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Infinite Space means something different to everyone. To Craig Hawkins it means a spiritual space and unification. That's what he has accomplished in his 16 set charcoal paintings. Each 29x43 paper stretched on canvas is of someone he knows and facing what; another person, openness, nothingness, God? The photos are on white area, and open to free access. When asked why they aren't behind glass Craig states, " To do that would create a barrier I was trying to break with the art in the 1st place."
In contrast to the openness of the charcoals are painting of people in various sitting and standing positions inside boxes. The boxes are colorful and the paintings portray an applicability factor of more about asking questions than giving answers. It is about two people in the same box (life) sharing the same life every day but each going about their own separate way and never really communicating to the other completely. The boxes represent many things Craig said. "Lies, false beliefs, false personas, what are people hiding, mental space, whatever is personal to you."
Two other life sized paintings were of a man and woman's face blind folded. The thing you noticed about them is they were not upset. It seemed they were comfortable being blindfolded, as if a child would be playing pin the tail on the donkey at a birthday party. They were comfortable by their surroundings. Craig calls this series, Walking by Faith Not by Sight.
The concert after the art show had 2 sets. Brian Aught, who sings with the group Jubilation, opened the show, and he is a good singer. He had an excellent song in "Dragon" and the crowd seemed to react to that one extensively.
Ghost House, a local garage band that reminds you of a mix of ShaNaNa and the Turtles closed the set. The group was active and the dance antics of singer Keith Miller who also plays guitars, keyboard and bass had the crowd going on a couple of occasions. Drummer Phillip Miller, Lead Guitar Derek Keijner, who does backup vocals and Bass player Shane St. Clair, who also plays keyboard and does backup vocals make Ghost House an interesting group.
Keith Miller claimed the "Pop comes out as Rock," and the dancing was band communication. I didn't make the connection with the pop/rock thing. The colored lights were great but the use of the pure white lights was blinding and I noticed more than a few people who were hiding from them every time they came their way on the rotation. The songs everyone seemed to like were Settle Down and No Sun on a Sunday, which talked about being tired of the summer heat, and to be happy when they could go out and do something on Sunday and enjoy it without being so hot and sticky. The band worked good together, but I have to give special props to the drummer, who seemed to be in a happy place all his own and take the band to the next level.
The 930
930 Mary St.
Louisville, KY. 40201


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WASHINGTON, July 26 (UPI) -- The sometimes overlooked danger of domestic terrorism hit home last week when a man went on a killing spree that left 76 people dead.
Anders Behring Breivik, whom authorities said confessed to the shootings, was no convert to militant Islamism, no follower of deceased al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden, no throwback to the Marxist terrorists of the '60s and '70s or adherent of a non-Europe "ism."
Instead, his cause is perhaps one as old as the human race -- protecting one's own from the outsider.
In this case: Muslims immigrants to Norway and their resultant "impact" on Norwegian society.
"Marxist multiculturalism," he reportedly wrote in a personal manifesto, had led to moral decay and a creeping Muslim colonization of his country and Europe.
His method to awaken society and set off a nationalist uprising was to set off a bomb in Norway's capital and make his way to a nearby holiday island used by the ruling Labor Party and methodically gun down scores of young people.
Breivik, captured by police, admitted committing the acts of terrorism but denied they constituted a crime and is demanding an open hearing to voice his cause.
He is also said to have claimed there were two "cells" in Norway to which he was connected, and they in turn were connected to other nationalist, anti-immigrant groups elsewhere in Europe.
Norwegian authorities are apparently discounting his utterances.
"We feel that the accused has fairly low credibility when it comes to his claim but none of us dare to be completely dismissive about it either," a newspaper quoted a source close to the investigation.
Despite some caution that others may have been involved in the crimes, Norwegian authorities dropped special border controls just four days after the attacks, attacks which failed to spark the anti-immigrant rage Breivik is said to have wanted.
"If he had not been Norwegian it would have played into the hands of the neo-Nazis," Kjetil Wiedswang, a columnist for the Dagens Naeringsliv newspaper, said.
"There is political correctness around this issue (immigration) that stops it being properly discussed but in reality Norway does not have a big problem with immigration.
"If it is proved that it is a lone nut (responsible) then it may become easier to come to terms with, rather than if it was a group with Islamist connections."
Norway has a population of about 4.9 million people. Available statistics indicate about 10 percent of the population is foreign-born and of that number about 5 percent are Muslim. Many are refugees from Somalia, Afghanistan and Iraq.
In comparison, Muslim immigrants constitute about 8 percent of France's population. In the Netherlands they are estimated at 6 percent, in Germany 4 percent and in Britain, 3 percent.
In some major cities of Europe, they equal some 20 percent of the population, often living in their own enclaves where Islamic traditions, including Shariah law, hold sway.
Reactions to cultural differences -- and separation -- have sometimes led to animosity. Specific incidents fanning anti-Muslim immigrant violence have included the Paris riots of 2005 by Muslim immigrant youth.
Muslim protests over a Danish newspaper cartoon that depicted the Prophet Mohammad, Islamist terror bombing in London and Madrid and the killing by an Islamist of Dutch filmmaker have all contributed to nationalist tendencies.
Switzerland voted to bar the building of minarets and France has banned the wearing of the burqa.
Even in tolerant Norway there are frictions, including informal immigrant enclaves.
Europe has yet to come to grips with multiculturalism and thus tensions will continue.
But so far, it seems Norway's terrorist was simply an isolated, solitary, angry man. The problem is, there are many such individuals in all societies, and although the focus of many governments is Islamist terrorist attack -- from abroad or by domestic adherents to Islamism -- people like the Norwegian shooter and Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh are still among us.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Battle Hymn of the Republic was sung by the US Army Chorus, and you have to hear this, particularly if you haven't had a chance to have your TV on today or your radio, and you didn't hear this. You have to hear it and you have to imagine a crystal-blue sky, a crisp day in Washington, the pope and the president on the reviewing stand with others, the camera occasionally focusing on the US Army Chorus. You realize, this is at the White House, and a song written in tribute to God is being played at the White House. In this country there has been such an effort, and it has been way too successful, to remove God from anything public. Not only was God present, but the largest White House welcoming ceremony ever participated in a ceremony thanking God and respecting God and offering up a tribute to God, and you just have to hear this. It runs about 4:47. It's infectious, so well done. The US Army Chorus, The Battle Hymn of the Republic.So, now, wait. Did Rush have a religious experience, or was he just delighted by the thought of those people — those liberals — having conniptions about the intermingling of religion and government?
(playing of The Battle Hymn of the Republic)
That is just beautiful. I'm at a loss for words to describe the impact that had on me, and I was not even paying close attention. I was looking at the computer and I had the TVs on, which are to my left when I'm sitting at the computer. I heard this start, and I told Cookie up in New York, "Get me the song. I want the song as part of the audio sound bites." She said, "You can hear it?" I said, "I can always hear God's music."
THE PRESIDENT: In a world where some treat life as something to be debased and discarded, we need your message that all human life is sacred and that each of us is willed, each of us is loved. And your message that each of us is willed, each of us is loved, and each of us is necessary. In a world where some no longer believe that we can distinguish between simple right and wrong, we need your message to reject this dictatorship of relativism and embrace a culture of justice and truth.Of course, the Pope is not bringing a message of American exceptionalism. So does he mean that the ceremony for the Pope gave President Bush a platform to proclaim American exceptionalism? But you see Bush's words. They aren't about American exceptionalism. They are about universal values, which is precisely appropriate for the occasion — as the proclamation of American exceptionalism would not be.
RUSH: This is just fabulous. This is exactly what this country needs at this time. It took the arrival of Pope Benedict XVI to bring forth a discussion -- a discussion I have been so desirous that happen at the highest levels of our elected leadership, a discussion of American exceptionalism.
I've never seen a more vivid example of Rush Limbaugh hearing what he wants to hear.
You can hear it? I can always hear God's music. If by God, you mean the voices in your own head.
He goes on:
Once again, as you know, folks, I have been begging, I have been clamoring, I have been asking, "Where is the discussion in this country of American exceptionalism? Where is it in this presidential campaign?" It's nowhere to be found. You won't find it. It took the arrival of Pope Benedict XVI for a discussion and statement of American exceptionalism to be made.Is that American exceptionalism? It seems to me the Pope is speaking of the universal "dominion of God" and the way America's founders acknowledged it. Not that they were special, but that they, like everyone who ever lived and who ever will live is subject to God's moral order.
