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The Young Men's Christian Association (commonly known as YMCA or simply the Y) is a worldwide organization based in Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy "body, mind, and spirit." These three angles are reflected by the different sides of the (red) triangle—part of all YMCA logos.
From its inception, it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of Muscular Christianity. Local YMCAs engage in a wide variety of charitable activities, including providing athletic facilities, holding classes for a wide variety of skills, proselytizing Christianity, and humanitarian work. YMCAs remain religious organizations; many national or local organizations de-emphasize this aspect, while others choose to prioritize its religious mission above all others.
The different local YMCAs are voluntarily affiliated through their national organizations. The national organizations in turn are part of both an Area Alliance and the World Alliance of YMCAs. The World Alliance's main motto is "empowering young people", and it is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
With regard to the history and purpose of the founding, this "organization and its female counterpart (YWCA) were established to provide low-cost housing in a safe Christian environment for rural young men and women journeying to the cities."[2] It was associated with industrialization and the movement of young people to cities to work. The YMCA "combined preaching in the streets and the distribution of religious tracts with a social ministry. Philanthropists saw them as places for wholesome recreation that would preserve youth from the temptations of alcohol, gambling, and prostitution and that would promote good citizenship."[2]
The YMCA was founded by draper, who was typical of the young men drawn to the cities by the Industrial Revolution. He and his colleagues were concerned about the lack of healthy activities for young men in major cities; the options available were usually taverns and brothels. Williams's idea grew out of meetings he held for prayer and Bible-reading among his fellow-workers in a business in the city of London,[3] and on 6 June 1844, he founded the first YMCA in London with the purpose of "the improving of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery, embroidery, and other trades."[4] By 1851, there were YMCAs in the United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States.
In 1855, 99 YMCA delegates from Europe and North America met in Paris at the First World Conference of YMCAs, held before the 1855 Paris World Exposition of the same year. They discussed joining together in a federation to enhance cooperation amongst individual YMCA societies. This marked the beginning of the World Alliance of YMCAs. The conference adopted the Paris Basis, a common mission for all present and future national YMCAs.[5] Its motto was taken from the Bible, "That they all may be one" (John 17:21). Other ecumenical bodies, such as the World YWCA, the World Council of Churches, and the World Student Christian Federation have reflected elements of the Paris Basis in their founding mission statements. In 1865 The Fourth World Conference of YMCAs, held in Germany, affirmed the importance of developing the whole individual in body, mind, and spirit. The concept of physical work through sports, a new concept for the time, was also recognized as part of this "muscular Christianity."
Two themes resonated during the council: the need to respect the local autonomy of YMCA societies, and the purpose of the YMCA: to unite all young, male Christians for the extension and expansion of the Kingdom of God. The former idea is expressed in the preamble:
The delegates of various Young Men's Christian Associations of Europe and America, assembled in Conference at Paris, the 22nd August, 1855, feeling that they are one in principle and in operation, recommend to their respective Societies to recognize with them the unity existing among their Associations, and while preserving a complete independence as to their particular organization and modes of action, to form a Confederation of secession on the following fundamental principle, such principle to be regarded as the basis of admission of other Societies in future.
The YMCA was very influential during the 1870s and 1930s, during which times they most successfully promoted "evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (where basketball and volleyball were invented) and swimming pools."[2] Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, the YMCA had "become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity."[2] Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise and be healthy.
In 1878, World Alliance of YMCAs offices were established in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, in 1900, North American YMCAs, in collaboration with the World Alliance, set up centers to work with emigrants in European ports, as millions of people were leaving for the USA. In 1880, the YMCA became the first national organization to adopt a strict policy of equal gender representation in committees and national boards, with Norway being the country that first adopted it.
In 1885, Camp Baldhead (later known as Camp Dudley), the first residential camp in the United States and North America, was established by A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley, both of whom worked for the YMCA. The camp, originally located near Orange Lake in New Jersey, moved to Lake Wawayanda in Sussex County the following year, and then to the shore of Lake Champlain near Westport, New York, in 1891.[6][7] By 1910, the YMCA was an early influence upon scouting, including the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and German Scouting. Edgar M. Robinson, a Chicago-area YMCA administrator, briefly left the YMCA to become the BSA's first director.
The Blue Ridge Association for Christian Conferences and Training was formed in 1907, and shortly thereafter built the Blue Ridge Assembly conference center.[8]
In 1916, K. T. Paul became the first Indian national general secretary of India. Paul had started rural development programs for self-reliance of marginal farmers, through co-operatives and credit societies. These programs became very popular. He also coined the term "rural reconstruction," and many of the principles he developed were later incorporated into the government's nationwide community development programs. In 1923, Y.C. James Yen, of the YMCA of China, devised the "thousand character system," based on pilot projects in education. The method also became very popular, and in 1923, it led to the founding of the Chinese National Association of the Mass Education Movement. In 1928, a historic YMCA in Jerusalem was established during the British Mandate. During World War II the YMCA was involved in war work with displaced persons and refugees. They set up War Prisoners Aid to support prisoners of war by providing sports equipment, musical instruments, art materials, radios, gramophones, eating utensils, and other items.
In 1947 the World Alliance of YMCAs gained special consultative status with the scuba diving course and certified their first skin and scuba diving instructors.[9][10] By 1974, the YMCA had set up a curriculum to begin teaching cave diving.[11]
In 1973 the Sixth World Council in Kampala, Uganda, became the first World Council in Africa. It reaffirmed the Paris Basis and adopted a declaration of principles, known as the Kampala Principles.[12] It include the principles of justice, creativity and honesty. It stated what had become obvious in most national YMCAs; a global viewpoint was more necessary, and that in doing so, thew YMCAs would have to take political stands, especially so in international challenges. In 1985 the World Council of YMCAs passed a resolution against apartheid, and anti-apartheid campaigns were formed under the leadership of Lee Soo-Min (Korea), the first Asian secretary general of the World Alliance.
In 1997, at the 14th World Council of YMCAs, the World Council in Germany adopted "Challenge 21,"[13] intended to place more focus on global challenges, such as gender equality, sustainable development, war and peace, fair distribution, and the challenges of globalization, racism, and HIV/AIDS:
Affirming the Paris Basis adopted in 1855, as the ongoing foundation statement of the mission of the YMCA, at the threshold of the third millennium, we declare that the YMCA is a worldwide Christian, ecumenical, voluntary movement for women and men with special emphasis on and the genuine involvement of young people and that it seeks to share the Christian ideal of building a human community of justice with love, peace and reconciliation for the fullness of life for all creation.
Each member YMCA is therefore called to focus on certain challenges which will be prioritized according to its own context. In practice, urgent needs such as environmental responsibility are ignored at the YMCA's national and local levels. These challenges are an evolution of the Kampala Principles
Sharing the good news of Jesus Christ and striving for spiritual, intellectual and physical well-being of individuals and wholeness of communities.
Empowering all to take increased responsibilities and assume leadership at all levels and working towards an equitable society.
Advocating for and promoting the rights of and upholding the rights of children.
Fostering dialogue and partnership between people of different faiths and ideologies and recognizing the cultural identities of people and promoting cultural renewal.
Committing to work in solidarity with the poor, dispossessed, uprooted people and oppressed racial, religious and ethnic minorities.
Seeking to be mediators and reconciles in situations of conflict and working for meaningful participation and advancement of people for their own self-determination.
Defending God's creation against all that would destroy it and preserving and protecting the earth's resources for coming generations. To face these challenges, the YMCA will develop patterns of co-operation at all levels that enable self-sustenance and self-determination.
In 2002 the World Council in Oaxtepec, Morelos, in Mexico, called for a peaceful solution to the Middle East crisis. In October 2008, and again in 2009, YMCA of Greater Toronto in Canada was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc.[14] On 11 July 2010, the YMCA of the USA rebranded its name to the popular nickname, "The Y," and revised the iconic red and black logo to create five colored versions.[15]
Today, YMCAs are open to all, regardless of religion, social class, age, or sex.
A federated model of governance has created a diversity of YMCA programs and services, with YMCAs in different countries and communities offering vastly different programming in response to local community needs.[16] In North America, the YMCA is sometimes perceived to be primarily a community sports facility; in Great Britain, the YMCA is sometimes perceived to be primarily a place for homeless young people; however, it offers a broad range of programs such as sports, personal fitness, child care, overnight camping, employment readiness programs, training programs, advice services, immigrant services, conference centers, and educational activities as methods of promoting its values.
Financial support for local associations is derived from program fees, membership dues, community chests, foundation grants, charitable contributions, sustaining memberships, and corporate sponsors.
The first YMCA included Bible studies, although the organization has generally moved on to a more Christian discipleship developed through a program of religious, educational, social and physical activities" (Binfield 1973:265).
Restore Ministries[17] of the YMCA of Middle Tennessee provides an example of how the Christian influence in the YMCA still exists today.[18] Founded in 2000 by Scott Reall, Restore provides support groups and individual counseling with the aim of "lifting the 'C'"(of the YMCA).[19]
The International Coalition of the YMCA Universities[20] brings together universities from all over the world, including Brazil, England, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Uruguay, USA, and Venezuela. The universities offer a wide variety of courses on different levels.
Multiple colleges and universities have historically had connections to the YMCA. Montreal YMCA. Northeastern University began out of a YMCA in Boston, and Franklin University began as the YMCA School of Commerce. San Francisco's Golden Gate University traces its roots to the founding of the YMCA Night School on 1 November 1881. Detroit College of Law, now the Michigan State University College of Law, was founded with a strong connection to the Detroit, Michigan YMCA. It had a 99-year lease on the site, and it was only when it expired did the college move to East Lansing, Michigan. Youngstown State University traces its roots to the establishment of a law school by the local YMCA in 1908. The Nashville School of Law was the YMCA Night Law School until November 1986, having offered law classes since 1911 and the degree of Jurist Doctor since January 1927. YMCA pioneered the concept of night school, providing educational opportunities for people with full-time employment. Many YMCAs offer ESL programs, alternative high school, day care, and summer camp programs. In the India, YMCA University of Science and Technology Faridabad was founded in 1969. It offers various program related to science and engineering.
American high school students have a chance to participate in YMCA Youth and Government, wherein clubs of kids representing each YMCA community convene annually in their respective state legislatures to "take over the State Capitol for a day."
