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Since its launch in late 2004, Digg has tried its hand with several outside advertising networks, going from an off-the-shelf Google AdSense arrangement to working with Federated Media before finally signing a deal for Microsoft to deliver its display advertisements. But in April of this year, Digg announced it would end its deal with the software giant in favor of selling and delivering its own ads. Earlier this month, it announced that in the coming months it would introduce Digg Ads, a platform that involves injecting sponsored links directly into Digg's news stream, allowing users to Digg up or bury the ad just as they would any other story
Over the past several years, it has not been unusual for a Digg user to screenshot a Digg display ad that he found particularly annoying or ironic and submit it to the site itself — in fact, several such items have made it to the front page. Describing Digg's user base as anti-consumer wouldn't be quite accurate given the daily front page stories of the latest gadget news on Gizmodo and Engadget, but its community has been quick to lash out against corporations seen as having brushes with unethical behavior.
Like all major Internet communities, Digg's hosts a fair number of trolls (though the community itself polices the worst offenders) and the user base has never hesitated to criticize the very site that hosts their comments. Given all this, it's not difficult to be skeptical that advertisers would want to throw their brands right into Digg's news stream, possibly placing them within the cross hairs of an extremely outspoken and acerbic community.
Over the past few week, I reached out to several of the site's most powerful users, people who have pushed hundreds of submissions to the coveted front page. All of them spend sometimes hours a day on the site, commenting and Digging their friends' articles. Did they think that the community would welcome sponsored submissions and treat them just like the dozens of other stories, videos and images that flow across the front page every day?
Power Users react
Steve Elliot became an active user of the site in April of last year, pulled in initially by the idea of promoting his own content. But like other power users, he quickly realized the quid pro quo nature of Digg, in which you must push and network other Diggers' content. He told me that he's hopeful that the new ad platform will work, but that he's worried about the «noise» generated with front page submissions.
«I think that it's possibly a workable system, but for it to be workable, they're going to have to find a way to cut through the noise of the automatic knee-jerk negative reaction a lot of people have to any front page story,» Elliot said. «For any paid content, there's going to be even more users ready to react negatively to it. So if there is a way to separate that inevitable sizable negative reaction to an ad, then maybe out of the rest you can get enough usable data of up and down votes to see what kind of advertising is most effective.»
He explained that if a company feels like an outsider to the community, then they're going to have a different experience of feedback than if they somehow integrate themselves into the community. The question, he said, is whether they can learn and replicate the formula for a popular Digg submission. He believes that it's possible.
«I'm cautiously optimistic,» he said. «And when I say I'm optimistic, it goes beyond the baseline optimism that maybe they can pull this off. It goes for me all the way to the level that I'm hopeful that maybe in their attempts to catch the eye of the Digg community…instead of trying the same little tricks of old media, maybe they'll get creative. Maybe they'll break some new ground, and maybe we'll see some exciting ideas and ways of interacting with the community, which to me is what Digg is all about.»
Abusing the 'Bury' Button
A Digg power user named Patrick (he didn't want me to use his full name) told me that he thought that the idea was a «brilliant one on Digg's part,» because of the potential for massively higher click-through rates than you'd ever see with standard display advertising. And, unlike some, he was confident that the advertisers could create enticing content.
«I'm sure Digg has people who are smart enough to come up with stuff that's eye-catching, and I'm sure that people who work for Digg monitor the site and know what works really well and what doesn't,» Patrick told me. «So they know what formula works. They know the algorithm…If I saw [an ad] that caught my eye, I'd click on it just like any other Digg submission. By the time I opened it and checked it out, and if I'm reading it and checked it out that long, I'm going to Digg it because it held my attention.»
As for what consumer products would work well under this new system, Patrick said that anything involving mobile phones and tech products already gets a lot of coverage on the site, but pointed out that, with entertaining content, almost anything could work. His only fear would be that a certain percentage of the site's users would automatically bury all sponsored content.
«They should get rid of the bury button, because more often than not it's misused,» he said.
Rami Taibah, who has submitted over 700 stories to Digg, over 100 of which made it to the front page, said that the Digg demographics — and likes and dislikes — could be somewhat limiting in terms of what advertisers could be successful on the new platform. He noted that companies that have prior histories of perceived unethical behavior will likely have some negative pushback from Digg, no matter what the content.
«Advertisers will have to try to understand the Digg community and what the users like to click,» he said. «It's very anti-establishment, and is pro-Apple, pro-Linux, and very anti-Microsoft. If they try to understand the submission culture, then yes they can succeed. There are a lot of social media experts out there that could help such companies to customize articles and content that would sit well with the Digg community.»
When I pointed out the sometimes-trollish behavior of some Digg commenters, Taibah said that this is simply the nature of the Internet and that he didn't believe that such a thing should or would deter companies from promoting their brands through the social news site.
Digg Ads
Mike Maser, Digg's chief strategy officer, told me in a phone interview that they first approached a few of the site's advertisers with the idea years ago and were met with enthusiasm. As their ad budgets have continued to contract — especially in the last year or so — the companies have been looking more toward performance-based advertising and less toward the traditional branding approach.
«They believed in this model that Digg was leading, which was this user-generated, user-led definition of what's popular content,» Maser said. «But they wanted to apply those ideas in some way to their advertising as well. I remember a conversation with Intel, which has been a longtime advertiser with Digg, in late 2007. We came in and said, 'What if we could apply a Digg platform, the Digg model, to advertising?'…And they were absolutely interested in that because they were seeing that consumers were part of that conversation already, whether they like it or not.»
Maser explained that a large percentage of Digg's front page stories are already directed toward promoting consumer products, and he doesn't think it will be very difficult for advertisers to sponsor that kind of content. Not only that, but they would have monetary incentive to tailor their submissions to those users.
«So let's say an advertiser comes in and has a $10,000 budget,» he said. «We place their advertisement into the system. Let's say it starts a baseline of $1 cost per click. So the ad gets shot out to the Digg audience in the stream of news. If that ad is really resonating, and people are clicking out to see the content…that dollar will come down so every time there's a click maybe they pay 90 cents, or even better 80 cents and so on. So even more people are clicking on that advertisement and it's spending more of their budget, but the incremental cost of that ad is going down.»
The flip side is that if people aren't Digging the piece, or if they're actively burying it, the cost-per-click will go up until it hits some pre-set maximum, causing the ad to fall out of the system.
User control
But what if a so-called «bury brigade» forms that automatically buries every sponsored post?
«When we announced this last week, we saw a lot of generally positive reactions from our user base,» Maser said. «The notion going into this is that there will be more control over the ad experience, so when Digg is transparent with their users and gives them that control over the site, they've actually really taken it to heart and appreciated that control. So we feel like the users being able to sort of have a more relevant content experience on the site is one way we'll mitigate any sort of backlash.»
And then there's the Digg algorithm. For years the site has refined the algorithm to weed out organized attempts to «game» the system, so Maser was sure that they were well equipped to locate any sort of advertisement bury brigade and neutralize its efforts.
The ad platform is still a work in progress and won't be rolled out for a few months. Maser said they announced it early so they can work with advertisers over the coming months, developing the kind of content and ideas that will attract Digg's user base.
«I do think innovation is the name of the game,» he said. «I think that sites need to come up with advertising experiences that are more endemic to their own property and their user base. So I don't think there's a one-size-fits-all approach to advertising anymore. Does that mean that display advertising is going away? No, but I do think systems like Digg Ads speak directly to our audience; it has a pricing mechanism that works for advertisers. Being more performance-oriented advertising, it gives them a more innovative option than display advertising.»
Of course, Digg's display advertising isn't going away. But with continuous reports that advertisers are getting frustrated with the lack of effectiveness of traditional CPM advertising, it's not unfathomable that they would want to take the risk and inject their brands right into the user base. What the users do with the brand once it's in their hands will likely determine whether Digg has come up with an advertising program that will truly break the mold.
Simon Owens is a former newspaper journalist and an associate editor for MediaShift. You can read more of his writing at his blog or contact him at simon[.]bloggasm [at] gmail.com.
Photo of Mike Maser by Scott Beale of Laughing Squid.