POPE BENEDICT: From the dawn of the republic, America's quest for freedom has been guided by the conviction that the principles governing political and social life are intimately linked to a moral order based on the dominion of God the Creator. The framers of this nation's founding documents drew upon this conviction when they proclaimed the self-evident truth that all men are created equal and endowed with inalienable rights grounded in the laws of nature and of nature's God.
Limbaugh plays another Pope clip: "As the nation faces increasingly complex political and ethical issues of our time, I'm confident that the American people will find in their religious beliefs a precious source of insight and an inspiration to pursue reasoned, responsible and respectful dialogue in the effort to build a more human and free society." Really, that is nothing but a generic statement that religion is good and people should be religious and good.
Now, here's Rush, in that special slightly bonkers manner of his that listeners find either so endearing or so infuriating:
And he continued on, and he ended it by saying God bless America. He's a big fan of America, Joseph Ratzinger is his prepapal name. He's from Germany, as you can tell. But it was just uplifting to me. I take this stuff personally. I love this country. I love anybody else who loves this country, and I don't care who it is that requires or necessitates or creates this discussion, gets it started, of the concept of American exceptionalism, whether it's the pope or whether it's somebody else. But I really wish that some of our own elected officials in power, leadership positions, would have the guts to speak of it in that context rather than wringing our hands and whining and moaning about how hard we have it and how horrible things are and how unfair life is and all the other things that people have become comfortable whining about. Thanks to the pope and the president today for this remarkable, remarkable ceremony at the White House.He's a big fan of America, you know, this Pope, this Joseph Ratzinger. And check out that accent. German! He's from Germany! Wow! I love anybody who loves this country!


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Before drafting Russell Wilson, Seattle tried to sign Peyton Manning
RENTON, Wash. >> Peyton Manning doesn't do spontaneous. When he became a free agent two years ago, something he never imagined during his glorious run with the Indianapolis Colts, the veteran quarterback didn't go on a cross-country tour.
While a fit for arguably 25 teams in the NFL, he quickly narrowed his list to the Broncos, Tennessee Titans, San Francisco 49ers, Miami Dolphins, Arizona Cardinals and Seattle Seahawks.
He worked out for the 49ers at Duke University, where Todd Helton and intramural athletes had been serving as his receivers.
The Seahawks also wanted an opportunity to sign Manning. So they parked a jet at a Denver-area airport, hoping to get an audience with Manning.
"He called me," Seattle coach Pete Carroll said Friday before stifling a laugh. "And it pretty much went downhill from there."
Manning chose the Broncos, a decision that dramatically influenced the matchup in Super Bowl XLVIII next weekend. The Seahawks moved on and signed Matt Flynn, then hedged their bet by drafting Wisconsin QB Russell Wilson in the fourth round.
Carroll took the odd step of creating competition in training camp, despite Flynn's $6 million signing bonus, and the rookie won. Carroll said Thursday that the Seahawks still would have drafted Wilson had they won the Manning sweepstakes.
"Knowing what I know now, we would have taken him a little higher," Carroll said of Wilson, 25, who has thrown for 52 touchdowns in his first two NFL seasons. "It's kind of interesting that we are playing (against Manning). It's kind of cool."
Sherman's fine line
Richard Sherman, Seattle's all-pro cornerback, was fined $7,875 by the NFL for unsportsmanlike conduct and taunting during the NFC championship game against the 49ers. Sherman received national attention for his choke sign - "It (was) from Reggie Miller," referring to the former NBA star - and postgame rant about Michael Crabtree's "mediocre" play.
Percy Harvin has been a full participant in Seattle's practices this week, and Carroll spoke Thursday as if the wide receiver also will return kicks against Denver. Safety Earl Thomas talks about the Super Bowl like a kid coming down the stairs Christmas morning. He never imagined he'd have this opportunity. "I was just grateful for what I had because we didn't have that much. So I was just excited to be watching the game with my father. I saw how much he loved the game and that's how I started loving the game so much," Thomas said. Safety Kam Chancellor has high praise for Broncos tight end Julius Thomas, a breakthrough performer this season. "He's pretty similar to Jimmy Graham and Vernon Davis. Very similar," Chancellor said.


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I am looking for all the Star Wars Legacy of the Force audio books.
The Legacy of the Force is a series of nine science fiction novels set in the Star Wars fictional universe from 40 ABY to an unspecified time. The series was written by Troy Denning, Aaron Allston and Karen Traviss.
Plot synopsis
The Corellian system, unhappy with the leadership of the Galactic Alliance, secedes. While the GA attempts to bring Corellia back into the fold, other systems follow Corellia's lead. Meanwhile, Jedi Knight Jacen Solo believes he has the potential to defeat the threat and unify the galaxy. His methods draw the ire of his uncle Luke Skywalker and the Jedi Council, leading to a rift in the Jedi Order. Over the course of the nine books, the GA, the Jedi, Jacen, Corellia, the Imperial Remnant, and several other factions all vie for power, leading to a confrontation that will dramatically reshape the future of the galaxy.
A side-plot involves Boba Fett's family issues, leadership of the Mandalorians, and role in the galactic conflict.
Entries (40 ABY)
* Betrayal by Aaron Allston (Hardcover - released on May 30th, 2006)
* lines by Karen Traviss (Released on August 29th, 2006)
* Tempest by Troy Denning (Released on November 28th, 2006)
* Exile by Aaron Allston (Released on February 27th, 2007)
* Sacrifice by Karen Traviss (Hardcover - released on May 29th, 2007)
* Inferno by Troy Denning (Released on August 28th, 2007)
* Fury by Aaron Allston (Released on November 27th, 2007)
* Revelation by Karen Traviss (Released on February 26th, 2008)
* Invincible by Troy Denning (Hardcover - released on May 13, 2008)


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Wednesday, February 12, 2020 - 11:00 am - 12:00 pm
Perfect for families with pre-school age children! School-age children are welcome as well.
3x per week: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday 11 am -12 pm
Lazy River, Slide, Fountains, Warm Water…
Adults- $3 adult (+1 free pre-K child); $2 school-age, senior; $1 pre-K
Swim Diapers available for purchase: $1
Location:Allegan Aquatic Center
Allegan, MI 49010
Contact:Cost: Adults- $3 adult (+1 free pre-K child); $2 school-age, senior; $1 pre-K
Event Website: Click to Visit
Organizer: Allegan Aquatic Center
Organization: Allegan Aquatic Center
Organizer Phone: Not Provided
Organizer Email: Not Provided
Download the event to your event calendar:Save to your iCal or
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Land and Resources
The province is physically divided into two major units of unequal area: the much larger mainland territory of Labrador to the north; and the smaller island of Newfoundland to the south. Within each there are distinct variations in the physical characteristics of the environment, in the occurrence and availability of natural resources, and corresponding variations in the pattern of human settlement.
In Labrador there are three such sub-regions: a northern coastal region, which is ruggedly mountainous, deeply fjorded, grows only ground-level subarctic vegetation and has very little settlement; a southern coastal region that has a rugged, barren foreshore and a forested hinterland, with light to moderate settlement; and the bulk of the vast interior, which comprises a well-forested, dissected plateau, and where settlement is concentrated in a few large towns.
On the island of Newfoundland there are four distinct regions: the west coast, the interior, the northeast coast and the south coast. The west coast is dominated by the table-topped Long Range Mountains, which rise to 814 m. They are bordered in places by narrow, well-forested coastal plains and are frequently penetrated by glacially-deepened valleys and by several large fjord-like bays, the largest of which are the Bay of Islands and Bonne Bay.
There is almost continuous settlement in the bays and coves along the west coast. There is also some interior settlement in the Codroy Valley to the south and around Deer Lake, which lies on a small plain within the mountain range. The interior is a plateau-like region with frequent undulations in the terrain representing the ridges and slopes of the watersheds carved out by the major stream systems. Four large rivers — Exploits, Gander, Humber and Terra Nova — drain most of the area.
The west coast supports extensive forest stands, particularly on the gentle slopes of the major watersheds. Settlements are widely separated and most of the population is concentrated in a few large towns associated with forest or mineral resource use and with transportation services.
The northeast coast, with its numerous bays, islands and headlands, fronts on the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Northern Peninsula to the Avalon Peninsula. Inland sections of this region are generally well forested, but exposed headlands and offshore islands have low, scrubby vegetation. The region has a shoreline typical of land that was submerged by glaciation and, in places, rebounded after the ice caps melted. Thus, there are innumerable bays, coves, islands and fjords which often provide excellent harbours. It is also an area that can annually expect to be blocked by arctic drift ice throughout the winter and early spring. Settlement has developed along the shores of most of the bays and on some offshore islands.
