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2008 Mumbai attacks
Unknown extension tag "indicator"
|2008 Mumbai attacks
Locations of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
|Mumbai, India
18°55′20″N 72°49′57″E / 18.922125°N 72.832564°E{{#coordinates:18.922125|72.832564||||||| | |name=}}
26 November 2008-29 November 2008
Attack type
|Bombings, shootings, hostage crisis,[1] siege
|Approximately 164 (in addition to 10 attackers, including 1 attacker captured and later executed)[2]
Non-fatal injuries
|See casualty list for complete list
Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi[3][4]
Number of participants
In November 2008, 10 Pakistani members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant organization, carried out a series of twelve coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai.[10][11][12] Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker who was captured alive, later confessed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of Pakistan Government's intelligence agency ISI.[13][14] The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.[2][15]
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[16] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[16] Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital,[16] the Nariman House Jewish community centre,[17] the Metro Cinema,[18] and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[16] There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[19] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to flush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks.[20]
Ajmal Kasab[21] disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba,[22] among others.[23] The Government of India said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[24] On 7 January 2009,[25] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Kasab's nationality as Pakistani.[26] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik asserted that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan.[27] A trial court on 6 May 2010 sentenced Ajmal Kasab to death on all the 86 charges for which he was convicted.[28] On his appeal against this verdict, Bombay High Court on 21 February 2011[29] and Supreme Court of India on 29 August 2012 upheld his death sentence.[30] Kasab was executed by hanging at Yerwada Jail in Pune on 21 November 2012.[31][32] On 9 April, 2015; the foremost mastermind of the attacks Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi[33][34] was granted bail against surety bonds of ₹200,000 (US$3,200)[35] though he may still remain in jail for a month.[36][37][38]
- 1 Background
- 2 Attacks
- 3 Attribution
- 4 Casualties and compensation
- 5 Aftermath
- 6 Trials
- 7 Locations
- 8 Memorials
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
There have been many bombings in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[39] The 1993 attacks are believed to have been in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.[40]
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[41] The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[42] A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city.[43] On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[44] On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.[45] On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[46] On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai.[47] 209 people were killed, including 22 foreigners[48][49][50] and over 700 injured.[51][52] According to the Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[53][54]
A group of men, sometimes stated as 24, at other times 26[55] received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. Part of the training was reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir.[56]
The recruits went through the following stages of training, according to the Indian and U.S. media:
- Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist ideas, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India,[57] Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe.
- Basic Combat: Lashkar's basic combat training and methodology course, the Daura Aam.
- Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas.[57] According to an unnamed source at the US Defense Department this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army,[58] along with survival training and further indoctrination.
- Commando Training: Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised commando tactics training and marine navigation training given to the Fedayeen unit selected in order to target Mumbai.[citation needed]
From the students, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission.[59] They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that former officers from Pakistan's Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training.[60] They were given blueprints of all the four targets – Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident, Nariman House and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.
The first events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to "mind their own business" before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen's subsequent report to police received little response.[61]
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) was attacked by two gunmen, one of whom, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire,[62] using AK-47 rifles.[63] The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[63] their assault ending at about 22:45.[62] Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Continuous announcements by a brave railway announcer alerted passengers to leave the station and saved scores of lives.[64][65] The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Many of the outgunned police officers were afraid to confront the attackers, and instead switched off the lights and secured the gates. The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with an intention to kill patients,[66] but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkare searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and the police returned fire. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte and one of their officers were killed, though the only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was wounded.[67] Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help.[68] A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested.[69] A police officer, Tukaram Omble was also killed when he ran in front of Kasab to shoot him.
Leopold Cafe
The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba Causeway in South Mumbai, was one of the first sites to be attacked.[70] Two attackers opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November, killing at least 10 people, (including some foreigners), and injuring many more.[71]
Bomb blasts in taxis
There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer bombs. The first one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle, killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed, and about 15 others were injured.[19][72]
Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident
Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and the Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel – one in the lobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident.[73][74] At the Taj Mahal, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.
CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra stating that all hostages were freed;[75] however, it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Mahal hotel.[76]
A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Mahal hotel when it was attacked,[77] but none of them were injured.[78] British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Sajjad Karim (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in different parts of the building.[79] Also reported present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was barricaded in a hotel room.[80][81] Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.[79] Kamall also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely.[82] Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot.[79][83] Also caught up in the shooting were the President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking in at the Oberoi Trident,[83] and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at a restaurant in the Taj hotel.[84][85]
Nariman House
Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish center in Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage.[86] Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from Delhi, and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht and both perpetrators were killed.[87][88] Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[89]
According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers "would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews." Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.[90][91]
NSG raid
During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and National Security Guards (NSG) commandos.[92][93] When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.[94] Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November.[95][96] Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the NSG was killed during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj.[97][98] 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.[99]
NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the team that fast-roped onto Nariman House, died after a long battle in which both perpetrors were also killed.[87][88] Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[89] By the morning of 27 November, the NSG had secured the Jewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks.[100][101][102] However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.[102] Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor.[102] The final operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks.[103] The NSG rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House.[104] In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock off Mumbai harbour.[105]
The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried out by ten young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and VoIP.[23][106][107]
In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and Thatta.[108] In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.[109]
Mumbai police originally identified 37 suspects—including two army officers—for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani.[110] Two more suspects arrested in the United States in October 2009 for other attacks were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks.[111][112] One of these men, Pakistani American David Headley, was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks and gathered video and GPS information on behalf of the plotters.
