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Video Manipulation in iOS : Resizing,Merging and Overlapping Videos in iOS
April 2, 2012 35 Comments
We all have seen video merging applications on Appstore where you can add multiple videos one after one other or inserting videos between other videos.Like the Video Editor App on Appstore.
But what if we want to resize the Video and Merge Multiple videos so that they overlap Each other and both Videos are playing at the same time.Much like the Google Video and Skype Video where you can see yourself in a small video screen overlapping the video of the other participant.
Surprisingly there is very little support on how to implement this and so far i have not found a decent tutorial on how to achieve this,Thus writing this tutorial for any one else who wants to add same features to his application.
It might look hard but actually it is a very simple feature.You just have to dig a little deeper.Apple has provided a very clean and efficient way to manipulate resize and overlap your Videos and thiese features where also explained in WWDC2010.So by digging a little deeper you have to watch the WWDC2010 "Editing Media with AV Foundation" videos and start from there.Lucky for you you will find everything you need write here in this tutorial.
So lets get started.
Our Aim : We have 2 input .mp4 video files and we want to merge them into one single video such that one video overlaps the other and are playign simultaneously.
So here is how our final Video will look like.
See how the smaller video is overlapping the bigger video and YES both are playing simultaneously as well.
How to Do this:
AvFoundation is really power full framework if you want to work and edit media in iOS.
Starting from iOS4.0 we can use AVComposition object combines media data from multiple file-based sources in a custom temporal arrangement, in order to present or process media data from multiple sources together. All file-based audiovisual assets are eligible to be combined, regardless of container type. The tracks in anAVComposition object are fixed; to change the tracks, you use an instance of its subclass, AVMutableComposition.
At its top-level, AVComposition is a collection of tracks, each presenting media of a specific media type, e.g. audio or video, according to a timeline. Each track is represented by an instance of AVCompositionTrack.
A higher-level interface for constructing compositions is also presented by AVMutableComposition and AVMutableCompositionTrack, offering insertion, removal, and scaling operations without direct manipulation of the trackSegment arrays of composition tracks. This interface makes use of higher-level constructs such as AVAsset and AVAssetTrack, allowing the client to make use of the same references to candidate sources that it would have created in order to inspect or preview them prior to inclusion in a composition.
So in short u have a AVComposition and you can add multiple AVMutableCompositionTrack to it. Each AVMutableCompositionTrack will have a separate video Asset.
Ok enough with the theory lets get started with some code.
//Here where load our movie Assets using AVURLAsset
AVURLAsset* firstAsset = [AVURLAsset URLAssetWithURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource: @"gizmo" ofType: @"mp4″]] options:nil];
AVURLAsset * secondAsset = [AVURLAsset URLAssetWithURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource: @"gizmo" ofType: @"mp4″]] options:nil];
//Create AVMutableComposition Object.This object will hold our multiple AVMutableCompositionTrack.
AVMutableComposition* mixComposition = [[AVMutableComposition alloc] init];
//Here we are creating the first AVMutableCompositionTrack.See how we are adding a new track to our AVMutableComposition.
AVMutableCompositionTrack *firstTrack = [mixComposition addMutableTrackWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo preferredTrackID:kCMPersistentTrackID_Invalid];
//Now we set the length of the firstTrack equal to the length of the firstAsset and add the firstAsset to out newly created track at kCMTimeZero so video plays from the start of the track.
[firstTrack insertTimeRange:CMTimeRangeMake(kCMTimeZero, firstAsset.duration) ofTrack:[[firstAsset tracksWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo] objectAtIndex:0] atTime:kCMTimeZero error:nil];
//Now we repeat the same process for the 2nd track as we did above for the first track.Note that the new track also starts at kCMTimeZero meaning both tracks will play simultaneously.
AVMutableCompositionTrack *secondTrack = [mixComposition addMutableTrackWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo preferredTrackID:kCMPersistentTrackID_Invalid];
[secondTrack insertTimeRange:CMTimeRangeMake(kCMTimeZero, secondAsset.duration) ofTrack:[[secondAsset tracksWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo] objectAtIndex:0] atTime:kCMTimeZero error:nil];
As you can see that we have added our 2 AVMutableCompositionTrack to our AVMutableComposition,but this is not the end.If you play the newly created composition at this stage you will only see the video of the first Asset.Thsi is because we have not added any instructions to our AVMutableCompositionTrack.Instructions such as video size position and transition effects.
To add these instructions AVFoundations provides us with AVVideoComposition Class.
AVVideoComposition contains an array of AVVideoCompositionInstructions .AVVideoCompositionInstructions object represents an operation to be performed by a compositor and AVVideoComposition object maintains an array of instructions to perform its composition.AVVideoCompositionInstructions itself contains an Array of AVVideoCompositionLayerInstruction defined for each layer.
■ Each AVVideoCompositionInstructions instruction describes the output video in terms of input layers (AVVideoCompositionLayerInstruction)
■ Each AVVideoCompositionLayerInstruction layer has an opacity and an affine transform and we will be using this affine transform to scale and position our videos.
Ok so i know this is a lot to digest so lets get into the code and see how it actually works.
//See how we are creating AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction object.This object will contain the array of our AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction objects.You set the duration of the layer.You should add the lenght equal to the lingth of the longer asset in terms of duration.
AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction * MainInstruction = [AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction videoCompositionInstruction];
[MainInstruction retain];
MainInstruction.timeRange = CMTimeRangeMake(kCMTimeZero, firstAsset.duration);
//We will be creating 2 AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction objects.Each for our 2 AVMutableCompositionTrack.here we are creating AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction for out first track.see how we make use of Affinetransform to move and scale our First Track.so it is displayed at the bottom of the screen in smaller size.(First track in the one that remains on top).
AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction *FirstlayerInstruction = [AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction videoCompositionLayerInstructionWithAssetTrack:firstTrack];
CGAffineTransform Scale = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(0.7f,0.7f);
CGAffineTransform Move = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(230,230);
[FirstlayerInstruction setTransform:CGAffineTransformConcat(Scale,Move) atTime:kCMTimeZero];
//Here we are creating AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction for out second track.see how we make use of Affinetransform to move and scale our second Track.
AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction *SecondlayerInstruction = [AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction videoCompositionLayerInstructionWithAssetTrack:secondTrack];
CGAffineTransform SecondScale = CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.2f,1.5f);
CGAffineTransform SecondMove = CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(0,0);
[SecondlayerInstruction setTransform:CGAffineTransformConcat(SecondScale,SecondMove) atTime:kCMTimeZero];
//Now we add our 2 created AVMutableVideoCompositionLayerInstruction objects to our AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction in form of an array.
MainInstruction.layerInstructions = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:FirstlayerInstruction,SecondlayerInstruction,nil];;
//Now we create AVMutableVideoComposition object.We can add mutiple AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction to this object.We have only one AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction object in our example.You can use multiple AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction objects to add multiple layers of effects such as fade and transition but make sure that time ranges of the AVMutableVideoCompositionInstruction objects dont overlap.
