text:
COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Gas prices have inched up just slightly this week in Ohio
The average price for a gallon of regular gas in the state was $3.76 in Monday's survey from auto club AAA, the Oil Price Information Service and Wright Express. That's 4 cents higher than a week ago.
Prices at the pump have remained relatively steady the past few weeks after several factors had pushed them nearer to the $4 mark in mid-September.
A month ago, the average price was 3.78. This time last year, the Ohio average was $3.26.
The national average Monday was $3.82, up 4 cents from a week ago.
AAA Daily Fuel Gauge Report: http://fuelgaugereport.aaa.com


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Method and apparatus for utilizing a token for resource access
A method and apparatus for utilizing a token which is preferably a "dumb token" to provide secure access by authorized users to a selected resource. The token stores a secret user code in machine readable form, which code is read by a token processor. The token processor also receives a time-varying value and an algorithm, both of which may be stored or generated at either the token or the token processor and preferably a secret personal identification code which may be inputted at the token, but is preferably inputted at the token processor. The secret user code, time-varying value and secret personal identification code are then algorithmically combined by the algorithm, preferably in the token processor, to generate a one-time nonpredictable code which is transmitted to a host processor. The host processor utilizes the received one-time nonpredictable code to determine if the user is authorized access to the resource and grants access to the resource if the user is determined to be authorized. The system may be modified to operate in query/response mode. The token processor may be any of a variety of available portable remote processors or may be a device such as a telephone which is equipped with card or other token reader and with processing capability.
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This invention relates to techniques for controlling access to electronic information or other resources and more particularly to a method and apparatus for securely controlling access to such resources by use of a relatively simple token in conjunction with a remote and/or portable processor.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are many applications where information resources, such as databases, are maintained, which resources containing sensitive information to which authorized individuals require access, but to which there may be legal, moral, privacy, business or other reasons for denying access to unauthorized individuals. Examples of such resources or databases include medical records at a hospital or other medical facility where selected personnel, such as doctors or nurses working with a particular patient, may require access to such records without undue delay while at the same time such records are not made available to other hospital personnel not having a need to know or to nonhospital personnel. Similarly, companies may have engineering, business, accounting, or other company records in a data processing system, with authorized individuals requiring easy access to only selected portions of the database and with access otherwise being denied. A resource may also be a building, room, file cabinet, safe, container or other area or item to which it is desired that access be limited only to authorized individuals. The term "resource" as used hereinafter will generally be considered to include both information resources and these other types of resources.
Heretofore, control of access to such resources has been primarily achieved by use of a personal identification code (PIN) or password known only to the user which the user keys or dials into the system before making an access request. However, since this is a static value, an unauthorized individual may surreptitiously learn an authorized party's PIN by for example monitoring a data line over which such PIN is being transmitted or surreptitiously observing the PIN being inputted. The fact that the PIN has been compromised may not be learned for some time during which large quantities of data or other resources may be improperly obtained and/or used. Further, once an individual has access to the system, he may make changes in the database or other resources which may cause additional serious problems to the organization.
Password systems use only one of the three possible factors which are available to provide a secure system, namely, something the user knows. The other two factors are something an authorized individual has, for example a token, and something the individual is, for example a biocharacteristic. More secure resource access systems involve at least two of the factors, normally something the individual knows and something the individual has in his possession. However, it has been found that tokens containing a secret (i.e. nonobservable) static code value are also subject to surreptitious detection by for example the monitoring of a line over which such value is being transmitted. This problem is being exacerbated by the more extensive use of local and wide area networks and by the use of radiowaves to transmit data. It is also possible that the token could be "borrowed", read by a suitable device to obtain the secret user code and then returned before the owner realizes it is missing. In either event, the token containing the code could be recreated and used for some period of time to gain access to sensitive information within a database or to other information resources without detection. Therefore, improved "smart" tokens, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,860 and 5,023,908 and various related patents have varied the values stored in the token, or at least the value outputted from the token, in accordance with some algorithm which causes the values to vary in a nonpredictable way with time so as to provide unique one-time codes.
