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Latex Occidental
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BK Latex
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Guohua Latex Products
Xiong County Shaohua Latex Products
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Born in Philadelphia in 1936, Walter E. Williams holds a bachelor's degree in economics from California State University (1965) and a master's degree (1967) and doctorate (1972) in economics from the University of California at Los Angeles.
In 1980, he joined the faculty of George Mason University in Fairfax, Va., and is currently the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics. He has also served on the faculties of Los Angeles City College (1967-69), California State University (1967-1971) and Temple University (1973-1980). From 1963 to 1967, he was a group supervisor of juvenile delinquents for the Los Angeles County Probation Department.
More than 50 of his publications have appeared in scholarly journals such as Economic Inquiry, American Economic Review and Social Science Quarterly and popular publications such as Reader's Digest, The Wall Street Journal and Newsweek. He has made many TV and radio appearances on such programs as Milton Friedman's "Free to Choose," William F. Buckley's "Firing Line," "Face The Nation," "Nightline" and "Crossfire."
He is also the author of 'Race and Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination?' and 'Up from the Projects: An Autobiography.'
In 1981, he began writing his weekly column called "A Minority View" for Heritage Features Syndicate. And in 1991, he joined Creators Syndicate as part of its friendly takeover of Heritage Features.
Williams sits on many advisory boards, including the Review Board of Economics Studies for the National Science Foundation, the Research Foundation, the National Tax Limitation Committee, the Taxpayer's Foundation and the Hoover Institution.
The awards and honors Williams have received are many. These include the National Fellow at the Hoover Institute of War, Revolution, and Peace; the Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship; the National Service Award from the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies; and the George Washington Medal of Honor from the Valley Forge Freedom Foundation. In 1984-1985, he received the Faculty Member of the Year Award from the George Mason University Alumni. He is also a member of the American Economic Association, the Mont Pelerin Society and is a Distinguished Scholar of the Heritage Foundation.
Williams participates in many debates and conferences, is a frequent public speaker and often gives testimony before both houses of Congress.

subset: commoncrawl


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Rochester Military Lawyers
P.O. Box 630
Cataumet, MA 02534
University of Richmond School of Law
Boston, MA 02108
New England Law | Boston
Boston, MA 02109
Boston, MA 02122
Chatham, MA 02633
University of California, Berkeley School of Law and UC Berkeley School of Law Boalt Hall
Boston, MA 02108
New England School of Law
Brookline, MA 02445
Westborough, MA 01581
Boston University School of Law
Bedford, MA 01730
Massachusetts School of Law
Believing that everyone should be able to obtain legal services, Ms. Lazar's practice focuses on the needs of people of "modest means" - typically, those whose incomes put pro bono and subsidized legal...
Concord, MA 01742
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University of Connecticut - School of Law
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The University of Texas School of Law
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Listings in Handyman, Alarm Systems, Security & Cameras, Painting & Staining and Transmissions near Peyton
Transmission Clinic of Colorado, Inc. (25.80 mi)
in Transmissions, Auto Repair & Service
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Eyes Milagros
Functioning as a protection charm, this eyes milagro wall hanging can be placed anywhere in the home to bring in loving energy, good health, and to keep spirits high! Traditionally used for healing and protection purposes, Milagros are decorative wall hangings found predominantly in Mexico, Latin America, and the southern United States.
- Stamped German silver.
- Length: 1.75". Width: 3.75". Height: .25".
- Imported.
- Found at our 51 Charles St. location.
Each item found at DECEMBER THIEVES is lovingly crafted. We work with small artisans and independent designers who follow small batch manufacturing practices. For them this means working solo with a handful of studio assistants or with small family run workspaces to bring to life their creations.
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Important to note the items you find online are one and the same as those found in our brick and mortar locations- so snatch them up while you can!
We hope your purchase from December Thieves is everything you hoped for but we understand that sometimes things don't work out.
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text: Ray C. Stedman (1917-1992) was one of the great pastors, expositors, and spiritual leaders of the twentieth century. A graduate of Dallas Theological Seminary, he was pastor of the Peninsula Bible Church in Palo Alto, California, for forty years. With over twenty books to his credit, from "Spiritual Warfare" to his insightful commentary "Adventuring Through the Bible," Stedman spanned the experiences of the Christian life with his writing. His book "Body Life" had a tremendous impact on the church in the twentieth century.


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Reviewed By Larry E (Ocala, FL) Reviewed for a 2002 Chevy Corvette —7/10/2014 5:47 AM
Very good product. suits my needs for what i needed .Would have been better if it would have had an extra inch in the front and an extra inch in the back. the areas that go under the wipers amd in the boot. Over all I like the product and would buy it again . I have only put it on once so I think the next time will be easier .Thanks I LIKE IT .


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They say it's your birthday…
Four Dodgers who have left their marks on the organization were born on this date…
The youngest of those four turns 30 years old today and he's the current "Dean of the Dodgers." Remember that term from the 80s, which often referred to the player who was with the team the longest? Well, Hong-Chih Kuo is that guy, having been in the organization since he was drafted as an 18 year old in 1999. His perseverence through physical injuries and this year, mental anguish, have earned him the respect of hundreds of thousands of baseball fans around the globe and he couldn't be a better representative of this team.
Eight years before Kuo entered the world in Taiwan, Nomar Garciaparra was born and raised here in Los Angeles. He got to play for his hometown team for several years and became an immediate fan favorite. Arguably his most memorable day as a Dodger was the "four-homer game" when the team trailed by four in the bottom of the ninth and hit four consecutive solo shots to tie it, only to lose the lead in the 10th and win it on a Nomar walk-off in the bottom half.
The other two are no longer with us, but far from forgotten.
Don Drysdale would have been 75 today. He won World Championships, set Major League records and reached the Hall of Fame, long before being known to another generation as a Dodger broadcaster. He passed away far too young, in 1993, while on the road with the team. Tonight, more than 50 of his family and friends (plus thousands of his admirers) will be on hand as we celebrate his career and life as a Dodger. His sons, D.J. and Darren, will throw out ceremonial first pitches and his wife (a legend in her own right) Ann Meyers Drysdale will also be on hand.
And coincidentally, another Hall of Famer and Dodger whose number is retired, Pee Wee Reese, was also born on this day in 1918. He played in the third-most games in franchise history (1,918), scored more runs than anyone who ever wore a Dodger uniform (1,338), had more hits than everyone other than Zach Wheat and will always be remembered as one of the original Boys of Summer. He passed away in 1999 and not only did he wear No. 1 on his jersey, but in so many people's minds, he was No. 1 in their heart, too.
With all that's gone wrong this season on and off the field, it's important for us to take a moment and think about four Dodger All-Stars, all born on the same day, all accomplished in their own right, and all who wore (or wear) the uniform with dignity and pride.
39 Comments
Did any of you know that Drysdale led the Dodgers in hitting in 1966? He was the ONLY .300 hitter on the team that year. I was at the game where he set the scoreless inning streak. It was the first game I yelled myself hoarse. Wonderful memories . . . .
I didn't get to see Don Drysdale play because he was a tad before my time, but I made up for it in all the Dodger books, stories and articles I have read that pertained to or referenced him. I do remember him being in an episode of "The Brady Bunch" when I was a little kid – lol!!! It was a big deal to me back then – lol!!
I think he was on an episode of "The Rifleman" also.
Yea – I think you are right! I didn't watch those as a kid, but I do know as an adult.
Don was also on Leave it to Beaver and The Brady Bunch
It's nice to have a win 🙂
Now that is a very nice thread, Josh!
I am old enough to have watched PeeWee and Don both, mostly at the old ballpark in Philadelphia where I was going to school. Many matchups between Drysdale and Robin Roberts, and Don usually came out on top. What memories!
Fun game last night even if it seemed to last forever. Had a little of everything except the long ball. The tribute to Drysdale at the beginning was quite touching. I estimated there were about 30,000 in attendance and for the most part, the crowd was into the game, except for all those folks who left after the 8th inning and missed an exciting finish. Nice to see Furcal have a good game both at the plate and in the field as he made a couple beautiful plays.
NSB mentioned Drysdale's book in the previous thread, Once a Bum, Always a Dodger. I am proud to have an autographed copy of that book.
I was lucky enough to see Big D a couple of times. In a game against the Pirates, Fairly hit a solo shot right down the right field line and Drysdale made it stand up for the win. Cannot remember the circumstances, but I did see Drysdale pinch hit once.
He also appeared on the Donna Reed Show. Duke Snider and a couple of other Dodgers, I do not remember who, were on The Rifleman.
Wow! A nice win today – after Billz got through his troubles, he was awesome. Win streak!!!
Guerra has really stepped up & done a fantastic job closing!
Jonathan Who?
When will a Dodgers media expert tell Don Mattingly to quit touching his face during the post game interviews? It is very annoying to watch and distracts from what he is trying to say.
You are spot on! It's driven me crazy in the past, as well!!!!!
Maybe the team should get a jar like they did for Loney. He would have to put a dollar in every time he touched his face or moved his hand from right side to chin to left side to soul patch. He would get a dollar for every interview he kept his hand out of camera view.
Wow that's rare. Reese born on 1918 and played in 1,918 games.
Hi Everybody
Just passing through. Hoping for another Dodger victory, which are pretty seldom these days. I'll try to look it in here more often.
Great to read you here, OBF! We've missed you. Hope all is well!
3 in a row would be sweet Tru!!
I am always around. I was just text watching Michael's game with the other moms at the game. I wasn't at today's game so they were updating me in the game. The won both games today, and were heading to the championship game tomorrow, but the other team protested and won. I wasn't there, but from what the parents said, it's something political. It sucks sometimes when you are dealing with opposing coaches that are assholes as one parent said, and won't let the boys just play baseball.
Collie – I meant to reply to your comment on OTD – lol!!!
Dre with a bomb! Nice ab by Miles! Way to produce a couple of runs. Now for Ruby to settle down and stop overthrowing.
Nice shut down inning RDL!
Nice play by James and RDL on the backside!
Hey Tru! Key double play there!
They are listening to you Tru!!!
Well that was a little scary. Nice way to see the kid pull it out.
Just keep Honeybutt away from Javy.
that is great that you have the "Once A Bum, ALways a Dodger" book autographed! I found it at my local library bookstore. They had discarded it (probably they already had another copy) so I picked it up for 50 cents. It is stamped with the library name/address as discarded in the back and in the first page. I was happy to get a hold if it!
Happy belated birthday to all our Bums!