The south coast region coincides with the whole southern portion of the Island of Newfoundland. This coast also has the deeply embayed characteristics of a submerged shoreline. It is not blocked by arctic drift ice, although in some years parts of the eastern Avalon Peninsula as far south as St John's may be cut off for a few days.
The inland areas of the island are generally hilly and rugged while shallow bogs and heath vegetation covers much of the land. The variation in climate and in the nature of the terrain dictates a similar variation in the nature of vegetation and growth rates. Generally the well-drained lowlands have the best forest growth, and there are sufficient timber stands to constitute an important resource.
Labrador occupies the easternmost section of the Canadian Shield and comprises mostly tough, ancient Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. There are some areas of softer sedimentary rocks, notably in the west in a formation called the Labrador Trough. This area contains some of the most extensive iron ore deposits in North America. The interior region is plateau-like, on average about 450 m above sea level and greatly dissected by large, east-flowing rivers, such as the Churchill River and its tributaries. These rivers cut through the eastern rim of the saucer-shaped shield to discharge into the Labrador Sea. This rim is largely mountainous, especially in the north, where the Torngat Mountains rise to over 1,500 m. Of these, the highest is Mount Caubvick at 1,652 m.
In 1993, a large nickel, copper and cobalt discovery was made at Voisey Bay (approximately 35 km southwest of Nain). It is considered the richest base metal discovery since the Second World War.
The Island of Newfoundland is part of the Appalachian system and displays the typical southwest to northeast alignment in its major bays, peninsulas, river systems and mountain ranges. Rocks are more varied on the Island than in Labrador. Continental drifting, followed by frequent periods of crustal deformation, interspersed by long periods of erosion and deposition, have combined to produce this great variety in types and ages.
The oldest rocks are Precambrian and occur in the east, in and around the Avalon and Burin peninsulas; they are mostly folded sedimentary rocks, but in a few areas later intrusions have solidified into volcanic rocks. Small remnants of gently sloping Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks occur in pockets along the coast. The most significant are in Conception Bay, where the Ordovician rocks that form Bell Island contain layers of hematite iron ore with estimated reserves of billions of tonnes.
The central and western portions of the Island are underlaid by a great variety of Palaeozoic rocks of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic origin, within which crustal deformation has been generally severe. Long periods of erosion following periods of uplift have left a poly-cyclical landscape with the remnants of old erosion surfaces displayed in the plateau-like interior and on the flat-topped mountains of the Long Range. A mineralized belt in these Palaeozoic rocks, stretching from an area on the south coast just east of Channel-Port Aux Basques to the general area of western Notre Dame Bay on the northeast coast, contain ores composed of copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver.
The youngest and least-disturbed rocks of this Palaeozoic series lie in and around the coastal plain on the west coast. These are Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, containing much gypsum, which is quarried, and limestone. There are a few coal deposits and signs of petroleum, but nothing of commercial value has been discovered. Off Newfoundland's coast, extensive deposits of Cretaceous rock stretch the length of the Grand Banks.
All areas of the province show the effects of continental glaciation during the Pleistocene era, the final stages of which are dated to 7,000 years ago. Moving ice sheets scoured and sculpted the province's surface. Most of the unconsolidated parent material beneath present-day soils consists of glacial debris or marine sediments.
The interior regions of both Labrador and the Island are strewn with lakes and covered with moraines, and give evidence of an immense ice cap, which initially moved radially outward from a centre west of Labrador, but in the later periods of the Pleistocene period broke down into smaller, separate ice caps with centres in Labrador, the west-central Island and the Avalon Peninsula.
Most coastal regions are fjorded where the ice channelled down the valleys of the pre-glacial fluvial system. The longest and most steep-sided fjords occur in northern Labrador and around the Great Northern Peninsula of the Island, but there are several places where this scouring effect from ice movement is absent. Most bays have been deepened and are often fjord-like in character. Many places in the north of the Island and in Labrador show, because of postglacial uplift, raised shorelines and large stretches of marine sediments.
The most striking and extensive marine deposits are those in the remnants of raised deltas that occur around St George's Bay and around Happy Valley-Goose Bay in Labrador at the mouth of the Churchill River. Coastal features, such as offshore islands, spits, tombolos and bay-mouth bars (barachoix), which are typical of a submerged shoreline, are common throughout the south and southeast coastal regions.
In northern Labrador, and in high places throughout the province, soils are generally coarse and immature. Due to cool temperatures and exposure to hard environmental conditions, vegetation is either entirely lacking or is only of the subarctic, lichen, tundra or ground-level variety.
Due to deep surface deposits, there are excellent forest stands in the interior regions, such as on the watersheds of the Churchill, Exploits, Humber and Gander rivers. Extensive bogland has developed in the many hollows of this glaciated landscape. The forest is made up of several of the species common to the boreal forest that stretches across northern North America.
Balsam fir predominates as the most common tree in Newfoundland and the second most common in Labrador. Black spruce and balsam fir are dominant in close forests, but the ratio is dependent upon site type. Balsam fir, for example, regenerates more successfully in places that have been clear cut. Nevertheless, black spruce grows particularly well, especially in open stands and where forest has regenerated after fire, and approximately one third of Newfoundland's forests and two thirds of Labrador's forests are black spruce. Subdominants are represented by larch, pine and typical boreal deciduous species such as paper birch, aspen, alder, pin cherry and mountain ash.
Many of the non-forested areas support ground-level, mossy plants, some of which are food for wildlife, while others, such as the blueberry, partridge berry and bakeapple ("cloudberry"), can be gathered for human consumption.
Through scouring and deposits, glaciation left a pockmarked landscape capable of storing vast quantities of water in thousands of lakes, ponds and bogs. Many of the ponds are shallow, but many of the lakes are in large, old valleys deepened by glacial scouring and dammed by glacial deposits. In interior Labrador hundreds of lakes have been combined by means of canals, dikes and dams, to create the 6,527 km2 Smallwood Reservoir (roughly one-third the size of Lake Ontario) behind the huge hydro development of Churchill Falls.
Because of the moist climate and plentiful snowfall, the water table is high in all areas, lakes are usually full and rivers flow perennially. There is naturally some seasonal fluctuation and occasionally very wet or dry years, but water shortages for domestic or industrial use are rare.
Climate varies considerably throughout the province. Interior Labrador has a continental climate, but the southeastern areas around the Burin and Avalon peninsulas are marine. The transitional variation makes it difficult to designate specific climatic regions, but certain generalizations can be made.
The climate of northern Labrador is truly subarctic in that there is generally coolness and dryness throughout the year. In Nain, average mean maximum temperatures are approximately -13°C in January and 15°C in July. The mean minimum temperature drops to approximately -20°C in January and 5°C in July. The winters of interior Labrador are also extremely cold.
Precipitation varies by region even within northern Labrador. For example, Nain's average annual precipitation is 892.7 mm, approximately half of which is from snow. However, Cape Chidley's annual precipitation is approximately 460 mm. In coastal areas the modifying influence of the ocean reduces the temperature range between summer and winter. In southern Labrador coastal regions are cold in winter and cool in summer, and interior regions are often severely cold in winter but warm in summer.
On the Island there is a similar though not so marked difference between coastal and inland regions. In St John's, mean maximum temperatures are approximately -1°C in January and 20°C in July. The mean minimum temperature drops to approximately -8°C in January and 11°C in July.
Precipitation across the island varies in a northwest to southeast direction. Precipitation is fairly even every month, but in northern locations about half falls as snow and in the milder southeast, snowfall is only about 12 per cent. Average annual precipitation around the Avalon and Burin peninsulas is over 150 cm.
The mixing of the air masses off the Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream frequently creates fog on the Grand Banks, and in eastern and southern coastal areas, particularly in spring and early summer.
Since most of the interior of the province is relatively uninhabited, there is ample space and a suitable habitat for wildlife, some species of which constitute an important resource. There is a greater variety in Labrador than on the Island. Among large game are several species of caribou, moose, black bear and, in northern coastal areas, polar bear. There are many small, fur-bearing animals, the most important of which are beaver, fox, lynx, rabbit, otter and muskrat. Some are trapped for the value of their pelts or for food while others are hunted annually by licensed sportsmen.
In many coastal areas colonies of millions of seabirds nest annually, primarily gulls, gannets, murres, kittiwakes and puffins. Sanctuaries to protect these birds have been established in six provincial ecological reserves (e.g., the Gannet Islands off the Labrador coast, on Funk Island on the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula and at Cape St Mary's on the south coast). Three migratory bird sanctuaries are on the Grey Islands and in Terra Nova National Park.
