text:
Linus Torvalds and thousands of disparate hackers created Linux, perhaps the only alternative to Windows NT. It may be the greatest software story never completed.
Nor yet were you seen
neither seen nor heard
when this earth was made
when the sky was built...
- Kalevala 3:245-248
The Kalevala is an epic poem of some 23,000 lines. Written in Finnish, it forms a huge patchwork of fragments taken from an oral tradition evolving over thousands of years in the province of Karelia, a region now split between Finland and Russia. Its creation in the middle of the 19th century was instrumental in defining not only the Finnish language but the Finnish nation.
The hero of the Kalevala is the shaman Väinämöinen. Early in the poem he is challenged by his hotheaded rival Joukahainen to a duel of magic powers, expressed through secret chants. At the end of this one-sided contest, the upstart is defeated, and the hero triumphantly asserts his unanswerable superiority by noting that he, Väinämöinen, helped create the world.
While the Kalevala is the result of an expansive literary imagination, its origins resemble the real-world inception of what some consider to be the greatest masterpiece that the Internet has produced. Aided by thousands of dis-parate hackers - a "net.mind" of sorts - Linus (pronounced "LEE nus") Torvalds, a 27-year-old Finn, has also created a new world. That realm, Linux (pronounced "LINN-ooks"), is an operating system, the force that defines the digital domain of programs just as our own environment determines the characteristics of animal and plant life.
For most hackers, the goal is to create neat routines, tight chunks of code, or cool apps that earn the respect of their peers. Linus went much further, laying down the foundation that underlies the cool routines, code, and applications, and achieving perhaps the ultimate hack.
Linux was started six years ago as a typical programming lark: written to run on a PC with 4 Mbytes of RAM as a free version of the costly commercial Unix operating system. Today, Linux has an installed base conservatively estimated at around 3 million users. And they're not just spotty adolescents playing in their bedrooms: Linux vendors say that most of the top companies in the US have bought the OS - but that few will readily admit to running their multimillion-dollar corporations on code put together by a band of software idealists.
Linux's installed base may not be on the level of the 100 million-plus users of Windows, or even the 50 million-plus in the Apple Macintosh sector, but Linux has made its mark in just half the time. Linux is freely distributable - one CD-ROM can be passed on hundreds of times - so it's particularly popular in countries just getting wired: South Africa, Cuba, Mexico, Slovenia, Croatia, Russia, India, Pakistan, Nicaragua, the Philippines, Bolivia. And technologically, Linux eclipses all the other brands of Unix. "Linux is far and away the most vital part of the Unix market," says Tim O'Reilly, founder of tech book publisher O'Reilly & Associates. Even Dennis Ritchie, one of the two fathers of the original Unix, calls Linux "commendable."
The saga of Linux has many strands. It is the story of Linus, an arch hacker of unusual wit and charm who single-handedly solved problems that usually require teams of programmers toiling for months. It is also the story of the Internet as a model for distributed collaboration. Indeed, Linux is the Internet's Kalevala, a huge patchwork of code that defines a rapidly growing cybernation, the tightly linked community of those who make and use it. What unites these coders is the drive to create the world's greatest operating system, one more powerful than any commercial Unix, able to run on practically any hardware, and infinitely customizable. An OS, moreover, that is fully the equal of Microsoft's flagship, Windows NT - with true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, TCP/IP networking, and other advanced features. Many see Linux as NT's most serious competitor, the only viable alternative to the Microsoft monoculture - singular proof of the ideal that says we should have a digital choice.
But Linux also sits at a critical juncture. Although the freely distributable OS can never be completely swallowed up by Bill Gates's behemoth, Linux needs to gain the trust of the business sector if it wants to take on the Microsoft machine. Yet independence is a source of fierce pride to Linux coders, who fear Linux might become just another honest freeware Mosaic wiped out by a slick commercial Netscape. In other words, the same hacker ethic that created Linux could cap its expansion, making Linux the greatest software story never completed.
A kernel germinates
This epic begins in Helsinki. Almost as if some cosmic hacker had been at work on the source code of life, it turns out that Linus's home is just a 10-minute walk from the center of the city on a road called Kalevagatan - Kalevala Street, more or less.
Kalevagatan offers a characteristic mix of 19th-century houses and blocks of modern flats. A tram periodically rumbles along the last part of the street on its way down to the Seaside Hotel, beyond which lies the gray sea that surrounds the city on three sides. Linus lives with his wife in a building that feels as if it were built to accommodate college students. Rows of bikes stand padlocked under the stairs.
Linus himself looks more like a schoolboy than a shaman: medium height, with light brown hair and blue eyes that gaze out steadily from behind glasses with roundish lenses and mottled rims. Only the eyebrows, which are remarkably dark and bushy, jar slightly with the general effect of an intensely boyish face.
Plenty of books line the walls of his apartment. The place is dotted with paintings and trinkets, rather chintzy curtains, a desiccated crocodile between a pair of armchairs, plus two supercilious cats and a few computers - three PCs, a Power Mac, and three Alpha-based micros lent by Digital - that lurk discreetly at the edges of the room. One of the most interesting elements is barely noticeable: a lead connecting the computers to a telephone socket. This is a 256K leased line to the Internet, installed and paid for by a local Internet service provider as a small token of gratitude to the shaman of Linux.
Linux, it turns out, was no intentional masterstroke, but an incremental process, a combination of experiments, ideas, and tiny scraps of code that gradually coalesced into an organic whole. Many of Linus's formative years of low-level programming were spent poring over a Sinclair QL, an eccentric British computer launched in 1984 that had many faults but one real virtue: it was a true multitasking system that allowed advanced hacking. But the key event that ultimately led to Linux occurred in the autumn of 1990, when Linus took a Unix course at the University of Helsinki, where he studied and eventually earned a master's degree in computer science this past February. That fall the university had just installed a MicroVAX running Ultrix. Ultrix is one of the many flavors of Unix, an operating system pervasive in university science and engineering departments, and routinely used by corporations for heavy-duty computing. Unix is also inextricably linked with the history of the Internet - in fact, it still runs most of it. Created in AT&T's Bell Labs in 1969, Unix grew in the 1970s as a labor of love, the product of devoted hackers such as Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and Bill Joy. In 1993, AT&T sold Unix to Novell, which sold it to the Santa Cruz Operation in 1995. Today, variants are available from companies such as SCO, IBM, Digital, HP, and Sun, resulting in a highly fragmented market - one that is increasingly vulnerable to Microsoft's rival system, Windows NT.
But in 1990, Linus was occupied with more mundane matters: his university's hardware couldn't cope with more than 16 users at a time. "You had to wait in line to get to a terminal," he recalls.
One of his course books was Andrew Tanenbaum's Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, which provided a guide to a kind of baby Unix called Minix. "That's when I actually broke down and got a PC," Linus says. Until then he had resisted, he explains, because "if I had gotten a PC, I'd have gotten this crummy architecture with this crummy MS-DOS operating system and I wouldn't have learned a thing."
Minix was very limited, designed simply to teach operating systems, explains Tanenbaum, currently professor of computer science at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Nonetheless, he says, Minix seemed to strike a chord: "Within two months of its release in 1987, there was a newsgroup with over 40,000 users worldwide."
However, many wanted more capabilities. "I was getting hundreds of emails a day asking to add this feature and that feature," Tanenbaum says. "Many people were frustrated with my constantly saying no."
Linus began to experiment with his own hacks, using Minix as scaffolding to develop a new program. "I made two processes and made them write to the screen and had a timer that switched tasks," he recalls. "One process wrote A, the other wrote B, so I saw AAAA, BBBB, and so on."
Linus says he never intended to create a kernel, the part of an operating system where the real processing and control work is done. Instead, a purely practical need to read Usenet newsgroups drove him to modify those first two trivial processes. "At some point," he recalls, "I just noticed, Hey, I almost have this functionality."
Linus had been a true hacker early on: in his early teens he had programmed a Commodore Vic-20 micro the hard way, using assembly language - partly because he didn't recognize there were other tools available, and partly because it just seemed natural. In 1991 he needed a simple terminal emulation program to access newsgroups. So Linus sat down and wrote one - based on his two-process lash-up. As Linus tells it, doing so was simply a matter of changing those As and Bs into something else. "One process is reading from the keyboard and sending to the modem" - which then connects to the university computer - "and the other is reading from the modem" - receiving the newsfeed - "and sending to the screen."
But there was something else Linus needed: drivers. A driver acts as a software buffer between something central (like the kernel) and something peripheral (like a keyboard, screen, or modem). You could build this straight into the kernel, but then you'd have to rewrite the kernel each time you wanted to use a bigger screen, a different keyboard, or a faster modem. Far better to abstract out this layer in a driver: to use a new screen or keyboard, you just slot in the new driver and the old kernel works.
In the summer of 1991 - just six months after he got his first PC - Linus found he needed to download some files. But before he could read and write to a disk, he recalls, "I had to write a disk driver. Then I had to write a file system so I could read the Minix file system in order to be able to write files and read files to upload them," he explains, as if it was the only reasonable thing to do. "When you have task-switching, a file system, and device drivers, that's Unix" - or at least its kernel. Linux was born.
This fledgling system would have been short-lived had Linus not mentioned it in the Minix newsgroup. His early posting prompted an offer of space on an FTP server at the Helsinki University of Technology, letting people download the first public version of Linux. "Linux was my working name," Linus says, "but if I actually used it as the official one, people would think that I was an egomaniac and wouldn't take it seriously. So I chose this very bad name: Freax" . "Sick, I know." Ari Lemmke, who ran the FTP site, decided he didn't like the Freax label, so he used the working name instead.
By January 1992, only 100 people or so were using Linux, but they provided a critical online baptism. Those early uploads and comments were crucial. Particularly key were the patches sent in by fellow hackers to fix problems they found with the code. By chance Linus had stumbled into an online Karelia and was about to start piecing together the patchwork of his Kalevala. Anybody anywhere on the Net could obtain the basic Linux files. Email enabled them to comment and offer improvements, while Usenet provided a forum for discussion. Beginning as the product of one mind, Linux was turning into a tapestry, a movement of like-minded hackers.
The sorcerer's apprentices
A kernel on its own is not much use, even if it is being refined constantly through patches sent by interested hackers. Part of the reason Linux took off so spectacularly is that nearly everything else needed for a complete OS was there waiting.
These programs-in-waiting were part of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. The recursively named effort - "What's GNU? GNU's Not Unix" - was begun in 1984 by Richard Stallman as a reaction against some of the draconian rules imposed on software users by vendors. (See "Is Stallman Stalled?" Wired 1.1, page 34.)
GNU's aim was to write a complete "free" version of Unix - the kernel and all the associated elements - that is, one that gives users the freedom to share and change software but not add restrictions and impose them on others. With the Linux kernel, Stallman says, "the available free software added up to a complete system."
Rather than wait for someone to write applications designed specifically for his operating system, Linus tweaked Linux to perfectly fit GNU's pre existing apps. "I never ported programs," Linus says. "I ported the kernel to work with the programs. Linux was never the primary reason for anything - user programs have always been the reason."
A similarly pragmatic approach allowed Linux to acquire, almost overnight, a graphical front end à la Windows - this was indispensable for its wider acceptance. (Until then, Linux was controlled through obscure commands entered as text at a prompt, rather like DOS.) The GUI was provided by the Xfree86 Project, a nonprofit group that provides free software for PC versions of the X Window System.
Linus also adopted the standard GNU licensing scheme called copyleft. The general public license, or GPL, allows users to sell, copy, and change copylefted programs - which can also be copyrighted - but you must pass along the same freedom to sell or copy your modifications and change them further. You must also make the source code of your modifications freely available.
GPL has proved a powerful force for Linux's success. First, it has encouraged a flourishing commercial Linux sector. Although Linux is readily available on the Internet, buying a set of CD-ROMs for US$30 is generally far cheaper than downloading several hundred Mbytes of code - and far quicker. GPL also has given programmers an additional incentive to join in the essentially philanthropic spirit of the Linux movement. The license has ensured that their work would be freely distributable, but not unfairly exploited or locked into proprietary products by unscrupulous commercial organizations.
In a sense, GPL provided a written constitution for the new online tribe of Linux hackers. The license said it was OK to build on, or incorporate wholesale, other people's code - just as Linux did - and even to make money doing so (hackers have to eat, after all). But you couldn't transgress the hacker's fundamental law of software: source code must be freely available for further hacking.
In March 1994, the official Linux 1.0 appeared, almost as a formal declaration of independence. By then the user base was already large, and the core Linux development team substantial. Among the thousands of files Linux contains, there is one called simply Credits. In it are the names, addresses, and contributions of the main Linux hackers. The list runs to more than 100 names, scattered around the world. Almost uniquely for a hacker project, Linux has huge and comprehensive sets of FAQs, how tos, and general help files (see, for example, the Linux Documentation Project).
The growth of the development team mirrored the organic, not to say chaotic, development of Linux itself. Linus began choosing and relying on what early Linux hacker Michael K. Johnson calls "a few trusted lieutenants, from whom he will take larger patches and trust those patches. The lieuts more or less own relatively large pieces of the kernel."
