and we do it in the show," said Hodgkinson.
"Yes, n how many ears must one man have before he can hear people cry? Yes, n how many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind." Bob Dylan
Baby Boomer Blues ironically started rehearsals the day of the September 11 terrorist attacks, giving the creators a whole different focus for the production.
"We wanted to bring an awareness through these songs to things that are happening now but also to things that were happening back then, so maybe we can make sure we dont repeat the same mistakes again," said Thoma.
The Baby Boomer Blues and their songs of the 60s take at the MY Place auditorium this Friday and Saturday nights. Tickets are $29 for adults and $24 for students. Ph: 604-935-8418.


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As more and more people hit the gym to try to lose weight, researchers point out they might be doing more harm than good. All that running on treadmills, lifting heavy weights, jumping rope like school girls and doing endless crunches might help you burn a few pounds, but researchers want to you to ask yourself one question – is that worth your smile?
A breakthrough study involving one man and one woman over the course of six days found that the more time they spent in the gym, the more their bones were achy, the more irritable they were, and the more likely they were to pout. Stretching before the workout only made it worse.
"We decided it's just not worth it. We'd rather be fat and happy," said Ken, who represents 50 percent of the test group.
The good news, especially for those who love the gym or those just getting excited about exercising, is that we've totally made-up this story. So, happy April Fool's Day from DietsInReview.com!


text:
Lee holds overall responsibility for the IBA Division and is a founder member and Treasurer of MIBAAA (Manufacturers of IBA Aggregates Association. He directs and controls all operations and gives strategic guidance and direction to ensure that we achieve our mission and objectives.
Lee has over 25 years technical and commercial experience in mineral processing and 10 years IBA experience. He is instrumental in process design, efficiency and development and also drives all commercial activities. He is accountable for all contracts and key client relationships and strives to be the partner of choice.


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In my opinion one of Sigi's most exquisite creations, the "wave" or "ribbon" necklace I am presenting here is an iconic piece for the maestro and one of Taxco's best modernist moments. Going back to the classic "pectoral" form yet stripping away all but the most essential design elements, Sigi combines matte sterling surfaces with undulating ribbon appliqués and dramatic niello accents in a veritable masterpiece…
Size/Weight: 14 1/2″ – 14 3/4″ long (wearable; designed such as to have the pectoral sit on the collar bone; incredibly comfortable when worn, however, due to its articulated construction); pectoral part is 4 3/8″ wide and its drop at center front reaches 1 3/8″; 109.0 grams
Hallmarks / Date: Sigi's name as shown alongside "HECHO EN MEXICO", des. no 60 and Eagle 3 assay mark; 1960s
Condition: excellent vintage, classically mod and very elegant, with the most amazing, silky patina and no damage or repairs noted
Inv. #13352
SOLD – Thank you!


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Not every product sells in the same way, and not every merchant account provider (MAP) charges you the same way. Choose a MAP that suits your business. Begin by considering the nature of the products you sell -- are they large and expensive? Perhaps then you ought to seek a MAP that offers a higher flat-rate transaction fee and minimizes the discount rate, since even a hefty $1 transaction fee will be far lower than a 2.5% deduction from the charge. On the other hand, if you rely on small, high-volume sales, even a $0.30 transaction fee can erase your profits.
Also consider cost vs. convenience issues. Many MAPs will require you to lease or buy a credit card terminal and process orders by hand (which means that customers must wait for you to process their order). Others allow for instant verification and processing via the Web, but not surprisingly, these services are often more expensive. For some products, such as memberships or access to resources stored on the Web, instant verification is especially important; a potential customer who wants to peek inside may be discouraged if he or she has to wait for manual processing.
Copyright © 1995-2000 Pinnacle WebWorkz Inc. All rightsreserved. Do not duplicate or redistribute in any form.


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2017 Fiat 124 Spider to bring out the best
Long way Back, when Fiat disclosed the first 2017 Fiat 124 Spider, a decade ago, it wasn't precisely an upheaval in motoring. There were a lot of other feasible roadsters available, in those days, from England, Germany, and the great ole' USA.
However, the Fiat executed the front engine/rear-drive/drop-top equation with suitable Italian pizazz and exemplary Pininfarina style; its $3,256 price tag just added to the appeal.
