text:
Frequent Links
|Discovered by
|Brown et al.; Ortiz et al. (neither official)
|Discovery date
|2004 December 28 (Brown et al.); 2005 July (Ortiz et al.)
|MPC designation
|(136108) Haumea
|/haʊˈmeɪ.ə/ or /ˌhɑːuːˈmeɪ.ə/[nb 1]
Named after
Dwarf planet, plutoid, TNO,[1][2]
7:12 resonance, (delisted cubewano)
Haumea family,
and trinary[3]
|Orbital characteristics[7]
|Epoch 2014-12-09 (JD 2457000.5)
51.483 Script error: No such module "convert".
(7.702 Tm)
34.952Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
(5.229 Tm)
43.218Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
(6.465 Tm)
|284.12 yr (103774 Script error: No such module "convert".)
Average orbital speed
|4.531Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
|Known satellites
|Physical characteristics
1,920 × 1,540 × 990 km[8]≈ 1,960 × 1,518 × 996 km (Keck)[9]
Mean radius
620Script error: No such module "Su".Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.[10]
≈ 650 km (Hershel)[8][11]
690 km[12]
575Script error: No such module "Su".Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67. (Spitzer)[13]
≈ 718 km (Keck)
|≈ 6.8×106Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
|1.5×109Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
4.006±0.040)×1021Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.([14]
0.00066Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
Mean density
|0.63 m/s2
|0.91 km/s
Sidereal rotation period
0.163146±0.000004Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.
(3.9155±0.0001Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67.)[15]
0.804Script error: No such module "Su".[10]
0.84Script error: No such module "Su".[13]
Spectral type
|17.3 (opposition)[19][20]
Haumea, minor-planet designation 136108 Haumea, is a dwarf planet located beyond Neptune's orbit.[21] It was discovered in 2004 by a team headed by Mike Brown of Caltech at the Palomar Observatory in the United States and independently in 2005, by a team headed by José Luis Ortiz Moreno at the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain, though the latter claim has been contested. On September 17, 2008, it was recognized as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and named after Haumea, the Hawaiian goddess of childbirth.
Haumea's mass is about one-third that of Pluto, and 1/1400 that of Earth. Although its shape has not been directly observed, calculations from its light curve suggest it is an ellipsoid, with its major axis twice as long as its minor. Nonetheless, its gravity is believed sufficient for it to have relaxed into hydrostatic equilibrium, making it a dwarf planet. This elongation, along with its unusually rapid rotation, high density, and high albedo (from a surface of crystalline water ice), are thought to be the results of a giant collision, which left Haumea the largest member of a collisional family that includes several large trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and its two known moons, Hi'iaka and Namaka. Its extreme elongation makes it unique among known dwarf planets.
Haumea is a plutoid, a dwarf planet residing beyond Neptune's orbit.[22] Its classification as a dwarf planet means it is presumed to be massive enough to have been rounded by its own gravity but not to have cleared its neighbourhood of similar objects. Although Haumea appears to be far from spherical, its ellipsoidal shape is thought to result from its rapid rotation, in much the same way that a water balloon stretches out when tossed with a spin, and not from a lack of sufficient gravity to overcome the compressive strength of its material.[21] Haumea was initially listed as a classical Kuiper belt object (classical KBO) in 2006 by the Minor Planet Center, but no longer.[1] The nominal trajectory suggests that it is in the weak 7:12 resonance with Neptune (orbiting the Sun 7 times for every 12 orbits of Neptune), because the perihelion distance of 35 AU is near the limit of stability with Neptune.[3] There are precovery images of Haumea dating back to March 22, 1955 from the Palomar Mountain Digitized Sky Survey.[2] Further observations of the orbit will be required to verify its dynamic status.
Discovery controversy
Two teams claim credit for the discovery of Haumea. Mike Brown and his team at Caltech discovered Haumea in December 2004 on images they had taken on May 6, 2004. On July 20, 2005, they published an online abstract of a report intended to announce the discovery at a conference in September 2005.[23] At around this time, José Luis Ortiz Moreno and his team at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía at Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain found Haumea on images taken on March 7–10, 2003.[24] Ortiz emailed the Minor Planet Center with their discovery on the night of July 27, 2005.[24]
Brown initially conceded discovery credit to Ortiz,[25] but came to suspect the Spanish team of fraud upon learning that his observation logs were accessed from the Spanish observatory the day before the discovery announcement. These logs included enough information to allow the Ortiz team to precover Haumea in their 2003 images, and they were accessed again just before Ortiz scheduled telescope time to obtain confirmation images for a second announcement to the MPC on July 29. Ortiz later admitted he had accessed the Caltech observation logs but denied any wrongdoing, stating he was merely verifying whether they had discovered a new object.[26]
IAU protocol is that discovery credit for a minor planet goes to whoever first submits a report to the MPC (Minor Planet Center) with enough positional data for a decent determination of its orbit, and that the credited discoverer has priority in choosing a name. However, the IAU announcement on September 17, 2008, that Haumea had been accepted as a dwarf planet, did not mention a discoverer. The location of discovery was listed as the Sierra Nevada Observatory of the Spanish team,[22][27] but the chosen name, Haumea, was the Caltech proposal; Ortiz's team had proposed "Ataecina", named for the ancient Iberian goddess of Spring.[24]
Until it was given a permanent name, the Caltech discovery team used the nickname "Santa" among themselves, because they had discovered Haumea on December 28, 2004, just after Christmas.[28] The Spanish team were the first to file a claim for discovery to the Minor Planet Center (MPC), in July 2005. On July 29, 2005, Haumea was given the temporary designation 2003 EL61, based on the date of the Spanish discovery image. On September 7, 2006, it was numbered and admitted into the official minor planet catalogue as (136108) 2003 EL61.
Following guidelines established by the IAU that classical KBOs be given names of mythological beings associated with creation,[29] in September 2006 the Caltech team submitted formal names from Hawaiian mythology to the IAU for both (136108) 2003 EL61 and its moons, in order "to pay homage to the place where the satellites were discovered".[30] The names were proposed by David Rabinowitz of the Caltech team.[21] Haumea is the matron goddess of the island of Hawaiʻi, where the Mauna Kea Observatory is located. In addition, she is identified with Papa, the goddess of the earth and wife of Wākea (space),[31] which is appropriate because 2003 EL61 is thought to be composed almost entirely of solid rock, without the thick ice mantle over a small rocky core typical of other known Kuiper belt objects.[32][33] Lastly, Haumea is the goddess of fertility and childbirth, with many children who sprang from different parts of her body;[31] this corresponds to the swarm of icy bodies thought to have broken off the dwarf planet during an ancient collision.[33] The two known moons, also believed to have formed in this manner,[33] are thus named after two of Haumea's daughters, Hiʻiaka and Nāmaka.[32]
The proposal by the Ortiz team, Ataecina, did not meet IAU naming requirements, because Ataecina is not a creation deity. (See Ataecina#Dwarf planet.)
Orbit and rotation
Haumea has a typical orbit for a classical Kuiper-belt object, with an orbital period of 284 Earth years, a perihelion of 35 AU, and an orbital inclination of 28°.[7] It passed aphelion in early 1992,[20] and is currently more than 50 AU from the Sun.[19]
Haumea's orbit has a slightly greater eccentricity than the other members of its collisional family. This is thought to be due to Haumea's weak 7:12 orbital resonance with Neptune gradually modifying its initial orbit over the course of a billion years,[33][34] through the Kozai effect, which allows the exchange of an orbit's inclination for increased eccentricity.[33][35][36]
With a visual magnitude of 17.3,[19] Haumea is the third-brightest object in the Kuiper belt after Pluto and Makemake, and easily observable with a large amateur telescope.[9] However, because the planets and most small Solar System bodies share a common orbital alignment from their formation in the primordial disk of the Solar System, most early surveys for distant objects focused on the projection on the sky of this common plane, called the ecliptic.[37] As the region of sky close to the ecliptic became well explored, later sky surveys began looking for objects that had been dynamically excited into orbits with higher inclinations, as well as more distant objects, with slower mean motions across the sky.[38][39] These surveys eventually covered the location of Haumea, with its high orbital inclination and current position far from the ecliptic.
