text:
Services on Demand
- Cited by SciELO
- Access statistics
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in SciELO
- Similars in Google
Revista de la ciencia del suelo y nutrición vegetal
On-line version ISSN 0718-2791
R.C. Suelo Nutr. Veg. vol.10 no.2 Temuco 2010
R.C. Suelo Nutr. Veg. 10(2): 158 -169 (2010)
Paula Aguilera1, Gabriela Briceño1, María de la Luz Mora1, Rolando Demanet2, Graciela Palma1*
1Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UTRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
2Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile. *Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com
The aim of this work was to establish the effect of the dose of liquid cow manure (LCM) on some chemical properties and biological activity in an Andisol. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions using an Andisol and LCM from a dairy farm located in the South of Chile. The dose of LCM were the equivalent to 0 (SO), 100 (S100), 200, (S200) and 300 (S300) thousand L ha-1. This amount is equivalent to regular agronomic LCM applications. The chemical characterization indicated that the LCM addition modified all the tested Andisol chemical properties. These begin to return to the initial conditions from 10 days on, with the exception of EC, K and DOC. The C-C02 evolution indicated that LCM incorporation at increasing dose enhanced the respiratory activity. Enzyme activity was greater in the amended soils than in SO. The results of this study indicated that the period of time necessary for the LCM amended soils returning to a similar behavior to SO is more than 10 days, with a strong correlation between the chemical properties of the amended soils and their biological activity, mainly C-C02 evolution.
Keywords: liquid amendment, biological activities, chemical analysis.
In recent years, the number of dairies, especially small scale dairies, in southern Chile has increased, and this growth has been accompanied by the intensification of production systems, with milking herd remaining in confinement during the majority of its productive period, fed with large quantities of concentrate, hay and fodder maize (Zea mays L.) silage (Aguilera et al, 2009).
The high feed requirements of the dairies result in the production of large volumes of liquid cow manure (LCM), which are a mixture of cattle urine, faeces, dairy washing water, rainwater and waste food. The LCM is a liquid amendment that contains less than 15 % of dry matter, containing organic matter with a high content in active functional groups, which also generates an increase in the microbial biomass and presents a high content of dissolved organic matter (Salazar, 2007; Briceño, 2008). The LCM has become an important resource, being recycled and incorporated into the production system. This situation is of great importance in southern Chile, since 80 % of the country's dairies are concentrated in this area (ODEPA, 2010). The application of the LCM to the soil is considered to be a practical solution due to the beneficial effects of its biological and physicochemical properties (Eghball et al, 2005; Wiederholt et al., 2005), such as increasing the soil organic matter content, contributing to nutrient recycling (Demanet et al., 1999), and increasing microbial activity by the direct addition of microorganisms (Balesdent et al, 2000; Chantigny et al, 2002), which together help to increase soil fertility due to LCM is an important source of macro and micronutrients (Aguilera, 1995).
Today, the LCM application is recommended in grassland and fodder maize. It has been shown, that a greater production of these crops is achieved by LCM application to the soil, especially in fodder maize used as a feed for milking herds (Demanet et al., 1999). However after LCM application has been observed that dense weed populations emerge and invade the fodder maize crop. Furthermore, there are weed species with a high capacity to capture the nutrients provided by LCM. Then these become invasive species which are difficult to control (Demanet, 1999).
At present, there is no uniform agronomic management of fodder maize in intensive dairy systems in southern Chile with respect to the LCM dose used, which exceed 300 thousand L ha-1, per year (Demanet et al, 1999; Salazar et al., 2003; Dumont, 2004).
Currently, the use of amendments originated in animal or agricultural waste has become a common worldwide agronomic practice, modifying chemical and biological soil properties (Perucci et al., 2000; Said-Pullicino et al., 2004; Briceño et al, 2007; Perucci et al, 2008). The aim of this study was to evaluate the application effect of increasing LCM dose on the chemical and biological properties in an Andisol. The Andisol under LCM application was analyzed for pH, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The biological activities evaluated were fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis , respiratory activity (C-C02 evolution) and one soil enzyme activity associated to carbon cycling, β-glucosidase.
Soil and LCM
The Andisol used was a Los Lagos series, mesic, Durudands Typic (Andisol) (CIREN, 2003), with a sandy loam texture (500 g sand kg-1, 480 g silt kg-1, 20 g clay kg-1), taken from Fundo Santa Isabel, located in Futrono district (40° 03' 34"S; 72° 32' 46" W), Los Rios Region, Chile. The soil was extracted at 0 - 20 cm depth, sieved through 2 mm and air dried.
A single LCM sample was taken, obtained from an open air lagoon located in the area of the dairy farm. This lagoon was built with a cement base and lateral walls operating as an open system. The LCM application dose corresponded to 0, 100, 200 and 300 thousand L ha-1. In the laboratory, these doses corresponded to 70, 140 and 210 mL kg-1 in one application, assuming LCM distribution in the first 20 cm of depth and a soil density of 0.75 g mL-1.