Gros Morne National Park preserves a spectacular natural region on the west coast and Terra Nova National Park on the east coast. There are also 32 provincial parks, 11 other ecological reserves.
Urban Centres
Settlement by Europeans was slow and reflected the dominance of the fisheries. Early settlers paid little attention to the soil or lack of amenities, settling on the shoreline in bays and coves close to the inshore and offshore fishing grounds, primarily on the east coast. Settlement gradually spread and became permanent. The first centres developed aroundSt John'sand Conception Bay, then generally along the east and south coasts. Today, St John's is the capital of the province and the largest city, followed byCorner Brook,Grand Falls-Windsorand Bay Roberts. In 2016, 58 per cent of the population was urban, which follows larger national trends of increasing urbanization.
Labour Force
In the years leading up to the collapse of the Atlantic fishery in the 1990s, 5 to 6 per cent of the labour force was employed by the fishing, hunting and trapping industries. In 2016, however, this number had decreased to 2.6 per cent. For a time, employment in mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction increased dramatically, rising 96 per cent between 2002 and 2012, from 5,700 to 11,200 people. As with other provinces with significant employment in oil and gas, these numbers have declined in recent years, falling to 8,185 people in 2016, or 3.8 per cent of the labour force.
Despite the importance of resource-based industries to the province, in 2016 the sectors employing the most people were health care and social assistance, retail, and construction. The unemployment rate in Newfoundland and Labrador is often the highest in the country. In 2016, it was 15.6 per cent, compared to a national average of 7.7 per cent.
Language and Ethnicity
There are several Indigenous communities in the province, including theMi'kmaqon the Island and theInnu, Inuitand Inuit-Métis in Labrador.
Elsewhere the population is of predominantly European origin, the majority descended from immigrants from southwestern England and southern Ireland. On the west coast of the Island there are pockets of people of French descent (mostlyAcadian) and someScotswhose ancestors were fromCape Breton, NS.Religion
Religious affiliation closely follows ethnic origin as the majority of residents are Christian, identifying as either Catholic or Protestant.
Aboriginal Settlement
During the prehistoric period, a group of people referred to by archaeologists as the Maritime Archaic lived in the area now known as Newfoundland and Labrador from about 8000 to 3200 BCE. They were followed by the Palaeo-eskimo, who lived in the region from about 2800 to 600 BCE, and then the Recent Indians, present from about 2000 BCE to the historic period. On the Island, the Recent Indians were the ancestors of the Beothuk, and in Labrador, the Innu. The ancestors of the Labrador Inuit were the Thule.
When John Cabot arrived in 1497, the Beothuk inhabited all parts of the island. While they did have some contact with the Europeans, they generally tried to avoid them, retreating inland. Without access to the coast, their food sources were limited, and they also began to suffer from European diseases, particularly tuberculosis. The best known Beothuk were two women, Mary March (Desmasduwit) and Shawnadithit, who were captured in 1819 and brought to St John's. They, like the remainder of their community, soon died.
Following Cabot's arrival the Mi'kmaq, originally of the region now known as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, the Gaspé Peninsula and New Brunswick, began to travel the Gulf of St Lawrence in order to trade fur for European goods. Eventually some settled in Newfoundland. Today there is a Mi'kmaq community at Conne River.
Like the Beothuk, the Innu and Inuit of Labrador also suffered upon the arrival of the Europeans. Among other challenges, they died from foreign disease, and their land base was encroached upon. However, there remain two Innu communities in Labrador today, Sheshatshiu and Natuashish. In 2004, the Inuit won the right to self-government. Called the Nunatsiavut Government, the settlement area is in Northern Labrador and includes five Inuit communities: the Nain, Hopedale, Rigolet, Makkovik and Postville.
At the end of the 10th century, Norse, including Leif Ericsson, made several voyages of exploration from Greenland to overseas lands to the west and southwest, and established a temporary settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows on the Great Northern Peninsula of the Island. In 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian navigator, sailed on a voyage of discovery for Henry VII of England and discovered new lands, which are believed to have been between Nova Scotia and Labrador, and included a "new isle." In 1500 the Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real made a more thorough exploration, and named several bays and capes along the east coast of the Island. In 1535–36 Jacques Cartier demonstrated that Newfoundland was an island by sailing through Cabot Strait as well as the Strait of Belle Isle. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed into St John's Harbour and claimed the Island for England.
Europeans had been exploiting the rich cod stocks off the coast of Newfoundland since shortly after John Cabot's voyage. During the 16th century this was a migratory fishery with crews from ports in France, Spain, Portugal and England sailing each spring and returning in the fall with salt cod. Starting in the 1540s, Basques from France and Spain also carried on whaling operations on the south coast of Labrador. Although England was involved in some of the earliest voyages to Newfoundland, its role in the migratory fishery was small before the 1570s. However, war in Europe crippled the other nations' fisheries and opened up markets for English salt cod. By 1600 the English fishery had grown to include approximately 150 ships sailing mostly from West Country ports, and the coast from Trepassey to Bonavista had come to be known as the English Shore.
European Settlement
Relative peace in Western Europe in the early 17th century resulted in various attempts to settle the east coast of North America. Although it was well known for its fishery in many western European ports, the English were reluctant to use Newfoundland as anything more than a fishing colony. To this end women were initially prohibited from venturing to the island, as it was thought that their presence would increase the likelihood of permanent settlement. Keeping Newfoundland's population flexible and transitory was in the best interest of the British Crown and its merchants as it could be used as a training ground for its naval officers, they owed little responsibility to those who visited the island and migratory fishing had already proven profitable. Nevertheless, women were eventually allowed to settle on the island once it became apparent that having small settlements could prove even more advantageous for the fishing industry. The first colony was founded by the London and Bristol Company at Cupers Cove (now Cupids) in Conception Bay in 1610, and in 1611, 40 men and 16 women arrived to start the settlement. By 1618 some of the Bristol merchants had established a second colony, called Bristol's Hope, at Harbour Grace. In 1621, George Calvert began a settlement at Ferryland, and Carbonear was settled by at least 1627. Over the next 50 years settlement gradually expanded and by 1675, there were 1,655 people living in 31 small fishing villages on the English Shore.
The tradition of appointing the master of the first fishing vessel to arrive in a harbour each spring the "admiral" of that place dates back to the 16th century. However, despite popular belief, it seems that these "fishing admirals" usually restricted their activities to various fishery related matters. In the first half of the 17th century, the various proprietary governors, such as John Guy at Cupids and David Kirke at Ferryland, were responsible for maintaining order among the colonists; and during England's Interregnum (England was without a monarchy from 1649–60), Parliament appointed a commissioner, John Treworgie, to oversee the Island's affairs. However, despite various petitions from some of the more prominent settlers, little attention was paid to the Island's governance between 1660 and 1697.
Certain elements in the West Country fishery objected to year-round settlement and some legislation was passed in an effort restrict it. In 1675 those opposed to settlement persuaded the English government to order all the settlers to leave. However, John Berry, the naval commander sent out to enact this policy, soon realized that any such attempt was futile and became a staunch defender of settlement, arguing that the planters were both an asset to the migratory fishery and a defense against the French. Two years later the English Privy Council recognized the settlers' right to remain in Newfoundland.
In 1662, the first French colony was established in Newfoundland at Placentia. Over the next 20 years, a number of other settlements grew up, and by 1687 there were more than 600 French settlers in Newfoundland and on the nearby island of Saint-Pierre. War between England and France broke out in 1689 and continued with only a short respite until 1713. It was during these conflicts, known to the English as King William's War and Queen Anne's War, that the issue of who would control Newfoundland was finally decided.
The French launched two devastating campaigns. In the winter of 1696–97 when a French force and some native allies, led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, destroyed almost all the English settlements. However, the French failed to consolidate their victory; and by the summer of 1697, the settlements were re-occupied and a British garrison had been established at St John's. In the winter and spring of 1705 another French force, led by Jacques Testard de Montigny, destroyed many of the English settlements but it too was a short-lived victory and the English soon returned. Despite the devastation of the French attacks, the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, awarded Newfoundland to England and left the French with fishing rights to the French Shore, a section of the coast between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche. In 1762, at the end of the Seven Years' War, the French captured St John's briefly and used it as a base to attack other settlements, but the British soon drove them off.
King William's Act, issued in 1699, recognized the rights of settlers but made no allowance for a settled government. Instead it confirmed the position of the fishing admirals and gave the commanders of the Royal Naval ships that accompanied the English fishing fleet the right to act as appeal judges. Over the course of the 18th century the Royal Navy was to become the dominant judicial and political force in Newfoundland.