AVMutableVideoComposition *MainCompositionInst = [AVMutableVideoComposition videoComposition];
[MainCompositionInst retain];
MainCompositionInst.instructions = [NSArray arrayWithObject:MainInstruction];
MainCompositionInst.frameDuration = CMTimeMake(1, 30);
MainCompositionInst.renderSize = CGSizeMake(640, 480);
//Finally just add the newly created AVMutableComposition with multiple tracks to an AVPlayerItem and play it using AVPlayer.
AVPlayerItem * newPlayerItem = [AVPlayerItem playerItemWithAsset:mixComposition];
[newPlayerItem retain];
newPlayerItem.videoComposition = MainCompositionInst;
self.mPlayer = [AVPlayer playerWithPlayerItem:newPlayerItem];
[mPlayer addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"status" options:0 context:AVPlayerDemoPlaybackViewControllerStatusObservationContext];
And thats it.Run the code and you should see 2 videos running side by side overlapping each other.We can multiple videos and resize and rotate and transform them in any way we like thus adding extremely cool effects.
These concepts are hard to understand at first but once you get hold of the concept its real fun to play around with this.
For more details i would recommend see the "Editing Media with AV Foundation" presentation at the WWDC2010.It also come with AVEditDemo which guides you how to add cool transition and fade effects in merged video.
Full code for the above example is available here for download.
If you want any more help just send me an email or leave a comments.
You can follow me at twitter @Abdul_Azeem


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Post-Award Contract Management
IACCM Asia Pacific Conference, July 2019
Published: 13 Aug 2019
Average Rating:
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Type: Conference / Meeting Presentations
Watch some of the highlights from this year's Asia Pacific Conference in Sydney.
Thank you once again to everyone who joined us - delegates, speakers, sponsors, startup hub participants, Leaders of the Future and Awards finalists!
IACCM Template: Key Performance Indicators
Published: 06 Oct 2016
Average Rating:
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Type: Templates
The contracting process involves a wide variety of activities and a large number of stakeholders. Ensuring speed and consistency is often a problem, but this can be tackled with the help of standard templates.
IACCM offers its members access to a wide range of st...
IACCM expansion of research portfolio with Global SRN merger
Published: 29 Oct 2019
Average Rating:
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Type: News / Announcements
The International Association for Contract and Commercial Management Inc (IACCM) announces its acquisition of Global SRN LLC.
Into the Future: Contract and Commercial Management: Role and Direction
Published: 24 Jul 2019
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Type: Research Reports
Today, Contract and Commercial Managers stand at a cross-roads. Many of their traditional tasks will erode and disappear, outsourced or automated. However, that does not mean an inevitable route to nowhere because new technologies elevate these activities from largely operatio...
Flowing Down Federal Acquisition Regulations (FARs And DFARS) To Your Subcontractors: Prevailing Practice, The Risks Of Lazy Standardisation And How To Do It Better
Published: 20 Mar 2014
Average Rating:
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Type: Ask The Expert / Thought-Leadership Webinars
The flowdown of Government regulations is managed poorly by many companies. Whether by accident or otherwise, Buyers routinely flow down incomplete, out-of-date lists of regulations; usually accompanied by some modifying language which seeks to reflect the relationship of the ...
2013 IACCM Innovation Award Winners - Case Studies
Published: 19 Feb 2014
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Hear from the winners of the 2013 IACCM Innovation Awards (further below), and discover how they have raised the profile of contract and commercial capability within their organizations. Selected from 68 valid entries, from organizations large and small, public and private, an...
Subcontracting risks - must we wait for disaster?
Published: 15 Oct 2013
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Type: Articles / White Papers
I was alarmed recently when I heard the news: Thirteen government contractors had just been shot dead. The alleged gunman worked for a subcontractor of a Navy contractor. Soon afterwards, I knew I had to change my thinking about subcontracting and consider new lessons I wo...
IACCM Template: Lessons Learned Log
Published: 15 Dec 2015
Average Rating:
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Type: Templates
The contracting process involves a wide variety of activities and a large number of stakeholders. Ensuring speed and consistency is often a problem, but this can be tackled with the help of standard templates.
IACCM offers its members access to a wide range of sta...
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Related Discussions
2019-11-20 11:49:30
Non-responsive Contractor
Few sub-contractors of an earlier project were due certain certified amounts as part of their Final Bills. However, the payments were not released due to non-submissio...
Few sub-contractors of an earlier project were due certain certified amounts as part of their Final Bills.
However, the payments were not released due to non-submission of statutory compliance documents.
It so happens that a few of these sub-contractors are now either not reachable / traceable and are not responding to any letters / emails etc. In such a context, how does the company remove the liability of payment due to non-response by the sub-contractor?
ATCO Electric
2019-09-10 14:54:12
Acceleration Claims Vs Delay Backcharges
Did someone face a situation for a construction contract, when contract has submitted claims for delays from Owner and acceleration efforts, and on the other hand Owne...
Did someone face a situation for a construction contract, when contract has submitted claims for delays from Owner and acceleration efforts, and on the other hand Owner wants to backcharge contractor for delays penalty and additional management expense to expedite and overall delay in the completion of the project.
Another question, if contract terms stipulate clearly that any delay form clients' of the owner is not owner's responsibility, then acceleration effort to recover these delays is payable by owner or contractor.
• Air Liquide • 2019-09-19 05:26:46
1) Yes. It often happens when the parties reject delay and extra costs to each other. It also happens that each party terminates the contract because of the the other party breaches.
2) Provided that this clause is valid (client's client delay is not client's responsibility), I would depend of the existence of a "time is of the essence clause" and upon the governing law.
• KAJIMA INDIA Pvt Ltd • 2019-09-21 08:34:54
1. Reply - Yes It happens when contractor's payment is to be made based on milestone basis and where delay from contractor's side concurrently delay from employer's side also during contract administration stage both parities contracts manager and PM don't sit to-gather to establish the delay attributed to which party, on other hand employer want the work to be completed with in laid completion dates. with found delay employ deploys third party manpower to complete work and adjust this cost from Contractor's Accounts under Employer's Claims.
2. Reply - can be replied based on type of contract is formed.
You can reach me offline over the email: pm@
(Rajit Shah - Founder and Director, RPCPL)
Replies: 2
ATCO Electric
2019-08-06 15:04:25
Remedial works for Actual cost items
Some of the items of our construction project were on Actual cost basis, wherein we paid 15% mark-up to contractor over their subcontractors' invoiced amount. Bef...
Some of the items of our construction project were on Actual cost basis, wherein we paid 15% mark-up to contractor over their subcontractors' invoiced amount. Before issuing final completion certificate, some deficiencies were noted e.g. settlement of backfill, sloughing. Contractor is asking us to pay for all the repair/remedial works since it is cost plus item. We argued that we have paid fully, and deficiencies are mainly due to your workmanship, so why should owner pay for it again. There is no clear contract clause for it. What are your views!
2018-08-09 19:51:57
Bankrupt Customer; Principles Formed a New Company
Happy Thursday Everyone! Hope you are all doing well. Hoping to receive some guidance and speaking points on a request I recieved from my sales folks. We complete...
