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Regulatory Assessment - Play Areas
1.1 Overview
This economic assessment was prepared to meet the requirements of Executive Order 12886 and other requirements, and to better inform the public about the implications of the final accessibility guidelines for play areas issued by the Access Board. The guidelines include scoping and technical provisions, which specify when and how access is to be provided to ground level and elevated play components. The guidelines also address soft contained play structures.
Chapter 1 discusses the statutory authority for the guidelines, the history of the rulemaking, and the need for the guidelines in terms of market failure and civil rights.
Chapter 2 summarizes the final guidelines and the changes made from the proposed rule in response to the public comments.
Chapter 3 estimates the number of new and replacement play areas constructed annually based on the types of establishments affected by the guidelines and size categories of play areas (small, medium, and large).
Chapter 4 estimates the incremental costs of the guidelines for a small, medium, and large model play area. Based on the incremental costs of the models and the effect of the incremental costs on the number of new and replacement play areas constructed, Chapter 4 also estimates the social and the direct costs of the guidelines, which yield the total annual cost of the guidelines.
Chapter 5 discusses the benefits of the guidelines.
1.2 Statutory Authority
The Americans with Disabilities Act is a comprehensive civil rights law which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. Title II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act require, among other things, that newly designed and newly constructed State and local government buildings, places of public accommodation, and commercial facilities be readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. Existing facilities that are altered are also subject to accessibility requirements.
The Access Board is an independent Federal agency established by section 502 of the Rehabilitation Act whose primary mission is to promote accessibility for individuals with disabilities. (1) The Access Board is responsible for developing accessibility guidelines to ensure that new construction and alterations of facilities covered by titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. The Access Board initially issued the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) in 1991. ADAAG consists of general sections (ADAAG 1 to 4) that apply to all types of buildings and facilities, and special application sections (ADAAG 5 to 12) that contain additional requirements for certain types of buildings. The play area accessibility guidelines developed by the Access Board will be part of a special application section for recreation facilities (ADAAG 15). (2)
The Department of Justice is responsible for issuing regulations to implement titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act. The regulations issued by the Department of Justice must include accessibility standards for newly designed and newly constructed, and altered facilities covered by the law. The standards must be consistent with ADAAG.
1.3 Regulatory History
Recreation Access Advisory Committee
Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act cover a variety of recreation facilities such as amusement rides, boating and fishing facilities, golf courses, play areas, sports facilities, and trails. While the existing sections of ADAAG cover these facilities, some recreation facilities have unique features for which special application sections are needed. In July 1993, the Access Board convened a Recreation Access Advisory Committee as the first step in developing special application sections for recreational facilities. The advisory committee issued a report in July 1994, which addressed the various types of recreation facilities and identified the features of each facility type that are not adequately addressed by ADAAG. The advisory committee report included recommendations for developing accessibility guidelines for those features.
Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
In September 1994, the Access Board published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) requesting public comment on the advisory committee's recommendations. 59 FR 48542 (September 21, 1994). The public comments expressed support for many of the advisory committee's recommendations. However, the public comments showed a lack of consensus on some major issues regarding play areas among interests that potentially would be affected by guidelines for those facilities.
Play Areas Regulatory Negotiation Committee
Since there was a lack of consensus on the advisory committee's recommendations for play areas, the Access Board decided to develop a special application section for play areas through regulatory negotiation. Regulatory negotiation is a supplement to the traditional rulemaking process that allows for face-to-face negotiations among representatives of affected interests, including the agency, with a goal of arriving at a consensus decision on the text of a proposed rule. The proposed rule is then published in the Federal Register and the public has an opportunity to comment. Based on public comments received, the final rule may differ from the proposed rule.
In March 1996, the Access Board established a regulatory negotiation committee to develop a set of proposed accessibility guidelines for play areas. The membership of the regulatory negotiation committee included:
- American Society of Landscape Architects
- ASTM Public Playground Subcommittee (F 15.29)
- ASTM Soft Contained Play Subcommittee (F 15.36)
- ASTM Playground Surfacing Systems Subcommittee (F 08.63)
- International Play Equipment Manufacturers Association
- National Association of Counties
- National Association of Elementary School Principals
- National Child Care Association
- National Council on Independent Living
- National Easter Seal Society
- National League of Cities
- National Parent-Teacher Association
- National Recreation and Park Association
- Spinal Bifida Association of America
- United Cerebral Palsy Associations
- U.S. Access Board
The regulatory negotiation committee identified basic principles to guide its negotiations and agreed that the accessibility guidelines for play areas should:
- Use children's anthropometric dimensions and other resource information;
- Accommodate children with disabilities using a variety of assistive devices;
- Provide opportunity for use by children who have a variety of abilities;
- Support social interaction and encourage integration;
- Create challenge, not barriers;
- Maintain safety consistent with ASTM standards;
- Be reasonable in terms of cost relative to benefit;
- Allow independent use, as much as possible;
- Address access for parents and care givers;
- Provide access to elevated structures (additional ground level accessible play components may be required, depending on the type of vertical access provided to elevated structures); and
- Provide advisory information in an understandable format to assist designers, operators, and owners, to effectively incorporate access into their designs.
Alternatives Considered
The regulatory negotiation committee considered a number of alternatives for providing accessibility within play areas. The alternatives which were considered and rejected by the regulatory negotiation committee included the following:
- Requiring the entire surface of a play area to be accessible and ramp access to all play components on an elevated structure;
- Requiring the use of transfer systems to reach all of the play components on an elevated structure; and
- Requiring ramp access to a certain height on elevated structures.
Requiring the entire surface of a play area to be accessible and ramp access to all play components on an elevated structure would be too costly. The other alternatives would limit opportunities for children with disabilities to interact and socialize with other children.
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
The regulatory negotiation committee reached consensus on a proposed set of accessibility guidelines for play areas, which would require a percentage of elevated play components to be accessible and also would provide access to a variety of ground level play components. In March 1998, the Access Board published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) containing the committee's proposed accessibility guidelines. 63 FR 24080 (April 30 ,1998). About 100 public comments were submitted in response to the proposed rule. The comments are summarized and responded to in the preamble to the final guidelines. Based on the public comments, the Access Board has revised some provisions in the final guidelines.
1.4 Statement of Need
Many play areas are designed in such a way that they are not accessible to children with disabilities. Children with disabilities are prevented from getting to, through, and off ground level and elevated play components because there is no accessible ground surface and no means (i.e., ramp or transfer system) to access composite play structures. The lack of accessible routes and other accessible features limits opportunities for children with disabilities to benefit from the entertainment, education, and socialization opportunities provided by play areas. It also prevents parents and other adults with disabilities who supervise children from using play areas.
Market Failure
Play areas provide both private and public benefits. Among the private benefits are the entertainment and educational value to individual children, the value to parents of having a place to provide these benefits to their children, and the ability of certain businesses such as child care centers and pay-to-play type establishments to sell these amenities. The public benefits associated with play areas largely revolve around the opportunities they provide for children to socialize and develop socialization skills. Of particular importance to these guidelines is the opportunity accessible play areas provide for interaction between children regardless of disability status.
Presumably, the market provides the appropriate number and type of play areas to satisfy the demand for private benefits from play areas. On the other hand, the market does not send clear signals on the public benefits play areas provide. Individuals with disabilities may not have the combined market power to ensure that play areas are designed to be accessible. Since society may not consider these public benefits when making decisions about the design of play areas, society as a whole may face a shortage of the socialization benefits gained through play opportunities. It is this potential shortage that the play area guidelines address.
Civil Rights
Not all government policies are based on maximizing economic efficiency. Even when the market is operating efficiently, there may be groups or individuals who are subject to discriminatory practices and remain "under-served." In these instances, it may be socially desirable to redistribute benefits to those populations that receive less than their "fair" share of goods and services at the market equilibrium. Policies based on furthering the rights of certain classes of individuals provide more equitable distributions of benefits, regardless of the effect on economic efficiency.
The Americans with Disabilities Act is a civil rights law that was enacted by overwhelming bipartisan majorities of Congress and reflects the societal decision to eliminate the various forms of discrimination continually encountered by individuals with disabilities, including the discriminatory effects of architectural barriers. Society relies on political processes to make decisions about redistribution of benefits based on equity considerations - i.e., what is a "fair" share of goods and services. While cost-benefit analysis is not dispositive in making equity-based decisions, it can inform the policy makers as they make redistribution decisions.


