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7 U.S.C. 3801-3813; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.8, and 371.4
For the purposes of this part, the following terms shall have the meanings assigned them in this section. Unless otherwise required by the context, the singular form shall also import the plural and the masculine form shall also import the feminine, and vice versa. Words undefined in the following paragraphs shall have the meaning attributed to them in general usage as reflected by definitions in a standard dictionary.
(a) No person shall feed or permit the feeding of garbage to swine unless the garbage is treated to kill disease organisms, pursuant to this part, at a facility operated by a person holding a valid license for the treatment of garbage; except that the treatment and license requirements shall not apply to the feeding or the permitting of the feeding to swine of garbage only because the garbage consists of any of the following: Processed products; rendered products; bakery waste; candy waste; eggs; domestic dairy products (including milk); fish from the Atlantic Ocean within 200 miles of the continental United States or Canada; or fish from inland waters of the United States or Canada which do not flow into the Pacific Ocean.
(b) No person operating such a facility may be licensed to treat garbage unless he or she meets the requirements of this part designed to prevent the introduction or dissemination of any infectious or communicable disease of animals and unless the facility is so constructed that swine are unable to have access to untreated garbage or equipment and material coming in contact with untreated garbage.
(c) The regulations of this part shall not be construed to repeal or supersede State laws that prohibit feeding of garbage to swine or to prohibit any State from enforcing requirements relating to the treatment of garbage that is to be fed to swine or the feeding thereof which are more stringent than the requirements contained in this part. In a State which prohibits the feeding of garbage to swine, a license under the Act will not be issued to any applicant.
(a) Access by swine to garbage handling and treatment areas shall be prevented by construction of facilities to exclude all ages and sizes of swine.
(b) All areas and drainage therefrom, used for the handling and treatment of untreated garbage shall be inaccessible
(a) Untreated garbage at a treatment facility shall be stored in covered and leakproof containers until treated.
(b) Treated garbage shall be transported to a feeding area from the treatment facility only in (1) containers used only for such treated garbage; (2) containers previously used for garbage which have been cleaned and disinfected in accordance with § 166.14 of this part; or (3) containers in which the garbage was treated.
Garbage-treatment facilities shall be maintained as set forth in this section.
(a) Insects and animals shall be controlled. Accumulation of any material at the facility where insects and rodents may breed is prohibited.
(b) Equipment used for handling untreated garbage, except for the containers in which the garbage has been treated, may not be subsequently used in the feeding of swine unless first cleaned and disinfected as set forth in § 166.14(b).
(c) Untreated garbage that is not to be fed to swine and materials in association with such garbage shall be disposed of in a manner consistent with all applicable governmental environmental regulations and in an area inaccessible to swine.
Untreated garbage shall not be allowed into swine feeding areas. Any equipment or material associated with untreated garbage, except for containers holding treated garbage which was treated in such containers, shall not be allowed into swine feeding areas at treatment premises until properly cleaned and disinfected as set forth in § 166.14(b) of this part.
(a) Garbage shall be heated throughout at boiling (212 °F. or 100 °C. at sea level) for 30 (thirty) minutes.
(b) Garbage shall be agitated during cooking, except in steam cooking equipment, to ensure that the prescribed cooking temperature is maintained throughout the cooking container for the prescribed length of time.
Vehicles used by a licensee to transport untreated garbage, except those that have also been used to treat the garbage so moved, shall not be used for hauling animals or treated garbage until cleaned and disinfected as set forth in § 166.14(c) of this part.
(a) Each licensee shall record the destination and date of removal of all treated or untreated garbage removed from the licensee's premises.
(b) Such records shall be legible and indelible.
(c) Each entry in a record shall be certified as correct by initials or signature of the licensee or an authorized agent or employee of the licensee.
(d) Such records shall be maintained by the licensee for a period of 1 year from the date made and shall be made available to inspectors upon request during normal business hours at that treatment facility.
(2) The licensee shall make the premises, facilities, and equipment available during normal business hours for inspections by an inspector to determine continuing compliance with the Act and regulations.
(3) The facilities and equipment of an applicant for a license shall be in compliance with all applicable governmental environmental regulations before the applicant will be licensed.
(c) The license of a person shall be automatically revoked, without action of the Administrator, upon the final effective date of the second criminal conviction of such person, as is stated in section 5(c) of the Act. The licensee will be notified in writing of such revocation by the Area Veterinarian in Charge or, in States having primary enforcement responsibility, by the State animal health official.
(d) Any person whose license has been suspended or revoked for any reason shall not be licensed in such person's own name or in any other manner, nor shall any of such person's employees be licensed for the purpose of operating the facility owned or operated by said licensee while the order of suspension or revocation is in effect. Any person whose license has been revoked shall not be eligible to apply for a new license for a period of 1 year from the effective date of such revocation. Any person who desires the reinstatement of a license that has been revoked must follow the procedure for new licensees set forth in § 166.10 of this part.
(a) The Area Veterinarian in Charge or, in States listed in § 166.15(d) of this part, the State animal health official shall cancel the license of a licensee when the Area Veterinarian in Charge or, in States listed in § 166.15(d) of this part, the State animal health official finds that no garbage has been treated for a period of 4 consecutive months at the facility operated by the licensee. Before such action is taken, the licensee of the facility will be informed in writing of the reasons for the proposed action and be given an opportunity to respond in writing. In those instances where there is a conflict as to the facts, the licensee shall, upon request, be afforded a hearing in accordance with rules of practice which shall be adopted for the proceeding.
(b) Any licensee may voluntarily have his or her license canceled by requesting such cancellation in writing and sending such request to the Area Veterinarian in Charge,
(c) Any person whose license is canceled in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) of this section may apply for a new license at any time by following the procedure for obtaining a license set forth in § 166.10 of this part.
(a) A licensed facility shall be subject to inspections. Each inspector will be furnished with an official badge or identification card, either of which shall be sufficient identification to entitle access during normal business hours to the facility for the purposes of inspection. At such time the inspector is duly authorized to:
(1) Inspect the facility, including cooker function;
(2) Take samples of garbage;
(3) Observe and physically inspect the health status of all species of animals on the premises;
(4) Review records and make copies of such records; and
(5) Take photographs. A copy of each photograph will be provided to the licensee within 14 days.
(b) A licensee shall notify an inspector immediately upon detection of illness or death not normally associated with the licensee's operation in any animal species on the licensee's premises.
(c) A licensee shall notify an inspector or the State animal health official or the Area Veterinarian in Charge, as appropriate, of any change in the name, address, management or substantial control or ownership of his business or operation within 30 days after making such change.
(d) A licensee shall supply, upon request by an inspector, information concerning sources of garbage. Such information shall include the dates of supply and the names and addresses of the person and/or organization from which the garbage was received.
(1) A permitted brand of sodium orthophenylphenate that is used in accordance with directions on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved label.
(2) A permitted cresylic disinfectant that is used in accordance with directions on the EPA-approved label, provided such disinfectant also meets the requirements set forth in §§ 71.10(b) and 71.11 of this chapter.
(3) Distinfectants which are registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136
(b) All premises at which garbage has been fed to swine in violation of the Act or regulations in this part shall, prior to continued use for swine feeding purposes, be cleaned and disinfected under the supervision of an inspector or an accredited veterinarian as defined in Part 160 of this chapter as follows: Empty all troughs and other feeding and watering appliances, remove all litter, garbage, manure, and other organic material from the floors, posts, or other parts of such equipment, and handle such litter, garbage, manure, and other organic material in such manner as not to allow animal contact with such material; clean all surfaces with water and detergent and saturate the entire surface of the equipment, fencing, troughs, chutes, floors, walls, and all other parts of the facilities, with a disinfectant prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section. An exemption to the requirements of this paragraph may be given by the Administrator or, in States with primary enforcement responsibility, by the State animal health official, when it is determined that a threat to the swine industry does not exist.
(c) Any vehicle or other means of conveyance and its associated equipment which has been used by the licensee to move garbage, except any vehicle or other means of conveyance which also has been used to treat the garbage so moved, shall, prior to use for livestock-related or treated garbage hauling purposes, be cleaned and disinfected as follows: Remove all litter, garbage, manure, and other organic material from all portions of each means of conveyance, including all ledges and framework inside and outside, and handle such litter, garbage, manure, and other organic material in such manner as not to allow animal contact with such material; clean the interior and the exterior of such vehicle or other means of conveyance and its associated equipment with water and detergent; and saturate the entire interior surface, including all doors, endgates, portable chutes, and similar
(d) The owner of such facilities and vehicles shall be responsible for cleaning and disinfecting as required under this section, and the cleaning and disinfecting shall be done without expense to the United States Department of Agriculture.
(a) The following States prohibit the feeding of garbage to swine: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
(b) The following States and Puerto Rico permit the feeding of treated garbage to swine: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
(c) The following States have primary enforcement responsibility under the Act: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
(d) The following States issue licenses under cooperative agreements with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, but do not have primary enforcement responsibility under the Act: Maryland, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Washington.
(e) The public may contact the Area Veterinarian in Charge, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agiculture or State animal health official, or the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Swine Health, 4700 River Road, Unit 37, Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1231, concerning the feeding of garbage to swine.


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Betknowmore UK is a new non-profit, social enterprise. Our mission to to develop and deliver new, innovative, support services, to tackle issues around problematic gambling and addiction.