In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. The men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias "Major Iqbal", are believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba and helped plan and train the attackers.[113]
Negotiations with Pakistan
Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals,[114] a claim refuted by India,[115] and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first.[116]
Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009,[25][117][118] and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.[119]
The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.[120][121] In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan.[107][117]
Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later.[122] A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not cooperating by providing information for their investigation.[123] Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village.[124][125] Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects Headley and Rana, but that the FBI had been more forthcoming.[126]
An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of David Headley,[127] was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai.[128] The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.[127] He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [the] ISI."[128]
According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian fishing trawler 'Kuber', killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.[129] The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.[130]
David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and was chief scout in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack[131][132] having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as Major Iqbal, The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack, and oversaw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Mahal Hotel may be their target.[131]
US officials believed that the Inter-Services Intelligence (I.S.I.) officers provided support to Lashkar-e-Taiba militants who carried out the attacks.[133]
The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47's and RDX, which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, ten people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from Karachi, but couldn't complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley's disclosures, that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari's revelations during his interrogation.[134][135] After Ansari's arrest, Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.[136]
The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.[137][138] The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh.[139] There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state New Jersey, if this is the case, then this would go back to Iraqi Intelligence Services and Al Qaeda from 9-11 and Lashkar or Jemmah Ismaliyah and Egyptian Islamic Jihad involvement through Pakistani ISI who had connections with Iraqi Intelligence from Saddam Hussein's old network of militants.[140] Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks.[141] Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.[142]
Type 86 Grenades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks.[143]
Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours.[citation needed] Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids.[144] The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.[145]
There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces.[146][147] Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early twenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.[148]
It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens,[149][150] but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this.[151] Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen[152] were also later shown to be incorrect.[120]
On 9 December, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.[153]
On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra State, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.[154]
Only one of the 10 attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived the attack. He was hanged in Yerwada jail in 2012.[155] Killed during the onslaught were:
- Abdul Rehman
- Abdul Rahman Chhota
- Abu Ali
- Fahad Ullah
- Ismail Khan
- Babar Imran
- Abu Umar
- Abu Sohrab
- Shoaib alias Soheb
Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by police.[156] Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police.[157]
On 12 February 2009 Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.[119] Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested.[158] Two Pakistanis were arrested in Brescia, Italy (East of Milan), on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring over US$200 to internet accounts using a false ID.[159][160] They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by Interpol for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year's strikes.[161]
In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in "terrorism" abroad, David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana. Headley, a Pakistani-American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[162][163] Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh.[164] On 18 March 2010, Headley pled guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.
In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed, a retired Major in the Pakistani army, for planning the attacks in association with Headley.[165]
On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation R&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India for formal arrest.[166]
On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police arrested Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab's arrest.[167] Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a Lashker-e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008.[168][169] He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities.[170] After Ansari's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram, asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.[171][172][173]
Casualties and compensation
At least 164 victims (civilians and security personnel) and nine attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals from 10 countries.[2][75][174][175][176] One attacker was captured.[177] The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement.[178] A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.[179][180][181]
The government of Maharashtra announced about ₹500000 (US$7,900) as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about ₹50000 (US$790) to the seriously injured.[182] In August 2009, Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about $28 million USD as part-payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks on Taj Mahal and Trident, from General Insurance Corporation of India.[183]
The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as "26/11", after the date in 2008 that the attacks began, in similar style to the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the 11-M attack in Madrid, Spain, and the 7/7 bombings in London, United Kingdom. The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the legislative assembly over one year after the events. The report said the "war-like" attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor's lack of leadership during the crisis.[184]
The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror force called "Force One" and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have.[185] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on an all-party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against "terrorism" and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon to coordinate action against "terrorism."[186] The government strengthened anti-terror laws with UAPA 2008, and the federal National Investigation Agency was formed.
The attacks further strained India's slowly recovering relationship with Pakistan. India's then External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee (presently President of India) declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries,[187] the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,[188] and on the Global War on Terror.[189] FBI chief Robert Mueller praised the "unprecedented cooperation" between American and Indian intelligence agencies over the Mumbai terror attack probe.[190] However, Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with them (Interpol).[191]
A new National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) was proposed to be set up by the then Home Minister P. chidambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, integrate, analyse, coordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies, state police departments, and other ministries and their departments.