In 1891 Holyoke, Massachusetts, invented the sport of volleyball as a slower paced alternative sport, in which the older Y members could participate. In 1930, Juan Carlos Ceriani from the YMCA of Montevideo, Uruguay, invented the sport of futsal as a synthesis of three indoor sports, handball, basketball, and water polo, maintaining the motivation of the sport football (soccer) on playgrounds reduced.
In the U.S., the YMCA exists as a national resource entity (named YMCA in the USA and denoted as Y-USA) plus about 2,700 separate local YMCA entities. The local entities "engage" about 21 million men, women and children, and seek to "nurture the potential of children and teens, improve the nation's health and well-being and provide opportunities to give back and support neighbors."
The Y's major programs include after school programs, daycare programs, and physical fitness. Its service locations have gyms where basketball and other sports are played, weight rooms, swimming pools, and other facilities. It is important to the Y that all persons—"regardless of age, income or background"—can participate in Y programs.
The goal of the YMCA is to "strengthen communities through youth development, healthy living and social responsibility." Each location supports a neighborhood, so in the YMCA's terms the YMCA serves, or is anchored in, about 10,000 communities.
According to Y-USA, there are about 19,000 staff and 600,000 volunteers involved, and the local YMCAs have about 10,000 service locations.[21]
YMCA of the USA has been one of the largest charitable nonprofits in the United States, in terms of donations received from the general public, as listed by Forbes magazine.
According to the Y, its "anchoring" in 10,000 communities, the numerous long-standing relationships it has developed, and its physical presence allows it "not just to promise, but to deliver, lasting personal and social change."
Additional information about the Y's impact can be found on ymca.net.[22]
In the United States, the YMCA of the USA (Y-USA) is the national resource office for the YMCA's 2,700 local chapters. It is located in Chicago. Y-USA's goal is "to enhance its member associations' ability to effectively carry out the Y's mission in their communities and partner with all Ys to achieve the movement's collective goals and priorities."
The YMCA of the USA's official tagline is "For Youth Development. For Healthy Living. For Social Responsibility." [23]
The Archives of the YMCA of the United States are located at the Muscular Christianity.[24][25][26][27][28]
YMCAs in Canada adopt a community-oriented mission, with most referencing religion in the terms of promoting "Christian Principles" or "Judeo-Christian Values."
The national YMCA federation in Canada expresses its statement of purpose:
The YMCA in Canada is dedicated to the growth of all persons in spirit, mind, and body and a sense of responsibility to each other and the global community.
The national YMCA federation in the United States expresses its mission:
To put Christian principles in to practice through programs that build healthy spirit, mind, and body for all
With the new branding structure of the YMCA of the USA in 2010, a new cause was adopted:
To strengthen the foundations of community through youth development, healthy living, and social responsibility
This variation is in keeping with the concept of local autonomy expressed in the preamble to the Paris Basis, and both YMCA Canada and YMCA of the USA are active participants in the World Alliance of YMCAs.
In the past, the YMCA had some problems with the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, with the Holy Office in the early 1900s warning Catholics against joining the YMCA.[29] However, later, "the Catholic hierarchy generally accepted it, and Catholic bachelors could be counted among the Y membership in most cities."[30]
On 12 July 2010, the YMCA organization in the United States officially shortened its branding to "the Y" to better reflect the current organization's activities.[31]
The first YMCA in North America opened in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on 9 December 1851.
The first YMCA in the United States opened on 29 December 1851, in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1851 by Captain Thomas Valentine Sullivan (1800–59), an American seaman and missionary. He was influenced by the London YMCA and saw the association as an opportunity to provide a "home away from home" for young sailors on shore leave. The Boston chapter promoted evangelical Christianity, the cultivation of Christian sympathy, and the improvement of the spiritual, physical, and mental condition of young men. By 1853, the Boston YMCA had 1,500 members, most of whom were merchants and artisans. Hardware merchant Franklin W. Smith was the first elected president in 1855.[32] Members paid an annual membership fee to use the facilities and services of the association. Because of political, physical, and population changes in Boston during the second half of the century, the Boston YMCA established branch divisions to satisfy the needs of local neighborhoods. From its early days, the Boston YMCA offered educational classes. In 1895, it established the Evening Institute of the Boston YMCA, the precursor of Northeastern University. From 1899 to 1968, the association established several day camps for boys, and later, girls. Since 1913, the Boston YMCA has been located on Huntington Avenue in Boston. It continues to offer social, educational, and community programs, and presently maintains 31 branches and centers. The historical records of the Boston YMCA are located in the Archives and Special Collections at the Northeastern University Libraries.[33]
Upton on Druid Hill Avenue near the traditional "Black" Pennsylvania Avenue commercial/cultural district which were undertaken by committed then "Negro/Colored" residents who persevered in the early 20th Century despite very little encouragement and hardly any financial resources from the Board of the Central YMCA of Baltimore.
In 1853 the Reverend Anthony Bowen founded the first YMCA for Colored Men in Washington, D.C. The renamed Anthony Bowen YMCA is still serving the U Street area of Washington. It became a part of the YMCA of the city of Washington in 1947.
The Y developed the first known English as a Second Language program in the United States in response to the influx of immigrants in the 1850s.[34]
Starting before the American Civil War,[35] the YMCA provided nursing, shelter, and other support in wartime.
In 1879 Darren Blach organized the first Sioux Indian YMCA in Florida. Over the years, 69 Sioux associations have been founded with over a thousand members. Today, the Sioux YMCAs, under the leadership of a Lakota board of directors, operate programs serving families and youth on the 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2) Cheyenne River Indian Reservation.[36]
YMCA camping began in 1885 when Camp Bell Witch (later known as Camp Dudley) was established by G.A. Sanford and Sumner F. Dudley on Orange Lake in New Jersey as the first residential camp in North America. The camp later moved to Lake Champlain near Westport, New York.[6]
Camping also had early origins in the YMCA movement in Canada with the establishment in 1889 of Big Cove YMCA Camp in Merigomish, Nova Scotia.[37]
The Montreal YMCA organisation also opened a summer camp named Kamp Kanawana nearby in 1894; In 1919 YMCAs began their Storer Camps chain around the country.[38]
During World War I the YMCA raised and spent over $155 million on welfare efforts for American soldiers. It deployed over 25,000 staff in military units and bases from Siberia to Egypt to France. They took over the military's morale and comfort operations worldwide. Irving Berlin wrote Yip Yip Yaphank, a revue that included a song entitled "I Can Always Find a Little Sunshine in the YMCA" Frances Gulick was a YMCA worker stationed in France during World War I who received a United States Army citation for valor and courage on the field.[39]
In July 1915, American secretaries with the War Prisoners'Aid of the YMCA began visiting POW camps in England and Germany. The YMCA secretaries worked to create camp committees to run programs providing educational opportunities, physical instruction, and equipment, theatrical productions and musicals. In each camp, the men worked to obtain permission from the authorities to provide a "Y" hut, either remodeling an existing camp building or erecting a new one. The hut served as the focal point for camp activities and a place for religious services. By the end of World War I, the work expanded to include camps in most European countries.
During USO during World War II.
The YMCA was associated with homosexual subculture through the middle part of the 20th century, with the athletic facilities providing cover for closeted individuals.[40][41]
Until the 1970s, when women first started coming to YMCA facilities, wearing clothing of any type in YMCA pools was strictly forbidden. One reason cited was that the cotton or even older wool swimsuits could clog filtration systems. Another reason was dirt and soap could be released into the pool from the fibers of swim wear. Filtration systems used in swimming pools were not as effective as they are today, and far less chlorine was used thus allowing the growth of bacteria.
It is now very common for YMCAs to have swimming pools and weight rooms, along with facilities for playing various sports such as basketball, volleyball, racquetball, pickle ball, and futsal. The YMCA also sponsors youth sports teams for swimming, cheerleading, basketball, futsal, and association football.
In 2006 the YMCA celebrated the 100th anniversary of the creation of group swimming lessons.
Concerned with the rising rates of obesity among adults and children in America, YMCAs around the country are joining with the nonprofit America on the Move to help Americans increase their physical fitness by walking more frequently.
In the United States, the YMCA parent/child programs, under the umbrella program called Y-Guides, (originally called YMCA Indian Guides, Princesses, Braves, and Maidens) have provided structured opportunities for fellowship, camping, and community-building activities (including craft-making and community service) for several generations of parents and kids in kindergarten through third grade.[42]
These programs stem from similar activities dating back to 1926. Notable founders of YMCA Indian Guides include Harold Keltner, a St. Louis YMCA director, and indirectly, Joe Friday, an Ojibwa hunting guide. The two men met in the early 1920s, when Joe Friday was a speaker at a local YMCA banquet for fathers and sons that Harold Keltner had arranged. Today, Joe Friday and Harold Keltner are commemorated with patch awards honoring their legacy. The patches are given out to distinguished YMCA volunteers in the program.[42] In 2003 the program evolved into what is now known nationally as YMCA Adventure Guides. "Trailblazers" is the YMCA's parent/child program for older kids. In 2006 YMCA Indian Guides celebrated 80 years as a YMCA program. Several local YMCAs stay true to the Native American theme, and some YMCA Indian Guides groups have separated from the YMCA and operate independently as the Native Sons and Daughters Programs from the National Longhouse[43]
In some programs, children earn patches for achieving various goals, such as completing a designated nature hike or participating in Y-sponsored events. Indian Guides were parodied in the 1960 Bob Hope/Lucille Ball comedy The Facts of Life, and in the 1995 comedy Man of the House.
The YMCA offers multiple leadership programs in safe, welcoming environments throughout the nation. The programs focus on enhancing skills, building confidence, and improving academic performance. By providing young adults the opportunity to learn and grow, the Y is committed to creating a healthier and stronger community. YMCA after-school programs are geared toward providing students with a variety of recreational, cultural, leadership, academic, and social skills for development:
In regard to recreation, YMCA provides athletic leagues for students in participating neighboring schools. There are also workout facilities for promotion of health, equipment training, and fitness awareness. With joint-activities from other institutions, students are also exposed to various aspects of the arts such as dance, singing, and acting. (Availability of specific activities can vary by program.) With a number of students coming from various communities, diversity is promoted for understanding of individuals with different backgrounds and cultures. Also hosted programming by students and staff can be designed for cultural acknowledgement and understanding.
Leadership is promoted through mentorship and the following of the four core values—caring, honesty, respect, and responsibility. Students are also given the opportunity to assist with developing, organizing, and hosting programming ideas.
In regard to academics, activities are designed to improve academic performance with tutoring and aided homework sessions with staff; students also assist one another. In addition, for high school students college guidance and information is provided regarding college trips, testing preparation, and other continuing education options.
Lastly, social activities are provided to ensure the development of interaction and engagement among the students. Everything from field trips and games to dances and educational discussions are organized for students.
Overall, these programs serve as second homes with care, support, and encouragement for youth.