Chemical LCM and Andisol analyses
LCM was analyzed following Peters et al. (2003) methodology. EC and pH were measured in the diluted LCM. For DOC analysis, the LCM was centrifuged, filtered, freeze-dried and analyzed as total organic carbon using a EURO EA 3000 Elemental Analyser with a Callidus software version 4.1. The experiment was done in duplicate. The obtained values were expressed in mg DOC L-1. Dry matter (DM) content was determined by water evaporation at 70°C until constant weight. The LCM characteristics were: DM 53.0 g L-1, EC 5.9 dS m-1, OM 71.1 mg kg-1, DOC 2,140 mg L-1, pH 7.5, and N 28.6 g kg. DOC in amended and non-amended Andisol was extracted using distilled water in a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10 (w/v) basis dry weight, using 25 g of soil and 250 mL of water. These samples were shaken, centrifuged, filtered and freeze-dried. The total organic carbon was analysed using the method indicated above. The Andisol was characterized as previously described by Briceño et al. (2008). The main soil characteristics were a 5.3 pH in water and OM 18.6 g 100 g-1.
Incubation of the amended Andisol
After LCM application, the different treatments were incubated for 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 days in a dark room with controlled temperature at 20 ± 1 °C. The humidity content was adjusted and maintained by the addition of distilled water, whenever necessary. The amended Andisol were characterized chemically after the previously mentioned periods using the same method as for the non-amended Andisol (Table 1).
Biological analyses
Microbial respiration was determined by measuring C-C02 evolution according to the method described by Alef (1995), in which the C02 produced by the samples is captured by the NaOH solution and the remainder is titled with HC1 0.5 M. This vial containing alkali was removed, BaC12 was added in order to precipitate carbonates, and phenolphthalein was used as indicator. This vial containing alkali was replaced after each measurement. The data were expressed as C-C02 ug g-1 soil. The experiment was made in triplicate. The respiratory rate was fitted to a first order kinetic (Matus et al, 2009).
The measurement of FDA hydrolysis was performed using the methodology described by Adam and Duncan (2001). One gram of sample was extracted and placed in 50 mL centrifuging tubes. A buffer solution of potassium phosphate 7.6 pH was added and enzyme substrate fluorescein diacetate was added, after 10 min. The tubes were closed and incubated at 30 °C in an orbital incubator at 100 rpm for 20 min, at the end of which a solution of chloroform/methanol (2:1) was added to each tube. Then, tubes were then centrifuged for 20 min at 3,000 rpm. Finally, the fluorescein quantity was determined reading the supernatant in a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 490 nm. Each evaluation was done in triplicate, with a blank and a control. The activity degree was evaluated on days 1, 3,5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60.
The data obtained by spectrophotometry were interpolated in a calibration curve using different fluorescein concentration, and then Lig fluorescein g-1 dry soil h-1 was calculated. The Andisol under LCM application incubated for 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 days were used for determining (β-glucosidase activity. The activity of this enzyme was evaluated using the methodology described by Eivazi and Tabatabai (1988).
Statistical Analysis
In each experiment, the experimental units correspond to the amended Andisol (SO, S100, S200 and S300) contained in the bags, which are extracted from sub-samples for each analysis, either for chemical characterization, C-C02 evolution or for biological analysis. Then, correlation between the chemical and biological properties was carried out. In the correlation analysis, the global behavior of biological and chemical analyses was considered in each treatment during the evaluation time. These results were discussed by variance analysis and multiple range test of Tukey, with prior Levene test application for variance homogeneity.
Chemical analyses of Andisol under LCM application
The chemical characterization of the amended and non-amended Andisol was determined over 60 days of incubation (Table 1). The incorporation of increasing LCM dose modified the soil chemical properties.
The S300 treatment always showed differences in respect to the other LCM dose. On incubation day 1, the pH values varied significantly. After 20 incubation days, SO, S100 and S200 were similar, while S300 continued to present a significant difference as compared to the other treatments throughout the 60 incubation days. The OM content on day 1 of incubation presented significant differences between SO and the amended soils. After 5 days S100 was similar to SO.
There were no significant differences after 60 days. The contents of N and P from on day 5 of incubation presented no significant differences between SO, S100 and S200. However the N and P content of S300 remained at high levels throughout the whole incubation period. The EC, K content and DOC presented significant differences between the amended soils during the whole incubation period, showing higher values at the highest dose of LCM.
The pH variation of the amended soils may be explained by the LCM pH close neutral. An increase in the pH of S300 is possibly due to higher exchangeable bases content in this treatment (Valarini et al, 2009). Other studies have reported a similar effect on soil pH after application animal manure (Aguilera et al, 1995; Min et al, 2003; Eghball et al, 2005; Salazar et al, 2007). The increase of pH has been attributed to buffering effect and organic acid in cattle manure (Whalen et al, 2000). The EC was higher in the soils with a greater LCM dose due to the high content of soluble salts present in the added amendment in the present study (Plaza, 2004). The increase in OM resulting from the application of LCM is due to the addition of external OM with a high C content and the efficient metabolic activity of the microorganisms present in the soil (Oades, 1984; Bare, 1992; Islam and Weil, 2000; Min, etal, 2003).
