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The UT Health Science Center Libraries welcome Karen Barton as the new Liaison to the School of Health Professions (SHP) and Community Engagement Librarian. Karen comes to the UTHSCSA Briscoe Library from the San Antonio Public Library where she has been involved with community outreach programming as a Teen Services Librarian . Karen graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2013 with an M.S. in Library and Information Science and a certificate in Community Informatics. Karen also holds a B.A. in Communication and Media Production.
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Psykhe (Santiago)
versión On-line ISSN 0718-2228
Psykhe vol.20 no.2 Santiago nov. 2011
Vol. 20, N° 2, 53-63
Aggression and Pro-Sociability: Risk and Protective Dynamics in Popularity and Bullying Processes
Agresividad y Pro-Sociabilidad: La Dinámica de Riesgo y Protección en los Procesos de Popularidad y Bullying
Tatiane de Oliveira Dias and Carolina Lisboa
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brasil
Silvia Helena Koller and Diogo DeSousa
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Previous research has shown that positive psychological characteristics can moderate the relationship between aggression and developmental outcomes. This study assessed whether pro-sociability could moderate the association between aggression and victimization, and aggression and popularity. A convenience sample of 253 Brazilian children of low socioeconomic status (M age = 11.82, SD = 1.41) participated in the study. Structural equation modeling showed that the interaction between aggression and pro-social behaviors did not decrease children's chances of being victimized and did not alter the association between aggression and popularity. Aggression seemed to be a predictor of bullying and pro-sociability, of popularity. These results contradict findings from previous studies that showed an association between aggression and positive behaviors such as pro-sociability. More studies are necessary to highlight cultural and contextual differences, comparing these results to those of other Latin American samples.
Keywords: aggression, pro-sociability, popularity, schools, bullying
Estudios anteriores han identificado características psicológicas positivas que pueden moderar la relación entre la agresión y los procesos de desarrollo. En esta investigación se evaluó si la prosociabilidad modera la asociación entre agresión y victimización, y agresión y popularidad. Una muestra de conveniencia de 253 niños brasileros de nivel socioeconómico bajo (M de edad = 11,82, DE = 1,41) participaron en el estudio. El análisis de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que la interacción entre la agresividad y la pro-sociabilidad no protege a los niños de sufrir bullying y tampoco modifica la asociación entre agresión y popularidad. La agresión parece haber sido un predictor del bullying y la pro-sociabilidad, de la popularidad. Esos hallazgos difieren de los resultados de estudios anteriores que muestran una asociación entre agresión y comportamientos positivos, como pro-sociabilidad. Más investigaciones son necesarias que permitan destacar las diferencias culturales y contextuales, comparando estos resultados con los de otras muestras latinoamericanas.
Palabras clave: agresión, pro-sociabilidad, popularidad, escuelas, bullying
The aim of the present study was to verify to what extent pro-social behavior moderates the association between aggression and bullying as well as between aggression and popularity. The hypotheses were that the association between aggression and bullying is lower among children who are pro-social as compared to others, as well as that the association between aggression and popularity is stronger for pro-social children. Despite the relevance of the processes under consideration—aggression, popularity, pro-sociability, and bullying—, investigations about these phenomena are still relatively rare in Brazil, specifically considering the associations between aggression, pro-social behavior, and popularity. Planning interventions in school settings and clinical treatments aimed to improve youth's mental and social health could be Tatiane de Oliveira Dias, Master Program in Psychology, and Carolina Lisboa, Graduate Program in Psychology, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Sao Leopoldo, Brazil; Silvia Helena Koller, Graduate Program in Psychology, and Diogo DeSousa, Master Program in Psychology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Researchers have demonstrated the complexity of aggressive behavior, which is not just an exclusively individual process at a cognitive and behavioral level; it is a social behavior influenced by individual and contextual factors, dyadic interactions, group relationships, and the social organization at the group or institutional level (Almeida, Lisboa, & Caurcel, 2007; Hinde, 1987; Little, Brauner, Jones, Nock, & Hawley, 2003; Little, Jones, Henrich, & Hawley, 2003; Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Bjorkqvist, Osterman, & Kaukiainen, 1996; Salmivalli & Voeten, 2004). Aggressive behavior is also influenced by familial models and relationships (Bringiotti,2000).
Aggression can be defined as any act that intends to damage or harm someone (Ladd & Burgees, 1999; Loeber & Hay, 1997). Aggression can take more than one form of expression, depending on its direction and objectives. Aggressive behavior is also related to the hierarchical relationships between the child who assaults and the one who is assaulted, to gender-based characteristics (Coie & Dodge, 1998), to the specificity of the developmental phase and individual experiences of the child and the socio-historical context (Bronfenbrenner, 1999).
Aggressive behavior can be seen in a confrontational manner, through direct physical and verbal actions, like kicking, hitting, biting, destroying someone else's property, hurting oneself, cursing, provoking, starting discussions, swearing, mocking, threatening, and ridiculing. It can also be expressed in a non-confrontational manner through indirect hostile acts, such as disturbing the environment, making difficult the flow of group activities, spreading rumors or gossips, and damaging another child's reputation (Ladd & Burgees, 1999; Loeber & Hay, 1997).
In terms of its functions, aggression can be defined as reactive, when it derives as a response to a dispute that is interpersonal, hostile, and defensive against a behavior that makes it difficult to accomplish an objective. Proactive aggression, on the other hand, occurs most of the time in a voluntary and determined manner. Proactive aggression can represent an anticipation of a response from others and it has been associated with some risks factors, such as internalizing conflict, delinquency, and shyness (Little, Brauner, et al., 2003; Little, Jones, et al., 2003).
Regardless the form that it takes, aggressive conduct can have the aim of reaching goals, such as popularity, superiority, or group domination (Salmivalli et al., 1996; Salmivalli & Voeten, 2004). Other objectives may be adaptation to context (Bronfenbrenner, 1999) or even conflict resolution (Little, Brauner, et al., 2003; Little, Jones, et al., 2003). Considering these assumptions, the form that the aggression takes, its purpose, and the context where it happens determine if this behavior will be evaluated as successful to reach developmental outcomes, such as popularity, and may provide protection or, on the other hand, will represent losses, such as exclusion, violence, and other risks. In this sense, aggressive behavior can be considered adaptive or maladaptive, according to the circumstances and results within proximal processes.
