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Privacy notices for patients
Key points:
- Why do we use your personal data? We typically use your personal information for purposes related to your health and to provide you with health care services.
- We use your sensitive data: In performing our obligations, Ramsay may use information about your health, racial and ethnic origin, and sexual orientation.
- Sharing data: We may share your data with third parties, including third-party service providers and other entities in the group and regulators if legally required.
- Security: We respect the security of your personal information and treat it in accordance with the law.
- International transfer: We may transfer your personal information outside the EU and, if we do, you can expect a similar degree of protection in respect of your personal information.
What is the purpose of this privacy notice?
- As a health care service provider in the UK, Ramsay is subject to legal obligations when processing your personal information, which are contained in the Data Protection Act 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679, and any local or European laws on data protection, as amended from time to time ("Data Protection Laws").
- The purpose of this privacy notice is to explain why we collect your personal information, how we intend to use that information, whether we will share your information with anyone else, as well as your right with regard to the information that Ramsay holds about you.
- It is important that you read this statement so that you know how and why we use information about you. It is also important that you inform Ramsay of any changes to your personal information during the provision of health care services to you by Ramsay so that the information which we hold is accurate and current.
- This statement applies to all current and former patients of Ramsay.
- We keep our privacy notice under regular review. Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on this page.
Who are we?
- We are Ramsay Health Care UK Operations Limited, a company registered in England and Wales under company number 1532937 and with our registered office at Tower 42, Level 18, 25 Old Broad Street, London, EC2N 1HQ ("Ramsay").
- Ramsay is registered as a Data Controller, as defined in the Data Protection Laws, with the Information Commissioner's Office "ICO"
Our Data Protection Officer
- Our Data Protection Officer is responsible for auditing our compliance with Data Protection Laws.
- If you have any concerns or questions about our use of your personal data, you can contact our Data Protection Officer by writing at firstname.lastname@example.com or alternatively by writing at the following address:
Data Protection Officer
Ramsay Health Care UK Operations Ltd
Level 18 Tower 42 25 Old Broad Street
Who has access to my personal information?
The following Ramsay's legal entities and health care providers may process your personal information if necessary for a specified legal purpose and subject to the necessary safeguards being in place:
- Ramsay;
- The Westbourne Centre Birmingham Limited, with registered address Level 18, Tower 42, 25 Old Broad Street, London, United Kingdom, EC2N 1HQ, and with registration number 06558306;
- Independent British Health Care (Doncaster) Limited, with registered address Level 18, Tower 42, 25 Old Broad Street, London, United Kingdom, EC2N 1HQ, and with registration number 03043168;
- Clifton Park Hospital Limited, with registered address Level 18, Tower 42, 25 Old Broad Street, London, United Kingdom, EC2N 1HQ, and with registration number 11140716;
- Heath care providers providing health care services to Ramsay's patients in our hospitals through services agreements. Those services include physiotherapy services, cosmetic surgery services, ophthalmology services, MRI services, and X-ray services;
- The National Health Services ("NHS").
What type information do we hold about you?
The personal information we may hold about you may include the following:
- Name
- Contact details, such as postal address, email address and telephone number
- Financial information, such as debut and credit card details used to pay us
- Occupation
- Emergency contact details, including next of kin
- Background referral details
We may also process the following more sensitive category of personal data:
- Details of your current or former physical or mental health. This may include information about any healthcare you have received (both from Ramsay directly and other healthcare providers such as GPs, dentists or hospitals (private and/or NHS)) or need, including about clinic and hospital visits and medicines administered.
- Details of services you have received from us
- Details of your nationality, race and/or ethnicity
- Details of your religion
- Details of any genetic data or biometric data relating to you
- Data concerning your sex life and/or sexual orientation
How we collect your personal information
We may collect your personal information including sensitive personal information in a number of different ways, including:
Directly from you
- When you complete an enquiry form on the Ramsay website
- When you submit a query to us either through our website, by email or by social media
- When you correspond with us by letter, email, telephone or social media, including where you reference Ramsay in a public social media post
- When you use our healthcare services and agree to treatment
Other healthcare providers
We may collect medical records from the persons and bodies below for the purpose of your direct care. These records may include diagnosis, treatment, hospital visits and medication administered information.
- Your general practitioner
- Your dentist
- Other hospitals or treatment facilities you may have been treated at, both NHS and Private
- Consultants working for Ramsay or third parties, or their medical secretaries
- Commissioners of healthcare services and regulators
Other third parties
- Family members or next of kin, with your consent
- Credit reference agencies
- Debt collection agencies
- Your private medical insurance policy provider
- NHS health service providers
- Government agencies and regulatory bodies, including HMRC, Ministry of defence and The Home Office
The purpose for which we process your personal information
We may 'process' your personal information for a number of different purposes and each time we use your information we must have a legal justification to do so.
Ramsay may process your personal information only if it can rely on one of the grounds listed in column a.
In order to ensure an additional safeguard, Ramsay may process your "sensitive" personal information if it can rely on one of the grounds listed in column a, and one of the "additional grounds to process your sensitive personal data" (column b) only.
Reason:Why we need to process your personal information
Our ground to process your personal information Lawful Basis:
Additional ground to Additional lawful basis (Special category data):process your sensitive personal data
Provide marketing information to you
Your consent
Contacting you following an enquiry from you by email, through our phone line, our social media pages or our website.
Necessary steps for us to enter into a contract with you
For the provision of health care and/or treatment in pursuant to a contract with us.
Establishing a patient record
Necessary steps for us to enter into a contract with you.
For the provision of health care and/or treatment in pursuant to a contract with us.
To provide you with healthcare , treatment and related services.
Fulfilling our contract with you for the provision of health care and/or treatment
To protect your vital interest of the vital interests of another person where you are physically or legally incapable of giving consent
Providing you with healthcare.
To protect your vital interest of the vital interests of another person where you are physically or legally incapable of giving consent
To ensure that your account and billing is fully accurate and up-to-date
Fulfilling our contract with you for the provision of health care and/or treatment
Appropriate business need to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
We need the use of your data to provide healthcare services to you
The use is necessary in order for us to establish, exercise or defend our rights
Providing improved quality, training including conducting post treatment surveys, but excluding marketing .
Appropriate business need to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
We need to use the data in order to manage the healthcare services we deliver, including carrying out surveys in order to identify and carry out any necessary improvements
Maintaining accounting and financial records, internal audit requirements,
Appropriate business need to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
For compliance with legal obligations
Disclose information to regulatory bodies (see exception with PHIN below)
To comply with a legal or regulatory obligation
Necessary for reasons of substantial public interest
Necessary to protect against serious cross-border threats
Under the Competition and Markets Authority Private Healthcare Market Investigation Order 2014, we are required to provide the Private Health Care Information Network" (PHIN) with information related to your treatment, including your NHS Number the nature of your procedure, whether there were any complications.
Your consent.
Necessary for reasons of substantial public interest
Necessary to ensure high standards of quality and safety of health care
To answer any complaint or legal claim from you
To establish, exercise or defend our legal rights
Necessary for the establishment, exercise, or defence of legal claims
Communicating with third party, share updates about your care (e.g. insurance companies) and updating other healthcare professionals about your care (e.g. NHS) .
Fulfilling our contract with you for the provision of health care and/or treatment
Appropriate business need to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
Necessary for the provision of health care or treatment or the management of health care systems pursuant to contract with a health professional
Necessary for reasons of public interests in the area of public health and ensuring high standards of quality and safety of health care
Using your information held on our systems, such as Electronic Patient Record, Finance System to test these applications
Appropriate business need to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
To manage health care services, including carrying out surveys (which are not a form of marketing) in order to identify and carry out any necessary improvements
Use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) throughout Ramsay sites for security purposes
Appropriate business need based on safety and security to use your information which does not overly prejudice your rights
We may need to share your information, in pseudonymised form, with our IT service desk to resolve system issues
Appropriate business need based on the functioning, maintenance and functioning of Ramsay's IT system
Please note that failure to provide us with your personal information (including your sensitive information) may mean that we are unable to set you up as a patient, or provide you with the required treatment, or facilitate the provision of your healthcare on Ramsay's systems, or
How we communicate with you
When you get in contact with us or register as a patient with us we will ask you to complete a registration form and/or a 'How we communicate with you' form, which can be downloaded here: How we communicate with you
We will communicate with you by your preferred method (by telephone, SMS, email, and/or post). If we contact you using the telephone number(s) which you have provided, and you are not available which results in the call being directed to a voicemail and/or answering service, we may leave a voice message
In accordance with the preferences you have communicated to us, We may need to contact you to:
- ensure that we provide you with updates and/or reminders regarding your appointment
- provide you with your medical information (including test results and other clinical updates) and/or invoicing information;
- respond to email enquiries;
- respond to telephone enquiries;
How long do we keep your personal information and where it is stored
Our retention policy is in line with the Records Management Code of Practice for Health and Social Care 2016, and applicable laws as amended from time to time.