Movement of troops
Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not cooperate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government, however, decided to start moving troops away from the border.[192]
Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. The Times of India commented on its front page that "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die."[193] Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of Minister for Home Affairs Shivraj Patil,[194] Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh[195] and deputy chief minister R. R. Patil[196] for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former's son and Bollywood director Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Mahal and the latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their community members in the country to observe Eid al-Adha as a day of mourning on 9 December.[197] The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defence capabilities.[198] The attacks also triggered a chain of citisens' movements across India such as the India Today Group's "War Against Terror" campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks.[199] The NSG commandos based in Delhi also met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the 3 sites under attack.[200][201]
International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.[202]
Media coverage highlighted the use of social media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia offered live textual coverage of the attacks.[203] A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google Maps.[204][205] The New York Times, in July 2009, described the event as "what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere."[206]
In November 2010, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, chief of the I.S.I., as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011, the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan, was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan. The investigation is on-going.[133]
Kasab's trial
Kasab's trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges.
Kasab's trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He initially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial continued.
Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010. He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high-ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging.[28] [207] [208][209] However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21 February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.[29]
On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, "We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India."[210] The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided by a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.[30]
Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India, which was rejected on 5 November . Kasab was hanged in Pune's Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at 7:30 am and naming the operation as operation 'X'. The Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasab's hanging through letter. Pakistan refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them. His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier.[211]
Trials in Pakistan
Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and six others begin their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders.[212] In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.[213]
On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi. However the actual trial started on 5 May 2012. The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused, reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel, to 17 July 2012.[214] On 17 July 2012, the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence. It however, ruled that if a new agreement that allows panel's examination of witnesses, is reached, the prosecution may move an application for sending the panel to Mumbai.[215] The Indian Government upset over the court ruling, however,contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack.[216] On 21-September-2013, a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second such visit, the one in March 2012 was not a success[217] as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence.
Trials in the United States
The LeT operative David Headley (born Daood Sayed Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co-accused Tahawwur Rana's trial revealed that Mumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his Inter Services Intelligence handler Major Iqbal, though the Oberoi hotel, one of the sites attacked, was not originally on the list.[218] On 10 June 2011, Tahawwur Rana was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on two other charges.[219] He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013.[220]
David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans. On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.[221]
All the incidents except the explosion at Vile Parle took place in downtown South Mumbai.
- Oberoi Trident at Nariman Point; 18°55′38″N 72°49′14″E / 18.927118°N 72.820618°E{{#coordinates:18.927118|72.820618|region:IN-MH_type:event||||||
| |name= }}
- Taj Mahal Palace & Tower near the Gateway of India; 18°55′18″N 72°50′00″E / 18.921739°N 72.83331°E{{#coordinates:18.921739|72.83331|region:IN-MH_type:event||||||
| |name= }}
- Leopold Cafe, a popular tourist restaurant in Colaba; 18°55′20″N 72°49′54″E / 18.922272°N 72.831566°E{{#coordinates:18.922272|72.831566|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) railway station; 18°56′26″N 72°50′11″E / 18.940631°N 72.836426°E{{#coordinates:18.940631|72.836426|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }} (express train terminus), 18°56′26″N 72°50′07″E / 18.94061°N 72.835343°E{{#coordinates:18.94061|72.835343|type:event_region:IN-MH|||||| | |name= }} (suburban terminus)
- Badruddin Tayabji Lane behind the Times of India building.18°56′32″N 72°50′01″E / 18.942117°N 72.833734°E{{#coordinates:18.942117|72.833734|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}
- Near St. Xavier's College 18°56′38″N 72°49′55″E / 18.943919°N 72.831942°E{{#coordinates:18.943919|72.831942|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}.
- Cama and Albless Hospital; 18°56′34″N 72°49′59″E / 18.94266°N 72.832993°E{{#coordinates:18.94266|72.832993|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}
- Nariman House (Chabad House) Jewish outreach center; 18°54′59″N 72°49′40″E / 18.916517°N 72.827682°E{{#coordinates:18.916517|72.827682|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}
- Metro Cinema 18°56′35″N 72°49′46″E / 18.943178°N 72.829474°E{{#coordinates:18.943178|72.829474|type:event_region:IN-MH||||||
| |name= }}
- Mazagaon docks in Mumbai's port area;
- Vile Parle near the airport
On the first anniversary of the event, the state paid homage to the victims of the attack. Force One—a new security force created by the Maharashtra government—staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other memorials and candlelight vigils were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred.[222]
On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again paid to the victims.[223] Security forces were also displayed from Nariman Point.[citation needed]
See also
- Survivor registry
- The Attacks of 26/11
- Westgate centre shootings
- The Siege: The Attack on the Taj
- Sarah Avraham, who with her family was close friends with the Holtzbergs, and who in the wake of the attack and the killings converted to Judaism, and immigrated to Israel.
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- ^ Jeremy Kahn and Robert F. Worth (9 December 2008). "Mumbai Attackers Called Part of Larger Band of Recruits". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Bodies of nine Mumbai gunmen buried secretly in JanReuters, Tue 6 April 2010 10:26 pm IST
- ^ "Bodies of 9 terrorists of 2611 disposed off".