Happy Thursday Everyone! Hope you are all doing well. Hoping to receive some guidance and speaking points on a request I recieved from my sales folks.
We completed a large portion of a project w/ Company X that later went bankrupt. We had a sales contract w/ Company X for the overall project. We received payment for the portion that was completed. Now the principles formed a new company and want us to complete the remainder of the project. However, the new company (& unfortunately, our owns sales team) is trying to pursue using the voided sales contract for the remainder of the remainder of the project to be completed. Basically, just change the name from Company X to "New Company".
I have few basics reasons why that is something we should NOT do. For example, the contract is legally void b/c Company X is no longer in existence; the terms in old contract were not favorable to us as the seller; the risks of doing business with the new company are much different than the old.
Would anyone mind sharing a few additional & impactful reasons why using the old contract isn't a good idea?
Thank you in advance. Have a good weekend.
• Schlumberger • 2018-08-12 06:54:16
Just in case you still need a few other pointers, consider the following:
One thing sales people understand is numbers so approach it from an accounting point of view. Since the contract is void, consider discussing the fact they will not be able to meet all the GAAP principles for revenue recognition and if your accounts folk are diligent they probably will back you up ( but run this by them - accounts - first. Companies interpret or apply GAAP revenue recognition differently ).
Since Company X no longer exists and as such has no contracting capacity, it cant assign/novate the contract which will impact collectability should the New Company choose not to follow through with what it has implied it would do re: payment
If you are required to create a new agreement using the same or similar terms and conditions, consider preparing a risk assessment analysis of the contract and let the stakeholders approve the risk they are taking on by utilizing the same Ts & Cs so everyone is on the same page. Whatever discussions or approvals were obtained for the former Company should not apply to the New Company.
All the best!
• Anonymous • 2018-09-17 18:33:36
Thank you for the guidance Mofoluwaso Falade.
Replies: 2
ATCO Electric
2017-04-08 18:36:56
Change and Variation approval withdrawal
The owner representative sends email to authorize contractor to do work, requested by contractor as variation. The contractor completes the work. However, before issui...
The owner representative sends email to authorize contractor to do work, requested by contractor as variation. The contractor completes the work. However, before issuing formal change authorization owner realizes the scope is within contract scope. Can he withdraw approval without repercussions.
• Seiersen Enterprises • 2017-04-09 13:18:53
An interesting conundrum. Let us assume that the change order process has not been defined in sufficient detail to address this situation precisely.
It would appear that there is scope for negotiation of a mutually acceptable outcome. The most important thing is to discuss the issue openly, as it is unlikely that there is a hard and fast rule to fall back on.
This issue highlights the importance of post-award governance and relationship management.
• 2017-04-11 05:50:54
The issue here is more of a matter of fact. Do you agree with the opinion of owner that the variation requested by you earlier is actually within the original scope of contract? If so, the matter ends there. Even if you do not agree but contract is clear that the so called variation requested is actually part of original scope, owner can always withdraw the approval (of variation) as the 'variation' was non-existent from beginning.
However if the contract is not clear and there is disagreement whether or not the work is a variation, then it boils down to negotiation on the scope of variation and its implications.
As Nicholas indicated in his reply, this issue highlights the need for clarity in scope of work (pre-contract stage) and post-award contract governance.
• Nigeria LNG Limited • 2017-06-19 12:06:41
I agree with Nicholas and the other contributor.
If the Scope considered for variation had already been captured in the Contract it is clear there is no variation requirement. The issue if all about whether the scope in the contract was clear in the first place or the post-award contract governance was properly carried out.
• Alghanim Industries • 2017-09-19 21:47:20
A variation order is to do change in time or scope frame and since the subject variation is already included in the scope then u can cancel the variation and in general you are only obligated by the variations after signing of both parties .
Replies: 4
2016-09-12 11:46:35
Extension of Time and Liquidated Damages on construction contracts
If there are concurrent delay events on a construction project by Employer as well as Contractor,can the contract provision on EOT(Extension of Time) and Liquidated da...
If there are concurrent delay events on a construction project by Employer as well as Contractor,can the contract provision on EOT(Extension of Time) and Liquidated damages be applied simultaneously to compensate both the parties to the contract ?
• World Commerce & Contracting • 2016-09-13 07:49:22
Thank you for your post. We have reached out to colleagues in the construction industry and I hope that theresponse below provides you with some interesting insight.
Kind regards, Sally
This is an area of law which is still widely debated by academics and practitioners and the correct approach appears to be currently undecided.
Firstly, the methods for assessing extensions of time and the application of liquidated damages should be sought from the express contractual provisions at first instance. However, if the contractual provisions are silent then below are two alternative viewpoints on relief/damages arising from concurrent delay that may be considered:
Apportionment method - The aggregate position which arises from contractor delay event(s) and relevant event(s) which delay the Contractor would be assessed. The contract completion date would be extended by an Extension of Time and the remaining delay period, if any, liquidated damages would be applied. This approach was proposed in the case of City Inn Ltd v Shepherd Construction Ltd [2008], however, this is not considered to be the current approach by the courts of England & Wales.
Non-apportionment method - The current approach considered to be adopted by the courts in England & Wales, as stated in Henry Boot Construction v Malmaison Hotel (1999) and approved in further caselaw, is that an occurrence of concurrent delay would entitle the contractor to an extension of time i.e. no liquidated damages are applied. A reason for the current approach is the application of the prevention principle whereby a party, usually the Employer, cannot benefit under a contract through delay events it has caused to the contract completion date.
Further recent caselaw regarding Concurrent Delay can be found within the case transcript for Saga Cruises BDF Ltd & Anor v Fincantieri SPA [2016] EWHC 1875 (Comm) (29 July 2016).
Tom Hawkins, Contract Solutions Team, Arcadis UK
• ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions (India) Private Limited (formerly Uhde India Private Limited) • 2016-10-04 05:10:00
Dear Chandrashekhar,
As Sally mentioned below, construction industry is still grappling with these questions. However from my own experience in such situations with Indian clients, I have been able to apply the apportionment method. On one side, we had to pay LD for the portion of the delay attributed to us while on the other hand, for the balance duration of delay, client issued extension of time and also compensation for the extension of time.
We cannot really generalize these and will depend upon the facts of individual cases. Moreover the outcome I mentioned above was the result of negotiation between us and client. The outcome would have been different if the matter was escalated to arbitration/court of law.
Replies: 2
2014-05-22 01:19:35
Rate escalation
I am interested if anybody can share their mechanism of calculating the annual escalation of hourly personnel rate. I am interested particularly in Countries such us U...
I am interested if anybody can share their mechanism of calculating the annual escalation of hourly personnel rate. I am interested particularly in Countries such us UK and Kazakhstan
• World Commerce & Contracting • 2014-05-24 17:58:36
I asked one of our senior members in Kazakhstan for their advice. They wrote as follows:
First few points are directly related to the forum question, the next few are general comments.
• For Kazakhstan, it may help to tie a consumer price index (CPI) to the hourly personnel rates due to high annual inflation rates in the Country. In Kazakhstan, the CPI measures changes in the prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services.