All non-medical records we hold about you will be kept in compliance with applicable legal obligations.
The information we collect and hold about you is held securely within the United Kingdom and stored in either paper format or held on our secure servers.
Records that have completed the specified retention period will be destroyed in line with the British Standard Code of Practice for the Secure Destruction of Confidential Material (BS EN 15713:2009).
Sharing of your personal information with third parties
We will share your personal information with third parties when it is appropriate and necessary to do so only, including the following:
- Your consultant (including their medical secretaries),
- nurse, carer or any other healthcare professional involved in your treatment
- Receptionists and, porters
- Your emergency contact, for example your next of kin or carer
- NHS organisations and the Department of Health
- Other private sector healthcare providers
- Your general practitioner
- Your Dentist
- Third parties who assist in the administration of your healthcare, such as insurance companies
- Private Healthcare Information Network ("PHIN")
- National and other professional research/audit programmes and registries
- Government bodies, including the Ministry of Defence, the Home Office and HMRC
- Regulators, including the Care Quality Commission, Health Inspectorate Wales and Healthcare Improvement Scotland, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
- The police and other third parties where reasonably necessary for the prevention or detection of crime
- Private medical insurers
- Debt collection agencies
- Credit referencing agencies
- Suppliers of medical devices
- Third party service providers such as IT suppliers , auditors, lawyers, marketing agencies, document management providers and tax advisers
- Selected third parties in connection with any sale, transfer or disposal of our business
In the interests of training and continually improving our services, enquiry calls to Ramsay Hospitals may be monitored or recorded. Enquiry calls recorded will be held for a period of 90 days by our third party call tracking supplier, Infinity Tracking Ltd. Private calls to and from patients in our hospitals are not recorded. Enquiry calls will also be tracked for analytical purposes to monitor the marketing source of the call such as Search Engine, Pay Per Click Advertising or Print Advertisements.
Third parties we contract with are under an obligation to comply with Data Protection Laws at all times.
Transfers to third parties outside EEA
Your personal information may be held outside of the European Economic Area ("EEA") where the organisation paying for your treatment is based outside the EEA. You will in that case be subject to the privacy policy of that third party.
We may have a legitimate interest to send your personal information to a supplier based outside of the EEA, subject to reasonable steps to ensure the security of your personal information in accordance with Data Protection Laws.
External websites
Your consultant will have its own privacy notice in place to which you will be subject. We would therefore recommend that you consult their policy before or when starting your treatment with them.
Your rights regarding your personal information
You have certain rights in relation to the personal information that we hold about you under Data Protection Laws. You may exercise these rights at any time by contacting us using the details set out at the beginning of this privacy notice.
Reasonable requests are free of charge. Requests will usually be processed within one calendar month of receipt, unless it is a complex request. We may reasonably need more information from you to answer your request or to identify you and we will wait until we have the necessary information before dealing with your request.
If we cannot comply with your request to exercise your rights we will usually tell you why. Ramsay, as a health care provider, is subject to legal and regulatory obligations which may limit or restrict the enforcement of your rights on some occasions, as stated below.
Your rights include:
The right to request access your personal information (also known as 'Subject Access Request')
Ramsay is committed to facilitate the exercise of your rights as data subjects. You can find out if we hold any of your personal information by making a 'Subject Access Request' ("SAR"). You can make a SAR either verbally or in writing. It is recommended that you make your request in writing directly to the Hospital/facility holding your records and clearly set out what data you wish to access. Please include the following information when making your request:
- Your name and preferred contact details
- Your hospital number and/or your DOB
- Any details relating to your request (type of document requested, and timeframe covered (e.g. in the case of X ray, date you had the appointment))
Alternatively you can download our Access to Health Records Guidance, complete the attached form and send back to the Hospital where you were treated, addressed to the Data Protection Lead.
You may also make a request directly to our Data Protection Officer (contact details provided at the beginning of this privacy notice).
The right to rectification
You may ask us to rectify any personal information we hold about you if your circumstances have changed or the information is no longer valid.
The right to erasure (also known as the right to be forgotten)
You may ask us to delete some personal information we hold about you but this will be subject to any legal obligations we need to comply with in terms of retention period, public interest, public health, or for the purposes of establishing, exercise or defending legal claims.
The right to restriction of processing
We may amend the scope of the processing of your personal information upon your request, unless we need to keep your personal information in order to perform tasks which are in the public interest, including but not limited to public health, or for the purposes of establishing, exercise or defending legal claims.
The right to data portability
You may ask us to transfer personal information that you have provided to us to you or (if this is technically feasible) another individual / organisation of your choice.
The right to object
This includes the right to object to Ramsay using your personal information in a particular way (such as sharing that information with third parties), and we must stop using it in that way unless specific we need to retain that information to defend a legal claim brought against us, or is otherwise necessary for the purposes of your ongoing treatment.
If you wish to be removed from our marketing emails, you can do this by either contacting the Data Protection Officer, (contact details provided at the beginning of this privacy notice). If you receive marketing information by email you may click on the 'unsubscribe' link embedded within the email sent to you.
The right not to be subject to automatic decisions (ie decisions that are made about you by computer alone)
We do not use profiling and/or make decisions about you based on wholly automated processing of your personal information.
The right to withdraw consent
When we rely on your consent to process your personal information, you have the right to withdraw your consent to further use of your personal information. You can do this by contacting our Data Protection Officer.
The right to complain to the Information Commissioner's Office
You may complain to the Information Commissioner's Office ("ICO") if you have any questions about the way that we have dealt with a request from you to exercise any of these rights, or if you think we are not compliant with Data Protection Laws. Making a complaint will not affect any other legal rights or remedies that you have.
You may contact the ICO here https://ico.org.uk/make-a-complaint/
Data Security measures
Ramsay is committed to ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of your personal information within its control. We use technologies and processes such as access control procedures, network firewalls, encryption and physical security to protect the privacy of information. Although the transmission of information via the internet is never completely secure, we will use our best endeavours to protect your information from loss, misuse or alteration when it is within our control in compliance with all applicable and Data Protection Laws.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Eagle Eye Studs
Wirewrapped Natural Stones Earstuds
Stone: Hawkeye ( grey color )
Listing is for one pair of natural stone earstuds.
Natural stone measure 6mm in diameter. The completed natural stone earstuds measure 8mm in diameter (measurement includes the wire).
The ends of the earposts are rounded and smoothed and comes with backings which are of the same metal.
We use natural stones, hence they may have slight differences from the earstuds as seen in the pictures, but we will select and match the best pair of stones to make them into earstuds.
These earstuds are made-to-order. We will make them within 1 to 3 working days from the date of order.


text:
- Stock #: 20-31071A
Used 2018 Chevrolet Cruze LT Auto
Arctic Blue Metallic
Front-wheel Drive
- Price: $14,983
- Based on 2018 EPA mileage estimates. Use for comparison purposes only. Do not compare from 2008 and later to those from before 2008. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.
- Warranty information is provided "AS-IS"; while we strive to provide you with the latest data available, please contact the dealer to find our more about this vehicle's limited warranty.
- Special APR offers applied to Estimated Selling Price. Not all buyers will qualify. See dealer for qualifications and complete details.
- Vehicle photos are provided for your convenience, and may or may not accurately depict vehicle model, trim level, or installed features. See dealer to verify vehicle details.
- MSRP is the Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of the vehicle. It does not include any taxes, fees or other charges. Pricing and availability may vary based on a variety of factors, including options, dealer, specials, fees, and financing qualifications. Consult your dealer for actual price and complete details. Vehicles shown may have optional equipment at additional cost.
- Not all customers will qualify for GM Employee Pricing. Visit gmfamilyfirst.com for eligibility details.
- The estimated selling price that appears after calculating dealer offers is for informational purposes, only. You may not qualify for the offers, incentives, discounts, or financing. Offers, incentives, discounts, or financing are subject to expiration and other restrictions. See dealer for qualifications and complete details.
- Images, pricing and options shown are examples, only, and may not reflect exact vehicle color, trim, options, pricing or other specifications.
- In transit means that vehicles have been built, but have not yet arrived at your dealer. Images shown may not necessarily represent identical vehicles in transit to your dealership. See your dealer for actual price, payments and complete details.