In 1729 Newfoundland's first naval governor, Captain Henry Osborne, was appointed. The naval governors sailed to Newfoundland each spring and returned to England in the fall. To maintain order during the rest of the year, Osborne divided the Island into six judicial districts, and justices of the peace and constables were appointed from among the local population. Twenty-one years later, the first court of oyer and terminer (hear and determine) was held at St John's with a jury made up of local residents. By 1776 a customs house was built at St John's to regulate trade and suppress smuggling, and in 1792 a Supreme Court of Judicature was established.
The removal of the French in 1713 led to an expansion of English settlement beyond the original English Shore. Along the south coast, settlement spread into St Mary's, Placentia and Fortune bays. Settlement also expanded northwest onto the French Shore. Fogo Island and Twillingate, both in Notre Dame Bay, were settled in 1728 and 1732 respectively.
There were a few Irish settlers among the first colonists in Newfoundland but the majority was English. More Irish arrived in the latter part of the 17th century. These were mostly female servants, many of whom married local servants and planters. Some of the Irishmen among the soldiers stationed in St John's in 1697 also settled on the Island. By the 1720s Irish servants were arriving in Newfoundland in considerable numbers. This mixture of West Country English and Irish cultures has continues to shape the identity of the Island's peoples.
By 1775 the population of Newfoundland had risen to nearly 12,000. Although the cod fishery remained the main industry, increased population led to a more diversified economy: logging, shipbuilding, trapping, salmon fishing and sealing all came to play a more important role, and the demand for a variety of skilled tradesmen increased. This period also saw the beginning of a seasonal fishery between Newfoundland and Labrador, and merchants establishing premises on the Labrador coast to collect furs and exploit the cod, salmon and seal fisheries.
The French Revolution (1789–99) and Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815) saw dramatic change in Newfoundland. The English migratory fishery ground to a halt and never fully recovered as the dangers of a trans-Atlantic crossing increased; and many West Country fishermen were pressed into the British Navy. Increased danger at sea also meant that many more people chose to remain on the Island, thus spurring population growth. The defeat of the French in Spain in 1811 reopened the markets in southern Europe for Newfoundland salt cod and initiated an economic boom that saw many new arrivals, especially from Ireland. By the time peace arrived in 1815, the Newfoundland population had risen to more than 40,000 and the fishery was firmly in the hands of the resident population.
Once a significant permanent population was established, petitions for better government and local representation increased. Dr. William Carson and Patrick Morris, through a campaign of pamphlets and petitions to Britain, succeeded in having representative government established in 1832, with the objective to obtain responsible government and full colonial status, which was finally achieved in 1855.
Settlement increased throughout the 19th century. The salt-cod fishery was the principal occupation and the mainstay of the economy, but there was also logging, mining and agriculture. In the late 1800s the trans-insular railway began to open up the interior, and goods and services became accessible to many parts formerly isolated in winter.
Representatives of the various Newfoundland governments attended the Confederation conferences, but they chose not to join, despite substantial support of the movement. When the French fishing rights were revoked in 1904, the northern and western coasts became available for settlement.
Until about 1925 the economy was based on the primary industries — fishing, mining, and pulp and paper — but debts incurred through building railways and supporting a regiment in First World War, coupled with the Great Depression after 1929, produced bankruptcy and government collapse. Newfoundland was forced to beg Britain for assistance and eventually reassumed colonial status under a Commission of Government.
The economy recovered remarkably towards the end of the 1930s, mainly because of increasing demand for products from the sea, mines and forests, and because of increased activity in defence-based construction in anticipation of Second World War. During the war many young people joined the armed forces overseas, and at home there was full employment. The US, Canada and Britain established several army bases, two large naval bases and five airports in Newfoundland. Gander was the largest and most important airport because of its role in the transatlantic Ferry Command. When the Commission government was dissolved in 1949, it had cleared all debts and left a surplus of over $40 million.
After the Second World War, a national convention was elected to debate the question of Newfoundland's future and to make recommendations. It was decided to hold a referendum through which the people would make a choice between the Commission government, confederation with Canada, or a return to responsible government and Dominion status. The referendum proved inconclusive except that Newfoundlanders were unwilling to retain the Commission government. A second referendum with the options of Confederation or Dominion was then held. An intensive campaign ensued between the confederates, led by Joseph R. Smallwood, and the anti-confederates, which the confederates won by a narrow margin, 52 per cent to 48 per cent. Canada accepted Newfoundland at midnight on 31 March 1949, and Smallwood became premier of the first provincial government.
The next two decades witnessed dramatic and substantial changes in the economy and in the lifestyle of Newfoundlanders. The fishing industry was revolutionized as dozens of fresh-fish-processing plants were established on all coasts and as they gradually all but replaced the old method of the family-run enterprise of catching, salting and sun-curing cod for sale to Caribbean and Mediterranean areas. Draggers operating offshore on the Banks, and smaller boats in the near-shore and inshore waters, could now catch a variety of species for delivery to the plants, where the fish were quick-frozen for new markets, chiefly in the US. The number of fishermen declined greatly and opportunity for shore work in the plants increased.
The pulp and paper mills at Corner Brook and Grand Falls substantially increased production, and mines at Buchans, St Lawrence and Wabana worked to capacity. New industries were launched with government-backing and although most failed — including a steel mill, a rubber-goods plant, a leather-products plant and a knitting mill — a few succeeded, notably the plasterboard and cement plant at Corner Brook, the particle-board mill near St John's and the phosphorus plant at Long Harbour, Placentia Bay. A huge oil refinery at Come by Chance at first failed (1973–76) but has been producing oil since 1987, mainly for export to the United States.
The huge iron ore mines of western Labrador came into production in the 1950s. Since the Second World War many people have moved from small communities to large towns and growth centres. As chances for local employment diminished, young people left the province at an annual rate of about 5,000. With opportunities accessible through cheap transportation by land, air and sea, they moved on, mostly to central or western Canada.
The impact of the economic recessions of the late 1970s, early 1980s and early 1990s were sharply felt in Newfoundland, although there was no comparison with the desperate conditions of the Great Depression in the early 1930s. Unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, social assistance and other benefits of the welfare state ensured decent living and health standards.
High unemployment most severely affected the young and there was again considerable out-migration in the late 1990s and early 2000s as people sought employment in western Canada's booming economy. The development of the Voisey's Bay nickel mine in northern Labrador and offshore oil production since 1997 have reversed the long-term trend of annual deficit budgets for the province. Increased economic activity, especially in the St John's metropolitan region, has contributed to the province experiencing in-migration.
The province is generously endowed with natural resources, and periodic development of each resource has proved beneficial to both primary and secondary producers. Originally this resource was the fishery, and the economy was wholly dependent on it. Today the resource-based economy has diversified to include mineral, oil and hydroelectric developments.
Agriculture has been of minor importance in Newfoundland because of the poor soil and adverse climate. Less than one per cent of the agricultural land in Canada belongs to Newfoundland and Labrador, and about half of it is confined to the northern Avalon and Burin Peninsulas. Nevertheless, there are scattered pockets of fertile land and conditions are suitable for the growth of hay and pasture crops.
In 2012, the most abundant vegetable crops were potatoes, carrots, rutabagas and cabbage. Also of importance are fruit crops, namely blueberries, strawberries and cranberries, with the farmland devoted to cranberries increasing 850 per cent between 2006 and 2011.
Mining and minerals is one of Newfoundland and Labrador's most valuable natural resources. Minerals mined in the province include iron ore, nickel, copper, zinc, gold, aggregates, cobalt, silver, dolomite, limestone, peat and pyrophyllite. Of these minerals, iron ore accounts for well over half the value of the industry, followed by nickel and copper. The total value of mineral shipments was $4.6 billion, a 22 per cent increase from 2010, due largely to higher production levels and prices.
Energy is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest export, as the province uses only a fraction of the energy it produces, and an even smaller portion of the energy it is potentially capable of producing. Electricity is provided by two companies: Newfoundland Power; and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro. There are several hydroelectric power plants, the largest being Churchill Falls Generating Station. Following the Robert Bourassa Generating Facility in Québec, Churchill Falls is the second largest hydroelectric plant in North America, with a generating capacity of over 5,400 megawatts (MW). In 2012, the provincial government approved the Lower Churchill Project, a hydroelectric development to take place in two phases: Muskrat Falls and Gull Island, both in Labrador. The project represents the best undeveloped hydroelectric source in North America, with an expected capacity of about 3,000 MW.