Victimization between peers, known today as bullying, is considered a subtype of aggression (Olweus, 1993). Its coverage by the main media news has given educational institutions and society the impression of increasing seriousness in these cases (McLaughlin & Miller, 2008). According to Nansel et al. (2001), 30% of American children and adolescents have already been involved in bullying as aggressors or victims. A study held by Malta et al. (2010) with 60,973 children and adolescents from 1,453 public and private schools in Brazil showed that 25.4% of them were victims of bullying; of these youth, 5.4% referred have been bullied in the last 30 days and another 69.2% of them were never involved in bullying. Boys referred suffering and to be aggressors in bullying (6.0%) more often than girls did (4.8%). There was no difference between public (5.5%) and private schools (5.2%) on bullying incidences.
Maltreatment between peers is a social process that originates from interpersonal relationships, in which violence is initiated by part of the peer group, in a determined context, and then is intensified and reinforced by all group members (DeRosier, Cillessen, Coie, & Dodge, 1994). Victimization can be identified when a child or adolescent suffers violence in a systematic and intentional form, without apparent motives (at least initially), performed through direct or indirect aggressive actions by one or more identified aggressor. It is set through a power imbalance in which the victims cannot stop this behavior or protect themselves, and there is no reciprocity in this kind of interaction (Almeida, Lisboa, & Caurcel, 2007; Bronfenbrenner, 1996, Olweus, 1993).
Bullying is a complex process and can lead to serious consequences. It can become a stigma and cause behavioral and emotional problems that are difficult to overcome (Hodges, Boivin, Vitaro, & Bukowski, 1999; Lisboa, Braga, & Ebert, 2009). Victimization can be a risk factor to development because it can trigger dysfunctional and maladaptive behavior over time (Almeida, 2000; Lisboa & Koller, 2004).
According to some studies (Hodges, Malone, & Perry, 1997; Lisboa & Koller, 2008), in cases of bullying vulnerable children can find an aggressive friend as a form of protection. This can be explained by the assumption that children hesitate to victimize another child who can be defended by an aggressive friend or due to his or her social position in a group. In other words, an aggressive leader may want to defend his or her friends who are at risk, just as a child can join aggressive friends to avoid the risk of being victimized by other peers (Lisboa & Koller, 2008). Also, youth without reciprocal friends tend to be more aggressive, perhaps because they perceive little proximity with their peers as well as lack of security and support (Lisboa, 2005;Lisboa & Koller, 2008).
For Eisenberg (1982, 1992) moral pro-social development is the process of obtaining and modifying the judgments and voluntary behaviors directed towards helping other people or groups. The basic motivation is benefiting others without influence, pressure, or the promise of material or social rewards (Eisenberg, 1982, 1992; Eisenberg & Miller, 1987). Pro-social actions are acts or behaviors that help reaching well-being and give benefits to other people through help, support, or encouragement (Shaffer, 2000). There are few specific studies about pro-sociability conducted in Brazil and some of them have labeled this phenomenon using other terms, such as social competence, socio-cognitive competence, and socially adaptive behavior (Aznar-Farias, 2000; Del Prette, Del Prette, & Barreto, 2006; Koller, 2004).
Pro-social behavior consists of an interconnected conjunction of voluntary actions and attitudes that contribute to the generation of positive reciprocity, human solidarity, and emotional and mental health development, as well as the reduction of violent behavior (Roche, 2004; Roche & Sol, 1998). Consistently, a study with children and adolescents in a Brazilian school (Calbo, Busnello, Rigoli, Schaefer, & Kristensen, 2009) found that pro-social behavior was inversely associated with victimization, which can be seen as a protective factor against bullying. Furthermore, victimization can be understood as a risk factor that reduces the ability of children and adolescents to display pro-social behavior. Children considered pro-social and who maintain reciprocal friendships may be protected from bullying, because pro-social children are generally popular and well accepted by their peers, making bullying difficult to occur (Hartrup, 1983; Lisboa, 2005; Lisboa & Koller, 2008).
In their investigation, Rodkin, Farmer, Pearl, and Van Acker (2000) emphasized that popular youths can present pro-social (labeled as the models) or aggressive behaviors (the tough ones). These two groups were described by their peers as "good at sports," "pretty/handsome," and "winners." Both their study and the research carried out by Vaillancourt and Hymel (2006) suggest that pro-social characteristics can protect youths from the negative effects of the association between aggression and popularity (reinforced by peer groups). Therefore, it may be necessary to separately consider popularity and pro-social behaviors and its relationship with bullying.
According to some investigators (Bukowski & Hoza, 1989; Prinstein & Cillessen, 2003), being popular can be defined as having social status, leadership, and domination over a peer group. This does not necessarily mean being liked by peers. A child's popularity in a peer group can be directly tied to his or her social acceptance, pro-social behavior, and congruence to group and context rules (Lisboa, 2005; Salmivalli et al., 1996). However, Prinstein and Cillessen (2003) observed a direct correlation between aggression and popularity. In their study they found connections between aggressive behavior and the concept of domination or superiority in a group. Other studies (Perry, Kusel, & Perry, 1988; Salmivalli et al., 1996) showed that victims of bullying were considered the least popular children.
Popularity can be associated with social adjustment indexes, such as well-being and academic success (Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker, 2006). Studies investigating perceived popularity (Cillessen & Mayeux, 2004; Cillessen & Rose, 2005; LaFontana & Cillessen, 2002) found associations between peer group status and pro-social and aggressive behavior. These data seem paradoxical, but youth who are popular aggressors can be adapted to the ecological context in which they develop (Rose & Swenson, 2009). This assumption is supported by studies and discussions that emphasize the group effects on individual behaviors resulting in adaptation and adjustment. In other words, aggression can be reinforced by the immediate context, promoting social adjustment (Berger, 2008). Studies showed that aggressive behavior can be normative and also positive to youth's social development and that these aggressive children and adolescents can be popular and accepted in peer groups (Berger & Rodkin, 2011; Hawley, 2007; Little,Brauner, et al., 2003).