• Adding provisions that allow for negotiation if the index moves drastically (a certain % threshold) from year-to-year would also be helpful to protect both parties if an inflationary/deflationary spike occurs.
• Note that strict application of an inflationary adjustment clause may not allow for the appropriate wage adjustment due to supply/demand economics, so a general understanding of the supply/demand picture can help to address the appropriate wage adjustments required.
• Methods to address currency fluctuation risk would also have to be considered in the Contract and the corresponding method for rate adjustment as a result (e.g. February 2014 devaluation of Kazakhstan currency by ~19%).
• If the Contractor is heavily dependent on you for revenue, it would be wise to monitor the Contractor's audited financials through the duration of the Contract to see if Contractor is being sufficiently compensated. This would allow for more dialogue and understanding of the true costs for a Contractor to operate in Kazakhstan and adjustments can be negotiated.
• 2014-05-27 02:30:51
Dear Tim,
Thank you very much for your reply!!!
• Mr • 2014-06-03 00:29:54
CPI (Consumer Price Index) or other such like index is a reasonable and common way to approach fluctuation on labour costs. Most escalation clauses I am familiar with are based in western europe (UK, Germany, Holland, Ireland), as a consequence the CPI is relatively stable and labour rates are reviewed annually. If there are big fluctuations Tim rightly mentioned considering the timing and frequency of the review to ensure losses are not made by the contractor. There are other mechanisms to deal with escalation (i) increases in line with working rule agreements or collective bargaining agreements (if any), and (ii) escalation formula. The more switched on clients will be weary and try to ensure labour escalations are not just another revenue stream for the contractor, thus they will seek to link the pay to an actual pay to man.
Replies: 3
Manage Assist
2014-08-05 21:51:31
Agents and Sublease agreements
I am after your collective wisdom into what the key changes should be relevant to an equipment lease agreement between Lessor and Agent and Agent and Lessee. Thanks i...
I am after your collective wisdom into what the key changes should be relevant to an equipment lease agreement between Lessor and Agent and Agent and Lessee.
Thanks in advance.
2013-12-29 01:27:18
EPC Contract - Delay in Certification, Approval, Payments by Lead Contractor
We have awarded a EPC Contract for carrying out MEP Works by a lead EPC contractor, based on the s/c agreement there are milestones penalties applicable for each indiv...
We have awarded a EPC Contract for carrying out MEP Works by a lead EPC contractor, based on the s/c agreement there are milestones penalties applicable for each individual building ( There are 27 buildings) which is specified in a Annexure. The Annexure has Installation Start date and End date for each building.
The lead contractor has appointed it's own internal consultant team for reviewing the Heat laod calculations, U Values and other design parameters and shop drawings & material submittal, under the pretext of approving the internal engineering team of the lead contractor is delaying the approval process and asking to resubmit again and again.
The main reason for delaying the approval process is the lead contractor has delayed in handing over site and there is no site access provided as per the milestones specified in Annexure which has a penalty applciable for each building.
The Design concept is also being revised as 85 % of time has elapses, there is a condition precedent that the lead contractor has to issue Architectural drawings and design parameters within 2 months of signing of subcontrcat agreement for all buildings, as of date there is a delay in the submission of the same by lead contractor for each building.
The Lead contrcator is also at default in certifying the payment certificates and release of payments as per contract payments terms which is stipulated as below in Special conditions of Contract:
Payment Mielstones : 1. 5 % of subcontract price upon approval of agreed design and fabrication drawings
2. 60% of subcontract price upon supply and receipt of materials under subcontract items at site with evidence of the same
3. 25 % of subcontract price on successfull installation of s/c items at site
4. 5% of subcontract price on successfull commissioning of s/c items at site
5. 5% of subcontract price o upon receipt of final documentation such as all data, drawings, documentation and operating manuals and maintenance manuals.
Payments for progress invoice to be made through L/C which shall be done within 50 days from date of approval of invoice and the invocie should be certified within 7 days of submission.
UP TO 6 month from Jan to June there was a delay in certification and payments , From July to November the invocies are not certified and returned back in november under the pretext that there is a revised invoicing procedure to be implemented and all the incoices from july to novemeber to be revised as per new format which they are stating is in line with the payment milestones as listed above and the new invoicing procedure is asking for a item by item pricing and weighatge for every component of equipments or material to be supplied and installed as Ïtem rate contract".
The invocing procedure and progress measurement was approved by lead contractor based on which the payments and certifications were made earlier, now after 85 % time has elapsed is the lead contractor fair enough to reject , returned back the invoices .
As per contrcat terms and conditions there is no interest applicable for delayed payments, nor any prolongation cost for extension, moreover the contract stipulates that the s/c should ensure that it carrys out work where work front is available and it will not have full access to all buildings at all times.
There is no contratcual relationship between the client and the subcontractor as per special conditions of contract.
There are severla notifications send to the lead contractor for dleayed certifications and payments, delay in site access, ammending the milestones dates, delay in approval of drawings, design calculations, material approvals, variations approvals based on new design concept as well as a detailed cause and effect study as per SCL Protocols has being submitted.
Under the light of such circumsatnces as listed above , please provide valuable advice and comments of the following
1. Payments
2. Variations
4. LD's
5. Prolongation Cost
6. Suspension
7. Termination
• Mr • 2014-06-05 09:49:06
It would be great if we could get an update on the progress and outcome of the issues raised in your post. There are many issues raised and some good advice has already been dispensed.
Without knowing the precise wording of the contract, the law and jurisdiction, it is difficult if not impossible to offer considered advice. For the purpose of formulating a reply, I will assume the law, jurisdiction and location is England.
1. PAYMENT: 'As per the contract terms and conditions there is no interest applicable for the delayed payments"
The expressed terms within the contract are at odds with the implied terms. That is to say, the contract terms relating to late payment interest is void. The "Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998" supplants the contract terms, to that end you can charge the prime contractor 8% above the BOE (Bank of England) base rate i.e. 8.5% per annum. If you have not raised invoices due to not authorisation but can prove the Prime Contractor would have cause to have paid, your business may also be entitled to late payment for these elements also.
Milestone payments; did the Prime Contractor or the Subcontractor prepare the schedule of milestone payment? It would be good to understand the philosophy and intent behind each.
Non-payment / late payment to the mentioned extent is a material breach by the Prime Contractor and as such, expressed in the contract or not is grounds for termination by Subcontractor. You should review the "Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996". It may not be advisable to terminate, however it should be considered if other remedies fail, in the first instance consider adjudication for interim relief. Timing it critical and should be done when it is most advantageous to the subcontractor.
2. VARIATIONS: It would be reasonable to assume that the main contract or subcontract contains a variation clause, you should be able to submit variation requests. You should make yourself fully aware of both subcontract and main contract terms, as there may be a time bar which excludes your company after a defined period of time. It is important that your business is firm in its stance and seeks written agreement prior to instigating changes. You will need to record all changes regardless of the perceived cost impact, it will add to the weight of your other claims.
Milestone payment schedule: update the payment schedule to include all additional variations (agreed or not).
