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< Back to the Current Issue of BARBAR 36:02, Mar/Apr 2010
How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs
To the Asiatics, as they were called, the lush Nile Delta, with its open marshlands rich with fish and fowl, was a veritable Garden of Eden. From earliest times, Canaanites and other Asiatics would come and settle here. Indeed, this is the background of the Biblical story of the famine in Canaan that led to Jacob's descent into Egypt (Genesis 46:1–7).
By the beginning of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (a few years after 2000 B.C.E.), the pressure of immigrants on the eastern Delta was so strong that the Egyptian authorities built a series of forts at strategic points to "repel the Asiatics," as the story of Sinuhe tells us.1
More than a century later, however, Egyptian policy toward the Asiatics changed. Instead of trying to prevent them from coming in, the Egyptians cultivated close relations with strong Canaanite city-states on the Mediterranean coast and allowed select Asiatic populations to settle in the eastern Delta. The last of the great pharaohs of the XIIth Dynasty, Amenemhet III (c. 1853–1808 B.C.E.) and Amenemhet IV (c. 1808–1799 B.C.E.), even established a new town for them.
The XIIth Dynasty was followed by the much weaker XIIIth Dynasty. Thousands of immigrants from Syria, Lebanon and Canaan then flooded into the eastern Delta, creating the large Canaanite settlement that would become Avaris (modern Tell el-Daba), the capital of the famous Hyksos. The Hyksos were Canaanites who seized power from the Egyptian pharaohs and ruled all Egypt for more than a hundred years (c. 1638–1530 B.C.E.).
But before this, at the end of the XIIth Dynasty during the reigns of Amenemhet III and Amenemhet IV, Egypt was at the height of its power. A lively trade was conducted with Nubia to the south. Imports from the Levant entered Egypt by land and sea. Gold and precious stones were quarried in the eastern desert. And a large-scale enterprise was regularly conducted to search for turquoise in the high mountains of southern Sinai, at a site today called Serabit el-Khadem.
On this mountain deep in the Sinai desert, prey to merciless winds and scorching heat, are the remains of an ancient Egyptian temple to the goddess Hathor, "The Mistress of Turquoise." Founded by Sesostris I, the second king of the XIIth Dynasty (c. 1953–1908 B.C.E.), the temple continued in existence, with some interruptions, until the end of the New Kingdom—for about 800 years.
Building on the work of Sesostris I, pharaohs Amenemhet III and Amenemhet IV exploited Serabit's rich turquoise mines. The precious blue stone was a much-sought-after luxury item in royal circles. No fewer than 28 expeditions to the Serabit turquoise mines are recorded during the reign of Amenemhet III alone.
To ensure the blessing of the gods, the earlier temple was dramatically enlarged by Amenemhet III and Amenemhet IV. Shrines and numerous commemorative stelae with hieroglyphic inscriptions were erected on the path leading to the temple, especially honoring Hathor, the goddess of turquoise.
Where did all the people who engraved these inscriptions come from? Most were probably from the Delta. The turquoise expeditions to Serabit brought together high officials, scribes, priests, architects, physicians, magicians, scorpion charmers, interpreters, caravan leaders, donkey drivers, miners, builders, soldiers and sailors.
And many members of the expeditions left inscriptions in the temple precinct. Some contain only a name or a drawing. All sought the blessing of the gods for success in their dangerous enterprise—as well as for a safe journey home. These records also tell us of the hundreds of miners and stone workers active during the mining seasons, as well as those who were engaged in the building projects at the temple.
Were these miners and workmen Egyptian? Canaanite? Both?
Egyptian society at this time was relatively tolerant, so foreigners were quickly accepted and integrated into Egyptian society, as long as they were not political enemies of the state. Some high officials who left inscriptions at the Serabit temple present themselves as Egyptians, yet they also mention that they are Asiatic in origin or have an Asiatic mother. Despite this ancestry, they consider themselves Egyptian. Only Asiatics who came from outside Egypt are identified as such. Canaanites from Egypt who arrived with the Egyptian expeditions from the Delta were not labeled Canaanites in the inscriptions; they are simply regarded as Egyptians.
The expedition lists at Serabit also contain the names of many "interpreters." The presence of these dragomans is strong evidence that some language barrier must have existed. The hundreds of recorded donkeys that served as pack animals were probably driven by Asiatic caravan experts, who would be able to direct turquoise shipments back to Egypt. And no doubt Asiatic soldiers in Egyptian service escorted these caravans. The bottom line: There were surely many more Canaanites at Serabit than are listed as such in the hieroglyphic inscriptions at the site.
One final note: Nowhere in the many inscriptions at the site is there a mention of slaves. Canaanites, yes; slaves, no.
It was here at Serabit, I believe, that the alphabet was invented—by Canaanites!
The invention of the alphabet ushered in what was probably the most profound media revolution in history. Earlier writing systems, like Egyptian hieroglyphic and Mesopotamian cuneiform with its curious wedge-shaped characters, each required a knowledge of hundreds of signs. To write or even to read a hieroglyphic or cuneiform text required familiarity with these signs and the complex rules that governed their use.
By contrast, an alphabetic writing system uses fewer than 30 signs, and people need only a few relatively simple reading rules that associate these signs with sounds.
This great invention had far-reaching social and cultural implications. With the alphabet, writing broke out of the "golden cage" of the professional scribal world. Writing was no longer their monopoly. When many more members of society could learn to read (and write), access to information and knowledge was no longer as limited as it had been. Alphabetic writing eventually gave many more people control over their lives and enabled larger segments of the population to take a more active role in the cultural and administrative affairs of their respective societies.
But how was it done?
Although, as I believe, the alphabet was invented by Canaanites, we still owe a significant debt to the Egyptians, for it was Egyptian hieroglyphs that provided the trigger and the means that made the invention of the alphabet possible.
To understand how this came about, we must first examine some very odd Serabit inscriptions—just a few dozen that markedly differ from the hundreds of hieroglyphic inscriptions at the site. The credit for first noticing one of these unusual inscriptions in Serabit goes to Hilda Petrie, wife of the famous Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, who was leading an archaeological expedition to Serabit in 1905. It was she who called attention to some fallen stones on the ground by one of the mines, bearing several awkward signs that seemed not to be real hieroglyphs.
Then more of these inscriptions began turning up on rocks by the turquoise mines, and even inside the mines. A few came from the desert roads leading to the temple. From the temple precinct itself, however, only two small statues and a sphinx bore inscriptions in this strange new script.
Petrie studied these crude inscriptions and observed that they appeared to be a kind of imitation of hieroglyphic signs. Yet the repertoire of signs was very small. Petrie ingeniously identified these awkward signs as an alphabetic script, different from the Egyptian hieroglyphic system with its hundreds of signs. Yet Petrie was unable to read these strange inscriptions.
In 1916, some ten years later, Sir Alan Gardiner, the famous English Egyptologist, noticed a group of four signs that was frequently repeated in these unusual inscriptions. Gardiner correctly identified the repetitive group of signs as a series of four letters in an alphabetic script that represented a word in a Canaanite language: b-'-l-t, vocalized as Baalat, "the Mistress." Gardiner suggested that Baalat was the Canaanite appellation for Hathor, the goddess of the turquoise mines. Were these inscriptions carved by Canaanite workmen?
An important key to the decipherment was a unique bilingual inscription. It is inscribed on a small sphinx from the temple and features a short inscription in what appears to be parallel texts in Egyptian and in the new script.
The Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription on the sphinx reads:
"The beloved of Hathor, the mistress of turquoise."
The text in the strange script, now identified as a Canaanite text, reads:
m-'-h-(b) B-'-l-[t], "The beloved of Baalat."
Each of the critical letters in the word Baalat is a picture—a house, an eye, an ox goad and a cross.
Gardiner correctly saw that each pictograph has a single acrophonic value: The picture stands not for the depicted word but only for its initial sound. Thus the pictograph bêt, "house," drawn as the four walls of a dwelling represents only the initial consonant b. Baalat is written as shown in the drawing, in the blue highlighted areas (although the final tav is not legible in line A).
This ingenious principle is at the root of all of our alphabetic systems. Each sign in this script stands for one consonant in the language. (Vowels were not represented. The representation of vowels came later, and in different ways in different alphabetic systems.)
The alphabet was invented in this way by Canaanites at Serabit in the Middle Bronze Age, in the middle of the 19th century B.C.E., probably during the reign of Amenemhet III of the XIIth Dynasty.
We are reasonably confident about the place of the invention because almost all of the examples of the new script—which we may now identify by the name scholars call it, Proto-Sinaitic—come from this one site.2
We are also confident about the time of the invention because there are some very specific connections between the Middle Kingdom Egyptian hieroglyphs in Sinai and the new script.3 There is one hieroglyph that appears to have a special use, with very few exceptions, only in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions in the Sinai during the Middle Kingdom. We might call this the "Sinai Hieroglyph." The sign looks like a striding man with bent, upraised arms. In the Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions in Sinai, this sign is a logogram; that is, it stands for an entire word, not just part of a word. It probably means something like "foreman." This hieroglyph appears dozens of times in Egyptian Middle Kingdom inscriptions at Serabit. (Its phonetic reading in Egyptian in this specific use in Sinai, however, is unknown.) This hieroglyph is rare even in later New Kingdom Egyptian inscriptions at Serabit. And it hardly ever appears anywhere else in Egypt.4
A letter in the new Proto-Sinaitic alphabet looks very much like this Middle Kingdom Egyptian hieroglyph. The Proto-Sinaitic sign almost certainly stems directly from the Egyptian hieroglyph.
The Canaanites at Serabit probably connected this pictogram, which they saw everywhere at the site, with a loud call or order emitted by an official when he raised his hands to assemble the people, a typical shout such as Hoy! (also known in Biblical Hebrew),5 which may be the origin of the letter h in the Proto-Sinaitic script.
If I am correct that the first alphabetic script was invented at Serabit el-Khadem in the reign of Amenemhet III (mid-19th century B.C.E.), I believe I can plausibly explain the process by which it was invented—not by sophisticated scribes, but by comparatively unlettered Asiatic workers.
The inventors at Serabit clearly used models of hieroglyphs taken from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom inscriptions around them. The Proto-Sinaitic pictograms were adapted from the hieroglyphic pictograms and appear mostly in the area of the turquoise mines and the roads leading to the mines.
It may seem strange, but I believe the inventors of the alphabet were illiterate—that is, they could not read Egyptian with its hundreds of hieroglyphic signs. Why do I think so? The letters in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions are very crude. They are not the same size. They are not written in a single direction: Some are written left to right, others right to left and some from top to bottom. This suggests that the writers had mastered neither Egyptian hieroglyphic nor any other complex, rule-governed script.
For these illiterate Canaanites the pictorial meanings of the new letters were paramount. The iconic meaning of the hieroglyphs (what they actually pictured) served as an important mnemonic tool for the Canaanite adopters. The iconic meaning of the hieroglyphs was so important that even today, when the Hebrew letters have lost all iconic connection to the old pictorial models (we can't recognize what the letters are supposed to picture), most letters are still named after the old pictures!
The modern Hebrew letter aleph is the 'alp, the word for "ox"; the letter bêt is the bayt or "house"; the letter 'ayin, "eye," is the name of the old pictorial letter in Proto-Canaanite script (see drawings near the end of the article). But looking at a modern Hebrew aleph, bêt or 'ayin, we can no longer see the ox, house or eye (nor are these original pictograms evident in the Latin letters A or B).
Mostly by taking Egyptian hieroglyphs as pictorial models, the Canaanite inventors of the alphabet used the small selection of pictograms they chose in a completely new way, with no reference to (and no knowledge of) the correct reading of the signs in Egyptian!
Confirming their ignorance of the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Canaanite inventors of the alphabet would sometimes conflate two different hieroglyphic pictograms. For example, Egyptian hieroglyphic distinguishes two different kinds of snakes. One sign pictures a cobra generally; the other depicts a horned viper. These different pictograms are signs for different sounds in Egyptian, the first for the sound "DG" and for the second, "F." These two snakes are never confused in Egyptian writing. The Canaanite inventors of the alphabet, however, failed to note the distinction and simply conflated the two snakes into a single Proto-Sinaitic sign that they used for the letter "N," from their word for "snake," probably naḥash.
For a few letters, the Canaanites took as models not hieroglyphs, but important objects from their own world.6 For example, a drawing of the palm of the hand represents "K," kaf in Canaanite; there is no pictogram of a palm of the hand in Egyptian hieroglyphic. Similarly with the Proto-Sinaitic sign depicting a composite bow; there is no comparable sign in Egyptian. In Proto-Sinaitic it stands for "SH"; the word for a composite bow in Canaanite was ŝa-na-nu-ma or the like.7 These examples represent independent creativity on the part of the Canaanite inventors of the alphabet and tend to confirm that they took the Egyptian hieroglyphic signs idiosyncratically and without regard to their function or value in Egyptian.