In a study conducted by Rose and Swenson (2009) popular youths who were also aggressive in their relations did not display symptoms of internalizing disorders. This evidence can be explained by intra-group reinforcement: their peers may, out of fear and "respect" to the social power of some youths, not punish or combat aggressive and dominating acts. However, youth displaying direct aggression presented symptoms of internalizing disorders, suggesting greater risks to their development (Rose & Swenson, 2009). These facts should be examined through the perspective of risk and protection dynamics, considering the different forms and functions of aggression and the impact of these behaviors in the adolescent peer context. Based on these findings, the present study aimed to verify the role of pro-sociability in protecting against individual and group risk factors associated with aggression and bullying—given how these are expressed in dyadic or group relationships. It was hypothesized that aggressive children (at risk) who also present pro-social behaviors (protection) have their chances of being victimized decreased, being perceived as popular (resilience).
A convenience sample was used, participating 253 children between the ages of 9 and 15 (M = 11.82, SD = 1.41): 127 boys and 126 girls from 3rd and 4th grade. They were enrolled in two public schools in South Brazil. All children belonged to a low socioeconomic status, based on the information about their families' income given by the schools. The children's results in the Raven's Progressive Matrices were used as an exclusion criterion, to avoid biases in terms of IQ (cognitive development).
A Peer Assessment instrument was used, based on the model developed by Rubin, Bukowski, and Parker (1998), and contains nine statements that describe children's behavioral characteristics and indicators of victimization. Participants were asked to write down, next to the statements, the names of the peers that they most associated with the given characteristics. They could write more than one name next to each item. This peer assessment procedure has been widely used worldwide, including Latin-American samples (Berger & Rodkin, 2011).
Items, descriptive statistics (means and SD), and their loadings for the main variables of this study are shown in Table 1. Reliability estimates using Cronbach's alpha were adequate.
After the research's objectives were presented and the school directors signed a letter of consent, letters of informed consent were also sent to the students' parents asking for authorization and explaining the research's objectives. After obtaining the parents' authorization and the signature of the informed consent form, the data collection began. The instruments were applied collectively in the classrooms. All the ethical demands and exigencies (as per the Resolution number 196 of the Health Ministry of Brazil [Brasil, Ministério da Saúde, 1996]) were attended. Oral assent from children were also obtained.
Data Analyses
The data was analyzed through the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. To conduct these analyses, the constructs of Aggression, Pro-sociability, and Aggression x Pro-sociability were used as the independent variables; Victimization (bullying) and Popularity were used as the dependent variables.
A SEM model including as independent variables aggression, pro-sociability, and the interaction of both variables to test for moderation, and victimization and popularity as dependent variables was tested. The results for this model for standardized regression weights and correlations among the independent variables are presented in Figure 1. This model showed mediocre goodness-of-fit indexes: x2(27, N = 253) = 59.88, p < 0.001, x2Idf = 2.22, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.070, 90% CI [0.046, 0.093].
Figure 1. Structural equation model 1, conducted with the interaction Aggression x Pro-sociability.
Correlations between independent variables and
standardized regression weights are shown.
The interaction between aggression and pro-sociability did not show a significant regression weight for victimization (p = 0.113) nor for perceived popularity (p = 0.742), thus, the model showed that pro-sociability did not moderate the association between aggression and bullying or popularity. Therefore, a second model was tested, not including the moderating variable. The results for this model for standardized regression weights and correlations among the independent variables are presented in Figure 2. This model showed adequate adjustment indexes: x 2(22, N = 253) = 32.38, p = 0.071, x 2Idf = 1.47, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.043, 90% CI [0.001, 0.073], and an improvement over the first model (Ax2 = 27.53, p < 0.001). This model also constitutes an improvement over the null model, Ax2 = 627.63, p < 0.001, which adjustment indexes were: x2(45, N = 253) = 660.00,p < 0.001, x2/df = 14.67, RMSEA = 0.233, 90% CI [0.217, 0.249]. Results showed a significant association between aggression and bullying (p = 0.025), and between pro-sociability and popularity (p < 0.001).
Figure 2. Structural equation model 2, conducted without the interaction Aggression x Pro-sociability.
Correlations between independent variables and
standardized regression weights are shown.
Contrary to the results found in studies held in the United States, Canada, England, and New Zealand (Bukowski, 2003; Hawley, 2003; Moffitt, 1993), which found a correlation between positive behaviors (for example, leadership and social competence) and aggression, this study did not reveal that pro-sociability moderates the relation between aggression and popularity. In other words, the results do not support the hypothesis that positive behavior moderates the relationship between aggression (risk) and positive results—for example, popularity— promoting the resilience process. This can be in part explained by the cultural differences between the Latin American and North American contexts, although the sample design does not allow drawing generalizations. The difference between the results from other studies and this investigation may be due to macrosystemic factors, but also to cultural aspects and the specific organization and dynamic processes of the school microsystem. It is possible that within the Brazilian culture, popularity has a different impact in peer groups and school communities, being more related to pro-social acts and behaviors than dominance and the instrumental use of aggression to gain power. In other words, an interpretation to these differences between the results of the present study and others held in other countries is that there is cultural and group reinforcement to some specific behaviors. A popular child in Brazil can be pro-social and kind instead of tough and aggressive. Furthermore, the specific aggression form and function investigated could explain the results. In general, studies that identified direct associations between popularity and aggression focused on relational aggression and not on other direct forms of aggression (Rodkin & Roisman, 2010). These findings suggest that the social adaptation of aggressive children depends not only on their behavior but also on the context and its dynamic influences (Berger & Rodkin, 2011; Bronfenbrenner, 1996; Maccoby & Lewis, 2003).
The lack of evidence that a positive characteristic can moderate the association between aggression, popularity, and bullying is supported by contemporary discussions about the importance of ecological and contextual analyses of aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior is examined at individual and group levels and may result from social and genetic influences that can represent risk and protection, depending on the situation and context (Luthar & McMahon,1996; Moffitt, 1993). Even though the hypothesis was not supported by the data and a positive moderation of risk and resilience was not found, the difference from previous studies should be taken into consideration when trying to clarify the existence of an interaction that is dynamic and not deterministic. Thus, the present study results do not exhaust the discussion, but offer possibilities for reflection on this risk-protection dynamic and also on the association between aggression and pro-sociability. More studies are needed to understand the dynamic process between risk and protective factors in peer groups, since some aspects could minimize and others may maximize the effects of risk and protection.