Haumea displays large fluctuations in brightness over a period of 3.9 hours, which can only be explained by a rotational period of this length.[40] This is faster than any other known equilibrium body in the Solar System, and indeed faster than any other known body larger than 100 km in diameter.[9] This rapid rotation is thought to have been caused by the impact that created its satellites and collisional family.[33]
Physical characteristics
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Because Haumea has moons, the mass of the system can be calculated from their orbits using Kepler's third law. The result is 4.2×1021 kg, 28% the mass of the Plutonian system and 6% the mass of the Moon. Nearly all of this mass is in Haumea.[14][41]
Size, shape, and composition
The size of a Solar System object can be deduced from its optical magnitude, its distance, and its albedo. Objects appear bright to Earth observers either because they are large or because they are highly reflective. If their reflectivity (albedo) can be ascertained, then a rough estimate can be made of their size. For most distant objects, the albedo is unknown, but Haumea is large and bright enough for its thermal emission to be measured, which has given an approximate value for its albedo and thus its size.[13] However, the calculation of its dimensions is complicated by its rapid rotation. The rotational physics of deformable bodies predicts that over as little as a hundred days,[9] a body rotating as rapidly as Haumea will have been distorted into the equilibrium form of a scalene ellipsoid. It is thought that most of the fluctuation in Haumea's brightness is caused not by local differences in albedo but by the alternation of the side view and end view as seen from Earth.[9]
The rotation and amplitude of Haumea's light curve place strong constraints on its composition. If Haumea had a low density like Pluto, with a thick mantle of ice over a small rocky core, its rapid rotation would have elongated it to a greater extent than the fluctuations in its brightness allow. Such considerations constrain its density to a range of 2.6–3.3 g/cm3.[9] By comparison, Earth's rocky moon has a density of 3.3 g/cm3, while Pluto, which is typical of icy objects in the Kuiper belt, has a density of 2.0 g/cm3. Haumea's possible density covers the values for silicate minerals such as olivine and pyroxene, which make up many of the rocky objects in the Solar System. This suggests that the bulk of Haumea is rock covered with a relatively thin layer of ice. A thick ice mantle more typical of Kuiper belt objects may have been blasted off during the impact that formed the Haumean collisional family.[33]
The denser the object in hydrostatic equilibrium, the more spherical it must be for a given rotational period, placing constraints on Haumea's possible dimensions. Fitting its accurately known mass, its rotation, and its inferred density to an equilibrium ellipsoid predicts that Haumea is approximately the diameter of Pluto along its longest axis and about half that at its poles. Because no observations of occultations of stars by Haumea or occultations of the dwarf planet with its moons have yet been made, direct, precise measurements of its dimensions, like those that have been made for Pluto, do not yet exist.
Several ellipsoid-model calculations of Haumea's dimensions have been made. The first model produced after Haumea's discovery was calculated from ground-based observations of Haumea's light curve at optical wavelengths: it provided a total length of 1,960 to 2,500 km and a visual albedo (pv) greater than 0.6.[9] The most likely shape is a triaxial ellipsoid with approximate dimensions of 2,000 x 1,500 x 1,000 km, with an albedo of 0.71.[9] Observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope give a diameter of Script error: No such module "Su".Lua error: Unmatched close-bracket at pattern character 67. and an albedo of 1,1500.84Script error: No such module "Su"., from photometry at infrared wavelengths of 70 μm.[13] Subsequent light-curve analyses have suggested an equivalent circular diameter of 1,450 km.[42] In 2010 an analysis of measurements taken by Herschel Space Telescope together with the older Spitzer Telescope measurements yielded a new estimate of the equivalent diameter of Haumea—about 1300 km.[11] These independent size estimates overlap at an average geometric mean diameter of roughly 1,400 km. This makes Haumea one of the largest trans-Neptunian objects discovered,[13] smaller than Eris, Pluto, probably Makemake, and possibly 2007 OR10, and larger than Sedna, Quaoar, and Orcus.
In 2005, the Gemini and Keck telescopes obtained spectra of Haumea which showed strong crystalline water ice features similar to the surface of Pluto's moon Charon.[16] This is peculiar, because crystalline ice forms at temperatures above 110 K, whereas Haumea's surface temperature is below 50 K, a temperature at which amorphous ice is formed.[16] In addition, the structure of crystalline ice is unstable under the constant rain of cosmic rays and energetic particles from the Sun that strike trans-Neptunian objects.[16] The timescale for the crystalline ice to revert to amorphous ice under this bombardment is on the order of ten million years,[43] yet trans-Neptunian objects have been in their present cold-temperature locations for timescales of thousands of millions of years.[34] Radiation damage should also redden and darken the surface of trans-Neptunian objects where the common surface materials of organic ices and tholin-like compounds are present, as is the case with Pluto. Therefore, the spectra and colour suggest Haumea and its family members have undergone recent resurfacing that produced fresh ice. However, no plausible resurfacing mechanism has been suggested.[18]
Haumea is as bright as snow, with an albedo in the range of 0.6–0.8, consistent with crystalline ice.[9] Other large TNOs such as Eris appear to have albedos as high or higher.[44] Best-fit modeling of the surface spectra suggested that 66% to 80% of the Haumean surface appears to be pure crystalline water ice, with one contributor to the high albedo possibly hydrogen cyanide or phyllosilicate clays.[16] Inorganic cyanide salts such as copper potassium cyanide may also be present.[16]
However, further studies of the visible and near infrared spectra suggest a homogeneous surface covered by an intimate 1:1 mixture of amorphous and crystalline ice, together with no more than 8% organics. The absence of ammonia hydrate excludes cryovolcanism and the observations confirm that the collisional event must have happened more than 100 million years ago, in agreement with the dynamic studies.[45] The absence of measurable methane in the spectra of Haumea is consistent with a warm collisional history that would have removed such volatiles,[16] in contrast to Makemake.[46]
In addition to the large fluctuations in Haumea's light curve due to the body's shape, which affect all colours equally, smaller independent colour variations seen in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths show a region on the surface that differs both in colour and in albedo.[15][47] More specifically, a large dark red area on Haumea's bright white surface was seen in September 2009, possibly an impact feature, which indicates an area rich in minerals and organic (carbon-rich) compounds, or possibly a higher proportion of crystalline ice.[40][48] Thus Haumea may have a mottled surface reminiscent of Pluto, if not as extreme.
Two small satellites have been discovered orbiting Haumea, (136108) Haumea I Hiʻiaka and (136108) Haumea II Namaka.[22] Brown's team discovered both in 2005, through observations of Haumea using the W.M. Keck Observatory.