We gobbled it up: According to Fiat, more than 170,000 were sold in here between 1968, when it achieved our shores, and 1985, when generation finished. Not awful for a spunky little import in the place that is known for V8s.
Turbocharged Italian Heart Transplant
The 1.4-liter turbocharged four-chamber engine in the engine additionally denote a takeoff from the Mazda form and its suctioned 2.0-liter twin-cam four.
Gathered in Italy, the 1.4T is sent finished to Japan to be introduced amid definite get together. The engine is like the one in the Fiat 500 Abarth, with four psi of extra turbo help and modifications for longitudinal mounting in the rear-wheel-drive Spider.
Reinforced by 22 psi of help, this MultiAir four makes 160 pull at 5500 rpm and 184 lb-ft of torque at 2500 rpm; select the Abarth adaptation of the 124 Spider, and you'll get four more steeds yet a similar measure of torque.
The Design
And additionally, the misguided automatic "redesign," this review car had the $3,795 Premium Collection bundle included.
That tosses in a 9-speaker Bose sound system – finish with speakers coordinated into the headrests – alongside blind side and cross way recognition, stop help, route, LED headlamps and DRLs, warmed outside mirrors, and a caution, in addition to other things.
Mazda's infotainment software is carried over and stays clear to use, as are the greater part of the substantial controls for HVAC and so forth.
As in the Miata, you'll discover lodge storage lacking, and a portion of the trim is modest verging on comical: the plastic for the skinny sun visors, for example, wouldn't get a handle on of place covering a crate of chocolates.
Quality, safety, and features
Fiat's model lineup comprises of Classica, Lusso, and the Abarth trims. Pricing begins inside a couple of hundred dollars of the Miata, at about $26,000.
The Classica's hardware is very essential, yet the extravagance situated Lusso gets such components as automatic atmosphere control, a 7-creep touchscreen radio, cowhide upholstery, warmed seats, and 17-crawl wheels on summer execution tires.
The sportier Abarth highlights a constrained slip differential; Bilstein stuns, an exceptional fumes system that includes four pull, and aluminum-emphasized game pedals. The Abarth is offered with Brembo brakes and Recaro brandish seats.
Notwithstanding utilizing all the more delicate touch materials, Fiat tried to piece clamor than Mazda did with the Miata, including an acoustic windshield, a thicker rear window, and sound stifling material in a few zones.
With the top up, it's still fairly boisterous, and rear tire commotion is particularly discernible, yet it's a more quiet environment than the Miata's.
Security gear incorporates the typically required elements, and buyers can select a rearview camera, rear stop help, and a blind side monitor with rear cross movement caution.
The Fiat 124 Spider won't be tried by both of the crash test organizations.
Power and Performance
You get more power, however, an altogether different driving style. One of the Miata delights is the linearity of how it puts down its transmission.
Interestingly, the Fiat feels more suited to loose cruising, very eager to drop out of the turbocharger's support band.
With the manual gearbox – the transmission from the past gen Miata – you could, at any rate, downshift to help the procedure, yet the automatic is only that tiny bit hesitant to oblige.
You don't get paddle shifters since Fiat saves those for the more costly Abarth rendition. However, you can slap the adhere to the side and attempt to urge changes yourself.
The Fiat 124 Spider looks different, it drives different, it sounds different. Because of its looks and Euro-marque badging, we could see this being all the more speaking to an eventual Mini or VW Beetle convertible buyer than its stage mate, yet the absence of rear seats contracts its group of onlookers from the get-go.
In the meantime, the scope of jump up parts in the growing Mopar inventory makes it simple to tailor it to your taste, and that is before outsider providers get in on the activity. We're interested in what number of MX-5 secondary selling parts will work here, too.
In any case, we think the world's a superior, more joyful place with another sincere and moderate convertible in it.
Instead of attempting to do a point-by-point 124 Spider/MX-5 investigation here – that is another take for some other time – we'd encourage you to give it a shot, check whether it fits your identity and after that run with your gut. However, it still looks conventional than the 2016 AlfaRomeo Giulia.