Studies carried out in our laboratory indicate that the addition of LCM in increasing dose produces an initial rise in DOC, which falls to its initial condition after 30 days in amended soils S100 and S200, due probably to the stabilization process as C transformation by microorganisms and adsorption process of DOC in soil. However in S300 it remains higher than in the soil to which no LCM was applied. This increase has beenassociated with higher DOC content in S300 (Briceño et al, 2008).
Differences in respiratory activity
The results indicated that the incorporation of LCM has an effect on C-C02 evolution, with a tendency for greater accumulated C-C02 evolution as the LCM dose increases, it was observed that SO < S100 < S200 < S300. For the highest dose of LCM (S300), the maximum value obtained for accumulated C-C02 was 2,092.20 ug C-C02 g-1; for S200, the value was 1,701.44 μg C-C02g-1; for S100, it was 940.88 μg C-C02 μg-1; and for the soil without liquid manure 632.89 μg C-C02 g1. Significant differences occurred between SO, S100, S200 and S300 for all incubation times (Table 2).
The C-C02 evolution rate constant showed that the amended soils presented a higher C-C02 evolution on day 1 of incubation. There were significant differences between the treatments, presenting S300 the highest rate of respiration. The C-C02 evolution rate constant (day-1) of the amended soil decreased to similar levels to those presented by non-amended soils after 10 incubation days (Figure 1).
Studies carried out in agricultural soils which have been planted repeatedly with maize have reported similar behaviours when mineralization was studied. They showed that the highest production of C-C02 was generated showing the highest production of C-C02 being generated in the soils which presented the highest microbial activity (Barriuso and Houot, 1996).
According to the respiration rate the highest level of respiration in this study was obtained on day 1 of incubation, which coincides with studies done by Barriuso and Houot (1996). This occurs because when LCM is applied, anamendment is being added which has easily degradable substrates, various forms of C available, and a large quantity of exogenous microorganisms (Mondini et ah, 1997; Perucci, 1992). All this aspects can increase microbial activity and the biodegradation of the OM in the soil (Plaza, 2004)
Soil enzymatic activities
The soil enzymatic activities are summarized in Table 3. The LCM incorporation caused an increased in the FDA hydrolysis of amended soils. However, there was less initial activity in the amended soils than in the non-amended soil during the first 3 incubation days.
The FDA hydrolysis increased from 537.42 (ig fluorescein g-1 h-1 representing the soil initial activity, to 1145.93 μg fluorescein g-1 h-1 and 1100.52 μg fluorescein g-1 h-1, after 20 evaluation days in the S200 y S300 treatments, respectively. These values decreased at the final evaluation; however S300 remained with a higher value.
The behaviour of FDA hydrolysis on days 1 and 3 of incubation may be explained as an enzyme inhibition produced by the addition of the amendment to the microbial biomass, which from day 5 would begin the production of hydrolytic enzymes as a symptom of this effect. Some of these enzymes might be of endocellular origin, derived by cell lysis (Perucci et al, 2000). The increase in the FDA hydrolysis after 3 incubation days indicates a higher activity of the microorganisms due to nutrients contribution, pH increment and OM present in the LCM. These factors contributed to the development soil microorganisms (Gallardo e al, 2010).
Other study relates FDA hydrolysis to the degree of composting of the amendment added (Sánchez-Monedero et al, 2008), and also suggests that it can be used to measure of the hydrolytic activity of the microorganisms in the soil (Dumonet et al, 1993). The fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis becomes stabilizes again when the OM in an amendment becomes stabilized, since a smaller quantity of hydrolytic enzymes is available (Perucci et al, 2000). The stabilization process may be considered as the transformation of C through the mineralization carried out by the microorganisms in the soil (Kalbitz et al, 2003), which lead to a constant activity of the microorganisms.
In the present study, the (β-glucosidase activity showed a significant effect (P≤0.05) of LCM application (Table 3). The (β-glucosidase activity increased from 5.9 (μg p-NP g-1 h-1, representing the activity of the non-amended soil, up to 10.2 μg p-NP g-1h-1 in the S300 treatment, after 20 incubation days. These values decreased over the 30 incubation days, except for S300 treatment.
The (β-glucosidase activity has been evaluated in soils from southern Chile under different tillage system being positively related with the total soil carbon (Alvear et al, 2005). The results obtained in this study showed that (β-glucosidase activity increased as amendment was added to the soil, coinciding with the findings of Deng and Tabatabai (1996), who found that the activity of this enzyme rises with increased accumulation of OM and carbon content in the soil. Various studies indicate that (β-glucosidase activity is related to the soil OM content, its humidity and the transformation produced by the microorganisms to obtain energy. The application of liquid cow manure provides a source of available C which serves as a source of energy especially for enzymes related to the carbon cycle (García-Gil et al, 2004).
Correlation Analyses between chemical and biological amended Andisol properties
The physicochemical properties were analyzed in correlation with the C-C02 evolution and with FDA hydrolysis (Table 4).
A significant inverse correlation was found between the C-C02 evolution in amended soils and their pH values, with S200 and S300 presenting the greatest correlation, indicating that as pH values reduced over time, there was greater C-C02 evolution.