- ^ Swami, Praveen (2008-12-02). "A journey into the Lashkar". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ "Planned 9/11 at Taj, reveals caught terrorist". Zee News. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Kamran Haider (12 February 2009). "Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plotters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Italy arrests two for Mumbai attacks". The Hindu (India). 21 November 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Two Pakistanis arrested in connection with Mumbai attacks". France 24. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ "Pak mum on 26/11 terror duo held in Italy". The Times of India. India. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ "Mumbai police probe David Headley's links to 26/11 attacks". Daily News and Analysis (India). 8 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
- ^ "India Plans to Try Chicago Man For Mumbai Attacks". The New York Times. Reuters. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Josy Joseph (9 November 2009). "David Headley posed as Jew in Mumbai". Daily News and Analysis (India). Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
- ^ "FBI nails Pak Major for Mumbai attacks". The Economic Times. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
- ^ 26/11 attacks handler arrested Hindustan Times, Abhishek Sharan & Ashok Das, Delhi/Hyderabad, 18 January 2010
- ^ "Key 26/11 conspirator Abu Hamza arrested at IGI airport in Delhi". IBN Live. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ "Key Mumbai terror attack handler arrested in Delhi". The Times Of India. 25 June 2012.
- ^ Swami, Praveen (25 June 2012). "Key 26/11 terrorist arrested". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ "26/11 suspect Abu Jundal in Delhi Police net – India News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ "Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets". The Times Of India. 30 June 2012.
- ^ "Jundal had a very safe haven in Pakistan: Chidambaram". 29 June 2012.
- ^ "Maharashtra minister denies links with Jundal, says ready for probe". 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Indian forces storm Jewish centre". BBC News. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ "One Japanese killed, another wounded in Mumbai shootings". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ P.S. Suryanarayana (27 November 2008). "Caught in the crossfire, 9 foreign nationals killed". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ Stevens, Andrew; Kapur, Mallika; Shah Singh, Harmeet; Ahmed, Saeed; Sidner, Sara; Vinci, Alessio; Sayah, Reza; Newton, Paula (29 November 2008). "Indian official: Terrorists wanted to kill 5,000". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ Krishnakumar P and Vicky Nanjappa (30 November 2008). "Rediff: Doctors shocked at hostages's torture". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Naughton, Philippe (27 November 2008). "British yachting tycoon Andreas Liveras killed in Bombay terror attacks". The Times (UK). Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ "Three top cops die on duty". The Times of India (India). 27 November 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
- ^ "Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor's sister, police". CNN. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
- ^ "Key developments in Mumbai terror attacks". The Hindu (India). 27 November 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "Taj, Oberoi get Rs 140 cr as terror insurance claims so far". Business Line. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "There was absence of overt leadership on the part of Hasan Gafoor, the CP, and lack of visible Command and Control at the CP's office," said the report prepared by former Governor and Union Home Secretary R.D. Pradhan. PTI (21 December 2009). "Pradhan Committee finds serious lapses on Gafoor's part". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ Sapna Agarwal (27 December 2008). "No consensus on security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
- ^ "PM for federal agency, better legal framework". NDTV. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ "Mumbai attacks probed as India-Pakistan relations strained". CNN. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Jeremy Page, Tom Coghlan, and Zahid Hussain (1 December 2008). "Mumbai attacks 'were a ploy to wreck Obama plan to isolate al-Qaeda'". The Times (UK). Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ "Don't look at Mumbai attacks through prism of Kashmir". Rediff News (Rediff.com). 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ "FBI chief hails India cooperation after Mumbai attacks". The Economic Times (India). 3 March 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ "Interpol 'not given Mumbai data'". BBC. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ PTI (16 June 2009). "Pak might soon move troops from border with India". The Times of India (New York). Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "India directs anger at politicians after Mumbai attacks.". 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ "Officials quit over India attacks". BBC. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Aditi Pai (4 December 2008). "Vilasrao Deshmukh quits as Maharashtra CM". India Today. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "Maharashtra Deputy CM RR Patil resigns". CNN-IBN. 1 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ "Muslims Condemn Mumbai Attacks, Call for Black Eid". Outlook. Outlook News. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Erika Kinetz (17 December 2008). "Mumbai attack dents business travel". Yahoo News. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ "Be the change". India Today (India Today Bureau). 9 January 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
- ^ Sharma, Aman (29 November 2008). "Red tape delays NSG by 6 hours". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ "Why did NSG take 10 hours to arrive?". The Economic Times (India). 30 November 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
- ^ Rivers, Tom (27 November 2008). "Mumbai Attacks Draw Worldwide Condemnation". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ Claudine Beaumont (27 November 2008). "Mumbai attacks: Twitter and Flickr used to break news". The Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Robert Mackey (26 November 2008). "Tracking the Mumbai Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
- ^ "Map of Mumbai attacks". Google Maps. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia; Vikas Bajaj (20 July 2009). "Suspect Stirs Mumbai Court by Confessing". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "Mumbai gunman sentenced to death". BBC News. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ Chamberlain, Gethin (3 May 2010). "Mumbai gunman convicted of murder over terror attacks". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ Deshpande, Swati (3 May 2010). "26/11 Kasab held guilty 2 Indians walk free". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
- ^ "Indian Supreme Court upholds death penalty for Kasab". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ "Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30 am". The Times of India. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
- ^ Officials Fear New Mumbai-Style Attack, Lydia Polgreen and Souad Mekhennet, New York Times, 30 September 2009
- ^ Fareed Zakaria, transcript of CNN interview with Manmohan Singh (23 November 2009). "Pakistan has not done enough on attacks". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "26/11 trial: Pak court reserves decision on Lakhvi plea". 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai terror attacks: Pak court calls judicial panel's report illegal". 17 July 2012.