The Linux approach is deceptively simple. All hackers are free to work on any additional features or improvements. Even in the earliest stages, new code is freely downloadable for users to try and critique: beta-testing is not a last-minute attempt to catch the worst flaws, but an integral part of the process. When several people work on the same area, they may compete or combine; if they compete, the best code wins through raw Darwinian selection.
"The Linux and free software community can be thought of as true meritocracy," says Marc Ewing, who in 1994 founded Red Hat Software, which sells one of the most popular Linux distributions. "People in a traditional development group are assigned jobs that they may not know much about, or be best suited for."
Bruno Haible, who has contributed to Linux's memory management code, puts it even more succinctly: "When the main author doesn't improve his code anymore, other people will."
This freewheeling situation has allowed hundreds of thousands of users to employ Linux on perhaps tens of thousands of hardware configurations: Linux supports everything from an Intel 386 to a Pentium Pro, along with platforms based on Alpha (Digital's RISC chip), SPARC (Sun's RISC chip), MIPS (port to Silicon Graphics's RISC chip under development), and MkLinux (a version of Linux that runs on Intel and PowerPC machines).
Users also have, via the Net, ready means for communicating any problems to the person who knows the program best - the author. That can be a big plus, or a distinct minus. While serious hackers might like having a tête-à-tête with another codejockey, most regular users just want their questions answered fast. Providing a reliable Linux help desk could help a commercial vendor bring Linux to the masses.
Linux, of course, is not alone in using the Internet for distributed development and user feedback. "The main difference," says Eric Youngdale, a coder who has led the development team for Linux's SCSI drivers, "was basically Linus." Free-flowing self-regulation is all very well, but without the right person to act as a focus, this energy will just be dissipated. Linus is omnipresent through the development approach he created. Yet he almost never intervenes - in a way, he solved all the problems up front.
The automatic selection of programmers to work in the areas they know best, and the ability of the system to expand endlessly by delegating tasks in this naturally distributive way, has produced other benefits. "I am impressed by the speed at which Linux has obtained features that have taken commercial vendors many years to develop," says Jon "Maddog" Hall, senior marketing manager for the Digital Unix Software Group and executive director of the nonprofit Linux International.
Indeed, the pace of upgrades is vertiginous: from the earliest days, the latest patches have typically appeared every week. And yet in parallel, there is always a stable release distribution that moves forward just as inexorably when the new features have been thoroughly tested. Linux generally proceeds with point releases - 1.1, 1.2, et cetera. There is also a complicated system of subpoint releases such as 1.1.12. When a big enough jump in software functionality occurs, developers move to the next version, a process normally presided over by Linus.
This two-track development process has made Linux probably more advanced and yet more stable than any other version of Unix today. "Linux is now entering an era of pure development instead of just catching up," says Jacques Gélinas. "This is where the huge number of developers and testers will give an incredible edge to Linux over any other operating system - NT included."
Phil Holden, Microsoft's product manager for Windows, seems not to be unduly concerned: "We have a very talented team of developers making sure NT is the most powerful, flexible, and easy-to-use operating system," he says.
But staying on top may prove increasingly difficult for Microsoft. The latest version of Linux - release 2.0 - offers 64-bit processing (NT and many Unixes are only 32-bit); symmetric multiprocessing, which allows the simultaneous deployment of several chips in a system; and networking more advanced than that of any other operating system.
A related advantage of Linux's developmental structure is that security fixes typically turn up faster than from commercial suppliers. For example, when a "Ping of Death" assault of multiple, low-level messages crashed several operating systems worldwide, a quick patch to Linux enabled the attack to be thwarted in a couple of hours. "Somebody posted a report of the ping," recalls Alan Cox, author of the fix, "so I just sat down, fixed it, and posted the fix straight back." Users of other operating systems had to sweat out their vulnerability far longer.
Covert code
While the quality and sheer technical brilliance of Linux are undisputed, few people outside its circle have heard of it. Linux could easily seem to be some interesting but ultimately marginal phenomenon. The facts suggest otherwise.
Because Linux can be downloaded from hundreds of sites and users are encouraged to pass on CD-ROMs, it is impossible to accurately determine how many people use the OS. Based on an amalgamation of voluntary registration systems and market research, however, Linux distributor Red Hat estimates that there are between 3 million and 5 million users worldwide. These numbers understate the true reach of Linux, according to Harald Alvestrand, project coordinator of The Linux Counter. "The more than 46,000 users who have chosen to register are less than 5 percent of the total number of Linux users," he estimates, extrapolating from a comparison of the Counter's figures and the considerably higher number of Linux machines believed to be running Web servers. "I figure the true ratio is closer to 0.5 percent. That would indicate 9 million Linux users."
Whatever the actual numbers, it is not unrealistic that Linux will emerge as the second operating system after Windows, especially given Apple's currently confusing sense of direction. However, Microsoft's huge installed base of users and wide range of applications is unlikely to be surpassed, despite what believers in the Linux magic might hope. Linus has no illusions on the subject and even employs tools like Microsoft's PowerPoint - running on top of Linux via one of the Windows emulators available.
Yet Linux's importance lies not just in the size of its installed base, but also where those users are found. "More than 120 countries are represented," according to Alvestrand. "And Linux is a real power in the less developed countries - in some cases growing faster than the Internet."
Given the growing expanse of users working collaboratively, today's Linux is less a seamless piece of coding than a tapestry of hundreds of hackers' contributions. The parallels with the Kalevala are striking. Finland's national epic was created in the middle of the last century when a district medical officer, Elias Lönnrot, traveled around Karelia collecting lines of poetry from many different sources - scraps of an ancient oral tradition - and wove them together. When Linux first emerged, it consisted of some 10,000 lines of code. Now the kernel alone is almost 1 million lines, with millions more in the hundreds of ancillary programs that make up a full Linux distribution.
Given that Linux is immensely powerful, free, and truly open, you might expect cost-conscious companies to be rushing to embrace it, to obtain more software for little money and without the crippling dependence on one supplier that the Microsoft approach implies. And they are - in secret. Freeware is a dirty word in most companies. And certainly not something on which you'd base mission-critical operations.
Bryan Sparks heads Caldera, a company that hopes to claim its piece of the business market with OpenLinux. Caldera was set up with funding from Ray Noorda, the former CEO of Novell and a longtime critic of Microsoft. There is no love lost between the two companies - Caldera has filed an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft relating to DOS coding allegedly pinched from Caldera-owned DR-DOS. Sparks definitely sees Windows NT as a competitor. "You have to if you're selling an OS - Microsoft is the 2,000-pound gorilla," he says. But, Sparks notes, Caldera focuses on small- and medium-sized businesses, typically those with fewer than 50 servers. "We don't primarily target companies like Ford Motor Co., although we've sold some there," he says. "We look at ourselves as a grassroots company."
OpenLinux costs anywhere from $60 to $400, but Sparks still must frequently calm user fears about a product primarily regarded as a hacker group project. "We had an MIS guy at a large company who called and said, 'We're using Linux for gateways and other things to attach all our Internet sites. My MIS director just found out that I'm running Linux and said we're not going to run our company on no free software. Can you help me?' And I said, 'You bet we can.' Linux is free, but we're a real vendor; if you have problems we'll stand up and take the bullet."
Red Hat's Marc Ewing says his company already has many top-drawer customers, including NASA, Disney, Lockheed Martin, Industrial Light & Magic, General Electric, Ernst & Young, Price Waterhouse, UPS, Nasdaq, the IRS, and Boeing, as well as leading US universities.
Skeptics contend that Linux will never break into the mainstream because of its lack of desktop applications. Even as recently as a year ago, this was probably true. Linux hackers - including Linus - generally don't seem interested in writing apps; Mnemonic, a Linux browser project, is a recent exception. But now that the Linux market is expanding, commercial companies are filling the gap. Applix and Star Division both offer integrated suites of powerful desktop programs - wordprocessors, spreadsheets, graphics applications, et cetera. Caldera has put together a Solutions CD, including products by big names such as Corel (a version of CorelDraw to add to the existing Linux port of WordPerfect) and German company Software AG (Adabas D database).
Other major firms that have ported or helped others port to Linux include Netscape (Navigator 3.0 browser and Fast-Track Web server) and Adobe (Acrobat PDF reader), plus companies like Marimba (Castanet). Even Microsoft is coming out with a Linux version of its standard for distributed computing, DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model, also known as network OLE - basically a way of linking distributed software objects across networks). And Linux's Java support means that any apps produced in this platform-independent language will immediately add to the pool of Linux software.
However, it is worth considering some of the obstacles. One is that the distributed development model may ultimately fail. "As time goes on," Eric Youngdale confesses, "it gets harder for key developers to communicate because of the enormous noise on the mailing lists." This could provide the opening needed for a major developer to pull Linux more completely into the commercial sector.
Even if the development process continues to feed new improvements into Linux, this in itself may be ultimately destructive. One of Linux's great advantages has been its leanness, but the temptation to add more and more features can end up causing software bloat - huge programs trying to do too many marginal things.
And then there is Microsoft. With Bill Gates steadily buying up most of the OS talent around, can Linux hope in the long run to compete against Windows NT? One reason it might is that Linux 1.0 came into existence more or less fully formed - like Väinämöinen's world - as a complete, advanced system, rather than one that evolved slowly and painfully through various primitive stages. NT, on the other hand, was designed to be the robust incarnation of Windows 3.0, itself the third iteration of a program that began as a hack to make MS-DOS usable. MS DOS, in turn, was heavily based on a very simple operating system that Gates bought from Seattle Computer Products in 1981 just before IBM launched its PC - and MS-DOS.
Linux, by contrast, was able to incorporate all the past successes of Unix and ditch its failures - another reason Linux may stand a chance against NT. "Given the long history and millions of person-hours of unpaid efforts that are crystallized in Unix," says Dick Pountain, contributing editor to magazine, "the resources that lie behind Linux may be even greater than what Microsoft has put into NT."
However, Linux still needs to address the crucial issue of how to gain the trust and confidence of the business sector. And Caldera's example could be key. The question is, Can it successfully mediate between the distributed Linux ethos and the demands of the business world - and can this approach be scaled to match the Microsoft machine?
Linus 2.0
Suddenly, at the end of 1996, amid the growing sense that Linux may well be approaching a historic juncture in its progress, came a stunning announcement. Linus was leaving the University of Helsinki to work for an unknown US computer company called Transmeta, based in Santa Clara, California. Many initially wondered whether Linux would be fatally wounded. But senior developers and commercial vendors now seem fairly confident that Linux now has enough momentum and structures in place to continue.
What's Linus going to do at Transmeta? "I can't tell you," he says coyly. "But it's actually in my contract that I'm doing Linux part-time."
Though Linus nominally spent the last seven years at the University of Helsinki working on his master's degree, in reality he devoted much of that time to Linux. He and everyone else knew that one day his thesis (on porting Linux) would be finished - and with it his research salary. Then he would confront the perennial question for aging hackers: How do I earn a living in the real world?
Some, like Matt Welsh, remain in academe; others, like Hannu Savolainen, now sell commercial versions of their Linux work - in this case, drivers for sound cards. Setting up his own company would have been one option, but Linus was not interested: "At this point," he says, "I wouldn't want the paperwork." He happily concedes a quite unhackerish desire "to have money," but adds "it's not my primary goal in life."
Basically, Linus needed a new challenge, and he candidly admits that "if things at Transmeta go really exceptionally well, I'm going to be rich just working and doing whatever I want anyway." The only technical detail he will divulge about Transmeta is that it is into VLSI, or very large-scale integration - chips, in other words, though "they obviously have a software side, too."
Transmeta, it turns out, is a start-up headed by Dave Ditzel, chief scientist of the chip development project at Sun that produced the SPARC processors, probably the most successful example of the RISC idea. One of Transmeta's big investors is Paul Allen, the other founder of Microsoft.
Although there are no public statements (www.transmeta.com/ offers only the self-contradictory declaration, "This Web page is not here yet"), Paul Allen's Web site mentions something about Transmeta being involved in the creation of "alternative VLSI engines for multimedia PCs."
But despite the fears of some in the Linux community, it is not Transmeta that is likely to distract Linus, but another, more personal, genesis. He has an infant daughter - Patricia Miranda - born in December 1996, two days before we met.
Ever the realist, Linus sees his daughter - more than his move to Silicon Valley - as likely to change his involvement in the development process of Linux. And what right have we to complain if the shaman who conjured up the rich world of Linux 2.0, the ultimate digital hack, should now want to concentrate on his other creation - Linus 2.0 - the ultimate analog hack?
Besides, if this latter-day Väinämöinen ever wishes to renounce completely his leadership of the online tribe, now there's sure to be someone out there ready to lead the Linux nation into battle.
That is where the way goes now
where a new track leads
for more versatile singers
more abundant bards
among the youngsters rising
among the people growing.
- Kalevala 50:611-620


