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School shooting
A school shooting is a form of mass shooting involving a gun attack on an educational institution, such as a school or university. The U.S. Secret Service defines them as shootings where schools are "deliberately selected as the location for the attack".[1] These shootings have sparked a political debate over gun violence, zero tolerance policies and gun control. While educational institutions are subject to attacks by outside terrorist groups (for example the Garissa University College attack), this article mainly covers students who plan and carry out murders on their campuses.
The United States has the highest number of school-related shootings.[2][3] From 2013 to October 2015 there were 142 school shootings in the United States.[4]
School shootings are a topic of intense interest in the United States.[5] A thorough study of 37 incidents involving 41 perpetrators in the United States from 1974 through June 2000 by the Secret Service[6] warned against the belief that a certain "type" of student would be a perpetrator. Any profile would fit too many students to be useful and may not apply to a potential perpetrator. Some lived with both parents in "an ideal, All-American family." Some were children of divorce, or lived in foster homes. A few were loners, but most had close friends. Some experts such as Alan Lipman have warned against the dearth of empirical validity of profiling methods.
While it may be simplistic to assume a straightforward "profile", the study did find certain similarities among the perpetrators. "The researchers found that killers do not 'snap'. They plan. They acquire weapons. These children take a long, considered, public path toward violence."[5] Princeton's Katherine Newman has found that, far from being "loners", the perpetrators are "joiners" whose attempts at social integration fail, and that they let their thinking and even their plans be known, sometimes frequently over long periods of time. In addition, psychologist Peter Langman has noted that school shooters typically fall into one (or occasionally two) of three categories: psychopathic, psychotic, or traumatized.[7][8]
Perpetrators who "run amok" in schools and other public settings do also share in common a severe lapse or more pervasive deficit in their capacity for empathy coupled with their inability to contain their aggression—this may be due to their psychopathy, psychotic symptoms (i.e. loss of a sense of reality), and/or to a consequence of significant violent traumatization—such as that of early physical abuse, that contributes to the development of dissociative states of mind (i.e. disavowal of reality, derealization, depersonalization). In short, as clinical psychiatrist Daniel Schechter has written, for a baby to develop into a troubled adolescent who then turns lethally violent, a convergence of multiple interacting factors must occur, that is "every bit as complicated...as it is for a tornado to form on a beautiful spring day in Kansas."[9]
Many of the shooters told Secret Service investigators that alienation or persecution drove them to violence. According to the United States Secret Service,[10] instead of looking for traits, the Secret Service urges adults to ask about behavior:
- What has this child said?
- Do they have grievances?
- What do their friends know?
- Do they have access to weapons?
- Are they depressed or despondent?[11]
One "trait" that has not yet attracted as much attention is the gender difference: nearly all school shootings are perpetrated by young males, and in some instances the violence has clearly been gender-specific. Bob Herbert addressed this in an October 2006 New York Times editorial.[12] However, at least three female school shooting incidents have been documented,[13][14] including Laurie Dann of Winnetka, Illinois.
Though the perpetrators of school shootings are often said to be almost exclusively white males, this is misleading. A study of 48 shooters found that though white males constituted 79% of secondary school shooters, white males were actually a minority among college and other adult perpetrators.[15] There is significant racial, ethnic, and gender diversity among school shooters.[16] These shootings have happened in "suburban and rural school districts" and many seem to be random with random targets. Most of these shooters tend to come from two-parent households and have been found to appear on the honor roll at their schools.[17]
School shootings receive extensive media coverage and are frequent in the US (see list below). They have sometimes resulted in nationwide changes of schools' policies concerning discipline and security. Some experts have described fears about school shootings as a type of moral panic.[18]
Such incidents may also lead to nationwide discussion on gun laws.[19]
School bullying
"Bullying is common in schools and seemed to play a role in the lives of many of the school shooters".[20] A typical bullying interaction consist of three parts, the offender/bully, a victim and one or more bystanders. This formula of three enables the bully to easily create public humiliation for their victim. Students who are bullied tend to develop behavioral problems, depression, less self-control, poorer social skills, and do worse in school.[21] Once humiliated, victims never want to be a victim again and try to regain their image by joining groups. Often, they are rejected by their peers and follow through by restoring justice in what they see as an unjust situation. Their plan for restoration many times results in violence as shown by the school shooters. 75% of school shooters claimed or left behind evidence of them being victims of bullying, including Nathan Ferris, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, Edmar Aparecido Freitas, Brian Head, Seung-Hui Cho, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Jeff Weise, and Adam Lanza.[22] A growing number of studies show that students with disabilities, in general, are much more likely to be victims of bullying than students without disabilities[23]
Cyberbullying has changed the effect of bullying in another way. "… in the modern era a bully can also do so on Facebook and Twitter for the world to see. Once something is on the Internet, it cannot truly be removed, further enhancing the torment. That type of bullying is infinitely easier for the perpetrator to commit and just as infinitely hard for the victim to address or escape."[24]
Psychiatric drugs
There is no direct causal relationship that has been proven between school shootings and psychiatric drugs. According to Al Knight, "what has been said is that the drugs may have either masked a deeper problem or reacted with other factors to produce resulting violence." In short, the school shootings have not been found to be as a direct result of these drugs and the role they may have played if involved is currently unknown.[25]
Shooting massacres in English-speaking countries often occur close together in time.[26] Forensic psychiatrists attribute this to copycat behaviour,[27][28] which can be correlated with the level of media exposure.[29][30] Some mass murderers study media reports of previous killers.[31]
While there has been no evidence of a direct correlation between a desire for infamy and school shootings, but as suggested by Justin Nutt in 2013, those who feel as though they are alone and who feel no one will remember them may seek to be remembered through acts of violence. Nutt explains through the examination of the way in which news exposure is connected not to the victims, but the perpetrators. "… in an age of internet news and 24 hour news cycle, to avoid doing so would be seen as poor news reporting, but it also means those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books."[24]
Injustice collectors
In a 2015 New Republic essay, Columbine author Dave Cullen described a subset of school shooters (and other mass murderers) known as "injustice collectors." The essay described and expanded on the work of retired FBI profiler Mary Ellen O'Toole, who has published a peer-reviewed journal article on the subject.[32] It also quoted Gary Noesner, who helped create and lead the FBI's hostage negotiation unit, and served as Chief Negotiator for ten years.[33]
Mental illness
The degree to which mental illness does or does not contribute to school shootings has been debated in society.
Although the vast majority of mentally ill individuals are non-violent,[34] some evidence has suggested that mental illness or mental health symptoms are nearly universal among school shooters. For example, on April 16, 2007, a Virginia Tech (VT) student named Seung-Hui Cho shot and killed thirty-two faculty members and students on the campus and injured twenty-five more before taking his own life. For another instance, a 2002 report by the US Secret Service and US Department of Education found evidence that a majority of school shooters displayed evidence of mental health symptoms, often undiagnosed or untreated [35] Criminologists Fox and DeLateur note that mental illness is only part of the issue, however, and mass shooters tend to externalize their problems, blaming others and are unlikely to seek psychiatric help, even if available.[36] Other scholars have concluded that mass murderers display a common constellation of chronic mental health symptoms, chronic anger or antisocial traits, and a tendency to blame others for problems.[37] However, they note that attempting to "profile" school shooters with such a constellation of traits will likely result in many false positives as many individuals with such a profile do not engage in violent behaviors.
McGinty and colleagues conducted a study to find out if people tended to associate the violence of school shootings with mental illness, at the expense of other factors such as the availability of high-capacity magazines.[38] Nearly 2,000 participants read a news piece on a shooting in which the shooter is diagnosed as having a mental illness and who used high capacity magazines. One group read an article that presented only the facts of the case. A different group read an article about the same shooting, but in it the author advocated for gun restrictions for people with mental illness. Another group read about the shooting in an article that suggested the proposal to ban large-capacity magazines, which acted to advocate that shootings could stem from a societal problem rather than an individual problem. The control group did not read anything. Participants were then all asked to fill out a questionnaire asking about their views on gun control and whether they thought there should be restrictions on high-capacity magazines. 71% of the control group thought that gun restrictions should be applied to people with mental illness, and nearly 80% of participants who read the articles agreed. Despite the fact that the article exposed the readers to both the mental illness of the shooter, and the fact that the shooter used high-capacity magazines, participants advocated more for gun restrictions on people with mental illness rather than bans on high-capacity magazines. This suggests that people believe mental illness is the culprit for school shootings in lieu of the accessibility of guns or other environmental factors. The authors expressed concern that proposals to target gun control laws at people with mental illness do not take into account the complex nature of the relationship between serious mental illness and violence, much of which is due to additional factors such as substance abuse. However, the link is unclear since research has shown that violence in mentally ill people occur more in interpersonal environments.[39]
Notable school shootings
North America
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at North American schools.
United States
Perhaps the earliest school or college shooting in the United States was the Enoch Brown school massacre, which occurred on July 26, 1764, during the Pontiac's War. More recent school shootings include the 1966 University of Texas massacre, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting, and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Other school shootings that resulted in multiple casualties include Northern Illinois University in 2008 and Santana High School in 2001, along with Red Lake Senior High School in 2005 and Umpqua Community College in 2015.