However, while such devices have provided significantly enhanced security for secret access codes, and therefore significantly enhanced security for the data processing system, database or other information resource with which such devices are being utilized, a "smart" card (which for purposes of this application as defined as a card having data processing capability) has been required to use such systems. Smart cards are usually somewhat larger and heavier than a standard credit card and are significantly more expensive. Since these devices are typically battery-operated, they also have a finite life, typically about three years, and need to be replaced at the end of such time, further increasing the cost of their use. For systems having large numbers of authorized users, this expense can become substantial and, in conjunction with some resistance to the bulk of such cards, has limited the applications of such systems.
A need therefore exists for an improved secure access technique which provides the advantages of one-time code and the possibility of two factor security while permitting the use of inexpensive and relatively small tokens, which tokens may have a theoretically unlimited life.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the teachings of this invention, a "dumb token" is utilized which preferably only stores selected information which may be utilized to identify or verify the identity of a user, and/or provide data for an encryption key and/or for file compression, such information being stored in machine readable form. The token is designed for use with a standard remote and/or portable processor such as (i) a lap-top computer, notebook computer, palm-top (i.e. hand-held) computer or personal assistant or (ii) a telephone, credit card verifier or other device having a keyboard/keypad (or equivalent), card or other token reader, and processor, which processor/device (hereinafter "token processor") usually also provides an interface to a host processor, network, file server, other remote resource or the like (hereinafter "host processor"). The token processor is utilized to generate a one-time, nonpredictable code from inputs received both from the token and from the user through a token processor input device and to automatically utilize directly and/or transmit such code or a representation of such code to the host processor where it may be utilized for such functions as identifying the individual, verifying access to the resource or inferring an encryption key as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,614.
The basic system may be utilized in a number of ways. For example, the token may also contain a public ID for the user which is initially read and transmitted to the host, which then generates a query appropriate for such user. The query is transmitted to the token processor which then uses the query in conjunction with a secret user code read from the token, and preferably a PIN or other coded input from the user, to produce a nonpredictable one-time coded response which is transmitted to the host. A time-varying, event varying, use varying or the like value (hereinafter "time-varying value" or "one-time code") produced or stored at the token processor may also be utilized in generating the nonpredictable coded response.
For the preferred embodiment, the portable processor utilizes a clock as a time-varying value element. For an alternative embodiment, the time-varying value element changes its value each time a token is used with the token processor. This change may, for example, be made when the token is inserted or when the token is removed. One option which may be used with the system is that, instead of a static secret code being stored in the token, a value, such as the nonpredictable code generated during the last use, some intermediate value in the generation thereof, or another related value is stored in the token as a secret user code in place of the value previously stored therein. When this is done, it may not be necessary to include a time-varying value element as an input in the generation of the nonpredictable code since, in essence, the time-varying secret code assures that a different nonpredictable code will be generated for each use.
While it is preferable that the token store as little information as possible, there are applications where it is advantageous to store the algorithm to be used in generating the nonpredictable code in the token. This permits a different algorithm to be used for each individual on the system, or at least for selected groups of individuals, further enhancing system security. This is particularly desirable where a single token processor may be utilized by multiple individuals, for example in a hospital environment where nurses on different shifts may use the same token processors. It is also possible for the time-varying value to be stored in the token rather than at the token processor. For example, a value originally stored on the token may be incremented or decremented in a predetermined way each time the token is utilized and its value may be read into the token processor to be used as the time-varying value in the algorithm for generating the nonpredictable code. Again, this procedure may be advantageous when a single token processor is used by a variety of individuals since it eliminates the requirement for the token processor to store appropriate clock values for each individual. However, in applications where the processor clock itself is used as the time-varying input, this is not a problem so long as this clock is synchronized with the clock at the host. A technique to compensate for any lack of such synchronization is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,778. An alternate technique is for some hash/representation of the remote processor time to be transmitted along with the one-time code as taught in application Ser. No. 07/981,808 filed Feb. 5, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,062.