- ^ "26/11: Upset over Pak court ruling, India says will talk to govt". 17 July 2012.
- ^ Pakistani judicial panel to grill 26/11 witnesses – Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2013-09-22). Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
- ^ How Oberoi hotel accidentally became a 26/11 target, 15 June 2011 17:06 IST, Rediff.com
- ^ "Rana acquitted on terror plot". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ Muskal, Michael (January 17, 2013). "Businessman Tahawwur Rana gets 14 years for role in terrorism plots". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
- ^ [1], "Planner Of Mumbai Attacks is Given a 35-Year Sentence." The New York Times, 24 January 2013.
- ^ "Mumbai bustles but also remembers 26/11 victims". CNN IBN. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
- ^ Shah Singh, Harmeet (26 November 2010). "India remembers Mumbai dead". CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to November 2008 Mumbai attacks.
- 2008 Mumbai attacks at the Internet Movie Database Channel 4 documentary by Dan Reed – 'Terror in Mumbai'
- Video showing the way in which Indian authorities fought back against the attackers. – CNN-IBN (some Hindi, but mostly English).
- Dossier of evidence collected by investigating agencies of India
- List of Blogs & Bloggers who were live blogging during the attacks
- "They said, kill till you die... par hum bhi insan hain yaar". Mumbai Mirror. 14 March 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2012. [Interview of captured terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab]
- Mumbai Massacre Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead


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Book Tee Times
Tee Times
Input Score
Maroon Creek Club is a private golf course and does not offer online tee times to the general public. For information on accompanying a member to this course or applying for membership, please contact Maroon Creek Club directly for details. you may also view more detailed information about Maroon Creek Club.

subset: commoncrawl


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Founded in 1825, the National Academy is the only institution of its kind that integrates a museum, art school, and association of artists and architects dedicated to creating and preserving a living history of American Art.
Modeled after the Royal Academy in London, the National Academy was founded 185 years ago with the simple yet powerful mission to "promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition." For the very first time in this country, an arts institution was conceived with artists and architects at its core. The founders of the National Academy believed that the practice and exhibition of fine art could flourish outside of the aristocratic patronage system. Their new egalitarian institution would aim for the highest echelons of artistic expression with an inclusive philosophy, enriching and educating a new generation of artists and architects and preserving and sharing their work with the public.
Today, with its museum, art school, and association of artists and architects – the National Academicians – the Academy sees its original mission realized through a contemporary lens. It is a continually evolving testament to the transformative power of art, an institution that sheds light on over 7,000 great works, a thriving forum for education, intergenerational dialogue and debate, and a source of vibrant exhibitions. The National Academy is an organization where tradition is celebrated and new visionaries embraced, connecting the past, present, and future of American art.


text:
14 June 2017
Del-Mar Rocks
On a related note, this is precisely the activity that the Young Women were doing in our ward for the coming week' activity. We just didn't know that it was already a "thing" and that there was a Facebook page. Like us on Facebook at Del-Mar Rocks.
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text:
KC proposal would fine parents of child bullies
City Council to consider measure next month
Kansas City is moving toward holding adults responsible if their child is a bully.
An ordinance under consideration by the City Council could fine parents up to $1,000 for their child's bullying.
The plan is part of a developing trend to tackle bullying by making parents take some responsibility.
"We need to start changing the way our adults are involved in this, or not involved, Because many times, the scars from this stay with us through our lives," said Brandy Harrington, who said she favors a tougher stance against bullying. "It's our adults that teach this to their children. We have to change that by addressing these behaviors."
Keri Erbe said she was the target of bullies at an early age.
"I started at the age of 10, trying to take my own life on six different occasions," she said.
She said bullies singled her out on the Internet and through social media, and she was unable to get any help at school.
"People may not believe you, or they just say it's a he-said-she-said thing. Sometimes, they would say it's your own fault," Erbe said.
"I haven't been kicked to the ground, but I went through a lot and it has taken years, decades to get to the point where some of this can be undone," said Sean Houlian.
Houlian testified at Wednesday's hearing about the proposal, which got out of committee without opposition.
Kansas toughened its bullying laws this year, in part due to the story of Lauren Wendelberg, who reported being bullied by a teacher at age 10.
"She grabbed me by the wrist, took me outside of the class in the hall and shouted to me, 'You'll never amount to anything,'" Wendelberg said in an interview last winter.
The Kansas City ordinance would also deal with the growing social media problem of cyberbullying.
"I think it's more of a problem and growing because of social media. It moves and spreads quicker," said Latiah Frazier of The Whole Person, a Kansas City group that empowers people with disabilities.