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Getting Started
System Requirements
|ROBOTC requires basic system specifications to run properly. The development environment is not processor intensive, but the interactive debugger may slow down computer performance on older machines.
For more information on ROBOTC's Virtual World program, see our Computer Requirements and Performance page.
ROBOTC will not run natively in any other operating system other than Microsoft Windows. ROBOTC will run with a Virtualization client on a Apple Macintosh. ROBOTC has been tested with VMWare Fusion, Parallels Desktop, and Apple's Boot Camp. You will still need to download/install device drivers found on your purchased CD or on the ROBOTC website.
Downloading ROBOTC
|Before we start programming in ROBOTC, we need to first download and install the client. This can be done by navigating to ROBOTC's website ( https://www.robotc.net) and selecting the 'Downloads' tab.
|1) From the ROBOTC website, select the individual robotics platform you wish to program on. If you want to use multiple platforms or accidentally download the wrong version, you can manually activate and choose another platform thorugh the ROBOTC program. When you get to the correct platform page, click on the 'Download ROBOTC for X version x.xx' to start the download process:
|2) At this point click the 'Save' button to start downloading ROBOTC. You may get a warning pop-up from either Windows, your antivirus program, or both. This is to warn you that some programs downloaded from the internet can be malicious and to use care before running them; click allow to start the download.
|3) Once the program is done downloading, navigate to the Downloads folder on your computer and start the ROBOTC installer. You may have to right click on the installer and select the "Run as Administrator" depending on individual computer restrictions; ROBOTC must be installed with administrator privileges.
|4) Depending on which platform you are installing, ROBOTC may also install additional drivers unique to each platform. If for any reason the drivers are not downloaded and installed properly they can be downloaded and installed manually from the ROBOTC website.
Installing and Uninstalling ROBOTC
Activate Online
Activate by Web
|Follow these steps to activate on a computer without internet access:
Note: You will need to use a separate computer with Internet access in step 4 at this activation process. You must repeat this process on each computer without internet access.
1. Open ROBOTC and select "Activate ROBOTC" from the menu.
Select Platform Type


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Filters: Author is Luthcke, S. B. [Clear All Filters]
Towards a Seamless Transition from TOPEX/Poseidon to Jason-1." Marine Geodesy 27, no. 3 (2004): 373. Abstract"
Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from Satellite Gravity Observations." Science 314 (2006): 1286-1289. Abstract"
A reassessment of global and regional mean sea level trends from TOPEX and Jason-1 altimetry based on revised reference frame and orbits." Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): 14608. Abstract"
On the origins of Earth rotation anomalies: New insights on the basis of both "paleogeodetic" data and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data." Journal of Geophysical Research 114, no. B11 (2009). Abstract"
Towards development of a consistent orbit series for TOPEX, Jason-1, and Jason-2." Advances in Space Research 46 (2010): 1513-1540. Abstract"


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Over the next few weeks, the Democrats and Republicans will hold conventions and adopt platforms to tell voters where they stand on key issues. Platforms help define legislative priorities for the parties and the lawmakers who belong to them: Adopting strong Internet freedom language will help ensure that we'll never have to deal with another SOPA or CISPA.
This political ritual only happens once every four years, so we have just days to demand that the two dominant parties make Internet Freedom a priority.
Sign our petition to the Democratic and Republican officials responsible for drafting their party platforms. Tell them to adopt the following language:
"The Democratic/Republican Party stands for a free and open Internet, unfettered by censorship and undue violations of privacy."
It's about time for the Democratic and Republican parties to stand up for Internet Freedom -- and to do it in writing. 2012 has been a landmark year for those who believe in the right of Americans to share information and communicate with each other free from censorship and surveillance.
At the start of the year, we joined together to defeat the Internet Blacklist Bills (SOPA & PIPA), and just days ago we defended online privacy by stopping heavy-handed cybersnooping legislation. Along the way, members of both parties lined up against us. Join us as we tell the Democrats and Republicans to make Internet Freedom a priority.


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What Barriers? Reflections on Acts 8:26-40
26 An angel from the Lord spoke to Philip, " At noon, take the road that leads from Jerusalem to Gaza. " (This is a desert road.) 27 So he did. Meanwhile, an Ethiopian man was on his way home from Jerusalem, where he had come to worship. He was a eunuch and an official responsible for the entire treasury of Candace. (Candace is the title given to the Ethiopian queen.) 28 He was reading the prophet Isaiah while sitting in his carriage. 29 The Spirit told Philip, " Approach this carriage and stay with it. "30 Running up to the carriage, Philip heard the man reading the prophet Isaiah. He asked, " Do you really understand what you are reading? "31 The man replied, " Without someone to guide me, how could I? " Then he invited Philip to climb up and sit with him. 32 This was the passage of scripture he was reading:
- Like a sheep he was led to the slaughter
- and like a lamb before its shearer is silent
- so he didn't open his mouth.
- 33 In his humiliation justice was taken away from him.
- Who can tell the story of his descendants
34 The eunuch asked Philip, " Tell me, about whom does the prophet say this? Is he talking about himself or someone else? " 35 Starting with that passage, Philip proclaimed the good news about Jesus to him. 36 As they went down the road, they came to some water.The eunuch said, " Look! Water! What would keep me from being baptized? " 38 He ordered that the carriage halt. Both Philip and the eunuch went down to the water, where Philip baptized him. 39 When they came up out of the water, the Lord's Spirit suddenly took Philip away. The eunuch never saw him again but went on his way rejoicing. 40 Philip found himself in Azotus. He traveled through that area, preaching the good news in all the cities until he reached Caesarea. (Acts 8:46-40 CEB)
- because his life was taken from the earth?
The story of Philip's encounter with the Ethiopian Eunuch is a powerful reminder that God can and will overturn barriers that we erect or that even God might erect. Here is a person who has a deep sense of loyalty to the God of Israel, and yet his physical condition limits his access to the things of God. As we journey through Easter, and near the Pentecost moment when the Spirit turns things upside down, this story is a good reminder of where the pathway is leading.
I appreciate a word given by Barbara Brown Taylor found in today's reading found in the Daily Feast: Meditations from Feasting on the Word, Year B, (WJK Press, 2011).
She writes:
This story is think with the presence of the Holy Spirit, which raises interesting questions about how that Spirit works. If God is the Law-maker, then God is also the Law-bender, or at least the Law-transcender, who both places limits on the faithful and inspires them to challenge those limits when right relationships with God and neighbor are at state. This dynamic shows up in both testaments, not just one. When Philip follows the Spirit's leading to go to the Ethiopian eunuch, he follows in the footsteps of his ancestor Elijah, who was led by the Lord to a widow of Zarephath (1 kings. 17:9). When Philip comes up with nothing that might prevent the Ethiopian from being baptized, he acts on the eschatalogical prophecy of of Isaiah 56:4-5.
As Barbara Brown Taylor notes, it's not that there aren't limits, but God can and will transcend them, when it is appropriate and fruitful for the furtherance of our relationships with God and neighbor.
As we begin a new week, what barriers is the Spirit removing?