The transmitter at the portable processor and receiver at the host processor may be modems interconnected by a telephone line network interface or the transmitter and receiver may be elements of a radio/cellular network. Other communication techniques between processors known in the art may also be utilized. Further, while for the preferred embodiment the token is a "dumb card", there are applications where a "smart card" having processing capabilities and its own clock may be utilized which may be used in the manner described in the prior patents as a smart card when token processors are not available, but may be used with a token processor, with the seed or secret user code stored thereat being read into the token processor in situations where it is preferable to operate in that mode. The token containing the machine readable secret user code may also be used to perform other functions such as supplemental memory (i.e. RAM or ROM chip containing files, application software, privileged or confidential data, private encription keys single sign-on information, etc.) or hardware/software for additional system features such as modem, network interface, FAX, combined and integrated encryption/compression engine, etc.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a semi-schematic diagram of hardware for practicing the teachings of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram for the operation of the system of FIG. 1 in accordance with practicing various embodiments of the invention.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates the three basic components of a system 10 utilized in practicing the teachings of this invention, these components being a token 12, a token processor 14, and a host processor 16. Token 12 is preferably a "dumb" token which contains only a memory 18 and a machine readable element, or for some embodiments a read/write element, 20. In the simplest case, memory 18 would contain only a secret user code 22. However, for various embodiments of the invention, it may also be desirable for memory 18 to store a public code 24, an algorithm 26 and/or a time-varying value 28. As will be discussed in greater detail later, for some embodiments, the secret user code 22 and time-varying value 28 may be the same value. While not preferred, it is possible for token 12 to have an input device, such as numeric keypads 30, and, as will be discussed later, to also function as a "smart card", having certain processing and/or display capabilities.
Token processor 14 may be any of a variety of remote and/or portable processors which are currently available on the market. Such processors fall into two general classes, the first of which includes such processors as lap top computers, palm top (hand-held) computers, notebook computers, personal assistants, or other like computing devices. The recent proliferation of such computers, many of which have excess storage and processing capabilities as well as input/output capability such as floppy discs or links for a card or the like, such as a PCMCIA slot, or data button make such computers ideal for this application. The second class of devices include telephones, credit card verifiers or other like devices having a keyboard/keypad (or equivalent input device), a card reader or other device adapted to read a value stored on a token and a microprocessor or other processor device. Thus, token processor 14 would typically include a token reader or token read/write device 40, a microprocessor or other processing device 42, at least one memory device 44, which may be part of processor 42 or may be in addition to memory provided in processor 42, a keyboard or other data input device 46 for inputting data into processor 46, a clock 48 or other device for generating time-varying values and a transmitter, or preferably a transmitter/receiver, 50. For various processors 14, device 50 may be a modem which interconnects the processor to a telephone line, a network interface or may be some type of radio communications device such as a cellular phone element.
Device 50 communicates with a compatible device 60 at host processor 16. Host processor 16 would typically be a processor utilized for performing a variety of functions, and may for example be a server through which access may be obtained to various databases or other information resources or may be some other remote resource. Host processor 16 may be part of a network, which network may contain a plurality of such processors. The function of host processor 16 which is of concern in connection with this invention is to at least verify that the user possessing token 16 is authorized access to the system. In performing this function, host processor 16 utilizes a processor element 62 contained thereat and memory 64 containing information on tokens and authorized users for such tokens. Once host processor 16 has verified a user, it may grant the user access to certain resources and may also perform a variety of other functions which are not part of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the first step in the use of the system 10 is for a user to insert the read/write element 20 of token 12 into the token read/write device 40 of token processor 14. Where the read/write element 20 is for example a magnetic stripe or electrodes, this operation would involve physically inserting at least a portion of token 12 into read/write device 40. Where optical elements, such as light-emitting diodes (LED's) and photo diodes or infrared emitters and detectors, or RF elements are utilized as the read/write elements, this operation would be performed by bringing the token read/write element into proximity with the read/write device of the token processor. In either event, when this is done, one or more stored codes, and possibly additional information, is read from the token into token processor 14 (step 70). The information to be read out would typically either be scanned by the device 40 under control of processor 42 or would be sequentially presented.