We aim to provide services which are dedicated to helping people move away from addiction or problem gambling and onto a path of personal development and fulfilment. As a service we understand gambling's complex nature and the numerous problems caused by compulsive gambling - not just to gambler but also to the family and friends, the innocent victims of addiction. Please visit our website for more details regarding our services:

subset: commoncrawl


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I play a lot of word games. Competitive, single-player, silly, serious... I like messing around with all the weird and wonderful combinations the English language has to offer. I am used to the ebb and flow of word games, to the way consonants feel, to the hunt for vowels. They comfort me.
Which is why discovering that Lumicon is unforgivingly difficult right off the bat was like a smack into a refreshing brick wall.
The game moves very, very quickly. Initial instincts to look at the letters in the gutter and carefully think of a word to build will not serve you well. Letters need to be moving into the playable rows at all times. A second of hesitance, or one moment of poor decision, starting a new row, can lead to an almost instant downfall.
I'm not used to work games being frenetic and punishing. Surprisingly, it's a nice change of pace. The longer your words are, the higher your score will be, yes, but that's a secondary skill. First you need to learn to think quickly, on your toes, and deal with whatever letters come your way. A run without consonants or without vowels can be hard to overcome, though with careful planning you stand a chance.
Ultimately, like Tetris you will lose at Lumicon. It's just a question of how long you can hold on.
Lumicon [$1.99, iTunes]


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Northern Ireland, 1972: a British army-loyalist paramilitary alliance
The protests of the past six weeks have their roots in a policy established in the early days of the Troubles
As security chiefs and political leaders in Belfast, Dublin and London anxiously watch the Union flag protests deteriorate into greater violence, they could do worse than reflect on one uncomfortable reality: the strength and endurance of groups such as the UVF and UDA in the years of the peace process in no small way derives from a crucial ambivalence towards such groups shown by Britain's top generals in Northern Ireland, almost from the outset of the Troubles.
Damning evidence that the higher echelons of the British military advocated a counterinsurgency strategy that would encourage the growth of loyalist paramilitary groups in the early 1970s has emerged in documents from the Northern Ireland Office released in the past decade or so.
Ignored or unnoticed by all but a handful of academics, the papers suggest that as early as 1972 British generals effectively championed a strategy of countergangs drawn from the ranks of loyalism to fight the IRA, an idea apparently borrowed from the Mau Mau conflict in Kenya.
While the documents do not say whether the military won the support of the British cabinet for such proposals, there is no record of any opposition to them, and according to one academic who has studied the issue, Dr Huw Bennett of the department of international politics at the University of Wales, in Aberystwyth, it is "very likely" the military got its way in this regard.
The evidence for all this emerges in documentation produced in the wake of the IRA's first ceasefire, in 1972. On July 9th that year, the same day that short-lived ceasefire ended in a riot and gun battle at the Lenadoon estate, in west Belfast, the British army's general officer commander, Gen Harry Tuzo, dispatched a paper to Northern Ireland secretary William Whitelaw. The paper, apparently prepared in anticipation of the ceasefire's breaking down, outlined security options in the next phase of the war against the IRA.
The paper was prepared with the approval of the British army's chief of general staff, Field Marshall Michael Carver, and therefore reflected the view of Britain's military establishment on how best to conduct operations against the IRA.
One recommendation, according to Bennett in a paper written for Studies in Conflict Terrorism, in 2010, was to flood IRA strongholds such as west Belfast and Derry with troops to force the IRA into firefights, which would then allow the army not just to kill and arrest IRA suspects but to conduct widespread searches and gather intelligence. Tuzo also sought legal indemnity for the troops involved in this exercise.
A second front
According to Bennett's paper, the cabinet of the then prime minister, Ted Heath, refused to grant the army indemnity and had qualms about the proposed military occupation of Catholic areas, although the IRA bombings of Bloody Friday, later, in July 1972, created the political circumstances for just such an operation, which became known as Motorman.
Tuzo then made a proposal to Whitelaw that the growth of loyalists paramilitaries should be quietly promoted. The wording of Tuzo's idea strongly implies the creation of a second front that the Provisional IRA would be forced to fight on.
"Vigilantes, whether UDA [Ulster Defence Association] or not," he wrote to Whitelaw, "should be discreetly encouraged in Protestant areas to reduce the load on the Security Forces." The phrase "to reduce the load on the Security Forces" suggests much more than turning a blind eye to groups like the UDA and UVF (Ulster Volunteer Fighters). It comes close to regarding the loyalist paramilitaries as allies.
There is nothing in Bennett's paper or research that he has been able to unearth elsewhere to indicate that either Whitelaw or the Heath cabinet vetoed or even objected to this aspect of the Tuzo plan.
The weeks before the preparation of the Tuzo report are replete with evidence of British ambivalence, to say the least, towards the UDA. In June 1972, Whitelaw held three meetings with the UDA, twice with a delegation that arrived at Stormont Castle wearing hoods and sunglasses. His third meeting was with the entire UDA inner council.
Also in June, up to 8,000 masked UDA men, armed with iron bars and cudgels, confronted British troops in the Shankill Road area. The British commander of land forces, Maj Gen Robert Ford, arrived to negotiate with the UDA in the back of a Saracen; the deal they struck saw the UDA and British army conduct joint patrols of the area.
Mau Mau tactics
In several key ways, the UDA and the British army were already acting as allies when the Tuzo plan arrived on Whitelaw's desk.
"What seems to be the case to me is that in 1972 the military really took charge of the situation," Bennett says now. "There doesn't seem to be that much regular cabinet interference in what they are doing."
Bennett says he found all this reminiscent of the way the British handled the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, in the 1950s. Under the direction of a rising young British military officer named Frank Kitson, the British created countergangs, recruited from rival Kenyan tribes, to fight the Mau Mau. Between 1970 and 1972, the same Frank Kitson, by then a general, headed the British army's Belfast brigade and was a key figure in the military hierarchy in Northern Ireland.
"As I was writing this," says Bennett, "it seemed to me an obvious decision by HQNI [British army headquarters] that from a purely objective point of view you could consider the loyalist paramilitaries to be just as significant a threat to security and ordinary people in Northern Ireland. And if they were going to be completely impartial they should have been conducting counterinsurgency against both loyalists and republicans."
Final, absolute proof of which direction British military policy took in the wake of Tuzo's paper will have to await the disclosure of even more confidential material.
There is no doubt, however, that 1972, especially the months following the July IRA ceasefire, was the year of huge growth in loyalist paramilitary activity. If the violence of 1972 and what followed was like a stone thrown into the middle of a lake, then the angry flag-waving protests, rioting and now shooting that Northern Ireland has seen in the past six weeks are the ripples still breaking against the shore.


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All sale prices applicable on day of sale and not in conjunction with any other offers, specials or sales events. New vehicles equipped with tint and pin stripe $271.50. Used vehicles equipped with road noise insulation at $185.50. Must finance with SETF with approved credit. Advertised prices cannot be used in conjunction with special factory APR programs.
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There are a few linux mash-ups for the Lego Mindstorms robot educational programming software inlcuding an interesting Java app, LeJOS (http://lejos.sourceforge.net/).
It would be interesting to use the raspberry to program the brick or lash it to a lego plate, connect it to the robot and run it off the robot's power supply. The older rcx kits are limited with inputs and old OS, but if the machine carried a Pi, anticipating eventual integration of wireless, then the Pi increases robot possibilities in robotic curriculum objectives, projects , competitions, etc. When the Pi's are released, Im going to give it a whirl.
One could make a cover or case for the Pi using 2 Lego baseplates (maybe 8x16) and some 1x(x) beams and bricks of varying lengths to provide spaces for the attachments, put some strips of adhesive foam on the interior sides of the baseplates to shock-proof it, and there you have it, recipe for a Lego Pi.


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Hazelnut-Cherry Breakfast Biscotti
Great for breakfast or that morning coffee break. A bit of orange zest in the cookie batter intensifies the flavor of the dried cherries.
2 cups flour
1 cup finely ground oatmeal
2 tsp. baking powder
1⁄2 tsp. salt
3⁄4 cup sugar
4 oz. butter
1 tsp. grated orange zest
1 tsp. vanilla extract
3 large eggs
4 oz. hazelnuts, toasted, coarsely chopped
3 oz. dried cherries
- Combine flour, oatmeal, baking powder, and salt in a bowl.
- Combine sugar and butter in large mixer bowl; beat until fluffy. Add orange zest and vanilla; mix well. Add eggs, one at a time; blend well after each addition. Add flour mixture; beat until dough forms.
- Mix hazelnuts and cherries into dough. Turn dough out onto floured surface and knead a few times. Divide dough in half.
- On parchment-covered baking sheet, form each dough half into a thick, 10- x 3-in. rectangle. Bake at 350°F about 25 min., or until light golden and firm. Cool 5 min. on baking sheet.
Transfer rectangles to work surface and cut into 3⁄4-in. thick slices. Place back on baking sheet; bake 15 min. Turn biscotti over and bake 15 min. longer. Cool.


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Project Archives
Projects listed here have been successfully completed by NCCP. Although they are no longer active projects, we archive them for future reference and organizational history.
Improving the Odds for Adolescents
Improving the Odds for Adolescents is a two-year project to improve health outcomes for adolescents – with a special focus on disadvantaged youth – through the strengthening of state policies, including fiscal strategies.
Project Thrive
Project Thrive is a public policy analysis and education initiative to promote healthy child development and provide policy support to the State Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems (ECCS) initiatives funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
Social Inclusion and Respect for Diversity
Promoting Social Inclusions and Respect for Diversity is a two-year action research study of the formation of regional coalitions of researchers, policymakers, practitioners, evaluators, advocates, and funders to promote social inclusion and respect for diversity (SI & RD) in early childhood education in the U.S.
