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Singer John Mayer was hospitalized early Tuesday morning for an emergency appendectomy. "Early this morning, John Mayer was admitted into the hospital for emergency appendectomy forcing the Dead & Company December 5th concert in New Orleans to be postponed," a representative said in a statement. The 40-year-old Mayer has been on tour with Grateful Dead offshoot Dead & Company since early last month. The New Orleans show slated for Tuesday evening was the third-to-last show of the string of gigs, initially set to conclude Dec. 8 in Sunrise, Florida. So far, Dead & Company's Dec. 7 and 8 concerts have not been postponed or canceled.
Editorial credit: Kyle Besler / Shutterstock.com


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subset: commoncrawl


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John Deere tractors fitted with Trelleborg tires
All of the images are free for you to use. If you publish them please state "'Copyright Trelleborg Wheel Systems".
To download one of these images to your computer, click on the image using the right mouse button (on PC) or hold the mouse button down (on Mac). On the menu shown, select "Save Target As…".


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I'm using a rental iPad2 this week and it came with a lot of cool pre-installed programs. When I get my iPad2 back next week I'm thinking of installing some of these programs.
Is there an app or tool I can use to export a list of the installed programs? I tried to do this via iTunes but it says
"this iPad is linked to another computer and if you want to connect it
to this iTunes it will erase a bunch of stuff off of it"
So other than writing them all down, is there an easy way to get a list?


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ATK Galleria is the Internet's LARGEST collection of beautiful amateur girls in both softcore and hardcore action, with thousands of video clips. From cute "girl next door" amateurs to the world's most breathtaking European beauties, this mind-bogglingly massive site is the Web's BEST value in both quality and quantity.
Visit ATKINGDOM's Free Sites
All models found on this website were OVER 18 years of age when photographed.
Record keeping, as required by Title 18 USC 2257, is available upon request.
18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
All Contents Copyright © 2005 Kingdom WWW Operations, Inc.
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White Papers and Application Notes
Polymer Nanowire based Impedance Biosensor
In this paper, we have proposed an impedance biosensor based on polymer nanowire (made of polyaniline) for efficient electric field mediated capture of biomolecules. Existing polymer nanowire based biosensors fail to achieve high sensitivity for low surface to volume ratio as the whole length of the nanowire is exposed to the analyte .Also biosensors are dependent on diffusion mediated capture of biomolecules.Results for low concentration the percentage volume coverage by biomolecules is less. In the proposed structure, the problem of low sensitivity has been overcome by proper design of electrodes which enable electric field mediated capture over a small volume of the nanowire so that the percentage volume occupied by biomolecules is larger than the conventional cases. The design of electrodes structure to be fabricated were first simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics conductive media physics interface. After the design of electrodes structures was completed, we observed the nature of streamline current flow distribution and electric field through the devices. The process steps are given below- a)First we design two electrodes(20µm20µm1µm) which are separated by a distance of 980µm. b)A polyaniline nanowire is deposited on the middle portion of one of the electrodes. c)We use three water columns(500µm500µmµm) of which two water columns are placed on the two electrodes and the third water column is placed between the two water columns. d)Now we set the boundary conditions as follows- Selected material conductivity Electrodes aluminium 35.5e^6 s/m Nanowire Polyaniline 0.00027 s/m Liquid column water 0.0000027s/m e) After putting the boundary conditions we put sub boundary conditions on the structure to 'continuity' in the internal portions and 'electric insulation' in the boundary side. f)Next step is to mesh the structure. g)Now we process the structure to find the total current density and electric field. For simulation of the structure, a potential difference was applied between the two electrodes. Figure 2 shows the streamline current flow distribution between the two electrodes through the water column. It is observed that the electric field in every point of the water column on the structure is high enough to detect biomolecules very efficiently. Parts adjacent to the electrodes have the maximum current density and electric field which decreases gradually when we move away from the electrodes. A 3D multiphysics modelling of polymer nanowire based biosensor was done to investigate streamline current flow distribution and electric field in every point of the water column.As a result,this device shows very high sensitivity by proper design of electrodes which enable electric field mediated capture over a small volume of the nanowire so that the percentage volume occupied by biomolecules is larger than the conventional cases.With proper design of electrodes the electric field lines are distributed uniformly through the entire liquid column so that even very few bio molecules get attracted towards the nanowire. Hence this device can be used to detect biomlecules very efficiently.


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More: Sneak Peeks
A Subtler Side of the Hepburn-Grant Magic
Filmmaker and distributor Michael Schlesinger and critic Michael Sragow dive into the pleasures of Holiday, a romantic-comedy classic that has long stood in the shadow of The Philadelphia Story but has a poignancy all its own.
Wim Wenders Looks Back on the Digital Future He Predicted
From search engines to all-engrossing handheld devices, the technologies that the German director conjured for his 1991 opus Until the End of the World are now common features of contemporary life.
John Bailey Breaks Down a Tour de Force of Gothic Lighting
The veteran cinematographer takes a close look at the highly stylized and atmospheric lighting in one of the most pivotal scenes in pre-Code classic The Story of Temple Drake.
All About Mankiewicz
One of the most celebrated Hollywood writer-directors of his time, Joseph L. Mankiewicz offers a window into the way he sees his characters in this illuminating clip from an archival interview.


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HP's new EliteBook accommodates older and newer infrastructure, but usability with the Windows 8 OS falls short.
Adoption of the latest software and operating systems in the public sector is often slower than in the private sector, which is why many laptops in state and local government likely still run on Microsoft Windows XP, a platform originally released in 2001 -- for which the software company recently announced it will discontinue support.
But Windows 8, Microsoft's newest operating system released last year, has users both excited and uncertain about its series of new features. Its interface uses a collection of "tiles" for navigating apps – a feature that more seamlessly functions on a touchscreen computer or tablet rather than a traditional laptop, and is perhaps less suited for many in the public sector.
Enter the new EliteBook Folio 9470m Ultrabook by HP, which was designed as the classic clamshell laptop, but can be equipped with the new Windows 8 OS. Though it's a fresh take on an OS, those not yet familiar with the Windows 8 interface may find the tile functionality challenging and unnecessarily complicated on the non-touchscreen laptop. (I had to watch a Windows 8 YouTube tutorial just to learn how to find the list of wireless networks in range, for instance.)
According to HP, the new EliteBook can still be equipped with Windows 7 (either the premium or professional version), which Microsoft has emphasized it will continue to support – something that may come in handy for enterprises looking to roll out a fleet of the new laptops. Governments looking to upgrade to HP's new EliteBook may want to consider purchasing units equipped with Windows 7 rather than spending the extra time familiarizing themselves with Windows 8 on a non-touchscreen.
The new model, which is three-fourths of an inch thin (see above) and weighs just under 3.6 pounds, is HP's thinnest EliteBook to date. The unit has an Intel Core processor (i5 vPro), a 14-inch diagonal LED-backlit HD anti-glare screen, a 720p HD webcam and three USB 3.0 ports.
With enterprise docking capabilities built into the unit, it can function across an entire line of EliteBooks, so the same dock can be used for each unit. Since the EliteBook also includes a DisplayPort, the unit can support older and newer infrastructure – a useful feature if public-sector agencies have not yet -- or are in the process of -- migrating to newer infrastructure.
The new Elitebook offers a variety of authentication and security features through its "HP Protect Tools." Users can opt for fingerprint authentication, and use built-in smart card reader, though users can also stick to traditional password protection for authentication.
Its durability meets the military standards (MIL-STD-810G) to combat vibration, shock, altitude, high temp and low temperature, temperature shock and humidity. According to HP, the model endured a series of drop tests, and can be dropped from 30 inches above the ground 26 times in a row and still boot up.
Overall, the new EliteBook is lightweight and easy to carry for those who travel, but is probably better to purchase with Windows 7 than Windows 8.
Looking for the latest gov tech news as it happens? Subscribe to GT newsletters.


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Polygonum hydropiperoides
Smartweed is a perennial plant that forms dense colonies in shallow water or moist soils and can grow to 3 feet tall. Stems are jointed or have swollen leaf nodes that are surrounded by a tubular sheath. Roots can develop from the leaf nodes. Leaves are alternate, lance-shaped up to 4 inches long but usually less than 1/2 inch wide. Flowers are on spikes at the end of stems (often numerous spikes on the same plant). Flowers begin as greenish then turn whitish or light pink in color as they mature. Fruits are flat, triangular (1/8 inch), dark brown to black.
Submerged portions of all aquatic plants provide habitats for many micro and macro invertebrates. These invertebrates in turn are used as food by fish and other wildlife species (e.g. amphibians, reptiles, ducks, etc). After aquatic plants die, their decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food (called "detritus") for many aquatic invertebrates. Smartweed seeds are heavily consumed by ducks, small birds, and small mammals.