The full Kansas City Council will consider the bullying measure next month.


text: [i:Vibes] :: View topic - Behind The Lyric 33 Debut (Erica Curran, Austin Bis, & more! Guidelines FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Bookmarks Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Main Menu Frontpage News Reviews Interviews Party Reports Artist Profiles Label profiles Diaries Tutorials What is... Links Radio-info Interactive Forum User Stats Info FAQ Crew-info i:Vibes Info Site Updates Behind The Lyric 33 Debut (Erica Curran, Austin Bis, & more! [i:Vibes] Forum Index -> Radio Broadcasts View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message sjmmsFull-Time ClubberVibes: 27.61Joined: 22 Mar 2006Member #: 8,527Posts: 112 Post subject: Behind The Lyric 33 Debut (Erica Curran, Austin Bis, & m Tuesday, Dec. 27 on DI.FM : http://www.di.fm/calendar/event/34484 Catch the mix set on the DI.FM VOCAL TRANCE channel starting at: -1PM US Eastern -6PM UK -19:00 Central European Time Featuring exclusive interviews with: Austin Bis, Erica Curran, Marcie, Zoidiva, Jessika Dawn, & Sam Vince. Air dates on over 40 FM & internet stations to follow. Please keep an eye on behindthelyric.com for updated information! Track list: 01 Vla-D & Marcie- Keep Us Alive 02 Paul Oakenfold feat. Austin Bis- Who Do You Love (Original Mix) 03 Sulti & Jessika Dawn- Cat Eyes (Original Mix) 04 Bozon Higgs ft. Marcie- This Ain't Innocent (Radio Edit) 05 Juventa feat. Erica Curran- Move Into Light (Original Mix) 06 John O'Callaghan feat. Erica Curran- I Believe (Guiseppe Ottaviani Remix) 07 X2Sound feat. Sam Vince- Confusion 08 Emre Yildiz feat. Zoidiva- Escape (Original Mix) 09 Simpkin & Marcie- Home Away 10) Burak Harşitlioğlu Feat. ZoiDiva-In The Park (Host: Marcie; Engineered by: Anthony Webster) _________________http://www.MarcieJoy.com Post rating: 0 Rate this post: Not logged in Posted: Tue Dec 17, 2013 12:36 am Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First [i:Vibes] Forum Index -> Radio Broadcasts All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Spam----------------Spam posts Music----------------Music discussion (trance, techno, progressive and other genres)EquipmentArtist and Label NewsRadio BroadcastsMusic Production and DJ Mix PromotionClub Listings Non-music related----------------Other discussionBuy & Sell [i:Vibes]----------------Site Feedback and Help Content Discussion----------------News DiscussionReview DiscussionInterview DiscussionTutorial DiscussionWhat is...Party ReportsArtist ProfilesLabel Profiles You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forumYou cannot attach files in this forumYou cannot download files in this forum Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2005 phpBB Group


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Andrew Klavan Talks New Book, Politics, and Change
- Kent Covington
- 2013 9 Dec
Editor's Note: Andrew Klavan is a two-time winner of the Edgar Award, awarded by the Mystery Writers of America. He's written screenplays, and some of his best-selling novels have become movies starring A-list Hollywood actors.
Klavan is also an outspoken Hollywood conservative and Christian.
Kent Covington, senior correspondent for WORLD's daily radio program, The World and Everything in It, talked with Klavan about cultural renewal, and about Klavan's latest novel, Nightmare City.
Andrew, tell us about the book. It hit shelves just last month. What is it about? It's about a young man named Tom Harding who's a reporter on his high school newspaper, and that's his personality. He's the kind of guy who always wants to get to the bottom of things and is very committed to telling the truth even when he himself doesn't like the truth. One morning he wakes up, and everything is changed. His home is empty. His family is gone. The city is empty. There are strange voices coming out of his television set. There's a fog moving in, and in the fog there are strange creatures moving around. He can't quite tell what they are. What happens is that suddenly he finds that he's got to get to the bottom of a story that's unlike anything he's ever been through before. And it develops into something I call an adventure story and a ghost story combined.
OK. How does it end? You know, I think you'll have to read it to find that out.
All right, you win. How did you come up with the idea for this book, and, more broadly, how do you generally come up with your ideas? Well, I can't really tell you where I came up with the idea, because it gives too much away. I started with a revelation that comes about halfway through the book. That's where the idea came from. Usually, although I don't know where ideas come from—they just come—my stories come from a 'what if' question. What if you looked in on your baby at night and he wasn't there? What if you woke up and your city was empty? What if you were suddenly captured by Islamic terrorists? Those questions come, and as you answer them you realize if it's a true basis for a story or not.