Strategies for Early Learning
Strategies for Early Learning promotes the dissemination of the growing knowledge base about the most effective ways to ensure that young children enter school with the necessary skills to be successful.
UCR: California Case Study
Unclaimed Children Revisited: California Case Study is a series of county-specific case studies, a statewide analysis, and a set of fiscal analyses of effective policy-linked strategies to improve children's mental health in the state of California.
Unclaimed Children Revisited
Unclaimed Children Revisited is a multi-pronged project that is generating new knowledge about policies across the 50 states that promote or inhibit the delivery of high-quality mental health services to children, youth, and families in need.
Youth, Homelessness, and Education
The Youth, Homelessness, and Education project is a pilot project focusing on youth (ages 12 to 17) who have been homeless, run away, or both. The project uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to examine how youth experiences of having been homeless or having run away influence the likelihood of graduating from high school.


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1759 - French offensive in Western Germany
Hierarchical Path: Seven Years War (Main Page) >> Campaigns >> 1759 - French offensive in Western Germany
The campaign lasted from April 1759 to January 1760
|N.B.: because this article was rapidly becoming quite large, it has been split. Thus, the part of it depicting the early operations of the French and Allied armies in the spring of 1759, including the Allied offensive against Frankfurt and the ensuing battle of Bergen, has been moved to a different article entitled 1759 - Allied spring offensive in West Germany .
After his failed attempt to capture Frankfurt and his defeat at the battle of Bergen, Ferdinand of Brunswick had gradually retreated northwards, reaching Ziegenhain some 30 km from Fritzlar by April 23.
French Invasion of the Weser Countries
On April 25, the marquis de Contades arrived at Frankfurt from Paris to take command of his army. He had an approved plan of campaign in his pocket.
By April 26, the duc de Broglie's corps consisted of: 29 bns, 1 artillery bn with 18 pieces, 31 sqns (including Volontaires de Nassau (4 sqns)), 1,620 Volontaires (1,200 Volontaires de Clermont and 420 Volontaires d'Alsace).
By April 30, the former army of the prince de Soubise consisted of 50 bns, 53 sqns and the Saxon contingent (15 bns). On the same day, the corps under the command of the comte de Saint-Germain consisted of 14 bns, 4 sqns.
In May, Enghien Infanterie (2 bns) was transferred to the Army of the Rhine as reinforcements. Meanwhile, 14 sqns and some bns returned to France.
On May 2, Contades quitted Frankfurt.
On May 4, Contades arrived at Krefeld. He then divided the Army of the Rhine into 4 corps: 2 of them about Wesel, a third at Düsseldorf, and a fourth about Cologne. He also threw bridges across the Rhine between Wesel and Rees. Contades also repeatedly asked the Elector to occupy Koblenz. This grouping, as Contades intended, left Ferdinand in doubt whether his main design was aimed at Westphalia or Hesse. The corps of the Hanoverian general Friedrich von Spörcken guarded Westphalia and lay a little to the west of Münster. It included the British contingent under lord George Sackville, who had been appointed to the command on the death of the duke of Marlborough in the previous year.
On May 10, the French army (129 bns, 138 sqns) was deployed as follows:
- Broglie's corps on the Main and in Wetterau country: 17 bns, 1 artillery bn, 11 Saxon bns, 11 garrison bns (including 3 militia bns), 31 sqns (including 4 sqns of Volontaires de Nassau), Volontaires de Clermont, Volontaires d'Alsace
- Beaupréau's corps in Wetterau country near Limburg: 17 bns, 22 sqns (including Volontaires de Raugrave), Volontaires de Dauphiné
- Saint-Germain's corps on the Main: 14 bns, 4 sqns
- French corps near Deutz on the right bank of the Rhine
- Noailles' corps: 18 bns (including Orléans Infanterie (2 bns), Condé Infanterie (2 bns), Rohan Rochefort Infanterie (2 bns), Aquitaine Infanterie (2 bns))
- d'Auvet and de Ségur: 10 sqns (including Noé Cavalerie (2 sqns), La Rochefoucauld de Surgère Cavalerie (2 sqns))
- Volontaires de Flandres
- Volontaires Liégeois
- d'Armentières' corps at Düsseldorf: 19 bns, 2 artillery bn, 16 sqns and, on the frontier of the duchy of Bergh, the Légion Royale and 6 sqns of Turpin Hussars
- Chevreuse's corps at the camp of Burich in Ostfriese: 16 bns, 12 sqns (including 6 sqns of Bercheny Hussars)
- Saint-Pern's corps at the camp of Kalkar: 6 bns, 8 sqns
- Brissac's cavalry corps at the camp of Aersem (unidentified location): 35 sqns
Broglie took leave of absence because of health problem and the chevalier de Muy temporarily replaced him at the head of the Reserve. Before leaving, Broglie had sent Fischer Corps towards Wertheim and Mittelberg and the Volontaires d'Alsace to Lohr am Main to hinder the Allied manoeuvres in Franconia.
At about this time, a letter from Ferdinand of Brunswick to the British secretary of state William Pitt was intercepted by the French. In this letter, Ferdinand mentioned that after his defeat at Bergen and the ensuing retreat, his infantry had lost a third of its effective without possibility to recruit fresh troops and that his cavalry was all but destroyed. Ferdinand asked for a reinforcement of 10,000 British infantry.
By May 14, the French army of the Rhine was in motion. Contades headquarters were at Düsseldorf where he began to form a camp. Other camps were being formed at Wesel and Burich in Ostfriese.
On May 16, Spörcken growing uneasy over Contades' movements, Ferdinand marched from Ziegenhain towards Lippstadt, leaving 16,000 men under lieutenant-general Philip baron von Imhoff to protect Hesse.
On May 17, Contades was informed by de Muy that Ferdinand had started to evacuate Hesse to return to Münster, that there were no troops in Neustadt and Jesberg and just a few in Ziegenhain; that Fischer's detachment, which occupied Marburg, had established itself at Kirchain; that Ferdinand was marching towards Westphalia with only 15,000 men; that Imhoff was at Fritzlar and Homberg with about 14,000 men; and that 8,000 Allies were to make a junction with the Prussian army of prince Henri at Neustadt on the Saale river.
On May 18, Ferdinand moved his headquarters to Lippstadt, bringing with him most of the troops of the Allied left wing. Hardenberg's corps moved from Lippstadt to Hamm.
French Invasion of Hesse
On May 20, while Ferdinand was rearranging his positions, Contades left Düsseldorf with the Army of the Rhine (100 bns and 100 French sqns, including Broglie's reserve consisting of 18 bns, 31 sqns and 2 light troops rgts) and marched south-eastward intending to make a junction with Broglie and to begin operations against Hesse. The same day, Contades' main army reached Mulheim.
On May 23, the main French army was at Siegburg.
On May 24, Ferdinand moved his headquarters from Lippstadt to Hamm, effected his junction with Spörcken and cantoned his troops along the Lippe from Coesfeld to Hamm. The same day, the main French army marched to Uckerath.
On May 25, Ferdinand reached Lünen where he took position with his right near this town, his centre at Unna and his left at Werl. The same day, the main French army marched to Hachenburg. Contades left d'Armentières with a small corps (about 20,000 men in 18 bns, 1 artillery bn, 24 sqns, and light troops) on the Rhine. More precisely, d'Armentières' corps consisted of:
- Infantry
- La Tour-du-Pin (4 bns)
- Vaubécourt (2 bns)
- Durfort (2 bns)
- Jenner (2 bns)
- Reding (2 bns)
- Lochmann (2 bns)
- La Couronne (2 bns)
- Provence (2 bns)
- Artillery
- II./Corps Royal de l'Artillerie – Battalion d'Invilliers (1 bn)
- 18 field guns
- 20 x 24-pdrs
- 12 mortars
- Light troops
- Légion Royale
- Cavalry
- La Reine (2 sqns)
- Des Cars (2 sqns)
- Charost (2 sqns)
- Saint-Aldegonde (2 sqns)
- Dauphin-Étranger (2 sqns)
- Beauvilliers (2 sqns)
- Damas (2 sqns)
- Orléans (2 sqns)
- Orléans Dragons (4 sqns)
- Thianges Dragons (4 sqns)
Besides d'Armentières' corps there were also 12 militia bns in various places on the Rhine.
On May 27, the main French army was at Neunkirchen, crossing the difficult country of the Westerwald.
On May 28, Ferdinand moved his headquarters from Hamm to Reken. Spörcken took position at Dülmen, Wangenheim at Dülmen and Haltern, and Lückner's and Scheiter's corps at Dorsten. The Hereditary Prince of Brunswick joined Hardenberg's corps at Unna. The same day, the main French army marched to Leun. Seeing that Ferdinand manoeuvred to threaten the Lower Rhine, Contades instructed d'Armentières to guard his places and to cover his magazines.
On May 29, d'Auvet's corps marched to Breidenbach to protect the French left flank.
On May 30, the main French army was at Heuchelheim. The same day, d'Auvet's corps marched to Biedenkopf, his light troops occupying Hatzfeld, Frankenberg and Battenberg on the Eder.
On May 31, the main French army was at Wieseck near Giessen while de Muy marched to Friedberg with the Reserve. Indeed, Contades had resolved to move the Reserve closer to the main army.
On June 1, the main French army arrived near Giessen. It now counted some 60,000 men (57 bns and 40 sqns). It encamped in two lines with its right at Wieseck and its left near Lollar. Hoping to recall Contades to the Rhine, Ferdinand detached the corps under the Hereditary Prince (3,000 men) to threaten the French garrisons at Düsseldorf and other points along the Rhine. This menace did not divert Contades from his original plan.