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The 'KnitWits' Knitting Circle of Rodman Public Library meets on the second and fourth Mondays of each month, from 10:30 a.m-12:00 p.m., at the main library. Knitters, and other needle workers, are invited to network and compare notes. If you desire to try your hand at needlework, Rodman Library has many books suited to every skill level and capable staff to help locate the needed information. For more information on this or other programs offered by the library, call 330-821-2665, ext. 107.
Event type
Arts and Crafts
Main Library
More information & registration

subset: commoncrawl


text: Twink young brothers and their cutie teen sister are having unforgettable pleasure from hotly fucking all together in rather hot poses. Blonde guy is lying on his side and the sister babe is lying at front of him; he is pumping her teen fresh pussy and shoving his tongue in her mouth and their brunette brother got behind the blonde guy and fucking his asshole. After all sweetie girl is doing blowjob to both dudes


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Snowflake Spinning Christmas Bauble
This unique bauble will look stunning on the Christmas tree over the festive period!
Beautifully crafted in our own workshop in Leadhills, the centre of this stuning bauble features a cutout snowflake design. Not only do you choose the colour of wood for the snowflake, you also get to choose the design and colour of each ring. Available in your choice of red, blue, yellow and green.
A long lasting and sentimental keepsake, this bauble will be cherished for many years to come!
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This bauble is beautifully crafted from sustainable wood.
60 x 60 mm (Approx)


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[/quote]Category Description wrote:In a multi-editor project (MEP), editors divide and edit distinct "tracks", which are then joined by transitions and compiled into one long AMV. A MEP generally has a theme that features a specific artist, genre, or style of editing. (NOTE: there is a separate category for Best Collaborative Video, which is a regular video made by more than one editor.)
I think that's the real story. |:


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You are here: Home ‹ Board index ‹ Movie Discussion ‹ Upcoming Movies
Jims not going to play Curly? Updated: Sean Penn is back
Discuss other upcoming Jim Carrey movies (not confirmed/rumours).
not cool
thats not fair Jim Carrey works so hard stuffing his face with
cake then he gets this bull crap F**KING CRAP
i eat cake and gain nothing
Jim Carrey you should do what happen in this video the fight part
here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAi08eAMG6E&feature=player_profilepage
I'm in LOVE with him and I Feel Fine
Indeed. I was pretty amped on this project that The Farrelly's have had in the works for years. Just found out tonight he won't be Curly and yeah, my sentiments exactly: hugely dissappointed. I wonder why he quit. Perhaps creative differences with the actors, or with the Farrellys? I do know the Farrelly's called him a terrific, genuinely nice person on "The Tonight Show" when promoting "Irene" so their personalities don't seem to clash at least. Maybe Jim signed up for other movies, and this one's just taking too long (haven't been real up-to-date on his movie schedule) but yeah it sucks.
And PG being in the movie--man, him and Jim together would have been fantastic! Thought they had terrific chemistry in "Man on the Moon."
My guess is he's going to be pretty much occupied with Ripleys, my bet is there was going to be a logistical clash with his other projects.
I'm still waiting to hear about Damn Yankees........he's got a great set of pipes on him.....
Yes, Damn Yankees will be a lot of fun to watch with Jim singing as the Devil!{It's fun watching him sing in everything}. He's been wanting to get Ripley's made for a while, and he'll be doing that first off on a list of good projects he's got lined up.
Paul Giamatti and Jim are out Sean is back in
http://www.bostonherald.com/track/insid ... ition=also
Last edited by cotton on Tue Jan 05, 2010 9:10 pm, edited 1 time in total.
Jim Carrey Still Curly???
http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Jim-Carr ... 16999.html
According to Benicio Del Toro
To God, every living being is beautiful... Except for you.
I agree. And no, this is NOT a great opportunity for Jim. Glad he's out.
Del Toro said "if they do it, I'm definitely going to be there...Jim Carrey and Sean Penn. But nothing is for sure; it's not locked."
Which is more leanding towards Jim not doing it. He had gained weight, but that was probably him letting himself go rather than him getting ready for the role, there's not even a date in place for the movie to start shooting yet. Del Toro said himself that nothing's set in stone.
Jim said he gained the weight for the role. Strangely I think these actors know no more then us and are just going by what they read on the net. Its like when there was rumors that Jim was going to be the Million Dollar man movie and he told everybody on tv about how he was going to be in it then the next year he told us that the script didn't even exist.lol
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MD 355 Underpass Crossing (BRAC)
- Contact Person: Uzair Asadullah 240-777-7242
- Contact Person: Brian Copley 240-777-7227
Project Links
- http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/brac/projects/metro_mc.html
- http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/DGS-PRO/Solicitations.html
Project Documents
|Project Stage
|Issue Request for Expressions of Interest
|May 30, 2013
|Select Reduced Candidate List
|September 2013
|Issue Request for Proposal
|Select Design-Build Team
|October 2014
|Complete Construction
|September 2017
When dialing outside of the county, call 240-777-0311 or submit via their website.
For website comments or to report website problems or broken links, please email us. This email address does not handle service requests or complaints.
Transportation Engineering · Montgomery County Department of Transportation
100 Edison Park Drive · Gaithersburg, MD 20878 · email@example.com
· telephone: 240-777-7220· fax: 240-777-7277 ·


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The global pentaerythritol market was valued at USD 1.01 billion in 2011 and is expected to reach USD 1.59 billion by 2018, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2012 to 2018. In terms of volume, global consumption was 485.9 kilo tons in 2011 and is expected to reach 692.9 kilo tons by 2018, growing at a CAGR of 5.3% from 2012 to 2018.
Pentaerythritol is majorly used for manufacturing alkyd paints which has been a key contributor to its market growth in recent times and owing to the growing infrastructure market mainly in Asia Pacific, this trend is expected to continue over the forecast period. In addition, eco-friendly nature of pentaerythritol has been gaining regulatory support as a non-hazardous and sustainable product for end-users. Furthermore, emerging innovative applications of pentaerythritol such as therapeutics and marine coatings are expected to provide immense opportunities for the major players operating in the global market. However, limited availability of raw materials such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde due to overlapping with their other commercial applications is expected to inhibit the market growth.
Alkyd paint was the largest application segment for pentaerythritol and accounted for over 37% of the total market in 2011. Alkyd paint application is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% over the forecast period. These paints find applications in residential as well as industrial construction. Applications of pentaerythritol in plasticizers are expected to be the fastest growing applications and are projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2012 to 2018.
Some of the key companies operating in the global pentaerythritol market include Celanese Corporation, Ercros SA, Hubei Yichang Chemical, Mitsui Chemicals and Perstorp Holding AB. There are also several small companies such as Copenor, Hunan Hengyang Sanhua and Lee Chang Kung among others operating in the global and the regional market.
Pentaerythritol Market: Application Analysis
Alkyd paints
Alkyd inks
Alkyd adhesives/sealants
Alkyd varnishes
Radiation cure coatings
Other (including medicine, pesticides, etc)
North America
Asia Pacific
Rest of the World
Transparency Market Research is a global market intelligence company, providing global business information reports and services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. We are privileged with highly experienced team of Analysts, Researchers, and Consultants, who use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather, and analyze information.
Our data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts, so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With a broad research and analysis capability, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques in developing distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.
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Hey there! I've got some free printables I want to share with you. There are 3 different Free Be Kind Bee Printables available at the bottom of this post. Just click the Download button and the files should start to automatically download.
There is a black and white, and a yellow honeycomb art printable. Then there's a coloring page printable. All 3 are in the same file folder for download.
The forms of the files are in JPEG and PDF. They are 300 dpi resolution and are sized for 8×10. The file size is 13.6 MB.
The Free Be Kind Bee Printables are for personal use only. Do not sell any physical or digital products using the files.
The fonts I used to make these printables are from fonts found on my resource page. The flower is one that I have designed using elements I have hand drawn.
You can download the Free Be Kind Bee Printables.
Free Be Kind Bee Printables
Free Be Kind Bee Printables
Free Be Kind Bee Coloring Page
Click Download to receive the Printables
A little about the stencil and printable designs on Repurposing Junkie:
I started using stencils on furniture in 2015. I had given a white table a makeover, and painted it orange to be an accent table in the living room. Even with the bright color, the table was missing something. I applied a stencil that I had bought at one of my favorite craft stores to the table to give it that something extra and sure enough it really made the table stand out.
After seeing the transformation the table took by adding the stenciled flowers, I was hooked on stenciling. I loved how adding just a bit of detail made the piece stand out and took it to a whole new level. Adding this detail and seeing the results was all I needed to be convinced that stenciling was the way to go, and thus began my love for all things stencil.
I love how a stencil design can add detail and beauty to furniture,wall art, clothes, mugs and other accessories, walls, floors and so many other things. It's fantastic how easy it is to make something beautiful become exquisite and eye catching just by adding a stencil overlay.
After stenciling for a while, I started designing my own stencils in 2016 to cut on my awesome Cricut Explore. It took some time and learning but it was so rewarding being able to cut my own custom designs right in my home.
I went on to write some tutorials on cutting stencils using the Cricut machine:
–How to Make a JPEG File into a Cut File in Cricut Design Space
–How to Make Stencils Using Show-Offs Stencil Blanks and Cricut Design Space
–How to Make Extra Large Stencil Oversize Stencils in Cricut Design Space Using the Meeting and Overlapping Methods
–How to Keep the Middle of Letters from Falling Out When Making Stencils in Cricut Design Space
–How to Make a Wood Sign Using Stencils and Cricut Design Space
–How to Make Adhesive Stencils Using Peel and Stick Clear Laminate and Cricut Design Space
I also wrote a few tutorials on designing your own stencils and the tools needed to create and make stencils using the Cricut:
–How to Design Stencils in BeFunky to Cut in Cricut Desing Space
–Fantastic Stencil Fonts for Making Stencils
–Supply List for Making Stencils with a Cricut
Creating Stencil and Printable Designs:
After getting comfortable with cutting stencils on the Cricut and learning how to create my own stencil designs, I began offering stencil cut files for free on my blog and in my Etsy shop. I have since closed up my Etsy shop and opened a new shop, that offers a variety of cut files that can be made into stencils.
In my shop, I offer wall stencil cut files, and border stencil cut files, both of which are great for wall and furniture embellishments. I also have a lot of monogram/alphabet stencil cut files for personalization projects. Plus lots more stencil cut file designs to check out in my shop, and plenty more to come.
I design all the stencil cut files and printables that I offer on my blog, and in my shop, using my own hand drawn elements, or fonts that can be found on my resource page, or a combination of both.
I have found a passion for design and strive to create unique and fun designs that can be used in a variety of settings, such as home decor, furniture, wall art, fashion design, accessory items, and so much more. My eye has always been drawn to the details, patterns, and embellishments in such things as home decor and clothing, so it's a real joy for me to become part of the design process of such things.
Stencils are a great and easy way to add that something special to a piece whether it's repurposed furniture or wall art or a brand new canvas or wall.
I share on my blog how I've transformed several repurposed pieces using stencils:
You can check out the stenciled projects here. I usually add stencils to furniture and wall art pieces. Some of my favorite stencil projects include refinishing a curbside table, upcycling a piece of canvas wall art, and making an extra large stenciled wall art piece, just to name a few of my favorite stencil projects.
I also have some repurposing projects that I hope are fun and inspiring. I love taking old "junk" and turning it into something completely different:
You can check out the repurposing projects here. I have several projects using ceiling fan parts, spindles, old frames, plaques, and furniture. Some of my favorite repurposing projects are the ceiling fan blades to airplane repurpose, the angels made from hinges and spindle parts, and transforming a kitchen table using stencils, and these are just a few of my favorite repurposing projects.
I hope you spend some time on my blog, checking out the Cricut tutorials, DIY projects, and SVG Cut Files and Printable designs that I offer for FREE as a bonus to email subscribers.
If you're interested in signing up to my blog email list, you can do so using the form below. I only send out one email a week and that is to let email subscribers know that I've added new designs to the cut file and printable resource libraries, and also to notify them when I have a new blog post or a special deal I'm running in my shop.
I sincerely hope you enjoy the projects, tutorials, stencil cut files and printables offered on my blog, in my Resource Library. If you have any questions concerning the tutorials, stencil cut files, printables an/or projects found on my blog, you can contact me here.
Thanks so much for visiting my blog. I hope you take your time and look around, and I hope you find the blog posts, projects, tutorials, stencil cut files and printables resources to be useful and helpful in your DIY projects.