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Let's get one thing straight at the outset: If you don't eat meat for whatever reason, Fogo de Chão, Scottsdale's newest eatery, is simply not for you. Sure it has a nice salad bar (more on that later), but Fogo de Chão is a steakhouse — end of story.
Well not quite. Fogo de Chão is a Brazilian steakhouse, so it prepares and serves up its meats in a manner quite different from that found in our own American steakhouses. In fact, showmanship is as much a part of the Fogo de Chão eating experience as the food itself.
But now I'm getting ahead of myself. First an explanation of what Fogo de Chão is; it is a churrascaria, or barbecue, in which the meats are prepared the way cowboys, or gauchos, in Southern Brazil have cooked them for centuries. The meats are prepared over an open grill, mimicking the gauchos' fogo de chão, Portuguese for "fire on the ground" or "campfire."
Fogo de Chão has a prix fixe, all-you-can-eat, menu that allows guests to eat as little or as much as they want. And there is a lot to eat. The meal starts off with a gourmet salad bar that bears little resemblance to what you'd find at an average chain restaurant. There's little by way of fixings for a traditional American-style salad. Instead, the "salad bar" operates more like an antipasto bar with meats, cheeses and breads sitting side-by-side with the vegetables. You'll find smoked salmon and prosciutto; fresh, whole mozzarella and Manchego cheeses; and artichoke bottoms, olives, hearts of palms, sun dried tomatoes and more. If it's your first trip to Fogo de Chão, you might load up at the salad bar because you simply don't know any better. Here's a word of advice: don't, because you'll miss out on the main event.
That main event is made up of the 15 cuts of fire-roasted beef, pork, lamb and chicken that are served via espeto corrido, or continuous service. When you sit down at your table, you'll notice a little coaster-like disk, with one side green and the other red. When you turn over the disk to the green side, waiters dressed like Brazilian gauchos and carrying skewers of meat, surround your table and offer to carve you a slice of meat. One skewer can hold the same cut of meat, but prepared rare, medium rare and medium well. Just tell your server which one you want.
As for the cuts of meat, almost all the choices are delectable. At our table the favorites were the picanha, the prime part of the sirloin, which is served seasoned with sea salt or garlic; the filet mignon, served with or without bacon and tender beyond belief; the alcatra, which is cut from the top sirloin; the fraldinha, which is cut from the bottom sirloin and is perfectly seasoned; the beef ancho, the prime part of the rib eye; the cordeiro, which is young leg of lamb; lamb chops; and the lombo, tender filets of pork loin encrusted with parmesan cheese. You can also get a variety of cuts of chicken, plus pork sausages.
While you're eating all that meat, the servers are also constantly replenishing side dishes of cheese bread, mashed potatoes, fried polenta and caramelized bananas. When you've had enough, turn your disk over to the red side — and flip it back to green when you see something else you like. Besides the food, the best part of Fogo de Chão is the environment. It's dinner with a floorshow. If you go, take a large group of people with you, as the communal atmosphere makes dining at Fogo de Chão that much more fun.