Graff Bay City:
MPG:29/40 View Performance Info
Mileage:23,444 View Vehicle History Report
- Engine: 1.4L Turbo DOHC 4-Cyl DI w/CVVT
- Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic
- Bluetooth
- Steering Wheel Controls
- Satellite Radio
- Audio Input Jack
- Auto Headlights
- Security System
- Power Windows
- Power Door Locks
- Side Air Bags
- Stability Control
- Traction Control
- Seats Five
Vehicle History Report
Vehicle Service Record:
Get new car value at used car prices with the Chevrolet Cruze in Bay City. Basically new, this car is in its prime. It's a 4 cylinder Arctic Blue Metallic car that gives drivers more control over the road.Ask Us a Question
Feature Details
- 6-Speaker Audio System Feature
- Cloth Seat Trim
- Driver 6-Way Manual Seat Adjuster
- Engine: 1.4L Turbo DOHC 4-Cyl DI w/CVVT
- Front Bucket Seats
- Front Passenger 2-Way Manual Seat Adjuster
- Preferred Equipment Group 1SD
- Radio: AM/FM Chevrolet MyLink w/7" Touch-Screen
- SiriusXM Satellite Radio
- Tires: 205/55R16 AS BW
- Transmission: 6-Speed Automatic
- Wheels: 16" Aluminum
AutoCheck Vehicle History Report
Similar Vehicles
Graff Bay City3636 Wilder Road
Bay City, MI 48706 989-684-4411 Get Directions
Showroom Hours:
- Mon - Thurs
- 9am - 7pm
- Fri
- 9am - 6pm
- Sat
- 9am - 3pm


text:
Shop Super Erecta® chrome shelves at Wasserstrom. Minimize dust accumulation and increase air circulation with these Super Erecta® chrome wire shelves and Super Erecta® super wide chrome shelves. Once you've picked out your Super Erecta® Brite shelves, get the Site Select posts you'll need to set up your store unit. For more shelving products from Metro®, check out our entire Metro® shelving collection online at Wasserstrom.com.
Metro® Super Erecta® Chrome ShelvingOrder Super Erecta® chrome shelving today at Wasserstrom.com. Also shop the great selection of Super Erecta® adjustable shelving, Super Erecta® Brite shelving, and Super Erecta® cantilever shelving along with all the Super Erecta® shelving accessories you might need.
Order Metro® Super Erecta® Chrome Shelving Today
Order Super Erecta® chrome shelving today, and have them arrive right to your door. Ordering online is easy and fast, with more items shipped out in one to two business days. If you have any questions about our selection of Super Erecta® chrome shelving, or would prefer to place your restaurant supplies order by phone, please contact Customer Service.


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LEWISTON, Idaho - (Box Score) Five Embry-Riddle (Fla.) errors led to five Sand Shark unearned runs as No. 8 South Carolina Beaufort eliminated the fifth-seeded Eagles with a 7-2 victory in game five of the 2012 Avista-NAIA World Series at Harris Field in Lewiston, Idaho. The victory is the first in program history for the Sand Sharks who are making their first appearance at the World Series.
With the win, South Carolina Beaufort (41-18) extends its season and advances to play the loser of No. 2 Lee (Tenn.) and No. 7 Point Park (Pa.) at 9 a.m. on Monday, May 28. Embry-Riddle ends the season with a 43-18 overall record and is eliminated from the World Series.
Adam Miller (10-5) earned the win for South Carolina Beaufort. The senior lefthander allowed 10 hits, but only two runs (one earned) over eight innings. Colton Rudd shut the door on the victory retiring all three Eagles he faced in the ninth.
Offensively, Conald Mansfield and Brandon Collins each closed the game 2-for-4 from the dish. Additionally, Mansfield posted two RBIs, both coming in the first. As a team, the Sand Sharks recorded 10 hits.
Daniel Eaton (7-6) took the loss for Embry-Riddle despite only allowing one earned run - six total. He struck out a game-high seven batters and walked three over 7.2 innings. Eagle first baseman Chris Page posted a game-high three hits - all singles - and one RBI.
South Carolina Beaufort set the tone early when leadoff hitter David O'Neil sent a 2-2 pitch through the left side for a leadoff single. O'Neil advanced to second just two pitches later on an Eagle error that also allowed R.J. Neal to reach safely. Following a double steal that put runners at second and third with no outs, Ty Main singled to center to score O'Neil. South Carolina Beaufort added two more on the next pitch as Embry-Riddle center fielder had a grounder ricochet off his glove and into left-center field. The Sand Sharks ended the frame with three runs on four hits and three errors.
Embry-Riddle cut the deficit to 3-1 in the bottom half with back-to-back two out singles by Ben Kline and Ian MacGeorge. The Eagles added another run in the bottom of the second when two-straight errors allowed JT Warmoth to score making it 3-2.
The game remained 3-2 until South Carolina Beaufort broke things open in the top of the eighth. Eaton struck out the first two hitters of the inning, but again was let down by his defense as Gabe Torres reached via a throwing error by the Embry-Riddle short stop. A walk and single brought pinch hitter Blake Cilwick to the plate with two outs and the bases loaded. On the third pitch of the at bat, Cilwick advanced to first on a hit by pitch that brought home Torres from third, 4-2. Two additional Sand Shark runs scored on the next pitch when the Embry-Riddle third baseman kicked an O'Neil ground ball into left-center field making it a 6-2 ball game.
South Carolina Beaufort would add another in the top of the ninth en route to the victory.


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Microland Announces Appointment of Rakesh Bhardwaj as Chief Delivery Officer
05 Dec, 2012, 04:34 GMT
BANGALORE, December 5, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Microland Limited, India's leading provider of IT Infrastructure Management Services, announced today the appointment of Rakesh Bhardwaj as the Chief Delivery Officer of Microland with the global responsibility of delivering Microland's services to its worldwide customers.
Rakesh joins Microland from GE and brings with him two decades of rich experience across several industry sectors - financial services, aviation, locomotives and healthcare, in operational as well as strategic roles.
Prior to joining Microland, Rakesh has spent 18 years at GE, where he held leadership positions in operations, IT and finance. His prior responsibilities in GE included being the CIO of GE Healthcare India, CIO of GE Transportation India and Director GDC Operations as well as E-business leader at GE Corporate. His last assignment was Director Enterprise Business where he led a commercial team for overall South Asia GE Healthcare business.
Speaking on his appointment, Pradeep Kar, Chairman & Managing Director of Microland said, "Rakesh brings with him global experience of setting up delivery centers, managing transnational workforces and running global operations with focus on quality, process and automation. His experience with GE will help us deliver enhanced value to our customers."
Speaking on his appointment as Chief Delivery Officer, Rakesh said, "I believe that remote infrastructure management is a strongly emerging IT services category that will accelerate as companies recognise the tremendous benefits and ROI that is attainable. Microland is very well positioned in that market and I look forward to the opportunity to accelerate Microland's growth in these exciting times."
About Microland:
Microland is India's leading specialist IT infrastructure, virtualisation and cloud services provider with a global footprint. Microland's services address the complete IT Infrastructure needs of an organisation through the SmartFutureTM offering which includes cloud computing, collaboration, virtualisation, and mobility services and the SmartNowTM offering which includes infrastructure management services and IT modernisation services. Through a unique IP built into its service delivery platform, Microland leverages analytics, automation and assurance to deliver reduced TCO, greater IT-Business Alignment and higher performance for customers.
The recent awards won by Microland are - rated amongst the Top 10 Infrastructure Management Providers by Global Services in 2012; the Best Infrastructure Partner (India) for the 8th time by Microsoft since 2005; ranked 8th and 2nd amongst The Top 20 Remote Infrastructure Management vendors and for Data Centre Management capabilities respectively by the Black Book of Outsourcing.
Microland is headquartered in Bangalore and employs over 2,500+ professionals worldwide. Microland provides a proven and reliable alternative to global customers in managing their enterprise IT infrastructure. For more information, please visit www.microland.com.
Microland®, SmartFuture™, SmartNow™are trademarks of Microland Limited. All rights reserved.
Primary Media Contact: Pradeep Menon, firstname.lastname@example.com, 91-80-39180000
SOURCE Microland Limited


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|"Are you a wizard or not?"
The title of this article is conjectural. Although it is based on canonical information, the actual name is a conjecture and may be supplanted at any time by additional information released from canonical sources. If this occurs, please move this page to the appropriate title.
- "However, a cunning charlatan with no magical power saw a chance of enriching himself."