On June 2, an additional force of 25 bns and 14 sqns under the comte de Noailles made a junction with Contades' main army between Giessen and Marburg, bringing its total strength to 82 bns, 54 sqns and 62 pieces (not counting the Reserve of 20,000 men in 18 bns, 29 sqns and 12 pieces and the garrisons of the Lahn and Mayn). The same day, de Muy quitted Friedberg and cantoned at Hungen.
On June 3, the British infantry quitted its cantonment and encamped near Lünen. The same day, the main French army marched in 3 columns, traversing a difficult country, and encamped in 2 lines on the right bank of the Lahn at Walgern (unidentified location), about 4 km from Marburg while de Muy marched to Grünberg with the Reserve. The French army (126 bns, 125 sqns and some light troops) was now deployed as follows:
- at Marburg (82 bns, 54 sqns)
- Broglie's reserve at Grünberg on the Ohm towards Homberg (18 bns, 31 sqns)
- D'Armentières' corps on the Lower Rhine (19 bns, 24 sqns)
- in Frankfurt and Hanau (7 bns)
- Poyanne's corps, consisting of the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence and Gendarmerie de France, at Cologne (20 sqns)
On June 4, de Muy's reserve reached Alsfeld and Kirtorf on the Ohm. The same day, the main French army encamped near Marburg in the plain of Niederweimar with light troops in advanced posts towards Frankenberg. Turpin Hussards occupied Frankenberg. Other French detachments occupied Battenberg and Hatzfeld. Finally, Bercheny Hussards were sent towards Gemünden on the Wohra.
On June 5, Ferdinand moved his headquarters from Reken to Werl. The Allied forces occupying Unna retired to Soest. Imhoff encamped near Fritzlar. The magazine at Münster was moved to Lippstadt and the magazine at Osnabrück was transported to the banks of the Weser. Meanwhile d'Armentières remained at Wesel and Düsseldorf and Contades at Niederweimar. However, Saint-Pern quitted Marburg with the French vanguard (10 grenadier bns) accompanied by d'Auvet's brigade (4 bns). The Hereditary prince, who had passed the Ruhr, launched his light troops against Provence Infanterie posted at Erbefeld, dislodging it. Provence lost several men killed or wounded and 92 men taken prisoners.
On June 6, Contades' army marched from Niederweimar in 3 columns, preceded by a vanguard (14 bns) under Saint-Pern, passed near Marburg and marched to Wetter. D'Auvet quitted Battenberg with his 4 bns and 2 sqns and marched towards Hallenberg. Meanwhile, the reserve under Broglie marched from Guntershausen to Homberg and the vanguard took post at Ziegenhain, forcing the Allied garrison of this town to retire on Fritzlar. The Allied forces occupying Lünen and Kamen retired eastward to Soest. Ferdinand encamped at Soest with the main Allied army. The same day, the Hereditary Prince reached Kaiserswerth, 10 km north of Düsseldorf.
During the night of June 6 to 7, the Hereditary Prince surprised a French force of 1,000 men near Duisburg and captured most of them.
|Order of Battle
|Detailed order of battle of Contades' army in June and July 1759.
On June 7, Contades' army marched to Frankenberg; the vanguard under Saint-Pern to Niederorke; d'Auvet to Medebach; and the reserve under de Muy to Treyssa (actual Schwalmstadt). De Muy launched his light troops on Jesberg, Borken and Homberg. Meanwhile, Ferdinand of Brunswick assembled his forces between Anrochte and Brenken.
During the night of June 7 to 8, Imhoff retired from Fritzlar to Kassel, sending the pontoons, artillery and hospital to Minden.
On June 8, Contades' army marched to Sachsenberg. Meanwhile, Broglie joined the reserve to re-assume command. The reserve sojourned at Treyssa while Saint-Pern and d'Auvet remained on their positions, sending light troops to Allendorf and Eppe, about 10 km from Corbach. Meanwhile, Bercheny Hussards, at Frankenau, protected the line of communication between the reserve and the main army. The same day, the Hereditary prince reached Dortmund.
On June 9, Imhoff left Zastrow in Kassel with 3 Hanoverian bns and 1 dragoon rgt to protect the evacuation of the magazines. Imhoff then retired to Liebenau towards Warburg. The same day, Broglie (18 bns, 29 sqns, including Volontaires de Clermont, Volontaires de Nassau and Volontaires d'Alsace) marched to Oberurff, advancing towards Kassel. He sent 18 grenadier coys to Fritzlar, light troops to Werkel, Volontaires to Felsberg, Schomberg Dragons to Obermöllrich and Niedermöllrich on the Eder and the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence to Zennern. Saint-Pern reached Immighausen and d'Auvet Nieder-Schleidern.
On June 10, Contades marched northward from Sachsenberg through Waldeck on Corbach where his army encamped in 2 lines, his right at Strothe and its left at Lelbach. He established his headquarters in Corbach. Saint-Pern was at Sachsenhausen and d'Auvet at Rhene (unidentified location). Work was initiated to transform Corbach into a supply base for the French army. The same day, Bercheny Hussards marched from Frankenau to Waldeck.
During the night of June 10 to 11, Broglie made a forced march to surprise Zastrow at Kassel but the latter, with a force too small to defend Kassel in front of such a large army, evacuated Kassel, passed the Fulda, reached Münden and marched towards Hameln. Imhoff retreated to Lippstadt. In the morning, Broglie occupied Kassel where he found intact magazines. He then sent a detachment in pursuit of Zastrow. This detachment took possession of Münden and of other intact magazines. During his retreat, Imhoff was forced to abandon large quantities of fodder and oats at Witzenhausen and Dransfeld.
|Order of Battle
|Detailed order of battle of Ferdinand' army in early June1759.
On June 11, Ferdinand made a junction with Sackville's and Spörcken's corps at Soest. By this time, 6 companies of British grenadiers had been converged into a single battalion under the command of major Maxwell. Ferdinand then marched eastward towards Büren, leaving 9,000 men under general Wangenheim at Dülmen to watch d'Armentières's designs against Münster. Imhoff made a junction with Wutginau's corps at Büren. Ferdinand also recalled the Hereditary Prince from Düsseldorf. Nevertheless, his army was still weaker than the combined French armies.
On June 13, the Allied army retired to Anröchte. The same day, Contades who had decamped from Corbach marched northwards to Stadtberg (today Marsberg on the Diemel river), sending his light troops forward to Essentho on the Diemel (about 30 km south of Paderborn). Contades then encamped behind the Diemel covered by d'Auvet's corps (Orléans infantry brigade, Noé Cavalerie, Turpin Hussards) who encamped in front of the defiles near the village of Essentho on the left bank. Contades also sent 2 brigades to occupy the left bank of the Diemel, to cover Stadtberg and support the French positions at Essentho. Saint-Pern took position at about 8 km from Arolsen (actual Bad Arolsen). Broglie who was still at Kassel, received orders from Contades to make a junction with the main army as soon as possible.
During the night of June 13 to 14, Turpin Hussards, along with 1 rgt of light troops, approached the camp of Büren to observe the Allies, some skirmishes took place.
On June 14 in the morning, Contades advanced to Essentho with his main army in 6 columns, passed the Diemel and the defiles of Essentho unmolested and encamped between Essentho and Meerhof. The duc de Chevreuse, who had just replaced d'Auvet, was sent westward in front of Fürstenberg with a strong detachment. Saint-Pern (Grenadiers de France, Grenadiers Royaux, 1 infantry brigade) took position between Fürstenberg and the main army. Turpin Hussards and some light troops reached Wünnenberg while Bercheny Hussards took post at Atteln. The same day, Ferdinand joined Imhoff's and Wutginau's corps at Büren. Headquarters were established at the castle of Brenken. The army extended along the heights opposite Büren with the Alme rivulet to its front, a wood to its left and its right anchored on a steep slope. Both flanks were protected with entrenchments and artillery. At this date, the isolated corps of Wangenheim was still at the camp of Dülmen on the Lower Rhine.
On June 14 or 15, indecisive skirmishes took place between Leiberg and Wünnenberg between the light troops of both armies. Hanoverian hussars and jägers attacked the Volontaires of Chateau Thierry, Turpin Hussars and Volontaires de Dauphiné.
On June 15, Broglie set off from Kassel, leaving behind a garrison of 4 bns, 2 sqns and some light troops under Waldner; and force marched to Warburg with the intent to make a junction with the main French army near Meerhof. The same day, d'Armentières passed the Lower Rhine and advanced towards Schermbeck.
On June 16, Broglie, after 3 days of force march, reached Kleinenberg, 16 km north of Meerhof. Then, for a couple of days, the 2 armies faced each other without undertaking any action.
On June 17, Contades reconnoitred the Allied positions near Büren. Broglie's reserve remained at Kleinenberg.
On June 18, Contades, whose main force was still encamped at Meerhof until the completion of the new supply base at Corbach, sent 2 infantry brigades to occupy the heights of Helmern and Haaren near the Allied positions. Furthermore, Bercheny Hussards along with some light troops occupied the village of Helmern. Fischer's corps took post on the Allied right flank to threaten their communications with Lippstadt. Meanwhile, Broglie sent prince Xaver with a strong detachment to Brenken to threaten the Allied left, his light troops capturing Paderborn. Prince Xaver then proceeded by forced marches round the Allied left, threatening their communication from the Weser. Broglie reached Atteln with the rest of the Reserve. The same day, the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence joined the main French army and the Gendarmerie de France remained at Stadtberg.