The findings of this study verify that aggression can be a predictor of victimization amongst peers (bullying), supporting results from previous researches (Bukowski & Sippola, 2001; Hodges, Card, & Isaacs, 2003; Lisboa, 2005). Aggressive children can bother their own peers and friends, especially in cases of reactive aggression, making it so that these reactive aggressive youths are victimized (Bukowski & Sippola, 2001; Hodges et al., 2003). A group may also exclude or victimize a child if he or she unbalances in some way the group's equilibrium and cohesion (Bukowski & Sippola, 2001; Gavin & Furman, 1989; Lisboa, 2005). Once more, the different forms and functions of aggressive behavior should be considered. The paradox involving the theme of aggression and the possibility that aggression may be adaptive should also be examined.
According to the present data, pro-sociability seems to be a predictor of popularity, confirming previous studies showing the significant correlation between pro-sociability and the popularity perceived by peers (Lisboa, 2005; Salmivalli et al., 1996). In this sense, children can protect themselves from victimization through pro-social actions, given that these will give them more popularity and, as a consequence, can serve as a form of protection, because it is directly tied to social acceptance and domination in the group (Prinstein & Cillessen, 2003).
At the same time, the interaction between aggression and pro-sociability was not found to protect from bullying, nor did it encourage popularity. This contradicts the initial hypotheses that the relationship between aggression and pro-sociability could be a predictor of popularity and that the association between aggression and popularity would be more significant for children who were previously pro-social youth. Contradicting previous studies (Hawley, 2003; Little, Brauner, et al., 2003, Little, Jones, et al., 2003), in this research aggression did not correlate with positive behaviors.
For a better and deeper understanding of the similarities and divergences between this research and studies performed in other cultures, the differences and singularities of the context and culture of the participating children of this study should be considered. To do this, more studies are needed to clarify these cultural differences, drawing comparisons with other Latin American samples. Greater depth about the ecological contexts of Brazilian schools is needed. Findings obtained using quantitative data could be broadened and better understood using the methodology of ecological insertion (Paludo & Koller, 2004).
Considering the importance and influence of schools in the development of children and adolescents, it is important to be aware of the role of this institution in bullying prevention. Aside from acting at an individual, familial, and educational level, the basic needs of children and adolescents in school must be attended, encouraging cooperation, positive relationships, increasing self-esteem, and providing non-aggressive models for conflict resolution (Lisboa et al., 2009).
In addition to focal interventions in schools, public agencies must also be informed in order to develop actions aiming to diminish and control behaviors considered negative to a healthy social environment. It is also important to think on interventions that promote positive conduct, fostering conditions to increase pro-sociability among children, that can also stimulate popularity and friendships, which are processes considered protective factors. Taking into account that the school environment is essential for children's social, cognitive, and emotional development, intensifying protective factors and attenuating risk factors, healthy interpersonal relationships will be favored and social exclusion will be reduced, facilitating the learning process at schools.
Finally, some limitations of the study undertaken are necessary to mention. One of these refers to the instrument used. As research on these topics—peer relations, pro-sociability, popularity, and the adjustment role of aggression—is still rare in Brazil, there are only a few specific instruments and those that exist are adaptations made to measures developed in other countries. Instruments that could evaluate the different forms and functions of aggression would make possible to drawn more consistent conclusions towards the potential of adaptation of this social behavior and the specific results of this study. Other hypotheses could also be tested, emphasizing, for example, gender differences on these social processes.
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Silvia Helena Koller and Diogo DeSousa Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul supported by findings of studies in this field. The results of the present study were interpreted based on the ecology of human development perspective, as proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1989, 1996, 1999; Bronfenbrenner & Evans, 2000; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998).
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to :
Carolina Lisboa,
Departamento de Psicologia,
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Av. Unisinos 950,
Bairro Cristo Rei, 93022-000,
Sao Leopoldo, RS,
Brasil. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Fecha de recepción: Mayo de 2011.
Fecha de aceptación: Octubre de 2011.


text:
When Salt Lake City's Albert Gallegos purchased his 87' Monte Carlo, his intentions were simple' "I just wanted something to cruise this year." Seeking to hit the streets in a big way, Albert still looked to find a car that would fit his sense of style as well as his immediacy. Lowriding since the tender age of 13, Albert is definitely a Lowrider who knows what he wants. "I first started with Lowrider bikes," he recalls. As a young teen, he began working his way up the building ladder, honing his skills on cars. Pouring his blood, sweat, and funds into personalizing his bikes and rides, Albert was well on his way to Lowrider supremacy.
"My father was my inspiration behind this car frenzy," Albert states proudly. "He restored and built a lot of hot rods as well as muscle cars, So I guess you could say 'the apple does not fall from the tree." Indeed it doesn't, and with a selective eye, Albert was originally on the hunt for a Cadillac. He hunted for a year straight, searching and observing diligently, but with no results. Like any true enthusiast, Albert is enamored with many different car models, so he shifted gears based on what he was finding. Finally, a car caught his eye; a 1987 luxury sport Monte Carlo. To his delight, he was instantly hooked and began to secure his purchasing funds for the Chevy. "It was a hectic trip," he laments.
His journey was quite the excursion. He picked up the car in Fresno, CA., drove it to Norco to have it serviced by Ultimate Hydraulics, and then ventured back home to Salt Lake City. "It was a long and very exhausting trip, but so worth it," he beams.
First involved in the build, Ultimate Hydraulics tore out the hydros, and gave the Monte an all-new plumbing set up with three pumps powered by six batteries. In the meantime, Jessie Hernandez of Hernandez Customs & Upholstery in Fresno, CA., threw down some stitch work on the interior and upholstery. He used leather with suede inserts and orange tubing, with a complementary orange carpet to set it all off.
At the time of the build, Albert was designing the car to his specific desires, and a certain local music artist named Lump Sum caught his attention. "One of their songs just seemed to fit," Albert explains. Inevitably, the name "Hood Tattoos" was born. He took the idea to Raymond Mata and further explained it, needing Mata to incorporate the Ultimate Riders plaque on his trunk. "From there, the artist ran with the idea and created the best mural I could have imagined," he says. It was a perfect fit for his concept.