With respect to oil, there are four major offshore projects in production: Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose and, come 2017, Hebron. In 2010, these offshore projects accounted for about 10 per cent of crude oil production in Canada.
Decisions of the Supreme Courts of Newfoundland and of Canada in 1983 and 1984 declared that ownership of offshore resources (specifically the Hibernia oil field) was federal. However, on 11 February 1985 an agreement — called the Atlantic Accord — was signed between the Newfoundland government and the new federal Conservative administration, giving Ottawa and St John's joint say over offshore oil and gas management and allowing the province to tax the resources as if they were on land.
Both Newfoundland and Labrador have substantial forests. As of 2011, there were 10,730 hectares of forested land in the province, 26 per cent of which were stocked for harvesting purposes. The forestry industry itself directly or indirectly employed 5,500 people in 2009 and was worth approximately $250 million.
After its discovery around 1497, the Island depended on cod fishing for nearly 400 years, until forest and mineral resources began to be exploited. Before 1930 the fishing industry concentrated on the production and sale of salted and sun-cured cod. The advent of quick-freezing and of boats capable of transporting the frozen product to market radically changed the industry. Year by year the percentage of salted cod produced and sold declined, whereas the percentage of fresh-frozen fish species such as cod, turbot, plaice and redfish increased, and the principal market shifted to the US.
Changes in the fishery since 1930 meant more employment on shore in the processing plants and fewer people to secure the catch. In many settlements along the coast fishermen augmented their income seasonally by catching lobster, salmon, caplin, herring, mackerel, squid, eels, scallops and crab. On 2 July 1992, the federal government declared a complete moratorium on the northern cod fishery in an attempt to save the stocks after years of overfishing. As compensation, 25,570 unemployed fishermen received from $250 to $400 per week. The program expired in May 1999.
Today, the industry has largely shifted toward shellfish. In 2012, the total value of fish landings (i.e. catch brought ashore), was about $575 million, with shellfish making up 83 per cent of this income. Snow crab was the most valuable species in this category, followed by shrimp and surf clams. Groundfish, such as turbot, cod and yellow tail flounder, are also caught in the province's waters, as are pelagics such as herring and mackerel. Sealing also accounts for a small portion of annual landed values (less than one per cent in 2012).
The most significant industrial activities are based on local raw materials, such as fish processing plants. Tourism is also an important contributor to the economy. In 2012, over 504,400 tourists visited the province, an increase of almost 10 per cent over 2011.
In the early years of settlement all transportation was by boat or, in the north during winter, by dog team. The establishment of railways, roads and airports brought changes. The trans-insular railway from St John's to Channel-Port aux Basques started in the 1880s and quickly developed branch lines to Argentia in Placentia Bay, Bay de Verde in Conception Bay, Trepassey in the southern Avalon and Bonavista. Branches were later built to Lewisporte on Bay of Exploits and to Stephenville. The line later operated by CN was narrow gauge and primitive, but it provided an essential service and fostered development across the Island throughout the first half of the 20th century. The railway was closed entirely in September 1988.
Highway development was rudimentary up to 1949. Roads were local, narrow and generally unpaved. A continual road-building and -improving program since the 1950s has provided an Island-wide road network, which is mostly paved and includes the Trans-Canada Highway from St John's to Channel-Port aux Basques. A few important offshore islands (e.g., Fogo, Ramea, Bell and the Little Bay Islands) have ferry service, while others (e.g., Random, Twillingate and Greenspond) are now linked by causeways. Communities in Labrador are linked by the Trans-Labrador Highway.
In addition to ferry service linking the offshore island, there is intra-provincial ferry service between Newfoundland and the Labrador mainland, as well as a ferry from Port Aux Basques to Sydney, Nova Scotia, and another from Fortune to St Pierre et Miquelon.
Bush flying has been important in Newfoundland since the 1920s, and some isolated areas still rely on ski- or float-equipped small aircraft or helicopter service for mail and emergencies.
In addition to the eight major airports serving Newfoundland and Labrador (located in St John's, Gander, Deer Lake, Stephenville, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, St Anthony, Churchill Falls and Wabush) the province also has 13 community airstrips in Labrador and eight community strips in Newfoundland. National and regional airlines provide regular scheduled service to and from these points.
The strategic location of Newfoundland made it a logical point for the initial attempts to cross the Atlantic by air. The first successful flight was that made by Alcock and Brown 14-15 June 1919 from St John's to Clifton, Ireland, in a two-motor biplane. There were many subsequent crossings from Newfoundland in the 1920s and 1930s, culminating with the ferrying of thousands of bombers from Gander to England during the Second World War (see Ferry Command); there was also flying-boat service from Botwood, and regular transatlantic air service via Gander in the pre-jet era. Gander continues to serve as an international crossroads for aircraft carrying goods and people to distant corners of the world.
Provincial Government
There are 40 seats in Newfoundland and Labrador's provincial government. Each seat is held by a Member of the House of Assembly (MHA). MHAs are elected by eligible voters in their electoral district. Provincial elections are usually held every four years on the second Tuesday of October. However, an election may be called before this date. This sometimes happens when the party in power thinks it may help them win re-election. Elections may also occur before four years have passed in cases where the government no longer has the confidence of the House of Assembly (see Minority Government).
As with the other provinces and territories in Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador uses a first-past-the-post electoral system, meaning the candidate with the most votes in each electoral district wins.Typically, the party with the most seats forms the government, and the leader of this party becomes premier. However, a party with fewer seats may also form a coalition with members of another party or parties in order to form the government.Technically, as the Queen's representative, the lieutenant-governor holds the highest provincial office, though in reality this role is largely symbolic. (See also Newfoundland and Labrador Premiers: Table; Newfoundland and Labrador Lieutenant-Governors: Table.)
The premier typically appoints members of the Cabinet from among the MHAs who belong to the party in power. Cabinet members are referred to as ministers and oversee specific portfolios. Typical portfolios include finance, health and education. (See also Politics in Newfoundland and Labrador.)
Health Care
The foundations of the health-care system lie in the cottage hospital system and the International Grenfell Association facilities. The cottage hospital system, initiated by the Commission government in 1936, was designed to bring a high standard of health care to outport residents. Small hospitals were constructed in central locations around the Island, but their number has been reduced in favour of larger regional hospitals. The International Grenfell Association, founded by Sir Wilfred GRENFELL in the early 1900s and centred in St Anthony, provided essential health-care services to residents in the north, particularly coastal Labrador. In 1981 it transferred its medical assets, including hospitals, nursing stations, equipment, and land devoted to health care, to the province.
The General Hospital in St John's is the largest and best-equipped hospital; it is part of the Health Science Centre on the Memorial University campus, which also includes a Faculty of Medicine and a school of nursing. Under the Medical Care Act of 1969, most health-care services are free to residents of the province.
The first Newfoundland schools were organized by the Church of England's missionary Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), which funded a school in Bonavista in the 1720s. Later in the 18th century the SPG operated schools in St John's and in several of the larger outports. They were apparently open to children of all denominations. A variety of schools were organized in the early 19th century, the most significant being those operated by the Newfoundland School Society. Established in 1823 with a special concern for educating Newfoundland's poor, by the early 1840s this society had nondenominational schools in many towns and outports.
The 1836 Education Act represented the first direct government involvement with education; funds were distributed among societies promoting education, and nondenominational boards of education were established. By 1843 the education grant had more than doubled and was divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant school boards. The Protestant grant eventually was distributed among several Protestant denominations. Post-Confederation amalgamation occurred among several Protestant school systems, but government-funded, church-administered education survives today. The denominational education system is protected in the Terms of Union (1948).
With the exception a few small private institutions, Newfoundland and Labrador's 268 schools are administered by five school boards, one of which, le Conseil scolaire francophone, spans the entire province. Councils have the primary responsibility for distributing funding provided by government and religious education programming.
Policy decisions are the responsibility of the Department of Education. In 2011–12, there were 67,933 students enrolled in kindergarten through to grade 12. This represents a 22 per cent decrease in enrollment from 10 years earlier (86,898 students were enrolled in 2001–02).
Memorial University of Newfoundland, founded in 1925 as Memorial University College, was made the province's only university by a special Act of the House of Assembly (1949). It is located on the outskirts of St John's. Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, a degree-conferring institute located at the west coast Corner Brook campus of Memorial, was established in 1975. The Fisheries and Marine Institute in St John's became an affiliate of Memorial in 1992. Other post-secondary institutions include the College of the North Atlantic and 26 colleges of applied arts, technology and continuing education.