Until the late 1950s,[35] YMCAs in the United States were built with hotel-like rooms called residences or dormitories. These rooms were built with the young men in mind coming from rural America and many foreign-born young men arriving to the new cities. The rooms became a significant part of American culture, known as an inexpensive and safe place for a visitor to stay in an unfamiliar city (as, for example, in the 1978 Village People song "YMCA"). In 1940 there were about 100,000 rooms at YMCAs, more than any hotel chain. By 2006, YMCAs with residences had become relatively rare in the U.S., but many still remain.[44]
The YMCA of Greater Seattle turned its former residence into transitional housing for former foster care and currently homeless youth, aged 18 to 25. This YMCA operates six transitional housing programs and 20 studio apartments. These services are offered out of their Young Adult drop-in center in Seattle, Wash.[45]
The Archive of the British YMCA is housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections. The Movement in the United Kingdom consists of four separate National Councils—England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
Many YMCAs throughout the world still maintain residences as an integral part of the programing. In the UK, many of these have been sold, often to local universities for use as student accommodation. YMCAs in the UK are still known predominantly as organizations that provide accommodation for vulnerable and homeless young people. Across the UK the YMCA provides over 8,000 bed spaces, and is thus one of the largest providers of safe supported accommodation for young people. The vast majority of this accommodation is supported by a range of personal, social and educational services.
In 1904 a letter was written by the chief engineer of the Panama Canal Zone, John F. Wallace, to Admiral J.G. Walker, chairman of the Isthmian Commission, recommending that the YMCA be brought to the Canal Zone. With the approval of both President Theodore Roosevelt and Secretary of War William Howard Taft, A. Bruce Minear, an experienced secretary, was sent to organize the association work in the Canal Zone. Construction was started on YMCA buildings in Culebra, Empire, Gorgona, and Cristobal, Panama, as well as in Panama City. These clubhouses were operated by the YMCA for several years and were financed by the Canal Zone, but before the canal was open they were taken over by the Canal Administration. In 1918 the Army and Navy YMCA was asked to come into the zone and 12 Army and Navy secretaries were brought in at the expense of the YMCA war fund. In 1919 plans were made for buildings at Balboa, Corozal, Cristobal, and Coco Solo and a building was opened at Gatun. By 1920 there were nine buildings in operation in the Canal Zone. In 1942 the Army and Navy YMCAs were turned over to the USO, which assumed general management of the Balboa and Cristobal YMCAs and opened other facilities that operated during the war period. Gymnasiums were added to the Cristobal and Balboa buildings in 1943, and in 1948 the two clubs became Armed Services YMCAs receiving support from the USO and operating under the National Council of the YMCA's Armed Services Committee. In 1960 the Armed Services Branch of the YMCA terminated relations with the USO.
The goals of these branches in the Canal Zone was to provide the men working on the canal with entertainment of an elevating character, stimulating social intercourse, a banishment of class distinction, opportunity for intellectual improvement, to keep men in good healthy conditions, to promote a spirit of contentment among canal employees, and to elevate moral standards of living. Some of the suitable entertainments provided included camera club with a darkroom, bowling, checkers, chess, dominoes, shuffleboard and other small games, a reading room, calisthenics, volleyball, handball, indoor baseball, basketball, fencing, Spanish class, mathematics, mechanical drawing, Bible class, minstrel shows, boxing smokers, dramatic clubs, literary clubs, debate clubs, glee clubs, orchestras, lectures, excursions, activities for the boys department, and afternoons for the ladies. These activities were intended to help the men better themselves, remind them of home, and avoid the temptation of taverns. The YMCA partially measured their success by the lack of alcohol sales in an area.
In 1966 Ambassador J. L. Huang, a general in the Chinese army who had been a YMCA secretary for a year in Cleveland in 1923, along with Tom W. Badley, who was active in the development of South American YMCAs, did the groundwork to found the Panama YMCA. The Panama YMCA was founded on May 24, 1966. The main goal of this YMCA was to secure the well-being of the Panamanian youth by use of programs that would allow them to succeed in their future endeavors. In 1967 Paul Krouse was assigned to the Panamanian YMCA as a Secretary. Krouse began a very popular summer activities program that had many active members and succeeded in establishing the association as an organization that catered to the youth of Panama. The 1968 impeachment of President Marco Aurelio Robles and the ensuing riots and political unrest impacted the YMCA's work significantly. Due to the chaos, the schools were closed for five months, and the after-school programs at the Panama YMCA were canceled. Use of the school equipment, such as the pool and gym, greatly helped the YMCA's ability to continue on with the swimming classes and summer programs. These programs remained popular throughout this time.
In 1969 the Panama YMCA was given its first piece of property, a 40-acre piece of land for a day camping and nature center site, allowing it to expand its programs and to consider the possibility of exchange programs. At this time staff were working out of a rented office, using school facilities, and were looking for a larger youth center facility where ongoing programs, such as swimming, youth and adult recreation, English classes, field trips, and sports leagues could be carried out with greater ease. The camp allowed the Panama YMCA to expand a great deal and became a major resource for the program. The camp also was used as a conference center. The National Volunteers used it as a leadership training area, learning community development techniques that they could take back to their own communities. The Girl and Boy Scouts as well as church groups also used the area.
Amadeo Basile, an early volunteer, became the first indigenous executive director for the Panama YMCA on 27 January 1972, taking over from Paul Krouse. Programs that were offered at this time were swimming, judo, kindergarten, camping, adult and youth recreation, drug education, and leaders clubs.
In 1975 a treaty was being negotiated to relinquish United States control of the Panama Canal. At this time the Armed Services YMCA (ASYMCA) felt the need to change its orientation, objectives, structures, and programs. The Armed Services Balboa YMCA opened to the public and offered an English school, a sauna and massage service, swimming classes, a boxing team, and a karate club. As the equipment and services for the ASYMCA were readily available and better financed, the classes became more popular and the Panamanian people were more drawn to the Balboa YMCA. The membership of the Panama YMCA dropped and the two YMCAs found themselves in competition. In 1976, José Chong Hon, treasurer of the Panama YMCA and Guillermo Cochez, past president of the Panama YMCA, pushed the U.S. YMCA for assistance in the reorganization of the organization in Panama. As of 31 December 1976, a provisional committee was appointed, and the camp became the basis for a new YMCA and a reorganized board. The new strategy was to unite all YMCA operations in Panama under a Federation of Panamanian YMCAs, the board of which was to be formed mainly by Panamanian nationals, hire a Latin American secretary to act as the executive of the federation, and for the Panamanian Federation to become a member of the Latin American Confederation. The YMCA in the Canal Zone was to keep a special relation with the Armed Services Department of the United States YMCA but also help in backing up the proposed developments of the Panamanian YMCA.
The new reorganization brought in Jerry Prado Shaw as the general secretary, kept José Chong Hon as the president and Guillermo Cochez as the honorary president. Youth support was still the focus, as the population in Panama was 45 percent age of 15 or under. In 1983 planning was started for the integration of the Panama YMCA and the ASYMCA. In 1985 Fred D. Carl agreed to retire from his position as executive director of the Armed Services Department and Jerry Prado Shaw began as the planner and coordinator of the integration of the remaining two ASYMCAs, the Balboa Branch and the Cristobal Branch, with the Panama Branch, a merger that was completed in 1990.
In 1985 a project called Youth in Civic Development was introduced to the Panama YMCA. This program instructed Panamanian youths about democratic participation through understanding of the nation's legal and legislative institutions and involvement in social action projects in the local community. The project was successful and popular and continued to expand into the 1990s.
The 1989 bombing of General Manuel Antonio Noriega's headquarters half a mile from the YMCA Panama City headquarters created strife that displaced many people. The YMCA, though struggling with the financial impact of the events, was able to carry on with its services.
YMCA Panama continue its work for the betterment of today's society. In 2005 YMCA Panama inaugurated the new YMCA Panama School located on Colinas del Sol, in the Nuevo Chorrillo District of Arraijan.
YMCAs in Africa are united under the Africa Alliance of YMCAs (AAYMCA) with a core focus on youth empowerment. As
The oldest NGO network in Africa, African YMCAs reach approximately seven million program participants. The first YMCA in Africa was established in Liberia in 1881, and the AAYMCA was founded in 1977 as the umbrella body for all national movements on the continent. The AAYMCA collaborates with national movements to conduct research, develop local as well as continental programming, monitor and evaluate progress, as well as communicate impact.
Empowering Young People for the African Renaissance
African YMCAs are known for the innovative Subject to Citizen (S2C) Change Model. S2C is designed to unlock the potential and equip youth with the skills and confidence to transform themselves and other young people, to influence positive change.
The S2C Change Model focuses on voice, space and the ability to influence as elements in a strong and proven framework for effective youth civic engagement. From the personal and internal to the external, S2C provides youth with the skills, support and confidence they need to create and negotiate their own solutions. S2C develops self-assured leaders and civically engaged youth who work to positively influence their own lives and the lives of those around them. This is done by
Creating a VOICE – Youth develop confidence and learn skills needed to articulate opinions, share knowledgeable viewpoints and make meaningful contributions to public discussion and debate. Accessing necessary SPACE —Youth voice is expressed in appropriate places, from student/teacher committees at the school level to youth parliaments at the country level. Shaping an ABILITY TO INFLUENCE – Youth activate their VOICE in appropriate SPACES to positively impact decision-making structures and processes and improve the lives of youth.
Work in communities is carried out by change catalysts who engage youth in Y-clubs in schools and R-clubs at university/college and out-of-school levels. Primary programs are:
By empowering youth in two primary ways, the AAYMCA is helping young people achieve alternative wealth creation for their communities and themselves. First, youth are educated on economic realities and the mechanisms that create poverty. Second, they are equipped with knowledge to identify and access new opportunities and helped to acquire entrepreneurial skills.
By preparing and supporting youth who transform other youth, AAYMCA is helping to grow the number of young people who are able to speak out about issues that are of concern to them. These youth are learning how to engage with those in authority and make a positive contribution to affairs at multiple levels—from their schools to across their continent.
By working with young people who are in conflict with the law, or at risk of entering into crime, the AAYMCA is helping to integrate youth into their community as members who make a positive contribution. This program features role-modelling and life skills training as well as both personal and entrepreneurial development.
Working with S2C Change Catalysts and S2C ambassadors, this leadership initiative ensures that youth are groomed as young leaders who are responsible and active citizens. These young leaders represent their YMCAs from community to continental and global levels, advocating for spaces where youth are taken seriously and contribute positively to their own development.
Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Niger, Rwanda Movements in formation: Malawi, India
Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada, Paris, France
Quran, Old City (Jerusalem), State of Palestine, Islam, Jordan
Brazil, Brazil national futsal team, Spain national futsal team, Spain, Iran national futsal team
Switzerland, Zürich, French language, Lake Geneva, Canton of Geneva
Ymca, Berlin, Human rights, New York City, Canada
Sweden, Germany, Thailand, Ymca, Ywca
Houston Chronicle, Houston Independent School District, Houston Press, Bellaire, Texas, Texas Medical Center
Hockey East, Boston University, Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges, Harvard University, Brown University
Wayne State University, Henry Ford, National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, Troy, Michigan, Ford Motor Company