For a preferred embodiment, only a secret code 22 is stored in token 12 and this is the code which is read during step 70. This code is applied as one input to processor 42. The current time-varying value at clock 48 is also applied as an input to processor 42 (step 72) and the processor also receives from memory 44 or its internal memory an algorithm for utilizing the received inputs to generate a one-time nonpredictable code (step 74). Finally, the user utilizes keyboard 46 to input the user's personal identification number (PIN) or other secret code which is generally known only to the user (step 76). The PIN which may modify the token code is applied as the final input to processor 42 which then utilizes the secret code from the token, the time-varying or one-time value from clock 48 and the received PIN in the algorithm to generate a selected nonpredictable code. Since a time-varying value is involved in the generation of this code, this code will be a one-time code so that, should anyone surreptitiously intercept the code, the code will be of no value to that person since it will not be operative to gain access to the resource in the future. The one-time nonpredictable code generated during step 78 is then transmitted to host processor 16 during step 80.
At host processor 16, the nonpredictable code is received by device 60 (step 82) and is provided to processor 62. Processor 62 may operate in an identify mode, in which case the inputted code is compared against codes for the given time interval for authorized users and the user is identified as an authorized user if the received one-time nonpredictable code matches a code for the given time interval being generated at the host. Where the time-varying input is from a clock such as clock 48, this clock would normally be required to be in synchronism with a corresponding clock at host processor 16 in order for identification to occur. U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,778 teaches a mechanism which may be utilized in practicing the teachings of this invention which permits such identification to be achieved when the clocks are out of synchronism and permits the clocks to be resynchronized. It is also possible during step 84 for processor 62 to operate in a verify mode. With verify, public code 24 is also transmitted with the one-time nonpredictable code. The public code may be obtained from token 12 or may be stored at token processor 14. Processor 62 utilizes the received public code to retrieve or generate the proper one-time nonpredictable code for the user indicated by the public code and then compares this with the received one-time nonpredictable code to verify the user.
A successful verification or identification during step 84 results in processor 62 granting the user access to the selected resource (step 86). The specific manner in which access to the resource is granted will depend on application and the specific way this is accomplished does not form part of the present invention. For example, in a hospital application, once access has been granted, a user may use keyboard 46 to request medical records on at least selected patients, with such requests being transmitted to host processor 60, and host processor 60 may retrieve such records from its memory 64 and transmit such records to processor 14 to either be displayed thereat, printed out or otherwise made available to the user.
One option is that instead of a static secret user code 22 being stored in token 12, either the one-time nonpredictable code generated by processor 42, some intermediate value produced in the generation of the nonpredictable code, or some other related value is written in memory 18 of token 12 as the secret user code after each use. Since this value is a one-time time-varying code, use of this value could eliminate the need for clock 48 being used as an additional input to processor 42 and therefore eliminate the synchronization problem. However, this could only be done if the token 12 is being utilized with only a single host processor 16 or if the host processors 16 are somehow networked so that each host processor can be made aware of the current one-time code being stored at the token. The storing of this one-time code in the token is illustrated by step 88.
Another option is for system 10 to operate in a query/response mode. When operating in this mode, in addition to the steps previously described, public code 24 is also read from token 12 and is transmitted by token processor 14 to host processor 16 (step 90). The transmitted public code is received at transmitter/receiver device 60 of host processor 16 and is applied to processor 62 which utilizes this public code to generate a query which may be unique for the given user (step 92). The query is then transmitted by device 60 of the host processor (step 94) and received by device 50 at the token processor (step 96). The received query is applied to processor 42 as an additional input which is utilized along with the secret code read from token 12, the time-varying value and the PIN in an algorithm to generate an appropriate one-time nonpredictable coded response (step 78). This response is then transmitted during step 80 to the host processor where it is received and applied to processor 62 which verifies that the response is correct and grants access to the resource in response to a verified response.
It is also possible that the public code transmitted during step 90 could be used by the host processor during step 84 to retrieve the proper nonpredictable code to verify the user. When this is done, receive PIN step 76 may not be required, but this step is still desirable for added security.
While receiving the current time-varying value during step 72 is normally achieved by reading the current clock value 48, as previously discussed, this step may be eliminated where a one-time code is stored as the secret user code 22 rather than a static secret code. It is also possible, in some applications, that token 12 maybe used with a variety of token processor, all of which are not in time synchronization. It may, in such situations, be preferable for token 12 to contain its own clock, which clock is read and used as a current time-varying value during step 72. Alternatively, token 12 may store a one-time time-varying value 28 which is changed each time the token is used, or in response to the occurrence of a selected event. In this case, the code value may be read out for use when a token is read during step 70 and this value may be modified in accordance with a predetermined algorithm, with the modified value then being stored in area 28 of memory. Alternatively, the value may for example be changed each time a resource is accessed during a given session with the final time-varying value being stored in area 28 before the token is removed from token processor 14. Other techniques for generating a one-time code known in the art may also be utilized.