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at Canadian schools.
|Death toll
|Markdale School shooting
|Markdale, Ontario
|August 25
|The 28-year-old head teacher, William Norris wounded Miss Ford, a teacher who had rejected his advances, with three shots. He then fatally shot himself through the head.[40][41]
|Altona schoolhouse shooting
|Altona, Manitoba
|October 10
|Henry J. Toews, a schoolteacher, confronted on the road three school trustees with whom he had some problems, drew a revolver, and shot all of them. Toews then returned to the schoolhouse and shot three female students who were the children of the trustees before turning the gun on himself. One of the students died and the shooter died months later.[42][43]
|Ross Sheppard High School shooting
|Edmonton, Alberta
|March 16
|19-year-old Stan Williamson opened fire with a .22 calibre rifle inside a crowded corridor of Ross Sheppard High School, killing 16-year-old Howard Gates and wounding five teenage girls. The shooting ended when three 18-year-old students held the gunman down until he could be arrested by police.[44]
|Centennial Secondary School shooting
|Brampton, Ontario
|May 28
|16-year-old gunman Michael Slobodian shot and killed a fellow student and a teacher, and injured 13 other students before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide in a school hallway.[45] Slobodian is the first recorded high-school aged school shooter in the country.
|St. Pius X High School shooting
|Ottawa, Ontario
|October 27
|Robert Poulin, an 18-year-old St. Pius student, opened fire on his classmates with a shotgun, killing one and wounding five before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide. Poulin had raped and stabbed his 17-year-old friend Kim Rabot to death prior to the shooting. A book entitled Rape of a Normal Mind was written about the incident.[45]
|Sturgeon Creek High School Shooting[46]
|Winnipeg, Manitoba
|A 17-year-old student shot a 16-year-old to death, allegedly for ridiculing the American rock band Kiss.He was arrested and found not guilty of first-degree murder by reason of insanity.[45]
|Weston Collegiate Institute
|Toronto, Ontario
|The school principal escorted a group of trespassers off school property. They returned an hour later and when confronted by the principal a male (19) shot at him while fleeing the property. No one was injured. A fence around the perimeter was later erected due to this incident.[47]
|École Polytechnique massacre
|Montreal, Quebec
|December 6
|25-year-old Marc Lépine, armed with a legally obtained semi-automatic rifle and a hunting knife, embarked on a shooting spree throughout the school, killing fourteen women and injuring ten other women and four men before killing himself.[45]
|Concordia University massacre
|Montreal, Quebec
|August 24
|Dr. Valery Fabrikant, a 52-year-old former associate professor of mechanical engineering at Concordia, shot and killed four of his ex-colleagues and wounded a fifth before being subdued by two people he took hostage and being arrested by police.[45]
|W. R. Myers High School shooting
|Taber, Alberta
|April 28
|A 14-year-old student, Todd Cameron Smith, walked into his school and randomly shot at three students, killing one named Jason Lang and injuring another before being arrested.[48] This shooting took place only eight days after the Columbine High School massacre and is widely believed to have been a copycat crime.
|Bramalea Secondary School
|Brampton, Ontario
|December 10
|On December 10, 2004, a gunman shot 47-year-old grade 10 teacher Aysegul Candir in the head multiple times in a Bramalea Secondary School parking lot. Mrs. Candir was pronounced dead in hospital later in the day.[49] Peel Regional Police would later apprehend Candir's 62-year-old husband, Erhun, and charge him with murder. The incident was considered as a domestic dispute, and even though the school was locked down for most of the day, students were never in harms way. Mrs. Candir is remembered as a "wonderful" teacher.
|Dawson College shooting
|Montreal, Quebec
|September 13
|25-year-old Kimveer Gill began shooting outside the de Maisonneuve Boulevard entrance to the school, hitting several students and visitors, and moved towards the atrium by the cafeteria on the main floor, where he shot dozens of additional victims.[50][51] The shooter later committed suicide by shooting himself in the head after being shot in the arm by police.[52] One victim died at the scene, while another 19 were injured, eight of whom were listed in critical condition with six requiring surgery.[53][54][55]
|C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute shooting
|Toronto, Ontario
|May 23
|Two 17-year-old Canadian citizens, whom the media can not identify under the provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act, were arrested on May 27, 2007, and charged with the first-degree murder of a 15-year-old student at the C. W. Jefferys Collegiate Institute. Prior to one of the arrests, police had taken the unusual step of obtaining a judicial order to publish one suspect's name and photograph as he was considered armed and dangerous. Media reported his identity and photo, then had to take the stories off their websites after he was arrested hours later.[45]
|Bendale Business and Technical Institute shooting
|Toronto, Ontario
|September 16
|A 16-year-old boy was shot in the chest in the school's parking lot following an altercation involving several people. The victim was hospitalized in critical condition. On September 17, 2008, Toronto Police announced it had made two arrests in the case; 18-year-old Mark Deicsics, was charged with armed robbery.[56]
|Central Technical School shooting
|Toronto, Ontario
|September 30
|At least one gunshot was fired from a handgun following a confrontation between four students, causing a victim to suffer a graze wound to his temple. The school was placed under lock down, and two 17-year-olds were charged by police, one with charges related to the shooting, and the other with conspiracy.[57][58]
|Les Racines de vie Montessori
|Gatineau, Quebec
|April 5
|A gunman killed one man and himself at a small daycare. There were 53 children present at the school, which is divided between two houses. Daycare staff at the houses, 225 and 229 Gamelin St., called 911 at 10:27 a.m. about a man threatening people. Police arrived and found one man dead with a shotgun beside him, apparently a suicide. A second dead man was found soon after. Police have identified one of the dead as Robert Charron but have not named him the shooter.[59]
|York University shooting
|Toronto, Ontario
|March 6
|One woman was shot and suffered non-life-threatening injuries and another woman received minor non-gun-related injuries from the suspect during a shooting that took place at the University Student Centre. Kemon Edwards, 22, is alleged to have been carrying a gun that accidentally discharged in the crowded student centre around 10:45 p.m. during the weekly pub night at the Underground, which is connected to the cafeteria. He faces 17 charges including discharging a firearm, careless use of a firearm and aggravated assault.[60]
|La Loche shootings
|La Loche, Saskatchewan
|January 22
|Two people were killed and seven others were injured when a 17-year-old student opened fire inside of the La Loche Community School. Prior to the school shooting, the suspect shot dead two of his cousins at a home. The suspect was apprehended and is currently in custody.[61]
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at schools in Mexico.
|Death toll
|Ciudad Juárez school shooting
|Ciudad Juárez
|August 24
|Two cars drove up to an elementary school at around noontime, as parents were waiting for their children to be released from school. The men in the cars started firing assault rifles, killing one man, and wounding four women and one man. The elementary school was placed on lock-down and students were released after the situation was being handled. While the motive of the attack is reported to be unknown, schools in the Ciudad Juárez area have reported receiving threats and extortion demands in the past.[62]
|Ciudad Juárez school shooting
|Ciudad Juárez
|January 12
|A 30-year-old man was killed by being shot nine times in front of children at an elementary school as they were leaving for the day. The shooting induced panic from parents of children, some of whom witnessed the shooting. The gunman was unidentified, as of 2012.[63]
|Atizapán school shooting
|May 6
|13-year-old Ricardo Ordonez was shot and killed at a school. 15-year-old Edgar Yoevani was arrested.[64]
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred at schools in the continent of Europe.
|Death toll
|Bremen school shooting
|Bremen, Germany
|June 20
|29-year-old unemployed teacher Heinz Schmidt indiscriminately shot at students and teachers, killing four girls and wounding more than twenty others before being subdued by school staff. A fifth girl also died during the incident when she fell down a staircase.[66]
|Wilno school massacre
| Wilno, Second Polish Republic
(now Vilnius, Lithuania)
|May 6
|A student of Joachim Lewelel High School, Stanisław Ławrynowicz, fired shots and detonated a hand grenade which killed him, two students and a teacher while sitting Matura (final exams). His friend, Janusz Obrębalski attempted to detonate another grenade, which turned out to be faulty. Obrębalski then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. A bomb left by the two was later found in one of the classrooms.
|Zadar school shooting
|Zadar, Yugoslavia
|19-year-old student Milorad Vulinović shot and killed two of his professors using his father's stolen gun.[67]
|Kungälv school shooting
|Kungälv, Sweden
|March 4
|A 17-year-old student fired fifteen bullets into a crowd at a school dance at Kungälvs Läroverk (aka Thorildskolan), killing one student and wounding six others before escaping. He turned himself in to local police the following morning and was arrested.
|Cologne school massacre
|Cologne, Germany
|June 11
|42-year-old Walter Seifert attacked numerous students and adults with a flammenwerfer, killing eight students before murdering his last two victims, both female teachers, with a lance. He then swallowed E605, poisoning himself in a suicide attempt; he died the following day.
|Eppstein school shooting
|Eppstein, Germany
|June 3
|34-year-old Czech refugee Karel Charva opened fire in a sixth-grade classroom, first shooting and wounding the teacher, then killing three students and injuring fourteen others. He then killed a teacher and a police officer who tried to intervene before committing suicide. An additional thirty children suffered from shock during the incident.