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Terra-Cotta Cotton Midi Dress
Product Details
100% cotton knit, this easy going and eco-friendly midi dress is a must have for warmer weather.
- boat neck
- midi length
- pockets
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- 100% cotton
- hand wash cold, lay flat to dry
- made in China
Lindsey: Usually wears size S, pictured wearing size S.
- Bust: 33"
- Waist: 26 1/2"
- Hips: 37
- Height: 5'10"
We ship orders Monday-Friday, with the exception of nationally observed US holidays. Standard shipping orders take 1-3 days to process; Priority or Priority Express orders will be processed within 1 business day. You'll get a shipment notification email once your package ships.
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For returns please submit a return request for here and a return label will be sent to you.
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Every piece comes from a supplier who signed our social responsibility contract. This means they committed to fair labor policies, lawful wages, and safe working conditions for everyone who helped make this product.
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Being kinder to yourself starts with being real. It's about the story you tell yourself every day and the images of beauty you surround yourself with. We like you for you. All of our photos are untouched and we plan to keep it that way.


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Video: Silver Moon Bakery's Judith Norell on the Joy of Bread Baking
"Working with bread dough is like playing music...I could not go a day without bread."
This is just how the owner and head baker of Silver Moon Bakery, Judith Norell, talks. She bakes because she craves the physicality and "exactness" that comes from shaping bread from dough to loaf. And she wanted to do something "benign that's good for the world."
Our buddy Liza de Guia of Food Curated thinks Silver Moon makes the best baguette in New York (we agreed in last year's tasting), so we'll definitely agree with the "doing good" claim.
Liza interviewed and filmed Norell at her Upper West Side bakery, where it's obvious to see the physical connection Norell has to her work. She describes her products as French in approach, with sourdough bases for her baguettes, boules, and loaves, and more elegant, less sweet cakes. It's a thoughtful and pretty video about one of our city's bread heroes.
Watch the Video
Silver Moon Bakery: Rolling Out The Best Baguettes in New York City from SkeeterNYC on Vimeo.


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You know from the moment we see poor Sam getting cornered in a garage between two maniacal, green-haired clowns that this is going to be an amusing episode and it didn't disappoint. I especially loved the opening splash page exploding into a garish splatter of glitter and paint.
The episode toggles back and forth between Sam's battle in the garage and the events that led to the clown showdown. For now we'll rewind 60 hours
Dean's talking to Frank on a clap-infested pay phone, trying to see if he's learned anything about Bobby's murderer. Unfortunately, the answer is he's got dick on Dick. So the boys head to Wichita, Kansas. (I've got relatives there. I've always known that place is ev-il!) Dean is happy for the diversion because he's sworn off bars, booze, babies and hot chicks of any kind. (Dear Lord those Amazons really did a number on him!) The latest strange involves a man with suction marks all over his body from a giant Pacific octopus and a bite mark on his neck that bled him out. It's Octo-vamp, not to be confused with Octo-mom, but equally scary. The next casualty is a man who was impaled in the chest by a unicorn who appears to have rainbow farts.
The boys soon discover a commonality between the victims. They'd recently taken their kids to Plucky Pennywhistle's Magical Menagerie, a scarier version of Chuck E. Cheese. It seems Sam's Coulrophobia stems from the fact that his big brother would dump him off at the kiddie pizzeria while Dean trolled for chicks. Sam doesn't want to investigate Plucky's but Dean tells him 99.99% of all clowns can't hurt you and if it bleeds, it can die.
At Plucky's, "Where All Your Dreams Are Good" ( I think not!) the walls are decorated with children's drawings. In an effort to aide childhood development the kids are encouraged to draw their worst nightmares so Plucky can make their fear disappear. A janitor overhears Sam's discussion with the manager and tells him to come back after closing so he can tell him something in private. The poor guy never gets the chance. After some kid pukes in the ball pit the custodian climbs in to sanitize the balls and—in a clever homage to Jaws' opening scene—is quickly dispatched by a land shark.
Something or someone didn't want him to blow the whistle, but the remainder of the victims are all less than stellar parents. The next one on the hit list looks to be a Plucky employee. The harried mom actually gives her son, who looks to be about seven, money so he can take the bus home on his own. Eek! Instead he settles into a table and draws a picture of a robot with laser eyes.
Federal Agent Sam returns to Plucky's to "lean on" the employees. Dean will then follow them post-interview to see if they reveal their guilt. (But really he's all about earning the super-sized Slinky by winning double-tickets on Skeeball.) Using every bad cop cliché maneuver Sam hilariously questions the manager, the prize guy (who's so chipper you want to punch him) and the Lion mascot who takes off running. Only he's not guilty of Mary Poppinsing the kids pictures into reality. He thought he was being busted for his Breaking Bad bro's meth connections. However, he does reveal that the basement is uber-scary.
Sam seeks out the kid and his mom before she gets blasted by a robot, while Dean checks out the boiler room (always a bad idea). Wow, it turns out perky prize guy has been taking the kids drawings and a personal item he's lifted off their parents and thrown them into a fire pit set into the middle of a pentagram. Dean finds the boy's robot pic and tears it up. Mom might be safe, but prize guy had already thrown Sam's business card and a clown picture into the fire. That brings us to Sam's clown chase. The poor boy is getting his butt beaten. Apparently, these juggalos are in the rare minority of clowns who CAN hurt you.
A desperate Dean tries to figure out how to save Sam. It seems prize guy went all berserk because he was passed up for management. But the real reason for his revenge goes back to his childhood. His brother was drowning and when he tried to get his parents attention in order to save him, they ignored him. Dean quickly makes the connection between the story and a picture prize guy had drawn. He takes the artwork and a clown figurine and throws them into the fire. Prize guy's brother then shows up and causes Plucky's perky employee to drown. Fortunately for Sam, his clown duo then explodes in a cloud of glitter. When Dean sees him again he laughingly tells his little brother he looks like he's been attacked by some PCP crazed stripper. (It's SO good to see Dean genuinely laugh and smile!) He then apologizes for psychologically scarring Sam.
You know, I had a boyfriend in high school who was terrified of clowns. He literally shuddered at the mere mention of them, which of course meant I had to tease him unmercifully. Sorta the same way Dean teases Sam. As the boys get ready to leave Wichita behind, Sam gifts Dean with a giant slinky. Dean says he has a present for Sam too. Unlike the slinky, the clown doll is left on the asphalt as they drive off.
I thoroughly enjoyed this episode. There were tons of great one-liners, Jared did an awesome job acting skittish and his bad cop routine had me in stitches. It was also wonderful seeing Dean in a lighter—i.e. not self-destructive—frame of mind and the phobias were fun. That's all over now. The previews for next week show things are about to take a very dark turn.