On June 19, his position at Büren becoming too dangerous, Ferdinand was forced to decamp and to retire between Lippstadt and Erwitte. His camp at Büren was immediately occupied by elements of Turpin Hussards. The same day, d'Armentières, arriving from Wesel, encamped at Schermbeck. Contades visited the camp of Broglie's reserve. The French had now the possibility to besiege Lippstadt and Münster or to force a battle. The situation of the Allied army was now critical. Ferdinand even asked that ships might be ready to evacuate the army from Emden.
On June 20, the Allied army passed the Lippe while a French detachment under M. de Muret made an unsuccessful attempt against its rear. The Allies then marched unmolested to Rietberg where they encamped in a strong position with the river Ems to their front, their right wing extending to the village of Wiedenbrück and their left to Neuenkirchen. Wangenheim's corps (11 bns and 7 sqns) was still near Dülmen to observe d'Armentières' corps at Schermbeck. The Allied hospitals previously located at Münster and Kassel were both transferred to Verden while the heavy baggage and the field hospital were moved to Nienburg. The same day, part of d'Armentières' corps, which had initially been left behind at Wesel, reached Borken.
On June 22, Contades sent 1 infantry brigade to Paderborn to prepare his installation in this town. Furthermore, he extended his light troops from Büren to Lippspringe (actual Bad Lippspringe).
On June 23, Broglie marched to Neuhaus (unidentified location) with the Reserve.
French capture Minden
On June 24, Contades advanced in 6 columns from Meerhof to Paderborn where he encamped with his right anchored on this town and his left extending up to the village of Wewer. He also deployed advanced posts at Neuhaus while Fischer's corps reached Detmold.. Chevreuse's corps moved from Fürstenberg to Büren, throwing a screen of light troops between Fürstenberg and Büren to cover the defiles of Stadtberg . The Grenadiers de France took post on the Alme and the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence along with 1 infantry brigade at Atteln. The French army remained in these positions for a few days. Ferdinand was still unsure about Contades' intentions.
On June 29, Contades advanced northwestward from Paderborn towards Rietberg. He encamped at about 15 km from Rietberg, between Lippspringe and Schlangen to await a bread convoy. Broglie reached Osterholtz and Chevreuse marched from Fürstenberg to Neuhaus to cover the magazine at Paderborn. Contades also launched attacks against Allied advanced posts on the Embs. It now became clear to Ferdinand that his objective was the capture either of Hameln or Minden on the Weser. The same day, Wangenheim, who had been observing d'Armentières corps, was recalled to join the main Allied army. Leaving his camp at Dülmen, he marched to Wolbeck. On his way, he left Zastrow behind with 3,000 to garrison Münster.
On June 30, Ferdinand retired from Rietberg to Marienfeld, encamping between this place and Harsewinkel. French light troops harassed the Allied rear and a skirmish took place between Turpin and Bercheny Hussars and 5 sqns of Prussian hussars under colonel Narzinsky. Meanwhile, French light troops surprised and captured the castle of Rietberg, taking the garrison (130 men) prisoners. French light troops advanced up to Bielefeld.
By July 1, Contades army totalled 129 bns and 138 sqns, and consisted of the following corps:
- first line: 37 bns and 29 sqns under the duc de Fitz-James, Nicolaï and the duc de Brissac
- second line: 83 bns, 16 sqns under Andlau, the comte de Noailles and Dumesnil
- d'Armentières' reserve (at Schermbeck) : 19 bns and 20 sqns
- Broglie's reserve: 25 bns and 31 sqns
- duc de Chevreuse's reserve: 12 sqns
- Saint-Pern's reserve: 12 bns
- Poyannes' reserve: 18 sqns
- Hussars: 12 sqns
- Artillery: 3 bns
On July 1, Contades detached Melfort with a brigade to make an attempt on Lippstadt, but the town was too well garrisoned to be in any danger in front of Melfort's force. (see the description of the French attempt on Lippstadt by the comte de Melfort).
On July 2, the main French army advanced to Stuckenberg near Bielefeld while Chevreuse marched to Delbrück and Muret took hold of Stromberg. Broglie was at Oerlinghausen.
On July 3, the Allied army decamped from Marienfeld and marched to Dissen, sending its light troops forward as far as Halle. Wangenheim reached Ladbergen, joining the main Allied army shortly after. The same day, French dragoons and light troops from Broglie's Reserve occupied Bielefeld. Meanwhile, Broglie reached Heepen and Herford. Ferdinand was nearer to his food supplies than the French. The two armies were separated by a broad chain of wooded hills.
On July 4, the main French army passed the defiles of Bielefeld, where Contades established his headquarters, and formed in the direction of Herford. It then waited for 2 days for supplies. The reserve was at Heepen about 5 km east of Bielefeld while the Grenadiers de France, the Grenadiers Royaux, the Gendarmerie de France and the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence occupied position in front of the village of Schildesche, 3 km north of Bielefeld, with 1 brigade at Brackwede.
On July 5, d'Armentières marched northward from Schermbeck to Borken where he took position on both banks of the Aa, sending the Volontaires de Cambefort to Coesfeld and the Légion Royale to Dülmen. Meanwhile, in the area of Bielefeld, Turpin and Bercheny Hussards reached Steinhagen while the Volontaires and light troops of Broglie's corps reached Enger.
On July 6, d'Armentières, informed that the Allies had retired from the town of Münster into the citadel, marched on Coesfeld. His advance was covered by a detachment under the command of Conflans at Appelhülsen and another one under d'Argens in front of Coesfeld.
Several skirmishes took place between the light troops of both armies. The Allied hussars which were posted at Halle were attacked by a detachment of about 1,000 men (Volontaires de Clermont, coys of Grenadiers Royaux and some hussars) under the command of Voyer and forced to retire upon the castle of Ravensberg (unidentified location) where the Hanoverian jägers and Prussian light infantry were posted. The French detachment advanced on the castle but was repulsed, loosing about 20 men. The Allies then reinforced their light infantry with 5 grenadier bns and 4 dragoon sqns. Seeing this, the French detachment abandoned Halle. In another skirmish, the Prussian Ruesch Black Hussars along with some Hessians fought Turpin Hussars, taking more than 100 prisoners. Finally, Hanoverian jägers surprised a French party posted at Neuenkirchen, killing a captain and 17 Volontaires de Clermont and capturing 1 captain, 1 lieutenant and 46 privates.
On July 7, Contades' main army marched towards Herford; Chevreuse quitted Delbrück for Rietberg; and Turpin Hussards advanced on Warendorf which the Allies evacuated. Meanwhile Broglie reached Enger and 3 brigades of infantry occupied his former position at Herford.
On July 8, Contades' main army arrived at Herford, encamping on a difficult terrain with its right anchored to the Bega river. Andlau was left behind at Bielefeld to defend the defile of Brackwede. Fischer's corps marched to the Weser river, Corvey and Detmold. Meanwhile, d'Armentières remained at Nottuln while Conflans and Chabot marched to Münster and summoned the garrison who refused to capitulate. The same day, the Allied army decamped from Dissen and marched to Osnabrück while the heavy baggage were sent to Bremen. In the evening, Broglie marched with a strong detachment (16 bns, the Cuirassiers, Schomberg, Nassau, Fischer's corps and 1,400 other infantrymen from various units) from Enger towards Minden.
On July 9, Broglie's Reserve marched to Bergkirchen near Minden, supported by a strong detachment under the command of the prince de Condé at Rehme. Around 5:00 AM Allied jägers and dragoons retired in front of French hussars. Broglie summoned the Allied commander of Minden, Zastrow, now commanding the 1,500 men (1 Hessian bn and some picquets of various units) of the garrison of Minden, rejected the summon and the French invested the place. A hornwork protected the bridge giving access to Minden and Zastrow had removed all other means to pass the Weser. At 9:30 AM, Broglie wrote a dispatch mentioning that the town was too well defended to risk an attack. However, during this time, the Volontaires de Nassau had discovered a float of timber which Broglie immediately used to pass the river at the head of 300 light troops from Fischer's corps and the Volontaires de Lanoue. Broglie had also intructed M. de Closen to turn the town and to take position in front of the Nienburg gate to prevent the garrison from escaping. The light troops accompanying Broglie attacked the hornwork while a few guns enfiladed the bridge. The first French attack was driven back but the second one succeeded. Allied troops defending the hornwork precipitously retired into the town, leaving the drawbridge open. Grenadiers of Fischer's corps followed them on and entered into Minden. They opened the gates of the left bank. At 9:00 PM, Broglie's troops entered Minden. Zastrow resisted for some time but was forced to surrender. The French took 1,200 prisoners. Broglie found a large magazine in the captured town. The French had now secured a bridge over the Weser and had free access into Hanover. The same day, d'Armentières blockaded Münster, extending his right up to Sankt Mauritz and his left anchored on the Upper Aa. Contades, having supply problems, could not advance on Minden as quickly as he intended and was forced to remain at Herford for several days.
On July 10, the French invested Münster in form. Contades moved his headquarters from Bielefeld to Herford and sent part of his army to Gohfeld. The same day, Ferdinand decamped from Osnabrück and marched to Bohmte where he received the news that Broglie had surprised Minden on the day before.
In the night of July 10 to 11, d'Armentières made himself master of the suburb of Sankt Mauritz.