|Raumanmeri school shooting
|Rauma, Finland
|January 24
|Two students were fatally shot by a 14-year-old student at the Raumanmeri secondary school. The shooter had claimed to be a victim of bullying.[69]
|Aarhus University shooting
|Aarhus, Denmark
|April 5
|35-year-old student Flemming Nielsen shot and killed two people and wounded two others with a sawed-off shotgun before taking his own life.[70]
|Dunblane massacre
|Dunblane, United Kingdom
|March 13
|43-year-old Thomas Hamilton opened fire in a gymnasium, killing sixteen children and one adult and injuring fifteen others before committing suicide. It remains the deadliest attack on children in Scottish history.[71]
|ROC de Leijgraaf
|Veghel, Netherlands
|December 7
|A 17-year-old student opened fire at ROC de Leijgraaf school, wounding three students and one teacher. One student was critically injured. It was the first school shooting in the history of the Netherlands.[72][73]
|Erfurt massacre
|Erfurt, Germany
|April 26
|19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser began shooting through his former school, targeting teachers and faculty members. Twelve teachers and one administrator were killed, along with two students and a police officer; only one other person was injured. The shooter then committed suicide.[74]
|Coburg shooting
|Coburg, Germany
|July 3
|A 16-year-old student, known only as Florian K., shoots and wounds his teacher and an intervening school psychiatrist before taking his own life.[75]
|Terra College
|The Hague, Netherlands
|A student shoots the school principal, Hans van Wieren, in the head.
|Rötz school shooting
|Rötz, Germany
|March 7
|After being ordered to leave the classroom, a 14-year-old student returned with a gun and threatened the life of the 35-year-old class teacher. During a struggle the weapon was fired and taken from the student. Investigators' findings state that the student did not intend to kill the teacher, but himself. No one was injured.[76]
|Geschwister Scholl School attack
|Emsdetten, Germany
|November 20
|18-year-old Bastian Bosse, a former student of the school, fired several shots with two sawed-off rifles and a caplock pistol and also threw several homemade smoke bombs before killing himself. The incident ended with no other fatalities, with 37 people being injured, including four students who suffered gunshot wounds, one teacher wounded by being hit in the face with a smoke bomb, sixteen police officers who suffered from smoke inhalation, and the school custodian who was shot in the abdomen inside the school.[77]
|Jokela school shooting
|Tuusula, Finland
|November 7
|18-year-old Pekka-Eric Auvinen opened fire in the school's main hallway, killing six students, school principal Helena Kalmi, and the school nurse before shooting and wounding himself in a suicide attempt; he later died at a hospital. One other person suffered gunshot wounds, and eleven people were injured by shattering glass while escaping from the school building. The day before the incident, Auvinen posted a video on YouTube predicting the massacre at the school.[78][79]
|Kauhajoki school shooting
|Kauhajoki, Finland
|September 23
|22-year-old student Matti Juhani Saari entered the school via the basement and opened fire in a classroom he attended before setting it on fire with homemade Molotov cocktails and then fleeing the scene. Nine students and one staff member died in the incident. A woman was shot in the head and critically wounded, but survived after having two operations, while ten other students sustained minor injuries such as sprains and cuts from broken glass. Authorities eventually found Saari, who had shot himself but was still alive; he died a short time later. It was assumed that the Jokela case, the previous year (above), inspired Saari to commit the massacre.[80]
|Winnenden school shooting
|Winnenden, Germany
|March 11
|17-year-old Tim Kretschmer, a former student of the school, opened fire in two classrooms and a chemistry laboratory, killing nine and injuring seven others. He then successfully escaped the school, killing two female teachers in the process. Afterwards, he shot and killed the caretaker of a psychiatric facility and then carjacked a motorist, who drove him into another town before escaping unharmed. The shooter opened fire in a car showroom after unsuccessfully trying to steal a car, killing two and injuring two others. He then committed suicide after a brief shootout with police.[81][82]
|OAED Vocational College shooting
|Athens, Greece
|April 10
|19-year-old Dimitris Patmanidis shot and wounded a student and two workers from a nearby technical company before shooting and wounding himself in the head in a suicide attempt. He died later at a hospital.[83]
|Kanebogen Elementary School shooting
|Harstad, Norway
|April 28
|A nine-year-old student fires a shotgun in schoolyard; however, nobody was injured in the incident. The shooter was disarmed and subdued by a female teacher, but due to his age, when he wasn't tried for the crime, although his father was fined for not keeping the shotgun, a rifle, and ammunition according to Norwegian rules. This was the first Norwegian school shooting.[84]
|University of Pécs shooting
|Pécs, Hungary
|November 26
|A 23-year-old student entered the building of the university's biophysics research institute and opened fire in the classroom, killing one man. In earlier reports, two people were reported to be in critical condition and a third in serious condition.
|Toulouse school shooting
|Toulouse, France
|March 19
|23-year-old Mohammed Merah opened fire at a Jewish day school, killing three schoolchildren and a teacher. The incident was the last of three terrorist attacks against French soldiers and Jewish civilians, occurring in an eight-day span. The shooter was later shot and killed by police after a massive three-day manhunt and a 30-hour standoff at his home.[85]
|2014 Moscow school shooting
|Moscow, Russia
|February 3
|High school student Sergey Gordeyev, armed with two rifles, forced his way past a security guard, took hostages, and killed his geography teacher. He then killed a police officer and wounded another who arrived at the scene. He later released the hostages and was captured by the police after his father came to the school.[86]
|2014 Viljandi school shooting
|Viljandi, Estonia
|October 27
|A 15-year-old boy killed his German language teacher with gun in Paalalinna school. All students were evacuated in school hall and police arrested the shooter. As of now, it remains unclear as to why the shooting took place.
South America
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in South American schools.
|Death toll
|Carmen de Patagones school shooting
|Carmen de Patagones, Argentina
|September 28, 2004
|Four students killed and five wounded by a 15-year-old student in a town 620 miles south of Buenos Aires.[87]
|Realengo massacre
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|April 7, 2011
|A former student (23) fatally shot 12 people inside the school and committed suicide after being shot down by a policeman.[88]
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in schools in the continent of Asia.
|Death toll
|Ma'alot massacre
|Ma'alot, Israel
|May 15, 1974
|The Ma'alot massacre was a terrorist attack carried out by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine at the Netiv Meir elementary school in the town of Ma'alot. It included a two-day hostage-taking of 115 people which ended in the deaths of over 25 hostages.
|Sanaa massacre
|Sana'a, Yemen
|March 30, 1997
|The Sanaa massacre was a school massacre that occurred in Sana'a, Yemen, on March 30, 1997. Mohammad Ahman al-Naziri, 48, attacked hundreds of pupils at two schools, killing six children and two adults with an assault rifle. Naziri, whose five children attended the Tala'i school, alleged that one of his daughters had been raped by the school administrator. No evidence was found of this. Naziri was sentenced to death the next day and executed on April 5, 1997[89]
|University of the Philippines shooting
|Quezon City, Philippines
|February 19, 1999
|A student was shot dead by a fraternity member after being mistaken for a member of the rival fraternity.
|Longzhou County Middle School shooting
|Longzhou County, China
|October 19, 1999
|After spending the afternoon drinking, school guard Liang Yongcheng walked into a students' dormitory at a middle school in Longzhou county and threatened to kill everybody who tried to stop him. He eventually committed suicide, but not before shooting a teacher and six students with a hunting rifle.[90]
|Number 34 Middle School
|Lanzhou, China
|September 26, 2002
|Yang Zhengming, who worked as a mini-bus driver for Number 34 Middle School in Lanzhou, killed a teacher and wounded two others at the school with a hunting rifle, one of the wounded being his former girlfriend. Police finally shot him dead after negotiating with him for two hours while he was standing on the roof and threatened to commit suicide.[91][92]
|Pak Phanang school shooting
|Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
|June 6, 2003
|17-year-old Anatcha Boonkwan killed two, injured four of his fellow students after losing a fist-fight with one of his classmates.[93]
|Niutoushan Primary School shooting
|Guangde County, China
|October 5, 2005
|18 people, among them 16 children, were injured when Liu Shibing shot them with six home-made guns at Niutoushan Primary School in Guangde.[94]
|Beirut Arab University shooting
|Beirut, Lebanon
|January 25, 2007
|Four people were shot dead in clashes between pro- and anti-government activists on Thursday and about 200 were hurt in the violence that flared after a scuffle between students at a Beirut university. The opposition accused the government camp of starting the riots and the four dead included two Hezbollah students, who were fired at from rooftops.
|Euro International school shooting
|Gurgaon, India
|December 12, 2007
|A shooting occurred at Euro International, a private secondary school in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The gunmen were students 14-year-old Akash Yadav and 13-year-old Vikas Yadav, who shot and killed a 14-year-old student.[95]
|Mercaz HaRav shooting
|Jerusalem, Israel
|March 6, 2008
|Alaa Abu Dhein, an Israeli Arabic yeshiva bus driver, entered the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva with guns blazing, killing eight and wounding seven, before being shot dead himself by a part-time student. This incident, as do many massacres in the Levant, soon took on racial and religious overtones, pitting Palestinians and Israeli Arabs against Jews.[96][97][98]
|Azerbaijan State Oil Academy shooting
|Baku, Azerbaijan
|April 30, 2009
|29-year-old Farda Gadirov opened fire with a Makarov PM semi-automatic pistol inside the school building of Azerbaijan State Oil Academy, killing 12 people, and wounding 13 others. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.[99][100][101]
|Xuwen school shooting
|Xuwen, Guangdong, China
|October 27, 2011
|A 16-year-old student was shot and killed at the entrance gate of a public school.[102][103]
|2014 Peshawar school attack
|Peshawar, Pakistan
|December 16, 2014
|A group of nine Taliban gunmen stormed the Army Public School, shooting and lobbing grenades.[104]
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in Oceanic region.