"When I finally received my completed piece of art and witnessed all the hard work, I decided to enter into the "Autorama" at South Town Exposition Center," states Albert. The move proved to be a good idea, as he took home a "Best of Class" award with the Monte. He also did well at Victor's Tires Show taking "Best Ride" honors and received a "Best Artwork" award at Mestizo Art Festival in 2010. Not too shabby for its first year in completion!
Before he could rest on his laurels, another problem arose. "The day before I was scheduled for a photo shoot, my transmission decided to go out on me. I had to work endlessly to get a new one up and running in just 24 hours," Albert says with a sigh. Determined not to reschedule, the intense work began all night and lasted most of the morning as well, until it was all complete. "Talk about cutting it close," he laughs. With the help of his close friend, A.J., Albert rolled fresh and clean onto the shoot with the new tranny intact. "Who knew just wanting something to cruise for the summer would have taken me on a journey of such labor and satisfaction?" Albert would like to thank; all my Ultimate family, A.J. Sandoval, Matt Smith, Tee and Vmax from Ultimate Hydro's, and Nick Peck.
Tech Specs
"Hood Tattoos"
Owner: Albert Gallegos
City/State: Salt Lake City, Utah.
Club: Ultimate Riders C.C.
Engine: 350 Chevy small-block built by A.J.Sandoval.
Interior: Leather with suede inserts and orange tubing with orange carpet, stitched by Jessy Hernandez/Hernandez Custom Upholstery Fresno, CA.
System: Pioneer two MIDS, 6X9's, three T.V.'s and a PS3 installed by Albert Gallegos.
Setup: Three ultimate pumps, six batteries, armor plates, and four switches Installed by Ultimate Hydraulics of Norco, CA.
Paint: Mitsubishi Sunset Orange, painted by Verg at Verg's customs, Fresno, CA.
Pin Striper: Ron Tely from Tely's Pin Stripping & Graphics, Fresno, CA.
Muralist: Raymond Mata at Ultimate Hydraulics, Fresno, CA. Mural is Ultimate Plaque surrounded by girls and skulls as well as "LS" and a couple of clowns in the mix.


text:
Government Technology examines three cloud-based file storage offerings for their usability in government agencies.
As cloud storage multiplies faster than a YouTube viral video, government officials may be wondering which service is best suited for their organization's needs — as far as pricing and features. Although there are a plethora of file storage services, three products in particular have garnered much attention recently from the IT world: Dropbox, Google Drive and Microsoft's SkyDrive.
They essentially provide a similar service: file storage hosted in a cloud that can be synced to multiple devices, with the perk of receiving a few extra gigabytes of free storage upon signing up. Each of the three comes with unique pricing options.
Offers 2 GB of free storage upon signup and has individual pricing as well as group pricing available. For "team" pricing, the first five users to sign up for the service collectively receive 1,000 GB of storage, with 200 GB added for each additional user. The service is currently available for Windows, Mac, Linux and the major mobile operating systems.
Team price: $795/year for five users (1,000 GB)
Individual price: $199/year (100 GB)
Google Drive
Offers 5 GB of free storage upon signup. The offering is currently available for Windows, Macs, Androids and will soon be available on iPhones and iPads.
Price: $60/year (100 GB)
Microsoft SkyDrive
What may be considered the most attractive option in terms of cost, Microsoft SkyDrive offers 7 GB of storage upon signup and costs less than both Dropbox and Google Drive. The service can operate on Windows, Windows Phone, Mac, iPads and iPhones.
Price: $50/year (100 GB)
What GovTech.com Readers Use
According to an unscientific online poll conducted by Government Technology, a majority of respondents said they don't yet use a cloud sync storage offering work-related purposes.
When asked, "Which of the following cloud sync storage solutions do you use most often for work-related purposes?" the results as of Monday afternoon, May 7, were as follows:
Before selecting one of the three cloud offerings, it's important for government agencies to know their security requirements, said Rob Enderle, principal analyst for advisory firm Enderle Group. They need to ensure that if they're audited, the cloud offering they choose can meet the audit's conditions.
But if agencies are only looking to use cloud file storage for publicly available information, any one of the three services should be a viable option for government agencies, Enderle said. However, for secured information that's often confidential, it may be possible that none of the three cloud services should be adopted for an agency.
"So the first step is to determine what the security requirements are on the data that they plan to put into one of these services, and then make sure the services can actually be made to comply with those requirements," Enderle said.
Governments also shouldn't be overly tempted by the few free gigabytes of storage. "[Agencies] shouldn't go and grab a chunk of free storage, especially if they are going to be storing government information," said Shawn McCarthy, an IDC Government Insights research analyst.
The city of Fraser, Mich., is currently considering the adoption of a file storage and syncing cloud service for public city data. Earlier this year, the city initiated a technology advisory commission to provide the City Council with recommendations on IT practices, which includes helping the city work to overhaul its official website.
"What we want to do is put documents that are public domain so that we have a central repository for things that we can then link to the [official city] website; they're readily available; they're in a single spot and they're always in the same place," said Michael Lesich, a city resident who volunteered to serve on the commission.
As of now, the city has no plans to store private city data in a file storage cloud service because the city would like to ensure those records are protected according to their sensitivity. For now, only data in the public domain, such as recorded minutes from City Council meetings, is under consideration for the cloud storage.
Which cloud storage solution a government chooses likely depends on individual needs.
Lesich said of the three cloud offerings, Dropbox may be at a distinct disadvantage for Fraser's government because it's a stand-alone service. But Enderle said a stand-alone product like Dropbox could also be construed as advantageous. Because Dropbox doesn't have additional features, there's less of a chance that an outside user or malicious software (like a bot) could harvest data from the system without permission, Enderle said.
Google's and Microsoft's additional features, aside from file storage space, might be more appealing, Lesich said. But it's not a slam dunk. Lesich said he feels that Google Docs are not user friendly — an opinion that could influence his final recommendation to the City Council.
Enderle said government agencies should also look at redundancy. In the event of a cloud outage, it's important to have a redundancy program so services can still operate.
"Whether or not there's a backup process in place, if they do have problems with their stuff, you're not left wondering where your data went," Enderle said.
Looking for the latest gov tech news as it happens? Subscribe to GT newsletters.