- —The Charlatan's description[src]
The Charlatan was the male antagonist in Babbitty Rabbitty and her Cackling Stump, a wizarding fairy tale written by Beedle the Bard and included in a collection of his stories known as The Tales of Beedle the Bard . In the story, he tricked a foolish King into thinking that the charlatan was a wizard, while he was just a mere Muggle who knew no magic at all. The King appointed him as Grand Sorcerer in Chief, the King's Private Magic Master, so he could teach him his "magic". The King was fooled until Babbitty made him confess that he was a fraud. He was then ordered to the dungeons.
Instructor of magic
The King wanted to learn how to use magic, so he had proclamations read in every village across the country, looking for someone with magical abilities to teach him. No real wizards or witches responded, due to the King's earlier decree that all wizards and witches be hunted down and killed by the Brigade of Witch-Hunters. However, the cunning Charlatan pretended to be a wizard of enormous skill. He took the post as the King's Magic Master for purely selfish reasons of gaining money, rubies, a silver chalice and fame.
One day, while the King and the Charlatan were practising waving their twigs and chanting meaningless rhymes, they heard Babbitty cackling hysterically from her cottage. This enraged the King, who demanded that the Charlatan perform in front of his subjects to show off his new abilities. The Charlatan attempted to back out by saying he had to go out of town, and could not help him, but the King threatened to send the Brigade after him. And if he stayed, and anyone ridiculed the King, the Charlatan's head would be cut off.[1]
Help from Babbitty
The Charlatan headed to Babbitty's house, from where she had been spying on the King and the Charlatan, and found out that she was a real witch. He demanded that she helped him, threatening that should she refuse, he would turn her in to the Brigade of Witch-Hunters. Babbitty agreed to help out the Charlatan. He told Babbitty that she would hide in the bush tomorrow, and do anything in her power to help in this charade.
The next day, with Babbitty's help, the King and the Charlatan performed their "magic". They astonished the crowd by making a hat disappear and levitating a horse, but when one of the brigade asked if the King could make his dead hound return to life, the King attempted in vain. Babbitty did nothing, because she knew no magic can raise the dead. The crowd laughed at the King, and the King wanted to know why the spell wasn't working. The Charlatan pointed to the bush, and said that a wicked witch was blocking them. Babbitty ran from the bush, and when the hounds chased after her, she disappeared, leaving the dogs barking at a tree.[1]
Discovery of his trickery
- "…as he raised the axe the charlatan fell to his knees, screaming for mercy and confessing all his wickedness."
- —The Charlatan confesses when threatened[src]
The Charlatan told the crowd that Babbitty had turned into an tree, and that the tree must be cut down, because she was an "evil" witch. The tree was then cut down. As the crowd started to leave, they heard a cackling coming from the stump. Babbitty told the crowd that real witches and wizards cannot be cut in half, and that they should cut the "Grand Sorcerer" in two to prove it. Begging for mercy, the Charlatan then confessed that he was a fraud and was sent to the dungeons.[1]
The King
When the King called for wizards or witches to teach him magic, the Charlatan came to the palace claiming to be a gifted wizard with great talents. He performed a few simple tricks, presumably a form of sleight-of-hand, which convinced the King of the Charlatan's magical powers. From then on, the Charlatan pretended to teach the King "magic," despite not knowing any magic himself. In order to get "supplies" for the "magic lessons," he asked for treasures to finance this venture. While the King gave his so-called mentor privileges and rewards out of teaching him, he would not hesitate in giving him death threats for failing to assist him in proving to the audience of his powers.
Later, when the King found out that the Charlatan was a fraud, he was sent to the dungeons.[1]
- "Cut her down, Your Majesty, that is the way to treat evil witches."
- —The Charlatan[src]
Babbitty was the king's washerwoman. She thought the Charlatan and King's "lessons" were ridiculous and laughed at the King, putting the Charlatan in great danger due to the King's rage. When the Charlatan came to see her, he blackmailed Babbitty to perform the King's spells for him without the King's knowledge, or else he would denounce her as a witch to the Brigade of Witch-Hunters. Babbitty agreed to help him. The following day, with Babbitty's help, the King and Charlatan pretended to perform "magic". But when one of the brigade asked if the King could bring his dead hound back to life, the King attempted to do so in vain. Babbitty did nothing to try to help.
Being a true witch, she knew it was useless to attempt to bring back the dead. The crowd laughed at the King, and the enraged King asked the Charlatan why the "magic" was not working. The Charlatan betrayed Babbitty and pointed out the bush behind which Babbitty was hiding, claiming that an evil which was blocking the King's spells. Babbitty ran, and a chase began. The King's hounds chased Babbitty, until she "disappeared," while the dogs stood barking at a tree. The Charlatan convinced the King and the crowd that Babbitty had turned into an apple. He told the King to cut down the tree, for that was the way to treat evil witches. After the men eagerly cut down the tree, a loud cackling sound comes from the stump of the tree. Babbitty told the crowd that real wizards and witches cannot be cut in half. She suggested they cut the Charlatan in half to prove it. The terrified Charaltan admitted his trickery, and was sent to the dungeons.[1]
Personality and traits
- "The charlatan bade the King give him a large sack of gold, so that he might purchase wands and other magical necessities"
- —The cunning Charlatan[src]
The Charlatan was a very cunning man, capable of coming up with the idea to trick the King, and using the King and Babbitty to gain money and fame. He was also extremely greedy, asking the King for various precious treasures, including a silver chalice, rubies, and a large sack of gold. He betrayed Babbitty to the King to get out of his own troubles, proving his selfishness. His greed and schemes turned against him as Babbitty persuaded the King to slice him down to prove whether he was a wizard or not, which led to the Charlatan to confess in cowardice.[1]
- The Tales of Beedle the Bard (First appearance)
Notes and references


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New Chamber of Commerce DirectorAugust 2nd, 2019 by iPhone
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#FURLOUGH #USGovernmentSHUTDOWN #Year2013 #September30 #Monday #PresidentBarrackObama #OBAMAcare #MEDIcare The government CLOSED Monday beyond federal legal holiday signs. The first SHUTDOWN in the "beyond 1 Trillion $ Budget" of the OBAMA Administration, the highest budget ever for a double term Administration. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10200945249139945&set=a.3244675602242.2137946.1427450153&type=1&theater
#Facebook #Hashtags #Maximum10 #Maximum21 #LaunchROCK Facebook programs confuses me with the MAX, there was a time there is no limit but today you are limited to 10 or 21. I had posted this on LAUNCHROCK, so you may discuss and suggest INCLUDEs in the Hashtag FUNCTION! http://support.launchrock.co/…/4519809-extended-hashtag-fun…-
Clarkton Community College in Clarkton City Opened Yesterday(01-October-2011) http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2171120204028&set=a.2121479363038.2113162.1427450153&type=1&theater
From tex888:
6 Ore fà alle 7:14ciao mi chiamo leonardo sono italiano tu dove vivi
From manilascooltalk:
1 Minuto fà alle 12:53Ciao Leonardo! Io sono di Quezon City, nelle Filippine. Ma tu mi può dare una linea con il mio casella vocale a Washington, Stati Uniti d'America a 12.063.392,624 mila. E 'bello incontrarvi qui a logboo. Dove vivi in Italia, se non vi dispiacerà mi chiede? George
From tex888:
11/09/2010 6:45ciao come stai
From manilascooltalk:
22 Ore fà alle 14:44Ciao a tutti. Fine. Va tutto bene. Il mio numero di telefono a Washington è +12063392624, e-Addie è firstname.lastname@example.com Posso avere il tuo numero di contatto e di Addie e-mail come bene?
From tex888:
21 Ore fà alle 15:56certo email@example.com
From manilascooltalk:
12 Ore fà alle 0:33Ciao! Ti ho appena mandato un messaggio sulla tua e-Addie. Puoi provare a controllare
DIDXchange, Virtualphoneline and other Super Technologies' services will be at http://www.ITExpo.com in Los Angeles, California, October 4-6, 2010, booth 143 and http://www.ctiaenterpriseandapps.com in San Francisco, California, October 6-10, 2010, booth 244.
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There are two core configurable ticketing components:
TicketRegistry- Provides for durable ticket storage.
ExpirationPolicy- Provides a policy framework for ticket expiration semantics.
Ticket Registry
The deployment environment and technology expertise generally determine the particular
TicketRegistry component.
A cache-backed implementation is recommended for HA deployments, while the default
DefaultTicketRegistry in-memory component may be suitable for small deployments.
To see the relevant list of CAS properties, please review this guide.