Similarly, receive-algorithm step 74 normally involves obtaining the algorithm from the memory of processor 42 or from backup memory 44. However, it is generally desirable that the algorithm be secure and in some applications it may be easier to maintain security of the tokens than of the token processors. Further, it may also be desirable in some applications that the algorithm utilized for generating the nonpredictable one-time codes be different for each user on the system or at least for certain classes of users. In such applications, these objectives may be achieved by storing the algorithm in token 12, for example in area 26 of its memory, and reading the algorithm from token 12 into processor 42 during step 74.
While in most applications token 12 would be a "dumb token" dedicated to the function of authenticating a user, this is by no means a limitation on the invention. For example, many processors now utilize a read/write device such as the device 40 as a slot in which cards containing additional functionality such as a modem function, network interface, fax, or the like may be contained. Such card may contain extra memory and other selected hardware. It is possible that one of these function cards could be used as a token by merely adding the user's secret code in such card and programming the token processor to read such code from the card and utilize it in the manner described above to identify/verify the user as part of the initial log-on procedure. Further, there may be applications where a particular user has need to use his token in applications where a token processor is not available, for example to gain access to the resource from a standard telephone. In such applications, a token such as that disclosed in the beforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,860 may be used which is capable of utilizing the stored seed and a time-varying value generated by its own internal clock to generate a one-time nonpredictable code which is displayed for use by the user. However, this token would also have a read/write element 20, permitting the seed to also be read into a token processor 14 to permit the token to also be used in system 10.
However, the need for a smart card discussed above might be eliminated where token processor 14 is for example a telephone such as those currently available in airline terminals and other public places which contain a credit card reader and other processing capabilities. In such applications, token 12 might contain the algorithm to be used in area 26 and might also contain a clock or the time-varying value in area 28. These would be read from the token by the token reader which forms part of the telephone and would be processed in the processor which also forms part of the telephone to produce the one-time nonpredictable code. The user could input his PIN on the touch keys of the telephone in response to either a visual prompt appearing on a small display which is provided with many such telephones or in response to an oral prompt provided to the telephone headset. The "dumb" token could thus be utilized at any location having such a telephone. Standard credit card verifiers could also be programmed to function as a token processor with dumb tokens in a system 10, and other devices either currently existing or developed in the future could be utilized, provided such device contains token reading capability, some type of input device to permit a PIN to be inputted, a processor which can be programmed to perform the one-time nonpredictable code generation function and at least a transmitter for transmitting such value to a host processor. Further, while for preferred embodiments access to the resources are gained only through the host, in some applications, access to at least some local resource(s) may be granted at or under control of the token processor. It has also been assumed that all processors utilized are programmable processors. However, in suitable applications, hybrid or special purpose processors may be utilized.
Thus, while the invention has been particularly shown and described above with reference to preferred embodiments, the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A system for providing secure access by an authorized user to a selected resource comprising:
- a token in the possession of the user which stores a secret user code for the system, said code being stored in a machine readable form;
- a token processor having a reader for said token, a time-varying value element, a code input device, means for receiving the secret user code read from the token and the time-varying value and for generating a one-time nonpredictable code in response thereto, and a transmitter for transmitting the generated nonpredictable code; and
- a host processor having a receiver for the transmitted nonpredictable code, and means responsive to a received nonpredictable code for authorizing access to said selected resource.
2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said token also stores a public code in machine readable form, wherein the token reader of said token processor reads said public code and said means for transmitting transmits the read public code to the host processor, wherein the host processor generates a selected query in response to the received public code, which query is transmitted to the portable processor, and wherein the nonpredictable code is a response to the query which is a function of at least the query and the secret code read from the token.
3. A system as claimed in claim 2 wherein the response is also a function of a secret personal identification code inputted by user.
4. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the time-varying value element is a clock.
5. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the time-varying value element varies the value each time a token is used with the portable processor.
6. A system as claimed in claim 5 including means for storing at least one of each generated nonpredictable code, an intermediate value used in generating each nonpredictable code and another value related to the nonpredictable code as the secret user code in the token in place of the code previously stored.
7. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said token also stores an algorithm usable by the token processor to generate the nonpredictable code, said algorithm being read into the token processor by the token reader and utilized by the means for receiving and generating to generate the nonpredictable code.
8. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the means for generating a nonpredictable code also receives and utilizes a secret personal identification code inputted by the user.
9. A system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the secret personal identification code is inputted by the user on the code input device of the token processor.
10. A system as claimed in claim 8 wherein the token includes a code input device, the secret personal identification code being inputted to the token by the user on said code input device, and wherein the secret personal identification code is read by the means for receiving.
11. A system as claimed in claim 10 wherein said token includes means for algorithmically combining said secret user code and said secret personal identification code; and wherein said means for receiving reads the output from said means for algorithmically combining.
12. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitter and said receiver are modems interconnected by a telephone line.
13. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitter and said receiver are elements of a radio network.
14. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitter and receiver are elements of a network interface.
15. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said token also includes a one-time code generator and a means responsive to the secret user code stored thereon and to a current one-time code for generating a readable nonpredictable code.
16. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the token processor is a telephone having a token reader and a processor associated therewith.
17. A system for providing secure access by an authorized user to a selected resource comprising:
- a token in the possession of the user which stores a secret user code for the system, said code being stored in a machine readable form; and
- a token processor having a reader for said token, a time-varying value element, a code input device, means for receiving the secret user code read from the token, a secret personal identification code inputted on the input device by the user and the time-varying value and for generating a one-time nonpredictable code in response thereto, and means responsive to the generated one-time nonpredictable code for causing the acceptability of the code to be determined and for authorizing access to said selected resource in response to a determination that the nonpredictable code is acceptable.
18. A method for providing secure access by an authorized user to a selected resource comprising the steps of:
- a) reading a secret user code from a token into a token processor;
- b) obtaining a time-varying value and an algorithm at the token processor;
- c) the token processor receiving a user inputted secret personal identification code;
- d) the token processor utilizing the secret user code, time-varying value and secret personal identification code in the algorithm to obtain a one-time nonpredictable code;
- e) the token processor transmitting the generated one-time nonpredictable code to a host processor;
- f) the host processor utilizing the received nonpredictable code to determine if the user is authorized for access to the resource; and
- g) the host processor granting the user access to the resource in response to a determination that the user is authorized.
19. A method as claimed in claim 18 including the steps of:
- h) the token processor reading a public code from the token and transmitting the public code to the host processor;
- i) the host processor utilizing the public code to generate a query and transmitting the query to the token processor; and
- j) the token processor utilizing the query during step (d) in generating a one-time nonpredictable code which is also a response to the query;
- k) step (f) including the step of verifying that the correct response is received.
|October 1973
|Abbott et al.
|May 11, 1976
|Anderson et al.
|October 31, 1978
|Lancto et al.
|November 24, 1981
|Bouricius et al.
|August 8, 1989
|December 5, 1989
|March 5, 1991
|June 11, 1991
|October 15, 1991
|March 17, 1992
|December 1, 1992
|August 17, 1993
|January 18, 1994
|Gullman et al.
|November 22, 1994
- Information Week, "The Future of Data Security Looks Credit-Card Thin", pp. 24-30, Oct. 7, 1985.
Type: Grant
Filed: Mar 16, 1994
Date of Patent: Aug 12, 1997
Assignee: Security Dynamics Technologies, Inc. (Cambridge, MA)
Inventor: Kenneth P. Weiss (Newton, MA)
Primary Examiner: Bernarr E. Gregory
Law Firm: Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.
Application Number: 8/213,951
International Classification: H04L 932;

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Are you marveling at Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.? Do you want to stay in the '80s with The Goldbergs? Is Trophy Wife a winner? Would you bet on Lucky 7?