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Conference Paper
Collaboration on the Social Semantic Desktop. Proceedings of the Ubiquitous Mobile Information and Collaboration Systems Workshop (UMICS 2007), CAISE 2007, Trondheim, Norway.. 2007.
The NEPOMUK Project – On the way to the Social Semantic Desktop. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantic Technologies (I-SEMANTICS 2007), Graz, Austria.. 2007.

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Facebook has agreed to stop using WhatsApp data to target users with advertising in the U.K. and has been warned could face legal action if it resumes the practice.
The agreement is an initial victory for Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham, who launched an inquiry into the data sharing earlier this year after expressing concern that user data was not being properly protected.
"I don't think users have been given enough information about what Facebook plans to do with their information, and I don't think WhatsApp has got valid consent from users to share the information," she said in a statement on Monday.
Facebook acquired WhatsApp for US$22 billion in 2014 and has been using information from the service to help target advertising on its main social network.
Facebook has not commented.
Denham said she secured the agreement with Facebook after her team "set out the law clearly" to the social network.
WhatsApp users can disable data sharing with Facebook, but they either have to do it by either scrolling through the terms and conditions to find a check box or by switching off data sharing in account settings. The latter is only available during the first 30 days of use.
"I also believe users should be given ongoing control over how their information is used, not just a 30-day window," said Denham.
However, the "pause" could be temporary.
Denham wants Facebook and WhatsApp to agree to better explain data sharing to their customers and give them ongoing control over the sharing, but the two companies have not so far agreed.
"If Facebook starts using the data without valid consent, it may face enforcement action from my office," she said.
The agreement only covers the U.K. at present, but Denham said she will continue to pursue the issue with privacy commissioners across Europe.


text:
Only Mauda Open Knitted Cardigan Argan Oil
- Knitted cardigan
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- No closure at front
- Length: 73 cm in size S
- The model is wearing size S
- 80% Viscose, 20% Nylon
- Ref: 15210475.
The orders are shipped via CTT (portuguese mail service) within 1 to 3 business days after payment confirmation.
For EU orders shipping costs are between 10€ and 15€, free on orders over 150€.
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Shipping costs are automatically applied at checkout.
For more information please visit our Shipping page.
Payment methods available are Credit Card and PayPal. For more information please visit our Payments page.
If you're not happy with your purchase you can return it to us within 30 days for an exchange or refund.
For more information please visit our Exchanges and returns page.