We might be even more specific about who the inventors of the alphabet were: We may even know their names. They apparently emerged from among the circle of one Khebeded. He is mentioned in several Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions at the site and is referred to as the "Brother of the Ruler of Retenu." Retenu was the area between Gaza and the Baqaa in Lebanon. "Ruler of Retenu" was the title carried by rulers in this area of the Levant. When Asiatic rulers migrated to the eastern Delta, it seems that they kept the title "Ruler of Retenu." It is clear that this "Khebeded, brother of the Ruler of Retenu" is a Canaanite. In one stela at Serabit (Stela 112), Khebeded pictures himself proudly riding on a donkey with an attendant both fore and aft. No Egyptian would picture himself riding on a donkey. On another stela at the site, Khebeded is pictured with the typical Canaanite "mushroom" hair dress. From the references in these stelae, it appears that Khebeded was involved with Egyptian expeditions to Serabit for more than a decade. He is clearly the highest-ranking Canaanite who left a hieroglyphic inscription in the Serabit temple. He was probably a leader of the Canaanite workforce.
The quality of the hieroglyphs in an inscription that Khebeded added on a stela (he only added his inscription to an existing stela with much better hieroglyphs) in the temple is very poor. His inscription on Stela 92 would have been an embarrassment for an educated Egyptian scribe (see images later in the article).8 Hieroglyphic signs of different sizes are crammed next to each other, and vacant spaces appear at the end of the line. But the hieroglyphic pictograms in Stela 92 bear a remarkable resemblance to the signs in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. Perhaps most striking is the pictogram for "house," in the Egyptian hieroglyphic text of Stela 92. The resemblance to the house in the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions representing bêt is unmistakable and is very different from the original Egyptian hieroglyph.
The only Egyptian inscriptions where the square house is consistently used come from this area of Sinai and from the Middle Kingdom. And it appears unequivocally several times in Stela 92, which is probably a hieroglyphic Egyptian text made by Canaanites who were familiar with the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions. They confused the picture of their own "house"-letter with the correct Egyptian hieroglyph!
The Proto-Sinaitic alphabet may well have been invented in the circle of the Canaanite Khebeded and his followers, many of whose names appear in his stela.
John Darnell, who discovered a two-line inscription in the Wadi el-Hôl (near Thebes) similar to the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions from Serabit (see sidebar "The Wadi el-Hôl Inscription: Earlier than Serabit?"), has suggested that the alphabet must have been invented in Egypt in a location with "a plurality of cultural contexts."9 But isn't "a plurality of contexts" an exact description of Serabit in the Middle Kingdom?
It was indeed a world unto itself. The workers in the mines spent long days and nights in the isolated desert, secluded in their camps. The difficult, dangerous work and the long expeditions no doubt cost lives. The Canaanites watched the Egyptians praying, worshiping and writing to the gods. When a name was written, it remained with the god forever. When a blessing was sought, it remained with the god long after the moment of prayer.
The isolation, fear, pressure and the sudden appreciation of "eternalizing the name" would naturally lead the Canaanites to try to write their own calls to their own gods (Baalat and El) in their own language.10
Was it the cognitively seductive nature of the hieroglyphic script, with its hundreds of little pictures, that made some Canaanite workers at Serabit feel that they could "almost read" and that gave them the feeling of "Yes, we can"?
As already noted, the vast majority of the inscriptions in this alphabet come from the Serabit area—more than 30 of them. Only one has come from elsewhere in Egypt (the two-line Wadi el-Hôl inscription). Some few, very short inscriptions (most only a couple of letters) have been found in Canaan dating to the end of the Middle Bronze Age and the Late Bronze Age (c. 1750–1200 B.C.E).
The alphabet was not an instant success—at least based on the existing examples. One thing is certain: It did not travel fast. Only rarely did a Canaanite caravaneer or soldier bring the alphabet elsewhere. For a half millennium after its invention, this alphabet was rarely used—at least as far as it is reflected in the archaeological record.
As the Semitist Seth Sanders has observed: "In this earliest phase, the alphabet is a quick and dirty tool of foreign workers, scrawled in desolate places: the mines, the gush of terror. There is no high culture there ... The alphabet's first documented use boils down to the most basic and touching form of communication—'I was here.'"11
The Middle Kingdom in Egypt was followed by what is known as the Hyksos period (the XVth–XVIIth dynasties: 17th–16th centuries B.C.E.). In the Hyksos period, Canaanites ruled Egypt. (This period is sometimes cited as a model for Joseph's rise to power in Egypt, as described in Genesis 37–47.) As noted earlier, the Hyksos capital at Tell el-Daba has been intensively excavated for almost 40 years by Viennese archaeologist Manfred Bietak and his team. Not a single Proto-Sinaitic inscription has been found there. The Canaanite rulers of Avaris would never adopt such an undeveloped, "primitive," low-class script for their own records. When they presented themselves in inscriptions (which are scarce in Avaris), it was naturally in prestigious Egyptian hieroglyphs.
As the alphabetic script wandered with Canaanite caravans, it piously retained its pictorial forms for hundreds of years. People learned the letters from one another orally. For this kind of use, the pictorial nature of the signs was very important. It was easy to learn the alphabet simply by memorizing the pictures. The first sound of the picture was the letter. To remember the alphabet, all one had to do was memorize the pictures. The rest followed from that: The "name" of the letter leads one to a picture, which helps to recreate the form of the letter: In the margin at right you can see the ox-shaped head of the letter aleph, the box-shaped house (bêt) for "B," the hand-like kaf for "K," wavy lines representing mayim ("water") or "M," the snake-like naḥash for "N," the eye for 'ayin and the head (rosh) for "R."
During this early period (until the 13th–12th centuries) the script continued to be used in a very restricted way, mainly to record personal and divine names. No administration, institution or scribal school was involved. No official power-holders would have an interest in sustaining or developing this subversive fringe invention of the nomads. That is probably why individual re-creations of the signs differ so widely, even though they always preserved their fundamental iconicity.
During the 12th century B.C.E., the dominant civilizations that had cultivated the complex hieroglyphic and cuneiform scripts in Egypt and Mesopotamia fell out of power. New peoples—Israelites, Phoenicians, Moabites and Arameans—appeared in Canaan and the Levant. For these new people, emerging on the periphery of the old great cultures, it was only natural to write in the fringe-born system of writing that traveled in their own milieu. It suited their languages, their social needs and their newly established identities.
Sometime during this period of change, the new script must have become institutionalized, maybe even promulgated in schools. As a result, the script quickly underwent a process of linearization and abstraction.12 More experienced writers could relinquish the pictorial link between the letter and its name. At this stage, the "script of the caravans" lost one of its greater assets: its mnemonic power. From this moment on (12th–11th centuries B.C.E.), the user of the script would have to learn a list of arbitrary signs. It would be difficult if not impossible to find the pictures of a bull, a head or a snake in the script.
During the ninth century B.C.E., the alphabet became the official script of the entire Near East. With its adoption—first for Greek, and later for Latin—the alphabetic script, invented in the milieu of Canaanite miners in the remote Sinai desert, became the script of Western civilization.
The alphabet was invented only once. All alphabetic scripts derive from this original one, which we may call the Serabit alphabetic script.
The invention of the alphabet altered, in the long run, the lives of millions of people for millennia. It was not invented by learned scribes in schools, however. It was the child of a few great minds—perhaps one—who lived among the Canaanites working in the turquoise mines of Sinai. Egyptian hieroglyphs, however, made this invention possible. Through the invention of the alphabet, the long-lost ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs secretively live within our own script to this day.
I would like to thank Professors Joseph Naveh and Benjamin Sass, both of whom contributed greatly to my understanding of various aspects of ancient epigraphy treated in this article. Thanks also to Dan Elharrar of the Hebrew University for his invaluable technical assistance in preparing images for this article.
language ability
interesting article, but it is very hard to have an faith in an author who does not know the the difference between bring & take, or that there can not be 2 UNIQUE items the same.
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Alphabet Article
Thank you for your excellent article. A couple of quick reflections. There is an argument that mass literacy was not initiated by the alphabet but the printing press. China has mass literacy. As we both have discussed in print, the genius of hieroglyphs is the multilayered semantic-phonetic representation and word-recognizability. Also finds such as the Izbet Sarta Abecedary, where there was an earlier scribal center, suggest that writing, including alphabet, was a specialized technology.
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How The Alphabet Was Born
Thank you for watering the fields. It's tempting to see in the Jehovist narrative of Genesis 2:5,6 an allusion to an autonomous language and myth distinct from Mesopotamian (shrub of the field) and Egyptian (herb of the field) empirical influence; originating in the Sinai desert. On Stela 112 one of Khebeded's companions holds aloft a double-handled jar that is also the Egyptian hieroglyphic for "heart", perhaps signaling their intention to adapt this script to a semi-nomadic life.
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Proto-Sinaitic Alphabet
Excellent article. Thank your for the detail and depth. Keep up the great work.
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Levant- Phoenician alphabet
It is indisputable based on hard archaeolgical evidence that the Phoenicians created the alphabet. Its simple form of language spread quickly throughout the region and world. The Phoenicians are directly traced by DNA to modern day Lebanese along Lebanon's coastal cities of Tyre & Sidon. Archaeology is not a tool for the mish-mash of civilization or for the political appropriation of history and culture. I look forward to critically reviewing and responding to Orly Goldwasser's hypothesis.
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Article on Facebook Alphabet
While the article is worth reading I think it contained too much information for a facebook publication. We use the TMI when we feel someone is taking too much time to tell a story or sharing some news. Thanks for being on facebook. RB
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STK9070 – Linear models, random components and general linear models
Course description
Schedule, syllabus and examination date
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Course content
Linear models include both regression and analysis of variance which are some of the most commonly applied statistical methods. Simple ANOVA uses fixed effects. A variation is random effects models where variance components are estimated. General linear models with fixed and random components. Illustrations and excercises with real data are integrated into the course.
Learning outcome
In the course we look upon sensory data and longitudinal medical data as the main applications and as illustrations of the general models.These models and the theory connected to them have a wide range of other applications as well. After completing the course you should master the use of mixed linear models for these applications and be able to generalize to other cases.
PhD candidates from the University of Oslo should apply for classes and register for examinations through Studentweb.
If a course has limited intake capacity, priority will be given to PhD candidates who follow an individual education plan where this particular course is included. Some national researchers' schools may have specific rules for ranking applicants for courses with limited intake capacity.
PhD candidates who have been admitted to another higher education institution must apply for a position as a visiting student within a given deadline.
Recommended previous knowledge
STK1100 – Probability and Statistical Modelling, STK1110 – Statistical Methods and Data Analysis, STK2120 – Statistical Methods and Data Analysis 2 (discontinued), STK3100 – Introduction to Generalized Linear Models.
Overlapping courses
10 credits overlap with STK4070 – Linear models, random components and general linear models (discontinued)
For information about the potential partial overlap with other courses, contact the Department.
3 hours lectures/exercises per week.
Depending on the number of students, the exam will be in one of the following four forms:
1.Only written exam
2.Only oral exam
3.A project paper followed by a written exam.
4.A project paper followed by an oral exam/hearing.
For the latter two the project paper and the exam counts equally and the final grade is based on a general impression after the final exam. (The two parts of the exam will not be individually graded.)
What form the exam will take will be announced by the teaching staff within October 15th for the autumn semester and March 15th for the spring semester.
In addition, each phd student is expected to give a one hour oral presentation on a topic of relevance (chosen in cooperation with the lecturer). The presentation has to be approved by the lecturer for the student to be admitted to the final exam.
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Permitted aids at the exam if written: Approved calculator.
Oral exam: No aids permitted.
Information about approved calculators (Norwegian only)
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Subjects taught in English will only offer the exam paper in English.
You may write your examination paper in Norwegian, Swedish, Danish or English.
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Grades are awarded on a pass/fail scale. Read more about the grading system.
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This course offers both postponed and resit of examination. Read more:
This subject offers new examination in the beginning of the subsequent term for candidates who withdraw during an ordinary examination or fail an ordinary examination. Deferred examinations for students who due to illness or other valid reason of absence were unable to sit for their final exams will be arranged at the same time. (These valid reasons has to be documented within given deadlines.)
Information about deferred and new examination (also called repeat examination) is found here
More information about examination at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences can be found here
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It is possible to take the exam up to 3 times. If you withdraw from the exam after the deadline or during the exam, this will be counted as an examination attempt.
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The course is subject to continuous evaluation. At regular intervals we also ask students to participate in a more comprehensive evaluation.