text:
|PHP SmartyPants
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|1. Rename the "SmartyPants.pl" plug-in to "SmartyPants" (case is
|important). Movable Type requires plug-ins to have a ".pl"
|extension; Blosxom forbids it (at least as of this writing).
|2. Copy the "SmartyPants" plug-in file to your Blosxom plug-ins folder.
|If you're not sure where your Blosxom plug-ins folder is, see the
|Blosxom documentation for information.
|3. That's it. The entries in your weblog should now automatically have
|SmartyPants's default transformations applied.
|4. If you wish to configure SmartyPants's behavior, open the
|"SmartyPants" plug-in, and edit the value of the `$smartypants_attr`
|configuration variable, located near the top of the script. The
|default value is 1; see "Options", below, for the full list of
|supported values.
|### In your programs ###
|You can use PHP SmartyPants easily in your current PHP program. Simply
|include the file and then call the `SmartyPants` function on the text
|you want to convert:
|include_once "smartypants.php";
|$my_text = SmartyPants($my_text);
|### With Smarty ###
|If your program use the [Smarty][sm] template engine, PHP SmartyPants
|can now be used as a modifier for your templates. Rename
|"smartypants.php" to "modifier.smartypants.php" and put it in your
|smarty plugins folder.
|[sm]: http://smarty.php.net/
|Options and Configuration
|Settings are specified by editing the value of the `$smartypants_attr`
|variable in the "smartypants.php" file. For users of the Smarty template
|engine, the "smartypants" modifier also takes an optional attribute where
|you can specify configuration options, like this:
|`{$var|smartypants:1}` (where "1" is the configuration option).
|Numeric values are the easiest way to configure SmartyPants's behavior:
|Suppress all transformations. (Do nothing.)
|Performs default SmartyPants transformations: quotes (including
|backticks-style), em-dashes, and ellipses. `--` (dash dash) is
|used to signify an em-dash; there is no support for en-dashes.
|Same as smarty_pants="1", except that it uses the old-school
|typewriter shorthand for dashes: `--` (dash dash) for en-dashes,
|`---` (dash dash dash) for em-dashes.
|Same as smarty_pants="2", but inverts the shorthand for dashes: `--`
|(dash dash) for em-dashes, and `---` (dash dash dash) for en-dashes.
|Stupefy mode. Reverses the SmartyPants transformation process,
|turning the HTML entities produced by SmartyPants into their ASCII
|equivalents. E.g. `"` is turned into a simple double-quote
|(`"`), `—` is turned into two dashes, etc. This is useful if you
|wish to suppress smart punctuation in specific pages, such as
|RSS feeds.
|The following single-character attribute values can be combined to
|toggle individual transformations from within the smarty_pants
|attribute. For example, to educate normal quotes and em-dashes, but not
|ellipses or backticks-style quotes:
|$smartypants_attr = "qd";
|Or inside a Smarty template:
|Educates normal quote characters: (`"`) and (`'`).
|Educates ` ``backticks'' ` double quotes.
|Educates backticks-style double quotes and ` `single' ` quotes.
|Educates em-dashes.
|Educates em-dashes and en-dashes, using old-school typewriter
|shorthand: (dash dash) for en-dashes, (dash dash dash) for
|Educates em-dashes and en-dashes, using inverted old-school
|typewriter shorthand: (dash dash) for em-dashes, (dash dash dash)
|for en-dashes.
|Educates ellipses.
|Translates any instance of `"` into a normal double-quote
|character. This should be of no interest to most people, but of
|particular interest to anyone who writes their posts using
|Dreamweaver, as Dreamweaver inexplicably uses this entity to
|represent a literal double-quote character. SmartyPants only
|educates normal quotes, not entities (because ordinarily, entities
|are used for the explicit purpose of representing the specific
|character they represent). The "w" option must be used in
|conjunction with one (or both) of the other quote options ("q" or
|"b"). Thus, if you wish to apply all SmartyPants transformations
|(quotes, en- and em-dashes, and ellipses) and also translate
|`"` entities into regular quotes so SmartyPants can educate
|them, you should pass the following to the smarty_pants attribute:
|$smartypants_attr = "qDew";
|Inside a Smarty template, this will be:
|### Why You Might Not Want to Use Smart Quotes in Your Weblog ###
|For one thing, you might not care.
|Most normal, mentally stable individuals do not take notice of proper
|typographic punctuation. Many design and typography nerds, however,
|break out in a nasty rash when they encounter, say, a restaurant sign
|that uses a straight apostrophe to spell "Joe's".
|If you're the sort of person who just doesn't care, you might well want
|to continue not caring. Using straight quotes -- and sticking to the
|7-bit ASCII character set in general -- is certainly a simpler way to
|Even if you *do* care about accurate typography, you still might want to
|think twice before educating the quote characters in your weblog. One
|side effect of publishing curly quote HTML entities is that it makes
|your weblog a bit harder for others to quote from using copy-and-paste.
|What happens is that when someone copies text from your blog, the copied
|text contains the 8-bit curly quote characters (as well as the 8-bit
|characters for em-dashes and ellipses, if you use these options). These
|characters are not standard across different text encoding methods,
|which is why they need to be encoded as HTML entities.
|People copying text from your weblog, however, may not notice that
|you're using curly quotes, and they'll go ahead and paste the unencoded
|8-bit characters copied from their browser into an email message or
|their own weblog. When pasted as raw "smart quotes", these characters
|are likely to get mangled beyond recognition.
|That said, my own opinion is that any decent text editor or email client
|makes it easy to stupefy smart quote characters into their 7-bit
|equivalents, and I don't consider it my problem if you're using an
|indecent text editor or email client.
|### Algorithmic Shortcomings ###
|One situation in which quotes will get curled the wrong way is when
|apostrophes are used at the start of leading contractions. For example:
|'Twas the night before Christmas.
|In the case above, SmartyPants will turn the apostrophe into an opening
|single-quote, when in fact it should be a closing one. I don't think
|this problem can be solved in the general case -- every word processor
|I've tried gets this wrong as well. In such cases, it's best to use the
|proper HTML entity for closing single-quotes (`'` or `'`) by
|To file bug reports or feature requests (other than topics listed in the
|Caveats section above) please send email to:
|If the bug involves quotes being curled the wrong way, please send
|example text to illustrate.