text:
PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Derrick Colter sank two free throws with 2 seconds left as Duquesne edged Temple 84-83 Thursday night, snapping an 11-game losing streak and securing its first Atlantic 10 Conference win of the season.
Dalton Pepper missed a 3-pointer at the buzzer for the Owls, who got a career-high 35 points from Khalif Wyatt, including 15 of 15 free throws.
Freshman Quevyn Winters scored a career-best 22 for the Dukes (8-16, 1-9), who trailed 54-46 with 14:51 remaining. Andre Marhold's dunk and layup then sparked a 9-0 run, pushing Duquesne in front 55-54.
The game was tied twice before the Dukes built a nine-point advantage, at 74-65, with 3:15 remaining.
Temple (16-8, 5-5) climbed back to lead 83-82 with 7 seconds left on Wyatt's three-point play, but Colter hit his foul shots to finish with 17 points.
Marhold had a season-high 15 points and a career-best 15 rebounds for the Dukes.
(© Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text:
Many over-the-counter sleep aids are marketed as medications that will help you sleep better for brief stretches. In fact, regulators require that the packaging on such products advise you to see your doctor if you have insomnia for more than two weeks.
But many who use these medicines reported they use them daily – sometimes for more than a year at a time, according to Consumer Reports, the non-profit consumer research organization.
And overuse is a problem, Consumer Reports says.
Side effects of sleep aids
The popular sleep aids, such as Sominex, Tylenol PM, Nytol, Advil PM, ZzzQuil, Unisom Sleep-Minis and Simply Sleep, contain an antihistamine called diphenhydramine. And regular use, according to Consumer Reports, can have serious side effects. These include:
- Confusion
- Constipation
- Dizziness
- Next-day drowsiness
- "Hangover effects" that can impair balance, coordination and driving performance the next day
Because of these effects and links to more serious health problems, Consumer Reports says, "in general, sleeping pills should be reserved for short-term insomnia—such as that caused by jet lag, anxiety after the death of a family member, or job loss." The organization cited an expert at the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
Improving the way you sleep
Most people suffer occasional disruptions of their sleep patterns, and up to 10 percent of Americans have persistent insomnia. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers these tips for getting better sleep:
- Go to bed at the same time each night and wake up at the same time each morning.
- Make sure the place you sleep is quiet, dark and relaxing.
- Make sure your bed is comfortable and removed from such distractions as phones, tablets, televisions and earbuds.
- Don't eat large meals before bedtime.
Talk with your health care provider if you can't get the sleep you need, or have irregular sleep patterns. You can find a Providence provider near you in our directory.
To learn more
We've written about some of the problems people have getting enough sleep:
You'll sleep better if you don't read that email »
Sleep switch may unlock new therapies for sleep disorders »
How much sleep should kids get? »
New guidelines call for cognitive therapy for insomnia »
Two Consumer Reports stories, "The Problem with Sleeping Pills" and "Can You Get Hooked on Over-the-Counter Sleep Aids?," can be read at the organization's website. Consumer Reports also wrote "How to Fall Asleep the Natural Way," about improving your sleep patterns without relying on pills.
The CDC has a set of fact sheets and tips on its Sleep and Sleep Disorders page.


text:
I had to take my shoes off to get there, but I believe last Saturday (April 28) was the 13th annual Birding for the Arts. BFA is part of the Haywood County Arts Council's "Fund Party Series" – entertaining, fun events that help fund the Arts Council and all the wonderful things they provide for our community. You can learn more about the Arts Council and their Fund Party Series plus much more at www.haywoodarts.org.
Gracious and enthusiastic hosts for this annual event are Joe Sam and/or Kate Queen. We meet at 8 a.m. at the Performing Arts Center to get a quick overview of the day and begin our birding. This is where we pad our list. If you're looking for numbers on a daily bird trip, you have to include the common "yard birds" like European starling, mockingbird, robin, house sparrow, etc.
After the Performing Arts Center we set out for Lake Junaluska, then to the Blue Ridge Parkway, where we dine at the Waynesville Overlook before heading on up and then descending down either N.C. highway 215 or U.S. 276, through the forests to the farmlands of Bethel and back to the Performing Arts Center.
Guests are free, of course, to bird for as long or little as they wish. The whole day generally lasts till around 5 or 5:30 p.m., and we wind up with around 80 species. We keep an "official" tally and, of course, not everyone sees and or hears every bird recorded but we do our best to get visuals where we can and point out songs and or calls. We had 13 participants meet at the Performing Arts Center this spring and six plus Kate and I stuck it out for the whole day, recording 83 species.
The thing about birding one day during spring migration is there are always hits and misses. Last Friday, there were Cape May and palm warblers at Lake Junaluska but neither was present on Saturday. However, great looks at a black-crowned night heron at the new wetlands and a common loon in full breeding plumage fishing just 50 feet or so from the shore provided a couple of good hits to make up for those misses. We also got outstanding looks at an osprey perched near Highway 19.
The Parkway started out a little slow but the Waynesville Overlook was productive as usual. We lunched with rose-breasted grosbeaks, scarlet tanagers, blue-headed and red-eyed vireos, chestnut-sided warblers and blackburnian warblers.
We didn't see any peregrines at Devil's Courthouse, but we did get up close and personal looks at a pair of Canada warblers. We were also able to list golden-crowned kinglets from there, as we heard them but couldn't get any looks.
We were kinda stuck in the high 70s species wise, but our last stop at a wet area near Bethel gave us the boost we needed by adding yellow warbler, blue-gray gnatcatcher, great blue heron, blue-winged teal, wood duck and belted kingfisher.
Birding for the Arts is a great low-key yet high quality birding experience for novice and experienced birders. And if you can't spend an entire day – the morning, through lunch at the Waynesville Overlook, is well worth the ticket price. I believe we tallied 61 species by the time lunch was over last Saturday.
And please support your local arts council and join us for another fund day, next year at the 14th annual Birding for the Arts.