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escape to an idyllic of modern comforts, unparalleled service and warm local village charm. from the moment you arrive, the gangsa will serenade some harmony back into your life by offering you the opportunity to experience traditional Balinese life, the lush
tropical landscapes, the spaciously comfortable private villa, and the gangsa's renowned ability to service your every need.
the gangsa is another exclusive haven of kayumanis private villas, who pioneered the concept of exclusive, luxury vacation retreats in Bali and in China; and continues to raise the standard by which others are to follow.
named after the keyed instrument that plays the resonant melodies in a traditional orchestra, the gangsa was created with the vision to introduce travellers to a harmonious serenade of life.


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Lives at risk as fighting continues in Katanga province, DRC
PARIS, France, February 20, 2013/African Press Organization (APO)/ -- Fighting between government forces and Mai-Mai militias in the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has caused thousands of people to flee their homes and hundreds to seek refuge at the Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) hospital in Shamwana.
For the past few weeks, around 500 people have been living in the grounds of the MSF hospital. After it proved difficult to maintain a satisfactory level of hygiene and fearing a disease outbreak, the medical team managed to convince the town's remaining residents to move outside the compound.
"People living here are terrified" said MSF's Dr Thomas Mollet in Shamwana. "We're surrounded by empty villages and have seen a drop in patient numbers at the hospital. People have fled and don't dare to seek medical treatment - they're too scared".
MSF outreach activities in the surrounding area have been affected by the fighting. Some Congolese nurses employed by MSF have been forced to leave their posts and flee with the population into the bush. The MSF health centres in Monga and Kishale have been looted, and solar panels stripped from the roof. The team is striving to deliver medicines to the remaining health posts in the area.
Several patients with urgent referrals from health clinics have not made it to the hospital. The medical consequences are often severe when people cannot access essential healthcare. Last week a child died of severe malaria after a road block delayed arrival at the hospital.
"We're seeing patients who arrive at a very late stage, often in a life-threatening condition, and in need of emergency care," said Dr Mollet. "One of our first cases was a pregnant woman who had been in labour for days but was too afraid to travel when complications arose. Her baby died before she reached our hospital but we were able to save her life."
MSF has been running a referral hospital in the town of Shamwana since May 2006, providing people living in the Kiambi, Mitwaba and Kilwa health zones with free healthcare. Medical teams treat malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malnutrition and provide reproductive health services, mental health care and emergency surgery.