text:
HMC (Herts) LTD
- Telephone:
- 01992 466488 | 07442 536362
- Unit 16 Parkside Business Centre, Plumpton Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, EN11 0ES
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Key factsPrint summary
++RARE CAR++LOVELY CONDITION++HEATED SEATS++FSH++REVERSE CAMERA++BI XENONS++COMMAND SAT NAV++ , Full service history, Excellent bodywork, Black Full leather interior - Excellent Condition, Tyre condition Excellent, White, Two minute walk from rye house train station, 30 mins from central london by train., £8,989 p/x considered
This car comes with
Upholstery Leather, Alloy Wheels-19in AMG 7 Twin-Spoke, Designo Metallic Paint, Black Ash Wood Trim, Luxury Package, Sun Protection Package, 18in AMG Alloy Wheels (4) - 6 - Twin - Spoke Design, Front 245/40 Tyres, Rear 265/35 Tyres and Locking Wheel Bolts, Alarm System, Audio 20 Radio with Single CD Drive (MP3 Compatible), 5.8in Colour Display, Aux -in Socket, Automatic Climate Control - Two -Zone, Bluetooth Interface for Hands - Free Telephony, Electric Windows (4), Heated Front Seats, Parktronic with Advanced Parking Guidance - Parking Space Measurement, Visual and Audible Steering Guidance, Rain - Sensing Wipers, Tyre Pressure Loss Warning System, Upholstery - Artico Artificial Leather/ Dinamica Microfibre
- 202010084753828
- 2011
- 11
- £8,989
- 899
- 82,000
- Cars
- E Class
- SyJN+88ruEI=
Vehicle summary
|Body style
|Engine size
|2987 cc
|Fuel type
|Number of doors
|Number of seats
|Gearbox type
|CO2 emissions
|185 g/km
|Insurance group
|Standard manufacturer's warranty (miles)
|No details available
|Standard manufacturer's warranty (years)
|3 years
|Standard paintwork guarantee
|3 years
Performance & economy
|Fuel consumption (urban)
|31.0 mpg
|Fuel consumption (extra urban)
|47.9 mpg
|Fuel consumption (combined)
|40.4 mpg
|0 - 60 mph
|6.9 seconds
|Top speed
|155 mph
|Engine power
|265 bhp
|Engine torque
|398.30 lbs/ft
|1470 mm
|Height inclusive of roof rails
|No details available
|4868 mm
|2874 mm
|1854 mm
|Width including mirrors
|No details available
|Fuel tank capacity
|66 litres
|Minimum kerb weight
|1845 kg
|Interior features
|Exterior features
|12V Socket in Front Storage Compartment
|18in AMG Alloy Wheels (4) - 6 - Twin - Spoke Design, Front 245/40 Tyres, Rear 265/35 Tyres and Locking Wheel Bolts
|3 - Spoke Nappa Leather Trimmed Steering Wheel
|Bumpers - Body - Coloured
|8 Speakers
|Door Mirrors - Electrically Adjustable, Folding, Heated and Auto Dimming Drivers Door Mirror
|AMG Floor Mats
|Headlamp Wash
|AMG Sports Steering Wheel
|Heated Windscreen Wash System
|Audio 20 Radio with Single CD Drive (MP3 Compatible), 5.8in Colour Display, Aux -in Socket
|Spare Wheel - Space - Saver (Steel with Wheel Bolts)
|Automatic Climate Control - Two -Zone
|Automatic Dimming Rear View
|Bluetooth Interface for Hands - Free Telephony
|Centre Console
|Cup Holders - Front and Rear
|Direct Control Suspension - Lower by 15 mm
|Drivers Seat with Manual Lumbar Support
|Electric Windows (4)
|Front Armrest with Storage Compartment, Two - Part Lid and Rear Armrest with Compartment
|Front Seats with Electrical Height and Backrest Adjustment
|Front Sports Seats
|Gear Shift Trimmed in Nappa Leather
|Heated Front Seats
|Multi - Function Steering Wheel - Controls Volume, Radio Station and Onboard Computer
|Outside Temperature Gauge
|Rain - Sensing Wipers
|Steering Column with Adjustable Height and Reach
|Trim - Aluminium, Brushed
|Upholstery - Artico Artificial Leather/ Dinamica Microfibre
|Acceleration Skid Control (ASR)
|Airbags - Front Sidebags/Front and Rear Windowbags
|Airbags - Kneebag for Driver
|Alarm System
|Anti - Lock Braking System (ABS) with Brake Assist (BAS)
|Centre Rear Seat Belt
|Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)
|Front Fog Lamps
|Head Restraints Front/Rear
|Headlamps - Intelligent Light System with Bi - Xenon, LED Daytime Running Lights, Active Light System, Cornering Light Function and Adaptive High Beam Assist
|High - Level Third Brake Light - LED
|ISOFIX Child Seat Fixings in Rear (Two Outer Seats)
|Multi - Stage Airbags for Driver
|Multi - Stage Airbags for Front Passenger
|Parktronic with Advanced Parking Guidance - Parking Space Measurement, Visual and Audible Steering Guidance
|Power - Assisted Steering
|Remote Central Locking
|Tyre Pressure Loss Warning System
Please note
This includes MPG figures which are calculated under European Standards, in test conditions, and will vary under normal driving conditions. The information displayed above describes the typical specification of the most recent model of this vehicle. It is not the exact specification for the actual vehicle being offered for sale which may vary. Specifications for older models may also vary. Please contact us prior to purchase to confirm the exact specification of this vehicle.