text:
[Krabi hotels]
中 文
日 本
Holiday Villa
220 Moo 3, Tambol Saladan,
Koh Lanta Yai, Krabi 81150
Koh Lanta Yai, Klong Dao Beach
Hotel category:
Traveler ratings
Summary of 18 reviews :
Room :
Facilities :
Service :
Location :
Holiday Villa Resort is located in a quiet area at the southern end of Khlong Dao Beach and is a good choice of accommodation for those who want to explore the island and all that it has to offer. The convenient location means that the island's capital, Saladan, can be easily reached in just a few minutes, and the attractions and activities are also just a short drive away.
The 41 rooms and villas of the resort are comfortably furnished in a Thai style and have all the necessities such as air conditioning, refrigerator, TV, hot water shower and bathtub (except deluxe), safe, hairdryer, kettle, writing desk and seating and balcony or terrace, to ensure a comfortable stay. The resort's facilities include an outdoor pool with a sun terrace, Jacuzzi, water slides and a children's pool, a restaurant and bar by the pool and beach, table tennis, a tour desk and a motorcycle, bicycle and car rental service, as well as a range of services such as laundry and transfers
Hotel summary
Rates & Reservation
Pictures & Facilities
Travel reviews
Other hotels nearby
Travel reviews for Holiday Villa
Date of stay:
Feb 05, 2018
Accommodation and facilities:
A good hotel that can be recommended for families with children! Too bad you can not swim in the ocean right outside the hotel as it is rocky. The breakfast was OK.
Reservation service:
Sawadee offers a good booking page. Have booked two accommodations through them and both have worked without remark.
Feb 19, 2018
written by:
Robert Engdahl
Date of stay:
Jan 27, 2017
Accommodation and facilities:
An affordable accommodation with a nice pool and play area which our kids loved! Surprisingly quiet and pleasant mood around the pools. Our room was bright and spacious, the bathrooms had needed a renovation. Hotels The area is lush green and cozy giving a lovely atmosphere. Drainage floundered when we arrived but this was quickly fixed, and worked better the rest of the stay. We would have stayed here again if it were not for the fastidious breakfast buffet! We ate us not saturate one morning when the supply is so bad! The hotel s location suited us very well! Just a few steps down to the quiet end of Klong Dao Beach from the pool. We had wonderful lunches at the little beach restaurants just steps away from the hotel. The beach is child friendly and shallow. Staff at the holiday villa is nice, helpful and accommodating. The cleanliness I would say was average. Had wished for access to wifi in the room.
Reservation service:
Jan 30, 2017
written by:
Date of stay:
Apr 06, 2015
Accommodation and facilities:
We had a very nice, spacious bungalow, very close to the hotel restaurant and pool. We loved it! The two pools were nice and the daughter loved the slides. The beach had a few small rocks, but not dangerous (no sea urchins, sharp stones or other unconveniencies). Could be avoided with a few minutes walk on the beach to the north. Staff was very friendly and helpful. We really enjoyed our stay. Only critics: not much choice for the breakfast. I personally missed fried rice with spicy Thai chillies. Toast is something I can have at home all year...
Reservation service:
Booking was OK, everything as expected. Description and photos of hotel were correct. Booking with payment of commission, email to remind me to pay the rest until a week before arrival. Booked another hotel there, also OK. Would (will) book there again.
May 14, 2015
written by:
Helmut S
Date of stay:
Jan 18, 2015
Accommodation and facilities:
Fantastic room with an own swimmingpool for 6 rooms. Very nice resort, breakfast and lunches. Nice and Clean.
Reservation service:
Jan 28, 2015
written by:
Date of stay:
Jan 07, 2015
Accommodation and facilities:
Large bedroom and bathroom. Though the room was damp and had a certain damp smell (not so nice). There was almost no lights in the room, the room was rather dark at nighttime. Very nice and friendly staff.
Reservation service:
Jan 10, 2015
written by:
Anders Samuelsson
Date of stay:
Jan 02, 2015
Accommodation and facilities:
Good place for family. Location good and staff ok. Pool area could be more clean.
Reservation service:
Easy to book.
Jan 06, 2015
written by:
Kimmo Seppälä
Date of stay:
Feb 22, 2014
Accommodation and facilities:
Trevligt ställe! Två bra pooler för ungarna :-) Stranden inte toppen precis nedanför men jättefin ca tio min bort. Tråkig mat och frukost men det var heller inget stort problem eftersom vi åt underbart gott på restaurang Phet nere på stranden! Rummet var inte riktigt så lyxigt som på bilderna (garden villa) men helt ok. Hårda sängar enda minuset. Bra ställe! åker gärna tillbaka.
Reservation service:
Mycket bra!
Feb 25, 2014
written by:
Caroline Sodergren
Date of stay:
Feb 10, 2014
Accommodation and facilities:
They where eberonody so kind the best i must say
Reservation service:
Feb 15, 2014
written by:
Date of stay:
Feb 08, 2014
Accommodation and facilities:
Friendly helpful staff go out of their way to help
Reservation service:
Feb 09, 2014
written by:
Rebecca chan
Date of stay:
Dec 25, 2013
Accommodation and facilities:
Reservation service:
everyting worked fine.
Dec 31, 2013
written by:
Niclas Broman
Date of stay:
Jan 13, 2013
Accommodation and facilities:
Ligger längst ned på Klong Dao Beach och för våran del för långgrund men med Tuck Tuck eller moped är det nära till Long Beach som har djupare vatten direkt och därmed svalare Hotellområdet är välskött med fina villor på! Personalen är trevliga.
Reservation service:
Funkar som vanligt kanon med bästa priserna!!
Jan 25, 2013
written by:
johan smiding
Date of stay:
Mar 08, 2012
Accommodation and facilities:
Very nice hotel that truly lived up to the description on the website. A fantastic suit as a beachfront villa, a small house. Great hotel area, good and friendly staff. Fair and fine, a little luxury experience, good breakfast and friendly staff. The pool was lovely m nice and clean water. A really good hotel.
Reservation service:
Mar 16, 2012
written by:
Viktoria Vahlgren
THB ฿ Thailand
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Lanta Island is comprise of 3 large Islands lie in a row from north to south consisting of a cluster of Koh Klang, Koh Lanta Noi, Koh Lanta Yai and with a group of 49 small Islands around. The center of the Island is Saladan Village of Lanta Yai which along the west-coast facing Andaman sea is beaches, starting from Klong Dao Beach, Phra Ae, Klong Khong, Klong Nin, Kan Tiang Bay, Klong Jak Bay, Mai Phai Bay, and end at the small lighthouse in the National Marine Park.
A place where you can become part of the nature. Are you consider of giving rewards to your body, mind and spirit?
Modern looking with two storey Pavilion, downstairs is
Deluxe Room (10 Units)
offering living space with sofa and then King Size or twin bedroom (connecting room upon request). Upstairs is
Junior Suite Room (5 Units)
which equipped furniture to separate living area and Bedroom. 20 sqm. of outdoor terraces with garden view.
Bungalows such as
Beachfront Villa (9 Units)
Garden Villa (17 Units)
were built in Thai Style but convenience and comfortable with living room, mini-bar area, bathroom, separate bedroom and private balcony. This Villa is perfect for family or who prefer pleasure staying as home.
Room Facilities
Satellite TV
Safety box
Hot shower & Bathtub separate from shower area
Deluxe Room not have bathtub
Hair dryer
Coffee & tea making facilities
:: Resort Facilities Include ::
Large size and fresh water swimming pool with Jacuzzi and slider,
separate child pool
"Seahorse" poolside restaurant
Beachside bar
Laundry service
Table tennis and game facilities
Sunbathe area
Car / motorbike rental and Travel service
Tour desk
Holiday Villa a Resort located on a private directly to Klongdao beach, Koh Lanta Yai, Krabi, southern coast of Thailand on the Andaman Sea. Hidden in the surrounding beauty where a real sense of relaxation and tranquility can be found to soothe your body and soul is your perfect destination.
:: Travelling to Holiday Villa: from 3 conveniences stopped. ::
From Krabi: 83 km.
By Boat: From Krabi Pier to Lanta - Saladan Pier (01:30 - 02:00 hrs. only November - April).
By Car: From Krabi Town to Resort (01:30 - 02:00 hrs. Depend on Ferry - every 15 min. All year round).
From Trang: 127 km.
By Car: (02:00 - 02:30 hrs.)
From Phuket: 259 km.
By Boat: From Phuket Pier to Phi Phi Island and then to Lanta Island - Saladan Pier. (03:50 - 04:00 hrs. Only November - April).
By Car: From Phuket Airport to Resort (4 hrs.)
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[Krabi hotels]
[Holiday Villa ]
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text:
Welcome to effbot.org!
Some Articles. Hundreds of articles on Python and related technologies (including PIL, ElementTree, Tkinter, and other extensions).
Some Books. (the eff-bot guide to) The Python Standard Library, Python Imaging Library Handbook, An Introduction to Tkinter.
Some Code. Source code for various Python modules, available via Subversion (stable vendor drops) and Mercurial (works in progress).
Some Downloads. Assorted Python modules, extensions, and other artifacts.


text:
[prMac.com] Elmont, New York – World-class horse trainer Kenny McPeek is hesitant to say California Chrome will be horse racing's next Triple Crown winner in over 30 years. "Since Affirmed won in 1978, the use of Lasix has been available to horses in racing and no horse has won the Triple Crown since that time."
Lasix is a veterinarian administered race-day medication that works as a diuretic, making horses lighter before their race. "I think it will be difficult for California Chrome to beat the competition when running on Lasix for three consecutive races in a short period of time," says McPeek.
McPeek has been training Thoroughbred racehorses since 1985. As Founder and CEO, he manages McPeek Racing Stable which currently has 130 horses in training. McPeek has won over 155 stakes races, including the Grade 1 Belmont and Travers Stakes and has more than 1,350 winners earning more than $60 million in purses. As a vocal advocate of horse racing, McPeek wants to encourage a new generation of racing enthusiast thus has developed a mobile application for iOS and Android called Horse Races NOW.
Users of the Horse Races NOW app have access to more than 50 racetracks in North America and internationally from Meydan Racecourse in Dubai. Live and replay video is available in the palm of the user's hand on iPhones, iPads, iPod touch and Android devices worldwide.
The app was developed by Kenny McPeek and Sue McPeek. Kenny McPeek is owner of Magdalena Farm in Lexington, Kentucky and a highly-respected horse trainer. "The Horse Races NOW app is the most popular horse racing app on any mobile device and is for anyone who wants watch the live races and race replays from their iPhone/iPad or Android mobile device at zero cost," adds McPeek.
Horse Races NOW offers a full complement of live racing feeds, race replays, current news and handicapping tools.
Features of this amazing app include:
* Overnight entries for upcoming races
* Streaming live video and audio from participating North American racetracks
* Results, charts and payoffs delivered quickly
* Immediate Race Replays, going back two years in time
* Ability to follow your favorite racetracks, horses, trainers and jockeys
* Push Notifications on your favorites, so you never miss a race again
* Search engine to find race replays from participating North American racetracks
* Share racing information via e-mail or Facebook
* Easy access to your favorite ADW
* Convenient links to Equibase PP's, Ragozin Sheets and NTRA racing schedule
* Live and archived radio from Horse Racing Radio Network
* Live horse sales from Fasig-Tipton and Keeneland
The app can be personalized so users can choose to receive alerts with specific sounds on their devices on entry, call to post, at the gate, results, replay and chart, and workout notifications. The app features more than 50 participating tracks across the USA including: Aqueduct Racetrack, Belmont Park Racetrack, Keeneland Race Track and Saratoga Race Course to name a few. The app has been well received and has earned a solid rating of 4.5 stars out a possible 5 stars on iTunes by more than 1,168 reviewers who agree it's "The Coolest Horse Racing App Ever!"
Horse Races NOW also includes links to the top wagering firms for anyone 18 and older wanting to place a bet. For advertising opportunities or to become a participating racetrack on the Horse Races NOW app, please contact the Horse Races NOW team at their website.
About Kenny McPeek:
Kenny McPeek, Founder and CEO of McPeek Racing, was raised in Lexington, Kentucky where he discovered a love of horses early in life. After graduating from the University of Kentucky with a degree in Business Finance, McPeek obtained his trainer's license in 1985 and now manages his own 130-horse stable. His selections like Curlin, Einstein (BRZ), Repent, Take Charge Lady and Tejano Run, to name just a few, have earned him the respect of fellow horsemen. He has won over 155 stakes races, including the Grade 1 Belmont and Travers Stakes and has more than 1,350 winners earning more than $60 million in purses. McPeek has been a leading trainer at Keeneland and Churchill Downs on multiple occasions.
About Sue McPeek:
Sue McPeek grew up in a career military family and is a graduate from Colorado State University. Her love for horses drew her to the racing industry, where she worked at both the farm and racetrack divisions for William S. Farish's Lane's End Farm, as a professional showman for Three Chimney's Farm, and as a respected freelance equine photographer. Sue played a supporting role in McPeek Racing for years, and she is currently licensed to sell equine insurance at Lavin Insurance Services. She and Kenny were recognized in 2002 for enhancing coverage of thoroughbred racing through their cooperation with the media and Thoroughbred racing publicists by receiving the prestigious Big Sport of Turfdom Award. She is a supporter of finding new careers for retired racehorses and believes that Horse Races Now can be a vehicle for "giving back" to them in the future.
Device Requirements:
* iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch
* Requires iOS 5.0 or later
Pricing and Availability:
Horse Races Now 1.0.17 is free and available worldwide exclusively through the App Store in the Sports category. The app can also be downloaded for free at Google Play for Android users. The app is being promoted by Scott Lorenz of Westwind iPhone App Publicity.Horse Races NOW 1.0.17
Download from iTunes
App Icon
Horse Races NOW LLC is owned by Kenny and Sue McPeek and is based in Lexington, Kentucky. All Material and Software (C) Copyright 2014 Horse Races Now, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone, iPod and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries. Other trademarks and registered trademarks may be the property of their respective owners.
###Scott Lorenz
Media Contact
United States
Facebook Profile: View
LinkedIn Profile: View
Twitter: View