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As the 19th century closes, a stream of pioneer-farmers move west from Ontario, seeking a new life on the prairies. Early Saskatchewan settler, W.R. Motherwell became a community leader whose passion for scientific farming methods took him all the way to parliament as Minister of Agriculture.
The Career of W.R. Motherwell: Biographical Overview
William Richard Motherwell, born in 1860, was the fourth son of a Lanark County, Ontario farmer. He was raised on his father's farm near Perth, and received his early education at Perth Collegiate. He furthered his education at Guelph, Ontario, where he graduated with honours from the Ontario Agricultural College.
Motherwell then faced a dilemma common to aspiring farmers of his generation. Motherwell's father did not have enough land to divide amongst his five sons, and with the arable land of southern Ontario already taken up by settlement, there was no room for new young farmers who lacked the funds to acquire an existing farm property. Like many others, Motherwell decided to take advantage of the Dominion government's homestead policy which offered free quarter-sections of land on the prairies to men willing to break the land and establish farms.
After graduating from agricultural college, Motherwell and two classmates set out for western Canada in July, 1881. They rode the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was still under construction, as far as the tracks went, and then carried on further by private means. They gained some valuable experience of western conditions working for a farmer west of Portage La Prairie, Manitoba. With the 1881 harvest finished they returned to Ontario with their wages. Motherwell was impressed with the possibilities for western agriculture, and determined to return.
He did return the following spring. Motherwell and his traveling companion left the train at Brandon, Manitoba, and joined a caravan of wagons and Red River carts headed for the North- West Territories. During his stay at Brandon, Motherwell had been advised by the North -West Mounted Police that the Pheasant Hills district north of the Qu'Appelle Valley would be a fine place to homestead since the area had abundant water and good soil. Wood, grazing and hay were to be easily found.
Upon reaching Fort Qu'Appelle, Motherwell engaged a land surveyor to assist him in locating a homestead. Motherwell was among the first to homestead the area that spring of 1882, but within a week of his arrival much of the Pheasant Plains had been settled. Settlers were moving west in such great numbers that at times there was fierce competition among them to arrive first in each desirable new settlement district opened by the federal government.
Motherwell built a log house and began the work of breaking his land. He attended and participated in agricultural fairs from the beginning. He won a $10.00 prize for best Durham bull at an agricultural fair in Indian Head in October, 1884, and when asked what he did with the money, Motherwell said: "I bought a wedding ring and quit batching". He married Adeline Rogers that same year. Together they raised a son and a daughter. Motherwell moved his new wife into his new log house, and a few years later built the stone house known as Lanark Place which would become an Abernethy area landmark.
During this period, Motherwell became active in local politics, social and agricultural groups. He sat on the school board, was prominent at church functions, and assisted farmers in their attempts to win respect and concessions from governments and the railway. He was invited to join the first cabinet of the new province of Saskatchewan as Minister of Agriculture in 1905, the same year his wife Adeline died. Three years later he married Catherine Gillespie, and she looked after managing the farm and family matters during Motherwell's frequent absences. The farm grew into a prosperous model homestead in which Motherwell took much pride.
Motherwell won election to the Canadian House of Commons in 1921, and was Federal Minister of Agriculture until 1930. He retired from the House of Commons in 1939.
He returned to his beloved Lanark Place, but the farmstead was not the place it had been, due to the effects of the drought and the depression of the 1930s. This was followed by global depression and two world wars.
An era came to an end as Motherwell retired to his farm. He died in 1943 at the age of 83.
Architectural and Farmstead Design
Quadrant System
After fourteen years, during which he expanded his original homestead into a large and prosperous farm, Motherwell was ready to build his estate and his children's inheritance. Over the years he had collected fieldstone from his fields and the Pheasant Creek coulee. In 1896 local stone mason, Adam Cantelon, built a stone stable. He constructed Motherwell's large Italianate-style house in 1897.
The house was a square two-storey structure with a rectangular one storey rear wing. It was divided into formal, family and service areas, illustrating the social and functional criteria of the late nineteenth century. Motherwell did not strictly observe notions of social standing, or class, and he insisted that the hired help share their meals with the family. One of the rooms in the house was dubbed "the lobby", as it was the room in which Motherwell and his colleagues met to discuss important matters. It was here that the Territorial Grain Growers' Association was signed into being.
The design of the house incorporated Victorian, Italianate and Gothic architectural details, and its location reflected contemporary concepts of farm design and beautification. The fieldstones were carefully selected for size, shape and colour before they were dressed, then organized into a coherent composition. The placement of the stones in the house revealed Motherwell's methodical approach to construction. The house and its design reflected his concept of the model farm. Motherwell's house was not typical of western farmers' houses, most of which were of frame construction. Stone construction was relatively rare on the prairies.
The barn, also not typical of western farmers' barns, was representative of the Central Ontario barns of Motherwell's youth: basement barns characterized by the building of stock housing on the basement level, and a drive floor and hay loft in the two upper storeys. It was built in two phases: the stone basement was built in 1896 and used as a stable for ten years before the wooden super- structure was added in a barn-raising bee in 1907.
Motherwell also designed the layout of the farmstead. Shelter belts of trees were planted for protection from the winds and to trap drifting snow, a dugout was created for water collection from the snow stopped by the trees, and ornamental hedges and flower beds were installed. The overall impression was that of an Eastern Ontario farmstead. Only when his estate was complete did Motherwell name it Lanark Place, after Lanark County Ontario.
Lanark Place was laid out in quadrants. Each had its own purpose and was separated by a tree line, which provided both beauty and shelter. Most of the trees were Manitoba maples, planted at four-foot intervals to break the harsh prairie winds. Around the dugout Motherwell interspersed hardy species such as ash, willow, chokecherry and poplar.
The Quadrant System:
I. The Dugout Quadrant: Until the dugout was excavated water was hauled to the farm by horse-drawn stone boat from Pheasant Creek one half mile south of Motherwell's farm.
I. The Garden Quadrant: The garden was the sunniest and warmest of the quadrants. Protected on four sides by shelter belt plantings, it provided an excellent location for growing most of the family's fruit and vegetables. Each year half of the garden would be left fallow, in keeping with Motherwell's adoption of the new summer-fallowing practices on the rest of his farm.
I. The Barn Quadrant: This section, bordered on all sides by shelter belts of trees, was the center of Motherwell's mixed farming operation. It was dominated by his large L-shaped barn, the largest barn in the district.
I. The House Quadrant: This was the showcase of the farmstead. Containing house, flower beds, ornamental trees and tennis lawn, it reflected Motherwell's social position within the community. Ornamental fencing was utilized in this quadrant, and, in addition to belts of trees, separated the living area from the work areas. The ornamental gardens, laid out in geometric fashion, and the other decorative aspects of this quadrant reflected the formality of Victorian society.
The rest of Motherwell's farm and the fields for the crops he grew surrounded his four-quadrant farmstead. The farm- yard itself , though more elaborate, was the forerunner of farm- yards as farms developed on the prairies.
W.R. Motherwell: Reformer and Activist
William Richard Motherwell's public career began in 1891 when he organized a meeting to speak against William Sutherland, the Member of the Territorial Legislature for Motherwell's district of North Qu'Appelle. In 1894 Motherwell accepted nomination for his district and ran unsuccessfully for the Territorial Government. The issues he raised during the campaign, however, led to his opponent Sutherland's resignation. Motherwell ran for office again in 1896, but was again defeated. He decided to give up on politics and concentrate solely on farming. In spite of this decision, the circumstances which faced farmers at the turn of the century were such that Motherwell could not remain just an observer.
Some of the grievances which Motherwell and others were trying to address had to do with Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's National Policy. This policy of protective tariffs forced farmers to sell their wheat on the open market at depressed prices while paying inflated prices for goods manufactured in central Canada. Farmers also resented the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) monopoly and its policy of granting exclusive grain loading rights to elevator companies. Farmers suspected the elevator companies were giving them short weight for their grain, and that elevator agents were stealing grain from farmers to sell for their own profit. Farmers were also upset with the elevator companies' apparent manipulation of grading standards.
A series of farm protest movements evolved between 1876 and 1925. Some movements, like the Grange, and the Patrons of Industry had grown up in the East and in the United States before spreading to western Canada. Other lobby groups, like the Manitoba and Northwest Farmers' Union and the Farmers' Protective Union, were home- grown. Farmers decided their only hope for change was to run for office themselves. The Patrons of Industry was organized for this purpose, but it suffered defeat in the election of 1896. This defeat suggested to farmers that success might only be had by addressing smaller specific issues rather than the sweeping reforms which had been their platform during the election.
1901 produced a bumper crop of 62 million bushels of wheat. Farmers' expectations of big financial gains were soon dashed, however, when they were told the CPR could not ship the grain because of a shortage of grain cars. Farmers were thus forced to store grain for long periods, and accept a lower price for it to cover the storage costs. Motherwell and his neighbour, Peter Dayman, called a meeting at Indian Head on December 18, 1901. They urged farmers to work together to effect change in the grain handling and transportation system, and changes to government policies affecting farmers. The Territorial Grain Growers' Association was founded at this meeting as a result of the rail car shortage. Motherwell was elected its first president and proposed changes to make it easier and more cost effective for farmers to ship their grain: railways should provide loading platforms within a reasonable time after demand or else farmers should have the right to load rail cars directly from their wagons, if there were a shortage of cars they should be apportioned on a first-come-first-served basis, and each delivery point would be required to maintain a car order book. The resolutions passed at the convention were accepted by Parliament.
When it became clear that the CPR was ignoring the new clauses ,Motherwell and Dayman went to Winnipeg and, on behalf of the Territorial Grain Growers' Association, put authorities on notice that the Association would take legal action against every railway agent in the Territories who did not comply with the legislation. This was followed by a well-publicized trial in which the Association took a station agent to court and won.
During Motherwell's tenure as President of the Territorial Grain Growers Association, permanent co-operative associations were formed in each of the prairie provinces: the Manitoba Grain Growers' Association was formed in 1903 and in 1905 the United Farmers of Alberta. 1906 saw the creation of the first producers' grain marketing company at Sintaluta and later, in the 1920s, provincial wheat pools were organized. Motherwell remained president until 1906, when the Territorial Grain Growers Association became the Saskatchewan Grain Growers' Association.
Motherwell was active during this period in other initiatives as well. In 1903 he served as representative for the farmers of his district when they approached the CPR. to request a branch line be brought north through Abernethy. Farmers in other districts north of the Qu'Appelle River were also lobbying for such a branch line. All were concerned with the difficulty of getting their wheat to market especially through the perilous prairie winters. As a result, a meeting was arranged on board the train carrying the Assistant to the President of the CPR The delegation boarded this train at 9 a.m. as it passed through Indian Head, and rode it for an hour before the assistant, Sir William Whyte, was available. When they were ushered into Whyte's private car, Motherwell stated the farmers' case requesting a branch line to Abernethy. Sir William, impressed with the farmers' determination, asked: "And how far were you planning to travel on this train?" "Just as far as it will take to get the railway", Motherwell replied. The farmers got their rail line.
The Development of Prairie Agriculture
The history of the development of agriculture has always been one of trial and error. New varieties and breeds of plants and animals have been produced through patient breeding programs conducted by anonymous individuals over thousands of years. This process has led to the development of many different plant varieties and breeds of animals. The methods used to domesticate and enhance these strains for human use have been termed "traditional agriculture", but it was highly scientific in nature. Modern scientific agriculture and its methods arose towards the end of the nineteenth century, changing forever the face of farming.
W.R. Motherwell was one of a number of individuals whose efforts revolutionized the development of agriculture on the prairies. As a farmer he was quick to adopt new farming methods, and as a politician he was a firm supporter of agricultural research, and tireless in his efforts to publicize new findings. Motherwell, among many others, was a great proponent of dryland agriculture. Development of dryland farming techniques was essential if agriculture and settlement were to be a success on the prairies.
The first essential development for prairie field agriculture to succeed was the creation of high quality cereal grains that could mature in the dry climate and short growing season of the prairies. Until the early part of the twentieth century, the dominant wheat variety grown in Canada had been Red Fife. It was a hardy variety, but lacked the ability to ripen early, making it susceptible to frequent early frosts. Working at the Dominion Experimental Farm since 1903, Dominion Cerealist Sir Charles Edward Saunders was, by 1906, able to produce a new high quality, early-maturing hardy variety by crossing Red Fife wheat with Hard Red Calcutta. This new variety, Marquis wheat, also produced between four and eight hundred pounds more grain per acre than did Red Fife.
During this period of scientific inquiry,the federal government established experimental farms in the West. New crop and livestock varieties were developed and experimented with at these farms, and the different climates of the West and how they related to these new varieties were investigated. Private individuals and corporations also experimented, and agricultural societies organized fairs where the products of these new varieties and farming practices could be displayed. Governments, under the leadership of men like Motherwell, issued publications and sponsored public forums to keep the public abreast of these new developments.
One of the private individuals who researched and developed various wheat and barley strains was Seager Wheeler, a Rosthern area farmer and seed grower. Wheeler maintained his own test plots in different areas of Saskatchewan, and developed his own strains from seeds grown at the experimental farms. He ran his own seed order business, and his research and seed varieties earned him the title "World Wheat King". In 1919 Wheeler published his book "Profitable Wheat Growing", featuring research on dryland farming. The Seager Wheeler farm became a National Historic Site of Canada, commemorating the life and work of this pioneer farmer.
Experimental farms were established at places like Brandon, Manitoba, and Lethbridge, Alberta. The Indian Head Experimental Station was established in 1886, just across the Qu'Appelle Valley from Motherwell's homestead. The new University of Saskatchewan developed its own experimental farm a few years later.
New species of shrubs and fruit trees were established at these farms, and farmers were given seeds and cuttings to encourage them to plant them. Varieties of trees suitable for shelter belts were developed, and through the work of the Dominion Tree Nursery at Indian Head, these varieties were distributed free of charge across the prairies. Motherwell made extensive use of shelter belts on his farm to decrease wind erosion and evaporation, and increase moisture levels as the shelter belts captured snow.
The work conducted at the Indian Head Station impressed Motherwell, and he was a great supporter of Angus Mackay's research there. Mackay carried out extensive research into summerfallowing, concluding that fields that were cropped for two years and then left fallow (unplanted) for one year best conserved soil moisture. Summerfallow fields were found to "bank" moisture, and would produce significantly higher yields the following year than continuously cropped fields. Other techniques for soil and water conservation, such as crop rotation were developed later. It was found that by planting legume forage crops such as clover and alfalfa in rotation with cereal grains, the soil would be enriched through the nitrogen fixation performed by the legumes' root systems. The dry years of the 1930s led to other developments like strip farming, where crops were planted in long strips with fallow in between. These strips were planted so that the prevailing winds would blow across the narrow strips of stubble and summerfallow, rather than down the lengths of the strips, thus reducing wind erosion. The practice of summerfallowing gave way to zero tillage methods with seed planted directly into stubble to further reduce wind erosion, although some fields were still left fallow under crop stubble and litter,allowing moisture to bank together with fibrous material, increasing soil quality.
"Grain pickling" was another early innovation, and marked the beginning of the use of chemicals in agriculture. Seed was wetted in a copper sulphate (bluestone) solution and then dried before planting. This made the seed resistant to kernel diseases like smut. By 1900 this solution was replaced by a formaldehyde solution. The use of chemicals in farming continued to increase in order to control weed and insect pests, hasten crop maturity and fertilize fields. However, all along there were organic farmers who didn't use chemicals at all.
W.R. Motherwell: Provincial Politician
Motherwell had taken an interest in politics as early as 1883. So,when Saskatchewan became a province in1905, Premier Walter Scott asked Motherwell to join his cabinet as Minister of Agriculture. Motherwell ran the provincial Department of Agriculture for the next twelve years.
As Minister of Agriculture, Motherwell regularly lectured to agricultural societies about farming on the prairies, and his department published pamphlets on new farming techniques. Farmers would write to him to ask his advice on matters, and to air their concerns regarding farming, economic and government policies. Motherwell always took the time to answer these letters personally.
When the University of Saskatchewan was founded, Motherwell convinced Premier Scott to include a College of Agriculture on the faculty. Motherwell transferred activities performed by his department to the new College of Agriculture, and provided most of the original faculty from his own Department of Agriculture staff. The founding of the College of Agriculture in 1908 was evidence of Motherwell's continuing respect for farming, his support for its scientific practice and development, and his commitment to increasing its profile and appreciation in society.
Motherwell further demonstrated his commitment to providing farmers with better information, and access to the latest scientific knowledge, by establishing the Better Farming Train program in 1914. For the next eight years a train, which included a day care, traveled the province with exhibits, demonstrations and resource information for farm families.
As Minister of Agriculture, Motherwell spent much of his time officially opening and attending agricultural fairs, and encouraging the development of new agricultural endeavors. These were the forerunners of larger events, such as the Canadian Western Agribition.
In 1917 Motherwell resigned his cabinet seat over his displeasure with the provincial government's refusal to speak against the federal Union government's stand on the World War I conscription issue. Motherwell thought young farmers were needed at home on their farms more than on European battlefields.
Motherwell left provincial politics for good in 1918. He resigned his seat because of the Scott government's attempt to curtail French language rights within the province. He wrote in his letter of resignation: "...we are confronted with the strong possibility of a mighty conflict in Canada between the privileged classes and the common people. As my sympathy and my heart are with the latter, I must have perfect freedom to champion their cause at every opportunity, in season and out."
W.R. Motherwell: Federal Politician
Motherwell ran for parliament in 1919 but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the House of Commons. He was soon invited to join Prime Minister Mackenzie King's federal cabinet as Minister of Agriculture. Motherwell served as Canadian Minister of Agriculture from 1922 to1925, and again from 1926 to 1930.
As federal Minister of Agriculture Motherwell standardized the grading systems for all forms of agricultural produce. This put farmers across the nation on an even footing, allowing them access to a standard grading measure regardless of the region in which they farmed. He was also an early supporter of the concept of a Canadian Wheat Board.
Motherwell established the Accredited Herd System which helped to eliminate tuberculosis from Canadian cattle herds. Under this program, restricted T.B. (tuberculosis) areas were established in each province. Cattle that reacted positively to the tuberculin test were destroyed in these areas, and their owners were compensated by the government. Through this program, Canadians were protected from contracting the disease from drinking unpasteurized milk from infected animals. The creation of a national herd free of diseases like T.B. also boosted Canada's exports of beef, and breeding stock.
During his time as Minister of Agriculture, Motherwell succeeded in persuading Prime Minister Mackenzie King to reduce the tariff on imported agricultural implements, a move which provided significant savings for western farmers buying new equipment. Further to his commitment to agricultural progress, he also established the Dominion Rust Research Laboratory in Winnipeg to combat wheat disease.
Motherwell built a close federal-provincial relationship between the Prime Minister and Saskatchewan Premier, James G. Gardiner,who would later also serve as federal Minister of Agriculture . Motherwell retained his seat when the King government was defeated by R. B. Bennet in 1930, and continued to sit in parliament until he resigned his seat in 1939. By the time he retired, Motherwell was a much respected elder statesman known to many as the "Grand Old Man of Canadian Agriculture".
- Commemorative Integrity Statement
- Motherwell Homestead pamphlets
- Lanark Place
- From Prairie Roots: The Story of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, Garry Lawrence, Western Producer Prairie Books, Saskatoon (SK), 1984