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I know that you and every other Animals Australia supporter are with us all the way in the fight to free animals from cruelty. But your compassion and generosity on behalf of these animals has left me overwhelmed and humbled.
Let me fill you in on what has happened...
You will recall that recently the National Farmers' Federation mounted an ugly political assault on Coles for supporting our campaign to end factory farming when Make it Possible bags appeared in Coles stores. We stepped in and ended the attack, knowing that we could do more for animals by redirecting our energy.
We asked for your help to achieve the one thing the farming lobby was trying to stop — exposing the cruelty suffered by animals in factory farms.
And you have outdone yourself.
Outrage turned into action as thousands of caring people chipped in to get the Make it Possible ad back on TV. Our website nearly crashed under a tidal wave of support. If yours was one of the kind donations that couldn't be processed at this time, please, please try again.
Together we have already raised enough funds to broadcast Make it Possible during MasterChef in Sydney and Melbourne on Monday 10 June! Usually this type of advertising is reserved for the most powerful corporations. But on Monday we are taking over tv screens on behalf of every voiceless battery hen; every distressed mother pig; and on behalf of each and every factory farmed animal who deserves a life worth living.
Every single dollar donated is helping to get this life-changing ad airing right across the country. There's still time to make your donation to give an abused animal a voice.
Last week the farming lobby fought hard to shut down an initiative aiming to raise awareness about factory farming. But their bully tactics backfired and instead resulted in nation-wide media — with more people now talking about factory farming than we could ever have hoped for.
This is one cause, and one little pig, that won't be tied down. Thank you for helping her fly!
Lyn White
Campaign Director
P.S. I thought you'd like to know that Coles reports that its customers were jumping at the opportunity to support Make it Possible. One third of all bags sold out in just a day! We've put our own Make it Possible bags on special, with free postage. So you can buy yours online and take it to Coles the next time you shop!
P.P.S. If you have already donated towards the Make it Possible TV ad — thank you so very much! Please consider sharing this important message with caring friends and family.
If you do too, join others who are making a kinder world for animals possible. Sign the pledge.


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The Actros offers a wide selection of different applications. Strong and rugged, it meets all the varied requirements throughout the region. Whether for long haulage or in rough construction areas, the Actros is the ideal option when it comes to durability, reliability and efficiency – three essential aspects in every segment.
No matter whether you need to transport fuel, water or any other liquid, the Actros is the perfect choice for your long-haulage and regional tank transport, offering superior quality and high payload, as well as proven reliability and safety.
Models* technically permitted weights/loads. Payload dependent on configuration.
The strong, rugged frame you need.
The Actros' parallel frame is a perfect fit for tank transport, combining extreme strength with a high payload. It also offers rapid and easy installation of bodies and mounted components.
Meet ADR requirements – easily.
For transport of hazardous liquids, such as fuel and gas, all equipment required by the European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR) is available for the Actros directly from the factory.


text:
A Calendar of Events letting you know what, where and when is happening throughout the Chopin Year:
- Events: concerts, exhibitions, shows and many others
- Reports
- Interviews
- Kordegarda CHOPIN 2010
On March 1, 2011, celebrations of the 200th anniversary of Fryderyk
Chopin's birth came to the end. The register form ceased operating with
that date. The collected content presented on the Chopin2010.pl website
remains there as the documentation of the Chopin Year. Thank you for your
contribution to the website.
Editorial Team Chopin2010.pl