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Your entire body is powered by nerves, but those nerves can be damaged by injury or an illness such as diabetes. Nerve damage can affect your ability to feel and move. And exactly how your body and your movement are affected depends on where in the body the damaged nerves are located.
Neuropathy is a disorder that affects the nerves. The peripheral nerves are those that are part of the peripheral nervous system, which affects feeling and movement all over the body. The cranial nerves are those that arise directly from your brain or brainstem and often affect areas like the face and eyes.
Facts about neuropathy
Neuropathy can occur for many different reasons. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common types, and it means that it's nerve damage that is caused by diabetes. It happens if you don't control your diabetes and your blood glucose levels are unstable and jump around from high to low. Diabetic neuropathy often affects the nerves in the feet, but can also affect several cranial nerves and your vision.
Neuropathies can be classified in different ways. One type is called mononeuropathy, which means that only one nerve is damaged. Polyneuropathy means that several nerves are damaged and that many parts of the body are affected. But you can also have a condition called mononeuritis multiplex, which means that two or more individual nerves in different places in the body have been damaged.
Different types of neuropathies can cause different symptoms, based on which nerves are damaged, and where they're located. Generally, neuropathies can cause:
A tingling sensation
Skin that feels sensitive to the touch
Weak or paralyzed muscles
Types of cranial neuropathies
When a nerve located in the skull is damaged, it's called a cranial neuropathy. Several different nerves can be affected, which is called multiple cranial neuropathy (MCN).
Some of the different types of cranial neuropathies include:
Bell's palsy. This condition occurs when the facial nerve is affected. It can cause drooping of part of the face, and is often caused by a virus that causes swelling, which puts pressure on the facial nerve. It usually only affects one side of the face.
Microvascular cranial nerve palsy. This condition affects the nerves in the eye. It is most common in people who are diabetic and in those who have high blood pressure. Microvascular cranial nerve palsy can cause double vision and other problems with eyesight.
Third nerve palsy. Third nerve palsy can cause an eyelid to sag and droop, double vision, difficulty moving the eye, and a pupil that is bigger than normal. These symptoms occur because the third cranial nerve is affected, and it helps to manage the muscles that move the eye. Sometimes children are born with third nerve palsy. But it may also be caused by an injury to the head or an infection. A disorder affecting the brain, such as an aneurysm or brain tumor, may also cause third nerve palsy. Diabetes and migraines are other possible causes.
Fourth nerve palsy. Also called superior oblique palsy, this affects the superior oblique muscle. That muscle is controlled by the fourth cranial nerve. Fourth nerve palsy can cause the eye (or eyes) to turn abnormally and sometimes makes you see double. It's often a congenital birth defect, which means that a baby is born with it. But an injury to the head, or a stroke or tumor can also cause fourth nerve palsy.
Sixth nerve palsy. Also called cranial nerve VI palsy, this affects the sixth cranial nerve. The sixth cranial nerve can be damaged by some sort of infection, a stroke or tumor, increased pressure in the brain, and even migraines. Damage to the sixth cranial nerve can cause abnormal movement of the eye and double vision.
A doctor will usually perform a neurological exam along with other tests to diagnose neuropathy. Depending on the type of cranial neuropathy that is suspected, tests may include:
Electromyography, which measures the electrical activity of muscles when working and at rest
CT or MRI scan
Nerve conduction velocity tests to help identify how and where the nerve is damaged
Biopsies of the skin and nerves to find out how severely nerves are damaged
Hearing tests
Many types of neuropathies will get better with time, without any treatment. For some types of neuropathies and in some cases, surgery may help. Other times, the nerve damage can't be treated or repaired.
But it's important to diagnose and treat any health conditions that are causing the neuropathy. Treating common causes like high blood pressure, infections, and diabetes can help to treat the neuropathy. Eating nutritious foods, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol are also helpful in managing neuropathy.
Neuropathy can't always be prevented. But controlling common causes can help to reduce the risk of developing neuropathy. Reducing your risk factors for stroke, managing your diabetes well, and lowering high blood pressure can all be helpful in preventing neuropathy.
Finding help
If you want to find out more information about preventing, treating, and living with neuropathy, contact the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke.


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After months of being regarded as a virtual shoo-in, British Conservative leader David Cameron suddenly has a fight on his hands to secure the keys to 10 Downing Street come election day – widely expected to take place on May 6. He came out swinging hard this week, calling Labour leaders "appalling people" and demanding heightened ethics rules.
A string of polls revealing a narrowing in Britain's general election race has suggested that, even after 13 years of an increasingly unpopular Labour government, crucial numbers of voters are still reluctant to swap the devil they know while a precarious economic recovery continues.
Although recent figures suggested that the Labour fight-back may be stalling, the public reaction to the new British budget released today and to Britain's first US-style televised debates in April will be decisive. In releasing the new budget, which cut the deficit forecast, treasury chief Alistair Darling aimed to spin Mr. Brown's government as a prudent financial steward that prevented a depression and can secure the country's economic recovery. But Brown still lags in polls.
Economy breathes life into Labour Party
How has Britain's battered and bruised prime minister, Gordon Brown, managed to come within a fighting chance of clinging to power? It's about the economy, stupid.
"The turning point was the publication at the end of January of final- quarter economic figures for 2009 which showed .01 percent growth," says Andrew Hawkins of polling firm Comres. The end of Britain's economic contraction "seemed to mark that point between Conservative leads averaging in double figures ... and the period after where the average shrunk to 6 percent."
Despite the wafer-thin nature of economic growth, Labour has argued that its stimulus package has worked while playing on fears that budget cuts by a new Tory government would jeopardize recovery. A poll by YouGov published March 18 in The Sun showed the Tory lead was still intact but remained fragile. It had Tory support at 36 percent, with Labour at 32 percent.
Economic issues still tend to overshadow other controversies – ranging from allegations that Mr. Brown bullies his staff to admissions by the Conservatives' wealthy chairman that he does not pay British taxes on foreign earnings. The Tories have also been learning the pitfalls of basing an election campaign around their charismatic leader.
David Cameron, at least, is an asset
A poster in which the party promised to "cut the deficit, not the NHS [National Health Service]" was overly defensive, according to Mr. Hawkins. "It bombed. More importantly, it featured David Cameron, who has limited appeal outside of London and England's southeast."
At least Mr. Cameron remains an asset to his party. Brown's deep unpopularity is continuing to harm Labour. A poll March 14 for the Guardian found that only 38 percent of people who voted Labour in 2005 – when Tony Blair was still leader – want to see the party win a strong majority now. Come the election, the Conservatives need to capture about 135 extra seats in the House of Commons from Labour and other parties to win a majority. Labour currently holds 346 of the Commons' 646 seats – 57 more seats than all the other parties combined. The Tories have 193 and the Liberal Democrats, 63.
Kevin Foster, a Conservative candidate in a tight race for the Labour-held seat of Coventry South in the English midlands, refers to the US presidential race when asked about his party's faltering support.
"Look at what happened with Barack Obama and John McCain... Around the time of the Republican Convention, it was close. Then a few weeks later the parties were fairly wide apart and Obama went on to score a decisive victory," he says. He insists Cameron is an asset to his own campaign in Coventry South, traditionally a Labour-supporting area with an industrial heritage.
"I think that for a lot of people, David Cameron is fresh and new and is very much someone who has changed the Tory Party," adds Mr. Foster.
Widespread disenchantment
Elsewhere in the constituency of Rochester and Strood, would-be Labour MP Teresa Murray presses home her party's mantra that the Tories are not a "credible alternative." She adds: "What has brought people back to Labour has been our strong management of the economy."
Ms. Murray also hits out at the "personalization" of British politics and the "disgraceful" way the media have focused on aspects of Brown's personality.
Both Murray and Foster have picked up on a crucial undercurrent of the election campaign – widespread public disenchantment with politicians of all hues arising from last year's furor over widespread manipulation of parliamentary expense claims by members of Parliament. That controversy, says Roger Mortimore of pollsters Ipsos/Mori, has injected an "unknown quality" into this election.
"I would expect there to be more strange and unexpected results in the election," he says. "The more that a candidate has been personally involved in it, then the more it will be likely that they will suffer ... but there are also large numbers of genuinely hardworking politicians being badly smeared."
Panning for votes, showcasing their wives
With hostility toward Britain's political classes running high, it's not surprising that party leaders are eager to grasp any new opportunities to increase their appeal.
For example, some suspect that the wives of Cameron and Brown have been wheeled out more often than they would otherwise have been if it were not for the recent narrowing of the race.
April's three televised debates – which will involve Brown, Cameron, and Nick Clegg of the Liberal Democrats dealing in turn with domestic, international, and economic issues – is another.
The live confrontations will showcase the leaders' contrasting political styles. Whether they, or the budget, will allow Labour a real shot at closing the gap on their Tory opponents remains to be seen.
Like others, however, pollster Hawkins suspects that a turning point may have been reached for the apparently stalled Tory campaign. "I think that they may well be on their way back now after reaching their low-water mark," he says. "My expectation would be for a small and working Conservative majority rather than a hung parliament."