|Death toll
|Waikino Schoolhouse shooting
|New Zealand
|October 19, 1923
|Two children killed and nine wounded, including the headmaster, by John Higgins. This is the first and only school shooting to occur in New Zealand.[105]
|Orara High School
|Coffs Harbour, Australia
|June 19, 1991
|A student brought a rifle to school injuring 2 teachers and 1 student. The shooter was tackled to the ground by fellow students. This was the first known school shooting to occur in Australia.[106]
|La Trobe University shooting
|Melbourne, Australia
|August 3, 1999
|A student opened fire in a La Trobe University campus restaurant that he used to be employed by, killing the restaurant's manager. Other patrons were injured.[107]
|Monash University shooting
|Melbourne, Australia
|October 21, 2002
|A student shot his classmates and teacher, killing two and injuring five. It took place at Monash University in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[108]
|Tomaree High School
|Salamander Bay, Australia
|April 3, 2003
|The shooter threw petrol bombs before opening fire, seriously wounding 2 students.[109]
|Modbury High School
|Adelaide, Australia
|May 7, 2012
|A Year eight student took a revolver on school grounds, firing shots, nobody was injured.[110]
The following is a list of incidents of shootings that occurred in schools in the continent of Africa.
|Death toll
|Maiduguri school shooting
|Maiduguri, Nigeria
|June 18, 2013
|Nigeria militants killed nine schoolchildren at a school in Maiduguri.[111]
|Yobe State school shooting
|Mamudo, Nigeria
|July 6, 2013
|42 people were fatally shot while 6 were injured.
|Garissa University College attack
|Garissa, Kenya
|April 3, 2015
|Somali Al-Shabaab militants killed 147 students at Garissa University College.[112]
Political impact
School shootings and other mass killings have had a major political impact. Governments have discussed gun-control laws, to increase time for background checks. Also, bulletproof school supplies have been created, including backpacks,[113] desks, bullet-resistant door panels,[113] and classroom whiteboards (or bulletin boards) which reinforce walls or slide across doors to deflect bullets.[114] Another organization that has proposed possible solutions to school shootings is the National Rifle Association (NRA), to allow teachers to carry weapons on school grounds as a means of protecting themselves and others. So far, ten states have already introduced legislation to allow weapons on school property with eighteen states already allowing guns to be carried on school grounds, but not without constraints. Most states also require the gun carriers to receive advance permission from the districts' superintendents or trustees. "In New York State, written permission from the school is required in order to carry a firearm on school grounds."[115]
Due to the political impact, this has spurred some to press for more stringent gun control laws. In the United States, the National Rifle Association is opposed to such laws, and some groups have called for fewer gun control laws, citing cases of armed students ending shootings and halting further loss of life, and claiming that the prohibitions against carrying a gun in schools do not deter the gunmen.[116][117] One such example is the Mercaz HaRav Massacre, where the attacker was stopped by a student, Yitzhak Dadon, who shot him with his personal firearm which he lawfully carried concealed. At a Virginia law school, there is a disputed claim that three students retrieved pistols from their cars and stopped the attacker without firing a shot.[118] Also, at a Mississippi high school, the Vice Principal retrieved a firearm from his vehicle and then eventually stopped the attacker as he was driving away from the school.[119] In other cases, such as shootings at Columbine and Red Lake High Schools, the presence of an armed police officer did little to nothing to prevent the killings.[120]
A ban on the ownership of handguns was introduced in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Northern Ireland) following the Dunblane massacre.[121]
The Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in 1994 in response to gun related violence in schools, as a result to that a lot of school system started adopting the Zero-Tolerance Law. The Gun-Free school act required people to be expelled from the school for a year. By the year of 1997 the Zero-Tolerance for any type of weapon was implemented by more than 90 percent of U.S public schools.[122]
Police response and countermeasures
Analysis of the Columbine school shooting and other incidents where first responders waited for backup has resulted in changed recommendations regarding what bystanders and first responders should do. An analysis of 84 mass shooting cases in the US from 2000 to 2010 found that the average response time by police was 3 minutes.[123] In most instances that exceeds the time the shooter is engaged in killing. While immediate action may be extremely dangerous, it may save lives which would be lost if people involved in the situation remain passive, or a police response is delayed until overwhelming force can be deployed. It is recommended that civilians involved in the incident take active steps to evacuate, hide, or counter the shooter and that individual law enforcement officers present or first arriving at the scene attempt immediately to engage the shooter. In many instances, immediate action by civilians or law enforcement has saved lives. For these reasons, it is recommended that civilians are properly trained in how to respond to active shooter situations. [123]
College and University response and countermeasures
The Massengill Report was an after-action report created in the wake of the Virginia Tech shooting which brought national attention to the need for colleges and universities to take concerning behavior and threats seriously. It has led to the creation of hundreds of Behavioral Intervention Teams which help access and coordinate institutional responses to behavioral concerns on college and university campuses.
Armed classrooms
There has been considerable policy discussion about how to help prevent school and other types of mass shootings. One suggestion that has come up is the idea to allow firearms in the classroom. "Since the issue of arming teachers is a relatively new topic, it has received little empirical study. Therefore, most of the literature does not come from peer reviewed sources but rather published news reports. In addition, most of these reports are not objective and clearly appear to support a specific side of the debate."[124] So far, data has been inconclusive as to whether or not arming teachers would have any sort of benefit for schools. For years, some areas in the US have allowed "armed classrooms" to deter (or truncate) future attacks by changing helpless victims into armed defenders. Advocates of arming teachers claim that it will reduce fatalities in school shootings, but many others disagree.
Many teachers have had their concerns with the idea of armed classrooms. "One teacher stated that although she is pro-gun, she does not feel as though she could maintain gun safety on school grounds (Reuters, 2012). Teachers expressed the fear that bigger students could overpower them, take the weapon, and then use it against the teacher or other students." Some members of the armed forces have also had concerns with armed classrooms. Police forces in Texas brought up the potential for teachers to leave a gun where a student could retrieve and use it. "They are further concerned that if every teacher had a gun, there would be an unnecessarily large number of guns in schools (even including elementary schools). This large number of guns could lead to accidental shootings, especially those involving younger children who do not understand what guns do."
On the other hand, there are some teachers who want to carry a firearm to protect their students. Kasey Hansen, a special needs teacher in Utah thinks that every teacher should carry. She says, "We are the first line of defense. Someone is going to call the cops and they are going to be informed, but how long is it going to take for them to get to the school? And in that time how many students are going to be affected by the gunman roaming the halls?"[125]
In order to diminish school shootings all together there are many preventative measures that can be taken such as:
- Installing wireless panic alarms to alert law enforcement.
- Limiting points of entry with security guarding them.
- Strategically placing telephones for emergencies so police are always reachable at any point in the campus.[126]
- Employing school psychologists to monitor and provide mental health services for those that need help.[127]
In a 2013 research report published by the Center for Homicide Research, they find that many also reject the idea of having armed classrooms due to what is termed the "weapons effect," which is the phenomenon in which simply being in the presence of a weapon can increase feelings of aggression. "In Berkowitz & LaPage's (1967) examination of this effect, students who were in the presence of a gun reported higher levels of aggressive feelings towards other students and gave more violent evaluations of other students' performance on a simple task in the form of electric shocks. This finding points to possible negative outcomes for students exposed to guns in the classroom (Simons & Turner, 1974; Turner & Simons, 1976)." [128]
In 2008, Harrold Independent School District in Texas became the first public school district in the U.S. to allow teachers with state-issued firearm-carry permits to carry their arms in the classroom; special additional training and ricochet-resistant ammunition were required for participating teachers.[129] Students at the University of Utah have been allowed to carry concealed pistols (so long as they possess the appropriate state license) since a State Supreme Court decision in 2006.[130][131] In addition to Utah, Wisconsin and Mississippi each have legislation that allow students, faculty and employees with the proper permit, to carry concealed weapons on their public university's campuses.[132][133] Colorado and Oregon state courts have ruled in favor of Campus Carry laws by denying University's proposals to ban guns on campus. Ruling that the UC Board of Regents and the Oregon University System did not have the authority to ban weapons on campus.[134][135] A selective ban was then re-instated, wherein Oregon state universities enacted a ban on guns in school building and sporting events or by anyone contracted with the university in question.[136] A commentary in the conservative National Review Online argues that the armed school approach for preventing school attacks, while new in the US, has been used successfully for many years in Israel and Thailand.[137] Teachers and school officials in Israel are allowed and encouraged to carry firearms if they have former military experience in the IDF, which almost all do. Statistics on what percentage of teachers are actually armed are unavailable and in Israel, for example, the intent is to counter politically motivated terrorist attacks on high value, soft targets, not personal defense against, or protection from, unbalanced individual students.
The National Rifle Association has explicitly called for placing armed guards in all American schools.[138] While Steven Strauss, a faculty member at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, offered a preliminary calculation that placing armed guards in every American school might cost as much as $15 billion/year, and perhaps only save 10 lives per year (at a cost of $1.5 billion/life saved).[139]
Preventive measures
A preventive measure proposed for stopping school shooting has been focused on securing firearms in the home. A shooting in Sparks, Nevada on October 21, 2013, left a teacher and the shooter, a twelve-year-old student, dead with two seriously injured. The handgun used in the shooting had been taken from the shooter's home. Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Red Lake High School in Red Lake, Minnesota in 2005, and Heath High School in West Paducah, Kentucky in 1997 also involved legal guns taken from the home.