|Version History
|1.5.1e (9 Dec 2005)
|* Corrected a bug that prevented special characters from being
|1.5.1d (6 Jun 2005)
|* Correct a small bug in `_TokenizeHTML` where a Doctype declaration
|was not seen as HTML, making curly quotes inside it.
|1.5.1c (13 Dec 2004)
|* Changed a regular expression in `_TokenizeHTML` that could lead
|to a segmentation fault with PHP 4.3.8 on Linux.
|1.5.1b (6 Sep 2004)
|* Corrected a problem with quotes immediately following a dash
|with no space between: `Text--"quoted text"--text.`
|* PHP SmartyPants can now be used as a modifier by the Smarty
|template engine. Rename the file to "modifier.smartypants.php"
|and put it in your smarty plugins folder.
|* Replaced a lot of spaces characters by tabs, saving about 4 KB.
|1.5.1a (30 Jun 2004)
|* PHP Markdown and PHP Smartypants now share the same `_TokenizeHTML`
|function when loaded simultanously.
|* Changed the internals of `_TokenizeHTML` to lower the PHP version
|requirement to PHP 4.0.5.
|1.5.1 (6 Jun 2004)
|* Initial release of PHP SmartyPants, based on version 1.5.1 of the
|original SmartyPants written in Perl.
|Copyright and License
|Copyright (c) 2005 Michel Fortin
|All rights reserved.
|Copyright (c) 2003-2004 John Gruber
|All rights reserved.
|Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
|* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
|this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|* Neither the name "SmartyPants" nor the names of its contributors may
|be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|without specific prior written permission.
|This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as
|is" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
|to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
|particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright owner
|or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special,
|exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to,
|procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or
|profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of
|liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including
|negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this
|software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.


text:
CFO Moves this week include:
|Starbucks Corporation
|Kalytera Therapeutics, Inc.
|Blue Shield of California
|Christopher & Banks Corporation
|Tarsus Entertainment
|Shiloh Industries, Inc.
|Penn Community Bank
|ID Agent
|Live! Casino & Hotel
|Herc Holdings Inc.
|Internet Marketing Inc.
|Blink Charging Co.
|The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.
|Bryn Mawr Trust
Would you like to receive our weekly CFO Moves directly in your email? Click the SIGN ME UP! button on the right of the blog page.
Should you have any CFO Moves to report, please email us.
NOTE: CFO Search Report available monthly to CFOs only. Read more here.
CFO Moves is published by Samuel Dergel (Executive Search Consultant and CFO & Financial Executive Search Specialist with Dergel Executive Search). Samuel can be reached by email at email@example.com or by phone at +1 (415) 738-2070.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Starbucks Corporation [SEATTLE] (NASDAQ: SBUX) announced that Scott Maw, executive vice president and chief financial officer, is retiring. A seven-year partner (employee), Maw has been in the role since February of 2014. Maw joined Starbucks as global controller in 2011. Prior to his role as CFO, he served as senior vice president of Corporate Finance.
Sprint [OVERLAND PARK, Kan.] (NYSE: S) announced the appointment of Andrew Davies as the company's Chief Financial Officer. Davies most recently served as Group CFO for VEON before stepping down from that role in November 2017. Immediately preceding his role with VEON, Davies spent over a decade with Vodafone Group holding various financial leadership positions in Japan, Turkey, India, and finally as CFO of Verizon Wireless in the U.S. Prior to joining Vodafone Group, Davies started his career with KPMG in Cardiff, Wales before serving in progressively senior finance roles with GE, Honeywell, and the Caudwell Group in both the U.K. and the U.S.
Kalytera Therapeutics, Inc. [SAN FRANCISCO and TEL AVIV, Israel] (OTCQB: KALTF, TSX-V: KALY) announced the appointment of Victoria Rudman as Interim Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary. Ms. Rudman served as Chief Financial Officer of Kalytera from March 2015 through June 2016 and continued to serve as Treasurer and Secretary of Kalytera since March 2015. Ms. Rudman previously held various positions in Morgan Stanley and Bear Stearns and a number of small cap public companies and startup ventures.
Waystar™ [ATLANTA & CHICAGO & LOUISVILLE, Ky.] announced Steve Oreskovich has joined the company as Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Steve will assume CFO responsibilities from Jim Lacy, who continues in his role as Waystar's Counsel and will lead corporate strategy as Chief Strategy Officer. Steve joins Waystar from Merge Healthcare, where he served as Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Prior to Merge, Steve held progressive financial roles within companies such as Truis, Inc. and PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Blue Shield of California [SAN FRANCISCO] announced that Sandra Clarke joins as senior vice president and chief financial officer. Clarke replaces Mick Murray, Blue Shield's senior vice president and chief financial officer since 2013, who has elected to retire. Clarke joins Blue Shield from Daiichi Sankyo Inc. Clarke served as senior vice president and chief financial officer of the company. Clarke has also held senior finance roles at Philips Healthcare, where she served as CFO of its North & South America Commercial Group and at Siemens Water Technologies Group, where she was vice president of finance and controller.
Christopher & Banks Corporation [MINNEAPOLIS] (NYSE: CBK) announced that Richard Bundy will be joining the Company as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. He replaces Marc Ungerman, who has been serving as the Interim Chief Financial Officer, will continue in his role as Vice President, Controller. Mr. Bundy has served in numerous roles with increasing responsibility in his approximately 10 years at Chico's FAS, Inc. most recently serving as Vice President, Brand Finance & Strategy. Prior to Chico's he served as a financial analyst at both Limited Brands, Inc and Albertson's Inc.
Instart [PALO ALTO, Calif.] announced the appointment of Jony Hartono as Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Hartono joins Instart from Capriza, where he served as CFO. He previously served at MobileIron as VP of Finance. He also held a series of corporate development and finance positions at Silicon Graphics International Corp.
E2open [AUSTIN, Texas] announced the appointment of Jarett Janik to the position of Chief Financial Officer. Jarett was most recently the Chief Financial Officer at Forterro. Prior to Forterro, Janik held the position of Chief Financial Officer at Allegro. He has also held executive and senior finance positions at Infor, as well as Certegy and Netzee, Inc.