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OCC Bulletin 1996-48| September 3, 1996
Stored Value Card Systems: Information for Bankers and Examiners
Chief Executive Officers of all National Banks, Department and Division Heads, and all Examining Personnel
As of October 30, 2013, this guidance applies to federal savings associations in addition to national banks.*
The purpose of this bulletin is to provide basic information about emerging stored value card systems, and to outline their associated risks so that bankers can make informed decisions about whether and how to become involved in such systems. The bulletin is not intended to establish policy requirements on how banks must manage these risks. Rather, it provides basic information to assist banks in fulfilling their responsibility to identify and manage risks as they become involved in stored value systems.
To that end, this document presents a definition of stored value cards and describes stored value card systems that are emerging. It also outlines the various functions and roles that banks can play in stored value card systems. Like credit and debit cards, stored value cards are likely to become major products for some banks. However, as with any financial product, stored value cards present risks to participants. This bulletin describes the risks banks may face in investing or participating in stored value card systems based upon the risk categories of OCC's Supervision by Risk program. Finally, the document raises basic consumer awareness issues.
Background and Definitions
Electronic cash can be stored in several forms: directly on a central computer, on individual personal computers (PCs), or on a stored value card. Although some potential risks associated with electronic cash are the same no matter how it is stored and delivered, certain risk exposures vary depending on the delivery channel selected. This bulletin will focus on the stored value card delivery channel.
The term stored value card typically refers to a card either with a magnetic stripe or with a computer chip that is charged with a fixed amount of economic claims or value that can be "spent" or transferred to individuals and/or merchants in a manner that is similar to spending paper money or coins. Depending on the particular system adopted by the vendor, stored value cards can operate more like debit cards or more like the functional equivalent of electronic cash.
Electronic cash refers to stored value represented by a digital computer code that consumers use for payments processed through a computerized financial network. A consumer executes these payments using a stored value card in conjunction with a personal computer, an automatic teller machine (ATM), a television cable connection, an enhanced telephone, or some other form of telecommunications equipment. When the consumer spends electronic cash with a merchant, the point of sale (POS) device "collects" the appropriate amount for the merchant, deducting electronic cash from the stored value card. The merchant then can redeem the accumulated electronic cash from the POS device for currency or a credit to a deposit account.
Although debit transactions also can be processed electronically, electronic debit transactions should not be confused with true electronic cash transactions. The distinction between stored value and debit transactions is significant because, although similar in some respects, they can present different regulatory and supervisory issues.
A debit card is used to access an account, in order to withdraw or transfer funds from or to existing accounts. Consumers accomplish these withdrawals or transfers either through ATMs or POS devices. Although these cards have magnetic stripes that contain account information, there is no value stored directly on the card as is the case with stored value cards. The distinction between debit and stored value cards, as noted above, can be fuzzy depending on the system adopted by the vendor; moreover, it should be noted that some systems will offer multi-function cards that can enable a consumer to perform payments by electronic cash, by debit or by drawing on a credit line.
A smart card is a plastic card with an embedded computer chip that looks like a credit card. Smart cards may be used as stored value cards. Depending on the capacity of the integrated circuit, the smart card may hold limited information, or may have the ability to perform more complex computing functions. For stored value smart cards, an electronic device is used to read the existing value of electronic cash and to load (add) or deduct electronic cash stored on computer chip. Smart cards, functioning as stored value cards, can operate within existing and future technologies for example, retro-fitted ATMs, augmented telephones such as screen phones and smart phones, electronic purses (stand alone dedicated devices), or PCs.
Stored value cards may be disposable or reloadable. Disposable cards store a one-time fixed amount of electronic cash. Reloadable cards generally store electronic cash on a computer chip and interface with special loading devices that allow a consumer to load electronic cash on the card. Each system could have specific features such as limits on the amount of electronic cash that can be stored or cards that expire after some established time period.
Finally, stored value card systems may be loosely characterized as either "closed" or "open" systems. In a pure closed system, the stored value card is accepted only by a single merchant or entity. Among other functions, closed stored value card systems are used to pay for public transportation and telephone calls. The issuer distributes the cards to customers of a single merchant and redeems all payments. In contrast, an open system may have one or more electronic cash issuers of stored value cards that are accepted by multiple merchants. These systems require a valid payment systems network for collecting and processing the electronic cash payments received by merchants.
In one respect, most stored value card systems, whether open or closed, function like bank debit or credit card systems; the electronic cash can only be "spent" with a merchant and must be presented to the issuer for redemption. However, some more complex stored value card systems permit transfer of electronic cash from one storage device to another without restrictions. These are called purse-to-purse systems because the electronic cash can move from one consumer electronic purse to another. In such systems, the electronic cash is allowed to circulate for an indefinite period before it is presented back to the issuer for redemption.
Risks in Stored Value Card Systems
This section identifies the risks that arise in connection with specific functions and roles that banks can perform in stored value card systems. These risk categories are based upon the OCC's Supervision by Risk program and are more fully described in the appendix section attached to this document.
National banks may perform or have performed for them one or more of the functions in stored value card systems, each with a specific structure and level of risk. A bank can be involved in stored value systems as an investor or as a non-investor participant. A bank also can perform the function of electronic cash issuer, i.e., the institution that creates electronic cash. The same bank can also act as distributor and redeemer of electronic cash, selling stored value cards to consumers and contracting with merchants to convert their electronic cash into currency or a deposit account balance. In most stored value card systems, transactions will be processed at the point of sale by an electronic device without further authorization. In the few stored value systems designed to require individual transaction authorization, however, a bank may perform the function of transaction authorizer. If electronic cash issued by one bank (one entity) is accepted by a merchant that contracts with another bank, or series of banks, then banks can function as a clearinghouse to settle such transactions. Finally, in electronic cash systems, some bank or entity will probably maintain a transaction archive for error resolution, fraud, or counterfeit detection.
A bank should be clear as to who bears the responsibility at each stage of an electronic cash transaction. Thus far, transactional rules for some electronic cash systems are not well established by current law. Accordingly, in many important respects, the transactional rules for such systems must be established by contract. For example, contracts might specify which party is liable for: malfunctioning cards, lost cards, operational errors, and counterfeit electronic cash or stored value cards. Where this occurs, the bank should be sure that it has a valid and clear contract with the relevant parties. For this reason, banks should consider the risks that arise as a result of relying on contracts entered into solely through electronic communications.
Risks in Specific Functions and Roles
Investing banks: An investing bank is a bank that has an equity stake in a stored value system. As such, the bank incurs a strategic risk that the venture will not perform well or fail and thus cause the bank to lose its investment. The scope of any additional potential liability, however, depends on contractual obligations undertaken by the bank, the type of entity in which the bank invests, and how the entity conducts the stored value operations. Generally, the ownership structure, if properly designed and implemented, can shield the investing bank from liability under the laws that limit liability for owners of corporations and limited liability companies.
Issuing banks: An issuing bank is the obligor for its electronic cash. The issuing bank sells electronic cash directly to consumers, or contracts the selling function to another firm. When the issuer sells its electronic cash directly to consumers, it is essentially selling bank liabilities to its customers. The issuer takes the proceeds from the sale of electronic cash and invests or holds the proceeds until the electronic cash is presented to the issuer for redemption. The issuer of electronic cash is exposed to a number of risks related to its development and operation of the stored value card system (i.e., strategic, transaction, compliance, and reputation risk) as well as risks associated with its ownership of electronic cash and investing proceeds from the sale of electronic cash (i.e., credit, liquidity, interest rate, and foreign exchange risk). The investment policy of the issuer should dictate the extent of credit, liquidity, and interest rate risk exposure of the bank. If the portfolio includes any foreign securities, exposure to foreign exchange risk exists. Please refer to the appendix section of this document for a more detailed description of these risk categories.
Distributing banks: Any bank that distributes or sells electronic cash on stored value cards, whether it is an issuer, is exposed to transaction, compliance, reputation, credit, and liquidity risk. The transaction risk of a distributor can result from errors in the distribution process. Transaction risk may be increased because existing commercial law standards were not developed with stored value technology in mind, and some of the basic commercial law rules for stored value transactions have yet to be established. Thus, well conceived contracts setting out the rights and obligations of the parties are important considerations for effective risk management of this area.
Compliance risk is present because as a distributor the bank may be the primary contact for consumers and, thus, is responsible for distributing necessary disclosures and (in some systems) for initiating an error resolution process. See the Consumer Awareness section of this bulletin for additional discussion of the compliance risks for distributing stored value cards. Reputation risk involves the bank's exposure to litigation, financial loss, or damage to its reputation resulting from customer dissatisfaction or adverse public reaction to any aspect of the stored value card product. The potential for credit risk exposure arises from accepting payment for electronic cash from consumers in a form other than cash or a deposit of the distributing bank. Liquidity risk exposures may result from any delays in converting payments to currency or a deposit account balance.
Distributing banks as selling agent: In some systems, non-issuing banks have a role that is similar to their role in distributing travelers checks. They do not take title to the electronic cash, but instead act as agent on behalf of the issuing entity, selling the issuer's electronic cash to customers. In this role, the risk exposure to the bank is limited since the bank does not have ownership of the electronic cash. The primary risks to the bank are transaction and compliance risk.
In some systems, the banks, as agents, will control the process for loading the electronic cash (digital computer code) onto the stored value card on behalf of the issuer. Since this process creates an obligation of the issuer, the bank will be responsible for ensuring that appropriate controls are in place for safeguarding the computer hardware and software used in this process.
Distributing agent banks also can incur a risk of being obligated to the electronic cash purchaser if they fail to disclose fully to purchasers their true and limited function regarding the electronic cash. This can occur if a distributing agent bank places its name on a stored value card and fails to make it clear to a purchaser of electronic cash that the bank is not obligated on the electronic cash. For example, if the distributing agent bank fails to inform the purchaser (i.e., consumer) that it is acting as the agent of the issuer, a consumer might seek to hold the agent bank obligated on the electronic cash under a legal theory which imputes the liability of a principal to an agent that has caused others to reasonably believe that the supposed agent was acting as a principal. Appropriate disclosures will help to control these risks.
- Distributing banks as underwriters: In other systems, non-issuing banks purchase the electronic cash from an issuer and then re-sell the electronic cash to their customers. These bank underwriters take title to the electronic cash and hold it until resale or until redemption with the issuer. Since the bank takes ownership of the electronic cash, it incurs (in addition to the risks identified for the distributing agent bank) a credit risk vis-a-vis the issuer, i.e., the risk that the issuer will default on its obligation to redeem the electronic cash.
Transaction authorizing banks: In some stored value card systems, merchants will require authorization before accepting electronic cash to ensure that it is valid. This is similar to credit card systems where a merchant communicates, through the bank card network, with the issuing bank before accepting a credit card payment.
Banks that authorize the exchange of electronic cash for goods and services are exposed to transaction risk. Controls need to be in place to ensure the accuracy of the banks' information. Banks that do not have adequate controls over data integrity run the risk that they will incur liability for the improper authorization of transactions. An authorizing bank should also ensure adequate system capacity and recoverability, so that transactions are consistently authorized on a timely basis.
Redeeming banks: In all open stored value systems, holders of electronic cash will be able to convert electronic cash to currency or funds added to a bank deposit account. Banks act as redeemer when they receive electronic cash from merchants for redemption. Redeeming banks incur risks associated with their roles as collection agents or as principal.
- Redeeming banks as collection agents: In some systems, banks have a redemption role similar to their role in the check collection process. In that capacity, banks are not required to purchase or redeem the electronic cash for merchants, but instead act as their collecting agent by presenting the electronic cash to the issuer for payment and then crediting the merchants' accounts with the funds received. The bank does not take title to the electronic cash as part of the collection process and therefore avoids the risks associated with owning the electronic cash. Nevertheless, banks acting as collecting agent will have an obligation to merchants to make proper and effective presentment; this obligation subjects them to transaction risk. Moreover, if the bank grants the merchant provisional credit on the redeemed electronic cash pending settlement, the bank incurs a credit risk to the merchant that may be realized if the issuer defaults and the bank is unable to charge back the merchant's account.
- Redeeming banks as principal: In other systems, participating banks are obligated to act as principal and redeem electronic cash by purchasing the electronic cash from merchants, thereby taking title and exposing them to all of the risks associated with ownership. Upon purchase, the bank may either hold the electronic cash for resale to merchants or redeem it with the issuer.