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Gorgia Sanchez, January 15th , 2019.
Be that as it may, before settling on what sort of hairdo you need to go in for you should pre-think about a couple of things. The principal thing, while at the same time picking a hairdo that you should investigate is the specific haircut ought to be perfect with the sort of life you lead. On the off chance that it includes a great deal of open air exercises as in games, its better you wear your hair short as you will wash up pretty frequently and it is much simpler to oversee shorter hair than to think about longer hair.
For you fortunate young ladies going to get hitched, this is presumably the greatest party like occasion that you will ever visit and one of the greatest snapshots of your life. In view of this we as a whole need our weddings to be significant and to accomplish that, everything must be immaculate, including the wedding hairdo that you have chosen. With such a significant number of individuals going to the wedding putting their best self forward, it is fundamental for the lady to look similarly as brilliant if not more than her visitors.
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Need some ideas to have fun this weekend in the Hamptons? We've got you covered. Check out a local vineyard event, meet a war hero, seek out rare wildlife, support the Irish and take in some gorgeous fine art at a North Fork brewery.
Need more ideas? Visit our online calendar.
Friday, March 8
Candlelight Fridays at Wolffer Estate Vineyard
5-8 p.m.
139 Sagg Road, Sagaponack.
Come in from chill and enjoy some hot jazz! Candlelight Friday is from 5– 8 p.m. throughout the fall and winter season. No cover charge to listen to some of New York's finest musicians. Wines by the glass, mulled wine and cheese/charcuterie plates for purchase.
Saturday, March 9
Meet Tuskegee Airman Mr Lee Hayes at Amagansett Library
3:30-4:30 p.m.
215 Main Street, Amagansett.
Adults, teens and children Gr3-up will be inspired by Mr. Hayes' experiences as a Tuskegee Airman. The Tuskegee Airmen broke barriers to serve their country and gave added weight to the Civil Rights Movement. Kathy Curran and Noel Gish of the Suffolk County Historical Society will conduct a conversational interview. Please register at 631-267-3810. They have also loaned us their photo exhibit of the Tuskegee Airmen, which is on display throughout the month of February.
Opening Reception for MOBY at Greenport Harbor Brewing Company
7-9 p.m.
234 Carpenter Street, Greenport
Art and beer? Sounds good to me! Greenport Harbor Brewing Company will be hosting an open reception for their current art exhibit entitled, MOBY on Saturday. 631-513-9023
SoFo – Blue-spotted Salamander Search
7:30 p.m.
TBA, Montauk
Montauk's vernal ponds are one of the few places in the world where the Blue-spotted Salamander, in its purebred form, can be found. Join SoFo on our nighttime foray as we search for this unique native species. Please bring a flashlight and wear boots, as late winter rains will make the ground soggy. This walk will take place only after heavy rains. Please call 631-537-9735 for reservations. Directions and meeting places for this exciting hike announced after registration.
Saturday, March 10
Cocktail Party Fundraiser at Inn at East Wind for 63rd Annual St. Patricks Parade
04:00 pm – 08:00 pm
Inn at East Wind, 5720 New York 25A, Wading River
Enjoy the most anticipated annual community event of the year by dancing to popular and Irish music provided by Jerry Finlay's Cara Band. The Suffolk County Police Officers Emerald Society Pipe Band will make their regal entrance and perform as a prelude to this year's parade. The evening would not be complete without a performance of traditional Irish Step Dancing by students of the Mulvihill Lynch School of Irish Dance.
There will be raffle prizes, a Chinese Auction and official Friends of St. Patrick attire available for purchse. A traditional Irish Dinner of corned beef and cabbage will be served and a cash bar will be available.
Tickets are $40 per person, and are available individually, as well as for tables of 10 or 12 people, through Friends of St. Patrick at:
Gracie's Hearty Foods & Spirits in Rocky Point: 631-821-2079
Hartlin Inn in Sound Beach: 631-744-9234
McCarrick's Dairy in Rocky Point: 631-744-2502
New Country Cabinet Co. in Rocky Point: 631-209-0853
All proceeds go to sponsoring the 63rd Annual Miller Place Rocky Point St. Patricks Day Parade, which takes place on Sunday March 17 at 1 p.m.


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BMW Service
& Repairs in Hamilton,
There are many reasons to choose Princeton BMW to service your vehicle. We can help to prevent break-downs through oil changes and factory scheduled maintenance. Our service technicians are professionally trained and will repair your BMW vehicle correctly the first time. Make sure your vehicle can keep up with your busy schedule by scheduling an appointment for car repairs in Hamilton at Princeton BMW.
Our BMW service facilities are second to none, which is why customers from all over NJ come to Princeton BMW to service their vehicles. For high quality auto repairs in Hamilton, Princeton BMW is your destination. Make a convenient online service appointment or give us a call.
Bring your new BMW to our service center for regularly scheduled maintenance. Protect your investment, and bring your new or pre-owned vehicles to a shop you can trust. Princeton BMW only uses quality BMW auto parts, to ensure each repair done will last you for years to come.


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Here you can see and modify the cookie settings of various tools used on www.advantageaustria.org and related subdomains.
Vorarlberg State Tourist Board is your competent partner. Vorarlberg is blessed with its geographic location, nestled between Lake Constance and the high peaks of the Alps, with its neighbors Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is an economically successful region, home to several brands such as Doppelmayr (world leader in cable car systems), luxury body wear brand Wolford or lighting design from Zumtobel. The province is also among Europe's leaders in energy autonomy, hydro power or E-mobility. Culturally, Vorarlberg combines a reverence for long held traditions from music to literature. Of course, it helps that the landscape of Vorarlberg is nothing short of stunning.
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- Главная
- Продукция
- PT-TW230E Серия
- Экологичный дизайн
PT-TW230E Серия
Экологичный дизайн
- • No halogenated flame retardants are used in the cabinet.
- • Non-coated cabinet for easy recycling.
- • Lead-free glass is used for the lens.
- • Standby power consumption of only 0.42 W* has been achieved.
- • Lamp power switching further reduces power consumption.
* Standby mode: Eco. When Standby mode is set to Eco, network functions such as standby on via LAN are not available.
Also, only certain commands can be received for external control using the serial terminal.
All Panasonic projectors comply with the standards of the RoHS Directive.
- What is RoHS?
- RoHS is the acronym for Restriction of Hazardous Substances. RoHS, also known as Directive 2002/95/EC, originated in the European Union and restricts the use of specific hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products. All applicable products in the EU market after July 1, 2006 must pass RoHS compliance.
- What are the restricted materials mandated under RoHS?
- The substances banned under RoHS are lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (CrVI), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).
- Why is RoHS compliance important?
- The restricted materials are hazardous to the environment and pollute landfills, and are dangerous in terms of occupational exposure during manufacturing and recycling.


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A recent study of the relationship between business owners and their marketing partners found that
only 44 percent of clients surveyed were happy with the performance of their current agency partner.
While this figure is roughly unchanged from previous years, the findings do raise a number of interesting points — especially in respects to the evaluation process for RFP submissions.
It's really easy for a client to fall in love with the big shiny proposal idea or the notion of partnering with the hottest or biggest agency in town. The thing to remember and what this research validates is
the business case for relevant expertise and experience.
As the study points out, 77 percent of marketers surveyed agreed that demonstrating an understanding of their market is among the most critical aspects of an agency pitch (creativity was 72 percent).This suggests savvy marketers today are more concerned about finding a strategic partner who can help with their business versus just another "idea shop" – and that direct industry experience is what matters most.
For Airfoil, this correlates to the work we do in the technology industry. Our experience isn't something that we sprinkle into an RFP response just to win a piece of business.
Our ability to better understand and proactively address the challenges of marketing technology products and services is central to everything we do … and it represents a key competitive advantage for our agency.
It's when this ability or know-how is paired with shiny big idea that something special results.
— Janet Tyler is co-founder and president of Airfoil Public Relations, a high tech PR agency with offices in Detroit and Silicon Valley.


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Poor Carrie Prejean. No matter how she tries to spin it, things are not looking so hot for the grammatically-challenged former beauty queen.
Prejean was sacked recently, and as Anna N. posted yesterday, the reason may have been as simple as her complete lack of tact and her strange inability to read her own email. Prejean reportedly failed to show up for promotional events ("tens and tens and tens" of them, according to Miss California pageant head Keith Lewis), an allegation which Prejean staunchly denies. Lewis told the CBS Early Show, "[Carrie] was unavailable. She didn't want to make them. She was just really difficult to work with. She didn't want to make any appearances in Hollywood. It was a combative relationship."
During an appearance on the Sean Hannity Show on Fox News last night, Prejean also claimed that the real reason she was fired has more to do with her beliefs than any failure to honor her contract. She says she believes that she is no longer a Miss USA title holder because of her controversial and inarticulate answer to Perez Hilton's question about gay marriage. "All I know is from the moment I gave my answer onstage that night, I have had no support from Keith Lewis or Shanna Moakler or anyone in the miss California organization," Prejean said. "This is all happening right now, because of the stance that I took for traditional marriage."
Prejean's official statement further denies Lewis's allegations, and directly contradicts what was shown in the chain of emails released between Lewis and Prejean:
"I have met every scheduled appearance, and responsibility, as recently as May 31st"... "I have followed the proper protocol requested of me and haven't made any appearances or speaking engagements without the consent or approval from the Miss California USA or Miss Universe Organizations. I have not signed with any book publisher or taken on any business proposals. As of today, June 11, 2009, I have done everything possible to honor my contract."
Prejean also appeared on the Today show to tell her side of the story to Matt Lauer, who actually asked her some good questions, like: "if [her stance on gay marriage] were the reason, why a month ago at that press conference, did Donald Trump stand up... and support you. Why did he support you then? Why would those comments suddenly warrant your firing now?" Prejean has no real answer. She repeatedly tries to turn the interview around on Lauer, asking him the same questions he asks her ("what were those appearances, Matt?") and eventually she claims that the whole thing was a setup. Toward the end, she refuses to admit any blame, saying: "tolerance needs to be a two way street, and it's not... I am here today, dethroned as Miss California, because of [my beliefs]."
Prejean is also claiming that her refusal to do a Playboy photo shoot has something to do with her pink slip. Extra reports:
Fired Miss California Carrie Prejean claims she turned down an offer from Playboy — and that was one of the reasons she was canned!
The 22-year-old says she was offered $140,000 to pose of the mag, but don't believe it! Insiders tell "Extra" there was never an offer on the table.
Prejean has also lost her job schilling for Sledge USA, a clothing company that caters to "fashion-forward, young contemporary and junior women." The decision was based on "Miss Prejean's neglect to fulfill promotional requests," according to an official statement released yesterday by Sledge USA. Joining in on the Prejean hate-fest is Shanna Moakler, who twittered on Thursday: "Carrie and mother goose have always told the best (lies) tales, my favorite being.. 'once upon a time the wind blew my top off.'"
But Prejean isn't letting it get her down. She ended her statement from yesterday with this:
"I am excited and looking forward to where God leads me in the future. I know He has big plans for me. I am proud to be the strong woman God has molded me to be. I will always stand for the truth, respectfully, and never back down. Thank you and God bless."
We don't know what God has in store for Carrie, but we can only hope it involves her moving out of the spotlight. Maybe a move to Alaska is in order?
Ex Miss CA Not Offered Playboy [Extra]
Clothing Co. Kicks Prejean While She's Down [TMZ]
Carrie Prejean Stands By, Well, Carrie Prejean [E! Online]
Twitterverses: Yes, Shanna Moakler, We Know You Hate Carrie Prejean [E! Online]
Related: Carrie Prejean's Emails Reveal Poor Character, Spelling