The EC and the C-C02 evolution of the S200 and S300 treatments also showed a significant inverse correlation, indicating that the C-C02 evolution increased as the EC values diminished. A positive correlation was found in the analysis between C-C02 and OM, suggesting that the C-C02 evolution of all the amended soils was greater when the OM content was higher. For the elements N, P and K, there was no correlation between C-C02 and P, however a significant inverse correlation was found between C-C02 and the N content, and a high positive correlation was shown between C-C02 and the K content in all the amended soils.
There was no general trend of correlation with respect to FDA hydrolysis, except between FDA hydrolysis and the P content, for which S200 and S300 showed the highest significant inverse correlation. These relations would indicate that the chemical properties influence microbial activity specially those evaluated by FDA hydrolysis and C-C02 indicators.
Studies carried out by Plaza (2004) and Albarrán et ah, (2004), who used amendments originating from pig production, found that the application of OM added easily degradable compounds, which favours microbial activity and the biodegradation of the OM. Furthermore the incorporation of LCM generates an initial ammonification process as described above and an increase in the concentration of the soluble salts which characterize the LCM (Plaza, 2004).
In the present study a higher respiration rate was found at the start of incubation, which coincides with the greater OM values, subsequently these values start to return to soil values and the respiration rate starts to fall, which would occur due to the stabilization processes occurring in the soil (Kalbitz et al, 2003). According to previous studies, this process starts 10 days after the application of the LCM using the same soil (Aguilera et al, 2009).
The incorporation of increasing dose of LCM modified soil chemical properties. High dose of LCM application resulted in increased the pH values, EC, OM content, nutrients and DOC. The highest amendment dose presented a significant difference as compared to the other treatments throughout the 60 incubation days. The respiration activity of the amended soils increased with the increasing dose of LCM. The C-C02 evolution rate constant showed that amended soils presented a higher C-C02 evolution levels on 1 incubation day. The amended soils which were incubated for more than 10 days presented a constant rate of respiration. The soil enzymatic activities indicated that LCM incorporation caused an increased in the FDA hydrolysis and the β-glucosidase of amended soils. Although there was an initial inhibition in the FDA hydrolysis.
In the study it was found that the incorporation of increasing dose of LCM modified the chemical and biological properties of the soil and that there is a correlation between the chemical properties of the soils amended and the biological activity, mainly C-C02 evolution. An adequate LCM utilization could to contribute to improve the Management Practices in the intensive dairy systems in southern Chile.
This study was financed by the project FONDECYT 1070568.
Adam, G., Duncan, H. 2001. Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a range of soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 33, 943-951. [ Links ]
Aguilera, P., Briceflo, G., Candía, M, Mora, ML., Demanet, R., Palma, G. 2009. Effect of dairy manure rate and the stabilization time of amended soils on atrazine degradation. Chemosphere 77, 785-790.
Aguilera, S., Borie, G, Mora, ML. y Demanet, R 1995. Los purines en la fertilidad del suelo. Frontera Agrícola (Chile) 3 (1) 36-42. [ Links ]
Aguilera, S., Borie, G, Peirano, P., Mora, ML., Demanet, R 1995. Caracterización de purines para su potencial uso como fertilizante y mejorador de suelos. Agrie. Téc. (Chile) 55, 251-256.
Albarrán, A., Celis, R, Hermosín, M., López-Pifleiro, A., Cornejo, J. 2004. Behaviour of simazine in soil amended with the final residue of the olive-oil extraction process. Chemosphere 54,717-724.
Alef, K. 1995. Estimation of soil respiration. In: K. Alef y P. Nannipieri (Eds). Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, London, pp. 464-467. [ Links ]
Alvear, M, López, R, Rosas, A., Rouanet, J., Borie, F. 2005. Effects of three soil tillage systems on some biological activities in an Ultisol from southern Chile. Soil Till. Res. 82, 195-202. [ Links ]
Balesdenta, J., Chenub, C, Balabaneb, M. 2000. Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage. Soil Till. Res. 53,215-230.
Beare, M, Parmelee, R., Hendrix, P., Cheng, W., Coleman, D, Crossley, A. 1992. Microbial and faunal interactions and effects on litter nitrogen and decomposition in agroecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 6, 569-591. [ Links ]
Barriuso, E., Houot, S. 1996. Rapid mineralization of the s-triazine ring of atrazine in soils in relation to soil management. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28, 1341-1348. [ Links ]
Briceflo, G, Palma, G, Duran, N. 2007. Influence of organic amendment on the biodegradation and movement of pesticides. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec. 37, 233-271.
Briceflo, G, Demanet, R, Mora, ML., Palma, G 2008. Effect of liquid cow manure on andisol properties and atrazine adsorption. J. Environ. Qual. 37, 1519-1526.