Hiʻiaka, at first nicknamed "Rudolph" by the Caltech team,[49] was discovered January 26, 2005.[50] It is the outer and, at roughly 310 km in diameter, the larger and brighter of the two, and orbits Haumea in a nearly circular path every 49 days.[51] Strong absorption features at 1.5 and 2 micrometres in the infrared spectrum are consistent with nearly pure crystalline water ice covering much of the surface.[52] The unusual spectrum, along with similar absorption lines on Haumea, led Brown and colleagues to conclude that capture was an unlikely model for the system's formation, and that the Haumean moons must be fragments of Haumea itself.[34]
Namaka, the smaller, inner satellite of Haumea, was discovered on June 30, 2005,[53] and nicknamed "Blitzen". It is a tenth the mass of Hiʻiaka, orbits Haumea in 18 days in a highly elliptical, non-Keplerian orbit, and as of 2008[update] is inclined 13° from the larger moon, which perturbs its orbit.[54] The relatively large eccentricities together with the mutual inclination of the orbits of the satellites are unexpected as they should have been damped by the tidal effects. A relatively recent passage by a 3:1 resonance might explain the current excited orbits of the Haumean moons.[12]
At present, the orbits of the Haumean moons appear almost exactly edge-on from Earth, with Namaka periodically occulting Haumea.[55] Observation of such transits would provide precise information on the size and shape of Haumea and its moons,[56] as happened in the late 1980s with Pluto and Charon.[57] The tiny change in brightness of the system during these occultations will require at least a medium-aperture professional telescope for detection.[56][58] Hiʻiaka last occulted Haumea in 1999, a few years before discovery, and will not do so again for some 130 years.[59] However, in a situation unique among regular satellites, Namaka's orbit is being greatly torqued by Hiʻiaka, preserving the viewing angle of Namaka–Haumea transits for several more years.[54][56][58]
Collisional family
Haumea is the largest member of its collisional family, a group of astronomical objects with similar physical and orbital characteristics thought to have formed when a larger progenitor was shattered by an impact.[33] This family is the first to be identified among TNOs and includes—beside Haumea and its moons—(55636) 2002 TX300 (≈364 km), (24835) 1995 SM55 (≈174 km), (19308) 1996 TO66 (≈200 km), (120178) 2003 OP32 (≈230 km), and (145453) 2005 RR43 (≈252 km).[3] Brown and colleagues proposed that the family were a direct product of the impact that removed Haumea's ice mantle,[33] but a second proposal suggests a more complicated origin: that the material ejected in the initial collision instead coalesced into a large moon of Haumea, which was later shattered in a second collision, dispersing its shards outwards.[60] This second scenario appears to produce a dispersion of velocities for the fragments that is more closely matched to the measured velocity dispersion of the family members.[60]
The presence of the collisional family could imply that Haumea and its "offspring" might have originated in the scattered disc. In today's sparsely populated Kuiper belt, the chance of such a collision occurring over the age of the Solar System is less than 0.1 percent.[61] The family could not have formed in the denser primordial Kuiper belt because such a close-knit group would have been disrupted by Neptune's migration into the belt—the believed cause of the belt's current low density.[61] Therefore it appears likely that the dynamic scattered disc region, in which the possibility of such a collision is far higher, is the place of origin for the object that generated Haumea and its kin.[61]
Because it would have taken at least a billion years for the group to have diffused as far as it has, the collision which created the Haumea family is believed to have occurred very early in the Solar System's history.[3]
See also
|Wikinews has related news: Kuiper Belt object to become comet in approx. 2 million years
- Astronomical naming conventions
- Clearing the neighbourhood
- International Astronomical Union
- Planets beyond Neptune
- ^ a b "MPEC 2010-H75 : DISTANT MINOR PLANETS (2010 MAY 14.0 TT)" (2006 PROVISIONAL CUBEWANO LISTING). Minor Planet Center. 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
- ^ a b Marc W. Buie (2008-06-25). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136108". Southwest Research Institute (Space Science Department). Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ a b c d Ragozzinee, D.; Brown, M. E (2007). "Candidate Members and Age Estimate of the Family of Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61". Astronomical Journal 134 (6): 2160–2167. Bibcode:2007AJ....134.2160R. arXiv:0709.0328. doi:10.1086/522334.
- ^ New Dwarf Planet Named For Hawaiian Goddess[dead link] (WCPO, 20-9-2008)
- ^ http://dps08.astro.cornell.edu/AAS_WebcastSchedule_2008.html
- ^ podcast: Dwarf Planet Haumea (Darin Ragozzine)
- ^ a b c "Jet Propulsion Laboratory Small-Body Database Browser: 136108 Haumea (2003 EL61)" (2014-11-28 last obs). NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
- ^ a b c Alexandra C. Lockwood; Michael E. Brown; John Stansberry (2014). "The size and shape of the oblong dwarf planet Haumea". Earth, Moon and Planets. arXiv:1402.4456v1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rabinowitz, D. L.; Barkume, Kristina; Brown, Michael E.; Roe, Henry; Schwartz, Michael; Tourtellotte, Suzanne; Trujillo, Chad (2006). "Photometric Observations Constraining the Size, Shape, and Albedo of 2003 EL61, a Rapidly Rotating, Pluto-Sized Object in the Kuiper Belt". Astrophysical Journal 639 (2): 1238–1251. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1238R. arXiv:astro-ph/0509401. doi:10.1086/499575.
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- ^ a b Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E. (2009). "Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea = 2003 EL61". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4766. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.4766R. arXiv:0903.4213. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766.
- ^ a b P. Lacerda; D. Jewitt & N. Peixinho (2008). "High-Precision Photometry of Extreme KBO 2003 EL61". Astronomical Journal 135 (5): 1749–1756. Bibcode:2008AJ....135.1749L. arXiv:0801.4124. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1749.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chadwick A. Trujillo, Michael E. Brown, Kristina Barkume, Emily Shaller, David L. Rabinowitz (2007). "The Surface of 2003 EL61 in the Near Infrared". Astrophysical Journal 655 (2): 1172–1178. Bibcode:2007ApJ...655.1172T. arXiv:astro-ph/0601618. doi:10.1086/509861.
- ^ Snodgrass, C.; Carry, B.; Dumas, C.; Hainaut, O. (February 2010). "Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family". Astronomy and Astrophysics 511: A72. Bibcode:2010A&A...511A..72S. arXiv:0912.3171. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913031.
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- ^ Schwamb, M. E.; Brown, M. E.; Rabinowitz, D. L. (2008). "Constraints on the distant population in the region of Sedna". American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #40, #38.07 40: 465. Bibcode:2008DPS....40.3807S.
- ^ a b Agence France-Presse (2009-09-16). "Astronomers get lock on diamond-shaped Haumea". European Planetary Science Congress in Potsdam. News Limited. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ^ Brown, M. E.; Bouchez, A. H.; Rabinowitz, D.; Sari, R.; Trujillo, C. A.; Van Dam, M.; Campbell, R.; Chin, J.; Hartman, S.; Johansson, E.; Lafon, R.; Le Mignant, D.; Stomski, P.; Summers, D.; Wizinowich, P. (2005). "Keck Observatory laser guide star adaptive optics discovery and characterization of a satellite to large Kuiper belt object 2003 EL61" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal Letters 632 (1): L45. Bibcode:2005ApJ...632L..45B. doi:10.1086/497641.
- ^ Lacerda, P.; Jewitt, D. C. (2007). "Densities of Solar System Objects from Their Rotational Light Curves". Astronomical Journal 133 (4): 1393. Bibcode:2007AJ....133.1393L. arXiv:astro-ph/0612237. doi:10.1086/511772.
- ^ "Charon: An ice machine in the ultimate deep freeze" (Press release). Gemini Observatory. 17 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ Brown, M. E.; Schaller, E. L.; Roe, H. G.; Rabinowitz, D. L.; Trujillo, C. A. (2006). "Direct measurement of the size of 2003 UB313 from the Hubble Space Telescope" (PDF). Astronomical Journal Letters 643 (2): L61–L63. Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L..61B. arXiv:astro-ph/0604245. doi:10.1086/504843.