Cultural Life
The ancestors of most Newfoundlanders came from southeastern Ireland or southwestern England and brought with them distinct and enduring cultures. This heritage, shaped by centuries of Newfoundland's isolated, maritime way of life, has produced a vibrant, distinctive culture, expressed in dialects, crafts, traditions, cooking, art, music and writing.
Without neglecting universal concerns and techniques, many Newfoundland artists practise distinctive Newfoundland art forms and use local themes. Poets such as E.J. Pratt, painters such as David Blackwood, and Christopher and Mary Pratt, theatre groups such as the Mummers Troupe (see Mumming), novelists such as Margaret Duley and Wayne Johnston, and journalists such as Ray Guy have drawn inspiration from their Newfoundland homes. The comic troupe CODCO – consisting of Andy Jones, Cathy Jones, Bob Joy, Greg Malone, Diane Olsen, Tommy Sexton and Mary Walsh – became a cult sensation for its distinctly Newfoundland sense of humour and inspired a generation of Newfoundland comedians and political satirists, including Rick Mercer, Mark Critch and Shawn Majumder.
Filmmaker William MacGillivray, a founding member of the Atlantic Filmmakers Cooperative, is known for many award-winning films that explore the relationship between art and life, including his documentary The Man of a Thousand Songs (2010), about the Newfoundland folk singer Ron Hynes. One of Canada's most esteemed songwriters and occasional actor, Hynes made his theatrical debut playing celebrated Newfoundland balladeer Johnny Burke. Hynes's songs have been recorded by many other Newfoundland artists, including The Irish Descendants, who, along with the multi-platinum selling Great Big Sea, contributed to the popularization of traditional East Coast music in Canada in the 1990s.
Celtic and folk music has long been a staple of the Newfoundland cultural diet, exemplified by such musicians as Émile Benoit, Rufus Guinchard, Dick Nolan, Harry Hibbs, Omar Blondahl and Kelly Russell, and such groups as Figgy Duff, the Wonderful Grand Band and Rawlins Cross. Other celebrated Newfoundland musicians include Ignatius Rumboldt and Arthur Scammell.
The first newspaper published in Newfoundland was the weekly St John's Royal Gazette (1807). By the 1830s several weekly and biweekly newspapers were established in St John's and in the major outports. They were highly politicized, reflecting and perhaps aggravating the political, religious and social tensions that periodically upset 19th-century Newfoundland. Among Newfoundland's first daily newspapers were the St John's Daily News and Newfoundland Journal of Commerce (established 1860), the Morning Chronicle (established 1862), the St John's Evening Telegram (1879); and the short-lived St John's Free Press and Daily Advertiser (1877), and Daily Ledger (1879).
Today, there are three daily newspapers: the Telegram, the Western Star and the Independent.. Fourteen regional English newspapers are also published, as is one French paper, le Gaboteur.
Newfoundland's first public radio stations began operation in St John's in the 1920s. By the 1930s radio stations were broadcasting throughout the Island. In April 1949 the CBC began its Newfoundland operation and initiated FM broadcasting in 1975. The province's first TV station, CJON, was opened in 1955; originally a CBC affiliate, it became associated with the national CTV network in 1964 after the CBC opened its own St John's TV studios. Cable TV on the Island dates from 1977. The largest cable company is Cable Atlantic, which has stations in Corner Brook, Gander, Grand Falls-Windsor, Port aux Basques and St John's.
Heritage Sites
Federal assistance is generous in the establishment and maintenance of historic sites. Newfoundland's rich, colourful history is honoured in several national historic parks, including Signal Hill overlooking St John's harbour, site of one of the last French-English battles in North America; Castle Hill, near Placentia, commemorating the French fishing and military presence in Newfoundland; Cape Spear, site of one of Canada's oldest surviving lighthouses and the most easterly point in North America; Port au Choix, site of ancient Maritime archaic and native cultures; and L'anse aux Meadows, the sole confirmed Viking site in North America, which was declared a United Nations World Heritage Site in 1978. The Basque Whaling Archaeological site at Red Bay in Labrador has the only fully preserved Basque whaling vessel from the 16th century.


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The Experience Prototyping course is a 5 week long course part of the Interaction Design Masters program at Umeå Institute of Design in Sweden. It is offered to second year students during the third semester of their studies. The main educational objective of this class is for the students to learn how to bring (envisioned, present or future) experiences to life via various prototyping skills and techniques.
The program for the Fall 2009 edition:
Week 1: Stop Motion
Week 2: Phidgets, Arduino, Literature
Week 3: Mobile Interaction
Week 4: Multitouch, protocols
Week 5: Processing
More info and details on the course wiki.
Course responsible: Camille Moussette
5 weeks
Invited tutors: Julien Vallée, Matt Cottam, Brian Hinch, Ru Zarin, Karsten Schmidt, Reto Wettach, André Knörig.
During one week, the students were introduced to stop motion tools and approaches in order to convey quickly and efficiently design ideas/concepts.
During the last weekend, students discovered the process of making custom electronic boards (PCB). They were introduced to Fritzing and subsequently got to etch, drill and solder their own Arduino shield.
During one week, I introduced various methods of using Arduino and wireless communication via Bluetooth, Xbee, RF and other protocols.
The 2009 Experience Prototyping course ended with a three event titled Fall Summit. The event presented international speakers about the cutting-edge Interaction Design topics, and offered a workshop on how to design and build PCB boards using Fritzing. The poster was designed by Pierre-Alexandre Poirier, a student of the course.
By the IxD2 MA students and Julien Vallée, October 2009
The first week of the Experience Prototyping 2009 course was dedicated to stop motion. Julien Vallée from Montréal (Canada) led the workshop and introduced various low-tech techniques to build evocative stop-frame videos.
The last exercise of the week was a collaborative work, where each student had to animate a red dot, from the left to the right of the canvas. The in-between sequence was totally open for exploration and total creativity.
This movie is the quasi-final version of that exercise. It is missing Terry's sequence. Huge thanks to Julien Vallée for this very inspiring week.
Video mov, 640 x 472px , 16.98 MB


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2019: Stop using Buhari's WAEC certificate to divert attention – NDF tells PDP
The National Democratic Front (NDF) has described as unnecessary, the ongoing debate over the WAEC certificate of President Muhammadu Buhari. NDF said the debate was a needless distraction sponsored by the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, to divert attention from issues at hand. The PDP had on Friday challenged President Buhari to "show proof of his […]
2019: Stop using Buhari's WAEC certificate to divert attention – NDF tells PDP
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Killing of Christians: Buhari lied to Trump – CAN fumes
The Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has reacted to President Muhammadu Buhari's revelation of his conversation with United States President, Donald Trump, on the massacre of Christians in Nigeria, saying President Buhari was economical with the truth.
President Buhari had on Tuesday, revealed that at the heat of the bloody clashes between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria, the United States President, Donald Trump, unequivocally accused him of killing Christians.
Buhari said these in his closing remarks at the two-day ministerial performance review retreat held at the Presidential Villa, Abuja on Tuesday.
At a point, the President digressed from his prepared speech and narrated his encounter with Trump on the bloody clashes.
He said he managed to explain to the American leader that the clashes were not about ethnicity or religion.
He said, "I believe I was about the only African among the less developed countries the President of United States invited.
"When I was in his office, only myself and himself, only God is my witness, he looked at me in the face, and asked, 'Why are you killing Christians?'
"I wonder, if you were the person, how you will react. I hope what I was feeling inside did not betray my emotion, so I told him that the problem between the cattle rearers and farmers, I know is older than me not to talk of him. I think I am a couple of years older than him.
"With climate change and population growth and the culture of the cattle rearers, if you have 50 cows and they eat grass, any root, to your water point, then they will follow it. It doesn't matter whose farm it is.
"The First Republic set of leadership was the most responsible leadership we ever had. I asked the Minister of Agriculture to get a gazette of the early 60s which delineated the cattle route where they used meager resources then to put earth dams, wind mills even sanitary department.
"So, any cattle rearers that allowed his cattle to go to somebody's farm would be arrested, taken before the court. The farmer would be called to submit his bill and if he couldn't pay, the cattle would be sold, but subsequent leaders, the VVIPs (very important persons) encroached on the cattle routes. They took over the cattle rearing areas.
"So, I tried and explained to him (Trump) that this has got nothing to do with ethnicity or religion. It is a cultural thing."