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The ASEF Public Diplomacy Handbook offers useful insights for diplomats and civil society actors on the topic of public diplomacy in Asia and Europe. The handbook provides a theoretical foundation and practical tools to construct a successful public diplomacy campaign in the context of Asia-Europe relations.
The organization provides mentorship and training in audiovisual creation and filmmaking to Aboriginal youth in Canada in the hopes of creating jobs and educational opportunities in the film industry and countering high rates of suicide, drop-out and addiction. It hosts educational workshops and film screenings to raise awareness and educate the wider public about issues that Aboriginal communities face. Many of the short movies can be viewed on their homepage.
The book is a resource for youth leaders, or community organisers, to support the practical application of dialogue. It provides the theoretical background and practical knowledge to allow young leaders to use dialogue constructively for a range of purposes.
The publication summarizes the outcomes of the comparative study of the global citizenship education in Korea and ASEAN. It provides an analysis of the current situation of global citizenship education in Indonesia and Thailand and identifies the directions for global citizenship education to be mutually implemented in Korea and ASEAN on the basis of revealed distinctiveness of students' global citizenship
O Diario de Amanha (Tomorrow's Daily Newspaper) is an online game on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is an innovative tool to be used in the classroom, which interprets, in a light and creative way, what is expressed in the Universal Declaration. The game helps to clarify, disseminate and engage students in the defense of human rights.
A comprehensive, global report on cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue which seeks to underline the advances of recent years to emphasize that cultural diversity has as its corollary intercultural dialogue, which implies a need to move beyond a focus on differences that can only be a source of conflict, ignorance and misunderstanding.
The Arab World Festival of Montreal is a thematic event dedicated to the meeting of Arabic and Western cultures. Through its four sections – Performing Arts, Culture Forum, Cinema, and Orientalys – the festival presents modern bodies of work through original productions in dance, music, theater and multidisciplinary arts, debates, conferences, lectures and films, encouraging dialogue between cultural identities stemming from different horizons.
Crossing Borders Education sponsors and helps to create intercultural resources, films, and travel programs that empower individuals to view the world from multiple perspectives.
The book consists of a Model of Best Practice, Teaching and Learning Resources and Community-School Engagement Models. In particular, the teaching modules aim to broaden student awareness of cultural diversity and develop a more informed understanding of Australia as a culturally diverse nation.
This is an online course on sustainable development, citizenship and human rights in Africa.

subset: commoncrawl


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J-Up sparks onslaught to top Miami in 14th
Braves erupt for six late runs in rare road win; Minor throws 6 1/3 strong
MIAMI -- Given the struggles they have encountered away from Atlanta over the past two months, the Braves did not mind having to play five extra innings to gain what has become a rare road victory.
There was certainly reason for the Braves to celebrate and breathe a sigh of relief when Justin Upton drilled a two-run double that sparked a six-run 14th inning and led Atlanta to a 7-1 win over Miami at Marlins Park on Monday night.
"We were hitting the ball hard all night, and we were putting together good at-bats," Upton said. "The ball just wasn't falling. It's easy to stay positive when you're putting barrels on the ball."
While the Braves might have encountered some offensive misfortune during the early stages of the four-hour, 14-minute contest, they were silenced long enough for the Marlins' bullpen to enter the final inning with a chance to notch the same number of consecutive outs needed to record a nine-inning perfect game.
The Marlins had retired 24 straight batters before Reed Johnson drew a walk to begin the final inning. Right-handed reliever Chris Hatcher then issued a one-out walk to Jason Heyward, before Upton laced his game-winner down the left-field line.
"It's nice to see his bat going," Braves manager Fredi Gonzalez said of Upton, who has recorded seven hits in his past 16 at-bats with runners in scoring position, equaling the hit total he recorded in his first 46 at-bats this season in this situation.
Gerald Laird provided a couple of insurance runs with a two-out single, and Chris Johnson plated two additional runs when he followed with another single off Hatcher.
Laird, who replaced Brian McCann in the bottom of the 12th, was one of the four reserves who scored runs for the Braves during their decisive rally.
"It was fun," Laird said. "Sitting down for three or four hours and then you get a chance to go in there and play. It was just fun to get in there, contribute and have a good at-bat."
While playing their longest game since their memorable 19-inning contest against the Pirates in 2011, the Braves won for just the 16th time in their past 40 road games. Their hard-earned victory also saved them the frustration of losing to the Marlins for the third time in the past seven days.
"We had tons of opportunities and just couldn't get the big hit," Marlins manager Mike Redmond said. "In those games, those close games, it comes down to who's going to get it, and they got it."
Before the 14th inning, the Braves had not produced a baserunner since Heyward tripled and scored on Upton's game-tying sacrifice fly off left-handed reliever Dan Jennings in the sixth inning. They kept themselves in position to win, as their bullpen provided stellar work in relief of Mike Minor, who bounced back from a few rough outings to limit the Marlins to one run in 6 1/3 innings.
The Braves had retired 15 straight batters before Giancarlo Stanton opened the bottom of the 13th inning with a single -- the game's first hit since the sixth inning. After David Carpenter hit Marcell Ozuna with a 3-2 pitch to put runners on first and second with none out, Freddie Freeman threw to second base to begin a potentially game-saving double play after fielding Logan Morrison's grounder. Carpenter then retired Adeiny Hechavarria to end the threat and the second of his two scoreless innings.
"That's a big double play right there," Laird said. "That's kind of nice when you get to that part of the lineup, and you know they're not going to bunt with their big hitter up. So if you can make a pitch and get a double play, you ruin their whole momentum."
Gonzalez has always been hesitant to use Craig Kimbrel in non-save situations on the road. But he opted to bring in his All-Star closer to pitch what ended up being a scoreless 11th inning.
"You look at your [lineup] card, and you look at your guys in the bullpen and their guys in the bullpen, and I was like, 'OK, I'm going to use Kimbrel here,'" Gonzalez said. "Then [Marlins left-handed reliever Mike Dunn] goes out and gives them two solid innings, and I was thinking, 'OK, I might have made a mistake here.'"
Minor needed just 36 pitches to complete the first three innings, and he retired the first 10 batters he faced. His brief run at perfection ended when Ed Lucas lined a double to center with one out in the fourth inning. Lucas' liner would have likely resulted in a routine out, had B.J. Upton not been shaded toward right field.
After squandering their fourth-inning scoring opportunity, the Marlins took advantage of Hechavarria's leadoff single in the fifth. Hechavarria advanced to second on Placido Polanco's pinch-hit single and scored the game's first run when Justin Ruggiano followed with another two-out single.
Minor was staring at potential trouble in the sixth when the Marlins loaded the bases with a Derek Dietrich two-out single that bounced into foul territory down the third-base line, before making a sharp turn back into the infield grass. But the Braves southpaw killed that threat when he struck out Jeff Mathis with a 3-2 fastball.
"It's a weird game," Laird said. "We just had to take it one at-bat at a time and grind it out. I'm proud of the way we played today."


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Apologies for the interruption to service last night and this morning.
Last night I applied a set of routine upgrades to the server applications, including an upgrade to PHP 5 which took us to PHP 5.3.
Unfortunately there was a fault in the upgrade supplied by the FreeBSD ports team. This upgrade changed the location of the shared libraries used by PHP but failed to update php.ini to that effect.
I didn't become aware of the fault until early this afternoon. Software upgrades like this one are normally so routine that I don't bother to check that everything is still fine. These are production software upgrades, and for the last several hundred times everything's been OK.
Not this time, unfortunately. My sincere apologies for the glitch.


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'Freak wave' kills cruise ship passenger
A passenger aboard a British-based cruise ship was killed and another airlifted to shore after the ship was hit by a "freak wave during adverse sea conditions," according to Cruise & Maritime Voyages.
Fourteen others were injured when 80-mph wind gusts kicked up giant waves in the English Channel on Friday afternoon, killing the 85-year-old passenger.
Cruise and Maritime Voyages said a "freak wave" broke five windows on its Marco Polo cruise ship, inundating the ship's Waldorf Restaurant.
"One elderly passenger has died and a further passenger has been airlifted for further shore-side medical assistance," the cruise line's statement reads. "The vessel sailed from Tilbury on January 5 and is carrying 735 mainly British passengers and 349 crew."
It continues: "Our thoughts are very much with these passengers and their families during this difficult time."
London officials said 22 severe flood warnings are in place.
The army rescued 30 people from a seafront restaurant in Hampshire, southwest of London, after high winds blew a shingle through its windows, allowing floodwaters in.
Strong winds killed a taxi driver in Central London whose car was crushed by falling chunks of stone from a building.
The taxi driver was killed late Friday in central London near Holborn subway station during a windstorm, police said. She was identified as Julie Sillitoe, a 49-year-old with three sons.
Contributing: Associated Press


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Intel Core i7 3960X Extreme Edition On Linux: By now you have likely heard of the Core i7 3960X processor, which is one of the Sandy Bridge Extreme CPUs that was launched in November by Intel to much excitement and talked about quite a bit on Phoronix in the past few days. In this article is a comprehensive look at the Intel Core i7 3960X performance under Ubuntu Linux.
Copyright © 2020 by Phoronix Media. All rights reserved.