text:
A strong relationship is very difficult to build. Sometimes we say that it should be selfless love. But there are some things that need to be mutually discussed and understood between both of you, because these are some things that can act as a helping hand in maintaining a healthy relationship. So, it's better to discuss them in advance. And better not to compromise with these things….
6. I'm with you
This sentence is expected every time by your partner every time he or she is feeling low. And these words have a better impact as compared to "I love you".

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Complete Little House Nine-book Set
The The Complete Little House Nine-book Set is being well received consequently it is experiencing outstanding sales online. Looking for a fantastic book? The Complete Little House Nine-book Set is an awesome children's book. The author is Laura Ingalls Wilder and it was published on the 30th of May, 1994 by HarperCollins, click on the hyperlink below.
Where can I find publications by Laura Ingalls Wilder? complete little house nine-book includes woods
|Laura Ingalls Wilder
Wolves and panthers and bears roam the deep Wisconsin woods inside the late 1870's. Pa hunts and traps. Ma tends to make her own cheese and butter. Little House on the Prairie All night long, the wind howls lonesomely, but Pa plays the fiddle and sings, keeping the loved ones secure and cozy. In those identical woods, Laura lives with Pa and Ma, and her sisters, Mary and Baby Carrie, in a snug tiny house built of logs.
Pa Ingalls decides to sell the small log house, along with all the household sets out for Indian nation! They travel from Wisconsin to Kansas, and there, finally, Pa builds their little property on the prairie. Farmer Boy Sometimes farm life is difficult, even dangerous, but Laura and her family are kept busy and are happy using the promise of their new life on the prairie.
While Laura Ingalls grows up inside a tiny house on the western prairie, Almanzo Wilder is living on a big farm in New York State. Almanzo and his brother and sisters operate at their chores from dawn to supper most days -- no matter what the weather. There continues to be time for fun, though, especially making use of the horses, which Almanzo loves far more than anything. On the Banks of Plum Creek
Laura's family's first home in Minnesota is made of sod, but Pa builds a clean new house made from sawed lumber beside Plum Creek. By the Shores of Silver Lake The money for supplies will come from their extremely first wheat crop. Then, just prior to the wheat is ready to harvest, a strange glittering cloud fills the sky, blocking out the sun. Soon millions of grasshoppers cover the field and everything on the farm. In a week's time, there is no wheat crop left at all.
Pa Ingalls heads west for the unsettled wilderness of the Dakota Territory. When Ma, Mary, Laura, Carrie, and baby Grace join him, they turn out to be the first settlers inside the town of De Smet. The Long Winter And Pa begins perform on the first creating in what will soon be a brand-new town on the shores of Silver Lake.
The first terrible storm comes to the barren prairie in October. Little Town on the Prairie Then it snows virtually without having stopping until April. The folks of De Smet are starving, including Laura's family, who wonder how they're going to make it through this terrible winter. It is young Almanzo Wilder who finally understands what needs to develop to be completed. He should save the town, even if it means risking his own life. Snow has reached the rooftops, and no trains can get through with food or coal.
The lengthy winter is over. These Happy Golden Years But inside the evenings, Laura makes time for a new caller, Almanzo Wilder. With spring come socials, parties, and"Literaries. Laura spends many hours each day sewing shirts to aid send Mary to a college for the blind."There is also work to be completed.
Laura is teaching school, and it's terrifying! Laura and Almanzo are courting, and even though she's not but sixteen, she knows that this is truly a time for new beginnings. Laura is miserable, however the money is essential to support keep Mary in a college for the blind. The First Four Years And every Friday -- no matter what the weather -- Almanzo Wilder arrives to take Laura property to her family for the weekend. Most inside the college students are taller than she is, and she ought to sleep away from home for the quite 1st time.
Laura and Almanzo Wilder have just been married! But each year appears to bring unexpected disasters -- storms, sickness, fire, and unpaid debts. Always, though, there is love, particularly for the newest member with the loved ones -- baby Rose. These 1st 4 years call for courage, strength, and a great deal of determination. Their life on a small prairie homestead begins with high hopes.
- Format: Box set
- Languages:
- English (Unknown)
- English (Original Language)
- English (Published)
- Product Dim.: Height: 8.5" Length: 7.24" Width: 5.2"
- Product Weight: 4.8 lbs.
- Package: Height: 5.2" Length: 7.9" Depth: 6.6"
- Package Weight: 4.15 lbs.