Now, you are an unabashed conservative. There aren't an awful lot of you, as a percentage of the whole, in Hollywood. Are conservative ideas getting any more sunlight in Hollywood these days? I think there's some. I think something is happening in the intellectual sphere that is going to trickle down into Hollywood very soon. I'm starting to read a lot of academic books that are starting to question some of the assumptions that have undergone this current age and some of the mistakes that we've made. The assumptions of relativism, that all cultures are equally valid. All morality is equally valid. The assumptions of materialism. I think those things are coming under question at the very highest level of thought. One of the things we're seeing that's really interesting—and a lot of media is trying not to take notice of this trend—is that religion, which by default was always believed to be a populist thing, is becoming a very elite thing. Religion is spreading among the intellectual class, the upper classes, and is really under fire in the lower/middle class. So the more education people have right now, the more likely they are to be religious, which is a really interesting phenomenon. If what I think is going to happen happens—that we're going to have an intellectual revival of religion— that's going to change a lot of stuff. It makes a difference whether we're 'meat puppets' as someone once put it, or whether we're children of God. You start to think about things differently.
Andrew, you're fond of saying that politics are downstream from culture. Tell me what you mean by that. The British poet Shelley once said that poets were the unacknowledged legislators of the world. What he meant is that the culture shapes our consciousness. It not only reflects our consciousness, but also reflects our consciousness back to ourselves so that our consciousness changes as it comes to know itself. As we change, our culture changes. And as our culture changes, our politics change.
Right now, for instance, we're seeing the fruition of 40-50 years of this steady drumbeat of radicalism that has been injected into our culture, into our academy, and into our news media. That accounts for a lot of disillusioned and decadent art that we've seen over these last 40 or 50 years. And this peddling to us that our way of life is no good, all corporations are bad, all religious people are small-minded bigots—things that we've seen over and over again. These are radical ideas that entered the culture. And then enter politics. I strongly suspect—and maybe I'm being too optimistic—that the period of radicalism is coming to an end. As new ideas filter down from the people who have ideas, and they filter into the arts by artists who learn from those people with ideas, that spreads out into the entire culture. As the culture changes, the politics change. Remember, when a guy walks into a voting booth, he has an image of what's important in the world. If his image is a world of God-created individuals, each with his own dignity and his own importance, the votes that he casts are going to be very different than if he sees us as elements of a greater machine called "the State" who have to be of service of the State. Those two votes are different, and they're created in the culture.
For conservatives who want to have more of a voice in the culture, in media, in entertainment, what is the answer? What is the key to effecting cultural change? It's a really interesting moment because technology is undermining the gatekeepers, and the gatekeepers are almost all of one mind. They almost all come out of this left-wing academy, they're all trained in things that you must say, certain questions you can't ask, certain words that can't be used. They call it political correctness, but it's really just tyranny. It's tyranny of the mind. Yet at the same time you have YouTube, where you can get 15,000,000 hits on something where there was no gatekeeper. You have e-publishing where you don't need an editor to decide what's going to be in something. You have all these new technologies that are just bypassing that phalanx of cultural guardians, and so what I would say is that it's time for young people, for all people, for all creative people to be fearless. To fearlessly speak out for those ideas that are unpopular. The ideas of God, the idea of life, the idea of the importance of the individual. Those have always been minority points of view that need to be defended by fearless people, and that has to happen again. And technology might well allow that to happen.
*This Article First Published by World New Service.


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Discussion in 'Fan Art' started by Ian Keldon, Jan 9, 2012.
Looks cool but i think the secondary hull could be wider
Salamanca class
Stingray class Mk I
Mk II
Mk III
Minor editing boo-boo on the Mk I side view - check the nose mounted torp.
^Thanks...thought I'd fixed that.
*ETA* Fixed, along with another thing I didn't catch.
Cool design
You like everything, don't you?
Added a bunch of detail to the Resolute
Im easy to please when it comes to Starships
but if theres something i dont like such as blocked Bussard collectors then i let people know
Newer details are good but lack of phasers near shuttle bay could be a tactical error.
They're too occluded by the side spars to be useful. That's why there are banks at the extreme outside corners of the upper primary.
Ahh ok then
Lafeyette class Mk I
Mk II
This might have potential.
I think it would look a bit better if you'd move the nacelles forward a little and up so that they are not blocked by the saucer.
And the deflector would also look better in the front of the engineering-hull.
Birmingham class
*ETA* Fixed an issue I had w/first image.
Good use of Oberth class parts there
Nice one
Separate names with a comma.


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Another legendary 1970s-era concert sees the light of day through the miracle of technology in the joyously funky docu "Soul Power." The untold story of the three-day lineup of soul and world talent that preceded 1974's Muhammad Ali-George Foreman "Rumble in the Jungle" fight in Zaire and toplined James Brown, pic is an instant DVD classic, with prior theatrical and tube action in the cards a la 2003 rediscovery "Festival Express."
Editor-producer-helmer Jeffrey Levy-Hinte worked on the 1995 docu "When We Were Kings," about the Ali-Foreman fight proper. Drawn to the unedited backstage and concert footage that had languished in the vault, he has sculpted it into a fast-paced overview of the event that showcases both Ali and Brown at the pinnacle of their powers.
As talent gathers at a New York airport, on-site preparations are so chaotic that there's dispute over concert's actual start date. Meanwhile, talent erupts in impromptu jams everywhere, from plane to Kinshasha tarmac to urban marketplaces. Chief instigators are Celia Cruz and her band, who seem to be everywhere and later whip the crowd into a frenzy under energetic bandleader Johnny Pacheco.