Clearing and settling banks: Clearing and settling a payment transaction requires transmitting both information and funds through a valid payment systems network. Banks involved in clearing and settlement may be continuing a role they undertook as redeemer for their customers or, alternatively, they may accept that role on behalf of other banks and act as an intermediary in the process through which the electronic cash is presented to the issuer for payment. Clearing and settling banks may be exposed to transaction, credit, liquidity, and foreign exchange risk. The applicability of these risk categories is similar to those same risks as described under Issuing and Distributing banks. Also, please refer to the appendix section of this document for a more detailed description of these risk categories.
In electronic cash systems with a single issuer, minimal processing is needed for settlement because the collecting banks need only present all the electronic cash to the single issuer. After the electronic cash is presented to the issuer, the issuer redeems the electronic cash, sending the proceeds or funds to the clearing banks. The subsequent action by the clearing bank will depend on whether it has redeemed the electronic cash as principal or as agent. If acting as principal, the bank will retain the proceeds or permit the issuer to retain the proceeds to offset obligations that the bank owes to the issuer. If the bank has acted as agent, it will forward the proceeds to the appropriate consumers and merchants.
In multiple issuer systems, redeeming banks will usually need to use some clearinghouse mechanism to have the electronic cash presented to the appropriate issuer for payment. In such systems, electronic cash transactions likely would clear through the existing bank clearinghouse network. Bank members to the clearinghouse likely would incur the same types of risks of member failure that they incur in other clearing house arrangements. (Refer to OCC Banking Circular 271 (May 1993) for a detailed discussion of risks associated with clearinghouses.)
Banks that participate in the clearing and settlement process potentially also are exposed to risks that vary depending upon whether they act as principal or agent. Banks that act as principal and therefore take title to electronic cash as part of the clearing process are exposed to the additional risks (i.e., transaction and credit risk) associated with ownership of the electronic cash. Agent banks that do not take title to the electronic cash are exposed to transaction risk. They may incur liability to their customers if they fail to process items for clearing and settlement on a timely basis. The banks' credit risk is limited to the risk that the clearinghouse will fail.
Transaction archiving banks: There are two types of record keeping or archiving systems. In the first, a central system archives records of each transaction on a given stored value card separately, as it is executed. These systems are fully auditable. The second system records each transaction, but in batch form, merchant-by-merchant (electronic cash recipients). Although it would be possible to establish an audit trail for an individual stored value card under the second type of system, it would result in greater costs. Both kinds of record keeping systems can be used to settle disputes between consumers, merchants, and participating banks. They also could be used by the government to investigate suspected crimes.
The transaction archiving role can expose the bank to transaction, reputation, and compliance risk. Transaction risk results from problems with data integrity that can lead to losses from the inability to resolve errors accurately, to identify patterns of fraud, or to recognize counterfeit electronic cash. Reputation risk may arise from public criticism of a bank's improper or incompetent handling of customer information or complaints. Compliance risk may arise if records do not conform to applicable federal or state consumer regulations, particularly those imposing obligations to safeguard confidential information.
Consumer Awareness
Stored value cards are new products that may outwardly resemble some existing debit and credit card products. However, stored value cards function differently from debit and credit card products and can expose customers to different risks. For this reason, it important for banks to take appropriate steps to adequately inform consumers of their rights and responsibilities when using stored value cards. To do so, banks will need to keep informed of regulatory developments in this area.
In 1994, the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) issued a proposal to simplify and update Regulation E. In that proposal, the FRB indicated that smart cards (defined as plastic cards that have the capacity to either compute or communicate information) would be subject to Regulation E if the cards are used to access a customer account. As a result of several issues raised during and after the public comment period, the FRB is now proposing another amendment to Regulation E. [See 61 Federal Register 19696 (May 2, 1996).]
Additionally, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) recently issued a legal opinion on the extent to which funds underlying stored value cards may be considered to be deposits covered by federal deposit insurance. [See FDIC General Counsel's Opinion No. 8, 61 Federal Register 40490 (August 2, 1996).] The opinion holds that stored value (electronic cash) issued by banks will be insured if the funds underlying the electronic cash remain in a customer's account until it is transferred to a merchant or other third party, who in turn collects the funds from the customer's bank. However, bank-issued electronic cash does not result in an insured deposit when the underlying funds are placed in a reserve or general liability account held by the issuing bank to pay merchants and other payees as they make claims for payments. Electronic cash issued by nonbanks will not be insured even if distributed or sold by banks.
The OCC encourages banks to consider the basic disclosures needed for stored value cards they distribute. Among others, banks should consider the following topics when deciding how to adequately inform consumers:
- How to use the card.
- Where and how the consumer can increase the value on the card.
- Whether the electronic cash earns interest, dividends, or any other return.
- Where, how, and when the electronic cash can be redeemed.
- All fees charged in connection with obtaining or using the card or the electronic cash stored on it.
- The name of the entity that issues the electronic cash and its obligation to redeem it.
- Whether the consumer is protected in case of a lost or stolen card.
- Whether the amount of the electronic cash transferred to the card is insured by the FDIC.
- Where does liability lie if a transaction is not properly consummated.
- What happens to electronic cash that is abandoned or expires under the terms of the agreement.
- How consumers can resolve disputes involving electronic cash transactions.
- The circumstances under which information on a consumer's electronic cash transactions may be disclosed to third parties.
If a bank sells electronic cash stored on media other than a stored value card (i.e., a computer hard disk), it should consider similar disclosures appropriate to those electronic cash devices.
Questions regarding this bulletin should be directed to the Chief National Bank Examiner's Office at (202) 649-6550.
Jimmy F. Barton
Chief National Bank Examiner
September 10, 1996
Description of General Risks in Stored Value Card Systems
Banks involved in stored value systems are exposed to a variety of risks. While the exact nature of that risk exposure depends on the design of the specific system and upon the precise role or roles the bank assumes, the general types of risks common to such systems are described here. These are the same risk categories that are provided in the OCC's Supervision by Risk program. Descriptions of credit and interest rate risk are taken verbatim from the Comptroller's Handbook section on Bank Supervision Process. The other applicable risk descriptions have been altered to focus on the environment for stored value card systems. In all cases, each risk is presented based on its impact to capital and earnings. The primary risks for banks participating in stored value systems are transaction, strategic, reputation, and compliance.
Transaction risk: Transaction risk is a function of the adequacy of internal controls, data integrity, transaction rules, employee performance, and operating processes in stored value card systems. Maintaining data integrity is extremely important as it determines the fundamental reliability of data or information. Information systems should provide timely, accurate, and secure data in order to prevent errors and maintain customer satisfaction. Without adequate staff and good internal controls over electronic cash system operations, a bank can leave itself open to potential fraud and costly disruptions in operations. Internal control systems should provide proper access, authorization, and accountability for processing transactions. Effective controls, audit coverage, and other preventive measures should be in place to deter or minimize the impact of fraud, counterfeiting, and other improper activities. Proper contingency planning with appropriate back-up facilities should be considered to ensure timely restoration of operations and continuity of business activity. Transaction risk also can arise from disputes or uncertainty over the transactional rules that apply to payment systems.
Strategic risk: Strategic risk is a function of the compatibility of an organization's strategic goals, the business strategies developed to achieve those goals, the resources deployed against those goals, and the quality of implementation. The design, development, and implementation of a stored value card system is a complicated process. Proper product design and pricing are critical to success. If banks do not properly anticipate consumer and merchant behavior for small value transactions, for example, this product may not be widely accepted. Losses also may accrue if the company fails to develop and implement cost-effective point of sale devices and software systems to load and unload the value from the cards. Banks that do not have the expertise to design and service the necessary hardware and therefore decide to contract out for such services may be exposed to risks from poorly conceived contracts for outsourced services, partnership agreements, and other alliances.
Failure to integrate the stored value card system into other bank operations could cause an otherwise successful business plan to fail. The technical hardware and software design should successfully support the stored value card system and be compatible with existing or planned bank systems. Lack of standardization in electronic cash processing, data communication, and transaction security could prevent banks from achieving the volume of business necessary to make stored value card systems viable.
Reputation risk: Reputation risk arises from negative public opinion. For any new product, the reputation of the bank that markets the product is at risk. For example, if a bank provides a stored value card product and subsequently the issuer of the stored value becomes insolvent and defaults, the bank may experience substantial damage to its reputation. Any malfunctions or security breaches that occur also may contribute to reputation risk. There also are risks resulting from potentially of adverse media coverage associated with a brand name. Customer dissatisfaction with the product due to misinformation, lack of information, or failure to resolve problems related to use of the product could result in litigation or adverse publicity that would damage a bank's reputation and subject it to liability.
Compliance risk: Compliance risk arises from violation of, or non- conformance with laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices, or ethical standards. Stored value systems need to be sufficiently flexible to adapt to a changing regulatory environment because many issues that could cause compliance risk have yet to be resolved. For example, the applicability of consumer protection laws and regulations to stored value card transactions is under review. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is in the process of amending Regulation E and has yet to decide how other federal consumer regulations will apply to stored value card systems. Also, the application of the Bank Secrecy Act to such systems is not clear. Finally, states may assert authority over stored value card systems. Thus, for example, banks involved in stored value systems should consider the applicability of state escheat and money transmitter laws.
Even without specific regulatory guidance, issuing banks will need to give consumers basic information about how to use the stored value card. Also, banks will need to be prepared to address consumer questions about electronic cash such as whether electronic cash on stored value cards is federally insured (like deposits) and whether the consumer is exposed to loss if the issuer becomes insolvent or if the card is lost or stolen. (See the Consumer Awareness section of this document for more information.)
Credit risk: Credit risk arises from an obligor's failure to meet the terms of any contract with the bank or otherwise fail to perform as agreed. Credit risk is found in all activities where success depends on counter-party, issuer, or borrower performance. It arises any time bank funds are extended, committed, invested, or otherwise exposed through actual or implied contractual agreements, whether reflected on or off the balance sheet.
Credit risk is the most recognizable risk associated with banking. This definition, however, encompasses more than the traditional definition for lending activities. Credit risk also arises in conjunction with a broad range of bank activities, including selecting investment portfolio product, derivatives trading partners, or foreign exchange counter-parties. Credit risk also arises due to country or sovereign exposure, as well as indirectly through guarantor performance.
In electronic cash systems, a bank that purchases electronic cash from an issuer and then resells it to its customers incurs risk i.e., the risk that the issuer may default on its obligations to redeem the electronic cash.
Liquidity risk: This risk originates from an inability to meet obligations as they come due without incurring unacceptable losses. Banks that issue electronic cash will be responsible for holding and investing the funds used to purchase electronic cash. Such banks should take into account liquidity risk since some investments may not be easily converted to meet redemption demands without incurring unacceptable losses.
Interest rate risk: Interest rate risk arises from movements in interest rates. The economic perspective focuses on the value of the bank in today's interest rate environment and the sensitivity of that value to changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk arises from differences between the timing of rate changes and the timing of cash flows (repricing risk); from changing rate relationships among different yield curves affecting bank activities (basis risk); from changing rate relationships across the spectrum of maturities (yield curve risk); and from interest-related options embedded in bank products (options risk). The evaluation of interest rate risk must consider the impact of complex, illiquid hedging strategies or products, and the potential impact on fee income which is sensitive to changes in interest rates. In those situations where trading is separately managed, this refers to structural positions and not trading portfolios.
The assessment of interest rate risk should consider risk from both an accounting perspective (i.e., the effect on the bank's accrual earnings) and the economic perspective (i.e., the effect on the market value of the bank's portfolio equity).
Issuers of electronic cash may face interest rate risk on the portfolio of investments they hold to provide a pool of funds to redeem their circulating electronic cash.
Foreign exchange risk: This risk is found in cross-border investing and operating activities. Foreign exchange risk arises from accrual accounts denominated in foreign currency, including loans, deposits, and equity investments. Banks may choose to accept foreign currencies in payment for electronic cash or structure stored value card systems that accept multiple currencies. In both instances, the bank may be exposed to the risk associated with fluctuations of foreign exchange rates. It should therefore ensure that it possesses the necessary expertise, such as the ability to conduct ongoing revaluations of currency, before it accepts foreign currency transactions.
* References in this guidance to national banks or banks generally should be read to include federal savings associations (FSA). If statutes, regulations, or other OCC guidance is referenced herein, please consult those sources to determine applicability to FSAs. If you have questions about how to apply this guidance, please contact your OCC supervisory office.