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Support files
There is currently no content classified with this term.
DME (Dynamic Mobile Exchange) is a software solution that enables companies and organizations to deploy, use, manage and control mobile services and all company mobile devices easily and effectively without compromising security.
DME is marketed through a network of professional, recognized partners with strong competencies in network infrastructure, security, mobile technologies and the leading collaboration platforms.
Our customers comprise medium-sized and large enterprises in many fields including accounting, automotive, banking, energy, financial services, healthcare, insurance, professional services, the public sector, and many more. They have fleets of handheld devices varying from a few hundreds to many thousands, but they all share a strong belief in the value of empowering their workforce by providing employees with access to email, calendar and corporate data via their smartphones or tablets. Our customers recognize that making corporate email, calendar and key files available on phones/tablets broadly in the organization fundamentally change the way customers are served, how partners are handled, and how employees collaborate internally. Especially since employees are increasingly on the move – traveling abroad, to other cities, visiting customers, working at home, in town or just down the hall.


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Cap Jaluca in Anguilla. One of my favorite places on Earth and the perfect place for a Cocktail Party on the Beach. Who wouldn't enjoy a warm beach right now?
Thank you seems insufficient to everyone reading this blog and I appreciate you, your comments and emails. Blogs provide so many of us a voice, an outlet, and a great opportunity to "meet" people we may otherwise never had the chance to meet. I am glad to be a participant.
A big thank you to That Girl 39 shared the Queen of All Things Awsummmm Award (if only that were true.) And I appreciate the Honest Scrap from Rebel Mom and Oh Georgina.
Thank you Lee from Headaches Hormones and Hotflashes for your sassy Your Blog Lights My Fire Award. Thank you Josh at The Technical Parent for the I Should Have Been A Stripper Award. Oh My. That is a sassy award. Thanks Josh. I will be sure NOT to give it to your daughter when she gets older.
Wonderful Erin at The Mother Load gave me this sparkler: The 5 Diamonds Award. Oh, its pretty. And Erin is a gem, so it is perfect.
And thank you so much Leah at Funny is the New Young for the Your Blog is Fabulous Award.
And JenJen, thank you for the awesome Frog Award. Adorable!
And big cocktail to you Ali Dubrow for naming me your "Blog Find of the Year. " And the super creative Dumbwit Teller made this amazing award. And there is a dress after my own heart. Fabulous Candice at Wolf's on Safari gave me the Gorgeous Blogger Award. Thank you! And Raouly's Girl, big thanks for the wonderful Lemonade Stand Award.
And awesome Leigh at Leigh vs. Laundry, I love my I am Funny Award. I showed it to my brother and said, "See, I have been trying to tell you..."
And I also want to give a special thank you to VodkaLogic, The PeachTart, Walking Man, Jules at Mean Girl Garage, JJ in LA, PJ from Seens From the Back of My Eyelids and Mo 'MadDog' Stoneskin who have been with me since my blog was in its early stages of infancy.
Whew..sip break. In addition to the blogs above who contribute a wide variety of sass, wit, and charm to the Party, there are obviously many others. Because I want to you to visit all of these links, I am sharing just a few more great blogs reflecting on everything from music, secret confessions, dating as a single man, and the life of an ex-dancer and a good deal in between.
Aunt Juicebox
Matthew at AbodeOneThree
That Gal Kiki
Jen's Voices
The Absence of Alternatives
The Sharer
DeNae at My Real Life Was Backordered
And to all of these bloggers listed today, I give the following:
I Give Good Blog Award because every single one of you contributes something great to BlogWorld.
The rules: No one really likes rules, do they? I shall make mine simple. Make a cocktail, pick out some of your favorite bloggers. Send this award to 4 of them. Tell them why you think they give good blog. There are SO many fascinating, witty, and fantastic bloggers; let's invite them all to the party.
Or you can just put it on your mantle and watch it sparkle. And if you think it sassy I created my own Award, just consider it a grown up and virtual version of a friendship bracelet.
And finally, let's be honest. Does everyone love to sit through an entire awards ceremony to see other people win? They do it for the moral support, I know. But they also do it for the fabulous swag bag. So shouldn't you get something too? After all, did you not just spend days and days giving to others?
What might be in your swag bag? Well, it is a beach party, but I can not send you an umbrella adorned cocktail, a cabana boy OR cabana girl..but the other perfect thing for the beach is a great read. So....I am giving one of you a $20.00 gift card to Amazon so you can give yourself a little something. And to celebrate a great year ahead.


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indiana state
Penn State vs. Indiana State game review
Yes, it was against a middle of the road team in the big bad Missouri Valley Conference, but this was one of the more satisfying season openers in recent memory for Penn State. Perhaps it was the game's opening play, a 95-yard kickoff return by Chaz Powell that quickly put the Nittany Lions on the scoreboard.
Maybe it was mentioned previously, but I was unaware that Paterno was going to using both quarterbacks, Rob Bolden and Matt McGloin, pretty equally. It remains to be seen if this is a trend that will continue throughout the season, or it's just a prolonged quarterback competition between the two. Considering that Penn State wouldn't let Bolden transfer over the offseason, it's kind of hard to delegate him to the bench. That being said, Bolden completed 50 percent of his passes, while McGloin connected on 75 percent.
It was a nice performance by the defense, allowing just 170 yards of total offense to the Sycamores. But it seems like kicker Evan Lewis might make us long for the good old days of "Kevin Kelly miss range." Lewis was 0 for 2 on field goals (unofficially 1 for 3, with him connecting on his first attempt, which was negated by a false start) and missed an extra point. It looks like Evan Lewis miss range might start at the 1 foot line. Frightening.
All in all, a good performance. But we'll learn a lot more about this team next week when they host Alabama.
Wait, there's a basketball team?
Chambers already fan favorite at Penn State – ESPN college basketball blogger Dana O'Neill wrote a great article in new head coach Pat Chambers. Gotta like the idea of the head basketball coach handing out water bottles and t-shirts over in East Halls.
How Nowitzki was almost a Nittany Lion – This article was actually written five years ago by re-published by The Patriot-News earlier this summer. Great what-if story. Damn Germans.


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Hydrogen: the essentials
Note that while hydrogen is normally shown at the top of the Group 1 elements in the periodic table, the term "alkaline metal" refers to the Group 1 elements from lithium downwards and not hydrogen.
Hydrogen is the lightest element. It is by far the most abundant element in the universe and makes up about about 90% of the universe by weight. It is also the most abundant element in the earth's sun.
Hydrogen as water (H2O) is absolutely essential to life and it is present in all organic compounds. Hydrogen is the lightest gas. Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons for transport but is far too dangerous because of the fire risk (Hindenburg). It burns in air to form only water as waste product and if hydrogen could be made on sufficient scale from other than fossil fuels then there might be a possibility of a hydrogen economy.
Hydrogen: historical information
Robert Boyle (1627-1691; English chemist and physicist) published a paper ("New experiments touching the relation betwixt flame and air") in 1671 in which he described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids which results in the evolution of gaseous hydrogen ("inflammable solution of Mars" [iron]).
However it was only much later that it was recognized as an element by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810; an English chemist and physicist who also independently discovered nitrogen) in 1766 when he collected it over mercury and described it as "inflammable air from metals". Cavendish described accurately hydrogen's properties but thought erroneously that the gas originated from the metal rather than from the acid. Hydrogen was named by Lavoisier.
Deuterium gas (2H2, often written D2), made up from deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen, was discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey, a professor of chemistry at Chicago and California (both USA).
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for hydrogen is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]
In 1839 a British scientist Sir William Robert Grove carried out experiments on electrolysis. He used electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. He then argued one should be able to reverse the electrolysis and so generate electricity from the reaction of oxygen with hydrogen. He enclosed platinum strips in separate sealed bottles, one containing hydrogen and one oxygen. When the containers were immersed in dilute sulphuric acid a current indeed flowed between the two electrodes and water was formed in the gas bottles. He linked several of these devices in series to increase the voltage produced in a gas battery. Later the term fuel cell was used by the chemists Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer.
Much later fuel cells were by NASA in the 1960s for the Apollo space missions. Fuel cells have been used for more than 100 missions in NASA spacecraft. Fuel cells are also used in submarines.
The lifting agent for the ill fated Hindenberg ballooon was hydrogen rather than the safer helium. The image below is the scene probably in a way you have not seen it before. This is a "ray-traced" image reproduced with the permission of Johannes Ewers, the artist, who won first place with this image in the March/April 1999 Internet Raytracing Competition. For details of ray-tracing you can't beat the POV-Ray site.
Hydrogen: physical properties
Hydrogen: orbital properties
Isolation: in the laboratory, small amounts of hydrogen gas may be made by the reaction of calcium hydride with water.
CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2
This is quite efficient in the sense that 50% of the hydrogen produced comes from water. Another very convenient laboratory scale experiment follows Boyle's early synthesis, the reaction of iron filings with dilute sulphuric acid.
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
There are many industrial methods for the production of hydrogen and that used will depend upon local factors such as the quantity required and the raw materials to hand. Two processes in use involve heating coke with steam in the water gas shift reaction or hydrocarbons such as methane with steam.
C(coke) + H2O (1000°C) → CO + H2
In both these cases, further hydrogen may be made by passing the CO and steam over hot (400°C) iron oxide or cobalt oxide.
PeriodicTablePen Shop
PeriodicTablePen now has a PeriodicTablePen shop at which you can buy periodic table poster pens, scroll keyrings, elements pens, and more.