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Introduction to the SunBriteTV 5560HD 55″ Outdoor All-weather LCD HDTV
If you have been to any recent home and garden shows, you may have noticed the increase in outdoor entertainment areas. These usually consist of a covered patio, comfortable seating, fireplace/firepit, and anywhere from just a grill to a full outdoor kitchen area with pizza oven. Sounds like a home outside of your home and all it needs is a TV so you'd never need to leave.
Having a TV outside where you can enjoy the sun and fresh air is certainly not a new concept. In fact, my friend kept a 20-year-old 15″ tube TV with rabbit ears outside on their deck for many years. Eventually the damp Pacific Northwest weather took its toll on the old TV and it died an honorable death. When I told my friends I was reviewing an outdoor TV, they didn't believe me when I said it would live its entire life outside in the rain and wind. It's no secret that electronics and water, or extreme hot and cold temperatures don't play too well together, but that didn't stop SunBriteTV from solving that problem. They make a line of all-weather HDTV's specifically designed to live outside and they sent me their 5560HD, an LED lit 55″ LCD TV, to test out in the Oregon climate.
- Design: LCD Screen 55″ Diagonal TFT Active Matrix HDTV
- Native Resolution: 1080p
- Contrast Ratio 5000:1
- Frame Rate: 120 Hz
- Viewing Angle: 176° x 176°
- Response Time: 6.5 ms
- TV Formats: 1080p, 1080i, 720p, 480p, 480i
- Input Connectors: RFI Antenna/CATV (ATSC/QAM/NTSC) x1, HDMI HDMI™ Input x2, Video Composite S-Video x1 and Composite Video x1, L/R Audio Inputs x1, Video Component YPbPr plus Stereo Audio x2, PC 15-pin D-sub VGA plus Stereo Audio, Control Set RS232 Serial, Discrete IR Control, Concealed IR Window
- Audio Out: SPDIF, Analog 1/8″ Headphone Jack
- Speakers: Two with 20 Watt Amplifier
- Accessories Included: Weatherproof Remote Control, Outdoor Dust Cover
- Exterior Outdoor Rated ASA High-Impact Resin
- Colors: Black, Silver, White
- Dimensions: 33.6″ H x 53.3″ W x 7.3″ D
- Weight: 109 Pounds
- SunBriteTV
- SECRETS Tags: SunBriteTV, HDTV, LCD, Video
Design and Setup of the SunBriteTV 5560HD 55″ Outdoor All-weather LCD HDTV
The 5560HD is part of the company's Signature line, geared towards consumer applications. They also produce a more robust Pro Series and a direct sunlight readable Marquee Series meant for commercial applications such as football stadiums. The SunBriteTV arrived securely packaged along with a separate mounting kit. As I helped the delivery guy carry the large box from the truck to my garage I noticed the TV's significant mass. There was clearly more to this TV than other modern LED lit LCDs.
The build quality on the SunBriteTV is nothing like ordinary indoor TVs. There is no sexy half-inch bezel with chrome accent; instead the frame is thick and bulky with a depth of 7.3 inches. The screen is sunken in with the bezel overhanging a bit, adding a protective element to face of the LCD panel. The shell of the TV is made out of an outdoor rated ASA high-impact resin. The model I had was a flat black, but it is also available in white and silver. A SunBriteTV logo on the bottom and a status LED in the bottom right corner are the only decorations on the front of the TV. Making up the rear are a couple of handle bars and the input panel. Unlike your normal TV's input panel, the SunBriteTV has its inputs inside a covered panel, facing downward to prevent them from sitting in water. The panel door is surrounded in a gasket that seals when then door is closed and tighten with thumb screws. The only thing else to note on the rear was the row of filtered vents for air flow.
The unit comes with a no-frills remote that I had a few issues with. On the plus side, it is also weather proof, so spilling beverages on it is not a problem. On the downside, the remote was not as responsive as I would have liked. The line of site had to be just right for the TV to respond to a button push. Also the buttons are all the same size and the remote is not backlit, so under poor lighting conditions it is very hard to locate something like the volume controls.
SunBriteTV offers a couple of options for the mounting of its displays. You can either go with a wall mount, hooking it up directly to the side of your house (or perhaps above an outdoor fireplace), or you can go with a stand-alone system they refer to as a deck planter pole. Since this was, unfortunately, not a permanent install, I went with the planter pole. It is a heavy duty (10 lbs) powder-coated aluminum post with a flat plate base. The idea is to bolt the plate into a deck, or use concrete screws into a patio. For my temporary install I had to get a bit more creative and bolted the post to a much wider piece of plywood in order to provide a stable base for the TV.
As I mentioned, this is not a light TV, weighing in at a hefty 109 lbs. It took the strength of me and a friend to mount the TV to the stand. Overall, it was a pretty straightforward setup and only took a couple of hours.
For connecting the TV up to a signal I used a wireless HDMI kit from Belkin. This was a lifesaver as I didn't have to figure out how to run a 30 foot cable from the family room to the backyard without having to keep a window open! The Belkin worked great and had no issues receiving a signal through the outside wall and windows of my house. For Blu-ray testing I hooked up a PS3 directly via HDMI.
The SunBriteTV 5560HD 55″ Outdoor All-weather LCD HDTV In Use
In my mind an outdoor TV has one major perk: sports. Where there is a BBQ, there is often a game of soccer, baseball, or football on TV and what better way to enjoy some grilled meats and a beer than to sit back with friends, catch some rays, breathe in some fresh air, and watch sports? I was able to get the TV setup just in time for one of the early season Oregon Ducks games. Friends came over and we had good food, drinks and even made a fire when temperature started to drop. Everyone agreed: this is the life. Although, I thought it was missing one thing: a hot tub. I think if I ever have a setup where I can relax in a hot tub with a glass of bourbon and watch some football on a SunBriteTV, then I have made it in life.
So how did the SunBriteTV look? BRIGHT. My first impression of this TV was that it pumped out a lot of light, which is ideal for daytime viewing. When the sun was shining directly on the front panel there was some noticeable, and understandable, glare, but as long as a proper location is chosen for the permanent install this shouldn't be much of a problem. The colors had a nice pop to them without being overblown and given the high brightness, perceived contrast was very good. I sampled the various picture modes: custom/standard/dynamic and didn't find there to be as much variance between modes as in most indoor displays. I chose standard and lowered the brightness a tad and left further adjustments to Chris and his meter and software.
Blu-ray playback was good, but not comparable to today's indoor plasma and LCD sets. The SunBriteTV uses a 120Hz panel and in doing so incorporates some degree of frame interpolation to playback at that rate. This becomes immediately prevalent on 24p sources and I have yet to see a version of frame interpolation that doesn't give me the heebie-jeebies, so I was disappointed to find no option in the menu to disable it.
Sound quality from the SunBriteTV's speakers worked well for sports, but definitely lacked on the movie front. If you were serious about sound when watching blockbusters outdoors, I'd recommend a dedicated pair of outdoor speakers, which would also allow for music while entertaining.
Off angle viewing was pretty good for an LCD set. It won't beat out my plasma by any means, but if you have a group of friends watching the game, I highly doubt any of them would complain about the picture quality sitting off to the side. The TV's brightness seems to help with the off angles.
Is this TV really waterproof? To find out, I turned on the SunBriteTV and sprayed it with the hose.
The refraction from the water droplets certainly don't make for a very watchable experience, but if the SunBriteTV catches some Oregon rain, it will merely laugh and keep on working. I wiped the water off along with some dust that had collected outside and it looked like new again.
The SunBriteTV 5560HD 55″ Outdoor All-weather LCD HDTV On the Bench
Sitting down with the SunBriteTV outdoor TV, the picture adjustments were extremely limited. It is the first TV to come through here without any sort of white balance adjustment, so I was stuck using the preset modes and picking what looked best. Even the best mode that I could pick, warm, came out looking very blue and was close to 8000K for an average CCT. For a dedicated home theater room this might be unacceptable, but for an outdoor set where you'll have sunlight hitting it and color shifts caused by daylight, it's not quite as big a deal and the extra light output from this might be appreciated.
The gamut also offered no adjustments aside from Color and Tint. None of the colors were horrible, and they were all better than white as far as the dE 2000 values. The gamut included the full HDTV area without being way outside of it, which leads to neon greens and other issues, and wouldn't be correctable on this set. Overall the color performance was good.
The SunBriteTV was able to produce a ridiculous 120+ fL when everything was cranked up on it, which was so bright it was almost painful to look at a screen that bright at night. You'll have no issue getting enough light output from this set, which is good as it'll be in the direct sun sometimes and you'll need that light output. The SunBriteTV managed to produce 4:2:2, 4:4:4 and RGB colorspaces with full chroma and luma information, and didn't clip any pixels either. It did seem to introduce some motion interpolation that I didn't see a way to defeat, which will bother many people.
3:2 and 2:2 cadences worked fine on the SunBriteTV, with a lock coming fairly fast and not dropping. BTB and WTW material was present if the brightness and contrast were adjusted correctly, and no other major issues were visible. The SunBriteTV isn't going to replace your plasma or projector in your dedicated home theater room, but it isn't meant to. I really would like a 2 point white balance control to be available, as that would really improve the grayscale, but most people probably won't care with the TV going outside.
Conclusions about the SunBriteTV 5560HD 55″ Outdoor All-weather LCD HDTV
With the advent of the flat-panel TV, new applications have started coming to fruition, with one of them being all-weather outdoor TV's. It is a brand new market and SunBriteTV is leading the way with their complete line of high definition panels. My time with the SunBriteTV was more than enjoyable and made me quite envious of those with the means to have a complete outdoor living area. In my opinion, if you are designing an outdoor area for entertainment there is no reason to leave out a SunBrite TV. It is built with the ability to take on rain, snow, hot and cold, bugs, and salt air with ease. While you may not get the same state-of-the-art picture quality you'd expect in a similar indoor TV, you do get a very bright LED lit panel, which is critical when watching in the bright sunlight, and good off angle viewing.
Without much competition, there is indeed a price premium for an outdoor TV over a similar indoor, but don't expect that budget 55″ indoor LCD to last very long in the elements. As I have found out many times the hard way, doing things right the first time can often save money and stress down the road. My suggestion is, if you plan on setting up a TV outside, do yourself a favor and go with a SunBriteTV. Then fire up the smoker, get the ribs going, and call the friends over to enjoy the good life.