A 2000 study of firearm storage in the United States found that "from the homes with children and firearms, 55% reported to have one or more firearms in an unlocked place." 43% reported keeping guns without a trigger lock in an unlocked place. In 2005 a study was done on adult firearm storage practices in the United States found that over 1.69 million youth under age 18 are living in homes with loaded and unlocked firearms. Also, 73% of children under age 10 living in homes with guns reported knowing the location of their parents' firearms.[140]
Most states have Child Access Prevention Laws – laws designed to prevent children from accessing firearms. Each state varies in the degree of the severity of these laws. The toughest laws enforce criminal liability when a minor achieves access to a carelessly stored firearm. The weakest forbid people from directly providing a firearm to a minor. There is also a wide range of laws that fall in between the two extremes. One example is a law that enforces criminal liability for carelessly stored firearms, but only where the minor uses the firearm and causes death or serious injury. An example of a weaker law is a law that enforces liability only in the event of reckless, knowing or deliberate behavior by the adult.[141]
In 2015 Southwestern High School in Shelbyville, Indiana, was portrayed as possibly the "safest school in America". The school has been used as a "Safe School Flagship" of possible countermeasures to an active shooter.[142]
- All teachers have lanyards with a panic button that alerts police.[143]
- Classrooms have automatically locking "hardened doors", and windows have "hardened exterior glass" to deflect bullets and physical attack.[143]
- Cameras, described as "military-grade", that feed video directly to Shelby County Sheriff's Office[142] are mounted throughout the school.[143]
- Smoke canisters are mounted in the roof of corridors that can be remotely discharged to slow a shooter's movement.[143]
See also
- List of school-related attacks
- List of school massacres by death toll
- Andrew Kehoe
- Bullying
- Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
- Campus carry in the United States
- Charles Whitman
- Chencholai bombing, Sri Lanka
- Columbine High School massacre
- Counter-terrorism
- Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Incendiary device
- Gun culture
- Gun politics in the United States
- Jeff Weise
- Mass murder
- Nagerkovil school bombing, Sri Lanka
- Red Lake shootings
- Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- School bullying
- School violence
- Seung-Hui Cho
- Social rejection
- Soft target
- Suicide bombing
- Suicide by cop
- Terrorism
- Virginia Tech shooting
- Youth subculture
- ↑ Vossekuil, Bryan; et al. (2004). The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School fff (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Secret Service. p. 4.
- ↑ http://qz.com/37015/how-school-killings-in-the-us-stack-up-against-36-other-countries-put-together/
- ↑ http://o.canada.com/news/politics-and-the-nation/crime-and-justice/interactive-mass-shootings-around-the-world-since-1996
- ↑ http://www.newsweek.com/list-school-shootings-america-2013-380535
- 1 2 "'Profiling' School Shooters". Frontline. March 11, 2015. PBS. WGBH-TV. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
- ↑ "The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education. May 1, 2002.
- ↑ Langman, Peter (2009). Why Kids Kill: Inside the Minds of School Shooters. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230101487.
- ↑ Langman, Peter (2015). School Shooters: Understanding High School, College, and Adult Perpetrators. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442233560.
- ↑ Schechter DS (February 16, 2011). Forecasting Aggression: What Makes Some Troubled Youth Turn Violent? Cerebrum. http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=30762
- ↑ Fein, R.A.; Vossekuil, B.; Pollack, W.; Borum, R.; Reddy, M.; Modzeleski, W. (May 2002). "Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and creating safe school climates.". U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Secret Service.
- ↑ Dedman, Bill (October 15, 2000). "Deadly Lessons: School Shooters Tell Why" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 8, 2006.
- ↑ Herbert, Bob (October 16, 2006). "Why Aren't We Shocked?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
- ↑ "Police: Female student kills 2 others, self at Louisiana college - CNN.com". February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008.
- ↑ "Parole Denied to Female School Shooter". San Diego 6. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ↑ Langman, Peter (2015). School Shooters: Understanding High School, College, and Adult Perpetrators. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 199. ISBN 978-1442233560.
- ↑ Langman, Peter. "School Shooters Who Were Not White Males" (PDF). www.schoolshooters.info. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
- ↑ Darling-Brekhus, Keith. "What FBI Profiles Tell Us About School Shooters and How to Prevent the Next One?" The Examiner. 15 Dec. 2012.
- ↑ Killingbeck, Donna (2001). "The Role of Television News in the Construction of School Violence as a 'Moral Panic.". Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. 8 (3): 186–202.
- ↑ "Government Vows to Take Action Following Kauhajoki Shootings". YLE. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- ↑ Lanata, John C. (March–April 2003). "Behind the scenes.: A closer look at the school shooters". Sheriff. 55 (2): 22–26. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015.
- ↑ "Addressing Bullying in Schools". Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ↑ "Bully Facts & Statistics". Make Beats Not Beat Downs. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25.
- ↑ Bear, George G (2015). "Differences In Bullying Victimization Between Students With And Without Disabilities": 98–116.
- ↑ Knight, Al. "Psychiatric Drug Culture Examined." Denver Post.11 Nov. 1999. LexisNexis Academic.
- ↑ Yukich, Joshua; Towers, Sherry; Gomez-Lievano, Andres; Khan, Maryam; Mubayi, Anuj; Castillo-Chavez, Carlos (2015). "Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0117259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117259. ISSN 1932-6203.
- ↑ Mullen, Paul quoted in Hannon K 1997, "Copycats to Blame for Massacres Says Expert", Courier Mail, 4/3/1997.
- ↑ Cantor, Mullen and Alpers, 2000 Mass homicide: the civil massacre. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 28:1:55-63.
- ↑ Phillips, D. P. 1980. Airplane accidents, murder, and the mass media: Towards a theory of imitation and suggestion. Social Forces, 58, 1001-1024.
- ↑ Cialdini, Robert 2001. Influence: Science and Practice 4th Ed. Allyn and Bacon, pp. 121-130.
- ↑ Cramer, C 1993. Ethical problems of mass murder coverage in the mass media. Journal of Mass Media Ethics 9.
- ↑ http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/vio.2014.1509
- ↑ Cullen, Dave. "Inside the Warped Mind of Vester Flanagan and Other Shooters". The New Republic. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ↑ "Violence and mental illness: An overview."
- ↑ "Safe School Initiative."
- ↑ "Everything You Think You Know about Mass Murder Is Wrong."
- ↑ "Psychological Profiles of School Shooters."
- ↑ McGinty, Emma E.; Webster, Daniel W.; Barry, Colleen L. (May 2013). "Effects of News Media Messages About Mass Shootings on Attitudes Toward Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Public Support for Gun Control Policies.". American Journal of Psychiatry.
- ↑ Rosenberg, Jessica (Mar 2014). "Mass Shootings and Mental Health Policy". Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 41 (1): 107–121.
- ↑ Markdale Standard (Markdale, Ont.), 28 Aug 1884, p. 4, column 1
- ↑ http://news.ourontario.ca/ghpl/1123032/data?n=3
- ↑ http://manitobia.ca/resources/books/local_histories/081.pdf
- ↑ http://spectatortribune.com/the-altona-school-shooting-of-1902/
- ↑ Ross Sheppard Composite High School
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Shooting violence in Canadian schools 1975–2007". The Star. Toronto. May 23, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/when-school-shootings-were-unthinkable-187569241.html
- ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=sLebV_ZIOXMC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=weston+collegiate+toronto+school+shooting&source=bl&ots=-ogo5FQV2K&sig=k1Is7cWWJz8bYILrLJ3VUW93vW0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidlort1q_JAhXKth4KHcq_AB8Q6AEIUDAI#v=onepage&q=weston%20collegiate%20toronto%20school%20shooting&f=false
- ↑ "One dead, one wounded in Alberta school shooting". CBC News. November 10, 1999.
- ↑ Mitchell, Bob (January 23, 2007). "Wife lived in fear, murder trial told". thestar.com. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ↑ "The Montreal Killer Was a Death-Obsessed Goth". Toronto Daily News. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
- ↑ "Two gunmen open fire at Dawson College". The Gazette. September 13, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
- ↑ "Montreal gunman killed himself: autopsy". CBC. September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
- ↑ "Communiques" (Press release). Service de police de la ville de Montréal. September 13, 2006.
- ↑ "UPDATE 7 – Gunman kills one, wounds 19 at Montreal college". =Reuters. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2006.
- ↑ "Woman, gunman dead in Montreal school rampage". CBC News. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
- ↑ "Teen shot, injured at Canadian high school". USA Today. September 16, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ↑ "High school locked down after gun fired". Toronto Star. Sep 30, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ↑ "School shooting suspect faces 10 charges". CBC News. Oct 6, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ↑ "Gatineau police ID 1 of 2 men dead in daycare shooting". CBC News. April 5, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ↑ Pagliaro, Jennifer (March 14, 2014). "Six people arrested in York University shooting". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ↑ "5 dead following school shooting in La Loche, Sask., Trudeau says". CBC Canada. January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
- ↑ "1 Dead, 5 Wounded In Mexico Border School Shooting". Huffington Post. August 25, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ↑ "Man gunned down at elementary school in Juarez". CNN. January 12, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ↑ "De un balazo mata joven de 15 años a compañero en salón de clases". La Policiaca. May 6, 2014.