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Dear HG, I love smoothies, but I've heard they can be really high in calories. Any advice about guilt-free blended fruit drinks? Smoothie Lover in Sarasota
Hi Smoothie Lover,
Yup, smoothies can be total food fakers. (Check out last Friday's email for proof!) But that doesn't mean they're off-limits. I've got SO MANY tips 'n tricks for no-guilt smoothies... and a bunch of recipes too! First, stock up on guilt-free staples. One essential ingredient is low-calorie or light juice like Trop50, which comes in amazing flavors like Pomegranate Blueberry and Pineapple Mango and has just 50 calories or less per 8-oz. serving. Also check out Ocean Spray Diet, Ocean Spray Light, and Diet V8 Splash. When it comes to the fruit itself, unsweetened frozen fruit is the way to go. It'll bring great texture to your drink without the extra calories from sugar and syrups that are sometimes used to sweeten frozen fruit. Check the ingredient list to make sure it's unsweetened. Some of my favorite frozen fruits are mango chunks and strawberries. If you want to add a splash of creaminess, your best bet is Unsweetened Vanilla Almond Breeze or light vanilla soymilk. And yogurt is good for a protein boost, but stick with the light stuff like Yoplait Light and Non-Fat Chobani. If your smoothie needs some sweetness, opt for no-calorie sweetener packets (like Truvia and Splenda). Finally, add lots of ice! Oh, and make sure you've got a great blender. My hands-down favorite these days is the NutriBullet. IT ROCKS! Want some recipes? For a classic orange slush, try this Dreamsicle Shiver. Here's a tropical smoothie made with pineapple and banana, and here's a kiwi-strawberry creation with just three ingredients. This Chocolate-Banana Smoothie has a decadent spin, and so does this Pumpkin Pie Smoothie. Last but not least, this Cherry Lemonade Super-Slushie is shockingly easy to make and SO delicious! Heading to the smoothie shop? Play it smart, and check the website ahead of time. Even the most innocent-sounding smoothie can be loaded with calories. When in doubt, look for lightened-up offerings like Jamba Juice's Make it Light options, Planet Smoothie's Planet Lite picks, and Orange Julius Light Smoothies (also sold at Dairy Queen). And avoid the ginormously oversized cups. (No one needs a 45-oz. fruit drink!) Happy sipping!
Dear HG, Now that it's getting warm, I want to take my lunch break outside. Do you have any advice for packing outdoor-friendly bagged lunches? Annie Al Fresco
Hi Annie,
Yup, I've got you covered! Here's the 411... Keep cool. Tote your goodies to work in an insulated lunch bag. That way, your lunch will stay cool during your commute. If you're packing perishables, toss 'em in the fridge once you get to the office. Don't have a fridge at work? Store a heavy-duty ice pack in that lunch sack! Sidestep sogginess. When it comes to sandwiches, lightly toast your bread and pack any high-moisture ingredients (tomato slices, scoopy salads, etc.) separately. Then assemble at lunchtime! For salads, keep the dressing in its own little container until lunch. Savvy sandwich recipes. Ah, the ultimate portable midday meal. Here's a creamy chicken salad option, and here's a grilled 'n chilled sandwich that was made for packed meals. (Literally. It was developed just for that purpose!) Scoopy salads save the day. Deli-style salads are great on the go. Click here for a bacon-enhanced egg-white salad, plus a crazy-good curried-chicken recipe. And this veggie-rific tuna salad is one of my favorites. Call in the BIG salads. I'm a HUGE fan of leafy-green salads that are HUGE. This Hawaiian Pizza Salad would be perfect for a packed lunch, as would this Chick-a-licious Fruity Green Salad. Also check out the "BIG Salads" chapter of Hungry Girl 300 Under 300! Hungry for more? Check out HG's At-Work Survival Guide for TONS of fantastic lunch ideas. And click here for a handy brown-bag email that's loaded with lunch picks! Enjoy your lunch break!
Share these smoothie tips and brown-bag ideas with all of your buddies. Click "Send to a Friend" NOW!
Today, June 19th, is National Dry Martini Day. This Pineapple-tini isn't exactly dry, but it's definitely delicious!
Have a question for Hungry Girl? Send it in! She answers new Qs each week (but cannot respond to emails personally).
SmartPoints® value not what you expected? Click here for more info on how the values are calculated, plus more FAQs about PointsPlus® and SmartPoints® values on our website.


text: stevid1 wrote:I strongly suggest before you make a decision between Stamps.com and Endicia that you test their tech support wait time. Call them both up and push the number for tech support and see how long it takes. This is really important because if you have a problem and you are in the middle of doing shipping you need someone there within a reasonable amount of time to take care of problems - and they do happen with both companies. I am moving my business from Endicia to Stamps.com because I had a small issue and have had to wait 30 minutes to talk to someone. While I did not need tech support often, this unacceptable wait time does not work for me. Good luck