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Big Data Landscape has been growing rapidly with lot of efforts from open source communities. It has been difficult for the big data developers across the globe to keep themselves with new releases. we have decided to write a blog on the same every month.
Below are the latest stable versions of the most commonly used components/ frameworks in BigData Landscape as January-31,2019
Written by DataDotz Team @ DataDotz.
DataDotz is a Chennai based BigData Team primarily focussed on consulting and training on technologies such as Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark , NoSQL(HBase, Cassandra, MongoDB), Search and Cloud Computing.


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Sustainability Statement
As industry leaders, it is our responsibility and mission to advocate health and safety in the workplace as well as the protection and preservation of our environment.
At D'style Inc., we have an obligation to our clients, the world community, and ourselves to promote responsibility in all policies and practices of our business. We are dedicated to designing products and developing supply chains that reduce our environmental impact and maximize employee safety while maintaining excellent quality.
We are constantly looking to improve our in-house recycling and re-use methods and strive to educate all company personnel on the importance of sustainability practices. We acknowledge the tremendous urgency, and take immediate steps, to minimize carbon emissions, waste stream pollutants, and un-recyclable content from any product platform under our control.
D'style Inc. is also committed to its employees, their well-being and their personal development in industry. We advocate equal employment opportunity and require all of our facilities and vendors to abide by all applicable health and safety standards.
Social responsibility at D'style Inc. is of utmost importance and we pride ourselves on contributing to a more sustainable tomorrow.
*Energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been reduced by 25% since 2012.
D'Style, Inc.


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READ about Piers Morgan's long career in journalism here.
Coming up this evening at 9, former President Jimmy Carter joins Piers Morgan for a candid and revealing face to face interview, as the nation's 39th commander-in-chief touches upon everything from Obama to "Argo," Iran to Israel.
Sitting down together in San Diego, the "Piers Morgan Tonight" host asks his guest about the man currently occupying his old position:
"Last time we spoke, you sort of suggested you didn't have much of a relationship with President Obama. Have things improved or deteriorated? Or are they about the same?," inquires Morgan.
"About the same," Carter answers honestly. "He and I respect each other, when he came to Atlanta this past week his staff invited me to come to the speech."
Speaking of their recent visit in Georgia, Carter explains how one of his own family members, played a key role in helping the president win reelection last November:
"He met my grandson who was the one who found the forty-seven percent tape and pretty well-turned it," explains the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Immediately recognizing the significance of such a development, Morgan seeks more detail:
"So basically, Carter won Obama the election," he suggests. "It was a key moment, actually. Do you think that was the pivotal moment in destroying Mitt Romney's chances?"
Equal parts proud and humble, Carter answers:
"I think it was the pivotal moment. I believe it was. It was something that he could not deny and it stuck with him for the rest of the election and I think it was a major factor if not the major factor."
Watch the clip, and listen to the interview, then tune in this evening at 9 for the full interview as Carter reveals exactly what the President said to his grandson when the two met a week ago."
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Mr. Peanut brain and his brainless grandson, the apple dont fall far from that tree!
You won't recognize what smarts is.... No brainier.
He has been blessed with a long life and if I am half as lucid in my 80s as he is, I will be happy. Better than what happened with President Reagan – I hope that doesn't happen to me.
Not sure "lucid" is a term that ever applied to Jimmy. " Misguided" seems more definitive of his life.
Find it funny how everyone tries to outwit everyone else on these replies.
The American Worker as in no time in history is the most productive ever, with a fact that wages since Reagan have substantially dropped (real cost of living).
Ever been around real rich, they are oblivious to the common.
This is the problem. The out of site out of mind, not my problem in America. The military is out of sight and out of mind, my son is in the military... NO MORE WARS IDIOTS please!
Cut the military industrial complex, go after the hospitals robbing all of us, and the bankers? When where there be justice?
If the TEA party congress does nothing in the next few days, suffering will come to all of us.
Have a nice day.
Romney had the guts to tell the truth and it was his downfall, just goes to show how far this country has fallen.
Too bad there are millions of us that can't be as stellar and 'hard workin'" as you, buddy! You keep on believing in that cartoonish, overly simplistic world of yours and hug that assault rifle closely in case them damn Yankees come and try to take it from you.
Romney guts exposed him self. Thanks heaven the 47 percent voted wisely.
It took a fiscal conservative to pull us out of the monstrous economy Jimmy Carter created and it will take us another fiscal conservative to pull us out of Obama's economy. Obama IS Jimmy Carter 2.
Very well said, Max, but lost on the zombies who think that any Democrat good on a mic will suffice.
"When your point of axis is so low, who knows what heights this idiot is talking about??"
What a pathetic individual Carter is.... An illegally taped event & he has the balls to say he was proud of his grandson for turning it over?....I guess he would be proud if his grandson trafficked in cocaine also
All of America is proud and Thanks full of President Carter's grandson.
It's the looser who are not.
Just as a reality check, George W. Bush created this economy by starting two unfunded wars and created the Medicare Prescription Drug benefit without figuring out how that would be paid for. But, it's just easier to blame the black guy right?
Get facts right. Bush Sr was a wicked and the Bush Jr .... Please read and get your facts.
reagan increased taxes...got credit for fall of berlin wall, when gorbachev did it...was guilty of IRAN CONTRA trafficking and no one pressed it, though 14 plus were indicted, a few went to Jail...clueless reagan responsible for MORE economic mess than silly naive repubs care to admit, like bush1 and bush 2, but of course, they NEVER make mistakes with money, those repub wizards! And yes, Carters grandson so called "illegally taped" video was wonderful for exposing repub hypocrisy and hate for average Americans, including the carpet repubs who are pooped on constantly by the uber wealthy, yet they still think the repub party loves them...abusive behaviour at its worst. Good man that Carter guy, too good for redneck repub haters of course
The most worthless president ever helping out the newly most worthless. Seems fitting.
The posts in this thread suggest to me that democrats are working hard, and trying to live life, while the troll sub-class of the republican party(Not all republicans are dirty, self-interested individuals like those we see on TV) is alert, awake and ready to spread their message of filth, deception and lies. And it's probably just 1 or 2 people, posting under a different name each time. Though each post may be worded different, the same underlying message of hate, divisiveness, racism, disgust and rage are a common theme among them all.
I just can't get this image in my head of Rush Limbaugh, up late night, at work, cursing and moaning, puffing on a stogie looking like he's ready to stroke out, and rummaging through the forums, posting that filth he calls truth. What a hateful man.
And what's his latest kick? The 'Low information voter'? Isn't that just code for "The vast 'majority' of the US population, who voted in favor of our president, are/were stup!d and uninformed"? What a great message these people have for the American people.
Well I have a different one, for those who take the time to read this....I love you guys <3. Happy late Valentines day.
The Republicans; the few, the proud, the misinformed.
"Hrmmm? A new branch of the military we have."
"Upset Obama take away their funding they are."
*Looks downward with a heavy sigh*
"I sense much fear in them."
And all this coming from what is probably the worst President in the History of this Country. He was also a Submarine Officer in the Submarine Force which highly embarasses me as I was also. What a LOSER, Mr. Peanut Farmer of Georgia!!!!
The truth is that the welfare hand-out crowd put Obama back in office, they now outnumber the working people.....Pathetic!
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Why do i not like Carter? I think his grandson pulled off a great move. But it also made him a Wiesel in the end. What a sneaky S.O.B. Who wants to invite him to a dinner party? Remember you have to work with the other side.