Default (In-Memory) Ticket Registry
The default registry uses a memory-backed internal map for ticket storage and retrieval. This component does not preserve ticket state across restarts and is not a suitable solution for clustered CAS environments that are deployed in active/active mode.
To see the relevant list of CAS properties, please review this guide.
Cache-Based Ticket Registries
Cached-based ticket registries provide a high-performance solution for ticket storage in high availability deployments. Components for the following caching technologies are provided:
RDBMS Ticket Registries
RDBMS-based ticket registries provide a distributed ticket store across multiple CAS nodes. Components for the following caching technologies are provided:
NoSQL Ticket Registries
CAS also provides support for a variety of other databases, including Redis, MongoDb and Apache Cassandra, for ticket storage and persistence:
Secure Cache Replication
A number of cache-based ticket registries support secure replication of ticket data across the wire, so that tickets are encrypted and signed on replication attempts to prevent sniffing and eavesdrops. See this guide for more info.
Ticket Expiration Policies
CAS supports a pluggable and extensible policy framework to control the expiration policy of ticket-granting tickets (TGT) and service tickets (ST). See this guide for details on how to configure the expiration policies.


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How To Track Your Library's Social Media Stats
Your library keeps reference stats, right? Your library has a gate count, correct? Why do you keep these statistics? The reason is because you want to measure how much your services are getting used. The numbers you get back can… Continue Reading


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Clonony Castle is a Medieval tower near Shannon Harbour built by the Coghlans, seized by Henry VIII and ceded to Thomas Boleyn, father of Ann. Mary and Elizabeth Boleyn lived here and their tombstone lies within lovely all weather picnic areas.
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A criminal battery — a physical act that results in harmful or offensive contact with another's person without that person's consent — involving an additional, aggravating factor, such as the infliction of serious bodily injury or the use of a dangerous weapon.
Illustrative case law
See, e.g. State v. Whittington, 926 P.2d 237 (Kan. 1996).


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They key problem with energy is that it's really hard to store--it's tough to buy energy now and use it later, and most energy storage techniques lose a large fraction of the energ
I'm not sure what you pay for energy each month, but combining natural gas, gas for the car and electricity, I'm way over $250. This guy, Mr. Mike Strizki, does it all for nothing. [more]
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In planetary science, accretion is the process in which solids agglomerate to form larger and larger objects, and eventually planets are produced. The initial conditions are a disc of gas and microscopic solid particles, with a total mass of about 1% of the gas mass. These discs are routinely detected around young stars and are now imaged with the new generation of instruments. Accretion has to be effective and fast. Effective, because the original total mass in solids in the solar protoplanetary disk was probably of the order of ~300 Earth masses, and the mass incorporated into the planets is ~100 Earth masses. Fast, because the cores of the giant planets had to grow to tens of Earth masses to capture massive doses of hydrogen and helium from the disc before the dispersal of the latter, in a few millions of years. The surveys for extrasolar planets have shown that most stars have planets around them. Accretion is therefore not an oddity of the solar system. However, the final planetary systems are very different from each other, and typically very different from the solar system. Observations have shown that more than 50% of the stars have planets that don't have analogues in the solar system. Therefore the solar system is not the typical specimen. Models of planet accretion have to explain not only how planets form, but also why the outcomes of the accretion history can be so diverse. There is probably not one accretion process but several, depending on the scale at which accretion operates. A first process is the sticking of microscopic dust into larger grains and pebbles. A second process is the formation of an intermediate class of objects called planetesimals. There are still planetesimals left in the solar system. They are the asteroids orbiting between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the trans-Neptunian objects in the distant system, and other objects trapped along the orbits of the planets (Trojans) or around the giant planets themselves (irregular satellites). The Oort cloud, source of the long period comets, is also made of planetesimals ejected from the region of formation of the giant planets. A third accretion process has to lead from planetesimals to planets. Actually, several processes can be involved in this step, from collisional coagulation among planetesimals to the accretion of small particles under the effect of gas drag, to giant impacts between protoplanets. Adopting a historical perspective of all these processes provides details of the classic processes investigated in the past decades to those unveiled in the last years. The quest for planet formation is ongoing. Open issues remain, and exciting future developments are expected.
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Alessandro Morbidelli
Henry Hsieh
The study of active asteroids is a relatively new field of study in Solar System science, focusing on objects with asteroid-like orbits but that exhibit comet-like activity. This field, which crosses traditionally drawn lines between research focused on inactive asteroids and active comets, has motivated reevaluations of classical assumptions about small Solar System objects and presents exciting new opportunities for learning more about the origin and evolution of the Solar System. Active asteroids whose activity appears to be driven by the sublimation of volatile ices could have significant implications for determining the origin of the Earth's water—and therefore its ability to support life—and also challenge traditional assumptions about the survivability of ice in the warm inner Solar System. Meanwhile, active asteroids whose activity appears to be caused by disruptive processes such as impacts or rotational destabilization provide exciting opportunities to gain insights into fundamental processes operating in the asteroid belt and assessing their effects on the asteroid population seen in the 21st century.
Irmgard Marboe
The Agreement on the Rescue and Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (ARRA) of 1968 deals with the obligation of states toward astronauts in distress or in emergency situations and with the obligation to return space objects. It is the second of the five United Nations space treaties, after the Outer Space Treaty (OST) of 1967 and before the Liability Convention (LIAB) of 1972. The historical development of ARRA and how this agreement reflects the needs and interests of the two important space-faring nations at the time of its entry into force, the United States and the Soviet Union, are important factors for understanding the space race. ARRA is related to the OST and regards the various obligations of states concerning rescue and assistance as well as the return of astronauts, which stand in the middle between a general humanitarian duty and political and national security considerations. The return of space objects and the question of costs of rescue and return operations are important concerns and can be compared to the situation with the law of the sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982 and the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Respecting Assistance and Salvage at Sea (Salvage Convention) of 1989. ARRA has never been applied with respect to accidents or distress of astronauts or cosmonauts but several times with respect to the recovering and returning of space objects. Finally, current challenges, such as the commercialization and privatization of outer space activities need to be addressed. This includes the increased interests of private individuals to enter outer space (so-called space tourism) and the question of the application of the ARRA to suborbital flights. Many legal challenges created by technological progress can be resolved via an evolving interpretation and application of the ARRA. Yet, some issues might warrant a new legal framework.
James D. Burke and Erik M. Conway
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology had its origins in a student project to develop rocket propulsion in the late 1930s. It attracted funding from the U.S. Army just prior to U.S. entry into World War II and became an Army missile research facility in 1943. Because of its origins as a contractor-operated Army research facility, JPL is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) only contractor-operated field center. It remains a unit of the California Institute of Technology. In the decades since its founding, the laboratory, first under U.S. Army direction and then as a NASA field center, has grown and evolved into an internationally recognized institution generally seen as a leader in solar system exploration but whose portfolio includes substantial Earth remote sensing. JPL's history includes episodes where the course of the laboratory's development took turning points into new directions. After developing short-range ballistic missiles for the Army, the laboratory embarked on a new career in lunar and planetary exploration through the early 1970s and abandoned its original purpose as a propulsion technology laboratory. It developed the telecommunications infrastructure for planetary exploration too. It diversified into Earth science and astrophysics in the late 1970s and, due to a downturn in funding for planetary exploration, returned to significant amounts of defense work in the 1980s. The end of the Cold War between 1989 and 1991 resulted in a declining NASA budget, but support for planetary exploration actually improved within NASA management—as long as that exploration could be done more cheaply. This resulted in what is known as the "Faster Better Cheaper" period in NASA history. For JPL, this ended in 2000, succeeded by a return to more rigorous technical standards and increased costs.