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Dorsey v. United States
Consolidated with:
|Docket No.
|Op. Below
|7th Cir.
Apr 17, 2012
|Jun 21, 2012
Holding: The more lenient mandatory minimum provisions of the Fair Sentencing Act – which reduced the disparity between sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses – apply to defendants who committed a crack cocaine crime before the Act went into effect but were sentenced after its effective date in 2010.
Plain English Summary: In 2010, Congress passed a law that reduced the prison sentences for individuals who are convicted of crimes involving "crack" cocaine, which is the most common form of cocaine distributed on the streets. Congress did not specify whether the shorter sentences applied only to individuals who committed crimes involving "crack" after the law went into effect, or whether it also applied to individuals who committed their crimes before the law was passed but were not sentenced until after the law was enacted. By a vote of five to four, the Court held that the 2010 law applies to everyone who was sentenced after the law went into effect, no matter when they had actually committed their crimes.
Judgment: Vacated and remanded, 5-4, in an opinion by Justice Breyer on June 21, 2012. Justice Scalia filed a dissenting opinion, in which the Chief Justice and Justices Thomas and Alito joined.
SCOTUSblog Coverage
- Opinion recap: Easing the "crack" disparity (Lyle Denniston)
- Argument recap: A dilemma over race (Lyle Denniston)
- Argument preview: The crack cocaine controversy -- again (Lyle Denniston)
Briefs and Documents
Merits Briefs for the Petitioner
Amicus Briefs for the Petitioner
- Brief for the United States
- Brief for Center on the Administration of Criminal Law, NYU School of Law
- Brief for the ACLU et al.
- Brief for the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers et al.
- Brief for Paul Cassell and Nancy Gertner
Merits Briefs for the Respondent


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Castro plans to get Stanford degree in offseason
HOUSTON -- The baseball season is over, but Astros catcher Jason Castro still has some work ahead.
Castro will leave for San Francisco on Monday morning and will resume taking classes this week at Stanford University, where he's two classes shy of a degree in sociology. Castro plans to finish the degree this fall and finally get his diploma -- five years after the Astros drafted him in the first round.
"It's been a long time coming," Castro said. "I got to go back in 2010 and take some classes. I tried to get it all done in one shot, but the way it's kind of structured, I wasn't going to be able to get it all done at once. I broke it up into two parts and this is the second part. I'm excited to get it over with and finally be done."
Castro will be on campus at Stanford twice a week this fall. He's finished all the coursework required for his major, so he just has general elective units remaining.
"It shouldn't be too difficult," Castro said. "But I still have to get back into study mode."
And Castro plans to get into college life as much as he can. He's already got tickets for Stanford's football games against Oregon, California and Notre Dame.
Castro enjoyed a breakout season this year, hitting .276 in 120 games with 35 doubles, 18 homers and 56 RBIs with a .485 slugging percentage, setting career highs in nearly every offensive category. He was twice named American League Player of the Week and was the first Astros player to represent the AL in the All-Star game.


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One of Deidara's specialities that requires the use of both of his palm mouths, creating a large dragon. The dragon itself is capable of flight, and, while Deidara is safely on its back, the dragon can spit out smaller clay figures that attack the opponent like guided missiles.
These independent missile-like creatures take the form of a greatly reduced version of the larger dragon that created them, however, despite this decrease in size they are still relatively larger than a normal person. Each is capable of tracking their intended target and producing a significant explosion proportional to size upon contact but as they emerge, they consume a substantial amount of clay from the original dragon, initially extracting it from the creature's tail. This ultimately limits the number that each C2 "Dragon" is capable of creating, before clay must be sacrificed from more vital areas, such as the body or wings. By using more clay, the missile's size and explosive power can be substantially increased.
The dragon can also produce clay mines at the expense of clay, that take the form of small spherical creatures, which can be subsequently manipulated to force opponents to fight in a limited space. This is achieved through the use of Tobi's Earth Release: Hiding Like a Mole Technique, to hide a large amount of these mines underground, without the opponents' knowledge to their exact location. When this tactic is combined with the previously mentioned missiles, it can confine the enemies' movements to such an extent, that they are forced to suffer an explosion.
- "C-2", also known as Composition C-2, is Composition C plastic explosive developed during the Second World War.
- According to Tobi, this is Deidara's favourite technique involving explosive clay.[1]
- ↑ Naruto chapter 357, page 16


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Alexander Wang Spring 2013 Ready-to-Wear Collection
The most prescient, lingering sentiment after Alexander Wang's Spring '13 show was 'focus'. It was fiercely edited, and that's not a fashionista layman's "fierce" term we're talking about here.
The most prescient, lingering sentiment after Alexander Wang's Spring '13 show was 'focus'. It was fiercely edited, and that's not a fashionista layman's "fierce" term we're talking about here. This is a serious business-minded, stringent acumen that was at play, and Wang has only gotten better every season at wrangling a cohesive, singular stance out of his team.
His leitmotif du jour was a continuous play on trompe l'oeil horizontal strips that seemed to hang freely on everything from roomy leather shorts, overlay tops, croc-stamped deep-plunge sheaths, skirts – the works. He sliced and diced his way through his fabrics, which are only getting more luxurious with each season, and he kept it all in a severely strict palette of black, white, tan and spangling silver. Perhaps, a bit repetitive, and not altogether a reinvention of the fashion wheel per se – Pedro Lourenco and Ralph Rucci both beat him to that punch. Though, those two barely have their fingertips on the pulse of the New York fashion gestalt quite like Wang.
The opening look, a black jacket with leather pocket detail and a key-ring zip, only hinted at the lazer-like splicing that would follow (look closely at that leather shirt collar), though chances are most eyes went straight for the footwear – a kitten-heel boot held by thin strands attached to five stacked patches of leather. Those are going to be photographed like crazy (Might as well throw in those huge billed caps in there while we're at it). There was an interesting interplay between the slices on tops and skirts and an underlaying zebra print that graced a leather leopard spotted top. As the show progressed, those once clean cuts became more jagged, as if they were shredded with a large serrated knife.
Wang hasn't given up on his tribal fever either, which is not a totally bad thing. Tribal-motif perforations on the backs of shirts and jackets looked like vertebrae. It'll be difficult to guess if those nifty details or the pomp of the closing white set's glow in the dark theatrics, will be the most memorable gifts this brilliant outing had to give.