CIREN. 2003. Descripciones de suelos, materiales y símbolos. Estudio agrológico X Región. Tomo II. 412 p. Publicación N° 123. Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales (CIREN), Santiago (Chile). Available in http://www.ciren.cl/cirenxml/informacion/suelos/es_publicaciones.htm. [ Links ]
Chantigny, M., Angers, D., Rochette, P. 2002. Fate of carbon and nitrogen from animal manure and crop residues in wet and cold soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 509-517. [ Links ]
Demanet, R, Aguilera, M, Mora, M. 1999. Efecto de la aplicación de purines sobre el sistema suelo-planta. Frontera Agrícola. (Chile) 5, 87-94. [ Links ]
Deng, S., Tabatabai, M 1996. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils. II Glycosidases. Biol.Fértil.Soils. 22, 208-213. [ Links ]
Dumont, J. 2004. Manejo eficiente de purines. In: I.d.I. Agropecuarias (Editor), Informativo Remehue N° 21, Osorno (Chile). [ Links ]
Dumontet, S., Perucci, P., Scopa, A., Ricciardi, A. 1993. Solfonylureas: preliminary study on the effect on selected microbial strains and soil respiration. Soil Sci. 1, 193-198. [ Links ]
Entry, J., Emmingham, W. 1995. The influence of dairy manure on atrazine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in pasture soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 75, 379-383. [ Links ]
Eghball, B., Wienhold, R, Woodbury, R, Eigenberg, R. 2005. Plant availability of phosphorus in swine slurry and cattle feedlot manure. Agron. J. 97, 542-548. [ Links ]
Farenhorst, A., Reimer, M, Londry, K., Saiyed, I. 2006. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid mineralization in amended soil. J. Env. Sci.Heal. B 41, 509-522. [ Links ]
Gallardo, F., Bravo, C, Briceflo, G, Diez, M.C. 2010. Use of sludge from Kraft mill wastewater treatment as improver of volcanic soils: Effect on soil biological parameters. J. Soil Sc. Plant. Nutr. 6, 64-83.
García-Gil, J., Plaza, C, Senesi, N., Brunetti, G, Polo, A. 2004. Effects of sewage sludge amendment of humic acids and microbiological properties of a semiarid Mediterranean soil. Biol. Fértil.Soils. 39, 320-328. [ Links ]
Getenga, Z. 2003. Enhanced mineralization of atrazine in compost-amended soil in laboratory studies. B. Environ. Contam. Tox. 71, 933-941. [ Links ]
Houot, S., Topp, E., Yassir, A., Soulas, G. 2000. Dependence of accelerated degradation of atrazine on soil pH in french and Canadian soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 615-625. [ Links ]
Houot, S., Barriuso, E., Bergheaud, V. 1998. Modification to atrazine degradation pathways in loamy soil after addition of organic amendments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 2147-2157. [ Links ]
Huang, X., Lee, S. 2001. Effects of dissolved organic matter from animal waste effluent on chlorpyrifos sorption by soils. J. Environ. Qual. 30:1258-1265. [ Links ]
Islam, K., Weil, R. 2000. Soil quality indicator properties in mid-Atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management. J. Soil Water Conserv. 55, 69-78. [ Links ]
Kalbitz, K., Schwesig, D., Schmerwitz, J., Kaiser, K., Haumaier, L., Glaser, B., EUerbrock, R., Leinweber , P. 2003. Changes in properties of soil derived dissolved organic matter induced by biodegradation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 1129-1142.
Matus, F., Panichini, M., Godoy, R., Borie, F. 2009. Soil carbon storage in allophanic soils: Study of a pristine Nothofagus pumilio in the upper altitudinal limit of temperate rain forest. Academia Press. Belgium (in Press). [ Links ]
Mn, D., Islam, K., Vough, L., Weil, R 2003. Dairy manure effects on soil quality properties and carbon sequestration in alfalfa-orchard grass systems. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 34, 781-799 [ Links ]
Moorman, T., Cowan, J., Arthur, E., Coats, J. 2001. Organic amendments to enhance herbicide biodegradation in contaminated soils. Biol. Fértil. Soils. 33, 541-545. [ Links ]
Mondini, C, Sánchez-Monedero, M, Leita, L., Bragato, G., De Nobili, M 1997. Carbon and ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of the microbial biomass in rewetted compost samples. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 28, 113-122. [ Links ]
Oades, J.M. 1984. Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil. 76, 319-337. [ Links ]
ODEPA, 2010. Ministerio de Agricultura (Chile). Estadísticas lácteas semestrales. Available in www.odepa.cl. [ Links ]
Perucci, P. 1992. Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in a field soil amended with municipal refuse. Biol. Fert. Soils. 14, 54-60. [ Links ]
Perucci, P., Dumontet, S., Bufo, S., Mazzatura, A., Casucci, C. 2000. Effects of organic amendent and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass. Biol. Fértil. Soils. 32, 17-23. [ Links ]
Perucci, P., Monaci, E., Onofri, A., Vischetti, C, Cassucci, C. 2008. Changes in physic-chemical and biochemical parameters of soil following addition of wood ash: a field experiment. Eur. J. Agron. 28, 155-161. [ Links ]
Plaza, C, Hernández, D., García-Gil, J., Polo, A. 2004. Microbial activity in pig slurry-amended soils under semiarid conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 36,1577-1585. [ Links ]
Salazar, F., Dumont, J., Santana, M, Pain, B, Chadwick, D., & Owen. E. 2003. Prospección del manejo y utilización de purines de lecherías en el Sur de Chile. Arch. Med. Vet. (Chile) 35, 215-225. [ Links ]
Salazar, F., Dumont, J., Chadwick, D. 2007. Caracterización de purines de lecherías en el Sur de Chile. Agrie. Téc. (Chile) 67 (2), 155-162.