text:
KA'UPULEHU, Hawaii, Jan. 19 (UPI) -- Fred Couples fired a 7-under 65 Saturday to catch Bernhard Langer, already in the clubhouse with a 64, to share the Mitsubishi Electric Championship lead.
Langer was the first to reach 14-under for the two rounds, but Couples joined him there, rolling home a 12-footer for a birdie at No. 17 to secure a share of the top spot with the German in the season-opening event.
Each finished 36 holes at 14-under-par 130 at Hualalai Golf Club.
Mark O'Meara (65) grabbed sole possession of third place at 13-under.
David Frost (64), Jeff Sluman (66) and Steve Elkington (67) shared fourth at minus-12.
Overnight leader Rocco Mediate, battling an injured left hip, fell to a 70, ending the day in seventh-place tie with Tom Lehman (66) one shot further back.


text:
|OpenBSD General Other questions regarding OpenBSD which do not fit in any of the categories below.
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I.P addressing confusion
I'm wanting to set up a network. I'm still confused as to how to set it up. I think the easiest design is to have a switch on my border router. On this switch will be the servers. Also attached to this switch will be an OpenBSD box. This will be a dedicated firewall. On it will be another switch. And the machines on the internal network will be attached to this switch. In the book "building Internet firewalls"(o'reilly) this set up is described as a screened subnet architecture. However the external interface on the OpenBSD dedicated firewall will have to get it's I.P via dhcp (192.168.1.*) from the border router. That or it can be a static I.P on the same subnet as the border routers dhcp range 192.168.1.*(but outside the dhcp range) but that would be trickier. The internal interface of this dedicated firewall would be static and on a different subnet as the external interface (192.168.2.*). Then this internal interface could give out I.Ps to the internal network that are on 192.168.2.*. If it did N.A.T for packets from the internal network. But then N.A.T would be being done twice; once by the OpenBSD dedicated firewall and once on the border router, before going off to the net.
Or is it a better approach to NOT do N.A.T on the OpenBSD firewall and have all I.Ps on the whole network assigned as static(outside of the border router's dhcp range, but all on the same subnet(192.168.1.*))?.
Basically is there any point in the OpenBSD box doing dhcp and N.A.T for hosts on the internal network?. I guess the answer is no. But i just wanted to hear your opinions, if you have the time.
The border router is a home router. I wanted to have a normal triple-homed dedicated firewall and put it in the border router's DMZ but it proved unpredictable and tricky. So i just wondered what the best I.P addressing scheme would be for my newer way.
Thank you for your time. And fare ye well
I have the following setup
I N T E R N E T | | | -------------|--------------- 85.xxx.xxx.xxx external interface Speedtouch Router internal interface 10.0.0.138 -------------|--------------- | | -------------|--------------- 10.0.0.200 external interface OpenBSD Firewall internal interface 192.168.0.1/24 -------------|--------------- | | ---|--- switch ---|--- | | -------------|--------------- 192.168.0.10/24 Desktop -----------------------------
Because the Speedtouch router only knows the 10.0.0.0 network it has to be told that incoming packets (the replies) for the 192.168.0.0 network have to be sent to the 10.0.0.200 interface.
In other words, this 10.0.0.200 interface is the gateway for the 192.168.0.0 network. On the Speedtouch I added the following static route:
Destination Source Gateway Intf 192.168.0.0/24 10.0.0.138/32 10.0.0.200 eth0
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump
The border router is just a home router. It's not very configurable. erm why wouldn't just assigning a static internal I.P address for hosts on the internal network work? and have all interfaces on the same subnet(192.168.1.*), just only the OpenBSD dedicated firewall's external interface get it's I.P via dhcp from the border router. I think with the border router that i've got at the moment i have to either do this or hope that it does N.A.T and routing for hosts on another private subnet i.e 192.168.2.*. And either do N.A.T twice or just try using the different subnets anyhow. It's just a home router though.
Thank you very much for your reply.
The border router has it's own firewall. The OpenBSD box was going to be just the firewall for the internal network. So i have a firewall protecting the servers(on the border router) and a firewall protecting the internal network. The OpenBSD box would just separate the internal network from the perimeter network and control access between these two areas. Like i say i tried to have the OpenBSD box as a triple-homed box that was in the border router's DMZ but this proved too tricky, due to the fact that the border router is just a home router.
What i needed to know is: Is it alright to have all interfaces apart from the OpenBSD dedicated firewall's external interface configured as static internal addresses that are all on the same subnet as the border router's internal interface(192.168.1.*) but are outside of the dhcp range(addresses that the border router gives out)?. Or should i assign a static internal I.P address for the OpenBSD box's internal interface that is on a different subnet to it's external interface(192.168.2.*) and then have this internal interface do dhcp and N.A.T for the internal network and give out addresses to the internal network that are on the 192.168.2.* subnet?.
So should i do:
192.168.2.10 192.168.1.67 192.168.1.254 (int interface) (ext interface) (internal interface) |--------------| |border router | -----|--------------| OpenBSD |----------------|---------------|----------------| | |--------------| | 192.168.2.20 | internal host servers on 192.168.1.*
The diagram is slightly simplified. Obviously switches are involved(the servers and the OpenBSD box are on a switch that is attached to the border router. The internal host(s) are on a switch that is attached to the OpenBSD firewall box). Also i'm very sorry to keep bothering you all. I really am very grateful for all the help i'm getting. I understand if you don't want to help me any further.
Thank you for your time and replies.
Regards unixjingleman
The diagram doesn't look anything like it did when i drew it. I'm sorry i don't know why this is. It is meant to indicate that the border router's internal interface has an I.P of 192.168.1.254. The OpenBSD box is supposed to have an external I.P of 192.168.1.67. And an internal address of 192.168.2.10.
Right so having all the interfaces in the whole network on 192.168.1.* and static/outside of the dhcp range of the border router is alright. O.K please ignore my previous posts. That's all i wanted to know. Sorry to keep bothering you. Just ignore. I'll get on with building the network now. Unless there are any further points?. Does pf do N.A.T by default?.
Thank you so much for all the advice. It must be trying helping n00bs?.
PF User's Guide & the section on NAT will be highly worth your time.
The alternative is to attach a diagram created by some other means, but attachments take more time of potential responders. If your goal is for people to respond, making sure that messages have all information clearly presented upon first viewing helps. Personally, I don't care for attachments.
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text:
How are you this morning?" I had enquired. "Fine, thanks be to God," he had
His initial greeting had been "peace be with you", which I'd last heard as a
Christian embrace at St Michael's Catholic Church, Dunedoo, country NSW. Saleh
embodies the politeness and the graciousness that underscores legendary Arab
hospitality. The only impolite thing I ever heard an Arab say has been: "Thy
mother mated with a scorpion." And that was uttered by the well-known
Mexican-born Greek and Arab, Anthony Quinn, in David Lean's 1962 cinema classic
Lawrence of Arabia.
As a destination, Oman takes away the breath with its carefully conserved
Arabian heritage and an unspoiled natural environment that ranges from beaches
to mountains. Its vision for the future is as commendable as its respect for the
past and, where elsewhere these two would provide a dramatic contrast, in Oman
it's a seamless progression.
Why don't we know more about this fascinating place that is bigger than
France? Dubai, Bahrain and even Qatar have pulled out all stops to become the
flashy cultured pearls of the Arabian Peninsula. But as recently as man walking
on the moon, Oman closed its doors to the world, literally and figuratively.
Until 1970, the great wooden gates to its capital, Muscat, would shut each
evening at dusk as a symbolic defence against anything that might corrupt
Islamic and Arabic traditions.
Today's Oman, however, is both progressive and impressive. The vision and
benevolence of the current Sultan Qaboos bin Said are qualities that can give
absolute authority a good name. Change is no longer feared in Oman but nor is it
embraced for no good reason.
Oman has been called the yin to Dubai's high-rise theme-park yang. And maybe
nature has an explanation for this. Where Dubai is flat and featureless, Oman is
dramatically mountainous and its landscape impossibly diverse.
Oman is a destination that rewards the traveller more than the tourist. It
may take 20 or even 100 experiences to come to terms with the character, the
appeal and the spirit of the place. But, for a start, here are my top 10
1 MUSCAT AND MUTTRAH MUSCAT is a cluster of white
buildings and gold minarets sparkling against a backdrop of jagged brown
mountains that fold around it like the pleated robes of a protective parent. It
has defiantly maintained its old-world character and charm, but pampered parks,
gardens and nature strips contradict its desert heritage. Muscat and the
commercial centre of Muttrah are twin towns separated by 2km of sweeping coast
The Corniche, with its promenade, makes it possible to walk from Muscat to
Muttrah with its famous souk (market) and vibrant trading activity. The Sultan
of Oman is an avid environmentalist with a particular aversion to visual
pollution. As a result, buildings in the capital are limited to nine storeys,
which keeps historic forts, castles, mosques and towers prominent on the
Muscat, its port and its palace, are guarded by two forts built during
Portuguese occupation in the 16th century.
2 BAIT AZ-ZUBAIR MUSEUM AS early as 3000BC, Oman was
exporting copper to Mesopotamia (much of which is now Iraq and Syria) and by
1000BC was an important link in the spice trade with India. The Omanis'
excellent navigational skills made them great maritime traders and by 740AD they
had opened a major trading route with China.
This strategic importance made them a target for foreign invaders and, in the
16th century, the Portuguese occupied much of Oman in their bid to control trade
between Europe and the East. The thriving commercial centre has been ameeting
place of many cultures and races over the years and, in a quiet corner of
Muscat, Bait Az-Zubair displays the magic and mystique of Omani heritage. Here
is the most comprehensive collection of artefacts from the Sultanate-traditional
weapons, jewellery, costumes, ceramics and art-which convey a rich perspective
of Arab life and culture. A visit here immediately instils the respect Oman
3 MUTTRAH SOUK MUSCAT'S Muttrah Souk is generally
regarded as the most atmospheric of any on the Arabian Peninsula. Its labyrinth
of alleyways exudes deep mystery as well as a heady aroma of exotic perfumes and
aromatic spices. Dusty shafts of light also reveal the usual cheap market tat
ranging from daggy to Disney. Think: vinyl shoes, fluorescent T-shirts, American
baseball caps and cutesy toys.
But a mystique and authenticity is protected by the traditional (decorative
khanjar daggers, colourful kaftans, intricate jewellery and frankincense), which
have forever been the mainstays of the souk. Good-natured haggling is an
intrinsic element of the experience, as are theatrical performances of outrage
and agony. But an unexpected code of honour exists here, too, and if the price
you settle on is generous, the trader will often include a small free gift.
4 NIZWA IN all fairness to Nizwa, it was probably dubbed
"the pearl of Islam" centuries before the "pearl" cliche became the principal
gem in the crown jewels of tourism prose. So forgive it for that, and just
accept that historically and spiritually Nizwa has special significance for
A comfortable two hours' drive from Muscat, Nizwa was the capital of Oman
during the sixth and seventh centuries and has traditionally been the home of
writers, poets, intellectuals and political leaders.
Many of the former imams (elected religious and political leaders) of Oman
are buried in Nizwa. Today's main attractions for the visitor are the dramatic
17th-century fort--considered the most important historic site in Oman--and the
fascinating souk which, on Fridays, extends its trading activities to include a
goat and cattle market.
Nizwa's souk is great theatre, not the least for its colourful cast of
Bedouin traders and their exotically attired women, but for the walled setting
and giddy array of fabrics, leather goods, weapons, silverware, jewellery and
5 JABEL SHAMS WHEN the temperature creeps into the
mid-40s on the coast, Omanis head for Jabal Shams (Mountain of the Sun) where it
never gets above the low-20s.
Visitors to Oman head for the Sultanate's highest peak at any time for its
spectacular scenery and to trek the Jabal Shams Rim, a track that teeters around
the edge of a sheer 1500m canyon wall. It is still possible to see the remains
of ancient cliff dwellings once occupied by Persian settlers.
The real name of the canyon (unfortunately billed as Grand Canyon by tourist
operators) is Wadi Ghul gorge, and its residents are skilled weavers who sell
hand-woven rugs to visitors.
6 SURSUR is an ancient seaport on the east coast about
four hours by road from Muscat. The drive to the interior climbs through the
eerie moonscape of the Hajar Mountains but, down on the coast, the road follows
the beautiful coastline past Fins and Tiwi dotted with exotic wadis (waterholes)
such as Wadi Al Shab, a lush oasis of palm, mango and banana trees.
Traditionally built wooden dhows still ride at anchor in Sur's sheltered
harbour and, for less than 50 cents, the traveller can be ferried across the
lagoon to Al Ayja, a village isolated for centuries and protected by imposing
watchtowers and forts.
Al Ayja remains as shy and mysterious as a hermit crab in a beautiful shell
and approaching it by ferry is one of the truly magic moments still on offer in
global travel. There's drama, too, in the 300-year-old Sunaysilah Castle, which
dominates the skyline above Sur.
7 WAHIBA SANDSMOST of the desert areas of Oman are flat
sand and gravel plains, but Wahiba Sands is desert in the romantic sense of the
Ranging in colour from amber to ochre, the sands stretch 180km north to south
and 80km east to west. The Wahibas extend from the eastern Hajars to the Arabian
Sea and comprise dunes up to 130m high plus surprisingly extensive woodlands on
the eastern fringe and a spectacular unspoiled coastline.
The Wahibas are the traditional home of the nomadic Bedouin and the adopted
home of the dune-bashing fraternity in their bucking and sliding four-wheel
drives. A number of adventure travel operators offer desert tours with overnight
accommodation in comfortable "Bedouin-style" tents.
8 KHASAB KHASAB and the Musandam Peninsula are almost
one and the same, because Musandam is the smallest, and most northerly, region
of Oman.
It is separated from the rest of the country by the United Arab Emirates but
its population of about 35,000 is defiantly and proudly Omani. Khasab, the main
town, is about a 350km drive from Muscat.
The iconic attraction here is Khasab Fort overlooking the harbour and
representing the town's eastern line of defence. Within its walls is a massive
central tower that predates both the fort and the arrival of the Portuguese in
the 16th century. Khasab's souk offers many imported Iranian goods, and its
picturesque harbour is an attraction in itself.
Another standout Musandam attraction is Daba at the southeast end of the
peninsula and the gateway to the region, which has a harbour full of traditional
fishing and trading vessels plus a beautiful white-sand beach.
9 SALALAHSALALAH is the capital of Dhofar in the extreme
south of Oman, a region that shares borders with Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
Twelve hours by road or a one-hour flight from Muscat, it is popular for its
climate, environment and historic interest. A summer monsoon season from June to
September transforms the region into something of a rainforest with lagoons,
waterfalls and exotic gardens.
This is also where the olibanum tree, which produces frankincense, grows and,
for those who subscribe to The Bible's account of ancient history, would have
been the source of the Magis' gift.
The mountain of Jabal Qara boasts a site believed to be the tomb of the
Prophet Ayoub, known to Christians as Job of the Old Testament. During most of
the year, Salalah serves as Oman's resort playground, a place for scuba diving,
sailing, jet skiing and beach activities.
10 THE SULTAN QABOOS GRAND MOSQUESUITABLY attired
visitors are welcome at Muscat's Grand Mosque, and a vast library and hall of
computers perpetuate a key role of mosques. They have existed throughout the
Islamic world and throughout the various golden eras
of Islam as centres for learning and thinking. The mosque is not only a place of
worship but a place for the dissemination of information and culture.
You may dwell on that truth at length, but the immediate impact will be the
beauty of the epic 416,000sqm complex and a prayer hall with a capacity for more
than 6500. Four hundred women worked for more than three years to produce the
magnificent prayer hall carpet.
How alien and aloof is this mysterious faith? Our guide Saleh answers the big
question. "This carpet is in the Guinness Book of Records," he tells me,