Tarsus Entertainment [IRVINE, Calif.] announced Adrien Poirier as Chief Financial Officer. Adrien brings to Tarsus Entertainment over 35 years of experience from the Ford Motor Company, Cap Gemini, Ernst & Young and Loral and the Walt Disney Company. Prior to joining Tarsus Entertainment, Adrien was most recently CFO at VisionMaker. Predating VisionMaker, Adrien was CFO of Baja Fresh, Sweet Factory, Cinnaworks and La Salsa Mexican Restaurants. Adrien was CFO of all the companies held by the same investment group.
Shiloh Industries, Inc. [VALLEY CITY, Ohio] (NASDAQ: SHLO) announced Lillian Etzkorn will join the company's executive leadership team as senior vice president and chief financial officer. Etzkorn succeeds W. Jay Potter who will be leaving the company. Etzkorn will join Shiloh from CPI Card Group in Denver, Colorado where she serves as chief financial officer. She has extensive automotive experience, having held several senior financial positions with both Dana Incorporated and Ford Motor Company.
Granite [WATSONVILLE, Calif.] (NYSE: GVA) announced that it appointed Jigisha Desai to the position of senior vice president and chief financial officer (CFO). Desai will also serve on the company's executive committee. Desai will succeed Laurel J. Krzeminski who announced her planned retirement earlier this year. Krzeminski joined Granite as controller in 2008 and has served as CFO since 2010. Desai has been with Granite for 25 years, serving most recently as vice president of corporate finance and treasurer.
Penn Community Bank [DOYLESTOWN, PA.] announced that Charles T. Field has joined the organization to serve as its chief financial officer. Field previously served as chief financial officer and treasurer for a bank holding company in South Central Pennsylvania. Prior to that, Field served as CFO at a newly launched financial institution. Additionally, he has international experience in the banks, telecommunications and manufacturing industries.
ID Agent [BOWIE, Md.] has appointed Hans Morris as its new Chief Financial Officer. Morris has joined ID Agent from Sonatype, where he was Vice President, Finance. Prior to Sonatype, Morris was CFO at InfoSnap. Prior to that, he held senior leadership roles at Spring Mobile Solutions, as well as MSI, Mars Symbioscience and TECORE Wireless Systems, among other companies.
Live! Casino & Hotel [HANOVER, Md.] announced Yvonne Mrha to Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Live! Casino & Hotel. Prior to joining Live!, Mrs. Mrha served as Vice President of Finance at MGM Resorts International, Vice President of Finance for Thunder Valley Casino and Senior Director of Finance for Las Vegas Sands.
Herc Holdings Inc. [BONITA SPRINGS, Fla.] (NYSE: HRI) announced that it has appointed Mark Irion as senior vice president and chief financial officer. Irion joins Herc Holdings with nearly 25 years of experience. For the past 19 years he served as chief financial officer for Neff Corporation. His career experience also includes serving as chief financial officer for a computer component distribution company and audit senior for Deloitte & Touche LLP.
Internet Marketing Inc. [SAN DIEGO] has named Dan Romeo its new CFO. Romeo first joined IMI in September 2014 before leaving in 2016 to lead PIA Agency as their CFO.
Blink Charging Co. [MIAMI BEACH, FL] (NASDAQ: BLNK, BLNKW) announced the appointment of Jonathan New as Chief Financial Officer (CFO). For the last ten years, he was CFO for Net Element. Prior to his experience with Net Element, Mr. New was a CFO consultant and worked with several public and private companies.
EMEX, LLC [HOUSTON] announced the addition of Kurt Keller as Chief Financial Officer. Keller's work experience includes 10 years with Navasota Energy, seven years at Deloitte and two years at Sonat Energy Services, where he served as project manager.
The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc. (HJF) [Bethesda, Maryland] announced that it has named Corey Hastings as Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Hastings joins HJF from the AARP Foundation, where his first role with the organization was as Senior Management Consultant. He left AARP to be the Executive Manager of the Uniformed Services University's Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, and later returned to AARP Foundation as Director of Finance and then Vice President, Workforce Programs. Previously, he also held finance and management positions with Development Alternatives, Inc. and HJF, as a Program Manager at Uniformed Services University.
Bryn Mawr Trust [BRYN MAWR, Pa.] (NASDAQ: BMTC) announced the appointment of Michael S. Thompson as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Banking Division. Thompson was the CFO at Royal Bank (RBA) from 2012 until it was acquired by BMT in December of 2017. Since then, he has been working with BMT supporting multiple initiatives. While at RBA, Mr. Thompson held several senior roles beginning in 1999, including controller and chief accounting officer.


text:
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text:
28 November, 2012 | (01 hr)
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This webcast discusses how digital media is transforming corporate crisis management and how organizations, communities, and individuals perceive and interpret events in today's world. What is fact and what is opinion? What strategies are effective for companies evaluating the opportunity and risks by actively participating in online media?
Social media and web searches through blogs, online message boards, videos, newsfeeds, and social networks have created a virtual trading floor for opinion and influence that can drive behavior, sometimes with dramatic outcomes. Enterprise risk management today requires that all companies have an online content and search strategy that provides both monitoring and evaluation of sentiment from a variety of constituents. Such proactive engagement with the public and stakeholders puts companies into the conversation – it allows them to show their work, state their factual record, and influence perception.
Harlan Loeb, Head of Crisis and Risk Management at Edelman, outlines the shifting dynamics of social authority in the digital age and how corporations can adjust to influence stakeholder trust effectively. The webcast will include case studies.
Audience: Chief financial officers, treasurers, chief risk officers, risk managers, crisis management and disaster recovery/business continuity officers, heads of communications and public relations, general counsel, and chief legal officers
Harlan Loeb
Harlan Loeb heads Edelman's global Crisis & Risk Management practice. He is a nationally recognized expert in crisis management and reputational risk, and has developed a proprietary reputational risk modeling index for senior decision makers. Harlan has extensive experience...Full Bio
Ruth Whaley
Ruth Whaley is Program Director for Risk Management at The Conference Board. She has over 25 years executive experience in global fixed income products and risk management. Her firm, Barset Consulting LLC, advises clients on risk management practises, governance, transaction and portf...Full Bio


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text:
Riis and Lewis Hine were among
the first social reformers to
use photography to document the
effects of industrialization and
urbanization on working-class
Americans. Their work brought
the need for housing and labor
reform to the attention of legislators
and the public. Both men worked
tirelessly to improve the lives
of America's working-class citizens.
Learn more
about their efforts.