- ^ Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Brunetto, R.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Roush, T. L.; Strazzulla, G. (2009). "Study of the Surface of 2003 EL61, the largest carbon-depleted object in the trans-neptunian belt". Astronomy and Astrophysics 496 (2): 547. Bibcode:2009A&A...496..547P. arXiv:0803.1080. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200809733.
- ^ Tegler, S. C.; Grundy, W. M.; Romanishin, W.; Consolmagno, G. J.; Mogren, K.; Vilas, F. (2007). "Optical Spectroscopy of the Large Kuiper Belt Objects 136472 (2005 FY9) and 136108 (2003 EL61)". The Astronomical Journal 133 (2): 526–530. Bibcode:2007AJ....133..526T. arXiv:astro-ph/0611135. doi:10.1086/510134.
- ^ P. Lacerda (2009). "Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Photometry of Extreme Kuiper Belt Object Haumea". Astronomical Journal 137 (2): 3404–3413. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3404L. arXiv:0811.3732. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3404.
- ^ "Strange Dwarf Planet Has Red Spot". Space.com. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ K. Chang (20 March 2007). "Piecing Together the Clues of an Old Collision, Iceball by Iceball". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Brown, M. E.; Bouchez, A. H.; Rabinowitz, D.; Sari, R.; Trujillo, C. A.; Van Dam, M.; Campbell, R.; Chin, J.; Hartman, S.; Johansson, E.; Lafon, R.; Le Mignant, D.; Stomski, P.; Summers, D.; Wizinowich, P. (2005). "Keck Observatory Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics Discovery and Characterization of a Satellite to the Large Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61". Astrophysical Journal Letters 632 (1): L45–L48. Bibcode:2005ApJ...632L..45B. doi:10.1086/497641.
- ^ Brown, M. E.; Van Dam, M. A.; Bouchez, A. H.; Le Mignant, D.; Campbell, R. D.; Chin, J. C. Y.; Conrad, A.; Hartman, S. K.; Johansson, E. M.; Lafon, R. E.; Rabinowitz, D. L. Rabinowitz; Stomski, P. J., Jr.; Summers, D. M.; Trujillo, C. A.; Wizinowich, P. L. (2006). "Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal 639 (1): L43–L46. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639L..43B. arXiv:astro-ph/0510029. doi:10.1086/501524. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- ^ K. M. Barkume; M. E. Brown & E. L. Schaller (2006). "Water Ice on the Satellite of Kuiper Belt Object 2003 EL61". Astrophysical Journal Letters 640 (1): L87–L89. Bibcode:2006ApJ...640L..87B. arXiv:astro-ph/0601534. doi:10.1086/503159.
- ^ Green, Daniel W. E. (1 December 2005). "Iauc 8636".
- ^ a b Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E.; Trujillo, C. A.; Schaller, E. L. (2008). "Orbits and Masses of the 2003 EL61 Satellite System". American Astronomical Society (AAS DPS conference 2008) 40: 462. Bibcode:2008DPS....40.3607R.
- ^ "IAU Circular 8949". International Astronomical Union. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ a b c "Mutual events of Haumea and Namaka". Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ L.-A. A. McFadden; P. R. Weissman; T. V. Johnson (2007). Encyclopedia of the Solar System. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088589-3.
- ^ a b Fabrycky, D. C.; Holman, M. J.; Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E.; Lister, T. A.; Terndrup, D. M.; Djordjevic, J.; Young, E. F.; Young, L. A.; Howell, R. R. (2008). "Mutual Events of 2003 EL61 and its Inner Satellite". American Astronomical Society (AAS DPS conference 2008) 40: 462. Bibcode:2008DPS....40.3608F.
- ^ M. Brown (18 May 2008). "Moon shadow Monday (fixed)". Mike Brown's Planets. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ a b Schlichting, H. E; Sari, R. (2009). "The Creation of Haumea's Collisional Family". The Astrophysical Journal 700 (2): 1242. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700.1242S. arXiv:0906.3893. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1242.
- ^ a b c Levison, H. F.; Morbidelli, A.; Vokrouhlický, D.; Bottke, W. F. (2008). "On a Scattered Disc Origin for the 2003 EL61 Collisional Family—an Example of the Importance of Collisions in the Dynamics of Small Bodies". Astronomical Journal 136 (3): 1079–1088. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1079L. arXiv:0809.0553. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1079.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haumea.
- Visualization of Haumea's orbit by NASA
- (136108) Haumea, Hiʻiaka, and Namaka at Johnston's Archive.com (updated September 17, 2008)
- International Year of Astronomy 2009 podcast: Dwarf Planet Haumea (Darin Ragozzine)
- Haumea as seen on June 10, 2011 by Mike Brown using the Script error: No such module "convert". WHT / ~0:30–3:30 dip in the brightness of Haumea+Namaka comes when Namaka crosses Haumea (Hi'iaka, the outer moon, is blended in the images, but it rotates every 4.5 hr and adds a little variation)
Unknown extension tag "indicator"


text:
Financial advisor Hugh Massie, president and founder of Atlanta-based firm DNA Behavior International, has long believed that it's necessary for advisors to really know their clients thoroughly in order to better serve them.
"In particular, advisors need to know how a client would behave under pressure because that's when behavior changes and emotional decisions happen," Massie says. "It's only when people are under pressure that their true DNA behavior emerges, so if you as an advisor can know your client's financial DNA, you can do the best for them."
When investors are under pressure, Massie says, they typically revert back to their natural DNA behavior, which is their "go-to" or "flip-back" behavior. Pressure leads to emotions and kicks in a person's survival instincts, and it is every person's natural DNA behavior that drives how they will respond to events in their life and how they will make their financial decisions. A person's natural DNA behavior will also remain consistent throughout their life and so it is highly predictive of their financial decisions.
Massie created DNA Behavior International in order to help advisors figure out their clients' innate behavioral DNA, in particular their financial DNA. The firm, which lived its first incarnation in Massie's native Australia, provides advisors with the tools they need to both learn about how their clients perform and react in various situations, and to then discover and apply their clients' natural behaviors to financial, investment and family succession planning. Most importantly, the company helps advisors and investors learn how to work together to align investor behavior with financial and investment solutions and, through its proprietary DNA Behavior Systems, can uncover individuals' financial personality traits.
"We're interested in helping advisors get to the core of their clients' financial personalities," Massie says. "There's been a lot of theory out there on the importance of behavioral analysis and the discovery of the financial personality, but very little by way of practical applications. What advisors need is a practical application and that's what we provide."
By partnering with DNA Behavior International, advisors can avail of a number of different tools and services that will enable them to assess their clients' natural financial DNA, their tolerance for risk and their financial personalities. The firm also provides the means by which advisors can build a fully integrated financial planning model based upon behavioral analysis.
It's important for advisors to have tools and applicable solutions for behavioral analysis because in the new advisory paradigm, where behavioral finance has taken center stage, the client is king but the advisor is the coach and the mentor, Massie says. Everything hinges on an advisor's ability and performance, "so advisors have to really demonstrate value," he says.
For their part, clients need to learn that they need a financial advisor to objectively guide them along and to help them manage their struggles when making investment choices. To match that, advisors must be prepared to play the role of "wealth mentor," Massie says, to keep their clients confidently on track and manage their emotions, but all the while making it clear that they don't seek to control their clients. It is only with this kind of an approach that the trust between advisor and client can deepen and result in more optimal financial planning.