On July 11, Ferdinand remained at Bohmte with the main Allied army. He hesitated whether or not to return to Münster and then decided to fall back to the Lower Weser, so as to save his magazine at Nienburg. He also occupied the Imperial Free Town of Bremen in case he had to evacuate the Allied army. The same day, Ferdinand sent the Hereditary prince ahead to Stolzenau with a corps of 10,000 men along with all his light troops. Between Diepenau and Stolzenau, the Allied light troops engaged a party of 500 French infantry under the command of M. de Villars, defeating them and taking 200 prisoners. At Holzhausen, a little farther, the Prussian hussars attacked a party of 600 French cavalry frontally while Allied jägers attacked them in the rear to cut off their retreat. The French lost 200 men killed and 400 taken prisoners. Still the same day, d'Armentières positions at Sankt Mauritz were heavily cannonaded by the garrison of Münster. Judging that the general situation did not lend itself to a formal siege, d'Armentières countermanded the transport of his siege artillery from Wesel and took dispositions to storm Münster.
In the night of July 11 to 12, d'Armentières made an attempt to surprise the garrison of Münster, attacking the town in 5 different places. Groslier's column was stopped by abatis. Maupeou's column got lost following its guides and did not reached its assigned position in time and the attack aborted. In this action, d'Armentières lost 900 men killed and 1,400 wounded.
On July 12, Contades finally received some bread, allowing him to advance part of his troops towards Minden. Meanwhile, Broglie's reserve marched to Minden and was replaced at Enger by Duménil's corps (2 infantry brigades, Grenadiers de France, Grenadiers Royaux and 1 cavalry brigade).
On July 13, the main Allied army marched to Rahden and Diepenau. The same day, Contades sent forward a first corps ( infantry brigades of Picardie, Belzunce, Lorraine and Aquitaine along with 1 cavalry brigade) under M. de Beaupréau to Eidinghausen near Gohfeld.
On July 14, the main Allied army marched to Stoltzenau on the Weser where Ferdinand established his headquarters. He had now re-established his lines of communication by taking position between his magazine at Nienburg and Minden on the Weser. He also sent Dreves at the head of a detachment (4 bns) to Bremen to prevent the capture of the place. The same day, Contades' main army, now fully supplied, quitted Herford and reached Eidinghausen and encamped in 2 lines. Meanwhile, Beaupréau's corps passed the Weser and marched to the French camp near Minden where it replaced Broglie's reserve while Dumesnil quitted Enger and Broglie's reserved passed the Weser and took position at Bückeburg. Part of Contades light troops also seized Osnabrück.
In the night of July 14 to 15, general Dreves arrived before Bremen.
On July 15 at daybreak, Dreves surprised the garrison of Bremen and made himself master of the town. The same day, Contades' main army and Dumesnil's corps encamped near Minden with their right to the town and their left extending to Haddenhausen. They were covered by the Grenadiers Royaux, the Grenadiers de France and the Corps des carabiniers de Monsieur le Comte de Provence. The French right flank was covered by the Weser, the front by the Barte rivulet and the left by the large marsh extending beyond Lübbecke. The count of Raugrave's division was deployed in front in the plain between Minden and Kutenhausen to observe the Allies. Still the same day, Saint-Germain's corps (Auvergne brigade and 1 cavalry rgt) marched from Bielefeld on Hameln to prevent the Allied garrison of this place from harassing the French convoys coming from Kassel by Paderborn and Herford. The village of Lübbecke was occupied by the Bercheny and Turpin Hussars and the village of Hille by the Volontaires de Hainaut and Haller. A small French detachment under general Andlau was posted at Eickhorst supported by the division encamped at Gohfeld under the duc de Brissac.
The Allied army was still in a difficult situation: Fischer's corps raided the country up to the city of Hannover while the Volontaires de Dauphiné did the same towards Nienburg. Chevreuse blockaded Lippstadt, d'Armentières besieged Münster and Broglie, from Bückeburg, threatened the Allied line of communication with Hanover.
On July 16, Contades debouched into the basin of Minden with the rest of the main army and pushed a part of his army as far to the northward as Petershagen. D'Armentières continued the blockade of Münster and the duc de Chevreuse at the head of a detachment of about 3,000 men (3 bns, 3 sqns and some light troops) was sent to invest Lippstadt. Broglie passed the Weser and took position on the road to Bückeburg. Fischer's corps launched a raid into Hanover while other light troops advanced up to Osnabrück which had recently been captured by the French.
On the night of July 16 to 17, hoping to attack Broglie and Contades separately before their junction, Ferdinand marched in 3 columns from Stolzenau to Petershagen. However, he discovered the French army already deployed behind Minden morass with its right anchored on the town of Minden and its left to a height near Hartenhausen (unidentified location). Accordingly, he encamped the Allied army with its right at Brüninghorstedt and its left inclining to the Weser, establishing his headquarters at Ovenstädt in the rear of the left wing. The Allied vanguard consisted of Bevern's division (5 Hessian grenadier bns, 8 Hessian dragoon sqns), Wangenheim's division (8 Hanoverian bns, 10 Hanoverian sqns). The vanguard was placed at the head of the central column which included the heavy train of artillery. It encamped in front of Petershagen, the grenadiers in the first line and Wagenheim's corps in the second.
On July 17, hoping to lure the French into a battle, Ferdinand advanced his vanguard, supported by piquets of the main army, in the plain of Minden where it formed in front of the villages of Todtenhausen, Kutenhausen and Stemmer. The cavalry in the first line, the infantry in the second and the hussars on the left. A French corps positioned in front of Minden retired under the guns of the place. By 4:00 AM, the French army was in order of battle behind the morass. Ferdinand reconnoitred the French positions and ordered his army (45,000 men) to advance southward into the plain in 9 columns to offer battle:
- 1st column: cavalry of the right wing
- 2nd column: brigade of heavy artillery of the right wing
- 3rd and 4th columns: infantry of the right wing
- 5th column: brigade of heavy artillery of the centre
- 6th and 7th column: infantry of the left wing
- 8th column: brigade of heavy artillery of the left wing
- 9tht column: cavalry of the left wing
The Allied army formed its line of battle behind the village of Todtenhausen with its right to the village of Südfelde and its left to the wood near the Weser. Raugrave's division retired under the guns of Minden and Contades sent orders to Broglie to join him. At 4:00 PM, the Allied army marched back to its old camp since the French had rearranged their positions, retiring to an unassailable position immediately to south of Minden.. Wangenheim's corps took its old position while Bevern encamped behind Todtenhausen, posting a grenadier battalion in this village. The Allied hussars took position between Kutenhausen and Stemmer. The same night, Broglie, who had repassed the Weser to join the main French army, passed it again and encamped with his right at Meinsen and his left to the Weser. Contades hoped to fix Ferdinand while his detachments accomplished their various missions.
So far Contades's campaign had been almost flawless. He had taken Kassel, the capital of Hesse, and had invested Lippstadt and Münster. Furthermore, he had taken Minden on the Weser and invested Hameln. He was now in a good position to control the Weser and, as soon as this would be done, to invade Hanover.
Ferdinand's position was now critical. With Contades fixing his army while remaining in an impregnable position, Ferdinand could hardly make any serious attempt against the French forces investing Lippstadt, Münster and Hameln. Indeed, Contades' army lay immediately to the south of Minden, communicating by three bridges with Broglie's corps on the other side of the Weser. Contades' right rested on Minden and the Weser, and his left on wooded hills while his front was covered by a wide morass traversed by the Bastau brook. However, the position, strong as it was, did not allow his army to move easily in all directions. Furthermore, the protection of the lines of communication between Minden and the French base at Kassel required to maintain strong detachments in the areas of Gohfeld and Herford. Ferdinand decided to gradually establish advanced posts in the villages in front of his position.
Allies approach Minden
On July 18, Wangenheim's corps took position before Todtenhausen while a detachment of 500 foot and 50 horse were posted at Fredewald. The same day near Lippstadt, the Bückeburg Carabiniers dispersed a French party.
On July 19, Allied piquets were posted at Stemmern and Holthausen. At night, they attacked French hussars at Hille, capturing 40 of them.
During the night of July 19 to 20, d'Armentières opened the trenches in front of Münster.
On July 20, Ferdinand ordered to make openings in the dyke between Holthausen and Todtenhausen to ease passage of his army to the plain of Minden.
During the night of July 20 to 21, with the arrival of his heavy artillery from Wesel, d'Armentières opened the trenches in front of the citadel of Münster.
On July 21, Allied infantry piquets were posted at Nord, Hemmern, Holthausen and Stemmern while cavalry piquets were placed between Fredewald and Holthausen.
On July 22, Wangenheim's corps, now numbering some 10,000 men, took new positions with Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg Infantry encamped near the windwill before Petershagen. The same day, the garrison of Münster abandoned the town and retired into the citadel. The French entered into the town and took a few prisoners.
On July 24, the Allied perfected their bridge of boats near Ovenstädt and 2 Hanoverian grenadier bns, under the command of colonel Laferd, posted on the other side of the Weser at Windheim and Jössen were assigned to its protection.
On July 25 at 3:00 AM, the French batteries finally opened on the citadel of Münster. At 8:00 AM, the Allied garrison under the command of Zastrow capitulated. The 3,100 men of the garrison became prisoners of war. After the capture of Münster, d'Armentières became free to march on Lippstadt and to besiege it while Chevreuse was able to return to Minden with his detachment.
On July 27 in the afternoon, the Hereditary Prince set off from Petershagen with 6 bns (Alt Zastrow, Diepenbroick, Behr, Bock and the 2 bns of the Brunswick Leib-Regiment) and 8 dragoon sqns (Busche and Bock), totalling some 6,000 men, and marched south-westward towards Lübbecke to threaten the French left flank and the supply line between Minden and Paderborn. The same day, Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg Infantry and the heavy artillery brigade took position behind the grenadier bns.