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Counting It All Joy
To be able to count it all joy, you have to be able to trust God. Do you have that kind of confidence in the sovereignty and goodness of God? Do you look to Christ in the midst of your ...Read More
Don't Worry, Be Joyful
The New Testament not only commands us to be joyful, but it tells us how. Basically, we can be joyful by focusing our attention on the source of our joy. If you find yourself depressed, down, afflicted focus your mind ...Read More
Trial by the Sea
Are you in a difficult circumstance? Is there a difficult person in your life with whom you must interact, possibly on a personal level? Have you been tempted to get angry towards God because He has allowed you to be ...Read More
The Benefits of Trials
Have you ever been through a time of suffering that left you a milder, more sober, more "centered" person than before? What "bad" aspects of your life were refined and what good aspects of your life were strengthened? As hard ...Read More
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Sunday, November 21, 2010
Rapunzel Picture Books - A Children's Booklist
As promised, we are working our way through numerous "Rapunzel" picture books in preparation of the upcoming Disney Tangled movie release. Disney's Rapunzel, with her amazingly long hair (70 feet long according to Disney), is the latest version based on the classic fairy tale.
Like all fairy tales, the story of Rapunzel has been re-told and adapted many times. Although most of us are familiar with the Grimms' Rapunzel, earlier versions of the tale exist, notably Basile's "Petrosinella," and a French variant, "Persinette." (For detailed historical account, reference the online article, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, Let Down Your Hair" by Terri Windling or read the author's note in Paul O. Zelinsky's Rapunzel.) In fact, in the early tales, the main character is named after parsley not rapunzel (a.k.a. rampion).
The story of Rapunzel is far more than a tale about a girl living in a tower with long golden hair who is rescued by a prince. Windling writes that, "at its root this is a story about puberty, sexual desire, and the evils of locking young women away from life and self–determination." Some parents find the text age-inappropriate for young children, as evidenced by a few shocked reactions in online reviews of Rapunzel books. In many versions, while locked in the tower, Rapunzel is secretly wed to her prince and becomes pregnant. In some stories, the sorceress learns of the lovers' secret meetings when Rapunzel remarks on her expanding waistline. In other toned-down versions, readers later learn of her pregnancy when she gives birth to twins while exiled. Some retellings leave out the pregnancy altogether.
The description of the villain also varies, but nearly always she is shown as a scary looking, extremely elderly woman (although not in the film Tangled). In some stories she is a sorceress or a witch and in others she's described as an evil fairy. I was surprised to find that in some stories, like in the Disney film, Rapunzel sometimes refers to her guardian as Mother Gothel, a German term for godmother. My daughter finds the beginning of the story upsetting because the sorceress takes the baby from her parents.
When looking for picture books about Rapunzel, I recommend using Rapunzel book gallery on SurLaLune Fairy Tales as a starting point and searching your library's holdings. Hopefully my brief descriptions below will help parents determine which stories they may want to read to their children. We will continue to update this list as we read more stories.
Classic Retellings:
Rapunzel by Paul O. Zelinsky. Dutton Children's (1997); 48 pages
Beautiful retelling written and illustrated by the talented Zelinsky. Combines elements from both Grimms' tales and earlier versions and illustrated with gorgeous oil paintings inspired by Italian Renaissance art. History of Rapunzel described in author's note at the end of the book. The book won the Caldecott Medal in 1998.
Notes: Wife eats rapunzel from sorceress' garden, features elaborately described ornate tower, a private wedding ceremony takes place in tower, the sorceress learns of relationship due to Rapunzel's mention of a tightly fitting dress and Rapunzel gives birth to twins in wilderness. More at http://www.paulozelinsky.com/rapunzel.html
Rapunzel retold by Barbara Rogasky, illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Holiday House (1982); 32 pages
A lovely version of Grimms' classic story of Rapunzel with perfect storybook illustrations by Trina Schart Hyman. The wonderful, detailed borders and lush illustrations have a distinctive arts and crafts feel.
Notes: Parents reside in a quaint cottage, they steal rampion from the garden of a witch named Mother Gothel. Rapunzel lives in old, derelict tower encircled by thorn bushes and upon meeting the prince, works to weave a ladder out of silk. Unfortunately, the witch learns of her secret when Rapunzel accidentally inquires why it takes longer for the witch to ascend than the prince. Marriage is mentioned briefly. Rapunzel gives birth to twins in a desolate place in the forest. This is my daughter's favorite version of the story but, sadly, it is out-of-print.
Rapunzel retold and illustrated by Alix Berenzy. Henry Holt (1995); 32 pages
This interesting version, based on a German tale older than the Grimms' tale, features Mother Gothel as an evil, ugly fairy. Otherwise the story plot is very like the typical Grimm version with Rapunzel betraying herself due to an absentminded question about the fairy's weight. Berenzy's story begins with an interesting description of the rapunzel plant, explaining that it can grow and bloom in the most desolate wastelands. Berenzy uses an unusual illustration technique, drawing with colored pencil and paint on black paper. The resulting illustrations are extremely detailed, show a wide range of light versus darkness and definitely exhibit a darker fairy tale world. Rapunzel lives in poverty for many years until the prince finally discovers her and their children who are no longer babies.
Rapunzel by Felix Hoffman
Petrosinella: A Neopolitan Rapunzel by Diane Stanley
Rapunzel (Best-Loved Classics) by Sarah Gibb (2010)
Rapunzel by Debbie Lavreys (2010)
Rapunzel by Catherine Mccafferty, illustrated by Clive Spong
Rapunzel by Dorothee Duntze
Rapunzel by Amy Ehrlich, illustrated by Kris Waldherr
Rapunzel (Flip up Fairy Tales) by Simona Sanfilippo
Rapunzel by Rachel Isadora
Rapunzel/Rapunzel: A Bilingual Book (Bilingual Fairy Tales) - by Francesc Bofill, illustrated by Joma
Rapunzel by Jutta Ash
Rapunzel by Bernadette Watts
Rapunzel by Michael Hague
Rapunzel (Troll's Best-Loved Classics) by Bert Dodson
Rapunzel by Carol Heyer
Jump at the Sun Fairy-Tale Classics: Rapunzel by John Kurtz
Rapunzel (My 1st Classic Story) by Christianne C. Jones, illustrated by Amy Bailey Muehlenhardt
Sugar Cane: A Caribbean Rapunzel by Patricia Storace, illustrated by Raul Colon
Sanitized Adaptations: (stories that omit Rapunzel's pregnancy and birth of her twin children)
Rapunzel illustrated by Maja Dusíková, translated by Anthea Bell; NorthSouth Books (1997); 32 pages
Traditional retelling with beautifully detailed watercolor illustrations by the talented Dusíková. If you are looking for a version of the story without the twins, don't miss this one. It mentions both herb terms (rampion and rapunzel), the tower includes a hook to help pull up her visitors, the witch looks exactly as you'd expect and Rapunzel betrays herself by casually mentioning that the witch is heavier than the prince. As in the familiar tale, in shock, the prince jumps out the window, falls into thorn bushes and loses his sight. Dusíková includes plenty of animals in the illustrations...make sure to look for the brown owl. Only one complaint - both Rapunzel and the prince look very young, almost too young to get married.
Rapunzel (Little Golden Books) by Marianna Mayer, illustrated by Sheilah Beckett; Golden Books (1991); 24 pages
In this version, the sorceress lives in a castle and casts a spell on Rapunzel's mother, causing her to crave the rapunzel plant. Rapunzel's parents must give their baby to the sorceress in payment for stealing her plants. Like in most tales, the sorceress eventually moves the princess to a tower without stairs or a door. The prince visits Rapunzel in the tower and the next day Rapunzel, unable to tell a lie, informs the sorceress of the prince's visit. A spell cast by the sorceress causes the prince to go blind. Beckett's illustrations have a storybook feel and are a well-suited addition to this lighter version of the story.
Rapunzel (An Easy-to-read Folktale) by Bernice Chardiet, illustrated by Julie Downing; Scholastic (1990); 32 pages
Simplified picture book version for beginning readers based on Grimms' tale. Wife eats rapunzel plants that her husband brings from the powerful witch's garden. Both Rapunzel and the witch wear colorful ornate clothing. In this retelling, the tower is located at the top of a large hill. Rapunzel works to weave a ladder of silk but the witch learns of Rapunzel's betrayal when Rapunzel accuses her of being slow and clumsy at climbing, unlike the prince. Downing's colorful watercolors add beauty and light to the story.
Fractured Fairy Tales, Parodies and Variants:
Falling for Rapunzel by Leah Wilcox, illustrated by Lydia Monks. Putnam Juvenile (2003); 32 pages
A hilarious rhyming tale of miscommunication between Rapunzel and the prince. He yells for her to let down her hair, but she is unable to hear him clearly and throws down everything but her hair (including socks, cantaloupe and a swine). The story has a silly, surprise ending. Monks' wacky and vibrant mixed-media art is done using acrylic paint, paper montage, and colored pencils.
Rapunzel: A Groovy Fairy Tale by Lynn Roberts, illustrated by David Roberts
Rapunzel: A Happenin' Rap by David Vozar
Rapunzel Commercialized/Cartoons:
Rapunzel (Timeless Tales from Hallmark) adapted by Patricia Jensen, Bedrock Press/Turner Publishing (1993); ISBN 1878685740; 32 pages
Hallmark released a series of animated classic fairy tales on video in the early 1990s called "Timeless Tales from Hallmark." They also published the stories in book form, including a version of Rapunzel. Hallmark's Rapunzel will most likely appeal to Disney Princess fans. The illustrations are cartoon-like and colorful. However, the story strays from the traditional. The witch, Scarlotta (who likes like an older version of Disney's Mother Gothel), turns the prince into a bird on his return visit to the tower. Later on, Rapunzel's tears reverse the spell. Unlike many other versions, this story does mention that Rapunzel is reunited with her parents.
Barbie: Rapunzel (Little Golden Book) by Diane Muldrow
Barbie as Rapunzel: A Storybook by Merry North, Andrea Posner-Sanchez and Mary Man-Kong
Barbie As Rapunzel by Cliff Ruby
Disney's fairy tale theater presents Mickey and Minnie in Rapunzel (Little Golden Book) adapted by Liane B. Onish ; illustrated by Len Smith & Adam Devaney
Rapunzel: Berry Fairy Tales (Strawberry Shortcake) by Megan E. Bryant
Rapunzel (Littlest Pet Shop) by Samantha Brooke
Tangled Movie Tie-In Books:
Disney Books for Young Readers, a division of Random House has published several movie tie-in books to correspond with the new Tangled release. A complete list of the books can be found at: http://www.randomhouse.com/kids/disney/books/TAN/Tangled/ along with downloadable printable pdf activities.
Interactive Disney storybooks based Tangled Disney are available from Reader's Digest / Simon & Schuster: http://www.simonandschuster.com/search?term=disney+tangled
Related Links:
First-School.ws Rapunzel Preschool Lesson Plans
(I am an Amazon affiliate and may receive a very small commission for products purchased through my Amazon links. View my full disclosure statement for more information about my reviews.)
7 comments:
- Melissa Taylor said...
Rapunzel's Revenge is a graphic novel of Rapunzel set in the Wild West. It's awesome!!! You'll love it if you haven't read it yet.
:) Melissa
- November 22, 2010 at 4:06 PM
- email@example.com said...
I enjoyed this timely post. Rapunzel was one of my favorite childhood fairy tales.
- November 23, 2010 at 7:09 AM
- Jaedyn said...
Wow, these are beautiful! Thanks for putting this post together! :)
- November 23, 2010 at 1:48 PM
- Kate Coombs said...
Great list--thank you!
- November 24, 2010 at 12:54 AM
- Anonymous said...
Do you like this adaptation to iPad?
- November 24, 2010 at 12:00 PM
- A Pen In Neverland: Angela Peña Dahle said...
Rapunzel's revenge=awesome! Love Shannon Hale! My favorite version though is the one by Barbara Rogasky and is the one I own! Wonderful post!
- November 29, 2010 at 2:23 PM
- silly eagle books said...
Wow--this is an awesome list--just what I needed. I had a feeling it wasn't a very 4-year-old friendly story--but for the life of me, I couldn't remember why. :) It's been a while since I read through my grimms anthology.
I'm going to look for these to satisfy my own curiosity--thanks for leaving the link and for telling me your favorite illustrator. I really hope to find that one.
I'm going to add this link to my post--it's so great!
- March 29, 2011 at 5:10 PM