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A new study published in Trends in Genetics is suggesting that humans are slowly but surely losing their intellectual and emotional capacities. According to Stanford University's Gerald Crabtree, humanity peaked in intelligence about 2,000 years ago, and we've been heading downhill since then, owing to genetic mutations that aren't being selected against. It's possible that Crabtree is right — but his argument may be a moot point.
Top image from Idiocracy.
First, let's take a closer look at the study.
In the year 5012...
As Crabtree notes, human intelligence is the result of thousands of different genes that arose during the course of our evolution. And indeed, human intelligence — from a genetic perspective — reached its current configuration some time during the Paleolithic era of our ancestry (about 6,000 years ago).
This level of intelligence was very likely a requirement for survival; those who were less intellectually endowed were unlikely to pass on their genes. As Crabtree noted in his paper, "A hunter-gatherer who did not correctly conceive a solution to providing food or shelter probably died, along with his or her progeny."
But now, says Crabtree, life is easy and we no longer have to be smart to survive and produce offspring. As a result, we are no longer reinforcing the genetic integrity of our intelligence through extreme selectional processes. And it's because of this that our brains are withering away like our appendixes. Given enough time, Crabtree suspects that we will become increasingly susceptible to mutations that will lead to intellectual disabilities.
In terms of specifics, Crabtree has calculated that the 2,000 to 5,000 genes that code for human intelligence will start to degrade appreciably in about 3,000 years — about 120 generations from now. At that point, he predicts that we will have sustained at least two or more mutations severe enough to stunt our intellectual or emotional stability.
Selectional pressures still in effect
Now, all this said, a fundamental problem with Crabtree's prognostication is that it is trapped in a normative frame. His analysis makes little to no consideration for current or future trends, whether they be sexual, social, or technological in nature.
For example, he completely understates the importance of sexual selection — an ongoing process that most certainly has an impact on our ongoing genetic constitutions. In his study, Crabtree writes that modern Wall Street executives only have to worry about receiving a substantial bonus in order to attract a mate. "Clearly," writes Crabtree, "extreme selection is a thing of the past."
But what Crabtree is grossly under-appreciating is the degree to which intelligence brings couples together in modern society. His Wall Street executive wouldn't be a Wall Street executive without a requisite level of intelligence. The same goes for anyone else with a complex and modern job. And without the ability to survive and thrive in today's highly competitive environments, it's very unlikely that anyone would be capable of attracting a mate.
Moreover, it's unlikely that men and women would mate with someone who suffers from a severe cognitive deficiency. Sad, but true. Subsequently, a case can be made that there are still selectional pressures that favor for intelligence.
Society and biotech to the rescue
But all of this is moot. There are plenty of external factors to make this a non-issue.
First, there's the issue of socialization and education as it relates to human intelligence. As Crabtree correctly notes, "Remarkably, it seems that although our genomes are fragile, our society is robust almost entirely by virtue of education, which allow strengths to be rapidly distributed to all members." Indeed, as the Flynn Effect has revealed, a solid environment will have a profound impact on intelligence (whether it be through health, socialization, education, intellectual stimulation, or epigenetic factors).
Second, there's the ongoing interplay between our minds and our technologies. The web is already serving as a kind of external brain where we're offloading our capacities. It's becoming increasingly unclear where our minds stop and where our technologies start.
Lastly, there's the potential for technological interventions — and to Crabtree's credit, he also admits that this is a distinct possibility.
Indeed, given that we're already in the era of gene therapies and regenerative medicines, we can only imagine how sophisticated our biotechnologies will be 3,000 years from now. We will most certainly be able to fix (or screen for) any deleterious effects of genetic mutations by this stage.
Thinking more transhumanistically, our brains will unlikely be biological at that point — what will likely be more cybernetic than genetic. Today, there's already talk of synthetic synapses, artificial neural networks, and advanced neural interface devices. And given the potential for cognitive enhancement (whether it be done through advanced nootropics, genetic engineering, or cybernetic implants), we are set to become substantially more intelligent than we are today.
So when it comes to evolutionary biology and the future of our genetic constitutions, all bets are off.
Top image: Film.com. Inset images via here, here, and Shutterstock/Michelangelus.


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How to Buy a Vintage Luxury Car
James Knight from Bonhams Auction House explains the three key things to look for when buying a vintage luxury car.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
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Despite winning the Northern Section Division II volleyball championship on Saturday, the Chico High girls team was seeded No. 7 Sunday in the Northern California bracket of the CIF State Volleyball Championships.
The Panthers (28-9), who defeated crosstown rival Pleasant Valley (19-17) in the section title match in Red Bluff, will travel to Sacramento for the first round of the eight-team NorCal playoffs on Tuesday. Chico will face No. 2 seed El Camino (33-5) of the Sac-Joaquin Section at 7 p.m.
Pleasant Valley, seeded eighth, will head to San Jose to take on top-seeded Archbishop Mitty (36-0) of the Central Coast Section.
Chico and Pleasant Valley were the only two Division II teams in the Northern Section.
In Division V, five-time Northern Section champion Hamilton (25-9) was seeded No. 6 and will host a first-round match Tuesday at 7 p.m. against No. 3 seed St. Joseph Notre Dame (26-11) of Alameda, out of the North Coast Section.
Los Molinos (35-8-1), the Northern Section runner-up to Hamilton, wil go to Ross to play top-seeded Branson (35-2) out of the North Coast Section.
The second round will be Saturday at 7 p.m. at the highest seeds.
The NorCal finals will be Tuesday, Nov. 27, at the highest seeds, with the state finals on Saturday, Dec. 1, at Concordia University in Irvine.