DNA Behavior International has developed eight online DNA Behavior Discovery Processes and related DNA Performance Solutions that advisors can avail of and these have been researched and developed since 1999 by a team that has combined academic and practical behavioral discovery development experience. The firm can also customize its DNA Behavior insights to specific and tailored practical applications that allow advisors to increase both relevance and usability.
DNA Behavior International has been serving clients in the United States since 2001 and has a client base of over 2000 leading international corporations, Fortune 500 companies and financial services businesses serving advisors and families. The firm's services are delivered in over 47 countries and are available in six languages.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
INgrooves Acquires Fontana Distribution
02 Mar, 2012, 18:30 GMT
SAN FRANCISCO and LOS ANGELES, March 2, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
- Creates INgrooves Fontana: Combining Best-in-Class Digital and Physical Distribution to Empower Independent Music Community
In a move which will further empower the independent music community, INgrooves, a leading provider of digital distribution, marketing and technology services to the global music community, announced today that it has acquired Fontana Distribution from Universal Music Group (UMG). The new company, INgrooves Fontana, combines INgrooves' asset management and distribution platform and a decade of experience in the digital world, with Fontana's digital and physical distribution and marketing capabilities, to offer a complete solution to indie labels -- the best in class digital and physical distribution services. The announcement was made today by Robb McDaniels, Founder & CEO INgrooves, and Zach Horowitz, President & Chief Operating Officer of UMG. UMG holds a minority equity interest in INgrooves. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120302/SF63190LOGO)
"Through this acquisition, we are now able to offer the independent music community a fully integrated physical and digital distribution marketing solution in North America," said Mr. McDaniels. "We believe that a successful relationship between distributor and label is, at its root, a flexible structure with a transparent flow of information. By combining INgrooves and Fontana, we will be able to extend this philosophy into a comprehensive distribution operation that provides our collective client base with a larger sales force, more marketing resources and a one-stop global retail network that maximizes opportunities in this dynamic, challenging environment."
"INgrooves' commitment to independent music is second to none," stated Mr. Horowitz. "The combination of INgrooves and Fontana creates one of the strongest, most innovative companies in the business today, uniquely positioned to superserve its distributed labels with some of the most sophisticated executive talent in this genre of music, cutting edge technology, and enhanced marketing services. As a minority owner of INgrooves, we believe this new style of relationship with the independent community maximizes the potential of our investment and creates the single best home for independent labels."
As part of this arrangement, INgrooves Fontana will continue to work with UMG's award winning sales force in connection with the physical sales of the company's releases.
INgrooves Fontana will be run by Dave Zierler, President of INgrooves and Ron Spaulding, President of Fontana. Together, the two veteran distribution executives will report to Mr. McDaniels as they continue to oversee their respective businesses.
"Dave and Ron have both been extraordinarily successful over the past four years in their respective roles and have built great teams and solid relationships with labels and retailers," added Mr. McDaniels. "INgrooves Fontana will provide both leaders with a platform to continue their phenomenal growth and deliver superior services to our clients."
One benefit of the transaction for INgrooves Fontana clients is the expansion of the Label & Artist Services group. This unit, which currently provides product management, online marketing & PR coordination, sync licensing, brand partnership marketing, sponsorships and advertising for the respective companies, will be a core focus of expansion in the coming months. These value-added services will be available to INgrooves Fontana clients on a per project basis.
INgrooves has provided UMG with digital delivery services for Fontana's catalogue in North America since 2008 via its proprietary ONE Digital enterprise software platform. The two companies have also collaborated on many successful projects over the past few years, including releases from The Crystal Method and rapper Mac Miller, whose debut release entered the Billboard charts at Number One last fall.
The combined companies represent clients including Fat Possum, Nettwerk, Dualtone, Rostrum Records, ESL Music, Metropolis, OM Records, Vagrant Records, Strange Music, Watertower Music, Dangerbird, Rap-A-Lot, Downtown Records and Music World among their many independent label partners.
SOURCE INgrooves


text:
Just drive
I-Shift makes driving easier, safer and more comfortable. There's no heavy clutch, and no stick to wrestle with. Every gear change is perfectly timed. The simplicity of the system reduces driver fatigue, helping you to focus on the road and the traffic around you. And if you do want to change gear manually, the button on the gearstick gives you direct control of the shift.
Crawl slow, run lean
Can I-Shift with crawler gears really help boost your fuel economy? Sure. Because previously, you often had to be willing to sacrifice fuel economy for startability. But thanks to the crawler gears, we can now specify your truck with a faster rear axle ratio, allowing you to stay on cruising speed at much lower revs when you're driving on decent roads. This lowers your fuel consumption by up to a couple of percent.
Perfect control in any direction
Low-speed manoeuvring is one of the most challenging aspects of the job. Thanks to a transmission ratio of up to 32:1 (and up to 37:1 in reverse), I-Shift with crawler gears let's you drive at speeds as low as 0.5-2 km/h. You always have total control, making it easy to park with precision when you're about to load or unload your cargo, and to avoid accidents that can ruin your day and your productivity.
Say yes to more jobs.
I-Shift with crawler gears adds to the versatility of the truck, letting you use the same truck for a host of different driving conditions and assignments. Drive both on-road and off-road? Need to transport extreme loads? Work at high altitudes? Special low-speed applications? No problem.
The crawler gear module only adds 120 mm to the length and 48 kg to the weight of I-Shift.


text:
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Not sure where to start? Tell us your goals and challenges. Learn what's on the horizon. Understand core strategies for building innovation.
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text:
Two new genera and three new species of subterranean cyclopoids (Crustacea, Copepoda) from New Zealand, with redescription of Goniocyclops silvestris Harding, 1958
A small collection of copepod samples from several wells in the Canterbury region, South Island, was examined. It contained a few cosmopolitan cyclopoid species, three interesting harpacticoids, as well as two new cyclopoid genera. The latter are presented in this paper, together with a redescription and first description of the male of Goniocyclops silvestris Harding, 1958, a cyclopoid species previously known only from North Island. Both new genera are from the Diacyclops-Acanthocyclops complex. Abdiacyclops gen. nov. is easily distinguishable from the complex by its unique swimming legs segmentation formula (2/2, 3/3, 3/3, 3/3), and is so far monospecific and known only after females. The most important characters of the second new genus, Zealandcyclops gen. nov. are: the swimming legs segmentation formula of 2/2, 3/2, 3/2, 3/2; a very small and two-segmented fifth leg; 11-segmented antennula; and sexual dimorphism in the swimming legs, with a transformed apical spine on the third leg endopod in the male. Four species were included in this genus: Zealandcyclops fenwicki sp. nov., from a well in the South Canterbury region; Z. haywardi sp. nov., from a well in the North Canterbury region; Z. eulitoralis (Alekseev and Arov, 1986) comb. nov., from the interstitial of several beaches on the southern shore of Lake Baikal; and Z. biceri (Boxshall et al., 1993) comb. nov., from a sandy beach on the western shore of Lake Baikal. Zealandcyclops gen. nov. seems to be an archaic cyclopoid genus, having survived only in New Zealand and in the ancient Lake Baikal. With the present report, the New Zealand cyclopoid fauna numbers 16 species, a systematic list of which is presented in this paper. The majority of them are cosmopolitan elements, probably introduced here by early European settlers. Only one genus (8%) and six species (38%) are endemic, which is probably a reflection of the absence of any comprehensive research on the New Zealand cyclopoids.
|Additional Metadata
|Stygofauna, Cyclopoida, New Zealand, taxonomy, Abdiacyclops, Zealandcyclops, Goniocyclops
|Contributions to Zoology
|Released under the CC-BY 4.0 ("Attribution") License
Karanovic, T. (2005). Two new genera and three new species of subterranean cyclopoids (Crustacea, Copepoda) from New Zealand, with redescription of Goniocyclops silvestris Harding, 1958. Contributions to Zoology, 74, 3/4, 223–254.