text:
Kawasaki : Loris Baz Well On The Way To Recovery
After a fast crash in morning warm-up at the recent German round of the Superbike Word Championship Loris Baz was released from hospital one day later and is now recovering at home in France.
Loris injured his back in the accident and although there was no spinal or neurological damage from the outset, fractured vertebrae were suspected. His medical situation is now more positive and Loris is already on his way to making what is expected to be a full recovery.
All in the Kawasaki family would like to join Loris in passing on their thanks to championship organizers Dorna and all the medial teams who have been involved, first in Germany, then near the KRT squad's base in Spain and soon in Loris's native France. The KRT team will continue to support Loris in his recovery programme as they have done since the accident last Sunday.
Based on the situation so far the team now hopes Loris will be able to race at the next round of the championship, in Turkey on September 15th.
Guim Roda: Kawasaki Racing Team Manager: "After two days of tests in Barcelona with the team doctors and some other specialists we consider Loris should be strong enough to race in Turkey. Loris will have some pain in the area of his injury for some days but we hope it will not affect his performance on the bike. Loris is 20 years old, a strong guy, and this was important in resisting the effects of the crash and for his recovery. All being well, we expect him to show the same level he had in Silverstone and Nürburgring. We want to thank all the doctors for the fast reaction and support during this matter with Loris."
Loris Baz: KRT Rider: "First of all I want to say thank you to all my family, friends and fans for the messages of support. I appreciate them a lot. I feel better now only a few days after the crash but I am still in some pain. We should have more news about my recovery at the beginning of next week when I see more specialists, so we will see what they say. But in general it is better than they thought right after the accident, which is really good. My father drove me home on Monday, then we went to Spain to see some specialists and now I am back home in France again. I tried to keep everybody up to date on Facebook and Twitter, but there were a lot of changes and developments on the medical side so it was not that easy to know what to tell people all the time. Most importantly things are better than we thought. Right now we are looking at a physiotherapy regime to be put in place. If everything works out as it should I will go to Turkey and try to race because my back feels much better than it did on Sunday. I want to say thanks to all the medial teams in Germany, Barcelona and now France. Also a big thanks to my team - they have been really close to me and that is very important right now."


text:
CORE-2009-0109 - Multiple XSS in Sun Communications Express May 20 2009 06:01PM
CORE Security Technologies Advisories (advisories coresecurity com)
Hash: SHA1
Core Security Technologies - CoreLabs Advisory
Multiple XSS in Sun Communications Express
1. *Advisory Information*
Title: Multiple XSS in Sun Communications Express
Advisory ID: CORE-2009-0109
Advisory URL: http://www.coresecurity.com/content/sun-communications-express
Date published: 2009-05-20
Date of last update: 2009-05-20
Vendors contacted: Sun Microsystems
Release mode: Coordinated release
2. *Vulnerability Information*
Class: Cross site scripting (XSS)
Remotely Exploitable: Yes
Locally Exploitable: No
Bugtraq ID: 34154, 34155
CVE Name: CVE-2009-1729
3. *Vulnerability Description*
Several cross-site scripting vulnerabilities were found in the following
files/urls of the Sun Java System Communications Express [1] :
1. 'https://<server>/uwc/abs/search.xml?'
2. 'http://<server>/uwc/base/UWCMain'
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities [2], [3] allow an attacker
to execute arbitrary scripting code in the context of the user browser
(in the vulnerable application's domain). For example, an attacker could
exploit a XSS vulnerability to steal user cookies (and then impersonate
the legitimate user) or fake a page requesting information to the user
(i.e. credentials). This vulnerability occurs when user-supplied data is
displayed without encoding.
4. *Vulnerable packages*
4.1. *SPARC Platform*
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6.3 (Communications Suite 5
or 6) without patch 122793-26.
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6 2005Q4 (6.2).
4.2. *x86 Platform*
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6.3 (Communications Suite 5
or 6) without patch 122794-26.
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6 2005Q4 (6.2).
4.3. *Linux*
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6.3 (Communications Suite 5
or 6) without patch 122795-26.
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6 2005Q4 (6.2).
5. *Non-vulnerable packages*
. Sun Java System Communications Express 6.3 with the patches
described in sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.
6. *Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*
The Sun Alert for this issue has been assigned id 258068 and it is
available at the following URL:
7. *Credits*
These vulnerabilities were discovered by the SCS team from Core Security
8. *Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*
Cross-Site Scripting (commonly referred to as XSS) attacks are the
result of improper encoding or filtering of input obtained from
untrusted sources. Basically, they consist in the attacker injecting
malicious tags and/or script code that is executed by the user's web
browser when accessing the vulnerable web site. The injected code then
takes advantage of the trust given by the user to the vulnerable site.
These attacks are usually targeted at all users of a web application
rather than at the application itself (although one could say that the
users are affected because of a vulnerability of the web application).
The term 'cross-site scripting' is also sometimes used in a
broader-sense referring to different types of attacks involving script
injection into the client. For additional information, please look at
the references [2], [3], [4], [5] and [6].
8.1. *Vulnerability #1 - XSS (BID 34154, CVE-2009-1729)*
Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities were found in the following file/url:
- -----------/
This is part of the 'Personal Address Book->Add contact' functionality.
Although the affected URL is originally accessed through a POST request,
this vulnerability can be exploited both with a GET and with a POST
request. Using the following variables:
- -----------/
The contents of the variables previously mentioned are not being
encoded at the time of using them in HTML output, therefore allowing an
attacker who controls their content to insert javascript code.
The following code is a proof of concept of this flaw:
- -----------/
8.2. *Vulnerability #2 - XSS (BID 34155, CVE-2009-1729)*
Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities were found in the following file/url:
- -----------/
The contents of the url are not being encoded at the time of using them
in HTML output, therefore allowing an attacker who controls their
content to insert javascript code.
This vulnerability can be exploited through a GET request, and the user
does not need to be logged into the web application. This makes this
cross-site scripting vulnerability perfect to be used by attackers on
email-based attacks. An attacker can send via email a link to a
'calendar' and 'exploit' the victim.
The following code is a proof of concept of this flaw:
http://<server>/uwc/base/UWCMain?anon=true&calid=test (at) test (dot) com [email concealed]&caltype=t
alendars=test (at) test (dot) com [email concealed]%27;alert(%27hello%27);a=%27
- -----------/
9. *Report Timeline*
. 2009-01-09:
Core Security Technologies notifies Sun Security Coordination Team of
the vulnerability, setting the estimated publication date of the
advisory to Feb 2nd. Technical details are sent to Communications
Express team.
. 2009-01-09:
The vendor acknowledges reception of the report and asks Core to
postpone publication of the security advisory in order to have enough
time to investigate and fix the bugs. Vendor requests GPG key of Core's
security Advisories team.
. 2009-01-12:
Core agrees to postpone the advisory publication but asks the vendor for
a feedback of their engineering team as soon as possible in order to
coordinate the release date of fixes and security advisories.
. 2009-01-21:
Core asks the vendor an estimated date for the release of patches and
. 2009-01-21:
Sun Security Coordination Team notifies Core that the vendor's
engineering team is hoping to have patches released sometime near the
end of February or the beginning of March. The time-frame is tentative
due to the vendor's QA testing process that includes testing of all
patches which may include fixes to bugs unrelated to those reported by
. 2009-02-06:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication date to Feb 25th. Updated
timeline sent to the vendor requesting confirmation that patches will be
released by then.
. 2009-02-16:
The vendor asks Core to delay the advisory publication until the end of
March, in order to finish a rigorous process of internal testing.
. 2009-02-16:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication date to March 30th. Core
indicates that it would appreciate further technical details about the
flaws from the vendors engineering team.
. 2009-02-17:
Vendor acknowledges previous email.
. 2009-03-17:
Core reminds the vendor that the publication of the advisory is
scheduled for March 30th. Core also requests updated information about
the development and release of fixed versions.
. 2009-03-23:
Vendor confirms that it is on track to have the fix ready for
publication at the end of this month, March 30th, and provides a list of
affected products and versions.
. 2009-03-24:
Vendor states that there was a confusion on his end, and that patches
are scheduled to complete testing and to be published on 22nd April
2009. Vendor requests Core to delay publication of its advisory.
. 2009-03-25:
Core confirms that the advisory publication is rescheduled to April 22nd.
. 2009-04-08:
Sun engineering team informs that they have a fix for other flaw
reported by Core [7]. This fix is currently undergoing Sun standard
testing, and vendor expect to be ready to publish the patch on Monday
20th April 2009.
. 2009-04-16:
Sun engineering team confirms they are still planning to release the fix
for [7] on 20th April 2009.
. 2009-04-17:
Core ask Sun engineering team for the vulnerability reported in this
advisory (Sun Communication Express). Core requires an estimated date
for the release of patches and fixes.
. 2009-04-20:
Sun engineering team informs that the issue which affects Communications
Express is planned for publication later in the week. The vendor will
get back to Core with a more final date once they have confirmed the
. 2009-04-22:
Sun engineering team informs that the fix related to Communications
Express is currently undergoing internal testing and they expect to be
ready to publish the fixes and the sun alert on 6th May 2009.
. 2009-04-29:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication date to 6th May 2009, asks
Sun for an URL of the corresponding Sun alert and a list of
non-vulnerable packages.
. 2009-05-05:
Sun engineering team informs that they are experiencing some
difficulties related to the final release stages of the fix for this
bug. The vendor will not be ready to go public with this fix tomorrow.
. 2009-05-05:
Core responds that it is possible to postpone the publication of the
advisory, but asks Sun engineering team for an estimated date to reach
the final release of the fix as soon as possible.
. 2009-05-08:
Sun engineering team informs they are still experiencing some delays
with the final stages of this release process and asks to delay the
publication of the advisory.
. 2009-05-18:
Sun engineering team confirms that they have resolved the outstanding
issues related to this vulnerability and they expect to be ready to
publish the fixes on Wednesday 20th May.
. 2009-05-18:
Core re-schedules the advisory publication date to 20th May.
. 2009-05-20: The advisory CORE-2009-0109 is published.
10. *References*
[2] HTML Code Injection and Cross-Site Scripting
[3] The Cross-Site Scripting FAQ (XSS)
[4] How to prevent Cross-Site Scripting Security Issues
[5] How to review ASP Code for CSSI Vulnerability
[6] How to review Visual InterDev Generated Code for CSSI Vulnerability
[7] HTTP Response Splitting vulnerability in Sun Delegated Administrator
- - http://www.coresecurity.com/content/sun-delegated-administrator
11. *About CoreLabs*
CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security Technologies, is charged
with anticipating the future needs and requirements for information
security technologies. We conduct our research in several important
areas of computer security including system vulnerabilities, cyber
attack planning and simulation, source code auditing, and cryptography.
Our results include problem formalization, identification of
vulnerabilities, novel solutions and prototypes for new technologies.
CoreLabs regularly publishes security advisories, technical papers,
project information and shared software tools for public use at:
12. *About Core Security Technologies*
Core Security Technologies develops strategic solutions that help
security-conscious organizations worldwide develop and maintain a
proactive process for securing their networks. The company's flagship
product, CORE IMPACT, is the most comprehensive product for performing
enterprise security assurance testing. CORE IMPACT evaluates network,
endpoint and end-user vulnerabilities and identifies what resources are
exposed. It enables organizations to determine if current security
investments are detecting and preventing attacks. Core Security
Technologies augments its leading technology solution with world-class
security consulting services, including penetration testing and software
security auditing. Based in Boston, MA and Buenos Aires, Argentina, Core
Security Technologies can be reached at 617-399-6980 or on the Web at
13. *Disclaimer*
The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2009 Core Security
Technologies and (c) 2009 CoreLabs, and may be distributed freely
provided that no fee is charged for this distribution and proper credit
is given.
14. *PGP/GPG Keys*
This advisory has been signed with the GPG key of Core Security
Technologies advisories team, which is available for download at
Version: GnuPG v1.4.7 (MingW32)
Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org
[ reply ]
Privacy Statement