However, CAN's Vice President and Chairman of the association in Kaduna State, John Hayab, was not impressed with Buhari's submission, saying "Buhari and his government will never stop from amusing us with their tales by moonlight because what is happening in Zamfara, Sokoto, Katsina, Birnin Gwari, Southern Kaduna, Taraba, Plateau and others cannot be described as a cultural thing.
He told Punch correspondent in an interview: "President Buhari's weak story about his conversation with President Donald Trump further confirms why his government does not care about the killings in our country by calling them cultural things.
"Just this (Tuesday) evening, I received a report from the Kaduna Baptist Conference President about the number of their members that have been killed by bandits in Kaduna State from January 2020 to date to be 105 and our President will call it a cultural thing? All we can say is may God save our Nigeria."
CAMA: Bishop blasts Christian lawmakers
The Catholic Bishop of Nsukka, Most Rev. Godfrey Onah, has blamed Christians in the National Assembly (NASS), for the passage of the 2020 Companies and Allied Matters Bill (CAMA), signed into law by President Muhammadu Buhari recently.
Bishop Onah, said in a remark during the Sunday Mass that if Christians in NASS had opposed the bill, it would not have been passed into law.
President Muhammadu Buhari had on Aug. 7, signed the CAMA bill into law, giving provision for religious bodies and charity organizations to be regulated by the registrar of the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), and a supervising minister.
"The question many Christians have been asking is, where were Christian legislators during the debate of this bill and its passage in the National Assembly?
"Because, if they had opposed this bill on the floor of the house, it would not have been passed and sent to the president for assent.
"I blame Christian legislators for doing nothing and allowing the passage of the 2020 CAMA Act," he said.
"When I say that Christians are too divided and too selfish, don't forget that the second in command in this country is a Senior Advocate of Nigeria, a professor of Law and a pastor."
Onah, however, wondered what the Federal Government wanted to achieve in monitoring how the finances of churches in the country are managed when it contributed no dime to the church, NAN reports.
"Government should focus and monitor its ministries, agencies and other government institutions where it budgets billions of Naira annually and not church offerings.
"Had it been that the government gave allocations to churches and decided to monitor its usage, nobody will question the government," he said.
Nigerians spit fire over fuel, electricity prices hike
Anger and condemnations, across the country, have continued to trail last week's take off, of new increases in pump price of petroleum products and electricity tariffs, as directed by Federal Government.
Recall that the Petroleum Products Marketing Company (PPMC) official, D.O. Abalaka announced on Wednesday September 3, on behalf of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) that the new price of petroleum is now N151.56k per litre instead of N149 – N150 per litre which it was previously.
The new electricity tariff which the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) tagged "Service Reflective Tariff" has also come into effect. It requires consumers to pay N53.87 – N66.422 per kwh of electricity.
Outraged consumers of fuel and electricity have therefore warned government to get ready for collision with the masses if it fails to rescind these new prices.
Those who have expressed outrage over the new prices regimes include, the Organized Labour, Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC), Nigerian main opposition political party, Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Nigeria Employers Consultative Association (NECA) and the Major Marketers Association of Nigeria (MOMAN).
Others are: Petroleum Products Retail Outlets Owners Association of Nigeria, the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria (IPMAN) and the Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce (NACCIMA).
The NLC said, "The frequent fuel price increase will no longer be accepted. We will not allow Nigerians fall victim of government ineptitude and negligence to make the country self-sufficient in terms of refining petroleum products at home."
On its part, the PDP has described the price hike as "callous, cruel and punishing" and demanded an immediate reversal to avert a national crisis.
The All Industrial Global sees the incessant increase as a confirmation that deregulation means just price increase.
"This is unacceptable! Under a pandemic, we should put money in the pockets of citizens to revive collapsed livelihoods and preserve lives." In its reaction, NECA said it has always urged Federal Government to adopt deregulation policy in the oil and gas downstream sector.
The MOMAN in its statement insists that monthly price variation of fuel was no longer sustainable. It urged PPRA to adopt quarterly price mechanism which would save the market the hassles of price volatility. The statements by IPMAN and NACCIMA also followed along the same line that the hike "…serves only to increase the severity and duration of the looming economic recession."
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When the doors opened this fall at the Centre for Digital Media's new home on Great Northern Way, it marked a milestone in the collaboration by four of British Columbia's universities on digital media studies.
For now, the innovative centre that houses study and teaching space, plus apartments for students, stands out on the vast tracts of the False Creek Flats, one of a few scattered buildings that have as their backdrop a view of downtown Vancouver and the mountains of the North Shore.
By 2035, the skyline of the Flats will have changed dramatically, with educational institutions, research centres, corporate offices, housing, shops, restaurants and all the fixtures of a vibrant urban community.
And in the coming years, the Centre for Digital Media will be growing and changing to meet the demands of constantly evolving digital technology — an evolution that has students like the latest cohort of 39 that started in September pursuing a master's degree that is jointly accredited by the University of B.C., Simon Fraser University, Emily Carr University of Art + Design and BCIT.
"We think industry will want to get closer to this and locate," said Morgan Sturdy, who is chair of the GNW Trust that operates the Centre for Digital Media and is a Vancouver-based technology entrepreneur. "You get all kinds of synergy and transfer of knowledge not only in work and in academics but almost on a casual basis as well."
Richard Smith, the centre's director, is already seeing some of that synergy among the first residents to live and study at the school. Of the 39 students who started last September, 29 live in the housing units above the school. They pay $800 a month for bachelor apartments that are steps from the classrooms and studios where they spend so much of the 16 to 20 months of their master's studies. One year of their degree program is spent on coursework, with the rest of the time spent on an internship.
"It is enormously popular," Smith said of the housing at the school. "The students like it and it has changed the school in a lot of ways — there is a willingness to stay in the evenings and work, there is a sense the school is their school and there is a vibrancy to evening events.
"There is the fact that people are here on the weekends. It's the start of a community we expect will grow and grow and grow on the False Creek Flats."
The Centre for Digital Media is also growing. Next September's incoming class will number 50. The following year, enrolment is expected to climb to 60.
"If I projected out to 2035, I would see a great and lively community of not just digital media but a lot of those kind of 21st century businesses and a lot of academics. I can see Emily Carr growing and the things that grow around a school — the food, the restaurants, the service businesses and of course apartments."
Emily Carr University is outgrowing its Granville Island space and may move to Great Northern Way. A decision on funding such a move is expected from the B.C. government before the end of this year.
In 20 years, Great Northern Way may not be the auto thoroughfare of today. Vancouver, which prides itself on being a green city, by then may well have replaced more car lanes with bicycle routes and with a university at its centre, the site may have its own rapid transit with links to SFU, UBC and downtown campuses.
"We'll be a crossroads," said Smith. "We'll be outside the downtown core but within reach.
'People will be living here, working here and being educated here. As people are continually educating themselves, that idea of working in proximity to a school will be attractive to both employees and employers."
The Centre is already educating students for the changing world, one in which Smith says the lines between offline and online will blur and disappear.
"That's why we spend attention not so much to teaching students how to put things on computer screens but how to put them out into the world," he said.
What requires you to log in, sign on, or flip on a computer screen to do now will become ubiquitous.
""We have seen hints of that," said Smith. "Think about the last time you went into a restaurant. Nobody says 'come to the cash register,' they bring a little device to you.
"You don't have to leave your table and your credit card doesn't have to leave you. That gadget that comes to your desk is a little outpost of cyberspace."
In the Centre's new building, students form groups for projects, getting their own incubator office space to develop ideas that may end up as the launching pad for new start-ups after they graduate.
Glory Gong and José Romero are in their final months at the centre before graduating with a master's degree in digital media. Notes and sketches cover the walls of a small room that has become the work space for a new mobile app they are developing. From the fledgling concept plans, Gong and Romero hope to create a new social networking app that will help people learn from each other.
"When three people are together, one becomes the teacher," Gong says, translating the characters on a sign on the door that spell out a famous Chinese saying. Gong and Romero are drawing on that as the basic concept for their app, which will connect people, letting one become a teacher — sharing their knowledge and skills with others in their mobile group.
Across the hall, Jessie Gao, James DeWitt, Lin Cao and Jasmine Jia are working on a project for V7 Entertainment, a company started by grads of the centre.
Calling themselves the Kindamals team, the students are working on an educational game for children that is being developed for Apple mobile devices by V7. The students' role is to create the 2D concept art for the game along with 3D characters and settings. They are helping to build an iPad game in which children will take care of virtual pets, learning English as they work through the game.
Among their creations, is a small plastic cow that Jia holds up to show how the team used a 3D printer to transform one of their digital animals into a toy they can hold in their hand.
"Things like 3D printing are that hint of the future," said Smith.