text:
hello globalstate! It's been a while!
I'm researching a university essay and seem to remember reading a great quote from Graham a while ago about how an artist's sound is formed by the equipment they use. I've checked the discography pages on this site and various interviews like the Milk Factory one, but either I've missed it, I'm looking in the wrong places or I've just made the quote up...any help would be extremely useful!
Very much looking forward to the London show!
Help on finding a certain Graham Massey quote
Discuss 808 State and related.
Moderators: Pob, markus, nickking, Ancodia
Post Reply
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
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text:
For the most up-to-date schedules of courses offered each semester, see Sage Advisor.
Biology (B.A.)
Mathematics/Engineering Joint Five-Year (B.A./B.S.)
Psychology/Childhood Education (B.S.)
Adolescence Education Teacher Certificate
The 2010-2011 edition of the Catalog was published June 2, 2010 and was accurate at the time of publication online.
Students are bound by the programs and regulations set forth in the Catalog at the time they begin their studies at Sage. However, Sage reserves the right to change without notice any policies and procedures that appear in this Catalog. This includes the right to modify the academic requirements and programs of study; the arrangement and content of courses; instructional material used; tuition and fees; any regulation affecting the student body.
2006-2007 [pdf]


text:
GSA Further Opens Government, Launches Online Public Dialog Tool for Agencies
January 19, 2010
Agencies Pay No Cost for GSA Online Tool Developed by Ideascale
January 19, 2010
Contact: Caren Auchman, 202-525-8165
WASHINGTON – To help federal agencies fulfill President Obama's Open Government Directive, the U.S. General Services Administration has introduced a public dialog tool to federal agencies at no cost. GSA hosted more than 70 government officials last week from more than 20 agencies to introduce the tool, answer questions, and gather feedback.
"To help agencies answer President Obama's call for a more citizen-centered, open government, GSA is making sure those agencies have the necessary tools to meaningfully engage the public," said David McClure, Associate Administrator for GSA's Office of Citizen Services and Communications. "By leveraging a single solution governmentwide, GSA can simplify the public engagement process for both agencies and the citizen, helping to build and offer uniformity and consistency in how the public engages with their government and move toward making the process as efficient as possible."
On Dec. 8, 2009, President Obama issued the Open Government Directive requiring federal agencies to launch an open government Web page that incorporates a public feedback mechanism by Feb. 6, 2010. To help agencies meet this benchmark, GSA is providing this tool at no cost to agencies, along with technical, management, and policy support. Agency officials will be able to devote their attention to running, moderating, and analyzing public input.
GSA's public dialog tool will allow agencies to provide citizens a forum to share ideas, give feedback, and engage in Web-based discussions with their government.
GSA's Office of Citizen Services, which fosters public engagement by using innovative technologies to connect citizens to their government, will continue to develop additional tools and practices to help agencies provide more opportunities for the public to engage with their government.
GSA provides a centralized delivery system of products and services to the federal government, leveraging its enormous buying power to get the best value for taxpayers.
- Founded in 1949, GSA manages more than 11 percent of the government's total procurement dollars and $24 billion in federal assets, including 8,600 government-owned or leased buildings and 213,000 vehicles.
- GSA helps preserve our past and define our future, as a steward of more than 480 historic properties, and as manager of USA.gov, the official portal to federal government information and services.
- GSA's mission to provide superior workplaces, expert technology solutions, acquisition services, purchasing and E-Gov travel solutions and management policies, at best value, allows federal agencies to focus on their core missions.


text:
Trevor Muirhead, 44, and Neil McKenzie, 42, have been convicted of plotting a nail bomb attack against Celtic manager Neil Lennon after a five week trial at Glasgow High Court.
The men were found guilty of conspiring to send the package. The pieces of mail they sent last year were designed to injure but actually the devices could not explode. McKenzie got "bomb making" tips from US television show The A-Team.
A bank of evidence was mounted against the two, including recordings from a police bug in McKenzie's car which taped him boasting about "building a bomb".
There is also CCTV footage of the unemployed builder buying parts including nails for the packages from local shops.
They had previously faced an allegation of conspiracy to murder before it was dropped.


text:
Difference between revisions of "JDT Core/Null Analysis"
(→Actual Strategy in the JDT)
(→Example usage)
|Line 66:
|Line 66:
* Create the annotation types specified above like this (in their correct package):
* Create the annotation types specified above like this (in their correct package):
<source lang="java">
<source lang="java">
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) public @interface Nullable { }
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) public @interface NonNull { }
public @interface Nullable { }
public @interface NonNull { }
|Line 90:
|Line 102:
* all occurrences per file (via the hover)
* all occurrences per file (via the hover)
* all occurrences (via context menu in the Problems view)
* all occurrences (via context menu in the Problems view)
===Compiler configuration explained===
===Compiler configuration explained===
Revision as of 15:41, 5 February 2011
This page discusses a proposed improvement in the static null analysis of the JDT compiler.
See also bug 186342.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Actual Strategy in the JDT
The static analysis of the JDT compiler detects many potential programming problems related to the null-ness of variables: dereferencing a null value (-> NPE), redundant null checks etc.
However, the current analysis is restricted to flow analysis within one method. No assumptions can be made about
- arguments flowing into a method
- return values from method calls and
- field reads.
In order to include these elements in the analysis one could either
- use whole program analysis (very expensive - not feasible for a (incremental) compiler)
- explicit contracts via an extended type system or annotations
The second option is well explored in research and some existing tools (like the Checker Framework, JML, FindBugs) already introduce specific annotations to this end.
One could argue that advanced analysis should be left to specialized tools but having something like this in the JDT compiler should show two benefits:
- feedback is more immediate and it is available for all JDT users without installing more software
- analysis might be more precise than existing tools, because the actual flow analysis in the JDT compiler is already pretty strong (unproven claim).
A preparatory discussion of the design space can be found here: /Brainstorming.
Actual Strategy in the JDT
Disclaimer: this is work in progress. No promise is made that this particular feature will be part of any particular release of the JDT.
By default the JDT does not support inter-procedural null analysis, however, a prototype exists allowing the JDT to be configured to use annotations for null contracts across method boundaries. The prototypical implementation is currently based on the OT/Equinox technology for better maintainability at this stage. This particular prototype is known to have negative impact on the compiler performance, which is however no indication about how the final in-place implementation will perform.
Installing the prototype
- Get an Eclipse SDK ≥ 3.7M5
- Some of the operations below (multi quickfixes) require lots of memory, you may want to add s.t. like
-Xmx800malready now
- Some of the operations below (multi quickfixes) require lots of memory, you may want to add s.t. like
- Enter this update URL:
- Select and install these features:
- JDT Null Annotation Checker (Incubation)
- Object Teams Equinox Integration (Incubation)
The code is hosted at svn://dev.eclipse.org/svnroot/tools/org.eclipse.objectteams/trunk/plugins/org.eclipse.objectteams.jdt.nullity
Example usage
In order to try the prototype against any existing Java project the following steps should help (I tried it using the JDT/Core as an example):
- Prepare the following compiler configuration
- enable compliance 1.5 or higher
- enable all null-related warnings
- disable warnings regarding generics if the project doesn't use generics (don't spam the problems view)
- Since there isn't yet any UI for the new compiler preferences the following lines should be added manually into
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nullable=annotations.Nullable org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nonnull=annotations.NonNull org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nulldefault=nonnull
- the first two options specify the fully qualified names of those annotation types to be used for null contracts.