Emotional high points are numerous: When asked what he's doing in Africa, late writer-scenester George Plimpton enthusiastically waves a glass and blurts, "I'm drunk in Africa!," while promoter Don King talks of his "mode of operandi" in organizing the extravaganza. Performer Miriam Makeba's ex-husband, late black nationalist Stokely Carmichael, greets Ali, who cautions him, "Don't burn up nothin' over here," even as BB King placidly smokes his pipe while eyeing "the beautiful ladies." Late Spinners lead singer Philippe Wynne even climbs into the ring with Ali during training, with predictably humorous results.
Concert proper kicks in about a third of the way through. The Spinners glide through "One of a Kind (Love Affair)," Makeba does her novelty hit "The Click Song," and Brown, whose "Soul Power" opens pic, returns for spirited, sweaty renditions of "Payback," "Cold Sweat," "I Can't Stand Myself" and "Say It Loud (I'm Black and I'm Proud)." In all, pic sports some 14 numbers from nine acts, most of them mercifully complete.
Tech package is as clean as could be expected from 30-year-old 16mm stock. HD transfer gives the authentic grain a velvety feel that's perfectly in keeping with the contempo aesthetic. Sound mix is full and muscular. Pic, of which 35mm prints will be struck, is "in memory of" nine participants or influences who have since passed away. Levy-Hinte promises the entire concert on DVD, "but that," he writes in the press notes, "is another mountain." Bring it on.


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Diabetes mellitus is a very serious metabolic disorder that prevents the normal breakdown and use of food, especially sugars (carbohydrates) by the body. It can damage the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and neurological system and can cause a progressive loss of vision over many years.
There are multiple forms of diabetes but the two most common forms are called
type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Both forms can occur at any age, but a child is more likely to be diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by inadequate production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas. When that happens, the body is unable to properly metabolize sugars, which build up in the bloodstream; these sugars (also called glucose) cannot be used by the body and are excreted in the urine.
This leads to the major symptoms of diabetes:
While type 1 diabetes can begin at any age, there are peak periods at about ages five to six and then again at ages eleven to thirteen. The first sign is often an increase in the frequency and amount of urination. This is often most notable at night, including recurrence of
bedwetting in children who are potty-trained. However, the other cardinal symptoms must be present as well for the diagnosis of diabetes: Your child will complain of being thirsty and tired, will begin to lose weight, and will have an increase in appetite. It is important to identify these symptoms early, since children that are diagnosed late may become ill, because of the high blood sugars and
dehydration, requiring intravenous insulin and fluids in a pediatric
emergency room or critical care unit to stabilize their condition.
Although there is no cure for diabetes, children with this disease can lead a nearly normal childhood and adolescence if their disorder is kept under control. It is essential to control diabetes properly in order to avoid complications. Management focuses on routine blood sugar monitoring,
insulin therapy, given as multiple injections per day or through an insulin pump, and close regulation of a
healthy diet. Maintaining blood sugars within a normal range can reduce the likelihood of symptoms of high or low blood sugars and decrease the risk of long-term health problems related to poor diabetes control. In addition to a healthy diet, at least thirty minutes of
exercise a day can help your child manage their disease as well.
By working with and supporting your child as they learn to become more independent, you can help them gradually begin to take responsibility for caring for their diabetes while maintaining a sense of independence.
Children above the age of seven typically have the fine motor skills to be able to start giving themselves insulin injections with adult supervision. They can also check the sugar in their blood several times per day, using simple, chemically treated test strips and a blood sugar meter. However, these self-care tasks need to be supervised by an adult familiar with diabetes care to make certain your child is properly caring for their diabetes according to your doctor's guidelines.
Developing good diabetes management habits when a child is young can have a dramatic impact on their management habits as they get older. Many communities also have active parent groups that are available in which the parents of children with diabetes can meet to discuss their common concerns. Ask your doctor for a recommendation.


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I'm back from talking with my son's grade one class about what a cultural anthropologist is and what a cultural anthropologist does. My invitation to speak to the class came as part of a classroom unit on jobs and the tools people use to do their jobs. As many of you helped me think through […]
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The hard disk drive supply chain was hit hard late last year when a series of floods struck Thailand. The Asian country accounts for about a quarter of the world's hard drive production, but thousands of factories had to close shop for weeks as facilities were under water, in what is considered the world's fourth costliest natural disaster according to World Bank estimates. That's on top of the human cost of over 800 lives.
Western Digital and Toshiba had factories in the flood zones whereas Seagate was mainly affected by the resulting supply constraints from business partners who were forced to halt production of related components. Among those was Nidec, which produces ~70% of the world's hard drive spindle motors.
All this resulted in hard drive prices shooting through the roof around the end of October as production became more expensive and limited. With the help of price tracking site Camelegg we've checked on a number of mobile and desktop HDDs to get a better overview of how the situation has developed in the last three months.
Read: HDD Pricewatch: Three Months Into the Thai Floods
These articles are brought to you in partnership with TechSpot.