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House Page Program
*Applications will begin to be processed for the 2020 Legislative Session onWednesday, January 8, 2020
__________________________________________________________________________________HOUSE PAGE PROGRAM INFORMATION Welcome to the Georgia House of Representatives' Page Program, an exclusive opportunity offering Georgia's students between 12 and 18 years of age and older to visit the State Capitol and serve the members of the House of Representatives. This program has become an essential part of the services provided to both the legislators and the public. For over 50 years, the experience of a legislative page has sparked many political aspirations and has been a connective link between elected leaders and Georgia's young students.
Pursuant to O.C.G.A. §20-2-692, "children who serve as pages of the General Assembly during the school year, either at regular or special sessions, shall be credited as present by the school in which enrolled in the same manner as an educational field trip, and such participation as a page shall not be counted as an absence, either excused or unexcused."_______________________________________________________________________________________________CONTACT INFORMATION
Page Program StaffState CapitolAtlanta, GA 30334(404) 463-5414(404) firstname.lastname@example.com


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10 Best Local Cookbooks and Food Guides
This holiday season we've compiled our picks for the 10 best food guides and cookbooks, all written by local Minnesota authors in the last year. From cookbooks on indigenous foods, squash, cake, and gluten-free breads, to recipes from Twin Cities chefs, to guides on cooking from farmers markets, mushroom hunting, growing micro greens, and dehydrating -- you've got plenty of options for the local food lover on your list.
See also: The Essential Holiday Gift Guide for Local Food Lovers
10. Original Local by Heid E. Erdrich Heid E. Erdrich is a poet. That's right, she'd not a cookbook author, nor a food blogger, nor a chef. She is also a member of the Turtle Mountain band of Ojibwe, half German-American, and resides in Minnesota. When asked what her inspiration was for writing a cookbook, Erdrich answered, "A thousand years of deliciousness right outside my door; my family of gardeners, hunters, gatherers; and a people's health."
Published late last year, Original Local is just that, a truly indigenous ode to the foods and stories of the upper Midwest. The book is organized into chapters on native foods from manoomin (traditionally harvested wild rice), fish and game, to mandaamin (corn), and maple and berries. Each chapter comes with a story that highlights the past and present state of indigenous food (like how water quality affects wild rice), as well as antidotes, community tales, and of course, poetry. It's a soulful cookbook for the Midwestern heart.
9. The Minnesota Farmers Market Cookbook by Tricia Cornell This colorful cookbook is a field guide to finding, shopping, and cooking from local farmers markets in Minnesota. Over 80 recipes from local chefs, foodies, and vendors make this book a goldmine for seasonal cooks. Writer Tricia Cornell created the book because so many people said that they loved to shop at the farmers market, but had no clue how to actually grocery shop at one.
"Farmers markets are fantastic community gathering places, but they are are also great places to do a big portion of your weekly grocery shop," says Cornell. "I wanted to write a book that would help people feel more comfortable doing that." From fresh veggies and fruit to local meats, eggs and cheeses, farmers markets are the perfect way to connect with all that's local -- as is this cookbook.
8. Mushrooms of the Upper Midwest by Kathy Yerich and Teresa Marrone Kathy Yerich and Teresa Marrone (also mentioned below for her dehydrating book) are prolific and expert mushroom hunters. Their guide to mushrooms is written for both beginners and experts. Easy-to-understand descriptions, habitat keys, and high quality photos make this a perfect gift for the budding mycologist in your life. And it fits perfectly in your back pocket (or stocking?).