text:
My aim before death:
1. go to Florence +the machine
2.find my hobby
3. travel to Spain and Brazil
Jump to navigation
Watch the video and use the subtitles and the transcript to help you understand.
Hi, guys. My name is Asha and this video is for British Council's LearnEnglish Teens online magazine and YouTube channel, and today I just wanted to talk about bucket lists – which are lists that you wanna accomplish things, like, by a certain age, or just before the end of life itself … but I just wanted to sit down and share some of them with you guys.
1) One thing I would really love to do one day and that is to visit Australia and New Zealand, and spend like a good three or four months there and really get to know the place.
2) One of the things I would love to do is see England play in a … er … football match, like a World Cup football match or a Euro football match. Just because I have been a supporter of England, even though people say they're not very good, I personally am always a supporter of England and I would just love to see them play live.
3) Another one would be I would love to go interrailing, which is where you can go on a train and visit different countries in Europe, um, by a train ticket and I think it would be an amazing experience to do it and just to see different places of Europe and how different they are to each other.
4) I would also love to swim with dolphins. The people who know me – friends and family – know that I am, like, petrified of animals, um, when they come near me. But swimming with dolphins has always been something I have wanted to do when I was little, so that has always been on my bucket list. I'm not gonna lie, though. I probably would be freaking out in the water where the dolphins are when I first, like, get in, but that is, that is, that is gonna happen, soon.
5) The next one would be … I don't know how many I've said … would be to hit 10,000 subscribers on my own YouTube. Just because it's always been a dream and … since I was little. Again, these bucket list, erm, things have been since I was little … which you guys can help me achieve and subscribe to my channel, but, um, no, only joking, only if you like my channel.
6) And the last one I can remember from the top of my head is to do a colour run. Like, running just by yourself seems slightly boring, personally. But, a colour run seems so fun, throwing colours, colour sprays all around. Like, that is something I would like to do. And that is a doable one, so I should really get that done this year.
But that is … the only ones I can think of right now. Comment down below, erm, things that are on your bucket list. I would love to know and maybe I will steal some of them and put them on my bucket list if I think, 'You know what? I would love to do that too.' Do not forget to like this video and do not forget to subscribe so you don't miss out on all these videos. And I will see you in the next one. Bye!
What's on your bucket list?
My aim before death:
1. go to Florence +the machine
2.find my hobby
3. travel to Spain and Brazil
I'd like to travel around the world to try traditional food
I would like to go to L.A or Canada I hope it will fulfill.
I would like to try bungee jumping because I like adrenaline. The second dream is to have a house in the mountains where I will relax.
I would like to fly to Dominicana. I like swimming in the awsomely-blue water. The seconds dreams is to visit all beaches in the world.
I wish I could go someday and watch the Olympics Games in person,but not on TV again!
My bucket list consists of many DVD-disks.
I like your wish to swim with dolphins.
My bucket list is not too large:
1 Swimming with dolphins at sea.
2 Visit the North and South Pole by boat.
3 And finally visit Asia.
Well number 3 and 7 is definitely possible! :) Asha x
Thank you so much! I hope everything of this comes true!!!
Well, all these seem impossible, but I have always wanted to do these things:
1. Become an astro physicist and maybe, help others to live in Saturn. Guys, it's the latest news, the Cassini-Hungyens has found out signs of life in one of Saturn's moons. So....?
2. Meet Harry Potter. Not the real one, the one in the book. And maybe study in Hogwarts.
3. Become an Youtuber like Asha.
4. Make the Earth garbage free.
5. Invent a time machine and kill Adolf Hitler before he killed the Jews. 'The boy in striped pyjamas' really moved me!
6. Make myself a Yo-kai watch. For those who don't know about it, it is a watch that enables us to see the dead spirits that are responsible for our feelings.
7. Become a successful author like JK Rowling.
© British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland).