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Personalized Settings
The Pilot Touring model's driver memory system allows two drivers to store their preferred seat and side-mirror positions-as well as several other customizable settings-all linked to each driver's remote entry transmitter. The back of each remote indicates whether it's for Driver 1 or Driver 2. Once paired, the driver's seat and side mirrors will automatically move to your preferred positions, and your programmed settings will be in place, whenever you use your remote to unlock the vehicle. The complete step-by-step instructions for changing all the customizable settings can be found in the Pilot Owner's Manual.
Content may not apply to all models. Consult your owner's manual for specific information about your vehicle.


text:
District Finances
The amount school districts pay for school expenses, drawing from eight different funds.
Districts pay for four general functions – instruction, general administration, support services, and others. The upper pie chart shows the percentages of each type of expenditure during the past year. The lower chart displays the average percentages of expenditures by all public school districts in Illinois.
These figures are based on the district's audited Annual Financial Report.
Click on View Details to see the percentages of expenditures from the eight funds which are prescribed by Illinois state law. Unclick the box to go back to the chart that shows functions.
For a look at long-term spending patterns, click on five year or ten year trends.
Use the Excel icon to download any of these graphs to a spreadsheet.
A typical school district spends about two-thirds of its budget on compensation for employees, about one-fourth on maintaining safe and comfortable buildings, and the remainder for equipment and supplies. School budgets address the functions shown in the first chart, which cover everything from paying teachers, to heating buildings, data processing, risk management, food service, transportation, bond payments, and many other activities.
Local school boards determine their budgets in an annual process prescribed by state law. Budget-making includes public hearings, posting of proposed budgets, and discussion by the school board. Illinois state law also establishes eight school district funds for the allocation of spending and a rigorous schedule for reporting of school budgets and actual expenditures.
Five and ten-year trends allow you to track changes in expenditures over time. Variations from year to year may reflect local activities such as building a new school, which would be reflected in a higher percentage of expenditures from the Site and Construction Fund. Other changes may result from increases or decreases in state and federal funding and program mandates, as determined by the Illinois General Assembly at the state level and the U.S. Congress at the federal level.


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Dr. David Ilan, Director, Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, presented the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion/Cincinnati Graduation address on Sunday, June 9, 2013, at HUC-JIR/Cincinnati. The text of Dr. Ilan's address is below.
Click here for further information about HUC-JIR Graduation and Ordination.
Biblical Archaeology: The Gift That Keeps Giving (If We Do It Right)
Dear Graduates, Families, and Colleagues,
I come to you today from the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion campus in Jerusalem, specifically from the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology. Two of this year's graduates worked under my supervision and many more have participated in the summer graduate program in Israel directed by Professor Nili Fox, myself, and Professor Jason Kalman.
This program puts an emphasis on the historical geography and archaeology of ancient Canaan and Israel, though modern Hebrew has been another component and our students cannot help but be exposed to the fascinating phenomenon of modern Israel. Over a period of seven weeks the students visit Israel's ancient sites, listen to daily lectures and finish up with a four-week stint at an archaeological excavation, usually the HUC-JIR flagship project at Tel Dan.
Why did we initiate this program in the year 2000? It has long been recognized that biblical historiography cannot be effectively studied without an intimate, face-to-face knowledge of ancient Israel's geography. And over the past three decades or so it has become increasingly clear that archaeology, too, is a crucial tool for elucidating the biblical past; even, or especially, when the archaeological data appear to contradict the biblical narrative. No biblical historiographer worth his or her salt can do their job without knowing the archaeological method, the material culture of ancient Israel and the ancient Near East, and without knowing the lay of the land. Even those scholars whose approach is literary or theological must take into account the Sitz-in-Leben of the biblical writers.
Alas, we never promised you a rose garden. Students of all stripes—graduate, rabbinical, Jewish, and Christian—have all encountered that moment when the text and the archaeological finds don't correspond. (Actually, you already encountered this in textual study, when, for example, Joshua describes the complete conquest of the land of Canaan and then Judges proceeds to give a detailed account of the land not taken). For many of you—most of you—this has been a challenge to your religious belief. The bottom line is that our textual heritage is the product of a brilliant, but fallible, human agency. Where is God in all of this?