- the third option tells the compiler that any types that have no explicit null contract should be assumed as non-null (applies to method parameters and method return type).
- Create the annotation types specified above like this (in their correct package):
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.*; import java.lang.annotation.*; @Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) @Target({METHOD,PARAMETER,LOCAL_VARIABLE}) public @interface Nullable { }
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.*; import java.lang.annotation.*; @Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) @Target({METHOD,PARAMETER,LOCAL_VARIABLE}) public @interface NonNull { }
- Build (Project > Clean)
- At this point you should see plenty of new errors and warnings
Cleaning up
The sheer number of new problems may look intimidating but that's where quickfixes will come to the rescue. Currently the following problems offer a quickfix:
- Null contract violation: returning null from a method declared as @NonNull
- Note that the mentioned @NonNull declaration is implicit via the global default
- Null contract violation: return value can be null but method is declared as @NonNull
- Use with care: the compiler has no clear indication if @Nullable was actually intended or not
- Redundant null check: The variable foo cannot be null at this location
- Only those occurrences that concern a method parameter
- Null comparison always yields false: The variable bar cannot be null at this location
- Only those occurrences that concern a method parameter
These quickfixes can be applied...
- individually (Ctrl-1)
- all occurrences per file (via the hover)
- all occurrences (via context menu in the Problems view)
Compiler configuration explained
By default the JDT does not recognize any null annotations but it can be configured to do so. For this purpose three independent options are proposed:
- Specify the names of annotation types to be used for marking nullable vs. nonnull types.
- Emulate null annotation types that do not exist on the build path
- use this if you don't have any actual null annotation types or if you just want to avoid having to configure your build path for null annotations.
- Partially implemented in the prototype: the Java Model and DOM do not support emulated annotation types and thus the UI will cause some exceptions in this mode.
- Implicitly import null annotation types in every Java file
If at least one of these options is defined / enabled, the compiler will start analysing null contracts. If "emulate" and "implicitly import" are enabled, no further preparations are required for using null annotations in your code.
Conversely, if null contracts are enabled ..
- ... without specifying annotation type names
- → the following built-in defaults will be used:
- nullable =
- nonnull =
- nullable =
- → the following built-in defaults will be used:
- ... without enabling annotation type emulation
- → the specified annotation types have to be provided on the build path (either as source or binary files).
- ... without enabling implicit annotation type imports
- → annotation types have to be imported or referenced by their fully qualified name.
Null Contracts
Once properly configured the JDT compiler supports specification and checking of null contracts. Each part of a null contract implies an obligation for one side and a guarantee for the other side.
Method Parameters
When a method parameter is specified as nullable this defines the obligation for the method implementation to cope with null values without throwing NPE. Clients of such a method enjoy the guarantee that it is safe to call the method with a null value for the given parameter.
When a method parameter is specified as nonnull all clients are obliged to ensure that null will never be passed as the value for this parameter. Thus the method implementation may rely on the guarantee that null will never occur as the value for this parameter.
Method Returns
The situation is reversed for method returns. All four cases are summarized by the following table:
|method implementation
|nullabel parameter
|may safely pass null without checking
|must check before dereference
|nonnull parameter
|must not pass null
|may use without checks
|nullable return
|must check before dereference
|can safely pass null
|nonnull return
|may use without check
|must not return null
Local Variables
Null contracts can also be defined for local variables although this doesn't improve the analysis by the compiler, because local variables can be fully analyzed without annotations, too. Here the main advantage of null annotations is in documenting intentions.
The following is an example of a program where all sides adhere to their respective part of the contract:
public class Supplier { // this method requires much but delivers little @Nullable String weakService (@NonNull String input, boolean selector) { if (selector) return input; else return null; } // this method requires nothing and delivers value @NonNull String strongService (@Nullable String input) { if (input == null) return ""; else return input.toUpperCase(); } } public class Client { void main(boolean selector) { Supplier supplier = new Supplier(); @Nullable String value = supplier.weakService("OK", selector); @NonNull String result = supplier.strongService(value); System.out.println(result.toLowerCase()); } }
- Althoug we know that toUpperCase() will never return null, the compiler does not know as long as
java.lang.Stringdoes not specify null contracts. Therefor the compiler has to raise a warning that it has "insufficient nullness information" to guarantee contract adherence.
- Null annotations for the local variables are redundant here, as the nullness information can be fully derived from the variable's initialization (and no further assignments exist).
Null Contract Inheritance
A method that overrides or implements a corresponding method of a super type (class or interface) inherits the full null contract. Its implementation will thus be checked against this inherited contract. For the sake of safe polymorphic calls, null contracts must be inherited without modification, or be redefined in the following ways:
- A nonnull method parameter may be relaxed to a nullable parameter. The additional checks have to be performed in the body of the overriding method. Callers of the super type must still pass nonnull, while callers which are aware of the sub type may pass null.
- A nullable method return (or a return with no null annotation) may be tightened to a nonnull return. The additional checks must again be performed in the body of the overriding methods. Callers of the super type still have to check for null, whereas callers which are aware of the sub type may safely assume nonnull return values.
Any overrides that attempt to change a null contract in the opposite directions will raise a compile time error.
This explicitly implies that callers only need to inspect the null contract of the statically declared type of a call target to safely assume that all runtime call targets will adhere (at least) to the contract as specified in the statically declared type, even if the runtime type of the call target is any sub type of the declared type.
Defaults at different levels
If no null annotations are used, the compiler uses the original Java semantics, where the following is legal for all variables of reference types:
- assign
null, and
- dereference without check.
The above mentioned preference (
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nulldefault) allows to globally change this so that any declaration
to which no null annotation applies (directly or via inheritance) will be considered
as either nullable or nonnull, depending on that specific setting.
For more fine-grained control two additional annotations can be used. The qualified type names of these annotations can be configured using these preferences:
org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nullablebydefault org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler.annotation.nonnullbydefault
The built-in values for these preferences are
org.eclipse.jdt.annotation.NullableByDefault and
These annotations can be applied to any Java type or package and affect all method returns and parameters with undefined null status within their scope.
A default declared at an outer scope can be overridden by a different default at an inner scope. However, no means are provided for canceling a default (as to re-establish the original Java semantics).
The following bugzillas address future improvements of the above strategy (order roughly by priority):
- bug 334455 - UI for new preferences regarding null annotations
- bug 334457 - [compiler][null] check compatibility of inherited null contracts
- bug 331647 - [compiler][null] support flexible default mechanism for null-annotations
- bug 331651 - [compiler][null] Support nullity profiles for libraries
- bug 331649 - [compiler][null] consider null annotations for fields


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12 Dec AiroAV Malware Review: 3M Unitek Corporation, Ormco Corporation, American
The Global Dental Orthodontic Tool Market report study considers the present scenario of the Dental Orthodontic Tool market and its market dynamics for the period 2019−2025. This research report on the Dental Orthodontic Tool market covers sizing and forecast, market share, industry trends, growth drivers, and vendor analysis.This recently published report examines the global Dental Orthodontic Tool market for the projected period of 5-years, i.e. between 2019 and 2025. The report highlights the accomplishments and opportunities that lie in the market throughout the forecast period. The report offers thorough information about the overview and the scope of the global Dental Orthodontic Tool market along with its drivers, restraints, and trends. It also categorizes the market into different segments such as by type, by product, and by applications.