Nicholas Campion
Astrology was a central feature of Greek and Roman culture. A knowledge of astrology's claims, practices, and world view is essential for a full understanding of religion, politics, and science in the Greek and Roman worlds. Astrology is the name given to a series of diverse practices based in the idea that the stars, planets, and other celestial phenomena possess significance and meaning for events on Earth. It assumes a link between Earth and sky in which all existence, spiritual, psychological, and physical, is interconnected. Most premodern cultures practice a form of astrology. A particularly complex variety of it evolved in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia bce from where it was imported into the Hellenistic world from the early 4th century bce onward. There it became attached to three philosophical schools, those pioneered by Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics, all of which shared the assumption that the cosmos is a single, living, integrated whole. Hellenistic astrology also drew on Egyptian temple culture, especially the belief that the soul could ascend to the stars. By the 1st century ce, the belief in the close link between humanity and the stars had become democratized and diversified into a series of practices and schools of thought which ranged across Greek and Roman culture. It was practiced at the imperial court and in the street. It could be used to predict individual destiny, avert undesirable events, and arrange auspicious moments to launch new enterprises. It could advise on financial fortunes or the condition of one's soul. It was conceived of as natural science and justified by physical influences or considered to be divination, concerned with communication with the gods and goddesses. In some versions, the planets were neither influences nor causes of events on Earth, but timing devices, which indicated the ebb and flow of human affairs, like the hands on a modern clock. Astrology had a radical view of time in which the future already existed, at least in potential, and the astrologer's task was to intercede in time, altering the future to human advantage. In this sense astrology was a form of "participation mystique" in which time and space were conceived of as a single entity and individual and social benefits were to be derived from engaging with it. There was no one single version of astrology and there were disputes about what it was and what it could do, for example, whether it could make precise predictions about individual affairs or merely general statements. From the early 4th century it went into a progressive decline, facing challenges from Christianity and the fragmentation of classical culture, especially in Western Europe. It survived in Persia, exerted a powerful influence on Indian astrology, and was transmitted to the Islamic world, from where it was reimported into the Latin West in the 12th century.
Masaru Yamamoto
Venus is a slowly rotating planet with a thick atmosphere (~9.2 MPa at the surface). Ground- and satellite-based observations have shown atmospheric superrotation (atmospheric rotation much faster than solid surface rotation), global-scale cloud patterns (e.g., Y-shaped and bow-shaped structures), and polar vortices (polar hot dipole and fine structures). The Venusian atmospheric circulation, controlled by the planet's radiative forcing and astronomical parameters, is quite different from the earth's. As the meteorological data have been stored, understanding of the atmospheric circulation has been gradually enriched with the help of theories of geophysical fluid dynamics and meteorology. In the cloud layer far from the surface (49–70 km altitude), superrotational flows (east-to-west zonal winds) exceeding 100 m/s and meridional (equator-to-pole) flows have been observed along with planetary-scale brightness variations unique to Venus. The fully developed superrotation, which is ~60 times faster than the planetary rotation, is maintained by meridional circulation and waves. For the planetary-scale variations, slow-traveling waves with stationary and solar-locked structures and fast-traveling waves with phase velocities of around the superroational wind speeds are dominant in the cloud layer. Thermal tides, Rossby waves, Kelvin waves, and gravity waves play important roles in mechanisms for maintaining fast atmospheric rotation. In the lower atmosphere below the cloud layer, the atmospheric circulation is still unknown because of the lack of global observations. In addition to the limited observations, the atmospheric modeling contributes to deep understanding of the atmospheric circulation system. Recent general circulation models have well simulated the dynamical and thermal structures of Venus's atmosphere, though there remain outstanding issues.
Karen Aplin and Georg Fischer
Electricity occurs in atmospheres across the Solar System planets and beyond, spanning spectacular lightning displays in clouds of water or dust, to more subtle effects of charge and electric fields. On Earth, lightning is likely to have existed for a long time, on the basis of evidence from fossilized lightning strikes in ancient rocks, but observations of planetary lightning are necessarily much more recent. The generation and observations of lightning and other atmospheric electrical processes, both from within-atmosphere measurements, and spacecraft remote sensing, can be readily studied using a comparative planetology approach, with the Earth as a model. All atmospheres contain charged molecules, electrons, and/or molecular clusters created by ionization from cosmic rays and other processes, which may affect an atmosphere's energy balance both through aerosol and cloud formation and direct absorption of radiation. Several planets are anticipated to host a "global electric circuit" by analogy with the circuit occurring on the Earth, where thunderstorms drive the current of ions or electrons through weakly conductive parts of the atmosphere. This current flow may further modulate an atmosphere's radiative properties through cloud and aerosol effects. Lightning could potentially have implications for life through its effects on atmospheric chemistry and particle transport. It has been observed on many of the Solar System planets (Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and it may also be present on Venus and Mars. On Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, lightning is thought to be generated in deep water and ice clouds, but discharges can be generated in dust, as for terrestrial volcanic lightning, and on Mars. Other, less well-understood mechanisms causing discharges in non-water clouds also seem likely. The discovery of thousands of exoplanets has recently led to a range of further exotic possibilities for atmospheric electricity, though lightning detection beyond our Solar System remains a technical challenge to be solved.
Cordula Steinkogler
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article. The Austrian Outer Space Act, which entered into force in December 2011; and the Austrian Outer Space Regulation, which has been in force since February 2015, form the legal framework for Austrian national space activities. The elaboration of national space legislation became necessary to ensure compliance with Austria's obligations as State Party to the five United Nations Space Treaties when the first two Austrian satellites were launched in 2012 and Austria became a launching state on its own. The legislation comprehensively regulates legal aspects related to space activities, such as authorization, supervision, and termination of space activities; registration and transfer of space objects; recourse of the government against the operator; as well as implementation of the law and sanctions for its infringement. One of the main purposes of the law is to ensure the authorization of national space activities. The Outer Space Act sets forth the main conditions for authorization, which inter alia refer to the expertise of the operator; requirements for orbital positions and frequency assignments; space debris mitigation, insurance requirements, and the safeguard of public order; public health; national security as well as Austrian foreign policy interests; and international law obligations. The Austrian Outer Space Regulation complements these provisions by specifying the documents the operator must submit as evidence of the fulfillment of the authorization conditions, which include the results of safety tests, emergency plans, and information on the collection and use of Earth observation data. Particular importance is attached to the mitigation of space debris. Operators are required to take measures in accordance with international space debris mitigation guidelines for the avoidance of operational debris, the prevention of on-orbit break-ups and collisions, and the removal of space objects from Earth orbit after the end of the mission. Another specificity of the Austrian space legislation is the possibility of an exemption from the insurance requirement or a reduction of the insurance sum, if the space activity is in the public interest. This allows support to space activities that serve science, research, and education. Moreover, the law also provides for the establishment of a national registry for objects launched into outer space by the competent Austrian Ministry. The first two Austrian satellites have been entered into this registry after their launch in 2012. The third Austrian satellite, launched in June 2017, will be the first satellite authorized under the Austrian space legislation.
Throughout the history of human activity in outer space, the role of private companies has steadily grown, and, in some cases, companies have even replaced government agencies as the primary actors in space. As private space activity has grown and diversified, the laws and regulations that govern private actors have been forced to evolve in reaction to the new realities of the industry. On the international level, the treaties concluded in the 1960s and 1970s continue to be in force today. However, these treaties only govern state activity in space. The rules regulating private industry are necessarily domestic in nature, and it is in these domestic laws that the evolution of space law can be most clearly seen. That said, new industries, such as asteroid mining, are testing the limits of international law and have forced the international community to examine whether changes to long-standing laws are needed.
Mikhail Zolotov
Chemical and phase compositions of the surface of Venus could reflect a history of gas–rock and fluid–rock interactions, recent and past climate changes, and a loss of water from the Earth's sister planet. The concept of chemical weathering on Venus through gas–solid type reactions was established in the early 1960s after the discovery of the hot and dense CO2-rich atmosphere of the planet, inferred from Earth-based and Mariner 2 radio emission data. Initial models suggested carbonation, hydration, and oxidation of exposed igneous rocks and a control (buffering) of atmospheric gases by solid–gas type chemical equilibria in the near-surface rocks. Carbonates, phyllosilicates and Fe oxides were considered likely secondary minerals. From the late 1970s onward, measurements of trace gases in the sub-cloud atmosphere by the Pioneer Venus and Venera entry probes and by Earth-based infrared spectroscopy challenged the likelihood of hydration and carbonation. The atmospheric H2O gas content appeared to be low enough to allow the stable existence of H2O-bearing and a majority of OH-bearing minerals. The concentration of SO2 gas was too high to allow the stability of Ca-rich carbonates and silicates with respect to sulfatization to CaSO4. In the 1980s, the detection of an elevated bulk S content at the Venera and Vega landing sites suggested ongoing consumption of atmospheric SO2 to surface sulfates. The supposed composition of the near-surface atmosphere implied oxidation of ferrous minerals to Fe oxides, magnetite and hematite, consistent with the infrared reflectance of surface materials. The likelihood of sulfatization and oxidation has been illustrated in modeling experiments in simulated Venus' conditions. The morphology of Venus' surface suggests contact of atmospheric gases with hot surface materials of mainly basaltic composition during the several hundreds of millions years since a global volcanic/tectonic resurfacing. Some exposed materials could have reacted at higher and lower temperatures in a presence of diverse gases at different altitudinal, volcanic, impact, and atmospheric settings. On highly deformed tessera terrains, more ancient rocks of unknown composition may reflect interactions with putative water-rich atmospheres and even aqueous solutions. Geological formations rich in salt, carbonate, Fe oxide, or silica will indicate past aqueous processes. The apparent diversity of affected solids, surface temperatures, pressures, and gas/fluid compositions throughout Venus' history implies multiple signs of chemical alterations that remain to be investigated. The current understanding of chemical weathering is limited by the uncertain composition of the deep atmosphere, by the lack of direct data on the phase and chemical composition of surface materials, and by the uncertain data on thermodynamics of minerals and their solid solutions. In preparation for further atmospheric entry probe and lander missions, rock alteration could be investigated through chemical kinetic experiments and calculations of solid-gas/fluid equilibria to constrain past and present processes.