text:
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For a long time, the cure for diabetes type 1 and type 2 has relied on agonizing insulin shots for patients or insulin infusion via mechanical pumps. Regarding this, experts have been creating artificial pancreatic beta cells with the he…
The publication Global Table linen Market to 2019 - Market Size, Growth, and Forecasts in Over 60 Countries enables readers the critical perspectives to be able to evaluate the world market for table linen. The publication provides the market size, growth and forecasts at the global level as well as for the following countries:
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text:
A federal court in Washington has cleared the way for Maurice Greenberg, former head of American International Group, to further pursue his claim that the U.S. government illegally took control of AIG in 2008.
Greenberg is chairman and managing director of Starr International, which once held a 12 percent stake in AIG. Greenberg himself resigned his position at AIG in 2005 under pressure from New York attorney general Eliot Spitzer's multiple allegations of fraudulent business practices at AIG.
Judge Thomas Wheeler of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims said that Greenberg, on behalf of all shareholders of AIG at the time, had met the minimum standard to further pursue his claims.
"A plaintiff need only "state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face," Wheeler said in his decision.
"The Court must accept as true all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff," he added.
Greenberg is seeking $25 billion from the government, alleging that the government "coerced" AIG's board to turn over control of AIG to the federal government in September 2008. He argues that because AIG's assets exceeded its liabilities, that the government should have provided it with enough liquidity to meet the demands of creditors—as it did for other troubled financial companies in 2007 and 2009—and not demanded control of 79.9 percent of its stock as the price for aid.
In a 49-page decision issued Monday, Wheeler said that whether AIG or the government caused or contributed to the dire financial situation of AIG, and whether AIG was the ultimate intended beneficiary of the bailout, remain open issues.
"Given the existing factual disputes on these issues, the court denies the government's request to dismiss Starr's takings claim on the basis that the loan agreement was a rescue of AIG from the consequences of its own business risks," Wheeler said.
The government initially provided $85 billion in cash to AIG to meet calls for additional cash on credit default swaps AIG issued to insure mortgage-backed securities other firms and individuals had bought.
Greenberg alleged that the federal government took control of AIG in order to bail out other financial institutions. He also cited the original 14.5 percent interest rate on the loans as onerous and depriving AIG shareholders of their due process and equal protection rights.
The federal government had asked a federal court to dismiss the lawsuit, alleging that AIG had asked and agreed to be rescued, "electing to save itself from a failure of its own making."
The government filing was in the U.S. Court of Claims in Washington. Greenberg and Starr sued, in a suit amended Jan. 31 that claimed that through its acquisition of AIG Sept. 16, 2008 that the terms of federal aid to AIG starting in 2008 "amounted to an attempt to 'steal the business.'"
In seeking dismissal, the government claimed that although Starr may disagree with the terms to which AIG agreed, any loss resulting from that agreement should be borne by AIG and its shareholders, and not the public.
The suit was originally filed Nov. 21 and revised in February. It seeks $25 billion from the federal government for Starr, Greenberg "and on behalf of all others similarly situated and, derivatively, on behalf of AIG."
On the same date, Starr also sued the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which provided the initial $85 billion in aid to AIG in September 2008. That suit is pending in Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York in Manhattan.
That suit argues that other troubled banks were offered better terms than AIG in a "backdoor bailout."
It charged that the Fed's government aid, starting Sept. 16, 2008 in return for 79.9 percent of AIG's stock, is an unconstitutional "taking" of property.
The amended complaint filed by Starr on behalf of Greenberg and others says that during the financial crisis, the government in a number of cases provided guarantees and access to federal funds.
The complaint says that "AIG was a particularly good candidate for such liquidity support because its assets substantially exceeded its liabilities; its problem of solvency but of temporary liquidity."
In addition, the complaint says, "a bankruptcy filing by AIG would have severely worsened the finances of many other financial institutions."
The complaint also alleges that "rather than providing AIG with the liquidity support offered to comparable firms," the government in September 2008 "took control of AIG away from its shareholders by becoming a controlling lender and a controlling shareholder."


text:
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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
1561 - 1626
Historical Period:
The Early Modern Period
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was trained as a lawyer but made a name for himself as one of the clearest exponents of the scientific method at the dawn of the scientific revolution in the 16th and early 17th centuries. He argued that knowledge about the natural world could be best acquired through direct observation, experiment, and the testing of an hypothesis.


text:
Friday, May 29, 2009
Butter bisuit
In some bakeries they make it with dalda / vanaspathi .
I have been searching for this recipe for a long time, as we cannot get it here. Luckily I came across Subhie Arun's excellent recipe for it.
I am recording the recipe again for my own use. Thanks dear for sharing this rare recipe. only thing I modified is flattened it a bit, just to get my home town biscuit:)
The biscuits came out just exactly like the Tirunelveli bakery's butter biscuit ...just try it and enjoy the weekend.
Ghee - 1/2 cup
Icing Sugar - 1/2 cup
Baking powder- 1/4 tsp
All purpose flour - 1 1/4 cup
Salt a pinch
Preheat the oven to 350 degree C.
1. Mix ghee and sugar in mixing bowl with a fork to get a creamy texture.
2. Mix well the salt,baking powder and flour.
3. Add everything together , knead and make a dough like chapathi dough.
Make a soft dough.The dough should be slightly sticky on your finger.
(adjust flour and sugar to get the dough consistency).
4. Place an aluminium foil on a baking tray. Make small balls , slightly flatten it and place it on the baking tray and bake for just 8 - 10 minutes depending upon your oven.
5.Remove the biscuit once it starts leaving the tray. Don't worry about it being soft now, after cooling it becomes hard.
Let it cool and then store in air tight container.
Butter biscuit is ready!
Makes 20 biscuits approximately.
Surprisingly while publishing this "Subhie's version of butter biscuit, I got an award from her. Great coincidence ...right:)
Thank you dear. I feel honored.
52 comments:
- Padma said...
That sure is a coincidence and congrats on your award. Butter biscuits looks so delicious. I will also try it out sometime :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:27:00 AM
- chef and her kitchen said...
we call it benne Biscuit...Looks yummy..
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:34:00 AM
- Parita said...
Wow these looks delicious..have come out very well..will try this soon :)..congrats on your award :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:39:00 AM
- Nandinis food said...
One of my Fav biscuit during my young days(?!). Perfectly shaped and baked biscuits. Looks Yum!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:39:00 AM
- ARUNA said...
awesome viki......they r so round, fluffy n cute!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:47:00 AM
- Gita Jaishankar said...
I too love these biscuits Viki....we call it nei biscuit too..right? Thanks for sharing this delicious recipe dear :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:53:00 AM
- Finla said...
I love this biscuit, looks really yumm. One of my favourite from the bakers when i was at home.
Looks really yumm and all of the are so well shaped.
- Friday, May 29, 2009 8:15:00 AM
- Home Cooked Oriya Food said...
I love this biscuit... I used to make it as a kid with my Mein/Mami...
Love it... Yours look perfect...
- Friday, May 29, 2009 8:23:00 AM
- Home Cooked Oriya Food said...
Congrats on your award dear! Well deserved...
- Friday, May 29, 2009 8:24:00 AM
- Priyameena said...
Viki..You are remaining my college days in Tirunelveli...It looks like the same one in arasan bakery..Great
- Friday, May 29, 2009 8:55:00 AM
- Srilakshmi said...
My mom used to make the same kind of biscuits! These look lovely - wish I could grab one :-) Congrats on your award!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:05:00 AM
- Vikis Kitchen said...
Thanks for the quick response my friends.
Priya Meena : Yes dear, I love that arasan bakery , its famous icecream parlor etc. Thanks for reminding me too:)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:16:00 AM
- Mangala Bhat said...
wow! lovely pic ...love the recipe aswell ..hey looks easy and tasty too ..will give it a try ..soon hey thanks for sharing
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:16:00 AM
- Lena Jayadev said...
congrads on your award.. :)
This snap is amazing..nice presentation.. :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:35:00 AM
- Sweta (My Indian Dietitian) said...
Viki-these are called "Nankhatai" in Bombay and "Butter biscuit"in b'lore.We used to bake these in school-I love the way it melts in the mouth-excellent:)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:46:00 AM
- Sweta (My Indian Dietitian) said...
BTW-do you have the recipe for the famous Tirunelveli halwa? It's such a sinful halwa ;)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:48:00 AM
- Padma said...
Hello Viki
click on this link for a surprise :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 9:49:00 AM
- Vijitha said...
biscuit looks so lovely! perfectly baked.
- Friday, May 29, 2009 11:41:00 AM
- kittymatti said...
lovely butter biscuits!! Love them, sure to make them soon
- Friday, May 29, 2009 12:35:00 PM
- Anu said...
Biscuits looks very inviting! I love this biscuit.. gonna try this :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 1:15:00 PM
- Cham said...
I was looking this recipe for click event! Finally not much satisfied of any recipe around, looks really perfect the butter biscuit! Urge me to try soon, congrats on ur award!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 1:36:00 PM
- Pooja said...
That was a great coincidence! Congrats on your award. The biscuits look great and delicious!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 1:41:00 PM
- Manju said...
oohh..i think ive had this before and liked it but never knew this was what it was called!! they look soo good!!
n yeah, congrats!! :)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 1:44:00 PM
- Malar Gandhi said...
Aaaha Great coinsidence. Love baker's biscuits, sure it turned out perfect for you. Whatever in the name...bet it tasted great. Love the shape, infact.
- Friday, May 29, 2009 2:31:00 PM
- Priya Suresh said...
Woww Viki...prefectly shaped and baked butter biscuit, feel like grabbing few from the pic...Gorgeous!
- Friday, May 29, 2009 2:49:00 PM
- Poornima Nair said...
The biscuits look so cute, really tempting...congrats on the awards.
- Friday, May 29, 2009 2:54:00 PM
- Vrinda said...
Congrats on ur award Viki..cookies look perfect,me too posted same long b4,by name Nan Khatayi..
- Friday, May 29, 2009 4:49:00 PM
- sriharivatsan said...
This shows that you are becoming expert nowadays..Master chef, the butter biscuts looks g8 and perfect. wanna to grab one for my kutti as he is a big fan of this..
- Friday, May 29, 2009 6:49:00 PM
- Varsha Vipins said...
yum yum..totally grt biscuits viki..:)
- Friday, May 29, 2009 7:26:00 PM
- Suparna said...
hi viki,
I used to feast on these very frequently during my childhood days
we had the best benne biscuit (th's how it's called in kannada)available at a nearby Iyengar's Bakery! wow dear u've got them so exact :) the recipe sounds easy too, shall try it sometime. Thanks.
Happy weekend
- Saturday, May 30, 2009 1:54:00 AM
- Chitra said...
will sure try this viki. even my mom calls this as sooseberry:)
- Saturday, May 30, 2009 10:02:00 AM
- Raks said...
Wow,looks amazing! Wud love to try it out!
- Saturday, May 30, 2009 5:37:00 PM
- Vibaas said...
love this and want to grab those :)
- Saturday, May 30, 2009 7:42:00 PM
- Unknown said...
Ah!! Butter biscuits make me nostalgic. looks similar to the ones we get in bakeries. great try..
- Saturday, May 30, 2009 10:08:00 PM
- Unknown said...
called as naankatai in th e north..looks delicious..
- Sunday, May 31, 2009 5:55:00 PM
- Unknown said...
btw , my native is tirunelveli too..
- Sunday, May 31, 2009 5:55:00 PM
- Jaishree Iyer said...
Butter biscuitslookssodelicious.will try this soon... congrats on your award :)
- Sunday, May 31, 2009 10:01:00 PM
- Hari Chandana P said...
woww...yummyyy.. very nice pics:)
- Monday, June 01, 2009 4:08:00 AM
- Unknown said...
Butter biscuits look awesome!
- Monday, June 01, 2009 5:32:00 AM
- Pooja said...
looks so yummy ! feel like grabbing it from the screen !
- Tuesday, June 02, 2009 7:50:00 AM
- Aps Kitchen said...
Hey Viki I m new to ur blog nd we call this as Narayan Katar nd in kannada they call benne buiscuit thanx for making me remember this biscuit a long time.........
- Thursday, June 04, 2009 4:15:00 AM
- Anuradha said...
Looks so yummy.. I love this biscuits. I will also try it out sometime. ...
- Friday, July 03, 2009 4:11:00 PM
- sathya shankaran said...
its awesome we call it benne biscuits in bangalore....i tried it it came very well.i have one doubt ...do we need to keep it outside for a while after kneading the dough
- Wednesday, November 14, 2012 1:07:00 PM
- sathya shankaran said...
its delicious i tried it....i have a query....do the dough need to be kept for a while after kneading
- Wednesday, November 14, 2012 1:09:00 PM
- Vikis Kitchen said...
Thanks Sathya.You can do it immediately after kneading or after 10 minutes. I made those biscuits using a room temperature dough.
- Thursday, November 15, 2012 6:06:00 PM
lovely juice berry biscuits
i too frm tvl
my longings for ths biscuits has been satisfied by your recipe
thanq u so much mam
pls post pressure cook cake nd cookie recipes
waiting 4 our hometown recipes
- Friday, January 18, 2013 10:09:00 PM
- Vikis Kitchen said...
Revathy: Sure, I will try to post tnvly recipes. thanks for the nice words.
- Saturday, January 19, 2013 7:43:00 AM
- Unknown said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Wednesday, August 19, 2015 3:38:00 PM
- Unknown said...
Hi Vikis,I am also from Tirunelveli...in our native place all the bakery will have a cashew shape like biscuit(but its not cashew biscuit)it has sweet,spice and salt taste in it....hope you know that biscuit...can you please post the recipe for that?i searched in internet but not getting the exact one like bakery version....
- Wednesday, August 19, 2015 3:39:00 PM
- Vikis Kitchen said...
Dear Sujanya,
Happy to see someone from my native:) I too love that biscuit. But not popular anywhere. I haven't tried making it at home. But after seeing your comment, that is in my 'to do ' list now :)
There is one cookie in US , that tasted little similar to our cashew shaped one. I bought the pack from ALDI supermarket, and it is called animal cracker or animal cookies here.
So I searched for a closer recipe and here is one link.
In that recipe, they have mentioned about princess cake & cookie flavor.
You can substitute it with vanilla essence and almond or cashew flavor (for nutty flavor) in equal parts.
I made a sugar cookie few years ago and it tasted very native like our local bakeries. Here is my link
In my recipe , you have to add almond essence and little nutmeg powder. By doing so, you may get a closer taste to our munthiri biscuit :)
Anyways I will post a detailed recipe, once I try at home.
Hope it's clear.
Sorry for the delay. Thanks.
Viki Xavier
- Monday, August 24, 2015 11:05:00 AM
- Unknown said...
Thanks Viki....
- Friday, August 28, 2015 3:27:00 PM
- Unknown said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Friday, August 28, 2015 3:28:00 PM