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Established in 2004, Chetna Organic supports more than 15,000 farmers, helping them increase the sustainability and profitability of their farming systems.
Chetna Organic Agriculture Producer Company Ltd (COAPCL) is a part of Project Chetna, a development initiative aimed at improving the lives of smallholder and marginalized cotton farmers in different rain-fed cotton growing regions in India.
For me Fairtrade is an attempt of offering better trading conditions thereby securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers. It helps the entire business chain to understand the importance of ethical responsibility in the core business setup in order to preserve principle of equality at all the levels of business.
For me Fairtrade is an attempt of offering better trading conditions thereby securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers. It helps the entire business chain to understand the importance of ethical responsibility in the core business setup in order to preserve principle of equality at all the levels of business.
Chetna Organic Certification Manager
The Chetna Organic and Fair Trade Cotton Intervention Program (OCIP) was launched in 2004 as an ethical supply chain initiative based on sustainable agriculture principles such as organic and Fairtrade and non-pesticide management. OCIP was established with the aim of improving the livelihood of cotton farmers in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
In order to achieve its goals, Chetna Organic has produced two national level farmer owned and managed institutions: Chetna Organic Famers Association (COFA) and Chetna Organic Agriculture Producer Company Ltd (COAPCL). COFA is a not-for-profit farmer support organization engaged, among other things, in technical training, social improvement, capacity building, and policy and advocacy work. COAPCL, on the other hand, is a commodity trading company, established in 2009, that works on developing sustainable national and international market linkages for smallholder farmers' agricultural products.
In 2014, Chetna Organic is supporting 15,279 (234 in 2004) cotton farming families organized into 979 farmer self-help groups, which, in turn, are arranged into 13 co-operatives. Almost all of them (94%) are smallholder farmers who own below 2 hectares of land. These farmers live under abject conditions in more than 400 Indian villages, where the dependency on rein-fed agriculture makes them highly vulnerable to the unpredictability of nature and climate. Suicides are a major problem among farming communities in India, especially in Andhra Pradesh and the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
Chetna's farmers produce around 6,300 tonnes of organic and Fairtrade seed cotton with no use of child labour, synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, and GMOs. The certified cotton, which represents approximately 34% of the total cotton production, is grown on 48,130 acres of land and entirely sold locally. Chetna also produces organic certified non-cotton crops such as pulses (red gram, black gram, Bengal gram and green gram), soya bean, rice, vegetables, non-timber forest produce (such as honey, spices etc).
Chetna Organic Agriculture Producer Company Ltd (COAPCL) was Fairtrade certified in 2005. Out of the 15,279 farming families supported by Chetna Organic, 9,647 farms are Fairtrade certified and produce approximately 6,300 tonnes of seed cotton. Fairtrade sales are continuously growing. In particular, the value of organic seed cotton sales grew from INR 3.5 Crores in 2010 to INR 9.45 Crores in 2011.
For these sales, Chetna Organic receives the Fairtrade Minimum Price of INR 34.45/Kg (or the market price if higher) plus the Fairtrade Premium of INR 3.00/Kg to invest in productivity and quality improvements, business support, and various community interventions in the three regions. Since Chetna Organic is a farmer owned organization, farmers have a direct role in decision making during production and marketing processes, as well as during the distribution and allocation of the Premium.
The majority of Chetna's farmers store the cotton they produce in their homes, where it represents a health and safety hazard for the household, as it attracts various insects and fungi and poses a severe fire risk. Additionally, because of economic distress and uncertainty, small farmers are often unable to wait and sell their cotton when prices and profits are higher. In order to overcome these difficulties, Chetna Organic has converted part of the Fairtrade Premium into revolving funds at the co-op level. These funds are mainly used to make immediate part payments to the farmers, procure their cotton, and prevent it to be sold when it is less profitable. The Premium has also partly financed the construction of warehouses and procurement centres at the co-operative level where cotton from the farmers is aggregated and stored in a safe manner until the low season, when cotton prices are higher.
The Premium provides the co-ops with the necessary resources to support farmers in the procurement of non-GM cotton seeds, which are often difficult or even impossible to find during the critical sowing season. In this context, Pragathi MACS, one of the co-ops making up Chetna Organic, has employed a revolving fund mechanism to invest the premium and supply a complete 'Seed Kit' to its 3,000 smallholder cotton farmers at the beginning of each season. This kit includes non-GM cotton seeds, as well as different varieties of vegetables for homestead/kitchen gardens, pulses, and oilseeds and nursery plants/seedlings. In order to ensure the sustainability of the project, when the cotton is sold after the harvest, the co-op recovers the cost of the cotton seeds from the members and pools it back into the revolving fund.
Chetna Organic has invested part of the Premium in a series of infrastructure projects intended to create viable income generating opportunities for the different co-ops, and to improve the productivity and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. These projects include, among others, the construction of dhal mills, a bio-fertilizer unit, and a nursery, as well as the purchase of a tractor and attachments. Moreover, the aforementioned Pragathi MACS co-op in Andhra Pradesh has been able to use the Premium to instigate larger innovations that can potentially benefit the cotton farming communities as a whole. In particular, the co-op has purchased land and has setup an eco centre to undertake various farm research and innovations and demonstrate best practices for farmers to adopt.
A share of the Premium, along with other funds, has served as support for the institution of villages in the Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, where all farmers make use of organic and Fairtrade practices and produce certified non-GM cotton.


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We are licensed by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Accreditation is a stamp of quality for early childhood programs and indicates the program has met high quality standards.
Our kitchen prepares USDA and Missouri Eat Smarts snacks and meals for our children every day. A nutritious breakfast, lunch, and snack is served to children in their rooms, where they eat family-style with their classmates.
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BalticClimate videos and photos
Target Area Coordinator – George Varlamov, Pskov State Polytechnic Institute, email@example.com
The Target Area of Russia is presented by the Bezhanitskiy Rayon of the Pskov Region. It has an area of 350 000 hectares (6,6% of the Pskov Region territory). Read more
Implementation cases
To provide long-term sustainable development of housing sector in the Bezhanitskiy Rayon it is necessary to modernize and optimize housing power supply systems. Read more
Achievements so far
During the Inventory phase a research was made that revealed the main problems in sectors of housing and agriculture in the TA and implementation cases were worked out. Read more
BalticClimate project brochure in Russian


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MORE than 1,400 customers are without power in areas across Oxfordshire.
Scottish and Southern Electric said 815 people were affected and it was working to restore power and hoped to do so tonight.
Villages affected include Wheatley, Faringdon, Bampton and Great Milton.
SSE spokeswoman Kirsty Irons said: "We have additional support and engineers there working to restore supply and we hope to have it back on tonight."
And Western Power has said 589 in the Banbury area are without power and the estimated time to get them back on has been given as 2am.


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3 New Jersey officers injured in shooting at police station
Photo: Getty Images/iStockphoto
GLOUCESTER TOWNSHIP, N.J. -- A man being processed on a domestic violence charge grabbed a gun and shot and injured three officers at a police station in southern New Jersey before he was killed.
It happened at the Gloucester Township police station in Camden County.
Police say gunfire erupted inside the station at about 5:45 a.m. Friday.
As the man was being processed on the complaint, he grabbed a gun and began firing. Three officers were hit before the suspect was shot and killed.
Deputy Police Chief David Harkins says one officer suffered a gunshot wound to the abdomen and was undergoing surgery. Two other officers suffered minor injuries.