Sánchez-Monedero, M, Mondini, C, Cayuela, M, Roig, A., Contin, M., De Nobili, M. 2008. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, respiration and microbial biomass in freshly amended soils. Biol. Fértil. Soils. 44, 885-890. [ Links ]
Sluszny, C, Graber, E., Gerstl, Z. 1999. Sorption of s-triazine herbicides in organic matter amendment soils: fresh and incubated systems. Water Air Soil Poll. 115, 395-410. [ Links ]
Valarini, P., Curaqueo, G, Seguel, A., Manzano, K., Rubio, R., Cornejo, P., Borie, F. 2009. Effect of compost application on some properties of a volcanic soil from central South Chile. Chilean J. Agrie. Res. 69 (3) 416-425. [ Links ]
Whalen, J., Chang, C, Clayton, G, Carefoot, J. 2000. Cattle manure amendements can increase the pH of acidic soils. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, 962-966. [ Links ]
Wanner, U., Fuhr, F., Burauel, P. 2005. Influence of the amendment of corn straw on the degradation behavior of the fungicide dithianon in soil. Environ. Pollut. 133, 63-70. [ Links ]
Wiederholt, R., Franzen, D., Johnson, B 2005. Livestock Manure Utilization in No-till cropping systems. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science. 701, 231-7881. [ Links ]


text:
Ari , her mother , and Miley ( ari's little sister)...
Baby horan54994047
- by ms.happygirl101
- Rating:
- Published: 20 Mar 2014
- Updated: 9 Aug 2014
- Status: In Progress
Summer underwood was a normal 17 year old with a normal life until she secretly entered in a club and had sex with Niall Horan . That's. Right THE NIALL HORAN FROM 1D. 3 weeks later she realizes she is pregnant with niall's baby
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
Loading ...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Eggplant with Lamb
(Etli Patlican)
1 medium-size eggplant, peel the eggplant in lengthwise strips. Cut in medium size. Soak in 2 cups of water with salt for about 20 minutes
1/2 cup sunflower oil
~300 g lamb, cut in bite size
2 tbsp butter
1-2 garlic cloves, chopped
2-3 green onions, chopped
1 cubanelle pepper, cut in bite size
1 large tomato, peeled, diced
2 tbsp crushed tomato, canned
3/4 cup warm water
Squeeze the eggplants with your hand and dry them with paper towel. Fry the eggplants on both sides until light golden colour. Afterwards, place on a paper towel to absorb any extra oil.
Meanwhile cook the the lamb cubes with their own juice. Add the butter, garlic, green onion, cubanelle pepper, tomato, crushed tomato, salt and pepper, stir. Cover and cook for about 7-8 minutes at low heat. Then add the eggplants and warm water. Cook for about 10 more minutes at low heat. Turn the heat off.
Serve the Eggplant with Lamb a Pilaf and Cacık on the side.
2 servings.
Labels: Lamb- Beef -Veal


text:
Book Direct with the Owner at House Boats with our Accommodation Sydney Agent in , for all your holiday and travel needs.
Address: 161 Tweed Valley Way, Murwillumbah NSW 2484
Address: Wray Street, Batemans Bay NSW 2536
Address: 3008 River Road, Wisemans Ferry NSW 2775
Address: 414 Buronga NSW 2739 Australia, Buronga NSW 2739
Address: Dockside Marina Dockside Dr, Mildura VIC 3500
Address: Pitman Avenue, Merbein VIC 3505
Address: 6 Meadow Grove, Mildura VIC 3500
Address: 91 - 125 Etiwanda Avenue, Mildura VIC 3500
Address: Tweed Marina River Terrace, Tweed Heads NSW 2485
Address: James Avenue Riverfront, Renmark SA 5341
Address: Kangaroo Point Cruie Terminal 1420 Pacific Highway, Brooklyn NSW 2083
copyright © 2020 Accommodation Sydney. All rights reserved.


text:
Posted May 18 2010, 6:42 AM PDT by Christine Wood
Windermere Foundation ranked in Top 25 of Corporate PhilanthropistsPosted in Foundation in the news and News from the Foundation by Christine Wood
Greetings from the Windermere Foundation,
On May 13th, I attended the Puget Sound Business Journal's annual Corporate Citizenship Awards luncheon where the Windermere Foundation was honored as one of the area's Top 25 corporate philanthropists among large companies!
The Windermere Foundation ranked #23 with an amazing group of companies like Starbucks, Weyerhaeuser, REI, Boeing and Microsoft - all because of your amazing generosity over the past year!
Pick up the latest issue of the Puget Sound Business Journal for full coverage of corporate philanthropists throughout the Northwest.
Christine Wood


text:
Rock Profile
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Rock Profile was a British television show written by and starring comedy partnership Matt Lucas and David Walliams (both now widely known for the sketch show Little Britain).