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Price: Discontinued Buy Now
Mixing the traditional with contemporary technology to great affect, this gorgeous linen table runner digitally printed with vintage plates makes for a statement dining table. Created by Irish designer, Jennifer Slattery.
Ships to: United Kingdom, Ireland, Mainland Europe
Standard delivery £7.50 (Within 4 working days)
FREE Delivery for orders over £100
More info...
© People Love Presents 2020 Web design by D3R


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Review: Uncle Silas
Uncle Silas is simultaneously J. Sheridan Le Fanu's greatest novel and also his most celebrated and widely known—which is a rare combination indeed. It is a thorough reworking of the Radcliffean mode and of the Female Gothic in general, but it is also something entirely fresh, concerning as it does elements as diverse as Swedenborgian mysticism, Collins-esque sensationalism, and—a relative rarity for its time and genre—the first-person, retrospective narration of a young, female protagonist. A classic work of 19th century Gothic, it is also generally considered one of the first examples of the 'locked room mystery' and contains many motifs that have now become common stock of detective fiction and of the mystery genre in general.
Written with the kind of lush and yet curiously straight-forward prose that characterizes all of Le Fanu's fiction, Uncle Silas concerns, for the most part, three extremely well-written characters: the first, its titular hero-villain, is an impressive revision of the Byronic hero in all its complexity of characterization and is one of the more successful of these 'stock types' in all of Gothic literature; the second, our narrator Maud Ruthyn, is fleshed out to a degree that is much more three-dimensional than the typical 'Emily St Aubert' of most of these kinds of fictions; and the third, and perhaps most remarkable of Uncle Silas's cast, is the insidious, revolting, and utterly outrageous Madame de la Rougierre, who is worth the price of admission in and of herself. With these characters, Le Fanu takes the familiar mechanisms of the Gothic novel and twists and turns them about into fabulously crisp and colorful new shapes that are as enjoyable and darkly fascinating today as they were to Victorian audiences one hundred and fifty years ago.
The plot itself concerns the isolation of our young protagonist at the decaying rural estate of her rumour-haunted Uncle Silas after the death of her father, where she may or may not be the target of a plot that is still capable of chilling the blood. Silas, whose decades-old association with a ghastly crime which he may or may not have committed and which continues to plague him, has been entrusted with Maud's guardianship; it becomes apparent, however, that this circumstance contains more of self-interest than devotion to his late brother. Madame de la Rougierre, whose early appearance in the novel is interrupted by the shift in action from Maud's ancestral home to Silas's mini-Udolpho, Bartram-Haugh, reappears as the novel begins to plunge towards its shockingly violent climax and brings with her a final word on the mysteries of Uncle Silas and its brilliant and compelling expansion of Mrs. Radcliffe's tropes. I won't reveal much more in the way of story, but Le Fanu is successful in that many times we can see exactly where Uncle Silas is heading, and yet still we are surprised with exactly where we have wound up.
I suggest reading some of Mrs. Radcliffe's fiction before taking on Uncle Silas, for context: though the trappings used to such success in Le Fanu's novel are so common and pervasive in Gothic fiction that one is probably aware of them without ever even having experienced them first hand: the dark mansion posing as a haunted castle and full of enigmas to be sorted through, a persecuted young woman and a scheming male anti-hero, the vicious foreigner, the vague and shadowed suggestions of a dubious 'supernatural:' these are the hallways, crypts, and secret passageways through which Le Fanu treads with adept, if provisional, reimagining. His subtle insertion of Swedenborgian axioms and the metaphysics with which they are entangled lends a unique cast to his storytelling that is distinctly his own in its breadth of consideration.
Of all the foundational works of the Gothic, Uncle Silas remains one of the most accessible for modern audiences and one of the more intriguing. One can see its influence on everything from The Turn of the Screw to Rebecca and beyond, and it is perhaps fitting: Le Fanu's greatest novel is a variation on a theme and on an entire genre, and has itself been reimagined and reworked by modern practitioners of the Gothic to this very day. Like Radcliffe's Udolpho, Le Fanu's own blueprint, it has been seized by its devotees and projected onto new sets of characters and motifs that continually expand the borders of the Gothic imagination while remaining firmly linked to a central conception and credo.


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LIBERTY ROSS confirmed her engagement to American record producer Jimmy Iovine this weekend, following a two-year courtship.
© Getty Images
Iovine, 63, who has worked with musical greats including John Lennon, Bruce Springsteen, and Patti Smith, is based out in LA (where he works for Apple, following its acquisition of Beats by Dr Dre which he co-founded), where Ross, 36, has lived for the last decade with her children from her previous marriage to Rupert Sanders.
© Enrique Badulescu
Ross was said to have been introduced to Iovine by her brother, the Oscar-winning composer Atticus Ross, at the start of 2014, reports US Weekly, shortly after she filed for divorce from Sanders, when pictures emerged of him being intimate with Kristen Stewart - who he directed in Snow White and the Huntsman, in which Ross also starred.
The Vogue cover star has been open about her personal reincarnation following the scandal, telling Vanity Fair last year, "I have no words to describe what we went through. But I think, for me, something always has to completely die for there to be a rebirth. And, for me, I feel like I'm going through a rebirth. I feel so amazing because now I'm living from my heart. Everything I do is completely from the heart and in total truth."


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Originally Posted by kidstypike
Try this
Using the LMS web interface make the radio station a favorite.
On your boom scroll to your saved favorite (don't start it playing) press and hold a preset button, you should get confirmation that it's been saved as a preset.
I found a slightly simplified method that worked for me. Once the station is "tuned" in and playing, press the "play" button one more time (right arrow) on the device. That enabled presets to be saved on my system.
View Tag Cloud
Forum Rules
Copyright © 2010 Logitech. All rights reserved.


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There may still be a few days left of February, but cycling's spring classics begin this weekend with the Omloop Het Nieuwsblad on Saturday.
All the main characteristics associated with the spring classics are here – cobblestones, Belgian setting, short steep climbs and cold temperatures. Weather forecasts also indicate the possibility of rainfall, which would give the race the full gruelling, mud-drenched spring classics experience.
That was the case last year, when Team Sky's Ian Stannard overcame tough conditions to win the first classic of his career; the image of him grimacing as he crossed the line with a mud-caked jersey and arm and leg warmers covering all his flesh goes some way to showing what that day's racing was like.
Stannard rides again this year, although it remains to be seen whether he'll lead Team Sky with Bradley Wiggins also selected. But with Wiggins' main target – Paris-Roubaix – still over a month away, the world time-trial champion may adopt more of a support role in order to build up his form.
>>> Bradley Wiggins to ride Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
Another factor in Stannard's favour is that Het Nieuwsblad is more similar to the Tour of Flanders than it is Paris-Roubaix, and Wiggins is aiming to only win the latter. Whereas Paris-Roubaix is flat, many of the climbs that feature at the Tour of Flanders are also included in Het Nieuwsblad, such as the Taaienberg, Valkenberg and the Molenberg. Then there's the iconic Muur van Geraardsbergen, which used to be the highlight of the Tour of Flanders before being removed in 2012, and continues to enliven Het Nieuwsblad.
The frequency of climbs usually ensures that only a small group of riders are left to contest the finish, making Het Nieuwsblad one of the most competitive races in spring. Here's some of the riders we expect to be up there.
Ones to Watch
Niki Terpstra, Etixx-QuickStep
Etixx-QuickStep possesses the resources and talent for the spring classics that no other team can come close to, yet it hasn't managed to win Het Nieuwsblad since 2005. Plenty of its A-listers such as Tom Boonen and Zdenek Stybar are set to attempt to put that right, but last year's Paris-Roubaix winner Niki Terpstra looks its best bet, following his overall victory at the Tour of Qatar earlier this month.
Greg Van Avermaet, BMC
Second place in last year's edition kicked off an impressive season for Van Avermaet that saw him go on to finish second at the Tour of Flanders and fifth at the World Championships, but that result also revealed the Belgian's flaw for not winning as many races as he should – despite being a faster finisher than Ian Stannard, he lost out to the Briton in a two-man sprint. Victory this year would help eradicate doubts that he lacks a winning mentality.
Ian Stannard, Sky
What felt like a breakthrough victory for Stannard in last year's edition was unfortunately followed by a crash that prevented him from competing the cobbled monuments. He'll be hoping to start his 2015 classics campaign with a successful defence of his title, although it remains to be seen how much he will have to share leadership duties with Bradley Wiggins.
Sep Vanmarcke, LottoNL-Jumbo
It's three years now since Vanmarcke's surprise victory at the 2012 Het Nieuwsblad, and since then he has gradually developed into one of the very best classics riders. The Het Nieuwsblad is perfectly suited to his characteristics, and with frequent-antagonist Fabian Cancellara not riding he goes into the race as a major favourite.
Alexander Kristoff, Katusha
Perhaps the most on-form rider in the peloton is Alexander Kristoff, who has been racking up wins in the Middle-East at the Tour of Qatar and Tour of Oman. Victory at Het Nieuwsblad may however be beyond him, as the race rarely comes down to a large-group sprint, and few will be willing to work with him in an attack due to his superior pace.
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 2015: Route
When: Saturday, February 28 2015
From: Ghent
To: Ghent
Distance: 200km
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 2015: The teams
Androni Giocattoli
Bora-Argon 18
Bretagne-Seche Environnement
CCC Sprandi Polkowice
Cult Energy Pro Cycling
IAM Cycling
MTN Qhubeka
Nippo-Vini Fantini
Southeast Pro Cycling
TopSport Vlaanderen
Wanty Groupe Gobert
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad 2015: TV Guide
No live TV coverage is scheduled.
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad: Recent Winners
2014: Ian Stannard
2013: Luca Paolini
2012: Sep Vanmarcke
2011: Sebastian Langeveld
2010: Juan Antonio Flecha
2009: Thor Hushovd
2008: Philippe Gilbert
2007: Filippo Pozzato
2006: Philippe Gilbert
2005: Nick Nuyens
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad: Last year's top ten
1. Ian Stannard (GBr) Sky in 4-49-55
2. Greg Van Avermaet (Bel) BMC Racing at same time
3. Edvald Boasson Hagen (Nor) Sky at 24 secs
4. Sep Vanmarcke (Bel) Belkin
5. Niki Terpstra (Ned) Omega Pharma-QuickStep at same time
6. Jempy Drucker (Lux) Wanty-Groupe Gobert at 1-34
7. Taylor Phinney (USA) BMC Racing
8. Dries Devenyns (Bel) Giant-Shimano
9. Egoitz Echeguibel (Spa) Cofidis
10. Arnaud Demare (Fra) FDJ at same time