3. EOT: Get your planner involved and issue a revised schedule / plan on a weekly basis for challenge and consideration by the Prime Contractor. Submit a variation with an estimated cost for the delay and update it weekly, but most critically this is to ensure your business does not get hit with damages.
4. LDs: See 2 & 4
5. Prolongation Costs: Firstly you will not be entitled to prolongation costs (which means proving a breach by the Prime Contractor) if you can not get an EOT or at least prove your entitlement to one.
What is allowable in terms of monies will be defined within the contract. It maybe that your business can go for both direct and indirect costs.
6. Suspension & 7 Termination: It is always easy to see only one side of the story, and before doing either of these your business should consider the weight of argument from the Prime Contractor.
My suggestion would be to escalated the issues to a project director or such like person with in the Prime Contractor and client organisation, be honest and explain your situation and the impact it is having on your business and it ability to deliver on this project and others. If you get no joy, your business needs to go trough the ADR or litigation route, and this is why your record keeping is extremely important.
What about collateral warrantees for the plant and equipment provided,
• World Commerce & Contracting • 2014-01-03 08:20:08
I regret this situation is probably much too complicated for anyone to offer meaningful advice on all the issues you raise. Answeres would also of course depend on detailed understanding of the various clauses you list.
Overall, it certainly appears as though the prime contractor is trying to avoid responsibilities and potentially seeking to allocate some of the consequences to its sub-contractors. It is clearly imperative that you undertake all actions under the contract and maintain full and proper records of these. It sounds as though you may want to threaten a delay or even declare default by the contractor, in order to force some action by them. In general, you should be extremely cautious regarding termination; often such action will backfire and certainly it is very much a last resort.
• Bluehaus Group • 2014-01-06 06:04:39
I agree with the above advise. The best thing you can do right now is to ensure that all your correspondence and notifications are fully documented and with acknowledgement receipts by the Lead Contractor. Also ensure that you are complying with your obligations as per the Contract as far as that is possible due to non-payment. You can also keep on sending them delay notifications clearly emphasizing the delays from their side and any circusmtances brought by those delays will be their responsibility.
Client Relationship - you may not have a direct relationship with the Client but have you been approved as S/C by them? Because if you are, you can escalate your issues to them for obvious reasons.
Replies: 3
Just Contract Management
2017-11-03 13:18:42
Contract Management as a Service
Would be interested to hear of experiences of using outsourced support to manage contracts. Have you tried it? Did it work? What worked well? What didn't work well...
Would be interested to hear of experiences of using outsourced support to manage contracts. Have you tried it? Did it work? What worked well? What didn't work well? Who would you recommend and why? Is it something you know about?
Looking forward to hearing from you.
• ABiz Corporation • 2017-11-05 08:42:18
Hi Ashley, this service is exactly what my company, ABiz Corporation, does, among other things. Speaking from experience based on our client base, what works well is when the outsourced team understands the goals and objectives of the company and of the function, as well as good integration with the in-house team. In the beginning it is important to have a complete knowledge transfer of the outsourced function, a small period of overlap and then regular checkpoints set up after transition is complete. If the outsourced support consists of simply a task, the knowledge transfer is relatively short. If it consists of the full function, knowledge transfer would be a bit longer. Depending on the number of activities and types of contracts, the service may or may not come with technology, but it also depends on whether the client company has their own technology. Feel free to contact me if you would like to discuss further or compare notes.
• 2017-11-10 05:11:17
Hi Mohammad, we have studied quite a few systems recently as part of our services to clients. The only software product that I have come across specifically focused on the oil and gas industry is Aveva ProCon. This is by no way an endorsement for this product. In fact, we have not had the opportunity to do an in depth assessment of the tool, but we have reviewed it at a very high level. As you go through your identification of different tools. trade market
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Replies: 2
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text:
It's that time of year again! Welcome to my third annual Best and Worst list for the flight training industry. I spent a few moments reviewing the 2011 roundup (which you can read here), and boy, did we have some interesting developments. Still, 2012 is shaping up to be notable, too.
In 2012, criminals continued to use airplanes for all the wrong reasons. We lost a beloved designated pilot examiner. Santa Monica Airport's neighbors are using increasingly inventive and unlawful ways to show how much they don't want this airport—and its student pilots—in their backyards.
On the up side, I'm pleased to note some things that should affect the flight training industry for years to come. Some of these come out of AOPA. You may call me self-serving for including those in this list, but at least I've lumped them into one item.
So here are the worst and best, in no particular order. Tell me what you think I left out in the Comments section.—Jill W. Tallman
1. Santa Monica Airport makes it to the list again, this year because people are so intent on shutting down this airport–with its six flight schools–that one of them took it upon himself to scatter nails in the flight schools' driveways to make his point (sorry). What's next, flaming bags of dog poop on the flight school steps? (Maybe I shouldn't give them any ideas.) The Santa Monica City Council gets special recognition for considering a noise reduction plan that would have paid flight schools each time a student pilot and flight instructor took their landing practice to another airport.
2. Border patrol agents seized a flight school's Cessna 172 after a renter pilot was arrested on suspicion of using it to smuggle illegal immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico border. The owner said he wasn't optimistic he'd ever see the airplane again, and its seizure could spell the end of his business.
3. St. Cloud University, St. Cloud, Minn., shutters its aviation program in a cost-cutting measure.
4. The U.S. Air Force told its oldest GA flying club–located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio–to hit the road. That the USAF would evict its own is a tad ironic, as is the fact that Dayton is widely considered the Birthplace of Aviation. This one's not all bad, though; the club, 300 members strong, moved operations to a nearby GA airport and has vowed to remain active.
5. "Mama Bird" took her final flight. Evelyn Bryan Johnston, a widely loved designated pilot examiner and the grande dame of Tennessee aviation, died May 10 at the age of 102. She had logged more than 57,000 flight hours and administered more than 9,000 practical tests.
1. Persons with disabilities are learning to fly. A fantastic organization called Able Flight is helping persons with disabilities to earn their wings. The organization really took off in 2012, when it helped six men to become sport pilots through a joint program with Purdue University.
2. Women are finding out that flying is fun. There are some very determined people trying to bring more women into aviation. Last year's list mentioned International Women of Aviation Worldwide; this year my pick is designated pilot examiner Mary Latimer of Vernon, Texas, who hosted about 40 women at a weeklong camp at her home airport (Vernon-Wilbarger County, near Wichita Falls). The Girls in Flight Training Academy participants got free housing, food, and ground school, and they paid just $50 per hour dry plus the cost of fuel to fly in a Cessna 150. The result? Five took the knowledge test, four soloed, and two got through the private pilot checkride. You'll read more about GIFT in an upcoming issue of Flight Training magazine.
3. Apps, apps, apps! From weight and balance to flight planning to weather to making a 3D image of your 10 trips around the pattern so you can see if you're squaring off that base leg, cool, easy-to-use, and mostly inexpensive apps for the iPad and other tablet devices exploded in 2012. Student pilots will benefit from all that technology, so long as they remember to keep their eyes outside.