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Publications: Schubert, Sarah
Journal Article
Schubert, S.J., Lee, C.W., de Araujo, G., Butler, S.R., Taylor, G. and Drummond, P.D. (2016) The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy to treat symptoms following trauma in Timor Leste. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29 (2). pp. 141-148.
Schubert, S.J., Lee, C.W. and Drummond, P.D. (2011) The efficacy and psychophysiological correlates of dual-attention tasks in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25 (1). pp. 1-11.
Schubert, S., Hansen, S., Dyer, K.R. and Rapley, M. (2009) `ADHD patient' or `illicit drug user'? Managing medico-moral membership categories in drug dependence services. Discourse & Society, 20 (4). pp. 499-516.
Schubert, S. and Lee, C.W. (2009) Adult PTSD and its treatment with EMDR: a review of controversies, evidence, and theoretical knowledge. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3 (3). pp. 117-132.
Lee, C.W. and Schubert, S. (2009) Omissions and errors in the institute of medicine's report on scientific evidence of treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3 (1). pp. 32-38.
Schubert, S., Hansen, S. and Rapley, M. (2005) `There is no Pathological Test': More on ADHD as rhetoric. Journal of Critical Psychology Counselling and Psychotherapy, 5 (3). pp. 151-160.
Schubert, Sarah (2016) EMDR therapy : crucial processes and effectiveness in a non-clinical and a post-war, cross-cultural context. PhD thesis, Murdoch University.


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Both run Android. Both have lightning-fast processors (the Galaxy S a Hummingbird/Power VR, the Desire a Snapdragon/Adreno). Both can play Quake 2. But which handles better?
See the side-by-side comparison below. I won't give too many clues away, but I've got to say that I'm pretty disappointed with the outcome. I'm like a proud parent who expected much greater things of her child—even if the initial tests suggested one day I'd be sobbing into my hanky, wishing I'd backed the other horse. Sorry, I'm so upset, I'm mixing up my metaphors.
Got a Motorola Droid? Then you'll be wanting to see how it plays Quake III, right? Right. [Android Central Forums via Android Central]
UPDATE: More interested in Quake III? Check out the Galaxy S working its thang with some third-gen fragging. [AndroidCommunity]


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Harris Primary Academy Merton
Academy Description
Harris Primary Academy Merton is a new Primary Academy for local children aged three to eleven which opened in September 2014.
Our belief is that children thrive when they are consistently happy and safe at school and that through expert teaching and support all pupils can achieve to a high standard.
Academy Ethos
Our aim at Harris Primary Academy Merton is to make sure that our pupils leave us thoroughly prepared for Secondary School and feeling that they have succeeded both academically and in the extracurricular aspects of Academy life.
We want all of our children to have a truly happy experience of school. Our pupils' achievements are celebrated every day in their lessons and we are proud that they are kind, caring, self-assured and eager to learn.
Assistant Director
Academy Contact
Abbotts Road
Surrey CR4 1JW