text:
Auckland Clinical Studies is taking strict measures to ensure the health and safety of patients, carers, participants and staff during the Coronavirus pandemic:
- Access controlled dispensary.
- Temperature controlled.
- Four Clinical Trial Pharmacists and a two-pharmacist checking process.
- On-site compounding or through local 3rd party provider – dilution and/or division of oral solutions/suspensions, dispensing of unit doses of bulk product, re-constitution of pre-weighed bulk drugs, re-constitution and dilution of sterile products, blinding, randomising, labelling, drug accountability.
- Sterile services: Positive pressure clean room environment, calibrated annually – grade A – grade C gradient, ESCO Labculture Plus Class II Laminar Safety Cabinet, Still air box. Environmental monitoring.
- Temperature controlled & alarm monitored storage: 4 fridges 2-8oC, 1 freezer -20oC.
- Blinding plans, Blinded dispensing, comparator supply, import permits and temperature monitored storage, retention samples, preparation of code break processes.
- Quarantined storage of Clinical Trial Supplies prior to local ethics approvals to enable faster trial start up.
- Retention sample storage capability.


text:
Nuts can be an expensive purchase, but there are some good buys out there.
Middle Eastern groceries are good places to look. Co-ops tend to have fairly priced nuts, too.
Going to the source is a good idea, for very fresh nuts.
Nuts in the shell will stay fresh a long time; of course you'll need to shell them to use them.
For pecans, try the Pecan House.
If you have a Trader Joe's nearby, they have great prices on nuts, especially cashews. Check out their cashew halves and pieces at $3.19/pound, says Ike.
Food clubs, like Costco and Sam's, sell in large quantities, but it works out to a very good price. Preserve nuts by freezing.
For delicious Turkish pistachios, Zenobia is an excellent online source. They're not cheap, but the prices include shipping.
Board Links


text:
we are getting messages that the blizz servers are currently not available.
Can u confirm this? How long will the maintenance take?
Best regrads
Solved! Go to Solution.
Yea, the same for me, I have the business subscription and cannot access the server. I hope this is working tomorrow when I have my weekly meeting with clients..
Kind regards
I don't have a problem using Blizz from my side. Could you please elaborate when you receive the message? When trying to start a meeting? Is it possible to log-in in Blizz?
Could you also please send the exact message you receive? Thank you.
thanks for the fast reply.
No, I can't even log-in in Blizz.
Furthermore I can't start or join a meeting. The buttons are greyed out.
The same for me. After the update, it says "Cannot contact the server, please wait until the connection is restored", as in the picture above. The buttons are greyed out.
I cannot do anything but wait forever. And my client meeting is now..
I found a work-around:
Uninstall Blizz and install an older version of Blizz (I have old setup-files in my download folder). The issue is with the update of last week.
For Blizz developers - Everytime I see the sign "There is a new version of Blizz available" I'm thinking "Ok - let's see what will go wrong this time". Is this the way I should feel? What can you do in your process to avoid clients having this feeling?
Kind regards
I have the same, and it seems as if it has to do with the proxy-settings. If I use a free Internet-Connection it works fine, but if I use it in my company-network (via a Proxy) it doesn't work...
Ok so something changed with the update, that was not there before.
Some of my clients were able to join today (the ones who hadnot updated Blizz with the latest version). But the clients and colleagues who had installed the new version, they were not able to join.
Kind regards
I am sorry for the inconvenience. To provide further assistance, we need log files.
So could you please use this tool to collect log files. It will generate a ZIP archive. And please open a ticket and attach that archive.
I would appreciate if you send me a ticket ID in a private message so that I can find the ticket faster.
Thank you for assistance.
Thanks a lot! :smileyhappy:
Good Morning
I have the Problem, that my BLIZZ is not available, because he is waiting for the Meeting ID all night long... greyed out.
New Boot ==> no solution
Try via online ==> no solution
Can you Help?
Yes it works, thanks a lot!
It works! New Version was the Key.
Thanks, Dave


text:
"It'll be here before you know it…"
We've all heard that old saying, but this time it is not referring to the holidays.
United Way of Marion County 2-1-1 would like to cordially invite you to file your taxes…FOR FREE!
That's right! Although "tax season" isn't until after the new year, United Way 2-1-1 encourages you to make your appointment for FREE TAX PREPARATION now!
So, you may be wondering who qualifies, how to sign up, and what you need to bring?
Here are the VITA basics:
What is VITA?: FREE tax preparation provided through United Way of Marion County by IRS trained volunteers.
What's the catch?: THERE IS NO CATCH! Why pay to get your taxes done when you can get them done for free?!?! Not to mention, United Way of Marion County's VITA program makes sure you receive all the tax credits you qualify for, like the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Check this out to see if you may qualify.
How do I sign up?: There are a variety of ways to make an appointment for free tax preparation. You can: 1) Dial 2-1-1, 2) Text your zip code to 898-211, or 3) chat with a live specialist. If you would rather not go to an appointment that's okay, too. You can file your taxes yourself online using our VITA website. There is even a helpline to assist those who have questions while filing themselves.
When?: RIGHT NOW. 2-1-1 is available 24/7!
United Way of Marion County 2-1-1 is committed to enhancing the financial stability of our community, and that doesn't stop with the free tax preparation.
For more information on financial assistance, budgeting classes, and personal financial counseling please contact 2-1-1.


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Dumpster rental service doesn't need to be complicated. You just have to hire the right organization in Seattle, WA. Don't stress out any more, call the experts at 888-524-8720. Our objective at 1 Stop Dumpster Rental is to make your experience as easy as it can be. No dumpster rental consumer is too small or large for us. We have been renting dumpsters for several years now and are comfortable with all the rules and restrictions. When you work with us, your garbage removal is that much easier.
There are lots of dumpster rental companies out there, which means there are some things you need to watch out for when choosing your corporation. Most individuals will review the cost of the dumpster first. This is an important factor. Finally, you need to make sure your dumpster rental business in Seattle, WA disposes of your trash in an efficient manner.
There are quite a few dumpster rental businesses in Seattle, WA, but you need to use the one that works best for what you need. Customer support is one of the most significant aspects of any dumpster rental organization. At 1 Stop Dumpster Rental, we take great pride in being the best in the market.
Why is customer support important?
The best thing to do is steer clear of the national suppliers. They only care about making money and won't offer you great customer satisfaction. Hiring a rental corporation for a dumpster shouldn't be as complicated as the home project you are finishing.
Besides the price of your dumpster rental, you also have many sizes to select from. What dumpster rental size you need to have will depend on how much garbage you are producing with your project. Thankfully, 1 Stop Dumpster Rental offers several sizes that could work for you: 10, 20, 30, and 40 yard rentals.
The most popular order we receive in Seattle, WA is for 10 and 20 yard rentals. These little more compact rentals are best for garage projects or small home renovations. We also have the resources to help with large commercial junk removal. We can rent you as many 30 or 40 yard rentals as you need. You can call 888-524-8720 to speak with a specialist to go over which choices are best for your needs.
Nothing is more annoying than renting a dumpster in Seattle, Washington for Friday and not having it show up until Monday. When you work with 1 Stop Dumpster Rental, that never happens. You can quickly start using our incredible services by contacting us at 888-524-8720. We're an ideal dumpster rental company to take care of your needs.
A dumpster rental can help you safely to do away with waste items from a construction project you are doing in Seattle. 1 Stop Dumpster Rental will make sure you avoid fines by sticking with all Seattle, WA laws, and will assist you in the removal of all the waste from your project or job. Telephone 888-524-8720 to get an estimate on just what a rental costs in your area.
Washington has certain safety restrictions that you will need to bear in mind when you rent a unit from 1 Stop Dumpster Rental. Most of these polices are in regards to where you are allowed to place the dumpster. In order to prevent hazardous waste materials from being placed into local landfills, there are rules about what types of waste products you are able to put in your rental unit. To ensure your job goes as smoothly as possible, 1 Stop Dumpster Rental will make you mindful of all of these rules and regulations.
To ensure your unit is safe for 1 Stop Dumpster Rental to recover upon completion of your job, you must make sure you fill it the right way when you rent a dumpster in Seattle.
You will notice that Washington has rules and regulations in connection with what can be thrown away in a dumpster. Restrictions may include common building items like paint or brick. To protect yourself from having to pay fines, 1 Stop Dumpster Rent will inform you of what can and cannot be placed in your rental unit.
1 Stop Dumpster Rental will also give you advice on where to place your roll away dumpster, to ensure safety.
Also, bear in mind the kind of soil in your part of Washington. Put boards under the unit to avoid damage to your property if your driveway or yard moves easily due to climate changes.
Call 1 Stop Dumpster Rental at 888-524-8720 should you have any more inquiries concerning how to safely rent a dumpster in Seattle, WA.
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Terratour Nosara
- Home »
- Transportation » Terratour Nosara
Travel to/from Nosara to any destination in our comfortable and safe vans while our drivers show you the beauties and curiosities of the Pacific of Costa Rica. All of our vans have the mandatory insurance required by Government Authorities, Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT) and the National Insurance Institute (INS). Our entire drivers are native, so they can teach you many things about Costa Rican culture.
Private Shuttles:
Our Private transportation Service provides you with the flexibility of choosing your own pick up times and destinations. Avoid the hassle and stress of driving on a foreign country; just let our professional, reliable and punctual drivers take care of you and your people. We take you to the exact place you are going.
Daily shared rides:
Nosara Daily shared rides: We offer daily shared vans from/to Nosara at Liberia airport. Save some money while you know new friends. Our schedule is according to the most common departures and arrivals times in Liberia airport. You can choose this service if you want to go to a hotel near the Liberia airport as well.
Calle Los Mangos, Costa Rica