"Our book is a very accessible reference manual for identifying mushrooms," says Yerich. With almost 400 common mushroom varieties listed, the book is well organized into sections including "Top Edibles" and "Top Toxics." Now you have all winter to read up on mushrooms before the big morel season hits this spring. Prepare yourselves for the hunt.
7. Surprise-Inside Cakes by Amanda Rettke Baker, blogger, and supermom Amanda Rettke's cake cookbook just makes you smile. Her easy-to-make (and tasty) cakes take no special equipment or training, just a desire to delight your loved ones. Filled with fun, fanciful, and downright ingenious cake designs, this cookbook could change your cake baking forever.
"Writing Surprise-Inside Cakes came from a deep seeded desire to make people happy," says Rettke. "Seeing their faces when they cut into a cake with a design on the inside (that is often personalized just for them) is addicting! Plus cake is yummy."
6. Indoor Kitchen Gardening by Elizabeth Millard Author and farmer Elizabeth Millard, co-founder of the local CSA Bossy Acres, takes you through the step-by-step process of simple indoor-farming of micro greens, as well as growing more ambitious varieties of veggies like mushrooms, potatoes, tomatoes, and lettuce. From window-sill gardening to a garden in your basement, Millard shows you how to have fresh produce all year long.
"Winters in Minnesota are notorious for wearing optimists down to a brittle nub," says Millard. "As the snow buried our cars, we harvested carrots, tomatoes, pea shoots, and tray after tray of micro-greens." Nothing brightens up your day more than a bunch of greens in February during the polar vortex. [page]
5. Smitten with Squash by Amanda Paa Blogger Amanda Paa elevates the humble squash to new heights in this tasty cookbook. From those prolific summer zucchinis to the long-storing winter butternuts, Paa takes home cooks through preparing a wide variety of squashes available in the Midwest, with more than 75 recipes that are easy and delicious to make.
"My hope is that people find new recipes for the familiar butternut and acorn, but also use the book as a resource and inspiration for the other beautiful squashes they see at the market, but usually pass by," notes author Amanda Paa. Now you finally know what to do with that giant pile of squash at the market.
4. The Beginner's Guide to Making and Using Dried Foods by Teresa Marrone This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know to know about dehydrating food, even without a dehydrator, and how cook with it. Each recipe covers oven, sun, and dehydrator options along with wide array of foods, from vegetables and fruits to meats. It also has recipes for how to use all those dried foods in your everyday life.
"I got into drying foods when I was doing a lot of camping in the BWCA (Boundary Water Canoe Area) and wanted to find an alternative to pre-packed freeze-dried 'meals,'" says author Teresa Marrone. "Since then, I've learned about so many other great uses, such as making homemade candied fruit, veggie burger mix, homemade crackers and cereal, and of course all types of dried fruits and veg. It's a great way to make foods that suit your style, whether it's gluten-free, low sodium, vegan, or just plain good." You, too, can have a pantry full of bulk foods at your finger tips, without hitting the co-op.
3. Kitchen Science Lab for Kids by Elizabeth Lee Heinecke While technically not a cookbook (although it does have edible electromagnetic waves), this book celebrates the kitchen and food as a source of science magic. Instead of baking cookies, why not mix up a batch of acid rain detector? Or make your own solar oven? Or, our favorite, create a soda geyser?
"Got milk? Food Coloring? Vinegar? Chances are, you already have a cupboard-full of science experiments at your fingertips," says author Elizabeth Lee Heinecke. "Exploring science in kitchens and backyards provides an environment for freedom, creativity, and invention that isn't always possible in a school setting. Kitchen Science Lab For Kids shows you that it's simple, inexpensive, and fun to whip up amazing experiments for kids of all ages using everyday ingredients." If you have kids, or just are a kid, this book is a must-have.
2. Gluten-Free Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day by Zoe Francois and Jeff Hertzberg Bestselling authors Zoe Francois and Jeff Hertzberg, of Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day and numerous other cookbooks, bring you their first entirely gluten-free cookbook, after a flood of requests from devoted readers. The recipes make you wonder why you use wheat when such fabulous bread can be made without it.