text:
What people are saying - Write a review
Earth and Sky shattering book !!!! I read it in Bulgarian my mother's tongue.... I had no idea Bulgaria had a living Literary Giant of the caliber of Kazantzakis... Makes one think if Bulgaria has given birth to men of the caliber of Manol, the main protagonist of the book and movie, then this nation will rise.... I have been fishing in the Rhodope mountain lakes as a kid and they are truly magical... but after I read this book, I started to look at that region of the world with an entirely different outlook... I plan to visit villages in that region and meet people and take photos....
Rami E. Kremesti M.Sc.
Founder BONKA.BG
One of the best books I have read. It should be historical, but I think is about a values of life and faith. Three brothers one converted in Islam, the other two are still Christians - ready to lose them life, but sticking in its predecessors' religion. They received more support from them Islamic neighbors then coming up rapists. The destiny is curving in different aspects, but the end is loaded with a lot of hope.
It is worth reading this book.


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Playa Flamenca – This fabulous Detached Villa is built on a plot of 750m2 and located in Playa Flamenca and only a minutes walk from La Zenia Boulevard and all amenitities. The property consists of 4 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, living/dining area and a independent fully fitted kitchen. The property benefits from air conditioning, underfloor heating in the living room, private garden, terraced areas and a BBQ area. The property also offers a a fully equipped gym and sunbed on the top floor and a private swimming pool and garage.
Playa Flamenca is located beachside of the N332 and partially inland in the Orihuela Costa on the South Costa Blanca. It´s in close proximity to La Zenia, Los Dolses and Punta Prima.
This location boasts a good selection of bars, shops and restaurants in various commercial centres with the largest being Flamenca Beach. In addition, just a few minutes drive away is the recently opened Zenia Boulevard shopping mall, which is the largest shopping centre in the province of Alicante. Described by many people as a small city it has streets, squares, fountains, daily concerts and events which bring it to life. The Shopping Centre has been designed for both enjoyment and entertainment with over 150 shops including, Alcampo, Decathlon, Primark, Leroy Merlin, Conforama, Norauto, Media Markt, Zara, Lefties, H&M, C&A, Massimo Dutti and many more including a mouth-watering selection of places to eat.
Every Saturday a main road in the heart of Playa Flamenca is closed off and transformed into the site for the huge weekly market where everything and anything is available, from fresh fruit and veg' to the latest gadgets
As the name suggests, part of Playa Flamenca is coastal displaying its own beach, however there are a number of fine quality white sandy beaches nearby including Torrevieja, La Zenia, Cabo Roig, and Campoamor. All of them have been awarded the European Blue Flag which signifies high standards of water cleanliness, safety and good family facilities.
Flight access to the area is excellent with two main airports in close proximity. Alicante airport is a 40 minute drive away and Murcia airport is just 30 minutes. From Playa Flamenca it's just a 10 minute drive to four championship golf courses, Las Ramblas, Campoamor, Las Colinas and Villamartin.
In addition to golf there is an array of other activities to keep the whole family entertained including Go-Karting, Horse Riding, Bowling, Waterparks, Fairgrounds, all kinds of Watersports, Paint Balling, 10 Pin Bowling, Theatres & Cinemas to name a few.
Over recent years the area has been linked up with the coastal motorway network affording easy access via convenient exits from the local AP7 motorway.
Playa Flamenca enjoys a warm Mediterranean climate with over 300 days of sunshine, long days and relatively low rainfall. August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 29°C (84.2°F); the coldest is January at 11°C (51.8°F) with a maximum of 12 hours sunshine per day in July. The best month to swim in the sea is August when the average sea temperature is 25°C (77°F).
Save time, money and effort by working with us, we collaborate with the vast majority of local agencies giving you access to over 5,000 resale, new build and bank repossessed properties in the South Costa Blanca Region.
We are an approved member of the AIPP (The Association of International Property Professionals) and offer the following services in house and via our preferred professional partners, they include the following – Extensive Property Search, Negotiation, Independent Lawyer, Accountancy, NIE application, Opening of a Bank Account, Finance, Translator, Foreign Currency, Notary, After Sales Service, Tradesmen/Service Providers, Property Management & Property Rentals.
Contact us today for a free no obligation consultation!!


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If returning any product please can you ensure you send it back to us with proof of purchasing, a covering letter and contact details. See terms and conditions for full information on our returns policy.
The shop will now be opening on Mondays from 11am to 4pm.
Our hours are now as follows
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In order to keep staff and visitors as safe as we can, we are asking that you respect our request that all visitors wear some form of face covering. We will ask anyone not following this request to leave the shop.
This is in addition to the hand sanitising that we already have in place.
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A quick look at our remaining exhibitions and dates for 2020
The idea of Digitrains was conceived over the dinner table and grew very slowly as doubts calmed missionary zeal. We finally took the plunge in January 2005 and are fortunate to be dealers for some of the best and most user friendly DCC equipment available.
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