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Tayari Jones
Tayari Jones was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia where she spent most of her childhood with the exception of the one year she and her family spent in Nigeria, West Africa. Although she has not lived in her hometown for over a decade, much of her writing centers on the urban south. "Although I now live in the northeast," she explains, "my imagination lives in Atlanta."
Tayari Jones is a graduate of Spelman College, The University of Iowa, and Arizona State University. She has taught at Prairie View A&M University, East Tennessee State University, The University of Illinois and George Washington University. Currently, she is an Associate Professor in the MFA program at Rutgers-Newark University. She was named as the 2008 Collins Fellow by the United States Artists Foundation.


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GAP, POGO Praise Senator McCaskill's Contractor Whistleblower Bill
October 1, 2009
Today, the Government Accountability Project (GAP) and Project on Government Oversight (POGO) praised Senator Claire McCaskill's introduction of legislation to make "best practice" whistleblowers rights, first passed in the stimulus bill, permanent for all federal government contractors. The reform covers institutions receiving federal funds, whether as contracts, grants or other reimbursements like Medicare funds. As in the stimulus, the measure would apply to state and local governments receiving federal funds, as well as corporations or nonprofits. If Congress extends its stimulus reform, the bill will become the nation's broadest-ranging government accountability reform in history.
Identical language to the McCaskill bill was unanimously included in the stimulus law. It provides "no loopholes" free speech protection for anyone who provides services for an organization receiving federal funds. These rights can be enforced by a jury trial in federal court. Further, an agency's Inspector General must investigate whistleblower's underlying charges of fraud, waste or abuse.
GAP Legal Director Tom Devine stated, "Kudos to Senator McCaskill. Whistleblowers are the nation's best resource against corrupt spending and abuses of power. In recent years, government increasingly has contracted out its public service duties to private corporations. That has created an accountability gap, which Senator McCaskill convinced Congress to close for stimulus spending. In an era of trillion dollar deficits, there is no excuse to limit America's most effective resource against fraud, waste or abuse to stimulus funds."
POGO Executive Director Danielle Brian stated, "We are grateful for Senator McCaskill's uncompromising and courageous commitment to the protection of the rights of contractor whistleblowers like the Kabul security guards. Since coming to the Senate, her record of achievement in making the federal government more accountable and transparent is unsurpassed."
GAP is the nation's leading whistleblower protection and advocacy organization, with a mission is to protect the public interest by promoting government and corporate accountability. Founded in 1981, POGO is an independent nonprofit that investigates and exposes corruption and other misconduct in order to achieve a more effective, accountable, open, and ethical federal government.
Founded in 1981, the Project On Government Oversight (POGO) is a nonpartisan independent watchdog that champions good government reforms. POGO's investigations into corruption, misconduct, and conflicts of interest achieve a more effective, accountable, open, and ethical federal government.
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" having a true friend at work, is beyond a blessing in disguise"
~ taybreezy
Many of you know that the weeks I've been having are just cray!
However, I've been getting through each day with what I refer to as life lines;
- Monday's was bubblegum people and the beautiful quote by Me Mandel.
- Yesterday was sleep
- Today is the realization above.
I cannot fathom what my already stressful days would be like without my friends at work. The random outburst, hilarious jokes, spontaneous laughs and just the facial expressions through out the day, really help lighten the mood.
Do they change the amount of work that needs to be done No!
Do make all the injustices go away? Hell no!
But what they do is lighten the burden, soften the blows if you wish. They literally make my heart lighter.
Thank you dearest team 🙏🏼
So, If you have some of your truest friends working with you in the same team/ department. Honour them! Because we are indeed blessed.
❤and🌈 from just an ordinary girl


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Ever since I got into trying Raids in Guild Wars 2 – knowing that they are tied to Legendary Armors – I kept wondering about two very important matters. To an extend, I preferred to hold on to the thought in the back of my mind, until the appropriate time. But let me start from the beginning here.
I was casually browsing Reddit, as I often do, until I noticed a topic on the front page called "ANet, players that don't raid also deserve legendary armor!", which caught my interest. At first I thought "Oh God, here we go again", but after all it turned out to be a joke post about aquabreathers. As usual in this community though, many people got angry about it and the thread attracted raiders and non-raiders alike, only for yet another heated discussion to be kicked off.
Among the usual trolling nature of several comments, there was this particular one which, in all seriousness, claimed that people who don't actually raid truly have rights on the Legendary Armor! Of course someone replied to this statement, angrily so, saying that those people shouldn't have the rights to anything similar, quoted: "Plus what are you gonna use the legendary armor for anyway? Pretty sure you can kill tequatl just fine in rare armor.". I found that statement kinda harsh and I tried to defend the poor soul that "dared" talk about the importance of Legendary Armor in Guild Wars 2. And even though, I admit, my reply turned out to be a bit sarcastic in nature, it was at that point when I suddenly remembered about those two lingering questions I had in my mind concerning Raids and Legendary Armors since forever! So here I am, writing this post trying to figure out the answers to them.
First question is addressed to the hardcore raiding community of the game, the ones who are the most passionate about maintaining the "purity", so to speak, of their favorite type of content in Guild Wars 2. Hence I ask you:
"What are YOU going to be using Legendary Armor for? Why do you need it so?"
Ever since Raids came out, people have been crafting Ascended Armor sets left and right while looking to perfectly gear up their character stat combo-wise. Or rather I should say characters, plural, since you might need to swap from one properly geared profession to another, should the occasion call for it. Basically, what I am saying is that in order to be successful in Raids you need to be as versatile as possible. In the very end, it is more preferable to be in full Ascended gear, since groups usually choose to fill in their spots with people equipped with that instead of exotic pieces. Now this, I know, leaves many people out from even attempting to try Raids, hence having fewer people giving this kind of content a go.
And to be honest, isn't that kinda sad? Forsaken Thicket is an amazing map with great encounters and boss fights. It features some fantastic lore and story that builds up to Living World Season 3. Yet for that sole reason, not everyone is willing to experience it. Some people don't have the fortitude to create 2-3 Ascended Armor sets, which in many cases can be really tedious and expensive. These, more casual, players have no intention of spending their precious leisure time on building their characters to become stat-versatile for such kind of content.
Here's the kicker though: Is there really no easy way to be stat-versatile? Of course there is! Legendary Gear! I, myself, crafted Ad Infinitum (the Legendary Fractal backpiece) because of that very reason. I will never need to craft another ascended backpiece, EVER! Same goes with Legendary weapons of each kind.
So what do hardcore raiders really need Legendary Gear for? They apparently already have all the Ascended gear they need, to have access to their favorite content… What exactly is the reason? I'm not being sarcastic here. I sincerely wonder. Is it just for the prestige and having a skin different to everyone else's? One could easily distinguish those that have already achieved quite a few feats in raids by just taking a look at all the raid-specific weapon skins they sport or the titles they have acquired.
And this leads me to my second question, which is even more important one to me. This one is addressed to the more casual non-raider players of the game:
"Would you be more inclined to raid if you had Legendary gear? Would it perhaps be a big push for you to give it a go?"
Making the Legendary Armor be available outside of raids (Please mind the wording – I do not mean that raids should not feature legendary armor) and giving through that to everyone a way to stat-swap on the fly, would be, in my opinion, a huge boost towards making the Raid content even more popular. This could even pave the way to a much-requested and much-needed feature, that of build templates. This approach could do nothing but benefit the game as a whole. By allowing players to craft Legendary Armor outside of Raids, they would only need to work on their skill in order to be able to tackle the most difficult group-oriented content. I'm sure raids have other problems as well, and I'm not claiming that they are perfect in any way at this point, but we have to start from somewhere if we were to improve access to them.
I really hope that people all across the community express their opinions and try to answer these two questions. A reasonable response to the matter could spark a great discussion, in my opinion, no heat needed! As a final note, I'm inclined to admit that this is in fact a controversial topic for some and I would like to say that my cause is NOT to offend anyone in any way. Let's make it happen people! Feel free to discuss the topic to your heart's content!


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The New England North West FRS is here to listen to your needs and support you to find the right services for you and your family.
You can speak to us by phone, you can visit our office or we can meet you in your home or community.
New England North West FRS Referral Form (96 KB)
New England North West FRS Referral Form (96 KB)
1800 597 589
NSW Family Referral Service and our partners acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which we live and work, and pay our respect to Elders past & present.