- ↑ Der Massenmord in der Mädchenschule, Prager Tagblatt (June 21, 1913)
- ↑ Kills 3, wounds 17 in a classroom, The New York Times (June 21, 1913)
- ↑ "38 godina od ubojstva Vice Vlatkovića i Gojka Matuline" (in Croatian). Zadarski list. October 4, 2010.
- ↑ "Wie lebende Fackeln stürzten Kinder ins Freie" (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. June 12, 1964.
- ↑ "School Shootings Rare in Finland". YLE. November 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
- ↑ Drabssager - 1994 (Danish)
- ↑ Hodgson, Martin (June 5, 2008). "Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- ↑ "Student shoots four at Dutch school". BBC News. December 7, 1999.
- ↑ "School shooting suspect's family arrested". BBC News. December 9, 1999.
- ↑ Brave teacher stopped gun rampage, CNN, April 27, 2002
- ↑ Paterson, Tony (July 3, 2003). "Pupil kills himself in school shooting". London: The Independent. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Bayrischer Schüler schießt mit Revolver auf Lehrer" (in German). Handelsblatt. March 7, 2005.
- ↑ 18-jähriger Amokläufer verteilte Bomben im Schulgebäude ("18-year old madman distributed bombs in school building"), Spiegel Online.
- ↑ "Teen gunman dead from critical injuries who opened fire on Finnish classmates". CNN. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
- ↑ "Fatal shooting at Finnish school". BBC News. November 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
- ↑ Cser, Attila (September 23, 2008). "Gunman kills 10, self in Finnish school shooting". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
The killer, 22-year-old Matti Saari, started a fire in the school and then shot himself in the head. He died later in Tampere University Hospital.
- ↑ "'German school gunman 'kills 15'". BBC News. March 11, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ↑ "German Police Say School Shooting Kills at Least Nine". Deutsche Welle. March 11, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ↑ "Greek gunman dies after shooting". BBC. news.bbc.co.uk. April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ↑ Nine-year-old fires shotgun at Norwegian school (April 28, 2009) independent.co.uk
- ↑ Tolouse school shootings traumatise French Jews (March 21, 2012) bbc.co.uk
- ↑ "Student gunman kills policeman and teacher in hostage takeover of class of 20 students in school near Moscow". Daily Mail. London.
- ↑ "Crisis Management: The Case of School Shootings – Case Study: "Islas Malvinas" Middle School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2012.
- ↑ "Brazil school shooting: Rio de Janeiro gunman kills 12". BBC News. April 7, 2011.
- ↑ http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/Yemen-Gunman-goes-on-shooting-spree-in-schools/4f98c1db2448fa0b66a50800f77971ac
- ↑ School guard injures seven in shooting spree, Guelph Mercury (October 26, 1999)
- ↑ Two dead in school shooting in northwest China city, China Daily (September 27, 2002)
- ↑ Driver shoots teacher in China campus killing Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., muzi.com (September 27, 2002)
- ↑ Gagliardi, Jason (January 15, 2004). "GANGS NOT THE ONLY SCHOOLYARD KILLERS". South China Morning Post. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ↑ 18 people wounded in school shooting in Anhui, Xinhua (October 13, 2005)
- ↑ Boy shoots classmate dead in Gurgaon school, Reuters (December 11, 2007)
- ↑ "Eight killed at Jerusalem school", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008
- ↑ Terror Attack At Jerusalem Seminary - Merkaz HaRav Yeshiva - 8 Dead National Terror Alert Response Center, 6 March 2008
- ↑ Jerusalem seminary attacked UPI, 6 March 2008
- ↑ "Azerbaijan gunman kills 12 at university". CNN.com. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ↑ "Academy mass shooting". April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010.
- ↑ "Ekspert basqında "Makarov" dan istifadə olunmasına şübhə edir" (in Azerbaijani). Azadliq.org. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
- ↑ "", CNN, October 27, 2011
- ↑ "", Sina, October 27, 2011. (in Chinese)
- ↑ Walsh, Declan (December 17, 2014). "Pakistani Taliban Attack on Peshawar School Leaves 145 Dead". New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
- ↑ Anderson, Charles (December 23, 2012). "Murder in a small Kiwi school". SundayStar-Times. p. A10. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1991/Student-Shoots-Three-Outside-His-School/id-9a37235e1f46bbf7d2e0acc5415db1b8
- ↑ Rees, Margaret (October 29, 2002). "Two students killed in Australian university shooting". World Socialist Website.
- ↑ "Two shot dead, five wounded at Monash Uni". Sydney Morning Herald. October 21, 2012.
- ↑ "Sydney Morning Herald - news". 2003-04-03.
- ↑ "Shot fired from gun taken to Modbury High School". The Advertiser. May 11, 2012.
- ↑ "Nigeria militants kill school children in Maiduguri". BBC News. June 19, 2013.
- ↑ "Inside Garissa University College dorm's scene of slaughter". CNN News. April 3, 2015.
- 1 2 "Bulletproof school supplies get low grades from safety experts". NBCnews.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- ↑ "How bulletproof whiteboards can protect classrooms" (sliding across doors). MSN.com. September 16, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- ↑ "Teachers with Guns: Firearms Discharges by Schoolteachers, 1980–2012" (PDF). Homicidecenter.org. August 2013. p. 1..
- ↑ Puryear, Eric (April 30, 2008). "A discussion of the reasoning behind gun free zone, 2007–2008". Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.bmsg.org/resources/publications/issue-8-the-debate-on-gun-policies-in-US-and-midwest-newspapers
- ↑ Clines, Francis. "3 Slain at Law School; Student Is Held." New York Times. 17 Jan. 2002.
- ↑ Wickman, Forrest. "Do Armed Citizens Stop Mass Shootings?" Slate. 18 Dec. 2012.
- ↑ Terkel, Amanda. "Columbine High School Had Armed Guard During Massacre In 1999." Huffington Post. 5 Dec. 2013.
- ↑ "New Year gun amnesty planned". BBC News. December 27, 2002. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
- ↑ http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2000031000&type=hitlist&num=0#.UnxPbvmshcY Zero Tolerance for School Violence
- 1 2 Erica Goode (April 6, 2013). "In Shift, Police Advise Taking an Active Role to Counter Mass Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
- ↑ http://homicidecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Teachers-with-Guns-RESEARCH-REPORT-FINAL.pdf
- ↑ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/f-firearm-more-teachers-authorized-carry-weapons-classroom-n208946
- ↑ Morris, Robert; Duplechain, Rosalind (2002). "New Ways To Stop Bullying". Monitor on Psychology. 33 (9): 64.
- ↑ https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf
- ↑ Teachers with Guns: Firearms Discharges by School teachers, 1980–2012 |url= http://homicidecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Teachers-with-Guns-RESEARCH-REPORT-FINAL.pdf |p.3 |2013.
- ↑ McKinley Jr., James C. (August 28, 2008). "In Texas School, Teachers Carry Books and Guns". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Guns on college campuses allowed in U.S. state Utah". Int. Her. Trib. The Associated Press. March 29, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ Lott, John (September 9, 2006). "Utah Supreme Court Shoots down University of Utah Gun Ban". Johnrlott.blogspot.com. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ "U of Wisconsin Prepares for New Concealed Carry Law". Campus Safety Magazine. September 7, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ "Mississippi Passes New Campus Gun Laws". Daily Mississippian. February 19, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
- ↑ Whaley, Monte (March 5, 2012). "Colorado Supreme Court affirms that CU students with permits can carry concealed guns on campus". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ Graves, Bill (September 28, 2011). "Oregon Court of Appeals rejects university system's ban on guns on campus". The Oregonian. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ↑ "Oregon University System Policy on Firearms" (PDF). March 2, 2012.
- ↑ Kopel, Dave (September 2, 2004). "Follow the Leader: Israel and Thailand set an example by arming teachers.". National Review. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010.
- ↑ Lichtblau, Eric; Rich, Motoko (December 21, 2012). "N.R.A. Calls for Armed Guards at Schools". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Five Concerns About Armed Guards in Schools". Huffington Post. January 13, 2013.
- ↑ "Preventing school shootings starts with gun safety at home." Christian Science Monitor 31 October 2013: 1. Print.
- ↑ Randich, Cheri. "Description of State Child Access Prevention Laws." Law & Justice. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. <http://www.leg.wa.gov/Senate/Committees/LAW/Documents/SummaryOfStateChildAccessPreventionLaws.pdf>
- 1 2 "Indiana Sheriffs Set New Standard in School Safety". indianasheriffs.org. Indiana Sheriffs Association. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Hockenberry, John (October 8, 2015). "Is This the Safest School in America?". The Takeaway. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
- Muschert, Glen – Sumiala, Johanna (eds.): School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age. Studies in Media and Communications, 7. Bingley: Emerald, 2012. ISSN 2050-2060 ISBN 978-1-78052-918-9
External links
- BBC timeline of US school shootings
- Student Threat Assessment and Management System Guide
- Horrific School Shootings – slideshow by Life magazine
- School Shooters .info - database of information and documents relating to school shooters
- Algoworld: Scientific Ways To Predict Mass Shootings


text:
Course: BIO 148-ENVS 80: Polar Science, Policy and Ethics
Instructor: Ross Virginia
Assignment: Science Communication on Polar Change: A Video Project
Science has provided overwhelming evidence of human-influenced Arctic climate change and the likelihood that the pace of change is accelerating. The effects are and will be felt around the world in the environment, weather and oceanographic conditions, commercial shipping and fishing, exploitation of natural resources and energy, agriculture, and wildlife. Indigenous peoples' way of life is changing, and new health and disease concerns are arising as climate changes in the North. Arctic residents see these environmental changes first-hand, but public awareness of these changes is low and the educational experience for young students in many northern locations does not provide an understanding of the drivers of change and the feedbacks that accelerate or decrease rates of change in biological and physical processes.