The show comprises a series of spoof interviews, involving Jamie Theakston questioning Lucas and Walliams, who play famous musicians. The interviews are often bizarre and involve broad, unflattering caricatures or just downright fictional characteristics. They are often interspersed with videos by the featured artist, including humorous captions and congratulations from other impersonated celebrities.
Season 1[edit]
Kylie & Dannii Minogue[edit]
- Kylie: Oh hi Dannii, you're just in time for the surprise!
- Dannii: The whole family was so proud of you when your last single got to number 27 in the charts!!
Simon & Garfunkel[edit]
- Simon: I don't even remember why we broke up anyway.
- Garfunkel: I do!
- Garfunkel: Two words: (sings) Bright Eyes...
Season 2[edit]
H & Lee from Steps[edit]
- Lee: Do you know who I am?.
- Jamie: Yeah, you're Lee from Steps.
- Lee: I thought I was H.
- H: No, I'm H.
- Lee: Well, who's Lisa then?
- H: The fat one.
- Jamie: Where would you be if you weren't in Steps?
- Lee: Probably be at home playing with me knob.


text:
You have no items to compare.
Cambro Manufacturing Products
For the past 50 years, Cambro has delivered solution-based storage, transport, service, and tabletop equipment to the foodservice industry. One of the most important jobs of any foodservice operator—from restaurants, to hospitals, to caterers—is ensuring safe food storage, and transportation in, and around their facility. Cambro's storage containers not only keep food safe, but they also improve yield, reduce waste, and ultimately, save money. Crocks are designed with smooth surfaces, so they're easy to clean, and the resist odor from condiments and salad dressings. The Camcarriers®--insulated transport boxes—ensure your cold food stays cold, and your hot food stays hot. And their service and tabletop equipment is built to last. Tumblers, serving spoons and tongs are made of virtually unbreakable Camwear® polycarbonate.


text:
Would you use Siri if it were to be added to OS X 10.9? That's what we asked Ars readers last week in a poll following renewed rumors about Apple's plans to add Siri to the desktop. Apple had made a job posting about expanding Siri's reach but did not specify it was for iOS—instead, the company listed OS X as one of the key requirements.
This came several months after a rumor from late last year that suggested Apple was indeed adding Siri to OS X 10.9, in addition to replacing Google's mapping data with its own. So we decided to see what our readers thought, and you guys answered. In our first question, we asked whether you use Siri on your iOS device. A surprising 61.7 percent of you said yes, with just over 25 percent of you saying you either like/love it or you have no complaints. (36.4 percent said you use Siri, but it could use some improvements.)
Roughly 12 percent of you said you have never even tried Siri because you have no desire, while almost 20 percent said you'd tried it but didn't like it.
So how might those numbers translate to the desktop? In response to our second poll question, 52 percent of you said you would use Siri or at least give it a shot if it were to appear in a future version of OS X. About 9 percent of you said you were unsure (don't worry, Siri can't bite you), while just over 10 percent of you said you wouldn't use Siri on OS X due to your bad experiences on iOS. Almost a third—about 27.6 percent—said you're just plain not the type to want to speak to your computer. We're sure HAL is crying in his space pod somewhere right now.
No way José
Plenty of you were happy to share your reasons why you would or wouldn't want to use Siri on the desktop, too. "Where I think Siri benefits is creating the ability to do tasks hands free. On a computer you are hands on by default, and that seems to eliminate the benefits Siri offers, while still offering the frustrations that comes along with it," wrote AaronLeeR.
"80 percent of the time, I use Siri for dialing. Telling Siri to 'Call John Doe' is much easier that unlocking the phone, switching to Spotlight, and typing the name," added eighthnote. "Finding restaurants or directions is quite useful as well, simply because finding the app and typing on the iPhone keyboard can be slow. Since my computer has a full keyboard and a million other shortcuts, I don't really see that I would have a use for it."
And of course, no one really wants to be in a room with someone talking to their Mac. "It's bad enough having to share public spaces with people talking to their phones. Having to share my office space with people talking to their computers as well is my worst nightmare!" said scottishwildcat.
But maybe Siri could be used to apply to other things, like Ryoshi's suggestion: "Forget computers, I want something like Siri for my entertainment setup. Kinect seems to be close to what I want, but I don't really want to buy an Xbox 360 for a single peripheral."
Ensomnea may have summed it up best, however, for those who are already dictation fiends: "I prefer Dragon."
Bring us the Siri
But despite some skepticism of Siri's abilities, there were equally as many—if not more—of you who said you'd love to give Siri a shot on your Mac.
"Yep. Why? For setting reminders, calendar events. That is what I find Siri useful for (and Google voice search, now that I'm on a Nexus 4 instead of an iPhone, in which I also used to set alarms). It is much quicker to say 'Remind me to do x at x' than to manually enter something in," wrote Quassin.
Tuxedocat took the idea to creepy levels by suggesting Siri could be listening to your entire environment all the time—but in a totally good way, he swears. "My iMac is in a room where I do several other things. It would be nice if it was always listening and could answer various questions without me going over to the keyboard. I'll say yes."