text:
I grew up in a largely secular household. Although I was christened in the Anglican church, my exposure to religious ideas was limited to a children's book of bible stories (from my grandmother), occasional visits to church (when my parents were out of town and I had to stay with gran), and a week every summer spent at church camp. The bible stories I treated just as that – even from an early age, I recognized them as stories only. My occasional church visits I found entirely boring and I don't remember ever actually listening to anything that was said.
Church camp was probably the most influential religious experience I had. I should say that I only ever went to church camp because there was always a week in the summer where my mom went out of town and my dad worked and my parents thought it would be best to send me off to camp with other kids. There were very few (if any) live-in summer camps in our area that weren't run by churches, and my parents were of the opinion that a week of religion wouldn't kill me. For the most part they were right. There was the one summer where a scheduling conflict forced them to send me to a Pentecostal camp instead of the Anglican camp that I usually went to. Pentecostal camp featured 4 hours of church every day, which included adults speaking in tongues and performing "miracles" on demand, and lots of kids with their hands in the air, crying (literally) for Jesus. I remember being bitter that I wasn't allowed to listen to my new Natalie Cole cassette tape because it wasn't about God. I found that camp creepy, and my mom was pretty shocked by the stories I told when I came home. Needless to say, I never went there again. The Anglican camp was better. There was always some sort of short service each day (usually held outside in a little clearing in the forest), but for the most part we played games, sang songs, swam in the ocean and did normal kid stuff. I enjoyed camp, and it gave me the impression that believing in God wasn't all that bad. I enjoyed the camaraderie with other kids and the feeling that we were all a part of something.
In all my life, I don't remember ever having a fervent belief in God. I thought it was tradition to be a part of a religion, but I didn't realize that you had to actually believe in it. As a teenager, I started to philosophize on religion and what I really believed. At first, I came up with the argument that "god" or "gods" were present in all societies around the world, so maybe there was something to it. But I didn't think that any one religion had it right. I guess this was my phase of "spirituality" where I thought there might be some higher being, but I couldn't subscribe to any one belief system. In university, I spent a weekend at a friend's house and devoured the book "Conversations with God", which is written on the premise that the author is actually able to communicate with God, and God explains why there are all these contradictions in the world – why babies die, why some parts of the world experience extreme poverty and suffering while others were relatively prosperous, why God doesn't show himself. I thought the book made some sense, and I remember thinking that if there was a God, I'd like to think that he'd be practical and merciful like the author of that book explained. Of course, I realized that the book didn't jive with any religious doctrine that I knew of, so I was back to thinking that there might be something out there, but no religion had it right.
I think that my "spirituality" dissolved gradually through university as I strengthened my science muscles. I took a class as an elective towards the end of my B.Sc. that focused on society and the environment. The class was full of hippies and "spiritual" folks who had an idealistic view that "alternative reasoning" could solve all the world's problems – I would have fit right in during high school. In the course, I heard the argument all the time that "if we just let go of our western ideals and ways of thinking and take a holistic approach to environmental management, we'll save the environment". Nobody ever explained what that meant. Meanwhile, I'd spent 2 summers as a research assistant investigating how land use affected fish populations in different regions of the province, and finding that the "doom and gloom" opinion that most environmentalists had regarding logging and the environment didn't apply to all ecosystems. I was thinking critically, investigating claims, and finding that science had more answers to everything. I think it was around this time that I ditched the idea of a god entirely. In the same way that I couldn't envision how "non-Western thinking" could solve the world's environmental problems, I just couldn't wrap my mind around the idea of a man in the sky, responsible for everything, meting out vengeance on anyone who didn't blindly believe in his glory. Even "spirituality" seemed silly and childish – I was fed up with woo, "alternative thinking", eastern/western reasoning, etc.. In the end, it all comes down to facts, and the fact is that no higher being has ever presented me with a single reason to believe he exists.
I'm still an environmentalist, but instead of standing in a cutblock, smoking weed and chained to a tree, I'm actively involved in the science that goes towards managing environment effectively for everyone. And instead of hanging out in a coffee shop discussing god, spirituality, and the driving force behind nature, I'm discussing with everyone who will listen the reasons why I'm an atheist.
Kirsten Seymour


text:
This is a delicious holiday and Shabbat skewered chicken appetizer that will be gobbled up by adults and children alike.
It's sweet taste and crunchy texture is just enough to whet your appetite for the meal to come. Thank you Marcelle ben Dayan for sharing this recipe with @thejewishhostess on Instagram.
p.s. All hostesses- if you haven't checked us out on your iPad or smartphone, you are missing out on the fun!
Don't miss a single recipe or gorgeous table setting idea! Subscribe Now!


text:
The must-have gift of the Christmas season is causing a new headache.
At least one parent says the Zhu Zhu hamsters -- who earlier this month faced bad press after it was reported they contained unsafe amounts of a heavy metal -- are poorly designed and can get tangled in the hair of young children.
"We had to cut their hair out of these toys as the wheels easily grab their hair, winds it up very fast, leaving us with the only option of cutting their hair out," New Lenox's Michelle Verheyen wrote via e-mail.
Verheyen said that in the three days since Christmas, she's had to cut her girls' hair more than once.
"I... feel that this toy is marketed to young girls, many whom have long hair. Their hair very, very easily gets caught in the wheels and gets tangled up severely. I think the product should be recalled. It is pathetic," Verheyen said.
The maker of the toy, Cepia, acknowledges that it has received reports of hair entanglements, but says warning statements on the labeling and instructions caution parents to keep the toys away from hair and skin.
"Zhu Zhu Pets are marketed for children 4 years of age and older and are designed to be played with on a smooth floor, or in or on specialized Zhu Zhu Pet accessories," the company wrote in a statement.
Cepia says their product is marketed to children ages 4 and older. Verheyen's daughters are 5 and 8 years old.
Zhu Zhu Pets Causing New Headache
Parents say mechanical hamsters get entangled in hair
The must-have gift of the Christmas season is causing a new headache.