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Download the complete Marcé Society position statement here
The case for undertaking universal psychosocial assessment (including depression screening) of women during the 'perinatal period' has attracted much interest, and vigorous debate [1]. The following position statement aims to articulate the arguments contributing to the debate and thus provide guidance to assist decision-making by clinicians, policy makers and health services.
Aims of the Position Statement
This document does not set out to make specific recommendations about psychosocial assessment and depression screening (as these will need to be devised locally depending on existing resources and models of care) nor does it attempt to summarise the vast evidence-base relevant to this debate.
The perinatal period (pregnancy and the first postnatal year) is a time of great adjustment for all parents, made more challenging by the presence of existing psychosocial risk factors (or morbidity). Key risk factors for poor perinatal emotional adjustment include a history of past or antenatal anxiety or major depression, other mental health disorder or substance misuse, lack of supports, issues in partner relationship, a history of trauma (including adverse childhood events and domestic violence), isolation (physical, mental, cultural), stressful life events, poverty, and personality vulnerabilities e.g., low self-esteem or high trait anxiety [2-5].
The presence of psychosocial morbidity (especially high levels of anxiety and stress) in pregnancy can adversely impact on fetal development with associated suboptimal cognitive, emotional and behavioural outcomes in the offspring as identified in a number of large prospective cohort studies [6]. Postnatal depression may also impact on infant outcomes [7].
In many high income and developing countries, pregnancy and the postnatal period are opportunistic periods for health education due to the frequency of contact with health care providers. Expectant and new parents are often highly motivated to seek help in effecting change for the sake of their offspring and potential reduction in intergenerational family dysfunction. The perinatal period thus provides clinicians with a unique opportunity to address the psychological, social and physical health of their clients, and to consider universal psychosocial assessment as part of mainstream maternity and postnatal care. Early identification and treatment of psychosocial morbidity are especially important in relation to the functioning of the family unit and the critical parent-infant relationship with potential to positively impact on the health of the next generation. Equally important is the need to address adverse social circumstances (where possible) and history of current or past violence and trauma [8, 9]. With the research focus to date focussing mainly on perinatal depression, interpersonal violence and past trauma have tended to be under-investigated as potential key risk and mediating factors.
Major depression – often accompanied by anxiety disorder and personality vulnerability – is the most common condition presenting in the postnatal period [10, 11], and may be associated with negative outcomes for mother, partner, infant and family. Such episodes can be new in onset or the recurrence of a pre-existing condition. In high income countries, the prevalence of major depression in the nine month pregnancy interval is 12.7%; and 7.1% in the first 3 months postpartum [12].
Large population studies demonstrate an increased risk of new onset psychiatric episodes, especially major depression and puerperal psychoses, arising in the first few months postpartum [13], while risk of relapse of pre-existing mood disorder, often following the cessation of medication, increases significantly both in pregnancy and in the postnatal period [14-16], especially bipolar disorder [17]. Maternal death associated with psychosocial morbidity (including substance misuse and interpersonal violence) has become one of the leading causes of maternal deaths in high income countries [18, 19]. There is a 70 fold increased risk of suicide in the first postnatal year after admission for a severe psychiatric episode compared to at other times in a woman's life [20].
The evidence base for depression screening in the perinatal period has been extensively examined in the process of developing the 2007 British [4], 2012 Scottish [5] and 2011 Australian [21] Clinical Practice Guidelines which are all underpinned by systematic literature reviews (SLR). These three Guidelines vary in their degree of recommendation for or against the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS, [22]), with the Australian Guidelines recommending for its universal use within an integrated screening program; while the Scottish (SIGN) and British (NICE) CPGLs suggest its use only as an adjunct to clinical practice. An AHRQ 2013 systematic review of screening for postnatal depression [23] concludes that while current depression screening instruments are reasonably sensitive and specific in detecting postpartum depression, there is insufficient evidence to allow the benefits and harms of depression screening to be clearly balanced-or to ascertain whether the use of specific assessment tools/strategies would result in better outcomes.
While the Australian guidelines note the use of universal psychosocial assessment programs as a good practice point, in addition to the assessment of mother-infant dyads, neither of the SIGN or NICE Guidelines comment on the value of broader psychosocial assessment as defined in the current position statement. For more detail, the three sets of Clinical Practice Guidelines recommendations are summarised in Appendix 1 and Table 1. It is important to note that recommendations carry a variable weight dependent on the quality of the evidence at the time of guideline development, hence the variation in degree of recommendation by different guidelines for the use of, for example, the EPDS.
Key Definitions and Concepts in Perinatal Mental Health
Before proceeding to articulate the debate, we need to define the terminology and concepts that have arisen over the last two decades in the field of perinatal mental health.
1. The perinatal period: has been defined in different ways, but for the purposes of this document, it is defined as the period spanning pregnancy and the first postnatal year. The use of the term 'perinatal' in the psychosocial setting underscores the importance of considering maternal and infant emotional wellbeing at a time when maternal risk of onset/relapse of mood disorder is highest, when maternal social and emotional vulnerabilities are often heightened, and at a critical time in the development of infant attachment. It also highlights the value of early intervention (ideally beginning in pregnancy) and the importance of detecting psychosocial issues which may impact adversely on maternal, obstetric, infant & family outcomes.
2. 'Psychosocial morbidity': for the purposes of this document, covers the spectrum of morbidity from diagnosable psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, psychosis, anxiety and bipolar
Marcé International Society Position Statement 2013 disorder) to psychosocial risk factors (as described in the background section), but may also include substance misuse; personality vulnerability/disorder and poor adjustment to parenting.
3. Prevention: preventive health care aims to reduce the burden of chronic conditions by early identification of people with risk factors or symptoms and applying appropriate interventions. It is the key premise underlying the benefits of universal psychosocial assessment & depression screening.
4. Psychosocial assessment programs: these encompass both the evaluation of current and longstanding psychological, social, and cultural risk factors impacting on the mental health of women across the perinatal period [1]. Such enquiry should cover the breadth of morbidity from the low prevalence serious mental health conditions (eg. schizophrenia, bipolar & personality disorders etc) through high prevalence conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders, to the presence of risk factors that will make adjustment to parenting more difficult. Unlike screening, psychosocial assessment does not set out to identify women with a possible diagnosis of a particular condition at the time of assessment. Rather it gives us a multidimensional picture of the woman's psychosocial circumstances which can then be used to make decisions about best care options. Given its multidimensionality, it is essential that it be undertaken as part of an integrated care program (see definition below). Psychosocial assessment may be undertaken as part of clinical interview or using a structured tool.
5. Depression Screening: Screening for current depression is generally considered as one component of psychosocial assessment in the perinatal context, and should not be seen as the only aim of such assessment. Screening can be universal, i.e. done in all women. This is in contrast to targeted screening that is only undertaken in high risk groups (e.g. young, single, substance using mothers). Screening should only take place where a validated, acceptable & user-friendly screener is integrated with further diagnostic assessment and treatment (as appropriate), dependent on 'screen positive' status [24, 25]. Screening tools are used for the detection of symptoms likely to be associated with a diagnosis, using an optimal cut-off score. Importantly, a screener is not a diagnostic tool. Diagnosis requires a full clinical assessment.
6. 'Integrated' care: the use of this term in the perinatal setting highlights the importance of:
a) Integration across health care disciplines and between primary and secondary/tertiary health care systems;
b) Integration between components of a psychosocial assessment program: including the assessment itself (including depression screening); clinician training and supervision; clear clinician decision making guidelines round appropriate care planning and referral pathways;
c) Integration across time periods (antenatal and postnatal) and service settings (e.g., hospital and community);
d) Integration of psychosocial assessment with 'mainstream' (physical) maternity and postnatal care.
The current debate
Two key themes in current debate among perinatal clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers are: 1) the benefits (clinical and cost) vs. harms of a) universal psychosocial assessment and b) depression screening; and 2) undertaking such activity in resource-constrained settings.
1. The benefits vs. harms of universal psychosocial assessment and depression screening:
The debate in relation to universal depression screening encompasses a number of factors: the potential misuse of a screener as a diagnostic tool (leading to misdiagnosis and increased prevalence reporting); or inaccuracy as a result of lack of robustness in terms of the screener's psychometric properties i.e., sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV i.e. the number of 'positive screeners' who actually have a diagnosis), and clinically optimal cut-off point. The most recent estimate of PPV is around 62% [26]; meaning that about 38% of women scoring >13 on the EPDS may be incorrectly diagnosed as having major depression if no further assessment is undertaken. This has led one author to highlight the potential risk for 'overpathologising' the presence of postnatal symptoms [27], with possible harm caused to the woman and in terms of cost to the system. . The other key concern is around availability of resources to support perinatal depression screening programs.
In the UK, universal depression screening using the EPDS (+/- the Whooley questions- see Appendix 1) is considered as potentially causing more harm than good [28] and not seen as cost-effective [29] on current available data. Interestingly, the US Prevention Task Force [30] recommends in favour of depression screening for the general population given good evidence of clinical benefit when it is undertaken in an enhanced care setting [31]. Such an approach has not yet been assessed in the perinatal setting.
Psychosocial assessment, which entails enquiring about the woman's overall psychosocial wellbeing (including past and current conditions as opposed to possible current depression), as part of maternity and postnatal care, clearly indicates to the woman that her clinician is interested in her overall wellbeing. There is a strong argument for considering such enquiry part of routine care – where physical and emotional care is integrated within the primary health care context. While some will disagree with the routine use of a depression screener (for the reasons outlined above) most clinicians would argue that psychosocial assessment has value in its own right (irrespective of availability of comprehensive psychosocial services) as a means of:
a) Opening up the conversation about psychosocial issues including those that impact the family more broadly (e.g., intimate partner violence, supports, help-seeking) and that can be addressed by non-mental health trained care providers.
b) Raising awareness and educating pregnant women/mothers and their carers about the fact that psychiatric and psychosocial conditions deserve to be treated; that difficulties in the parent-infant interaction may arise at this time; and that effective treatments and supports are available, should these problems arise.
The debate relating to universal psychosocial assessment is less contentious and tends to centre on the need to define methodologies and care models (e.g., use of structured questionnaires versus general unstructured enquiry, within an integrated care model) that are suited to local circumstances. Examples of structured psychosocial assessment tools include the ALPHA[32], ANRQ [33] and ARPA [34]. Where psychosocial assessment programs are undertaken, primary care clinicians will need adequate psychosocial assessment skills training and ongoing clinical supervision from the mental health sector. Such integrated assessment care models, which must include a substantial training component, have begun to be implemented in Australia especially in maternity, and early childhood settings, but have yet to be evaluated [33-35].