text:
Do you know anything about the current state of the Miami Dolphins? You'd be forgiven if you didn't, even though they were on Hard Knocks. This year's iteration of everyone's favorite show lacked the compelling personalities of previous ones. It was Chad Ochocinco, Lauren Tannehill, undrafted rookie Jarrell Root, and lots of filler. I'm getting sidetracked here.
While watching the show you could have learned that Jeff Ireland is a terrible general manager who should be fired. He built a team with the third-best rookie quarterback in a two-QB draft, and then he surrounded him with wretched receivers. He also evidently stood by while the entire Texas A&M coaching staff set up operations in Miami. Football Outsiders convincingly called him "the new Matt Millen."
So when a fan at Sunday's game told Ireland he should fire himself, that fan wasn't a crank speaking out of turn. He was right! But Ireland called him an asshole as he was walking away, and so he had to apologize—sort of—to Armando
Seguero Salguero of the Miami Herald:
"It caught me off guard. I just turned and walked away but I did say the word. I regret I used the word I used. I thought I was using it under my breath. I guess I kind of said it loud enough that he could hear it. I literally said it under my breath. At the time I felt I handled the situation pretty good. Probably muttered it a little too loud. I regret that I said anything."
"At the time I felt I handled the situation pretty good. Probably muttered it a little too loud." Let's get this guy an Executive of the Year award.
GM Jeff Ireland has 'regret' over unpleasant exchange [Miami Herald]


text:
By Ryan Rasing
STAR "Students Tackling Advanced Research" Scholars Program
Digital Media Department, Antoinette Westphal College of Media Arts and Design
Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
I am a freshman studying Game Art and Production at the Antoinette Westphal College of Media Arts and Design, Drexel University. This summer I am participating in the STAR (Students Tackling Advanced Research) Scholars Program. Working under Associate Professor Dr. Glen Muschio. Today I am storyboarding two Public Service Announcements (PSAs). One PSA is for a Philadelphia archaeology event open to the public, the other is to announce Pennsylvania's Archaeology Month, set for October this year. The PSA's will be shown on a giant LED screen on the 27th floor of the PECO (Philadelphia Electric Company) Building in Center City, Philadelphia.
One of the PSAs will show Philadelphia's skyline rising above layers of stratigraphy. Selected 3D artifacts will begin to move across the screen superimposed over the skyline/stratigraphy background. As the artifacts exit the frame, text follows announcing, "Explore Philadelphia's Buried Past 10/10 http://www.phillyarchaeology.org/". The PSA will run 30 seconds in length and will be shown on the PECO Crown Lights for 3 days in October.
The second PSA will also feature 3D models of archaeological artifacts from the Independence National Historical Park's collection. Last week I assisted Digital Media grad student Jonnathan Mercado in scanning and photographing artifacts selected by INHP Chief Historian and archaeologist Jed Levin.