On July 28 in the morning, the Hereditary Prince drove back Bercheny Hussards and Volontaires du Hainaut occupying Lübbecke and protecting Contades' left flank. During their retreat, Bercheny Hussards were joined at the defile by Turpin Hussards, Volontaire de Prague and Volontaires de Muret. These French forces pushed back the Allied detachment pursuing the Volontaires du Hainaut. The same day, Gilsa Infantry, arriving from Stolzenau, joined the Allied army. Ferdinand detached Schleiffen with 40 hussars and a party (200 men) of Breidenbach Dragoons to relieve the small garrison of Vechta threatened by the French. Simultaneously, Dreves marched with the garrison of Bremen to make a junction with Schleiffen. Once united, the detachments of Schleiffen and Dreves marched on Osnabrück which was garrisoned by the Volontaires de Clermont. Schleiffen forced a gate of Osnabrück and made himself master of the town while the Volontaires de Clermont abandoned the place, leaving 2 guns, and retired on Hille and Münster.
Prelude to the Battle of Minden
On July 29, the Hereditary Prince, turning eastward, pursued his operations against the French communications and marched from Lübbecke to Riemsloh. Dreves, arriving from Osnabrück, made a junction with the Hereditary Prince at Riemsloh. The same day, Ferdinand, leaving Wangenheim's corps isolated about Todtenhausen, led the rest of the army in 3 columns by the right from Petershagen south-westward. The columns were composed as follows:
- 1st column under Ferdinand of Brunswick: 1st line
- 2dn column under count Lippe-Bückeburg: heavy artillery
- 3rd column under Spörcken: 2nd line
The main Allied army encamped between Hille and Fredewald with the villages of Nord Hemmern and Holthausen to its front. The British held the place of honour on the right of the line. The British 12th Napier's Foot and 20th Kingley's Foot were assigned at the guard of Ferdinand's headquarters at Hille. Ferdinand instructed all general officers to get acquainted with all routes susceptible to lead their troops to the plain of Minden. Piquets were pushed on to Sud Hemmern, Hartum, and Hahlen villages on the eastern side of Hille, by the border of the morass. Wangenhein's corps, although isolated, was strongly entrenched, with several guns. His position covered the only outlet by which the French could debouch from behind the marsh. This secured the safe passage of Allied convoys from the Lower Weser. Furthermore, Ferdinand made sure that his left could rapidly link with Wangenheim's right. The same day, d'Armentières' corps marched from Münster towards Lippstadt, stopping at Rheda for the night.
On July 30, Gilsa marched from the Allied camp at the head of 3 bns (Linstrow, Prinz Karl and Brunswick I./Behr) to take post at Lübbecke to maintain communication with the Hereditary Prince. The same day, the Hereditary Prince advanced towards Herford. Contades, ignoring the dispositions taken by Ferdinand, considered that the Allied army was dispersed: the Hereditary Prince was at Herford with 10,000 men, 2,000 more were at Lübbecke, Ferdinand was at Hille with the greater part of the army and Wangenheim had detached part of his 10,000 men across the Weser. With his lines of communication with Paderborn and Kassel threatened, it looked very tempting for Contades to engage a battle against Ferdinand. In preparation for such an endeavour, he detached the duc de Brissac with 8,000 men to Gohfeld to cover the Hereditary Prince.
On July 31, the Hereditary Prince and General Dreves established themselves at Kirchlengern across the lines of communication between Minden and Paderborn and Kassel, cutting all supplies coming from the south to Contades' army. In the evening, Brissac's corps took position at Gohfeld with the Werra river in his front. The Hereditary Prince then decided to attack Brissac the next morning. The same day, an Allied detachment of 300 horse of the right wing joined Gilsa at Lübbecke and d'Armentières reached Langenberg, only 11 km north of Lippstadt. Still the same day, Contades received the authorisation from the court to engage the Allied army. He could bring 51,000 men with 162 guns into the plain of Minden while Ferdinand could oppose him only 41,000 men and 170 guns. Contades then chose to attack the apparently isolated corps of Wangenheim and to pass the defile of Minden. Accordingly, he threw 8 bridges over the Bastau, a rivulet running between the morass and Minden, for the passage of his troops across it in as many columns and erected a battery of 6 guns on the causeway of Eickhorst leading to Hille through the morass. He also ordered Broglie to be ready to cross the Weser with his corps to form a 9th column upon his right.
Battle of Minden
On August 1, the Allied army defeated the French army in the battle of Minden. The British infantry showed extraordinary bravery while British cavalry shamefully stayed out of the action. The same day, at 3:00 AM, the Hereditary Prince had set from his camp at Quernheim, attacked and routed Brissac at the engagement of Gohfeld. Since the Hereditary Prince had already cut the line of communication from Minden to Paderborn and Kassel, where the French had considerable magazines, the French army was forced to retreat through countries where it had no subsistence. Still the same day, d'Armentières arrived in front of Lippstadt, establishing his headquarters at Hellinghausen, 5 km west of the town and deploying the Légion Royale and Thianges Dragons northward at Warendorf and Telgte to guard his communications with Münster.
The Allies now had the initiative and proceeded to a general counter-offensive in Western Germany which by the end of the year had driven back the French to the positions that they had occupied at the beginning of the campaign.
This article incorporates texts from the following books which are now in the public domain:
- Anonymous, A Complete History of the Present War, from its Commencement in 1756, to the End of the Campaign, 1760, London, 1761, pp. 359-363, 397-417
- Carlyle T. History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Vol. 19
- Fortescue J. W., A History of the British Army Vol. II, MacMillan, London, 1899, pp. 478-498
- Hotham (probably), The operations of the Allied Amy under the command of his Serene Highness Prince Ferdinand Duke of Brunswic and Luneberg beginning in the year 1757 and ending in the year 1762, London: T. Jefferies, 1764, pp. 74-135
- Jomini, baron de, Traité des grandes opérations militaires, Vol. 3, 2nd ed., Magimel, Paris, 1811, pp. 1-46
- Pajol, Charles P. V., Les Guerres sous Louis XV, vol. IV, Paris, 1891, pp. 356-417
Other Sources
Rogge, Christian, The French & Allied Armies in Germany during the Seven Years War, Frankfurt, 2006
Savory, Reginald, His Britannic Majesty's Army in Germany during the Seven Years War, Oxford University Press: 1966
Service historique de l'armée de terre - A1 3518, pièce 40
Susane, Louis, Histoire de l'infanterie française, Librairie Militaire Maritime et Polytechnique de J. Corréard, Paris: 1876
Westphalen, Christian Heinrich Philipp, Geschichte der Feldzüge des Herzogs Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Berlin: 1859


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Parking permits for permanent residents are obtained through the DC Department of Motor Vehicles.
Related links:
- If you have a guest who needs a visitor parking permit, read the information on Parking Permits—Visitor Parking Permits.
- If you are a temporary resident, read the information on Parking Permits—Temporary Residents.


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Here are a few of the Public and Private Permaculture projects that are in progress in the Spokane area. We will highlight any project that may inspire and inform other neighbors that they can and should get started now.
Categories: Events, Upcoming, Lease Your Lawn (LYL) Cooperative Farm
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Local News and Information, Local Projects, Vendor Resources
Take look at this website for detailed info re: cultivation of chestnut trees. The article includes site selection, planting instructions for direct seeding or starting seedlings in pots, maintenance of your orchard, deer control strategies, pest and pathogen info, fertilization and watering requirements. They also list some other websites for further information.
Here's a You Tube video. It covers food value, timber value, feed value for livestock, medicinal uses.
Categories: Urban and Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Commercial Farming, Home Page Highlight, Small Family Farm Projects, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Large Farm/Ranch Projects, Spokane Food Sustainability Projects, Community Food Forest Projects, Plant and Tree Profiles, Trees, Websites
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Local Projects
Tags: permaculture
Categories: Urban and Suburban Gardens, Local Projects, Lease Your Lawn (LYL) Cooperative Farm, Education Resources, Videos (DVD/Online), Websites
Tags: Cool Stuff, Business, Farming, permaculture, urban, Bruce-Ruhl Design, Spokane, Television, PermacultureTV, Lease Your Lawn Cooperative Farm
I've discovered a Facebook Group titled Tree Hay. There's a good discussion on the Regarians Facebook page re: pollarding trees to feed animals. Take a look at this YouTube video too.
Categories: Permaculture Guide, Food Forests, Home Page Highlight, Food Forests, Large Farm/Ranch Projects, Trees, Bushes, Goats, Cattle, Sheep, Holistic Management, Websites
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Upcoming, Home Page Highlight, Food Forests
Categories: Food Forests, Home Page Highlight, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Large Farm/Ranch Projects
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Food Forests, Education Resources, Websites, Live Events
Here is an excellent resource if you are interested in agroforestry to include in your permaculture food forest.
Categories: Food Forests, Trees, Bushes, Education Resources
Tags: Trees, Food Forest
We live on 1.5 acres in the Spokane Valley. We have lived here 35 years. For the most part we have kept the place free of toxic chemicals. We have three 60 year old apple trees, two 60 year old sweet cherry trees, and a lovely, old plum tree. The fruit on that tree is like honey, no bitterness under the skin. There is also a 25 year old Black Walnut that produces a lot of nuts. We just have to figure out how to liberate the nut meats from the outer hull. Our rhubarb, raspberries and horseradish are well established. All the other fruit bearing trees are 10 years old and younger.