Anni Määttänen and Franck Montmessin
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article. Although resembling an extremely dry desert, planet Mars hosts clouds in its atmosphere. Every day somewhere on the planet a part of the tiny amount of water vapor held by the atmosphere can condense as ice crystals to form cirrus-type clouds. The existence of water ice clouds has been known for a long time, and they have been studied for decades, leading to the establishment of a well-known climatology and understanding of their formation and properties. Despite their thinness, they have a clear impact on the atmospheric temperatures, thus affecting the Martian climate. Another, more exotic type of clouds forms as well on Mars. The atmospheric temperatures can plunge to such frigid values that the major gaseous component of the atmosphere, CO2, condenses as ice crystals. These clouds form in the cold polar night where they also contribute to the formation of the CO2 ice polar cap, and also in the mesosphere at very high altitudes, near the edge of space, analogously to the noctilucent clouds on Earth. The mesospheric clouds are a fairly recent discovery and have put our understanding of the Martian atmosphere to a test. On Mars, cloud crystals form on ice nuclei, mostly provided by the omnipresent dust. Thus, the clouds link the three major climatic cycles: those of the two major volatiles, H2O and CO2; and that of dust, which is a major climatic agent itself.
Leonid V. Ksanfomality
Cometary nuclei are small, despite the cosmic scale of the comet tails that they produce. The nuclei have the ability to create rarefied atmospheres, extending as a tail to giant distances comparable to the orbital distances of the planets. Giant tails of comets are sometimes observed for several years and cover a significant part of the sky. The cometary nucleus is capable of continuously renewing tails and supporting the material that is constantly dissipating in space. Large comets do not appear so often that they have become trivial celestial phenomena, but they appear often enough to allow astronomers to complete detailed studies. Many remarkable discoveries, such as the discovery of solar wind, were made during the study of comets. Comets are characterized by great diversity, and their appearance often becomes an ornament of the night sky. Comets have become remote laboratories, where experiments are performed in physical conditions that are not achievable on Earth.
Ann Carine Vandaele
The atmosphere of Venus is quite different from that of Earth: it is much hotter and denser. The temperature and pressure at the surface are 740 K and 92 atmospheres respectively. Its atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) and nitrogen (3.5%), the rest being trace gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), water vapor (H2O), halides (HF, HCl), sulfur-bearing species (SO2, SO, OCS, H2S), and noble gases. Sulfur compounds are extremely important in understanding the formation of the Venusian clouds which are believed to be composed of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) droplets. These clouds completely enshroud the planet in a series of layers, extending from 50 to 70 km altitude, and are composed of particles of different sizes and different H2SO4/H2O compositions. These act as a very effective separator between the atmospheres below and above the clouds, which show very distinctive characteristics.
Jay M. Pasachoff and Roberta J.M. Olson
Since the landmark lunar landing of Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (launched in 2009), and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's Kaguya spacecraft (2007–2009), among other efforts, have now mapped the Moon's surface. Before those technological advances and since the beginning of recorded time, people and civilizations have been entranced by Earth's only natural satellite, which is the second-brightest celestial object visible in the sky from the surface of the planet. Selected examples, among thousands, show how the history of the Moon has been regarded, illustrated, and mapped in visual culture in the Western world. Early examples include representations of a formulaic crescent Moon in Babylonian times; later this dominant stylized depiction of the Moon gave way to more naturalistic images based on observation, culminating in Leonardo da Vinci's manuscript drawings, which study the lunar structure and cratered surface, and Galileo Galilei's first telescopic images of the Moon recorded in wash drawings and woodcuts for his book Sidereus Nuncius. Both the artistic and scientific visual acuity that made this evolution possible belonged to the burgeoning empiricism of the 14th through the 17th centuries, which eventually yielded modern observational astronomy and impacted lunar iconography. The subsequent dramatic mapping of the Moon's surface and the naming of its features became a preoccupation of many astronomers and some artists, who assisted scientists in illustrating their work. With the seeming physical mapping of the Earth-facing side of the Moon well underway in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the function of Earth's satellite as a Romantic symbol gained force in the all the arts but most dramatically in the works of landscape painters in Germany (e.g., Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Gustav Carus) and in England (e.g., Samuel Palmer). At the same time, William Blake, who was obsessed with astronomical imagery, used the Moon for expressive purposes, which reached a fever pitch later in the century in the work of Vincent Van Gogh. Along with the increasing accuracy of the Moon's portrayal through both artists' and scientists' representations, the dramatic history of its mapping from Earth crescendoed with the development of photography and William Cranch Bond's first successful daguerreotype of the Moon in 1851. Further exploration of the Moon, including its far side, has gravitated to aerospace engineers in cooperation with physicists, astronomers, mathematicians, and Apollo astronauts. Nevertheless, the Moon has remained an enduring object of fascination for artists—among the many, Surrealist Joan Miró, Veja Celmins, and Andy Warhol.
Nuno C. Santos, Susana C.C. Barros, Olivier D.S. Demangeon, and João P. Faria
Is the Solar System unique, or are planets ubiquitous in the universe? The answer to this long-standing question implies the understanding of planet formation, but perhaps more relevant, the observational assessment of the existence of other worlds and their frequency in the galaxy. The detection of planets orbiting other suns has always been a challenging task. Fortunately, technological progress together with significant development in data reduction and analysis processes allowed astronomers to finally succeed. The methods used so far are mostly based on indirect approaches, able to detect the influence of the planets on the stellar motion (dynamical methods) or the planet's shadow as it crosses the stellar disk (transit method). For a growing number of favorable cases, direct imaging has also been successful. The combination of different methods also allowed probing planet interiors, composition, temperature, atmospheres, and orbital architecture. Overall, one can confidently state that planets are common around solar-type stars, low mass planets being the most frequent among them. Despite all the progress, the discovery and characterization of temperate Earth-like worlds, similar to the Earth in both mass and composition and thus potential islands of life in the universe, is still a challenging task. Their low amplitude signals are difficult to detect and are often submerged by the noise produced by different instrumentation sources and astrophysical processes. However, the dawn of a new generation of ground and space-based instruments and missions is promising a new era in this domain.
Matthew R. Balme
Dust devils are rotating columns or cones of air, loaded with dust and other fine particles, that are most often found in arid or desert areas. They are common on both Mars and Earth, despite Mars' very thin atmosphere. The smallest and least intense dust devils might last only a few 10s of seconds and be just a meters or two across. The largest dust devils can persist for hours and are intensely swirling columns of dust with "skirts" of sand at their base, 10s or more meters in diameter and hundreds of meters high; even larger examples have been seen on Mars. Dust devils on Earth have been documented for thousands of years, but scientific observations really began in the early 20th century, culminating in a period of intense research in the 1960s. The discovery of dust devils on Mars was made using data from the NASA Viking lander and orbiter missions in the late 1970s and early 1980s and stimulated a renewed scientific interest in dust devils. Observations from subsequent lander, rover, and orbital missions show that Martian dust devils are common but heterogeneously distributed in space and time and have a significant effect on surface albedo (often leaving "tracks" on the surface) but do not appear to be triggers of global or major dust storms. An aspiration of future research is to synthesize observations and detailed models of dust devils to estimate more accurately their role in dust lifting at both local and global scales, both on Earth and on Mars.