Video and multimedia presentations are being used more and more by researchers and teachers to communicate scientific concepts with diverse audiences. This assignment is designed to give you practical skills in producing a video product and in designing science- centered content suited for a target audience. You will work with one or two other students. The target audience for the project will be either: 1) the general US public, think of a Super Bowl infomercial to communicate information about climate change, or 2) high school students living in Greenland.
Susan Simon, media learning technologist with the Jones Media Center, will guide our project. She will lead a media workshop to introduce the basics on project design and will go through the technology and tools available to us on line and at the Jones Media Center. Class time will be devoted to working as a group and in smaller teams on forming the project and intermediate goals and short assignments will keep us on schedule. Three "check-in" sessions have been scheduled at the Jones Media Center during class time so we can work directly with their staff. More information will be distributed in class. My hope for this project is that it will be interesting, challenging, and I dare say fun.
Example of Student Final Project
[youtube DxQcxZ3olbE]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Friday, June 17
featured sponsor giveaway
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text:
Acer Still Underwhelmed by Windows RT Tablet Market
Acer still isn't convinced that building a tablet based on Microsoft's new Windows RT operating system is a worthwhile effort.
Acer had planned to debut an RT tablet in the first quarter of 2013. But the company decided against it when Microsoft announced the Surface RT. "Originally we had a very aggressive plan to come out very early next year," Acer President Jim Wong said of the company's RT tablet last October. "But because of Surface … we are much more cautious. Originally our plan was Q1, but now I don't think it will be earlier than Q2."
Evidently, the ensuing months haven't done much to convince Acer to bring a Windows RT tablet to market, because the company hasn't launched one yet, and it continues to be cagey about its plans for doing so.
Speaking at a company event last Friday, Wong said Acer has decided against releasing a tablet running the current version of Windows RT, though it may build one for the next generation of the OS.
"The plan for an RT tablet is ongoing," Wong said. "To be honest, there's no value doing the current version of RT."
Harsh words. But then, Windows RT tablet sales haven't been all that hot. Certainly Acer isn't missing out on much by taking a wait-and-see approach to the RT tablet market.


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Unlike my conservative friends, I do not think the fault lies entirely with the Democrats. Instead, it has to do with the total eclipse of the state's once-lively two-party system. As Starr has noted, California's golden age of governance from the 1940s to the 1960s was largely a bipartisan affair, with power shifting between the parties. "Despite their differences," Starr writes, "Democrats and Republicans saw sufficiently eye-to-eye" to embrace policies that drove California's growth…
Before 1994, Republicans were capable of winning upward of two-fifths of the Latino vote. But after that, as the Latino portion of the electorate grew, from 7 percent in 1980 to more than 21 percent today, these voters became, much like the African-American vote, essentially a bloc owned by the Democrats. In 2010, Jerry Brown won nearly two-thirds of their votes in his bid to return as governor. Asian voters, despite their decidedly middle-class and entrepreneurial bent, sensed the whiff of nativism among Republicans and also turned to the Democrats. With minority communities' share of the electorate growing every year, the GOP essentially has backed itself into permanent minority status.
This has set the stage for a bizarre political farce, where minority representatives in Sacramento – with few exceptions – consistently vote against the interests of their own constituents on issues such as water allocations in the Central Valley or regulations that boost energy and housing prices. In their clamor to join the "progressive" team, they, in effect, are placing the California "dream" outside the reach of the state's heavily minority working class.
It's almost surreal to see people who represent impoverished East Los Angeles and Fresno, for example, vote exactly the same way as those who represent rich, white and older voters in Marin County and Westside Los Angeles.


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Walking in His Father's Footsteps
1. From the day he came to earth, throughout his journey as a man,
Jesus taught through his example how to live his Father's plan.
Doing nothing of himself but what he saw his Father do,
lifting up each weary wanderer till his life on earth was through.
Walking in his Father's footsteps Christ showed us God's chosen way.
Constantly he sought the Father's will to guide him through each day.
Willingly he served his children while he taught that men are not alone.
If I follow his example Christ will lead me safely home.
2. In this world so full of sin, plagued with sorrow and despair,
there are many lost souls searching, not knowing Heav'nly Father's there.
With the knowledge we've been giv'n how can we stand idly by?
I will share my joy with others. I will calm my neighbor's cry.
Walking in my Father's footsteps I will follow God's own way.
Constantly I'll seek my Father's will to guide me through each day.
Willingly I'll serve God's children, let them know that they are not alone.
If we follow Christ's example we can find our way back home.
Text: Margo Faraoni
Music: Margo Faraoni
Artist: Faraoni
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: New Era
Composition Date: 1995-08-01
More Info: New Era


text:
I feel as if I've been handed a death sentence. "No caramel, nuts, ribs, wings, gum or apples - unless they're cut up," says the man behind the surgical mask. I'm not on a diet, though I might as well be, now that my orthodontist has given me the hard word on what I can and can't eat for the next two years. Yep, I've gotten myself a grill - a good 25 years after it was cool to do so.
I'm not a complete narcissist - Lord knows I could use a few shots of Botox, but something about turning 40 had me looking for ways to feel better about myself. I've always had two Chiclets for front teeth and a bottom set like a bad row of corn. It wasn't until noticing I no longer smiled in pictures, that I decided to set things straight.
Apparently, I'm not the only vain 40-something around.
While braces are traditionally seen as something for kids in those awkward teen years, according to the American Association of Orthodontists, approximately 22 per cent of orthodontic patients in Canada and the U.S. are adults. Indeed, according to my orthodontist, who is also president of the Alberta Society of Orthodontists, Dr. Warren Cohen, at least 30 per cent of his patients seeking treatment are adults.
"As more esthetic options are made available, we'll continue to see a growing number of adults looking at orthodontics," says Cohen.
While many people assume us older folks get a grill for cosmetic reasons, that's not always the case. Orthodontics can correct functional issues to establish a stable bite, says Cohen.
Misaligned teeth can lead to other dental problems including abnormal wearing of tooth surfaces and difficulty in chewing.
For Calgarian Jacquelyn DeGreeve, getting braces in her late 30s was merely a step in the process. Her bite needed to be fixed before getting implants, as two of her adult teeth never came in.
"My teeth were always straight and my smile doesn't look that different, but I notice a huge difference in my bite. Braces took so much pressure off my baby teeth, they don't feel as compromised anymore," she says.
Going on maternity leave with available money in her benefits plan were contributing factors for Tina Cormier to seek out treatment.
"I felt like it was either going to be braces or Botox," she says. Cormier wore Invisalign, a clear plastic alternative to metal braces. "Your smile lasts a lifetime and I thought improving it would be money well spent."
Unsurprisingly, the American Association of Orthodontists reports, 66 per cent of adult orthodontic patients are female.
Paralyzed by the thought of sporting train tracks in your advanced years? Fear not. Thanks to ongoing research in orthodontics, a variety of less noticeable appliances are available. Tooth-coloured braces and lingual braces go behind the teeth and minimize the appearance of orthodontics. Clear aligners that you pop in and out of your mouth such as Invisalign can be a good option for those who don't want to look like a geeky teenager.
"Invisalign just seemed less invasive," says Michael O'Brien, an investment adviser at Royal Bank Dominion Securities. "People don't even know I'm wearing them."
Before diving into dental work, you'll want to consult with an orthodontist to learn the full range of appliances available and the best choice for you, depending on your goals. Be aware, however, there are few good short cuts.
"It's possible to have braces for only six months for a cosmetic alignment, but if you want your teeth to stay stable, expect it'll take longer," warns Dr. Paul Major, president of the Canadian Association of Orthodontists.
Patients should also bank on some discomfort, though not enough to stop you from your daily activities.
"There were definitely four to five uncomfortable days after I put the new (Invisalign) trays in," admits Cormier.
Then there's the time factor. Most Orthodontists work banker's hours, which can make it tricky to sneak in appointments.
"If a bracket breaks off, you need to get it fixed quickly. It was challenging getting in as I was working and had to find child care," says DeGreeve.
Patients also need to make a commitment to maintaining good oral hygiene - which takes more time to do well with braces. Keeping up regular appointments with your own dentist and professional cleanings are also essential.
And just how much is a manufactured megawatt smile? While the cost of treatment depends on the severity of the problem and the length of treatment required, expect to pay anywhere between $5,000 to $10,000.
Most practitioners offer payment plans, and some dental insurance benefits and health spending accounts can help offset the cost.
But despite the hassle, occasional discomfort and cost, you'd be hard pressed to find an older patient that didn't think it was worth it.
"I'm happy I did it. It's had a huge impact on my mouth health," says DeGreeve.
And though he's only eight weeks into the process, O'Brien can already see and feel the difference.
"I've seen a modelling of the end result. If it's even close, I'm going to be quite happy. People are afraid of the unknown: Is it going to hurt? Will there be a lot of maintenance?
But once you get over the small factors, you won't look back at all," he says.
Jody Robbins is a freelance lifestyles writer. Follow her blog travelswithbaggage.com or on twitter @jody_robbins.