Ultimately training and support for the primary health sector is likely to reduce the frequency of referrals to mental health services as these practitioners become more confident and skilled with managing women with milder psychosocial risk and depression or anxiety.
Of relevance to the debate, is the growing evidence that low intensity interventions (e.g., internet based programs), social support, peer support and self-help are effective in the management of milder mood or adjustment disorders [36-38], and may circumvent the perceived increased workload for the health care sector as a whole. Ultimately long-term follow up studies are needed to evaluate the benefits and costs for the wellbeing of mothers, infants and families and society.
2. Psychosocial assessment and depression screening in resource-constrained countries:
In most of the 112 low and lower-middle income countries (where the majority of the world's women live) there are insufficient services for safe pregnancy and birth let alone recognition of psychosocial problems. In some settings the mental health services are limited to custodial institutions which provide poor quality and at times what would be considered, by world standards, abusive care. We must thus be cognisant of the context in which psychosocial assessment is undertaken while minimising its potential to worsen the woman's predicament due to increased stigmatisation or even abuse [39].
Equally, identifying psychosocial risk factors (including those associated with poor antenatal attendance and nutrition) in resource-constrained countries has the potential to impact both the mental and physical health of women in pregnancy, thereby improving obstetric and offspring outcomes [40, 41]. In more economically advanced countries, much can now be undertaken by primary health care workers, both in regard to depression screening and broader psychosocial assessment.
Finally, we need to be mindful that depression screening instruments (mostly developed in Western settings) perform very differently in resource-constrained countries where there may be a very different understanding of concepts such as "depression". In such situations women may have fewer words to describe their emotional experiences and needs. As their lives are chronically difficult, questions that assess whether they are feeling worse than usual are invariably answered 'no'. The use of different cut-offs on screening tools will thus need to be evaluated in such settings [42]. Development of local methods for screening based on the needs of, and acceptability to, that specific culture, are recommended.
In summary while there is no simple answer to the question of whether 'there is a place for universal psychosocial assessment (including depression screening) without adequate referral services', not undertaking such assessment because of the complexity of issues or a lack of mental health resources, overlooks the critical role of psychosocial wellbeing in maternal and infant outcomes.
There is now a growing, although not unanimous, view within the International Marcé Society in favour of undertaking universal psychosocial assessment in perinatal women, as long as it takes place within an integrated care model. It is generally recognised by clinicians that such assessment holds intrinsic value in terms of educating women and families and 'starting the conversation' about psychosocial issues. How exactly this takes place must be decided at a local health service level (see Box below for more detail).
Future Directions: building the evidence base
In order to inform clinicians looking for guidance & policy makers in setting funding priorities we need:
Guiding principles underpinning Universal Psychosocial Assessment & Depression Screening Programs – International Marcé Society Position Statement 2013
Where the provision of universal psychosocial assessment and care for perinatal women in the primary care setting is being considered, the following principles need to be considered:
The value of combining assessment of both the physical and emotional health and welfare of women in the perinatal period.
The impact of psychosocial morbidity on the transition to parenthood andinfant attachment and development.
1. Austin, M.-P., Antenatal screening and early intervention for 'perinatal' distress, depression and anxiety: where to from here? Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2004. 7: p. 1-6.
2. O'Hara, M., Swain, A., Rates and risk of post-partum depression: a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 1996. 8: p. 37-54.
3. Milgrom, J., et al., Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A large prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2008. 108(1-2): p. 147-157.
4. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), Antenatal and postnatal mental health: The NICE guidelines on clinical management and service guidance CG45. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. The British Psychological Society & Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2007.
5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), Management of perinatal mood disorders (SIGN Publication no. 127). March 2012, Edinburgh: Available from URL: http://www.sign.ac.uk.
6. Talge, N.M., C. Neal, and V. Glover, Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 2007. 48(3-4): p. 245-261.
7. Murray, L. and P.J. Cooper, Postpartum depression and child development. Psychol Med, 1997. 27(2): p. 253-60.
8. Howard, L., et al., Domestic Violence and Perinatal Mental Disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 2013. 10(5): p. 1-16.
9. Seng, J.S., et al., Post-traumatic stress disorder, child abuse history, birthweight and gestational age: a prospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2011. 118(11): p. 1329-1339.
10. Austin, M.-P., et al., Depressive and anxiety disorders in the postpartum period: how prevalent are they and can we improve their detection? Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2010. 13(5):395-401.
11. Wisner, K.L., et al., Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry, 2013. [epub ahead of print].
12. Gaynes, B.N., et al., Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Evidence Report / Technology Assessment, 2005. 118: p. 1-225.
13. Munk-Olsen, T., et al., New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA, 2006. 296(21): p. 2582-9.
14. Cohen, L.S., et al., Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA, 2006. 295(5): p. 499-507.
15. Viguera, A.C, et al., Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000. 157: p. 179-184.
16. Viguera, A.C., et al., Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry, 2007. 164(12): p. 1817-24.
17. Munk-Olsen, T., et al., Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2009. 66(2): p. 189-195.
18. Oates, M., Suicide: the leading cause of maternal death. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2003. 183: p. 279-281.
19. Austin, M.P., et al, Maternal mortality and psychiatric morbidity in the perinatal period: challenges and opportunities for prevention in the Australian setting. Medical Journal of Australia, 2007. 186: 364-367.
20. Appleby, L., P.B. Mortensen, and E.B. Faragher, Suicide and other causes of mortality after post-partum psychiatric admission. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1998. 173: p. 209-211.
21. Austin, M.-P., N. Highet, and and the Guideline Expert Advisory Committee, Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Depression and Related Disorders — Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder and Puerperal Psychosis — in the Perinatal Period. A Guideline for Primary Care Health Professionals 2011, Melbourne: beyondblue: the national depression initiative.
22. Cox, J.L., et al, Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1987. 150(6): 782-6.
23. Myers, E.R., et al., Efficacy and Safety of Screening for Postpartum Depression. Comparative Effectiveness Review 106., 2013, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Rockville, MD.
24. Wilson, J.M.G. and G. Jungner, Principles and practices of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; Public Health Papers No. 34., 1968.
25. Raffle, A.E. and J.A. Muir Gray, Screening: Evidence and practice. 2007, Oxford University Press.
26. Milgrom, J., J. Mendelsohn, and A.W. Gemmill, Does postnatal depression screening work? Throwing out the bathwater, keeping the baby. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011. 132(3): 301-10.
27. Matthey, S., Are we overpathologising motherhood? Journal of Affective Disorders. 120: p. 263-6.
Marcé International Society Position Statement 2013 8
Psychosocial Assessment and Depression Screening in Perinatal Women
28. Hill, C., An evaluation of screening for postnatal depression against NSC criteria, 2010 UK National Screening Committee London.
29. Paulden, M., et al., Screening for postnatal depression in primary care: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ, 2009. 2210(340): p. b5203. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5203.
30. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Screening for Depression in Adults: Recommendation Statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2009. 151(11): p. 784-792.
31. Wells, K.B., et al., Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial.[Erratum appears in JAMA 2000 Jun 28;283(24):3204]. JAMA, 2000. 283(2): p. 212-20.
32. Carroll, J.C., et al., Effectiveness of the Antenatal Psychosocial Health Assessment (ALPHA) form in detecting psychosocial concerns: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ, 2005. 173(3): p. 253-9.
33. Austin, M.P., et al., The Antenatal Risk Questionnaire (ANRQ): Acceptabilty and use for psychosocial risk assessment in the maternity setting Women & Birth, 2013. 26: p. 17-25.
34. Matthey, S., et al., Routine psychosocial assessment of women in the antenatal period: frequency of risk factors and implications for clinical services. Arch Womens Ment Health, 2004. 7(4): p. 223-9.
35. Austin, M.-P., et al, Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing antenatal and postnatal mental health morbidity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008(4).
36. Dennis, C.L. and E. Hodnett, Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007(4): p. CD006116.
37. Dennis, C.L., et al., Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2009. 338(jan15_2): p. a3064-.
38. Dennis, C.L., Intensive postpartum support for postnatal depression has the most beneficial outcome – meta-analysis. Evidence-based Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2006. 8(3-4): p. 94-95.
39. Fisher, J., et al, Pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period Mental health aspects of women's reproductive health : a global review of the literature. Geneva: WHO Library, 2009.
40. Rahman, A., et al., Maternal depression increases infant risk of diarrhoeal illness: –a cohort study. Arch Dis Child, 2007. 92(1): p. 24-8.
41. Patel, V., et al., Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 2007. 370(9591): p. 991-1005.
42. Fisher, J., et al., Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bulletin WHO, 2012. 90. 139G-149G.
Marie-Paule Austin (lead) St John of God Health Care Prof Perinatal & Women's Mental Health, University NSW, Australia. Chair Australian (beyondblue) Guidelines Perinatal Depression & associated Disorders.
Gisele Apter Director Perinatal & Child Psychiatry Erasme Hospital, University Paris Diderot, France.
Bryanne Barnett, Perinatal Psychiatrist, St John of God Health Care & University NSW, Sydney, Australia.
Angela Bowen, Lead Maternal Mental Health & A/Professor Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
Roch Cantwell, Perinatal Psychiatrist, Southern General Hospital; Glasgow Scotland; chair SIGN Guidelines.
Prabha Chandra, Professor Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Linda Chaudron, Professor, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, Ob/Gyn, University of Rochester, USA.
Jane Fisher Jean Hailes Professor Women's Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Jane Hanley, President International Marcé Society, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Wales, Great Britain.
Nicole Highet, Executive Director Centre for Perinatal Excellence (COPE), Australia.
Jane Honikman, Founder Postpartum Support International, USA
Jeannette Milgrom Professor & Director Parent-Infant Research Institute, University Melbourne, Australia.
Anne-Laure Sutter-Dallay, Head Perinatal Psychiatry, University of Bordeaux, France
Katherine Wisner, Asher Professor of Psychiatry & Ob/Gyn, Northwestern University, USA.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the International Marcé Society & St John of God Health Care in compiling the Advisory Committee's comments.
Suggested reference: Marcé International Society Position Statement (2013). Psychosocial Assessment and Depression Screening for Women in the Perinatal Period.
Summary of National level Clinical Practice Guidelines for psychosocial assessment and Depression Screening (see also Table 1)
Over the last 10 years, three National level Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGLs) have been developed. In addition, we have an extensive review of the use of the EPDS for depression screening perinatally from the US (AHRQ 2013 not summarised here). Each of these CPGLs is underpinned by a systematic literature review (SLR) and includes a number of graded evidence-based recommendations and good practice points. Each CPGL addresses two key domains:
1) Model of psychosocial care. Each of the Guidelines recommend similar approaches to this:
2) Focus and method of assessment. There are significant differences between the Guidelines with respect to this as follows:
Australian (NHMRC endorsed 2011)
English and Welsh Guidelines (NICE 2007; under review; next version due 2015)
Scottish Guidelines (SIGN 2012)