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In popular music, a cover version or cover song, or simply cover, is a new performance or recording of a previously recorded, commercially released song by someone other than the original artist or composer.
Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of musical artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune, not just recordings of it. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some cover versions being more successful recording(s) than the original song(s). Cover versions of well-known, well-liked tunes are often recorded by new or up-and-coming artists to achieve initial success when their unfamiliar original material would be less likely to be successful. Before the onset of rock 'n' roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be brought out by singers of the day, each giving it their individual treatment. Cover versions could also be released as an effort to revive the song's popularity among younger generations of listeners after the popularity of the original version has long since declined over the years.
On occasion, a cover can become more popular and well known than the original, such as Elvis Presley's version of Carl Perkins' original version of "Blue Suede Shoes," Santana's version in 1970 of Peter Green's and Fleetwood Mac's 1968 song "Black Magic Woman," or Jimi Hendrix's version of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower."[1] The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylan's original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 (US number 20) and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Another famous example is the Beatles' cover of "Twist and Shout", originally by the Isley Brothers, and, to a lesser extent, their cover of the song, "Til There Was You", by Meredith Willson, among many others.
The term "cover" goes back decades when cover version originally described a rival version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released (original) version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952: "trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a potential hit on someone else's label."[2] Examples of records covered include Paul Williams' 1949 hit tune "The Hucklebuck" and Hank Williams' 1952[3] song "Jambalaya." Both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. Before the mid-20th century, the notion of an original version of a popular tune would have seemed slightly odd – the production of musical entertainment was seen as a live event, even if it was reproduced at home via a copy of the sheet music, learned by heart or captured on a Gramophone record. In fact, one of the principal objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible.
In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, even out of doing contemporary cover versions of current hits. Musicians now play what they call "cover versions" (the reworking, updating or interpretation) of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material (such as evergreen hits, standard tunes or classic recordings) is an important method of learning music styles. Until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artist's abilities and style. (See, for example, Please Please Me.) Artists might also perform interpretations ("covers") of a favorite artist's hit tunes[4] for the simple pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes.[5] A cover band plays such "cover versions" exclusively.
Today three broad types of entertainers depend on cover versions for their principal repertoire:
Tribute acts or bands are performers who make a living by recreating the music of one particular artist. Bands such as Björn Again, Led Zepagain, The Fab Four, Australian Pink Floyd Show, The Iron Maidens and Glory Days are dedicated to playing the music of ABBA, Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Iron Maiden and Bruce Springsteen respectively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many other classic rock acts. Most tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, allowing an audience to experience the "next best thing" to the original act. The formation of tribute acts is roughly proportional to the enduring popularity of the original act; for example, dozens of Beatles tribute bands have formed and an entire subindustry has formed around Elvis impersonation. Most tribute bands attempt to recreate another band's music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles and Metallica.
Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a broad variety of crowd-pleasing music for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs. Such bands draw from Top 40 hits of previous decades to provide pleasurable nostalgic entertainment in bars, on cruise ships and at such events as weddings, family celebrations and corporate functions.
Revivalist artists or bands are performers who are inspired by an entire genre of music and dedicate themselves to curating and recreating the genre and introducing it to younger audiences who have not experienced that music first hand. Unlike tribute bands and cover bands who rely primarily on audiences seeking a nostalgic experience, revivalist bands usually seek new young audiences for whom the music is fresh and has no nostalgic value. For example, Sha Na Na started in 1969 as a celebration of the doo-wop music of the 1950s, a genre of music that was not initially fashionable during the hippie counter-culture era. The Blues Brothers started in 1978 as a living salute to the blues, soul and R&B music of the 1950s and 1960s that was not in vogue by the late 1970s. The Blues Brothers' creed was that they were "on a mission from God" as evangelists for blues and soul music. The Black Crowes formed in 1984, initially dedicated to reviving 1970s style blues-rock. They started writing their own material in the same vein.
Since the Harry Fox Agency, and is safe under copyright law even if they do not have any permission from the original author. A similar service was provided by Limelight by RightsFlow, until January, 2015 when they announced they will be closing their service. The U.S. Congress introduced the mechanical license to head off an attempt by the Aeolian Company to monopolize the piano roll market.[7]
Although a composer cannot deny anyone a mechanical license for a new recorded version, the composer has the right to decide who will release the first recording of a song. Bob Dylan took advantage of this right when he refused his own record company the right to release a live recording of "Mr. Tambourine Man."[6]
Live performances of copyrighted songs are typically arranged through ASCAP or BMI.
Early in the 20th century it became common for phonograph record labels record companies to have singers or musicians "cover" a commercially successful "hit" tune by recording a version for their own label in hopes of cashing in on the tune's success. For example, Ain't She Sweet was popularized in 1927 by Eddie Cantor (on stage) and by Ben Bernie and Gene Austin (on record), was repopularized through popular recordings by Mr. Goon Bones & Mr. Ford and Pearl Bailey in 1949, and later still revived as 33 1/3 and 45 RPM records by the Beatles in 1964.[8]
Because little promotion or advertising was done in the early days of record production, other than at the local music hall or music store, the average buyer purchasing a new record usually asked for the tune, not the artist. Record distribution was highly localized, so a locally popular artist could quickly record a version of a hit song from another area and reach an audience before the version by the artist(s) who first introduced the tune in a particular format—the "original," "introductory" or "popularizing" artist—was widely available, and highly competitive record companies were quick to take advantage of these facts.
This began to change in the late 1930s, when the growing record-buying public began including a younger age group. During the Swing era, when a bobby soxer went looking for a recorded tune, say "In the Mood," typically she wanted the version popularized by her favorite artist(s), e.g. the Glenn Miller version (on RCA Victor's cheaper Bluebird label), not someone else's (sometimes presented on a more expensive record company's label). This trend was marked closely by the charting of record sales by the different artists, not just hit tunes, on the music industry's Hit Parades. However, for sound commercial reasons, record companies still continued to record different versions of tunes that sold well. Most audiences until the mid-1950s still heard their favorite artists playing live music on stage or via the radio. And since radio shows were for the most part aimed at local audiences, it was still rare for an artist in one area to reach a mass audience. Also radio stations tended to cater to broad audience markets, so an artist in one vein might not get broadcast on other stations geared to a set audience. So popular versions of jazz, country and western or rhythm and blues tunes, and vice versa, were frequent. Consider Mack the Knife (Die Moritat vom Mackie Messer): this was originally from Bertholt Brecht's 1928 Die Dreigroschenoper. It was popularized by a 1956 record Hit Parade instrumental tune, Moritat, for the Dick Hyman Trio, also recorded by Richard Hayman & Jan August,[9] but a hit also for Louis Armstrong 1956/1959, Bobby Darin, 1959,[10] and Ella Fitzgerald, 1960,[11] as vocal versions of Mack The Knife.
Europe's Radio Luxembourg, like many commercial stations, also sold "air time"; so record companies and others bought air time to promote their own artists or products, thus increasing the number of recorded versions of any tune then available. Add to this the fact that many radio stations were limited in their permitted "needle time" (the amount of recorded music they were allowed to play), or were regulated on the amount of local talent they had to promote in live broadcasts, as with most national stations like the BBC in the UK.
In the US, unlike most countries, broadcasters pay royalties to authors and publishers. Artists are not paid royalties, so there is an incentive to record numerous versions of a song, particularly in different genres. For example, King Records frequently cut both rhythm and blues and country and western versions of novelty songs like "Good Morning, Judge" and "Don't Roll those Bloodshot Eyes at Me." This tradition was expanded when rhythm and blues songs began appearing on pop music charts.
In the early days of rock and roll, many tunes originally recorded by R&B and country musicians were still being re-recorded in a more popular vein by other artists with a more toned-down style or professional polish.[12] This was inevitable because radio stations were reluctant to play formats outside their target audience's taste. By far the most popular style of music in the mid-1950s / mid-1960s was still the professional light orchestra, therefore popular recording artists sought that format.[13] For many purists these popular versions lacked the raw, often amateurish, earthiness of the original introducing artists.
But most did not have the kudos that rebellious teenagers craved, the social stigma - or street credibility - of rock and roll music; most were performed, and some were written, by black artists not heard in popular mass entertainment markets.[14] Most parents considered the bowdlerized popular cover versions more palatable for the mass audience of parents and their children. Artists targeting the white-majority family audience were more acceptable to programmers at most radio and TV stations. Singer-songwriter Don McLean called the cover version a "racist tool".[15] Many parents in the 1950s - 60s, whether intentionally racist or not, felt deeply threatened by the rapid pace of social change. They had, for the most part, shared entertainment with their parents in ways their children had become reluctant to do. The jukebox and the personal record disc player were still relatively expensive pieces of machinery - and the portable radio a great novelty, allowing truculent teenagers to shut themselves off.
Tunes by introducing or "original" niche market artists that became successful on the mass audience Hit Parade charts are called crossovers as they "crossed over" from the targeted country, jazz or rhythm audience. Also, many songs originally recorded by male artists were rerecorded by female artists, and vice versa. Such a cover version is also sometimes called a cross cover version, male cover, or female cover. Incidentally, until the mid-1930s male vocalists often sang the female lyrics to popular songs, though this faded rapidly after it was deemed decadent in Nazi Germany. Some songs such as "If Only for One Night" were originally recorded by female artists but covered by mostly male artists.
Reworking non-English language tunes and lyrics for the Anglo-Saxon markets was once a popular part of the music business. For example, the 1954 worldwide hit The Happy Wanderer was originally Der fröhliche Wanderer, to this must be added Hymne a l'amour, Mutterlein, Volare, Seeman, "Quando, Quando, Quando," L'amour est bleu, etc.
Cover versions of many popular songs have been recorded, sometimes with a radically different style, sometimes virtually indistinguishable from the original. For example, Sir Mix-a-Lot's 1992 rap "Baby Got Back" was covered by indie rock singer Jonathan Coulton in 2005, in an acoustic soft rock style. Coulton's cover was then covered, without attribution, in 2013 by the show Glee, and was so similar that Coulton, among others, alleged plagiarism of his mix.[16] Some producers or recording artists may also enlist the services of a sample replay company such as Titan Tribute Media or Scorccio, in order to replicate an original recording with precision detail and accuracy.
A song may be covered into another language. For example, in the 1930s, a recording of Isle of Capri in Spanish, by Osvaldo Fresedo and singer Roberto Ray, is known. Falco's 1982 German-language hit "Der Kommissar" was covered in English by After the Fire, although the German title was retained. The English version, which was not a direct translation of Falco's original but retained much of its spirit, reached the Top 5 on the US charts. "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" evolved over several decades and versions from a 1939 Zulu a cappella song. Many of singer Laura Branigan's 1980s hits were English-language remakes of songs already successful in Europe, for the American record market. Numerable English-language covers exist of "99 Luftballons" by German singer Nena (notably one by punk band Goldfinger), one having been recorded by Nena herself following the success of her original German version. "Popcorn," a song that was originally completely instrumental, has had lyrics added in at least six different languages in various covers. During the heyday of Cantopop in Hong Kong in the late 1970s to early 1990s, many hits were covers of English and Japanese titles that have gained international fame but with localized lyrics (sometimes multiple sets of lyrics sung to the same tune), and critics often chide the music industry of shorting the tune-composing process.
Although modern cover versions are often produced for artistic reasons, some aspects of the disingenuous spirit of early cover versions remain. In the album-buying heyday of the 1970s, albums of sound-alike covers were created, commonly released to fill bargain bins in the music section of supermarkets and even specialized music stores, where uninformed customers might easily confuse them with original recordings. The packaging of such discs was often intentionally confusing, combining the name of the original artist in large letters with a tiny disclaimer like as originally sung by or as made popular by. More recently, albums such as the Kidz Bop series of compact discs, featuring versions of contemporary songs sung by children, have sold successfully.
In 2009 the American musical comedy-drama television series Glee debuted, featuring several musical performances per episode. The series featured solely cover songs performed by the series' titular glee club until near the end of its second season with the episode "Original Song." The series still primarily uses cover songs of both chart hits and show tunes, occasionally as mashups or distinct variations. The show's musical performances have been a commercial success, with over twenty-one million copies of Glee cast single releases purchased digitally, and over nine million albums purchased worldwide.[17]
Cover versions (as the term is now used) are often contemporary versions of familiar songs. For example, "Singin' in the Rain" was originally introduced in the film The Hollywood Revue of 1929. The famous Gene Kelly version was a revision that brought it up to date for a 1950s Hollywood musical, and was used in the 1952 film Singin' in the Rain. In 1978, it was covered by French singer Sheila accompanied by the B. Devotion group, as a disco song, once more updating it to suit the musical taste of the era. During the disco era there was a brief trend of taking well known songs and recording them in the disco style. More recently "Singin' In the Rain" has been covered and remixed by British act Mint Royale for a television commercial for Volkswagen. Another example of this, from a different angle, is the tune "Blueberry Hill," many mistakenly believe the Fats Domino 1956 release to be the original recording and artist. In fact, it was originally introduced on film by Gene Autry and popularized on the record Hit Parade of 1940 by Glenn Miller. The Fats Domino rock and roll version is the only one that might currently get widespread airplay on most media. Similarly, "Unchained Melody" was originally performed by Todd Duncan, featured in the 1955 film Unchained (based on the non-fiction story Prisoners are People by Kenyon J. Scudder); Al Hibbler having the biggest number of worldwide record sales for the vocal version with Jimmy Young's cover version rival outdoing this in the UK,[18] Les Baxter's Orchestra gaining the big instrumentalist sales, reaching the US Hit Parade number one spot in May 1955,[19] but The Righteous Brothers' later version (top five on the US Hit Parade of September 1965[20] stalling at number 14 in the UK in August) is by far the wider known version, and especially so following its appearance in the 1990 film Ghost. House of the Rising Sun has hundreds of versions and in many genres such as folk, blues rock and punk as well as dance and dubstep.[21]
Director Baz Luhrmann has contemporized and stylized older songs for use in his films. New or cover versions such as John Paul Young's "Love Is in the Air" occur in Strictly Ballroom, Candi Staton's "Young Hearts Run Free" appear in Romeo + Juliet, and adaptations of artists such as Nat King Cole, Nirvana, Kiss, Elton John, Thelma Houston, Marilyn Monroe, Madonna, T. Rex, David Bowie, Queen and The Police are used in Moulin Rouge! The covers are carefully designed to fit into the structure of each film and suit the taste of the intended audience.
Other artists release new versions of their own previous songs, like German singer Nena who recorded an entire album with great success, with new versions of older hits. Cover songs can be used to display creativity of a performers work through the talent of another artist's previous production. Not to be confused with a Remix, which is defined as altering or distorting the original sound electronically; Cover Versions give a performer the ability to adapt music to their own style, typically allowing them to change the genre of a song and recreating it to their own taste.[22] For example, in 2008, Fall Out Boy covered Micheal Jackson's hit song "Beat It", changing the genre from Pop Rock to a more Punk Rock feel. This is more common with today's covers, taking older popular music and revamping it to compare with modern popular music. Aretha Franklin's cover of Otis Redding's Respect was voted the greatest cover song of all-time, according to Forbes.com.[23]
New artists are often introduced to the record buying public with performances of well known, "safe" songs as evidenced in American Idol and its counterparts in other countries. It is also a means by which the public can more easily concentrate upon the new performer without the need to judge the quality of the songwriting skills.
However, some new artists have chosen to radically rework a popular song to exemplify their approach and philosophy to music. Prime examples include Joe Cocker's soul reworking of The Beatles' originally-jaunty "With a Little Help from My Friends," the band Devo's radical reconstruction of the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction," or Marilyn Manson's version of the Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams." Many musicians have other goals, such as to create publicity as in Sid Vicious' notorious version of "My Way."
Established artists often pay homage to artists or songs that inspired them before they started their careers or musicians who in some way helped them enter show business by recording their own versions of tunes associated with that artist (See, for example, I Remember Tommy) or performing tunes associated with their favorite influential musician(s) in their own live performances for variety. For example, U2 has performed ABBA's "Dancing Queen" live, and Kylie Minogue has performed The Clash's "Should I Stay or Should I Go" - songs that would be completely out of character for them to record, but which allow them artistic freedom when performing live. These performances are often released as part of authorized "live recordings."
Since the late twentieth century, unrelated contemporary artists have contributed individual reworkings of tunes to tribute albums for well-established artists who are considered to be influential and inspiring. This trend was spawned by Hal Willner's Amarcord Nino Rota in 1981. Typically, each project has resulted in a collection of the particular artist's best recognized or most highly regarded songs reworked by more current performers.
The soundtracks to the films All This and World War II, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, I Am Sam and Across the Universe are examples of this: they consisted of Beatles songs redone by various contemporary artists. Other notable examples are Conception: The Interpretation of Stevie Wonder Songs; Common Thread an album of contemporary country artists performing hit singles by the Eagles; the rhythm, country and blues album where a country artist duets with a rhythm and blues artist on a standard of either genre. Two notable tribute albums to the Grateful Dead are Wake the Dead, with Celtic-style covers, and Might As Well, by The Persuasions.
In some cases this proves to be popular enough to spawn a series of cover albums being released for a band, either under a consistent branding such as the two Black Sabbath Nativity in Black cover albums and the industrial themed "Blackest Album" cover albums of Metallica songs, or in the form of releases from a number of different companies cashing in on the trend such as the many Metallica cover albums released in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Metallica itself is known for doing covers; later releases of their original album, Kill 'Em All, included a couple of covers (Diamond Head's "Am I Evil?" and Blitzkrieg's "Blitzkrieg"), the original The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited was a collection of covers paying homage to a number of mostly obscure bands, which were later combined with additional new covers on the double album Garage Inc., which among other things included covers of Black Sabbath ("Sabbra Cadabra"), Bob Seger ("Turn the Page"), Blue Öyster Cult ("Astronomy"), Mercyful Fate (a medley of different songs of the band), and numerous Motörhead tracks. In an interesting turn around there were even a couple of releases of The Metallic-era CDs collecting tracks from bands that Metallica had covered, both the original versions of the covered songs, and some additional songs by the same artist.
A different type of all-covers album occurs when one artist creates a release of covers of songs originally by many other artists, as a way to recognize their influences or simply as a change of pace or direction. An early example of this was David Bowie's album Pin Ups, featuring songs from groups with which he had shared venues in the 1960s. Since these bands included The Who and The Kinks many of the tracks would have been at least familiar to his audience.
Other more recent examples of this type of album include Renegades by Rage Against the Machine featuring covers of songs originally performed by diverse artists including Bruce Springsteen, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, Afrikaa Bambaataa, and Erik B and Rakim, as well as the EP Feedback by Canadian rock band Rush. Tori Amos' album Strange Little Girls features covers of songs originally performed by male artists sung from the perspective of thirteen female characters she created (including a rather unexpected version of Slayer's "Raining Blood"). Manfred Mann did albums with more covers than original songs, following the mould of Vanilla Fudge.
More rarely, bands will do an entire album of cover songs originally by a particular artist, such as The The's Hanky Panky, which consists entirely of Hank Williams songs, or Booker T. & the M.G.'s' album McLemore Avenue which was a cover of The Beatles' Abbey Road, or Russ Pay's tribute to Manchester legends Joy Division.
There are also bands who create entire albums out of covers, but unlike Tin Pan Alley-style traditional pop singers, they often perform the songs in a genre completely unlike the original songs. Examples include The Moog Cookbook (alternative and classic rock songs done on Moog synthesizers), Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine (top 40, including punk, heavy metal, teen pop and indie rock performed in a Vegas lounge lizard style), and Hayseed Dixie (a play on the name AC/DC, they started covering AC/DC songs and progressed to other classic rock, playing them as bluegrass songs, similar to The Gourds' version of "Gin and Juice.")
Also notable are Dread Zeppelin, who take Led Zeppelin songs and cover them in a reggae fashion with the added twist of an Elvis Presley impersonation on the lead vocal; Nine Inch Elvis, who take Elvis Presley songs and rework them in an industrial fashion similar to Nine Inch Nails; and Beatallica, who "mix up" songs from The Beatles and Metallica into Metallica-sounding songs with humorous lyrics referring to both bands' works.
In that same category, The Blues Brothers have recorded only covers on their three most famous albums, Briefcase Full of Blues, Made in America and the motion picture soundtrack The Blues Brothers. They covered blues, R&B, soul, country and rock'n'roll songs, but with their own particular, fresh and raw style of interpretation, a successful blend of the Memphis Stax sound provided by MGs band members Steve Cropper and Donald "Duck" Dunn, and the New York City sound from the horn section (Alan Rubin and Lou Marini, for example). The outcome sometimes gave a new life to songs. Some became even more popular after The Blues Brothers had played them, than before.
The best example is "Soul Man," more remembered as a hit by The Blues Brothers rather than by the original singers, Sam & Dave. The same can be said of "She Caught the Katy" (originally written by Taj Mahal and Yank Rachell) and "Jailhouse Rock" (sung by Elvis Presley) or "Sweet Home Chicago" (Robert Johnson), acknowledging the fact that covers can become even more famous than original performances.
Recent years have seen well-established artists (especially those mostly active in the 1980s) release cover albums, such as Poison (Poison'd!), Tesla (Real to Reel), Queensrÿche (Take Cover) and Def Leppard (Yeah!), revealing a wide range of musical influences.
Some cover albums take the unusual tack of doing classical versions of rock and metal songs. The unusual band Apocalyptica which comprises four classical cellists started out performing classical arrangements of Metallica songs. In a similar vein, there have also been many string quartet tributes to popular rock and metal bands, most notably Tool, Black Sabbath, Breaking Benjamin, New Order/Joy Division, The Cure, Muse, The Beatles, and even Slayer.
One more type of cover album is when a cover of the entire album is done, rather than a collection of songs. A notable band to earn acclaim this way are the Easy Star All-Stars, who covered The Dark Side of the Moon by Pink Floyd in their album Dub Side of the Moon and OK Computer by Radiohead in their album Radiodread. Both albums were radical departures from the original albums, being redone in reggae/dub. Another album which radically remade an original album in a new genre is the 2001 Rebuild the Wall, in which Luther Wright and the Wrongs covered the entire double-album The Wall by Pink Floyd as a country/bluegrass piece.
Former Genesis session drummer Nick D'Virgilio covered the band's 1974 concept double album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway as 'A Tribute to the Lamb Lies Down on Broadway' in 2008. This was released under the name 'Rewiring Genesis'. Unlike the progressive rock original, notable for its prominent synthesizer and guitar work, the cover used a wide variety of instrumentation, including an orchestra, in place of most synthesizer parts and featured jazz-influenced song arrangements. D'Virgilio was session drummer on the Calling All Stations album released in 1996, a year after drummer Phil Collins left Genesis.
Camper Van Beethoven covered Fleetwood Mac's Tusk album in its entirety. Beck's Record Club project has covered The Velvet Underground and Nico, Songs of Leonard Cohen, Oar, Kick, and Yannii Live at the Acropolis by The Velvet Underground, Leonard Cohen, Skip Spence, INXS, and Yanni, respectively.
Many up and coming bands in the metal genre cover songs by their predecessors to gain public interest, although more established bands have also recorded covers. Ozzy Osbourne, HammerFall, Metallica, Napalm Death, Entombed, Iced Earth, Between the Buried and Me, Overkill, Slayer, L.A. Guns, Marilyn Manson, Fozzy, and Def Leppard have released entire albums of covers, for example. In specific subgenres of metal, covers generally reflect the genre the band is in. The Norwegian black metal band Mayhem have recorded several Venom covers, while Mayhem themselves have been covered many times: their song "Deathcrush" has been covered around 140 times, according to Encyclopaedia Metallum.
Another approach, taken by several metal bands, including Children of Bodom, is to cover songs generally not listened to by metal fans, such as pop, punk, or classic rock songs. Children of Bodom's cover of Britney Spears' "Oops! I Did It Again" was originally recorded as an in-joke amongst the band members but ended up being released as a bonus track on one of their EPs, as well as Andrew W.K.'s "She Is Beautiful." Ten Masked Men are a cover-only band that primarily do death metal versions of pop songs (famous covers include Michael Jackson's 'Beat It' and 'Thriller', Justin Timberlake's 'Cry Me A River' and Dead Or Alive's 'You Spin Me Right Round'). Blind Guardian has covered surf-rock hit "Surfin' U.S.A." from the Beach Boys, as well as 50s hit "Mr. Sandman" and oldies rock and roll staples "Barbara Ann" and "Long Tall Sally." Yngwie J. Malmsteen covered ABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!". The song features the same lyrics, with minor edits, and the same music with a more powerful metal feel. Thrash metal band Megadeth covered Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walkin' on their 1985 debut album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!, but is more often recognized as a parody rather than a true cover, and is considered controversial because song writer Lee Hazlewood deemed Megadeth's version to be "a perversion of the original." Also, nu metal band Korn have covered Public Enemy's "Fight the Power" for the xXx: State of the Union soundtrack; and Cameo's "Word Up!" and Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall" for their Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 compilation album. Celtic Frost also did a cover of the song "In the Chapel in the Moonlight", an easy listening song originally written by Billy Hill and performed by Shep Fields in 1936, on their 1986 album Into the Pandemonium. The progressive metal band Tool recorded a cover of Led Zeppelin's song "No Quarter", which was released on their album Salival.
In recent years, artists have begun covering hip-hop songs, most frequently in concert and typically in a style radically different from the originals. Snoop Dogg, XV, Busy Signal, and Kanye West Rock City have all recorded covers of hip-hop songs and Can You Blow My had a top 40 single in the UK with a cover of rapper Flo Rida's song 'Whistle'.
The band Mindless Self Indulgence recorded a cover of the song "Bring the Pain" by Method Man in which they completely change the entire rhythm and sound of the song. The only part of the original song retained in their cover is the lyrics.
In R&B, remakes are common,[14] often seen as tributes to the original artist. R&B artists such as Mary J. Blige have recorded several covers of legendary R&B artists like Aretha Franklin "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman," Chaka Khan (Sweet Thing), and Rose Royce "I'm Going Down." In 1995 D'Angelo remade "Cruisin'" originally recorded by Smokey Robinson. K-Ci Hailey of Jodeci recorded a remake of "If You Think You're Lonely Now" by Bobby Womack. Lionel Richie and various contemporary artists recorded and released a remake of "We Are The World" for Haiti in February 2010. In 1994 Aaliyah recorded a cover of The Isley Brothers classic "At Your Best" on her debut album Age Ain't Nothing But a Number. In 2001, Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Pink and Lil' Kim recorded a remake of "Lady Marmalade", originally recorded by Labelle, for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack.
A type of cover version that existed from the early 1950s to the late 1970s in Louisiana was known as swamp pop. Contemporary and classic rock, R&B, and country songs were re-recorded with Cajun audiences in mind. Some lyrics were translated to French, and some were recorded with traditional Cajun instrumentation. Several swamp pop songs charted nationally, but it was mostly a regional niche market.
The Taliesin Orchestra specializes in remaking famous songs into orchestra-style melodies. Their debut album, Orinoco Flow: The Music of Enya, was a collection of songs originally created and sung by Enya.
Independent artists sometimes create covers for songs done by other independent artists. Petra Haden has done several song covers, most notably, the song "Yellow" by Coldplay. Youth Group recorded a cover of the Alphaville song "Forever Young." Singer-songwriter Chan Marshall (a.k.a. Cat Power) is known for covering other musicians' songs in her own, unique style. Canadian indie artist Feist covered "Inside and Out" (originally by the Bee Gees) for her album Let It Die. Archangel have recently done a cover version of "Do It Again" by Steely Dan, and have released it as a single. Another indie singer known for her covers is Birdy.
Hundreds of songs have been covered by punk/pop punk bands, including the bands Rancid, Sex Pistols and Burning Heads. Me First and the Gimme Gimmes is a punk band that only does cover songs. BYO Records has also BYO Split Series with bands such as NOFX, Anti-Flag, Rancid, Alkaline Trio, and The Bouncing Souls in which two bands on each disc cover each other's songs.
Since 2000, Fearless Records has released a series of CDs in which various rock bands perform covers of songs from other genres or time-periods. The deviations from this theme are Punk Goes Acoustic and Punk Goes Acoustic 2 (in which the featured bands recorded acoustic versions of their own songs); Punk Goes Pop 1, 2, 3 4 and 5; and Punk Goes Classic Rock.
Pet Shop Boys is one of the best examples of covering other artists' song to becoming their own hits. These include "Always on My Mind," "Where the Streets Have No Name," "Somewhere" and "Go West." In 2004, Jessica Simpson recorded a cover of the Berlin classic "Take My Breath Away" on her third album In This Skin: Collector's Edition.
Ringo Starr, Bob Dylan, Let It Be, Apple Records, Billy Preston
Blues, Memphis, Tennessee, Rock and roll, Country music, Graceland
Syd Barrett, Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Progressive rock, Nick Mason
Megadeth, Slayer, Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, California, Iron Maiden
Cover version, The Beatles, Whitechapel, Brighton, Dinah Shore
Japan, Allmusic, Sydney, Cover version, France
Frank Sinatra, Stevie Wonder, New York City, U2, Atlantic Records
East Germany, United States, Germany, Progressive rock, West Germany
Led Zeppelin, Cover version, Collage, Music, Musique concrète