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Ngapali Beach, BurmaKirsty Turner
Myanmar's first and foremost beach destination, Ngapali Beach is the perfect seaside paradise with white sandy beaches and clear blue waters. The restaurants that line Ngapali Beach offer some of the best food in Myanmar, and this is a great place to dine on deliciously fresh sea food as well as a range of traditional dishes and Western fare.
Although there are plenty of places to stay, don't expect to find cheap and cheerful beach huts like in many other tropical countries. However, Ngapali Beach is perfect for those with a slightly larger budget who want to stay somewhere truly unique and make some memories.
The activities are endless here and many people come to play water sports such as kayaking, sailing and snorkelling, while others simply relax on the beach and work on their tans. Pony rides along the beach are an interesting option for those who want to do something a bit different, and the beach stretches for two miles along the coast.
This is the perfect play for simply relaxing as the loud beach bars and vendors that plague so many of Asia's most beautiful beaches are absent and there is little to spoil the tranquillity. The beach is spotlessly clean and sun worshipers can stretch out without having to worry.
Those with a strong sense of adventure and extra energy can go on a boat trip and explore the collection of nearby islands such as Pearl Island, the intriguing black sands of Zalat Htone Island and visit a nearby fishing village.
A good way to see the area is by hiring a bike, and as you peddle along the narrow sandy lanes you will discover a number of interesting villages such as Kinmaw village with its clay pottery works and the hand weaving village of Thandwe.
If you can bear to tear yourself away from the beach for an hour or two, explore the range of small hills, where you will find a peaceful lake, which is a good place for fishing or simply sit and watch the birds messing about in the water.
Ngapali is undoubtedly one of Myanmar's most romantic destinations. Couples can walk along the palm lined beach as the sun slowly sets into the Indian Ocean before enjoying a candlelit meal of lobster and prawns on the beach by candlelit. Pure heaven.


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The Genesis Planet was an uninhabited planet located in the Genesis sector, a region of space in the Mutara sector. When the Genesis Device exploded, which resulted in the destruction of the USS Reliant, the planet was formed from the coalescence and cooling of the gas and dust of the Mutara Nebula. The explosion occurred at the conclusion of a fierce battle between Khan Noonien Singh and Admiral James T. Kirk in 2285. (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan; Star Trek III: The Search for Spock)
Following the initial creation of the planet, Captain Spock's photon torpedo casing was launched towards it, following his funeral service. Because gravitational fields were in flux, his casing soft-landed on the planet's surface. (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan; Star Trek III: The Search for Spock)
The Genesis Planet immediately became a galactic controversy, and Starfleet declared it off limits until the Federation Council could decide what to do. In the meantime, the USS Grissom was dispatched with a scientific team that included the planet's co-creator, Dr. David Marcus, to carry out a thorough investigation. While exploring the planet with Saavik, Marcus admitted that he'd used protomatter to complete the Genesis matrix. The unstable and dangerous properties of the protomatter were a contributing factor in the planet's rapid aging and instability.
A battle occurred in orbit during the final degradation of the planet in which both the USS Grissom and the USS Enterprise were destroyed and a Klingon Bird-of-Prey HMS Bounty was commandeered by Admiral Kirk and his remaining crew. (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock)
Three months later, in an angry tirade directed at the Federation Council and the Federation President, the Klingon Ambassador alleged that this planet would have housed a secret base from which Kirk would have launched a genocidal campaign using the Genesis Device against the Klingons. His allegations were debunked by Sarek, who pointed out that Genesis was named for creation of life and that the Klingons shed the first blood in trying to possess its secrets. (Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home)
Initial scans of the new planet, from the Grissom, indicated several fascinating revelations, including "all the varieties of Earth's land and weather, within a few hours' walk," according to Dr. Marcus.
- Sector 1: Had foliage in fully-developed state of growth; temperature: 22.2 °Celsius
- Sector 2: Had desert terrain. Minimal vegetation; temperature: 39.4 °Celsius
- Sector 3: Had subtropical vegetation; temperature decreasing rapidly, indications of snow
The same effect that hyper-evolved the plantlife on the planet seemed to have had the same effect on microbes on the surface of the burial photon torpedo that soft landed on the planet shortly after it was created. The microbes evolved into multicellular organisms in a very short period of time.
Unstable protomatter, used in the matrix's construction by David Marcus in his haste to complete the Genesis Project, caused the ecosystems it had created to become dangerously erratic. This instability manifested itself first in an accelerated rate of growth, then in micro-climatic upheavals. Instead of flourishing, the planet began to experience heavy geologic activity that resulted in the entire surface becoming molten. (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock)
External link
- Genesis Planet at Memory Beta, the wiki for licensed Star Trek works


text:
It's holiday time which means it's time to show off your new bundle of joy. Why not do it with these cute holiday onesie's®. Holiday onesie's® allow new parents to dress their babies up in celebration for the holiday with cute, fun, and even inspirational sayings.
This Turkey Unicorn Cute Adorable Thanksgiving Holiday Onesie® for Baby Girls is a Very Cute Outfit For Babies to Celebate Thanksgiving.
Ordering is simple:
1. Select Size
2. Select If You Would Like To Make It Unique
3. Select "Add To Cart" to continue shopping or "Buy Now" to complete check out
About The Onesie's®:
* Onesie's® are handmade to order at the time of order.
* Onesie's® May run small, we recommend ordering a size up if you are unsure. Size charts are shown in a pic in the listing, as well as below.
* Onesie's® are printed as shown (at this time we are unable to personalize items).
* Onesie's® are printed using high quality printable heat transfers and pressed with a commercial heat press. Some glitter or foil items may be produced using heat transfer vinyl.
Onesie's® are:
* Gerber Organic
* 100% Combed Ringspun Cotton
* 5.8 oz / 197 GSM
* Lap shoulder and envelope neck makes it easier to put on and take off
* Two-needle hemmed sleeves won't unravel
* Reinforced DTM 3-snap bottom closure
* CPSIA certified https://www.cpsc.gov/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act
Washing Instructions
* Turn garment inside out.
* Wash separately
* Machine wash COLD with mild detergent.
* Do NOT use fabric softener.
* Dry at a normal dryer setting on household machines.
* Do not dry clean.
Production & Shipping:
* Orders are completed and shipped within 3-5 business days.
* Standard shipping is done via USPS first class mail. Upgraded shipping is available for priority and express mail.
* Rush order for production and shipping is also available for an additional charge.
*This listing includes 1 onesie®, accessories are not included.
*Images and colors displayed on-screen may vary depending on monitors and what is shown may not be an exact representation of what will be printed.
Let us show you how to make magic by turning your onesie® into a onesie® treat! Get your FREE DIY step by step guide and make your ordinary custom onesie® into an extraordinary gift! Go to www.wigglezngigglez.com/diy-unique-gifts now to download your guide.
If you don't have time for DIY, we can do the magic for you. Select which unique treat you would like when you place your order.
**The term Onesie® is owned and trademarked by Gerber.
Size Chart:
Newborn (5-8 Ibs; 17-21 in)
0-3M (6-12 Ibs; 21-24 in)
3-6M (12-16 Ibs; 24-26 in)
3-9M (12-20 Ibs; 24-28 in)
6-9M (16-20 Ibs; 26-28 in)
12M (20-24 Ibs; 28-30 in)
18M (24-28 Ibs; 30-32 in)
24M / 2T (28-32 Ibs; 32-34 in)
>>Let's Get Social<<
3-5 business days
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 3 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 7 days of delivery
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
At this time we are not able to produce personalized orders. We do allow slight changes of the designs that do not alter the layout or format of the design. We also offer discounts for the change suggestions as we are able to add the design as a new design to our store.
Onesie's® May run small, we recommend ordering a size up if you are unsure.
Newborn (5-8 Ibs; 17-21 in)
0-3M (6-12 Ibs; 21-24 in)
3-6M (12-16 Ibs; 24-26 in)
3-9M (12-20 Ibs; 24-28 in)
6-9M (16-20 Ibs; 26-28 in)
12M (20-24 Ibs; 28-30 in)
18M (24-28 Ibs; 30-32 in)
24M / 2T (28-32 Ibs; 32-34 in)
•Turn garment inside out.
•Wash separately
•Machine wash COLD with mild detergent.
•Do NOT use fabric softener.
•Dry at a normal dryer setting on household machines.
•Do not dry clean.
We do not offer wholesale at this time.


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Two, Watchout - Funny Baby T-shirts
A funny baby t shirt with the message: I am two so watch out. All designs are by Da Londra and are printed on long sleeve t-shirts of the highest quality. The T shirt is ethically made from 100% soft cotton and you can machine wash it at 40c.
The T shirts come packaged in Da Londra clear presentation packs and are ready to be given as a gift.
All designs are copyright of Da Londra and all rights are reserved.
Also see our other Da Londra designs for baby T shirts with funny messages and quotes.


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Carpeting: Commercial (woven)
Woven carpet is created on looms that take face and backing yarns and simultaneously weave them into a complete product. A latex back coating is usually applied for stability and a separate carpet cushion is usually used, although other attached cushions are available for various performance needs. Principal variations of woven carpet include velvet, Wilton, and Axminster.
Brand Overview
Masland Contract Carpet
Profile | Website | Warranty | Green
Masland Contract was founded in Pennsylvania in 1866 and still today boasts of its heritage as the leading carpet manufacturer in the United States.