4. King Schools makes its private and instrument syllabus available free to independent flight instructors. Cheers and a tip of the hat to John and Martha King, who inspired my very first best-and-worst list back in 2010. I'm glad to bring them back for a happier reason. Honorable mention: Sporty's Flight Academy in Clermont County, Ohio, whose modular flight training program that focuses on getting student pilots to solo is showing some impressive results–how about four solos in one week?
5. AOPA's Flight Training Retention Initiative and the newly created Center to Advance the Pilot Community have been hard at work to tackle the problem of the shrinking pilot population. Some accomplishments to date:
- Successful training programs were recognized during the first Flight Training Excellence Awards; you can read more about the people and flight schools that got special recognition here.
- The Flight Training Field Guides for instructors, flight schools, and students are now available to download in .pdf format. Click here to get yours–scroll down the page to see where the field guides can be downloaded.
- Have you noticed the series of articles on AOPA Online about successful flying clubs? Look for much more on flying clubs, including a Flying Club network that will strengthen the bonds among pilots and clubs nationwide.
- Recognizing that we shouldn't wait until a kid turns 16 to nurture his or her interest in learning to fly, AOPA also launched AV8TRS–a completely free membership program for youths aged 13 to 18. Go here to find out more, or sign up a youngster.


text:
The One Ring Messageboard
Gilaglar wrote:Nine months?!?
Someone could have carried a pregnancy to term since the last post in here! Honestly, the beer breaks get longer and longer!
I hope everyone is having a good 2011 so far!
orodreth111 wrote:Only if I can be "Master of Rally"....
gimli_axe_wielder wrote:
Can someone give me a brief synopsis as to what's going on where? I don't even know where my character is
Barad-dur wrote:While doing a web search for something unrelated to this site, I found a link to this place at the top of my search list.
Guess I couldn't resist blowing the cobwebs off this old, long-dead Dark Knight and stop in long enough to say hello to old friends and foes alike.
Hope I'm not disturbing and good to see you all still here.
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text:
Dennis A. Clifford
- BS Chemical Engineering 1963
Dr. Dennis A. Clifford a Professor of Environmental Engineering at the University of Houston and 1963 graduate of Michigan Tech, Dr. Dennis Clifford conducts research and teaches courses in Water Chemistry and Physical-Chemical Treatment Processes. He is a Professional Engineer with more than thirty years of experience in water and soil treatment focusing on the removal of inorganic and radioactive contaminants. Upon receiving his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Michigan Tech, Dennis worked for nine years as an Instrument Engineer, Project Manager, and Laboratory Manager for the Dow Chemical Co., Fisher Scientific Co., and NUS Corporation.
He earned a master's degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1973 and an MS in Chemical Engineering from the U of M. He was named Most Outstanding Graduate Student in Civil and Environmental Engineering while earning his doctorate in Environmental Engineering in 1976. Dennis has twice been named an Outstanding Teacher at the University of Houston, where he directed the Environmental Engineering Program for 10 years until being named Chair of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in 1996.
Dennis has received five million dollars in research grants at UH, and has more than 100 publications to his name. He has given more than 50 invited lectures at universities and research institutes around the world. He has won Best Paper awards from the American Water Works Association and AIChE, and has been honored with the Flour Daniel Engineering Faculty Excellence Award, the University of Houston Sigma Xi Research Award, and the Halliburton Senior Research Award of the College of Engineering. Married to Joan Seeman, the 1962 Winter Carnival Queen at Michigan Tech, the couple have three children and four grandchildren.
From 2003 Induction to the Department of Chemical Engineering Academy


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$700 billion figure means nothing
Steve Watson
Friday, Sept 26, 2008
U.S. banks borrowed $188 billion per day on average in the latest week from the Federal Reserve, meaning that the Fed loaned out more money than the Treasury's proposed bailout in just one week, still barely managing to keep the economy afloat.
Federal Reserve data showed on Thursday the total amount banks borrowed nearly quadrupled the previous record of $47.97 billion per day notched just the week before, Reuters reports.
$188 billion per day on average over the course of five days means that the total amount borrowed from the Fed in the week ending the 24th September stood at $940 billion – a figure that easily eclipses the proposed $700 billion bailout.
As we have already reported, the $700 billion number was simply pulled out of thin air by the Treasury.
The Treasury's fact sheet about the bailout states, "The Secretary will have the discretion, in consultation with the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, to purchase other assets, as deemed necessary to effectively stabilize financial markets."
(Article continues below)
This gives the government and the Federal Reserve carte blanche to do whatever they want to long as it is done in the name of stabilizing financial markets, they can nationalize any company or industry and use taxpayer money, above and beyond the initial $700 billion, for whatever purpose is deemed necessary, without any oversight. Paulson's bailout plan is also unreviewable by any court, it will remain in perpetuity.
Paulson's draft bailout plans says: "The Secretary's authority to purchase mortgage-related assets under this Act shall be limited to $700,000,000,000 outstanding at any one time."
As Chris Martenson writes, "This means that $700 billion is NOT the cost of this dangerous legislation, it is only the amount that can be outstanding at any one time. After, say, $100 billion of bad mortgages are disposed of, another $100 billion can be bought. In short, these four little words assure that there is NO LIMIT to the potential size of this bailout. This means that $700 billion is a rolling amount, not a ceiling."
If the bailout bill passes it is just the beginning of something much larger. $700 billion is a meaningless figure that will do nothing to shore up the economy. It is not a bailout, it is a giveaway that will allow insiders to purge themselves of bad bets and free to continue where they left off. The real reason for the bill is the unprecedented transfer of power to the Executive Branch and into the hands of the global corporate elite.
This article was posted: Friday, September 26, 2008 at 11:30 am


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SAN JOSE, Calif. – Whenever the topics of Joe Cannon's shrinking goals-against average (down to 1.00, good for fourth in the MLS) and increasing shutout total (four, including last week's scoreless draw at New England) come up, the San Jose Earthquakes goalkeeper inevitably and immediately deflects the praise onto his teammates.
"I think the goalie, more than any other position, is vulnerable when the team's not organized," Cannon told MLSsoccer.com. "That's why, in every interview, I've got to give credit to the 10 guys in front of me. I've always felt like I'm the same. I have the same weaknesses and the same strengths. This group's just that much better."
So, too, are Cannon's numbers. In a full season, his career-best GAA is 1.07, which he set in 2004 with the Colorado Rapids. He also recorded a career-high 10 shutouts that year. If he can extend his streak to three consecutive matches by keeping Seattle off the scoreboard on Saturday, Cannon would be halfway to that mark with 22 matches remaining this season.
"I think Joe's always been a really good goalkeeper," said Quakes captain Ramiro Corrales. "In past years, our shape wasn't always the best, and obviously it was difficult for him. But I think this year, our shape and our defensive commitment are way better than the past two years, and it shows."
That's not to say Cannon can take a nap between the posts. When New England midfielder Sainey Nyassi woke up a sleepy first half by cracking a 21-yard volley towards the upper left corner in the 43rd minute of last Saturday's game, Cannon leapt to his right to parry the shot out of bounds.