John C. Bridges
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article. Mars, which has a tenth of the mass of Earth, has cooled as a single lithospheric plate. Current topography gravity maps and magnetic maps do not show signs of the plate tectonics processes that have shaped the Earth's surface. Instead, Mars has been shaped by the effects of meteorite bombardment, igneous activity, and sedimentary—including aqueous—processes. Mars also contains enormous igneous centers—Tharsis and Elysium, with other shield volcanoes in the ancient highlands. In fact, the planet has been volcanically active for nearly all of its 4.5 Gyr history, and crater counts in the Northern Lowlands suggest that may have extended to within the last tens of millions of years. Our knowledge of the composition of the igneous rocks on Mars is informed by over 100 Martian meteorites and the results from landers and orbiters. These show dominantly tholeiitic basaltic compositions derived by melting of a relatively K, Fe-rich mantle compared to that of the Earth. However, recent meteorite and lander results reveal considerable diversity, including more silica-rich and alkaline igneous activity. These show the importance of a range of processes including crystal fractionation, partial melting, and possibly mantle metasomatism and crustal contamination of magmas. The figures and plots of compositional data from meteorites and landers show the range of compositions with comparisons to other planetary basalts (Earth, Moon, Venus). A notable feature of Martian igneous rocks is the apparent absence of amphibole. This is one of the clues that the Martian mantle had a very low water content when compared to that of Earth. The Martian crust, however, has undergone hydrothermal alteration, with impact as an important heat source. This is shown by SNC analyses of secondary minerals and Near Infra-Red analyses from orbit. The associated water may be endogenous. Our view of the Martian crust has changed since Viking landers touched down on the planet in 1976: from one almost entirely dominated by basaltic flows to one where much of the ancient highlands, particularly in ancient craters, is covered by km deep sedimentary deposits that record changing environmental conditions from ancient to recent Mars. The composition of these sediments—including, notably, the MSL Curiosity Rover results—reveal an ancient Mars where physical weathering of basaltic and fractionated igneous source material has dominated over extensive chemical weathering.
Dmitry V. Bisikalo, Pavel V. Kaygorodov, and Valery I. Shematovich
The history of exoplanetary atmospheres studies is strongly based on the observations and investigations of the gaseous envelopes of hot Jupiters—exoplanet gas giants that have masses comparable to the mass of Jupiter and orbital semi-major axes shorter than 0.1 AU. The first exoplanet around a solar-type star was a hot Jupiter discovered in 1995. Researchers found an object that had completely atypical parameters compared to planets known in the solar system. According to their estimates, the object might have a mass about a half of the Jovian mass and a very short orbital period (four days), which means that it has an orbit roughly corresponding to the orbit of Mercury. Later, many similar objects were discovered near different stars, and they acquired a common name—hot Jupiters. It is still unclear what the mechanism is for their origin, because generally accepted theories of planetary evolution predict the formation of giant planets only at large orbital distances, where they can accrete enough matter before the protoplanetary disc disappears. If this is true, before arriving at such low orbits, hot Jupiters might have a long migration path, caused by interactions with other massive planets and/or with the gaseous disc. In favor of this model is the discovery of many hot Jupiters in elliptical and highly inclined orbits, but on the other hand several observed hot Jupiters have circular orbits with low inclination. An alternative hypothesis is that the cores of future hot Jupiters are super-Earths that may later intercept matter from the protoplanetary disk falling on the star. The scientific interest in hot Jupiters has two aspects. The first is the peculiarity of these objects: they have no analogues in the solar system. The second is that, until recently, only for hot Jupiters was it possible to obtain observational characteristics of their atmospheres. Many of the known hot Jupiters are eclipsing their host stars, so, from their light curve and spectral data obtained during an eclipse, it became possible to obtain information about their shape and their atmospheric composition. Thus it is possible to conclude that hot Jupiters are a common type of exoplanet, having no analogues in the solar system. Many aspects of their evolution and internal structure remain unclear. Being very close to their host stars, hot Jupiters must interact with the stellar wind and stellar magnetic field, as well as with stellar flares and coronal mass ejections, allowing researchers to gather information about them. According to UV observations, at least a fraction of hot Jupiters have extended gaseous envelopes, extending far beyond of their upper atmospheres. The envelopes are observable with current astronomical instruments, so it is possible to develop their astrophysical models. The history of hot Jupiter atmosphere studies during the past 20 years and the current status of modern theories describing the extended envelopes of hot Jupiters are excellent examples of the progress in understanding planetary atmospheres formation and evolution both in the solar system and in the extrasolar planetary systems.
V.V. Shevchenko
Since the early 1990s, in analytical reviews, experts have increasingly been paying attention to the growing scarcity of rare and rare earth metals (REM) necessary for the development of advanced technologies in modern industry. The volume of the world market has increased over the past 50 years from 5,000 to 125,000 tons per year, which is explained by the extensive use of REM in the rapidly developing areas of industry associated with the advancement of high technology. Unique properties of REM are primarily used in the aerospace and other industrial sectors of the economy, and therefore are strategic materials. For example, platinum is an indispensable element that is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions. No battery can do without platinum. If all the millions of vehicles traveling along our roads installed hybrid batteries, all platinum reserves on Earth would end in the next 15 years! Consumers are interested in six elements known as the platinum group of metals (PGM): iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), palladium (palladium, Pd), rhodium (rhodium, Rh), ruthenium (ruthenium, Ru), and platinum itself. These elements, rare on the Earth, possess unique chemical and physical properties, which makes them vital industrial materials. To solve this problem, projects were proposed for the utilization of the substance of asteroids approaching the Earth. According to modern estimates, the number of known asteroids approaching the Earth reaches more than 9,000. Despite the difficulties of seizing, transporting, and further developing such an object in space, this way of solving the problem seemed technologically feasible and cost-effectively justified. A 10 m iron-nickel asteroid could contain up to 75 tons of rare metals and REM, primarily PGM, equivalent to a commercial price of about $2.8 billion in 2016 prices. However, the utilization of an asteroid substance entering the lunar surface can be technologically simpler and economically more cost-effective. Until now, it was believed that the lunar impact craters do not contain the rocks of the asteroids that formed them, since at high velocities the impactors evaporate during a collision with the lunar surface. According to the latest research, it turned out that at a fall rate of less than 12 km/s falling body (drummer) can partially survive in a mechanically fractured state. Consequently, the number of possible resources present on the lunar surface can be attributed to nickel, cobalt, platinum, and rare metals of asteroid origin. The calculations show that the total mass, for example, of platinum and platinoids on the lunar surface as a result of the fall of asteroids may amount more than 14 million tons. It should be noted that the world's known reserves of platinum group metals on the Earth are about 80,000 tons.
Pascal Rosenblatt, Ryuki Hyodo, Francesco Pignatale, Antony Trinh, Sebastien Charnoz, Kevin Dunseath, Mariko Dunseath-Terao, and Hidenori Genda
The origin of the natural satellites or moons of the solar system is as challenging to unravel as the formation of the planets. Before the start of the space probe exploration era, this topic of planetary science was restricted to telescopic observations, which limited the possibility of testing different formation scenarios. This era has considerably boosted this topic of research, particularly after the Apollo missions returned samples from the Moon's surface to Earth. Observations from subsequent deep space missions such as Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters, Voyager 1 and 2, Phobos-2, Galileo, Cassini-Huygens, and the most recent Mars orbiters such as Mars Express, as well as from the Hubble space telescope, have served to intensify research in this area. Each moon system has its own specificities, with different origins and histories. It is widely accepted that the Earth's Moon formed after a giant collision between the proto-Earth and a body similar in size to Mars. The Galilean moons of Jupiter, on the other hand, appear to have formed by accretion in a circum-Jovian disk, while smaller, irregularly shaped satellites were probably captured by the giant planet. The small and medium-sized Saturnian moons may have formed from the rings encircling the planet. Among the terrestrial planets, Mercury and Venus have no moons, the Earth has a single large moon, and Mars has two very small satellites. This raises some challenging questions: What processes can lead to moon formation around terrestrial planets and what parameters determine the possible outcomes, such as the number and size of moons? The answer to such fundamental questions necessarily entails a thorough understanding of the formation of the Martian system and may have relevance to the possible existence of (exo)moons orbiting exoplanets. The formation of such exomoons is of great importance as they could influence conditions for habitability or for maintaining life over long periods of time on the surface of Earth-like exoplanets, for example by limiting the variations of the orientation of the planet's rotation axis and thus preventing frequent changes of its climate. Our current knowledge concerning the origin of Phobos and Deimos has been acquired from observational data as well as theoretical work. Early observations led to the idea that the two satellites were captured asteroids but this created difficulties in reconciling the current orbits of Phobos and Deimos with those of captured bodies, hence suggesting the need for an alternative theory. A giant-impact scenario provides a description of how moons similar to Phobos and Deimos can be formed in orbits similar to those observed today. This scenario also restricts the range of possible composition of the two moons, providing a motivation for future missions that aim for the first time to bring material from the Martian system back to Earth.


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The following definitions serve to clarify the various authorization levels which can be enabled for our software packages within the SVOFFICE™ suite.
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