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Slideshow: Black Friday vs. Buy Nothing Day
Hours before the sun came up on Friday, November 26, parking lots at Best Buy, Wal-Mart, Toys 'R Us and K-Mart overflowed, and traffic streamed up and down 29N like some surreal middle-of-the-night rush hour. Those arriving late– after, say, 2am– shuffled across the parking lots to find lines so long, they might have thought Mick Jagger or Angelina Jolie was signing autographs at the front. Indeed, Black Friday seems to have taken root in the national consciousness and may now be as much a holiday as the day that precedes it.
According to recently released retail figures from the Chamber of Commerce, the Charlottesville/Albemarle area has seen retail growth of just over one percent in the first three quarters of 2010. Will the holiday season push that figure higher?
Judging from the first big weekend, it seems possible.
At Target in the Hollymead Town Center, an estimated 500 people waited for the store's 4am opening, many hoping for the store's best deal: a Westinghouse 40-inch flat screen for $298. Similarly slashed prices drew shoppers to the other big boxes. But what about the mom and pops?
This year, American Express launched an online campaign dubbed "Small Business Saturday" to drive shoppers to small, locally owned businesses– like the ones that line the Downtown Mall and dot the Corner and Barracks Road shopping center. The effortwon 1.2 million "likes" on Facebook. But did it work here in Charlottesville?
"No one mentioned it in the shop," says Paige Mattson, who co-owns the Blue Ridge Eco-Shop on the Mall with husband Hakon. Still, she says, "business was steady all weekend."
Other store owners report similar bits of good news. Marla Cantor, owner of Cha Cha's in Central Place, says business this holiday weekend was "neck and neck" with the same period of the last two years. Although the figures are lower than during the economic boom of four or five years ago, she's pleased numbers are holding steady considering her store–- like many others–- does as much as 30 percent of its annual business in November and December. "Retail wouldn't be in business," she laughs, "if there wasn't a Christmas."
Kim Kuttner says her upscale kid's clothing and accessory store, Petit B©b© on Water Street, had its best Black Friday weekend since its opening in 2004, a success she attributes to slashing prices–- shoppers got 40 percent off clothes Friday, 30 percent off Saturday and 20 percent Sunday. "It brought people in," she says.
But even steep price cuts couldn't lure participants of Buy Nothing Day, who attended a free clothing and gift exchange in front of Random Row books.
"It's about unspending," says the event organizer, Shelly Stern. "Not spending on material that will end up in the landfill in six months." SLIDESHOW.
–Story massively updated 2:09pm Tuesday, November 30