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IRA Rollover Endangered: Take Action! (12/13/2007)
IRA Rollover Endangered - Take Action!
Ask Congress to preserve an important new incentive for charitable giving! The IRA Charitable Rollover provision is set to expire December 31, and has been caught in the middle of a political tug of war as the House and Senate debate a broad tax package. The provision, which allows individuals aged 70 ½ and older to make charitable gifts from their IRAs tax-free up to a total of $100,000 per year, was enacted in August 2006 and has already proved to spur new charitable gifts to orchestras and other nonprofit organizations.
Whether you are an orchestra professional or donor (or both!), please contact your members of Congress and urge them to extend this important charitable giving incentive. Even if you have already weighed in with Congress, please let them hear from you again. The clock is ticking!
Your Orchestra Can Receive IRA Gifts until 12/31
Before enactment of the IRA Rollover provision, individuals who made charitable gifts from their retirement accounts had to withdraw funds and treat them as taxable income, reducing the amount available for donation to charity. Orchestras report that the IRA Charitable Rollover is producing new gifts, with the potential for more if donors can be made aware of this new giving incentive.
IRA Rollover-Current Status
- Enacted as part of the Pension Reform Act of 2006
- Permits donors age 70 ½ and older to make tax-free charitable gifts directly from their IRAs
- Caps qualifying gifts to an annual ceiling of $100,000
- Expires December 31, 2007
Learn How Donors Can Use the Current IRA Provision
Speak Up to Support Future Giving
Take action to help your orchestra and community benefit from the IRA Charitable Rollover provision. Ask your members of Congress to support legislation that would extend this important charitable giving incentive. By raising your voice, you will be joining thousands of other advocates in the arts and nonprofit communities calling for Congress to support the IRA Charitable Rollover.
- Learn More: Complete background and talking points for orchestras are available in our IRA Rollover Issue Brief.
- Convey the following message to your members of Congress:
"On behalf of [your orchestra], I am writing to express our strong support for the extension of the IRA charitable rollover provision and urge its enactment before the end of the year. As you know, the Pension Protection Act in August 2006 enacted several charitable incentives designed to support important charitable works in communities throughout the country and the world. The IRA Charitable Rollover provision provides persons aged 70½ and older with the opportunity to contribute to charity out of their individual retirement accounts without suffering adverse tax consequences. Unless Congress takes action soon, this charitable giving incentive will expire at the end of this year, thus depriving thousands of charitable organizations of the resources needed to serve the public good. We urge you to support inclusion of the IRA charitable rollover extension in any tax bill coming before Congress before the end of the year."
Please personalize your message with information about how increased charitable giving could benefit your orchestra and your community.
Contact your Representative in the House and both Senators. A faxed, personalized letter will get the most attention.
Very Important Final Step: Please send League Government Affairs a copy of your communication with Congress. The League will be following up with Hill offices, and can reinforce your advocacy efforts.
Thank you!
The League is a member of the Performing Arts Alliance, a coalition of national performing arts service organizations dedicated to advocating for national policies that recognize, enhance, and foster the contributions the performing arts make to America.


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"My Baptismal Covenant," Faith in God for Boys (2003), 2–3
"My Baptismal Covenant," Faith in God for Boys, 2–3
My Baptismal Covenant
When I was baptized I made a covenant to take upon me the name of Jesus Christ and to serve Him and be obedient.
Heavenly Father has given me the Holy Ghost. Through the Atonement of Jesus Christ, I can be forgiven of my sins when I repent. If I keep my baptismal covenant, I can return to live with Him.
When I take the sacrament, I renew my covenant to take upon me the name of Jesus Christ, to always remember Him, and to obey His commandments. When I do this, I can feel the Holy Ghost guiding me.
(See Mosiah 18:8–10 and D&C 20:37.)


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TORONTO - Ottawa is extending an auto sector fund the provides a $250-million pool of investment cash for car companies and their suppliers to draw from.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper is at a Ford plant in Oakville, Ont., to make the announcement.
Harper says the Automotive Innovation Fund has helped the auto sector become more innovative, agile and competitive.
The fund, established in 2008 federal budget, requires companies to invest their own money to access government cash.
The five-year renewal comes amid a controversy over government assistance to the auto industry, after GM of Canada said in late December that it will shift production of the Chevrolet Camaro from Oshawa, Ont., to a plant in Michigan in 2015.
The federal and Ontario governments contributed $10.6 billion to the bailout of General Motors during the 2009 recession, when the company restructured under court protection.


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Following the release of President Obama's "Climate Action Plan," on June 25, 2013, NPGA released the following statement.
"Propane can be a key asset as the United States seeks to achieve its clean energy and climate change goals. Principally derived from natural gas, propane is a clean, efficient, domestic fuel, and it is a critical resource in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
"When used in core residential applications, such as space and water heating, propane lowers GHG emissions by 64 and 52 percent respectively when compared to electricity. In on-road engines and vehicles, using propane instead of gasoline lowers GHG emissions up to 25 percent. For example, when used in school buses, propane-powered engines produce 17 percent lower GHG emissions than their gasoline-fueled counterparts. In all of these applications, propane produces lower criteria pollutants than gasoline, diesel, or electricity. Moreover, propane has the benefit of being a portable low- emissions fuel that is not itself a GHG.
"The propane industry is already partnering with communities to put this readily available fuel to use. Earlier this week, the National Park Service announced it would be utilizing propane-powered mowers on the National Mall. Commercial mowers powered by propane produce 48 percent lower GHG emissions than gasoline-fueled mowers and significantly lower criteria pollutants.
"As the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency implement the President's plan, NPGA urges them to make certain that they utilize full-fuel cycle analyses in assessing options and making determinations. Employing site-based analyses for determining carbon emissions fails to reflect actual comparative environmental efficiencies.
"Propane is readily available in every state and is the world's most utilized alternative fuel. In 2011, approximately 9 billion gallons of propane from more than 9 thousand distribution points, was sold in the United States for residential, commercial, agricultural, and internal combustion applications."


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Comline e-catalogue
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Is there any freely available verilog implementaion of Diffie-Hellman key exchange?
I couldn't find anything using google. So, assuming its not there I started implementing on my own. The code is hosted at https://github.com/nulpoet/verilog_diffiehellman. Behavioral simulation in xilinx works. However it cannot synthesize the remainder(%) operator.
So, I does anybody know how to design a module for remainder operation in verilog that computes the remainder in a single clock cycle? Any links to literature discussing the algorithm would suffice.
Solution to any of the above two question would solve my problem.
Thanks in advance!


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|Biosequences .. Software .. Molbio soft .. Network News .. FTP
Dear Cees, what do you mean by "links"? In my diploma thesis I have worked about thecamoeba in soil. You probably do know that Difflugia is a tough taxon to identify. If you need literature about Thekamoeba in general and/or especially about Difflugia I think I could help you. Drop me a line! Best wishes, Dagmar ## CrossPoint v3.1 ##


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Are you a high school teenage girl? Yes? Quick, go get your dad, because here's the new Beetle Convertible!
For around $5,000, VW will peel off the metal roof from your Beetle and give you a fabric top instead. That's pretty much the whole difference. The Cabrio feels the same as the Hardtop on the road, and both look pretty much the same with the top up.
(Full Disclosure: VW invited me to drive the Beetle Convertible in Santa Monica yesterday, put me in a nice hotel, offered me a free pair of Chuck Taylors, and let me drunkenly chat with Klaus Bischoff, VW's head of design. I don't think I embarrassed myself too badly.)
Remember that, because it will impress your dad who's going to buy you this car. The top can go up and down at 30 miles an hour, which will also be a fun thing to show off to your high school gal pals on a sunny day.
It's $24,995 for the base Convertible vs. $19,795 for the Hardtop, and that price stays fairly constant up the range. The Turbo Cab is $27,795 vs. $23,395 and the TDI Cab is $27,895 vs. $23,295.
There are also three special nostalgic trim levels: 50s, 60s, and 70s. The 60s car gets badges and "denim Blue" paint, the 70s car gets some badass toffee brown, and the 50s car comes in black with sweet heritage wheels. The 60s and 70s trims are $100 and the 50s kit is $1,200, thanks to it getting more stuff. You can beg papa to spring for the R-Line super sporty trim if you're an insane human being.
VW claims that 40% of the new Beetle Convertible buyers are male, and that percentage goes up to 50% for the Turbo. Compare that to the old New Beetle Convertible's rate of 28% male buyers, it seems like this newly conservative, upright car is a big success.
We're not convinced. We expect to see these soft-tops filling up high school, sorority house, and small-town real estate company parking lots.
Photo Credit: Raphael Orlove/Jalopnik


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Two visualizations (among many others) from unknown authors.
This two-pages document is from a magazine called EPOCA:
A simple series with some design parameters presented with icons from 3oneseven:
The next one is made by Bogdan Răuţă for usell.com:
Why do I blog this? I recently started a project about smartphone gestures, a sort of follow-up to Curious Rituals. These representations (which are not perfect of course) are relevant for that matter, as they show how different parameters evolved over time.


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Usually this time of year, most of us at SAU should be knee deep in a trench or stumbling through brush doing a survey. But this is a somewhat unusual July for us. For once, most of my co-workers are experiencing something incredibly rare for archaeologists: a long summer vacation! There are two reasons for this. Firstly, we moved our office to a new building last week, and the chaos before, during and after was not deemed conducive to an effective work environment. So it was mainly me, Britta (our administrator), and Anneli (one of our project leaders) who stayed on as movers carried the staggering amount of office stuff, books, and assorted prehistoric stuff we have littering our workplaces. Really brought home the insight that we have gone from being mobile hunter-gatherers to being virtually immobile gatherers…
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