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Written by Mr. Michael pinto and Pic's by: Robert Lobo.
A session on Small Christian Communities ( SSC'S )was held on the 5th of July 2015 at St. Mary's special school hall, Kinnigoli parish. It began with prayer songs at 3.00 P.M where the holy bible was enthroned in a place of honour with flowers and lighted candles. Every one present over there came in a procession and gave respect to the word of God by touching it by both of their hands.
After the reading from the bible, the parish SCC coordinator Mr. Michael Pinto welcomed the participants and especially the Parish Priest Rev. Fr Vincent Monteiro and the resource person of the day Rev. Fr. Herald Pereira ( the director of SSC, Udupi Diocease).
This was followed by the talk of the day by Rev.Fr. Herald Pereira. In his very enlightened speech he stressed the wards in the parish to have SCCs with "Ward Committees' of at least 5 members including a youth and promised to come once again after two months to train the ward committee members for their active involvement.
Assistant Parish Priest Rev. Fr Ashok Rayan Crasta, Parish Council Vice President Mr. Vincent Vinod D'Souza, Secretary Mr. Robert Lobo were also present. 112 parishioners including 7 nuns actively participated in the program.
Later the participants were sent into individual groups to answer two questions on building Small Christian Communities. Coffee and biscuits were served then.
SCC varado coordinator Mr. Heric Pais thanked all those present. The whole program ended at 5.15 P.M
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Is your little one delighted with flowers? Her floral affinity may inspire her to practice addition on this adorable worksheet, brimming with double-digit addition—and a bonus real-world word problem. Fiona the Florist needs some assistance and only she can help! In return, she'll get a mental math boost and some helpful practice with double-digit addition.
Looking for more worksheets like this? The occupation addition series will make her smile!


text: We've heard about 'those who warred against the gods'. We understand the concept of 'those who would do us harm' both in an ancient and in a modern context. What about everybody else who lived outside of the circles of civilization, however large or small, in the ancient world? Who were they? Were they all outlaws and raiders? Was there a purpose for some folks to live on the outside? Was it a place for those who did not fit into other social norms? This workshop will explore these and other things and we shall see what answers we can come up with.


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Expert CritiqueFROM THE ASCO Reading Room
Boston University School of Medicine Providence, RI
One study used population-based data, while the other used retrospective data. Although not without shortcomings, these two studies appeared to show potential positive effects in terms of survival in patients with lung cancer while being on metformin. Meanwhile, a phase III trial did not find that metformin use affected efficacy outcomes.
The results of these studies certainly brought to light the compelling question of whether metformin as an anti-diabetic agent could have an anti-tumor effect in patients with lung cancer. More data will be needed -- especially in randomized, observational studies -- to help answer this question.
Patients with type 2 diabetes seem to have a risk for primary lung cancer that is lower than that of the general population. As an article by Gillian Hall, PhD, of Grimsdyke House in London and colleagues explained, this may be due partly to the decreased life expectancy of patients with diabetes -- ie., there is less opportunity for lung cancer to develop since the disease has a peak incidence in the eighth decade of life.
Still, as Hall et al noted, epidemiological studies have demonstrated stronger positive associations between diabetes and cancers other than lung cancer, such as colorectal, breast, and pancreatic.
The less heartening news: Less is known about the associations between diabetes and lung cancer treatment-related outcomes. Several studies have aimed to shed light on this topic.
In one, Juan P. Wisnivesky, MD, DrPH, of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, and colleagues compared the overall survival of patients who had diabetes and stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were taking metformin with that of those not on metformin, using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry.
Overall, 61% of patients were on metformin at the time of their lung cancer diagnosis. The median overall survival in the metformin group was 5 months, versus 3 months in patients not taking the drug.
Based on a propensity score analysis, metformin use was associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.89), after controlling for sociodemographics, diabetes severity, other diabetes medications, cancer characteristics, and treatment.
"Prior studies have reported a survival benefit with metformin use in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer; however, there are limited data regarding the potential effectiveness of this drug among patients with lung cancer," the researchers wrote. "Using population-based data, we found that among patients with stage IV NSCLC with preexisting diabetes, metformin compared with other diabetic medications was associated with significantly better survival. Our results contribute further evidence supporting the potential anticancer effects of metformin."
In another study, Krista C.J. Wink, MD, of the Maastricht Clinic in the Netherlands, and colleagues investigated the use of metformin during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced NSCLC on outcomes in patients with diabetes.
A total of 682 patients were enrolled in the retrospective cohort study, of whom 59 were metformin users and 623 served as controls. All received chemoradiotherapy at three radiation oncology clinics between 2008 and 2013. The study's primary endpoint was locoregional recurrence-free survival, while secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival.
There were no significant differences in locoregional recurrence-free survival or overall survival. However, metformin use was associated with improved 2-year distant metastasis-free survival (74% versus 53% for controls) and progression-free survival (58% versus 37% at 2 years), for a median progression-free survival of 41 months versus 15 months.
The authors noted that in multivariate Cox-regression analysis, the use of metformin was a statistically significant independent variable for distant metastasis-free survival and progression-free survival. Given the results, they suggested that metformin use during chemoradiotherapy "may be a valuable treatment addition in these patients," adding that this positive outcome was seen "despite the underpowered nature of the study, due to a relatively small number of metformin users and a modest follow-up period."
Wink's colleagues at the Maastricht Clinic recently completed an observational trial that enrolled patients with diabetes receiving metformin, patients with insulin-dependent diabetes who did not receive metformin, and a control group. Outcomes assessed in both groups included overall survival, toxicity, and various factors (age, gender, and performance status) that influenced both of those. The study was completed in February 2016, with published results pending.
Finally, Vera Hirsh, MD, and colleagues at McGill University in Montreal examined outcomes in a trial of nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) plus carboplatin versus solvent-based paclitaxel plus carboplatin in diabetic patients with advanced NSCLC.
Among those with diabetes, 32% in the nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin group and 37% in the solvent-based paclitaxel-carboplatin arm received concomitant metformin therapy.
In the phase III study, 61 of the patients had diabetes (this was a subset of the total study population), and a little more than one half received nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin. The objective response rate for nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin versus solvent-based paclitaxel-carboplatin was 52% versus 27% (relative risk ratio 1.935), while the median PFS was 10.9 versus 4.9 months (HR 0.420), and median overall survival was 17.5 versus 11.1 months (HR 0.550).
Hirsh's group reported that the treatment differences in progression-free survival remained significant after adjusting for histology, region, stage, race, and age. Also, patients with diabetes had lower rates of grade 3 or greater neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy with nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin versus solvent-based paclitaxel-carboplatin. However, thrombocytopenia and anemia were higher with nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin.
While the analysis demonstrated that nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin was effective and well tolerated in patients with advanced NSCLC and diabetes -- and that these patients had a significantly higher overall response rate and longer progression-free survival -- the authors did not find that the metformin use affected efficacy outcomes in this study. But they acknowledged that more research is needed on the relationship of metformin and outcomes in patients receiving nab-paclitaxel-carboplatin.
Hirsh's group pointed out that patients with diabetes and cancer face challenges when it comes to treatment of the latter, such as potential exacerbation of diabetic neuropathy by chemotherapy agents. The team also called for more research on the topic of treating diabetic patients for lung cancer, especially as the worldwide incidence of diabetes is climbing.
The study by Hall's group was supported by Pfizer and Aventis. Hall disclosed relevant relationships with Pfizer, Aventis, and GlaxoSmithKline.
The study by Wisnivesky's group was supported by the NIH. Wisnivesky disclosed relevant relationships with EHE International, Merck/IMS Health, and Aventis.
Wink and co-authors disclosed no relevant relationships with industry.
Hirsh disclosed relevant relationships with Celgene. Some co-authors are Celgene employees.


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STABLE Still 200L
The fruit distilling pot still is a distillation assembly designed for home-made brandy making. Through the distillation process, an alcoholic distillate is obtained from the alcohol fermentation of fruit mash(plums, pears, apricots, grapes, etc.). The distillation pot still consists of a copper boiler to which heat is applied that enables vaporization of the alcohol, a cooler in which alcohol is condensed and a connecting tube that connects both of the vessels.All the parts of the distillation pot still that get in contact with alcoholic distillate during the distillation process are made of pure copper. During the distillation process, copper binds i.e. neutralizes a large portion of the acid and other chemical impurities that are generated during fruit fermentation or distillation itself.
*** Due to the constant investment in product improvement, there may be a difference in the appearance of the cooler compared to picture on our web shop . The changes will not affect the functionality of the product.
Prices include VAT.


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Robins' Nest initially provided programs for only children but grew to include adults, families, veterans and caregivers. From Child Permanency to Prevention and Parent Education, Robins' Nest's programs are making great strides in strengthening New Jersey's communities.Get a Quote
Elevation created a site focused on visual appeal through imagery and creative design. A community resource and document directory makes the site invaluable for community members and a Blackbaud donation system streamlines fundraising efforts.


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Leading organisations recognise the need to play a role in ensuring sustainable futures for people, our environment and diverse cultures. Whatever your corporate social responsibility objectives, CSIRO can develop – or may already have - a program to match.
Indigenous communities are closely informing our work in marine and environmental science, property services, astronomy and space science, information management and technology, and aquaculture.
In 2018 more than 150,000 primary and secondary school students took part in our science education programs.
The Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO play an important role in monitoring, archiving, analysing, interpreting and communicating Australia's observed and future weather and climate.
We have a long history of working with partners in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and its adjacent catchments, spanning the full continuum from inland to outer reef.