text:
Multiple incidents reveal inadequate culture of safety.
An inadequate culture of safety led to a recent incident in which 84 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employees could have been exposed to anthrax, the head of the agency told lawmakers Wednesday.
CDC last week acknowledged that potentially viable anthrax samples were transferred to an insufficiently secure laboratory after prematurely being declared sterile. No reported illnesses resulted, and it appears no pathogens were released, but the June 5 improper transfer of what could have been deadly material has raised alarms.
In the process of investigating the anthrax transfer, CDC noted four other incidents, including one earlier this year that involved mishandling of a pathogenic avian flu culture and a potential botulism exposure in 2006.
"What we missed was a pattern," CDC Director Thomas Frieden told a House panel, explaining that previous incidents received individual responses. "It's the lack of adequate pattern recognition that has led us until these last few weeks not to undertake the kind of comprehensive, sweeping change and improvement in our laboratory safety culture that we're now implementing."
Frieden has put a moratorium on transferring biological material out of CDC's most biosecure labs until processes are reviewed; the moratorium will lift on a lab-by-lab basis, he said. The laboratory where the anthrax transfer occurred -- the Bioterrorism Rapid Response and Advanced Technology lab -- is closed until a series of steps are completed, including safety training.
"While we have scientists who are the best in the world at what they do, they have not always applied that same rigor that they do to their scientific experiments to improving safety," he said. "If you work with something -- even if it's a deadly microbe -- day in and day out for years, I think you get a level of familiarity that may lead to doing things that you really shouldn't do."
Part of CDC's response has been to encourage reporting of potential or actual problems. Frieden said he is unaware of additional incidents of mishandled pathogens at CDC, but if there are more reports in the coming weeks and months, it will be a sign of the new system working.
Reports last week that smallpox samples were found at a Food and Drug Administration lab at the National Institutes of Health raised the issue of biosecurity across government.
The precise number of government labs handling highly pathogenic substances is unknown -- a longstanding concern for the Government Accountability Office. Since 2001, a number of agencies have launched programs and opened labs to study biological weapons and pathogens that could be used in an attack, GAO's Nancy Kingsbury said at the hearing.
"It's just a fragmented program that had a very strong rationale at the beginning," she said. "Right now, I think there's perhaps a different rationale that might be articulated but nobody is in charge of doing that."
GAO has recommended national standards and oversight for high biosecurity labs.