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To say that Guy Clark is a no-nonsense person is an understatement.
Many who come into contact with him detect a gruff demeanor, but any awe or possible intimidation they feel most likely stems from the power of the songs he's written, including "Desperados Waiting for a Train," "L.A. Freeway," "The Randall Knife," "Texas 1947," "Like a Coat From the Cold" and "The Last Gunfighter Ballad."
He's even enjoyed success in mainstream country, writing "Heartbroke" (a No. 1 for Ricky Skaggs in 1982) and co-writing "She's Crazy for Leavin'" (No. 1 for Rodney Crowell in 1988).
Clark is a songwriter, but by today's standards, he's much more than that. He's a true artist who continues to impress his peers while attracting and influencing younger songwriters. At age 71, he still seems uncomfortable receiving praise, but he's learned how to deal with it.
The title song of his new album My Favorite Picture of You was inspired by a decades old snapshot of Susanna, his wife and greatest supporter, glaring into the camera in anger. The photo, which appears on the album cover, was taken after she walked out of a house where she found him and songwriter Townes Van Zandt, as Clark has described it, "just drunk on our asses, jerks. And she'd had enough. She walked out that front door."
Clark's wife died in June 2012. A few months later, his performance of "My Favorite Picture of You" proved to be one of the most emotionally moving moments at the Americana Honors and Awards show at Nashville's Ryman Auditorium.
During a recent interview with CMT, Clark talked briefly about his wilder days before delving into a conversation about his latest music, his constant feeling that he's losing his creative spark and his love of building guitars.
CMT.com: "My Favorite Picture of You" is about the encounter where Susanna was fed up with finding you drunk with Townes. That didn't happen very often, did it?
Clark: Nah. (laughs) Just once.
There are a lot of stories about you and Townes hanging out together. How wild was it? Have these stories been exaggerated?
Oh, I'm sure they have.
When I saw the title of "Cornmeal Waltz," the album's first track, I wasn't sure what to expect. I grew up in Texas and Louisiana, but the imagery of those local dance halls was something I hadn't thought about in years.
Oh, yeah. That'll always be part of Texas, you know. It's like a family thing. Everybody goes out there. It's not just young kids going to dance. It's all ages going out there and whoopin' it up.
Those weren't just a place to dance and listen to music. They were a gathering place for the entire community.
Yeah, that's exactly what it was. It still is, to a certain, extent around the Hill Country, especially. That tradition just carries on because there's so much of the Czech and German people there. They just won't let it go.
"Hell Bent on a Heartache" includes the line, "I should know better but I guess I don't." How has life affected you as far as coming to terms with realizing there are things you should know about but still can't control?
The sooner you learn you can't control it, the better off you are. You've just gotta let it go and try to come out on top, I guess. I don't know. It's always a crapshoot.
You've said "El Coyote" and "Heroes" weren't intended as political songs, but the topics about illegal immigration and the plight of military veterans do offer sharp social commentary about the realities some people face today.
"El Coyote" is based on true stuff. I read a couple of newspaper articles or maybe saw it on the news. One of those guys had a big truck. On the other side of the border, he loaded up with … the workers, charging $1,100 apiece — guaranteed to get you across the border. They'd save up all the money they could their whole lives, give this guy $1,100 apiece to get them across the border — guaranteed, no problems. So they got across the border, and he opened the back of the truck and turned them all in to the border patrol for $1,100 apiece. That's just cold, man.
What about "Heroes"?
It's the same way. There are more young kids coming back from the Middle East who kill themselves than ever has been in any war the United States has been in. That includes Vietnam, World War II, anything. Anytime the American army has been anywhere, there are more kids coming back and killing themselves in whatever you want to call it — a war or a conflict. It's just mind blowing to me. It's like, "How can they let that happen? What the hell is going on?" It just breaks my heart.
Your voice sounds very strong on the new album.
I felt just like I did today — rough and ragged. Chris Latham, the engineer, has some sort of potion. I felt sure I was going to have to go back in and re-sing every one.
Your new songs on the album are among the best you've ever written. Has your approach to writing changed through the years?
Yeah, I just try to do the best I can, you know. Throwing stuff away. Just doing it half-assed. Sometimes I have more luck at it than not. … Just stick with it till you get something that sounds right — that is right.
Younger songwriters are drawn to you. One of them said you gave them the best advice about writing when you told him, "You have to be willing to show your ass." Does that advice sound familiar?
Yeah, it does. I guess you kind of have to … what am I trying to say? Well, that pretty much says it. Don't try to be careful. Go ahead and do you best and let it fall wherever it falls. I mean, you just have to go for it.
It seems like most songwriters go through a really productive period where they're coming up with great songs and then sometimes lose their creative spark. Have you ever felt like that was happening to you?
Oh, yeah. Every day. Every day.
How do you overcome it?
Whiskey, drugs, more sleep. (laughs)
What's an average day in your life like these days?
I've been kind of under the weather, actually. I've had both knees replaced and had another surgery on my leg. God, I can't remember it all.
Are you still building guitars?
Part of the knee problem is that I haven't been able to stand at my work bench for a couple of years because of the surgeries. You know, just getting old. I haven't packed up all my stuff yet, so I'll probably build some more.
How many have you built?
I started about 10 years ago, and I've only built 14.
Have you kept them or given them to friends.
Both. I don't sell them. I don't want to sell them and be in the guitar-building business. It's horrible. You can't make a living doing that.
Even if you're charging $3,000 or $4,000 for a guitar, it almost amounts to minimum wage.
Oh, yeah. You have to charge about $10,000 for a guitar. I've given some away to friends, but I've got most of them.
Other than the knee surgery, how's your health otherwise?
Terrible. (laughs) It finally caught up with me. Oh, I've got some irregular heartbeat shit going on, so I'm having to be careful — quit smoking, quit drinking coffee.
Cutting out coffee is probably worse than not drinking Jack Daniel's.
Boy, no shit. I quit drinking five or six years ago. I haven't been drinking whiskey for a long time.
As you've aged and gone through health problems, does "Desperados Waiting for a Train" have a different meaning to you?
Oh, I never thought about that. I guess it does. Well, I don't know. Probably not.
One of the great things about the songs you've written is that you always leave room for listeners to put themselves into the situation and interpret things in their own way.
That's kind of what I try to do — to allow people to put themselves into it. That way, they can connect with the song. It's what I'm trying to do, anyway.