"The team's better, so everyone looks better, including Joe," Quakes coach Frank Yallop said. "If he gets less shots to face, or worse angles, he's going to look better. But when he was called upon in the game, he made a great save against Nyassi. He looked assured and calm and all those things that Joe is."
Cannon allowed 47 of San Jose's league-worst 50 goals last season, leading to a career-high GAA of 1.68; it just didn't feel like Cannon could be the guy who salvaged several points for the expansion Quakes in 2008. Combine those items with the early-season arrival of Jon Busch this year, and it didn't take Oliver Stone to think the skids might be getting greased for Cannon's departure.
But Cannon didn't let any of those items shake his confidence.
"It's a lot of little things," Cannon said of the improved numbers. "I think I'm the same goalie I was the last two years. I looked back at last year, all of the goals, and I think you'd be very self-critical to sit there and try to overanalyze that season because our defense was soft."
Geoff Lepper covers the Earthquakes for MLSsoccer.com. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. On Twitter: @sjquakes


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A defendant's first pleading in a case, which addresses the dispute on the merits and presents any defenses and counterclaims. A typical answer denies most of the plaintiff's allegations and claims complete defenses to allegations that are not denied.
After receiving a plaintiff's complaint, a defendant must respond with a pleading called an answer. In the answer, the defendant must address each allegation in the complaint. Some jurisdictions allow defendants to make a general denial of all allegations in the complaint. The defendant may also raise counterclaims or affirmative defenses.
If a defendant does raise counterclaims in her answer, the plaintiff must respond to those counterclaims with a pleading called an "answer to a counterclaim." The form and content of an "answer to a counterclaim" is similar to that of an answer. In the federal courts, if the defendant does not plead a counterclaim, plaintiffs may only file a "reply to an answer" with the court's permission. See the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See also the federal courts' website for sample complaints.
See Civil Procedure.


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We have been perplexed for a while by the way Jorge Cantu wears his batting helmet. Is the helmet too big? Does he just have a really small head? Are his eyes light-sensitive? None of these seemed to make much sense. We then thought that it was possible that he was imitating a player he admired when he was younger. In fact, the helmet pulled low over his eyes did seem familiar. We racked our brains trying to figure out what baseball player this reminded us of. Many sleepless nights passed and no answer, until finally…it dawned on us. It was not a baseball player we were seeking. In fact, we now believe that Cantu is paying homage to the great Luke Skywalker. Somehow we can imagine Cantu waving his hand at the pitcher and trying to use Jedi mind-tricks…"You WILL throw me a batting-practice fastball down the middle of the plate." Now if he could just use the force make the pitching staff better.
"Jorge, your eyes can deceive you…don't trust them…stretch out with your feelings"


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ROCHESTER — On Monday the Planning Board will hold a public hearing on Fairway Auto Sales' application to establish a used automobile dealership on Milton Road, in the area of the Route 11 intersection.
Initially, plans included tearing down the existing single family home at the half-acre property and to build a new automobile sales and service facility.
However, during the last Planning Board workshop, Art Nickless, president of Norway Plains Associates engineering firm, expressed to the Planning Board that the owner of Fairway Auto Sales would like to start using the existing building at first, so that the dealership can begin operating sooner.
The initial plans submitted to the Planing Board several months ago required a City Council vote to abandon a portion of Old Milton Road located in the area of the proposed automobile dealership. It took months for the council to take that vote, Nickless explained, and in hopes of getting the dealership to start operating as soon as possible, he said the applicant would like to start using the existing building for approximately the next two years. After that, the existing home would be demolished through new plans presented to the Planning Board, and a new building would be constructed.
Nickless is expected to present the new site plans, showing use of the existing building, to the Planning Board on Monday.
Also Monday, the Planning Board will hold public hearings on two minor subdivisions, on Betts Road and Chamberlain Street.
The meeting will take place at 7 p.m., in the council chambers at the City Hall.


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30 October, 2012 | ()
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This webcast will focus on how organizations can develop strategies for employer branding, with a focus on Asia. The speakers will discuss how employer branding can be a talent management tool which increases employee engagement and retention and supports recruiting efforts. Participants will hear insights on:
- How to become an employer of choice and a great place to work
- The employee vale proposition: definitions and communication
- Strategy and collaboration: the importance for HR, marketing and communications and IT to work together to develop and execute the employer branding strategy
Rachele Ferri
Rachele advises the largest organizations in the world. She works with many of the Fortune 100 companies, helping them to maximize and leverage their strengths as an employer and to lay the foundation for successful development of employer branding strategies.
Rachele leads workshops with...Full Bio
Emile Mac Gillavry
Emile Mac Gillavry has been with the Maximum Employment Marketing Group for 10years in both Europe and Asia-Pacific, with experiences across a range of disciplines. After a career in the internet industry and a degree in marketing and communications, Emile joined Maximum in the Netherlands. From ...Full Bio
Christine Hess
Christine is a marketing and business strategy researcher and conference producer. She is currently the program director for a number of Conference Board conferences and councils. While on staff at The conference Board, Christine was a director of international programs, responsible for the Asia ...Full Bio


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gtk.Builder — Build an interface from an XML UI definition.
class gtk.Builder(
gobject.GObject+-- gtk.Builder
gtk.Builder Properties
is an auxiliary object that reads textual descriptions of a user interface and
instantiates the described objects. To pass a description to a
gtk.Builder, call
add_from_file() or
These methods can be called multiple times; the builder merges the content of all descriptions.
holds a reference to all objects that it has constructed and drops these references
when it is finalized. This finalization can cause the destruction of non-widget objects
or widgets which are not contained in a toplevel window. For toplevel windows constructed
by a builder, it is the responsibility of the user to call
to get rid of them and all the widgets they contain.
The methods
can be used to access the widgets in the interface by the names assigned to them inside the UI description.
Toplevel windows returned by these methods will stay around until the user explicitly
destroys them with
Other widgets will either be part of a larger hierarchy constructed by the builder (in which case you
should not have to worry about their lifecycle), or without a parent, in which case they have to be added
to some container to make use of them.
The methods
and variants thereof can be used to connect handlers to the named signals in the description.
gtk.Builder UI definition
gtk.Builder parses textual
descriptions of user interfaces which are specified in an XML format which
can be roughly described by the DTD below. We refer to these descriptions as GtkBuilder UI definitions
or just UI definitions if the context is clear. Do not confuse GtkBuilder UI Definitions with
GtkUIManager UI Definitions, which are more limited in scope.