text:
The International Committee of the Red Cross and Guantánamo Bay
From WikiLeaks
Friday December 14, 2007
The Geneva Convention gives the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) a mandate to visit prisoners of war and ensure that they are not mistreated. The ICRC has been visiting detainees at the Guantánamo Bay detention centre since its inception, but it reports any concerns privately to the US government. It is ICRC policy that its reports not be made public, in exchange for full access to prisoners. However, a 2004 report by the ICRC on Guantánamo was leaked to the New York Times, at the time of the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal. The report stated that interrogation techniques used at Guantánamo were "tantamount to torture".
In 2002, the US government declared itself exempt from obligations to treat detainees in accordance with the Geneva Convention. A White House press 'fact sheet' (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020207-13.html) stated that "Al-Qaida is not a state party to the Geneva Convention; it is a foreign terrorist group. As such, its members are not entitled to POW status." This position is reiterated in the leaked document Welcome Foreign Attache Visitors (to Iraq) (See 'Key Definitions' in the Introduction). The press 'fact sheet' continued: "Even though the detainees are not entitled to POW privileges, they will be provided many POW privileges as a matter of policy... The International Committee of the Red Cross has visited and will continue to be able to visit the detainees privately."
This claim is directly contradicted by both of the documents obtained by Wikileaks, Camp Delta SOP (2003) and Camp Delta SOP (2004). There it is revealed that some detainees are classified as being permitted "No Access: No contact of any kind with ICRC. This includes delivery of ICRC mail."
The US government cited the ICRC visits as evidence that prisoners were not being mistreated at Guantánamo, despite the ICRC's repeated (private) reports to the contrary. Now we find that some prisoners were kept even from the ICRC's gaze. It is not clear from the ICRC's 2004 Annual Report whether the ICRC knew this. Their more immediate concern was for the prisoners in the CIA's 'black site' prisons, to whom they were granted no access at all.
See also
- Wikileaks busts Gitmo propaganda team
- Changes in Guantanamo Bay SOP manual (2003-2004)
- Habeas noted changes in Guantanamo SOP manual (2003-2004)
- Forensic analysis of changes in Guantanamo Bay SOP manual (2003-2004)
- Testimony of Guantanamo SOP manual (2004)
- Testimony of Guantanamo SOP manual (2003)
- Guantanamo manual shows continued abuses
- No WMDs, but plenty of MWDs at Gitmo in 2004
- Chaplain, Red Cross Muzzled at Gitmo in 2004
- A Cat May Look Upon a King, but Not at Gitmo
- Guantanamo document confirms psychological torture
- Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedure (2004)
- Camp Delta Standard Operating Procedure (2003)
- Detainee Operations in a Joint Environment
- Camp Bucca Standard Operating Procedure (2004)


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When it comes to edible gift giving, I think that vanilla sugar is the most popular of the flavored sugars. In my post about flavored sugar I talk about how I started making it as a way to use empty vanilla bean pods. While it's a great way to make vanilla beans more cost efficient, you can also use all the little beans inside the pod which I explain in the recipe. I use clean, dry fingers to break up the beans in the sugar. But if you've used the tiny vanilla beans for something else, feel free to just stick the pod in the sugar.
Vanilla sugar smells warm and inviting, and you can use it in place of regular sugar in pretty much any recipe. Try it in a salad dressing or marinade. Stir it into your morning latte or tea, it's amazing in hot chocolate! Use it in your baking recipes as well for a subtle vanilla flavor. I also like to roll frozen grapes in it to make fun little garnishes that taste absolutely amazing, and I love sprinkling it on sugar cookies because people are always surprised when they taste it.
Tomorrow morning I'll be sharing my new favorite flavored sugar which is just perfect for the holidays!
Vanilla Sugar RecipePrep time: 5 minutes Cook time: 0 minutes Total time: 5 minutes Yield: 1 cup
- 1
vanilla bean pod
- 1 cup
granulated sugar
Cooking Directions
- With a knife carefully slice the vanilla bean lengthwise along one side so you can open it like a book. Use the tip of the knife to scrape the tiny beans out of the pod and into the sugar, breaking them up with your fingers.
- Bury the bean pods in the sugar and store in an airtight container for two weeks before using.
Approximate cost/serving: This comes out to about $1, less if you've already used the vanilla beans in another recipe which then stretches the cost of your vanilla bean.
Vegetarian/gluten free: Yes to both, vegan as well.
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Nutritional and cost information is for estimating purposes only, and subject to variations due to region, seasonality, and product availability.


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The Pentagon is "reviewing and planning for a range of additional measures that may be necessary to protect the Syrian people," Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said Thursday, with top US military planners using the recent US intervention in Libya as a potential template for action.
In testimony before the House Armed Services Committee, Mr. Panetta said the violence in Syria has been "brutal and devastating," putting the Syrian people "in a desperate" situation.
Iran is helping to prop up Syrian strongmen, Panetta contended, supporting the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad "with material, financial, and technical assistance." That's because "no other country stands to lose more than Iran from the eventual fall of the Assad regime," he added.
For now, the US is in the process of sending "nonlethal" aid, including communications and medical equipment, to the civilian-led opposition in Syria. The Pentagon is also providing humanitarian relief to the tune of $25 million.
These measures are putting pressure on the Assad regime, Panetta argued. He acknowledged, however, that more may need to be done.
"There are legitimate questions" about what steps are needed to bring an end to the Assad regime, he said, "with some arguing for an approach similar to the one we took in Libya."
Indeed, he said, the US intervention in Libya is "helping to inform the approach of the United States to Syria."
That must include international consensus, clear regional support from the Arab world, and "a clear legal basis" for any US military action, Panetta said.
Should these be found, the Pentagon will "offer substantial US contributions where we can bring unique resources to bear."
For the time being, "strong sanctions" are "putting Assad under greater pressure than ever before," Panetta told lawmakers. Any US actions going forward "must keep all options on the table, while recognizing the limitations of military force."
That said, Assad has to go, Panetta warned. "Make no mistake – one way or another, this regime ultimately will meet its end."


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The highlight of Europe has easily been none other than Caswell Berry. He placed 2nd place in Copenhagen, 1st place in Laussane and 4th place at Dortmund. The finest of the Tilt-mode army!
Billy Marks is out and about. Last I talked to him he was shooting photos for Skaterboarder and doing some filming. He says he has a couple things ready for the eye.
Josh Harmony is heading for back home status on a little trip back to his home town in Illinois. He plans on hanging tough with some of his long time friends and cohorts.
Toy Machine 'new wave' is in full effect! Look for the new new wave models to be in stores in about a week. Less surface is less friction is less work is lazy fat American skaters. Innovation is reinvigorating.


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As record labels, digital music stores, and music subscription services continue their struggle to convince music fans to pay for music, Google's YouTube — itself a major repository of recorded music — claims that giving away music for free generates as much money for copyright holders as charging for it, with profound implications for freemium digital music services such as Spotify and the much-rumored Google music service.
According to what YouTube executives YouTube can make as much money for labels as paid services, following a massive, 200-to-300 percent increase in the revenue it generates for copyright holders over the past year. They said the growth was due to traffic increases, particularly on mobile phones; more profitable, optimized ad formats; the "Ad Word"-ization of video content (through which advertisers make videos that users "opt in" to watching); a new crop of curators who increase the viewership of free music videos through blogs and social networks; more effective sales teams, particularly as part of Vevo (a joint venture between Google, major labels, and Abu Dhabi); and YouTube's Content ID system, which allows music copyright holders to profit from infringing use of their songs.
"Our larger music partners on the site are making millions of dollars per month," YouTube director of content partnerships Chris Maxcy told Evolver.fm. "The other thing that's astounding is the growth in this. We've seen the monetization levels increase two to three times, just in the last year… Our label partners have been pretty pleased with that level, and we expect to see that growth continue. A year from now, I'm hoping we'll be able to say 'we increased revenue and RPMs another 2-3x.'"
Even now, says YouTube, its free music pays as well as, well, paid music. And Google could eventually get into that too.
"We're not tied to any one payment model, per se," explained Phil Farhi, a product manager from Google's YouTube monetization team. "We've been very focused on advertising so far, but there are users who will pay for content with their money, and users who will pay for content with their time and attention. We've been focused on [the latter]. What we're seeing is that by really optimizing everything, you can make just as much money for a label as the others."
Some don't see the value of free music, he says, because they're too focused on its price.
"These are the traps that people fall into: They look at price tags for advertising[-supported services] versus price tags for subscription or downloading services," added Farhi. "But you really need to consider not just the price tag, but the scale of audience and views that you're reaching with that."
Offering something for free drastically increases the rate at which people consume it. This is basic micro-economics, and is to be expected. We all want a free lunch. What's more surprising is YouTube's claim that a well-optimized free music service generates revenue equivalent to that of paid services like iTunes.
"If you were to look at the numbers for Lady Gaga, the number of views she gets on YouTube versus downloads that she gets on iTunes, obviously, a single download on iTunes will pay her more than a single view on YouTube," said Farhi. "But when you look at the traffic — the number of people that are coming back and watching her videos over and over again, watching her videos before they download the song, or discovering them on YouTube — you can see how that scale can compete with a paid service."
The difference between offering music for free and charging for it has a special resonance as music is increasingly delivered by apps running on smartphones, computers and eventually televisions and car stereos. Small developers unable to negotiate their own licenses with the labels, but who nonetheless wish to integrate full-track playback into their apps, face a stark choice. They can either integrate YouTube videos for free (Discovr), or integrate a subscription service that limits non-subscriber listens to 30 seconds (MusicMapper).
Last week, we took YouTube to task for potentially damaging the music industry by providing users and app developers with a free, on-demand alternative to subscription services such as MOG, Rdio, Rhapsody or Spotify.
"You raised some interesting issues with respect to some of these applications out there," YouTube director of content partnerships Chris Maxcy told Evolver.fm. "Our general philosophy is that we like to make our content as widely available as possible. We want to be the biggest entertainment platform in the world, and we think we are already. We want to make sure that we can get videos to people in a variety of ways… That's the positive side, but whenever you have a goal like that, and you set your system up that way, there's always the risk that there will be a small number of people in the world who abuse your good nature and the ability to get access to that content. With our APIs, the vast majority of developers are complying with our terms of service."
YouTube's API terms of service specify that developers who add full-track playback from YouTube can only make non-commercial apps (Update: that information came from our interview with Farhi, but YouTube apparently does allow commercial use of its API), must show the videos, as opposed to stripping them out and only playing the music, and must include YouTube's ads with those videos.
Songza, Muziic, and other services crossed those lines in years past, after which YouTube denied or threatened to deny them access to its API.
"I think applications integrating music is a great idea, and there are plenty of robust music services out there. I think it's better for an application developer to… make sure they're complying properly, versus thinking that they can temporarily and maybe inappropriately access our platform," said Farhi. "They're going to get shut down, and it's going to be a bad user experience because the YouTube videos won't play anymore one day."
So, that settles that: If app developers push the YouTube integration too far, they'll get cut off, and YouTube has shown that it's willing to take such steps in the past. However, its contention that free music pays as well as paid music indicates that app developers would be wise to include both options: YouTube videos for music fans who don't want to pay, and Rdio or some other subscription service for those who do.
Ultimately, the real beneficiary of the revelation that free and paid music can generate equivalent revenues could be Spotify, or even Google itself.
Farhi noted Spotify's success on the Facebook platform in Europe, where users embed Spotify songs within their feeds that anyone can hear (the free version plays up to 20 hours of music per month). In addition, Spotify integrates directly with Facebook as a music sharing network. In the United States, however, Facebook users overwhelmingly prefer YouTube for embedding music, as any U.S. music fan on Facebook has surely noticed.
Spotify has long maintained that its allure lies in being able to monetize the free listening that some people are always going to engage in, through advertising, while those who are eventually willing to pay for extra features (smartphone apps, offline playback, higher sound quality, and no ads) can do so without switching to a new music service and losing all of their playlist, ratings, and friends.
If the lesson of YouTube vs. paid music services should teach the music industry anything, it's that Spotify — or something like it, which finally joins the equally lucrative sectors of free and paid music — could boost overall revenue to a struggling recorded music industry.