text:
Yesterday, Guinness World Records recognized 114-year-old Japanese woman Misao Ookawa as the world's oldest living woman with a certificate, seen here.
Then Reuters, either unfazed by or unaware of the superstitious implications, did the unthinkable and called the award an "early birthday present," before going on to declare that "next week, Ookawa will rack up one more year of living on March 5 as she turns 115."
We are knocking on all the wood we can get our hands on, and we encourage you to do the same — but we're optimistic. According to Japanese media, Ookawa has never had a major illness in her life. Plus she's super level-headed and awesome in that way that supercentenarians often tend to be:
"Given everything, it's pretty good," she said upon receiving the certificate.


text:
At some point during E3, this happened, but we were far too busy working to see it.
I've always wanted to see a flash mob in action, even if it is just a marketing tie-in. It seems I've missed my chance. From the YouTube description:
Attendees at E3 2010 were surprised with an Alien Invasion Flash Mob to celebrate the release of the new TOY STORY 3 video game. Over 100 fans came together and danced to music and choreography inspired by the game on the opening day of E3 at the LA Convention centre.
Opening day? Let's see, that puts me at the Sony press conference, cursing at the internet and tapping away at my netbook's tiny keyboard. Not a fair trade, methinks.


text:
Study finds significantly higher hospital costs for surgical patients who smoke
Cigarette smoking contributes to significantly higher hospital costs for smokers undergoing elective general surgery, according to a study published in the June 2012 issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons. When researchers analyzed data on more than 14,000 patients, they found that postoperative respiratory complications help drive up these health care costs.
Study researchers estimate that approximately 30 percent of patients undergoing elective general surgery procedures smoke. Although an abundance of research exists associating smoking with an increased risk of numerous postoperative complications, especially those related to pulmonary, cardiovascular, and wound-healing outcomes, little information is avail-able comparing surgical costs for smokers versus nonsmokers, said Aparna S. Kamath, MD, MS, lead study author and clinical assistant professor of internal medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City.
In this study, Dr. Kamath and colleagues analyzed data on 14,853 patients who had undergone a general surgery operation in 123 Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers during a one-year period. The patients, mostly white males, were classified into one of three groups: 34 percent were current smokers (patients who smoked within the year before their operation), 39 percent were former smokers (patients with a history of smoking, but who did not smoke during the year before their operation), and 27 percent were never smokers.
Researchers then examined hospital costs in three areas: the operation, subsequent readmission within 30 days of discharge, and length of hospital stay. Because smokers often have coexisting health conditions such as hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and coronary artery disease---all of which can drive up health care costs---the researchers controlled for these factors as well as other factors, including age and urgency of surgical procedure.
Study results showed that total inpatient costs were 4 percent higher for current smokers compared with patients who never smoked. That finding translated into a higher cost of approxi-mately $900 for each patient who underwent a surgical procedure, Dr. Kamath said. The same was not true for former smokers, for whom costs were not statistically significant compared with patients who never smoked. After factoring in the complexity of the operation, researchers found that hospital costs for smokers who had more complex procedures were 6 percent higher compared with hospital costs for patients who never smoked.
Another aim of the current study was to determine if the increased costs found for smokers were primarily the result of respiratory complications. Upon further analysis, the researchers found that, in fact, postoperative respiratory complications, and not length of hos- pital stay, account for the added expense for smokers undergoing elective general surgery operations. "It wasn't a surprise, but it's important to actually prove this expectation," Dr. Kamath said.
In short, the findings from this study underscore the need for preoperative behavioral interventions targeting smoking cessation, Dr. Kamath said. "This research just strengthens our belief that we should encourage patients to quit smoking before their operations because of respiratory complications, in order to improve their surgical outcomes. In addition, it provides health care stakeholders and decision makers with data to make a business case for preoperative smoking cessation interventions," she said.
Importantly, even short periods of abstinence may be beneficial. "Although our research did not directly address this issue, evidence suggests that quitting smoking before an operation, even as little as four to six weeks prior to the procedure, improves postoperative outcomes and decreases complications in patients," Dr. Kamath said. "I think it's important to use the time before a surgical procedure as a teachable moment."
This study was conducted using two data sources, the National VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) and Decision Support System (DSS). VASQIP was established in 1994 as a statistically reliable, risk-adjusted tool to help the Department of Veteran's Affairs measure its quality of care. This data-driven initiative served as the basis for the development of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP), which now is used in hundreds of hospitals across the nation to reduce complications, improve outcomes, and decrease costs.
Explore further


text:
It took the Sauber team two years to complete this, the first complete dissection of an F1 car. The results are absolutely fascinating.
While many teams have shown off individual components, and there have been innumerable cutaway illustrations of Formula One cars over the years, nothing gives you a sense of a modern F1 car's hyper-advanced construction like seeing the whole car together, fully cleaved in two.
Now they just have to split one of their drivers in half so we can watch all his organs get compressed under braking.
(Hat tip to flateric_бг!)


text:
HistoryPoints News
Apr 13, 2017
French answer to heresy in Wales
Llanarmon in the Ceiriog Valley, near Wrexham, is one of many places in Wales named after a 5th-century bishop of Auxerre, France. St Garmon came to Wales in 429AD to ...
Category: General
Posted by: RhodriC
counter the heresy of Pelagianism. Some have suggested that an earth mound inside St Garmon's churchyard in Llanarmon is a prehistoric burial mound on which Garmon stood to preach. For more on this story, scan the HistoryPoints QR codes on the church noticeboard with your mobile. Or click here


text: Philosophy is the study of the nature of knowledge that seeks to gain understanding about reality, truth, and values. It is worth studying (Acts 17:18, Titus 1:12) as long as it is not vain philosophy (Col. 2:8) that contradicts God's Word. With it, we can better obey (1 Pet. 3:15).


text:
You are visiting the United Kingdom site. You might be interested in the Sverige site.
Principal occupation: Directorships and advisor in software development
Other assignments: Chairman of Peltarion, Sitecore, and StormGeo; board director of Skandia and Tia Technologies.
Previous assignments and work experience: Former CEO of Microsoft Sweden and has held a number of senior positions within Microsoft, including as COO of cloud services and software development engagements. Has also worked as a sales leader for consumer mobility solutions and vertical industry solutions in Europe. Board director of Automic Software.
Born 1968. Elected 2016.
Principal occupation: Partner at EQT Partners
Other assignments: Deputy board director of SUSE and Acumatica.
Previous assignments and work experience: Deutsche Bank. Deputy board director of Automic Software, CBR Fashion Group, and Lima Corporate.
Education: B.Sc in Business Administration and Economics and MBA from the University of St Gallen, Switzerland.
Born 1981. Elected 2016.
Principal occupation: Directorships
Other assignments: Board director of CQC Holdings, High Speed Two (HS2), and WYG Group.
Previous assignments and work experience: Chairman of the board of IFS Defence and UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Services Agency; board director of the UK Information Commissioner's Office and Solutions SK; CEO for Logistics and Information Systems in BAE Systems.
Education: B.Sc. (Eng) Hons Imperial College, London
Born 1959. Elected 2009.
Principal occupation: Directorships
Other assignments: Board director of Guidewire, Nutanix, and Salesforce.com.
Previous assignments and work experience: Chairman of Achievers; board director of AMD, eMeter, Kazeon, Pegasystems, Success Factors, and Unisys; CEO of One Touch Systems, PeopleSoft, and TGV Software; executive at Oracle.
Born 1954. Elected 2017.
Principal occupation: Investments and directorships
Other assignments: Board director of Ikano Group, itslearning, iZettle, MotorK, and Zobito.
Previous assignments and work experience: Chairman and CEO of Qlik Technologies; partner in Sundet Investment; board director of Apptus, Automic Holding, Digital Route, Hybris, Mamut, NetAdmin, StormGeo, and Terranet.
Born 1961. Elected 2016.


text:
Adaptive Reasoning
|A to Z of
Creativity Techniques
| Previous
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Advantages, Limitations and Unique Qualities
Adaptive reasoning refers to a problem solving strategy that adapts thinking to address a problem as it changes and evolves.
Adaptive reasoning may also refer to the adaption of thought processes problem solving strategies, conceptual framework, in response and anticipation of the changing nature of the problem being considered.
- "Adaptive reasoning refers to the capacity to think logically about the relationships among concepts and situations and to justify and ultimately prove the correctness of a mathematical procedure or assertion. Adaptive reasoning also includes reasoning based on pattern, analogy or metaphor." (Kilpatrick, p. 170)<ref>Adding it Up: Helping Children Learn Mathematics By Jeremy Kilpatrick, Jane Swafford, Bradford Findell, National Research Council (U.S.). Mathematics Learning Study Committee Edition: illustrated Published by National Academies Press, 2001 ISBN 0309069955, 9780309069953</ref>
- "Capacity for logical thought, reflection, explanation and justification." (Donovan and Bransford, p. 218)<ref>How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom By National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on How People Learn, A Targeted Report for Teachers, Suzanne Donovan, John Bransford Edition: illustrated Published by National Academies Press, 2005 ISBN 0309089492, 9780309089494</ref>
- "The ability of an agent to intelligently adapt its behavior, both short-term and long-term in response to the changing needs of its problem-solving situation" (Turner, p. 4)<ref>Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems: A Schema-based Approach By Roy M. Turner Edition: illustrated Published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994 ISBN 0805812989, 9780805812985</ref>