<!ELEMENT interface (requires|object)* > <!ELEMENT object (property|signal|child|ANY)* > <!ELEMENT property PCDATA > <!ELEMENT signal EMPTY > <!ELEMENT requires EMPTY > <!ELEMENT child (object|ANY*) > <!ATTLIST interface domain #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST object id #REQUIRED class #REQUIRED type-func #IMPLIED constructor #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST requires lib #REQUIRED version #REQUIRED > <!ATTLIST property name #REQUIRED translatable #IMPLIED comments #IMPLIED context #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST signal name #REQUIRED handler #REQUIRED after #IMPLIED swapped #IMPLIED object #IMPLIED last_modification_time #IMPLIED > <!ATTLIST child type #IMPLIED internal-child #IMPLIED >
The toplevel element is <interface>. It optionally takes a "domain" attribute,
which will make the builder look for translated strings using dgettext() in the domain
specified. This can also be done by calling
on the builder. Objects are described by <object> elements, which can contain <property>
elements to set properties, <signal> elements which connect signals to handlers, and <child>
elements, which describe child objects (most often widgets inside a container, but also e.g. actions
in an action group, or columns in a tree model). A <child> element contains an <object>
element which describes the child object. The target toolkit version(s) are described by <requires>
elements, the "lib" attribute specifies the widget library in question (currently the only supported value
is "gtk+") and the "version" attribute specifies the target version in the form "<major>.<minor>".
The builder will error out if the version requirements are not met.
Typically, the specific kind of object represented by an <object> element is specified by the
"class" attribute. If the type has not been loaded yet, GTK+ tries to find the _get_type() from the
class name by applying heuristics. This works in most cases, but if necessary, it is possible to specify
the name of the _get_type() explictly with the "type-func" attribute. As a special case,
gtk.Builder allows to use an object that
has been constructed by a
in another part of the UI definition by specifying the id of the
gtk.UIManager in the "constructor" attribute
and the name of the object in the "id" attribute.
Objects must be given a name with the "id" attribute, which allows the application to retrieve them from
the builder with
An id is also necessary to use the object as property value in other parts of the UI definition.
NotePrior to GTK+ 2.20,
was setting the "name" property of constructed widgets to the "id" attribute. In GTK+ 2.20 or newer, you
have to use
instead of
to obtain the "id", or set the "name" property in your UI definition.
Setting properties of objects is pretty straightforward with the <property>element: the "name" attribute specifies the name of the property, and the content of the element specifies the value. If the "translatable" attribute is set to a true value, GTK+ uses gettext() (or dgettext() if the builder has a translation domain set) to find a translation for the value. This happens before the value is parsed, so it can be used for properties of any type, but it is probably most useful for string properties. It is also possible to specify a context to disambiguate short strings, and comments which may help the translators.
GtkBuilder can parse textual representations for the most common property types: characters, strings,
integers, floating-point numbers, booleans (strings like "TRUE", "t", "yes", "y", "1" are interpreted as
True, strings like "FALSE, "f", "no", "n", "0" are interpreted as
enumerations (can be specified by their name, nick or integer value), flags (can be specified by their
name, nick, integer value, optionally combined with "|", e.g. "gtk.VISIBLE|gtk.REALIZED")
and colors (in a format understood by
Objects can be referred to by their name.
Pixbufs can be specified as a filename of an image file to load. In general, GtkBuilder allows
forward references to objects — an object doesn't have to be constructed before it can be referred to.
The exception to this rule is that an object has to be constructed before it can be used as the value
of a construct-only property.
Signal handlers are set up with the <signal> element. The "name" attribute specifies the name of the signal, and the "handler" attribute specifies the function to connect to the signal. By default, GTK+ tries to find the handler using g_module_symbol(). The remaining attributes, "after", "swapped" and "object", have the same meaning as the corresponding parameters of the g_signal_connect_object() or g_signal_connect_data() functions. A "last_modification_time" attribute is also allowed, but it does not have a meaning to the builder.
Sometimes it is necessary to refer to widgets which have implicitly been constructed by GTK+ as part of
a composite widget, to set properties on them or to add further children (e.g. the vbox of a
This can be achieved by setting the "internal-child" propery of the <child> element to a true value.
Note that
still requires an <object> element for the internal child, even if it has already been constructed.
A number of widgets have different places where a child can be added (e.g. tabs vs. page content in notebooks). This can be reflected in a UI definition by specifying the "type" attribute on a <child> The possible values for the "type" attribute are described in the sections describing the widget-specific portions of UI definitions.
A gtk.Builder UI definition example
<interface> <object class="GtkDialog" id="dialog1"> <child internal-child="vbox"> <object class="GtkVBox" id="vbox1"> <property name="border-width">10</property> <child internal-child="action_area"> <object class="GtkHButtonBox" id="hbuttonbox1"> <property name="border-width">20</property> <child> <object class="GtkButton" id="ok_button"> <property name="label">gtk-ok</property> <property name="use-stock">TRUE</property> <signal name="clicked" handler="ok_button_clicked"/> </object> </child> </object> </child> </object> </child> </object> </interface>
Beyond this general structure, several object classes define their own XML DTD fragments for filling in the ANY placeholders in the DTD above. Note that a custom element in a <child> element gets parsed by the custom tag handler of the parent object, while a custom element in an <object> element gets parsed by the custom tag handler of the object.
These XML fragments are explained in the documentation of their respective objects in the GTK+ Reference Manual.
def add_from_file(
|The name of the file to parse.
Returns :
|A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
add_from_file() method parses a file containing a GtkBuilder UI
definition and merges it with the current contents of builder.
def add_from_string(
|The string to parse.
Returns :
|A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
add_from_string() method parses a string containing a GtkBuilder UI
definition and merges it with the current contents of builder.
def add_objects_from_file(
|The name of the file to parse.
|A list of objects to build.
Returns :
|A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.14 and above.
add_objects_from_file() method parses a file containing a GtkBuilder UI
definition building only the requested objects and merges it with the current contents of builder.
Note that if you are adding an object that depends on an object that is not its child (for instance
gtk.TreeView that depends on its
gtk.TreeModel), you have to
explicitely list all of them in
def add_objects_from_string(
|The string to parse.
|A list of objects to build.
Returns :
|A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.14 and above.
add_objects_from_string() method parses a string containing a GtkBuilder UI
definition building only the requested objects and merges it with the current contents of builder.
Note that if you are adding an object that depends on an object that is not its child (for instance
gtk.TreeView that depends on its
gtk.TreeModel), you have to
explicitely list all of them in
def connect_signals(
|A mapping or an instance.
|User data for every signal handler.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
connect_signals() method uses Python's introspective
features to look at the keys (if object is a mapping) or attributes (if object is an instance)
and tries to match them with the signal handler names given in the interface description.
The callbacks referenced by each matched key or attribute are connected to their matching signals.
For each of handlers that cannot be found, a
is issued. Also, if there is at least one such missing handler,
connect_signals will return a list of their names,
else return value is None.
RuntimeWarning and return value for missing
handlers was added in PyGTK 2.14.
def get_object(
|Name of object to get.
Returns :
|The object named name or None if it could not be found in the object tree.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
get_object() method gets the object named name.
def get_objects()
Returns :
|A list containing all the objects constructed by the GtkBuilder instance
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
get_objects() method gets all objects that have
been constructed by builder.
def get_translation_domain()
Returns :
|The translation domain.
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
get_translation_domain() gets the translation domain of builder.
def get_type_from_name(
|The name to lookup.
Returns :
|The GType found for type_name or G_TYPE_INVALID if no type was found
This method is available in PyGTK 2.12 and above.
get_type_from_name() method looks up a type by name,
using the virtual function that GtkBuilder has for that purpose.