"Jeff and I decided that it was a bit unfair for someone with celiac disease or wheat sensitivities to have to buy a book packed full of wheat breads, just for a single chapter of gluten-free recipes," notes Francois. "But they were doing it. So we set off to create a book entirely for those folks. It's all our best recipes from our other books, but reworked with gluten-free flours." We can personally vouch for the brioche doughnuts. OMG.
1. Twin Cities Chef's Table by Stephanie Meyer This lushly photographed cookbook celebrates the vibrant Twin Cities food scene with recipes and stories from more than 50 local eateries and cooks. This insider's guide takes you on a tour of an intensely creative food scene through lens of the Cities' chefs, mixologist, ethnic communities, local farms, and farmers markets. And it does double duty as a coffee table book.
"Basically, it's a love letter to all things food in the Twin Cities," says local food writer and blogger Stephanie Meyer. "The publisher's vision was the evolution of farm-to-table/Midwestern cuisine, with a vibrant ethnic food community, highlighting chefs achieving the national spotlight. I used that vision to share recipes and fill out the rest of the story with nods to our local farmers, markets, craft brewers, co-ops, and food trucks."
Books can be sourced online, or even better, at your local kitchen supply store, book store, or farm store. This year, eat, read, and cook local for the holidays.
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The MyWork Website Package is a complete solution perfect for small to medium sized businesses. Built for conversion and designed in-house by designers who understand Australian businesses, web design that looks amazing is now also affordable.
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Tender :
Firstly, Notice Inviting Tender (NIT) is received on portal. Then from the available NIT, a suitable NIT for the company is selected. After selection of suitable NIT, the process of Tender Preparation initiates, which encompass arranging necessary document and information as specified in the notice.
Tender allotment :
Once the Tender is prepared, it is sent to Department on the date of Tender Opening. If the Tender is according to specifications of the department, then a Letter of Acceptance is received from department. It encompasses all the conditions of work. As soon as the letter of acceptance is received, the company furnish performance guarantee within 15 days.
Mobilisation advance:
The department provides 10% advance of project cost, if the project is of 10 crore or more, in order to meet working capital requirement of the project. To receive 10% advance, we have to provide Bank Guarantee of at least 110%.
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The allotment of work order is followed by planning process. The process starts with collection of all necessary information of site and project. To get in-depth knowledge of site, it is visited by our engineers and supervisors. On the basis of observation of our engineers and superiors, the project tenure, work allocation, procurement of relevant resources and required machinery setup is incorporated.
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Accurate scheduling helps maximize the effectiveness of your workforce. And easy scheduling means supervisors can schedule both effectively and quickly.
- Create, view, or change a specific employee's schedule weeks or months in advance.
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text: Original ArticlesReallocation of Operating Room Capacity Using the Due-time ModelVansteenkiste, Nancy, MSc; Lamote, Christian, MSc; Vandersmissen, Jo, RN, MSc; Luysmans, Pierre, RN, MSc; Monnens, Philip, RN, MSc; De Voldere, Guido, RN, MSc; Kips, Johan, MD, PhD; Rademakers, Frank E., MD, PhDAuthor Information University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium N.V.S. and C.L. are joint first authorship. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Reprints: Frank E. Rademakers, MD, PhD, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. Medical Care: September 2012 - Volume 50 - Issue 9 - p 779-784 doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182549eb9 Buy Metrics Abstract Background: Demand for surgical treatment is rising while operating room (OR) resources are limited. Requests for more resources therefore can only be partly met by repartitioning the existing sparse resources. Objective: Our goal is to define a method to allocate OR block times among surgical disciplines in such a way that patients can be treated within an acceptable time after the need for surgery is established. In this paper, we introduce and explore the potential of the concept of the individual patient deviation from the optimal due time (DT) as a potential driver for OR (re-) allocation. Study Design and Setting: Using retrospective data for abdominal and gynecologic surgery, we analyzed DT deviation and 3 additional modifiers. From this analysis, a reallocation of OR time to the different (sub-) specialties was calculated using a simple model. Results: The results show the capability of measuring and visualizing relative overcapacity versus undercapacity of OR resources with respect to this patient-centered metric of DT. The reallocation results from the model show a potentially significant shift between programs. Conclusions: We propose the "due-time" concept as a valid measure to quantify OR resource use. The use of a DT-based model provides a transparent, acceptable system for regular reallocation of OR times between and within specialties. © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.