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Almaden Brit won the First Annual 2010 Corporate Cup Championship on Saturday, defeating rival Cupertino Brit 7-4 in the final on Stanton Field outside of Buck Shaw Stadium.
Teams from Yahoo!, Zynga, Vocera, Cadence, Almaden Brit and Cupertino Brit played a round-robin group stage starting at 9 a.m. By mid afternoon, Almaden Brit B was the last team standing after navigating through its five matches undefeated.
Registration for the 2011 Corporate Cup is available by clicking here. Teams interested in participating should contact Ted Firestone at 408.556.7721 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Cadence 4, Yahoo! 3
Almaden Brit B 15, Zynga 2
Cupertino Brit A 5, Almaden Brit A 3
Vocera 3, Cupertino Brit B 3
Cadence 1, Cupertino Brit A 3
Almaden Brit B 11, Vocera 2
Yahoo! 1, Almaden Brit A 6
Zynga 3, Cupertino Brit B 3
Cadence 0, Almaden Brit A 6
Almaden Brit B 11, Cupertino Brit B 0
Championship: Almaden Brit B 7, Cupertino Brit A 4


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You know that feeling when you start falling in love? Everybody who has been in love knows that I'm talking about; Just the mere mention of them brings a big smile to your face that ultimately hurts your cheeks. The anticipation of seeing them face to face simultaneously gives you unstoppable butterflies and makes your heart race. They're the first thing you think of when you wake up in the morning and the last thing on your mind when you go to bed.
Yeah, you know what I'm talking about.
While falling in love with a person is romantic and grand, in this particular context I'm actually not referring to a person at all...
This is exactly how I feel about travel. Just the mere mention of traveling fills me with so much emotion it's hard to keep it contained; I'm continuously falling in love with the world and all it's endless possibilities.
Hence my obvious transition to a travel website! Of course with limited funds and health issues I can't just go full force into things like my heart, mind, and soul would like me to, especially with building my website back up and making a name for myself as a travel blogger.
With being a travel blogger though you also need to have the right equipment. Things like, but not limited to, a cell phone with a decent camera and access to the internet, a nice standalone camera to be able to capture pictures you're proud to share on your blog and social media channels, and, of course, a computer or tablet that is easily transportable from one travel adventure to another such as the extremely portable Microsoft Surface Pro from the Microsoft Store.
Unlike my current large, bulky, and heavy laptop that is a bit of a pain to lug around, the Microsoft Surface Pro is quoted to be 'the tablet that replaces your laptop' and is designed to be ultrathin, fast, and versatile, perfect for not only what I'm interested in pursuing, but anybody who leads an on-the-go lifestyle.
Regardless of if you're already a successful travel blogger, an aspiring travel blogger like myself, or just enjoy traveling without the responsibility of blogging here are 5 reasons why traveling with the Microsoft Surface Pro is a game changer:
- Portability. Of course when you're constantly on the road in a car, on a crowded plane for long hours, or backpacking across whichever country has hold of your heart at that moment, having a reliable way to communicate and express yourself is essential. This piece of technology is less than 2 lbs so can easily go wherever you go without adding pain (neck, back, shoulders...) to your travels. As someone who deals with daily chronic pain, this is fantastic!
- Best of both worlds. It's a tablet. It's a laptop. Technically speaking, it truly is a tablet but with laptop capabilities. Aside from many other things, this unit comes equip with touch screen, is lightweight, and extremely portable like a tablet but contains the customizable power of a laptop (storage, processor, etc.). You're even able to purchase things like a compatible keyboard, mouse, and other accessories separately to make it even more a hybrid.
- Versatility. Are you a travel blogger like I aspire to be? A student trying to make their way through school? An artist of any variety? A film maker? The Surface Pro comes pre-loaded with Windows 10, a 30-day trial of Microsoft Office 365, and the ability to download and run professional grade software so regardless of what you are or what you want to be, this piece of technology has the versatility to help you achieve your dreams and goals.
- Ability to connect. Wherever you are in the world whether it be traveling on your own accord, being away for school, re-locating for a job, or whatever else might keep you away from family and friends, your ability to connect to your loved ones in between visits is vital! You want to let them know your safe, doing well, and you want to make sure the same for them. With this Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enabled tablet and its face-authentication front and rear facing camera, stereo microphone and speakers you'll be able to stay connected between those cherished visits.
- Customization. Like mentioned above, depending on what you need it for, the Microsoft Surface Pro can be customized according to your needs; you have the ability to choose up to 4 options for your storage (SSD) capacity and 3 processor (core) options, not to mention all the apps and professional programs that are compatible. That's a lot of options!
|My first solo trip to New York City in 2010
Even if you're not a travel blogger trekking across the world, or at the very least across the country, as you can see above the Microsoft Surface Pro is for anyone who lives an active, on the go lifestyle; a busy student, an entrepreneur, or even a stay at home mom who wants to keep on top of running your household.
With the holidays fast approaching (less than 3 weeks away!) do you know someone who would appreciate and benefit from this sleek and practical gift wrapped up nicely under their tree? If so, take advantage of Microsoft's offer: Save $150 on the Microsoft Surface Pro 4 i5 128GB now through 12/24!
If you plan on purchasing the Surface Pro or anything else from the Microsoft Store they also offer free shipping and free returns, plus an extended Holiday Return & Exchange Policy! Products, subscriptions, and services purchased from the Microsoft Store between November 11, 2016 and December 31, 2016 may be returned or exchanged until January 31, 2017, subject to their other return/exchange guidelines.
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2. NEW RULE--You MUST leave a 1 to 3 sentence comment on my post in order to be eligible for the giveaway. Short, one to two word answers will be deleted from the post and entries associated will be deleted from the giveaway.
3. Contest will run from Friday, December 9, 2016 through Friday, January 6, 2017.
4. Open to individuals 18 years or older.