Categories: Urban and Suburban Gardens, Local Projects, Spotlight Projects, Small Family Farm Projects, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Large Farm/Ranch Projects, Trees, Animal Profiles and Husbandry Tips, Chickens, Holistic Management
Tags: Our food forest in various stages
Hey everyone,
I am brand new to Spokane, and to the Spokane Permaculture site. Im happy to have found it :]
I have been interested in growing edible/ medicinal mushrooms for a few years now. I just moved to Spokane this past winter, and do not have a lot of connections here yet. I am looking for free/ cheap sources of substrate, particularly hard wood chips, sawdust, and logs (oak, beech, alder, maple, etc) and straw of any kind (wheat, oat, rye, etc). I am also interested in connecting with other folks who are into mycology, whether it be foraging, cultivation, mycoremediation, etc.
Please respond if this is of any interest to you, and let me know what kind of connections/ resources you have!
Hope everyone's having an awesome spring :]
Categories: Local Projects, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Spokane Food Sustainability Projects
Tags: mushroom, mushrooms, cultivation, wood, tree, logs, woodchips, sawdust, straw, decomposition, mycology, foraging, hunting, gardening, oyster, shiitake, lions mane, reishi, turkey tail, wild mushrooms, wild crafting
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Events, Upcoming, Large Farm/Ranch Projects
Friends of Polly Judd Park (1802 W 14th St, Spokane) are moving ahead to install a combination community garden and food forest. This biochar workshop is in support of that intent. Build a fire and they will come.
Categories: Events, Past, Local Projects, Spokane Food Sustainability Projects, Community Food Gardens, Community Food Forest Projects, Education Resources, Live Events
Tags: Food Forest, biochar
Per the website owner:
This website provides downloadable e-books about radical agriculture, natural hygiene/nature cure and self-sufficient homestead living. There are secondary collections involving social criticism and transformational psychology.
No payment is required.
The library explores the connection between agricultural methods and the health or illness of animals and humans. A study of these materials reveals how to prevent and heal disease and increase longevity, suggests how to live a more fulfilling life and reveals social forces working against that possibility.
Categories: Permaculture Guide, Home Page Highlight, Small Family Farm Projects, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Large Farm/Ranch Projects, Permaculture Homesteads (not local), Permaculture Heros, International, National Heros, Education Resources, Websites
At last months (May) meeting at Andrea and Pat's we had a great time, good company, helped Pat fence a chicken yard and Andrea provided everyone a hand made and fired Olla. Because so few people showed up some of us got 2. Andrea was requesting that people experiment with them as a watering tool for the INW. We I finally got it into the ground...
Categories: Home Page Highlight, Hagarville
Would you like to grow the citys food and do your part to solve the climate, economic, and environmental problems? See what kind of oppertunities Spokane LYL Coop Farm has for you!
Categories: Urban and Suburban Gardens, Commercial Farming, Local Projects, Spotlight Projects, Lease Your Lawn (LYL) Cooperative Farm, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Spokane Food Sustainability Projects, Community Food Gardens
Categories: Local News and Information, Local Projects, Spokane Food Sustainability Projects, Websites
Categories: Local Projects, Siemen Family Farms
Take a look at this tree. It's uses include nitrogen fixation, wild and domestic animal fodder, rot resistant timber good for fence posts and furniture. The spring flowers attract all pollinators. Coppicing increases amount of wood available for use.
Categories: Permaculture Guide, Urban and Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Small Family Farm Projects, Family Urban/Suburban Gardens, Food Forests, Large Farm/Ranch Projects, Trees, Companion Plants, Bees, Chickens, Goats, Cattle, Sheep
If you have any questions, comments or problems please contact us at email@example.com
As an Unregistered User you will not be able to participate in the Spokane online community
by adding articles or calendar events, commenting, posting on the forum or receiving newsletters and notifications.


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LONG BEACH, California – The history of computer revolutions will show a logical progression from the Mac to the iPad to something like this SpaceTop 3-D desktop, if computer genius Jinha Lee has anything to say about it.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology grad student earned some notice last year for the ZeroN, a levitating 3-D ball that can record and replay how it is moved around by a user. Now, following an internship at Microsoft Applied Science and some time off from MIT, Lee is unveiling his latest digital 3-D environment, a three-dimensional computer interface that allows a user to "reach inside" a computer screen and grab web pages, documents, and videos like real-world objects. More advanced tasks can be triggered with hand gestures. The system is powered by a transparent LED display and a system of two cameras, one tracking the users' gestures and the other watching her eyes to assess gaze and adjust the perspective on the projection.
Lee's new 3-D desktop, which he just showed off at the annual TED conference in Long Beach, California, is still in the early stages. But it lights the way toward the sort of quantum leap that's all too rare in computer interfaces. It took decades to get from the command-line interface to the graphical user interface and Apple's Macintosh. It took decades more to get from the Mac to the touch interface of iPhones and iPads. Lee and people like him might just get us to the next revolution sooner.
Others are working along similar lines. Gesture-based control has been incorporated into Microsoft's Kinect, Samsung's Smart TV platform, and products from startups like Leap Motion and SoftKinect (not to mention in cinema fantasyland ). Three dimensional display interfaces, meanwhile, have been brewing at the University of Iowa (home to "Leonar3Do" ), in the Kickstarter gaming sensation Oculus Rift.
"Programming the world will alter even our daily physical activities."Lee's SpaceTop weaves these two threads together, joining 3-D interface with 3-D gesture controls, a smart convergence that will likely become more common. In his talk, Lee said SpaceTop and ZeroN, which he also demonstrated, are part of a broader shift toward interfaces we can grab with our hands. Humans seem to prefer collaborating via physical interfaces; think of a scale model, map, or whiteboard. People also like interacting in multiple modalities; think of reading a book, underlining words and scribbling in the margins in pencil, and taking separate notes on a pad.
Today's computers allow none of this, flattening all interaction onto a single screen.
"If you somehow allow computers to accept different types of modalities in the same workflow, that will be much more effective," Lee said in an interview. "Physical activities like how you dance an how you play sports – there will be some sort of digital aid in there."
At TED, Lee showed SpaceTop and ZeroN alongside a collapsible pen that can be pushed "inside" a computer display; as the pen folds into itself, the monitor shows the end of a pen moving deeper and deeper into the display. He also showed a video of a smartphone app that, when paired with augmented reality goggles, would allow the user to "try on" a virtual watch from an online store before ordering the real thing. The common thread between these systems, Lee says, is that they bring the physical world and digital world much closer together, allowing automated physical interaction he refers to as "programming the world."
"Programming the world will alter even our daily physical activities," he told the crowd. "With our two hands we're reaching into the digital world."
It's not clear whether this type of user experience will remain stuck in a niche – embraced chiefly by say architects, geneticists and other 3-D designers and researchers – or whether it has the potential to go mainstream. People are used to gently flicking computer mice and grazing keyboards and tablet screens; do they really have the stamina to reach into their computers and flail their arms around?
Lee thinks so. He says he's not looking to replace lazy interfaces for activities like writing email or consuming video. But 3-D interaction makes sense for certain uses cases – collaboration, design, and potential new activities Lee envisions like trying on virtual clothes.
Much of the success of systems like SpaceTop and ZeroN will ride on the details, like how much space the user must traverse and when a 3-D interface is suggested to the user. That's why this technology deserves attention from companies that can be smart about refining it, like Microsoft, or even Apple, which popularized the computer tablet after such devices had been languishing in obscurity. For now, 3-D computing seems to be off to a good start in Lee's careful hands.
"It shouldn't be in the hands of scientists, it should be in the hands of normal people," Lee says. "It's really important to have that eye when we think about what we want to do with this to design a beautiful world. It could be anything when the power of digital escapes the screen but it's really our responsibility to design this together."
This article has been modified from the original, which incorrectly described the state of development of the system for "trying on" a virtual watch. Feb. 26 10:45 pm ET


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Mississippi Mud Cake
With a name like Mississippi Mud Cake, there's no doubt that this dessert deserves to be included in Southern Living: Classic Southern Desserts. It uses simple ingredients to create a densely chocolatey sheet cake lightened with marshmallows.
Reprinted with permission from Copyright © 2012. Published by Oxmoor House. Available wherever books are sold. All rights reserved.
- Yield:makes 15 servings
- Active time: 25 minutes
- Total time:1 hour 20 minutes
- For the Cake
- 1 cup chopped pecans
- 1 cup butter
- 1 (4 oz) semisweet chocolate baking bar, chopped
- 2 cups sugar
- 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1/2 cup unsweetened cocoa
- 4 large eggs
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 3/4 teaspoon salt
- 1 (10.5 ounces) bag miniature marshmallows
- For the Frosting
- 1/2 cup butter
- 1/3 cup milk
- 1/4 cup unsweetened cocoa
- 1 (16 ounces) package powdered sugar
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
For the Cake: Preheat oven to 350°. Place pecans in a single layer in a shallow pan. Bake 8 to 10 minutes or until toasted and fragrant.
Microwave 1 cup butter and chocolate bar in a large microwave-safe glass bowl at HIGH 1 minute, stirring at 30-second intervals. Whisk sugar and next 5 ingredients into chocolate mixture. Pour batter into a greased 15 x 10-inch jelly-roll pan.
Bake at 350° for 20 minutes. Remove from oven, and sprinkle evenly with miniature marshmallows; bake 8 to 10 more minutes or until golden brown. Drizzle warm cake with chocolate frosting and sprinkle evenly with toasted pecans.
For the frosting: Melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat. Whisk in milk and cocoa, and bring mixture to a boil, whisking constantly. Remove from heat. Gradually add powdered sugar, stirring until smooth; stir in vanilla. Use immediately.
This Recipe Appears InBake the Book: Mississippi Mud Cake
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