Another user named spittingangels took AaronLeeR's point to task by noting that a full keyboard doesn't necessarily mean efficiency. "Arguing that Siri would be useless on a desktop because one already has a keyboard is a hollow argument. Siri provides a different interface that abstracts away complex tasks or ones involving multiple steps so that they can be executed in a single query or command."
And zelannii pointed out that even if Siri on OS X can't do anything special like cook you breakfast, it would still be useful for scheduling appointments—especially if it could do so by querying other people's calendars. "I queue up a lot of appointments each day, and it would be very handy to ask Siri to make those appointments for me. 'Get Bob, Jane, me, and the boss into a conference room for one hour ASAP' and Siri could look into the calendar, find free times, and book a conference room through Exchange. That would be AWESOME!"


text:
Core Documents: Understanding RtoP
On 15 September 2005, UN General Assembly Member States embraced the Responsibility to Protect in paragraph 138-139 of the Outcome Document of the 2005 World Summit. In the historic gathering of world leaders in New York for the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly (World Summit), heads of state and government reached consensus on the website Responsibility to Protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.
5. Secretary General Ban ki-moon's Berlin Speech
On 15 July, 2008, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon delivered a speech in
6. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Reports on RtoP
a) 2009 Report: Implementing the Responsibility to Protect
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released on 12 January 2009 the first comprehensive document from the UN Secretariat on the RtoP entitled implementing the Responsibility to Protect. The report clarifies how to understand RtoP and outlines measures and actors involved in rendering the norm operational. Based on paragraph 138-139 of the World Summit, the Secretary-General suggested a three-pillar approach, namely 1) the protection responsibilities of the state, 2) international assistance and capacity building, and 3) timely and decisive response to prevent and halt genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The Secretary-General recommended that the General Assembly meet to consider, based on this report, how Member States will take the 2005 World Summit commitment forward. See our summary of the report.
b) 2010 Report: Early Warning, Assessment, and the Responsibility to Protect
c) 2011 Report: The Role of Regional and Sub-regional arrangements in Implementing the Responsibility to Protect
On 27 June, 2011, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released his report, The role of regional and sub-regional arrangements in implementing the responsibility to protect. Taking special note of recent political events, the Secretary-General sees a natural role for regional and sub-regional arrangements in implementing RtoP as well as a strong relationship between the UN and these bodies, emphasizing that the UN Security Council and regional and sub-regional organization lend legitimacy to each other. The Secretary-General uses the three pillar approach to frame the role of regional and sub-regional organizations, and offers conclusions focusing on areas for collaboration. See our summary of the report.
20 August 2012 saw the release of Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's fourth report on the Responsibility to Protect, entitled, 'Responsibility to Protect – Timely and Decisive Response'. The Report focused on the "third pillar" of RtoP, timely and decisive response, and discussed how actors at the international, regional, national and local levels can respond to threats or occurrences of RtoP crimes and violations in a timely and decisive manner. The Report described the broad range of non-coercive and coercive tools available, and though it highlighted the significance of preventing RtoP crimes, it also clarified that where preventive measures proved insufficient and the threat to populations remained imminent, the international community has a responsibility to take collective action to protect civilians. He also discussed the interactive relationship between the three pillars of the responsibility to protect, and noted that whether or not RtoP applies to a situation is not the issue; rather how best to implement the norm should be the paramount discussion. See our summary of the report here
e) 2013 Report: State Responsibility and PreventionBibliography and selected articles concerning the responsibility to protect: click here
United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon published his fifth report since 2009 on the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP, R2P) on 5 August 2013. The report delved into issues of State Responsibility and Prevention, focusing on the responsibility of States to protect their populations by developing the necessary national capacity to build societies resilient to atrocity crimes. The report identifies six risk factors that have been evident to varying degrees in situations where atrocities were committed, as well as reflects on the range of preventive measures available to governments, featuring over 40 examples as implemented by Member States. Additionally, the Report outlines targeted measures, such as establishing early warning mechanisms or designating an atrocities prevention or RtoP focal point, to prevent atrocities. See our overview of the report here.
f) 2014 Report: Responsibility to Protect: International Assistance
In August 2014, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released his sixth Report entitled "Fulfilling our collective responsibility: international assistance and the Responsibility to Protect" (A/68/947). The Report focuses on Pillar II: the collective responsibility of the international community to assist states in upholding their RtoP. The Report identifies different forms of assistance including encouragement, capacity building, and assisting states to protect their populations. The Report further highlights various partnerships that could enhance the implementation of RtoP. See our overview of the report here.See our summary of the 2015 Secretary-General report, which assessed the progression of RtoP over the past ten years, identified core challenges and opportunites for implementation, and detailed six core priorities for the international community to undertake to more effectively fulfill the norm.
g) 2015 Report: A Vital and Enduring Commitment: Implementing the Responsibility to Protect
In late October 2014, the UN Office for the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect released their new Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes (which, according to the UN World Summit Outcome Document, should be considered to encompass genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.)To read the full Framework of Analysis, click here.
In addition to defining atrocity crimes and stressing the importance of prevention, the Framework describes eight common risk factors and six specific risk factors that increase the risk or susceptibility of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.