I will not give you the answer to this question tonight. Sorry to disappoint. But these are precisely the kinds of questions that modernity and science force us to confront. Some seminaries narrow the options of inquiry and hire faculty members that aren't interested in existential quandaries; that prefer to keep within the confines of received wisdom. But in the long term, this is a losing strategy. Better confront the hard questions than defer them.
For those of you who become pastoral professionals you'll have many congregants who'll ask the same kinds of questions and have the same kinds of doubts. I'm guessing that having dealt with these issues as scholars, you will have a better tool box to work things through with them. For those of you who go on to academia, you'll be doing the same with your own students.
For all the challenges posed by the rational, skeptical inquiry you have embraced, always keep in mind that the traditions and teachings of the Hebrew Bible have a pedigree that goes back more than 3000 years, deep in the wellspring of ancient Near Eastern culture. I'll give you one example from our own work. Yesterday's Torah portion, from the Book of Numbers, describes the role of the Levites, a tribe without territory, and the portions of the various kinds of sacrificial offerings to be given to the priests. It's one of those portions that makes most people's eyes glaze over. Here's a brief bit from Number 18:
17 But the firstling of an ox, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt dash their blood against the altar, and shalt make their fat smoke for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD.
18 And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave-breast and as the right thigh, it shall be thine.
So this is the portion of the meat sacrifice designated for the priests. This text is generally assigned to the biblical writer termed "P" for priest or priestly writing, thought by many scholars to be an effort to preserve the minutae of priestly ritual for posterity in a time when priestly ritual was no longer carried out, because there was no longer a temple. Most scholars feel that P is of an exilic date, the Exile in Babylonia, say 6th or 5th century BCE.
So along comes Jonathan Greer, a grad student at Penn State, whom some of you met at Tel Dan. He has come to our lab in Jerusalem to sample the animal bones from the temple complex at Tel Dan; he wants to look for patterns in sacrificial behavior at an Israelite temple. (By the way, if you want to learn about Israelite worship there's nothing left in Jerusalem and we don't even know exactly where the ancient sanctuary of Beth El was. Only at Tel Dan can you see a national, central cult place of Israel.) Working in the lab with the archaeological documentation Jonathan discovers that a large proportion of the animal bones are found in a series of pits around the large altar compound which is assumed to have accommodated the olah, or meat, sacrifice. It's all sheep, goat, beef, and a smattering of deer and gazelle—all kosher animals. Out of thousands of bones there are only two pig bones, probably residue from earlier periods.
But when Greer carries out a statistical analysis of the body parts represented, guess what he comes up with? The overwhelming proportion of the bones derive from the chest and right forelegs. These were the priestly portions, found in contexts of the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. That boring Torah portion suddenly got more interesting, right? There's lots more where that came from, and we should be using it.
Sometimes the archaeological data conflicts with the text, but sometimes it corresponds beautifully. And the beauty of our scholarly pursuit lies in trying to explain both phenomena. And then…and then, we should be engaging the wider public about the larger meaning of what we've found.
I have to tell you that I am very proud of you graduates. I have worked with many students over the years from different countries and from the world's best universities. You can compete with the best. You have proven yourselves dedicated, hard-working and smart. You have learned to overcome the egos that deflate when your supervisors give you back your theses and dissertations with pages of corrections and demands for rewrites. And you have triumphed. You have learned that criticism is often constructive and that we really can't progress without it. This knowledge is a great tool for life, no matter what you do. You yourselves have also learned to be critical--to take nothing for granted, at face value. Most things come in shades of gray. And the world needs its critical scholars to remind the wider public that recognizing complexity and ambivalence is a key to solving problems. It's easier to think in terms of black and white, and, yes, some things are either just right or wrong. But polarized thinking is also where demagoguery and injustice reside.
By now, most of you have spent some time in Israel. The Middle East is one of those places where thinking in absolutist, polar terms exacerbates conflict. You've witnessed the wonder of Israel's prosperity and intellectual power, despite adversity. And you have also witnessed the injustices that accompany these achievements. Those of you who dug at Tel Dan with the Jewish and Palestinian kids from the Galilee were exposed, up close, to the complexity of Jewish-Arab relations, but you also got a glimpse of a better future. If we listen to each other and understand that our narratives may never completely coincide, but focus on building (or digging) something together, for the future, we will extract ourselves from the current swamp of belligerence. This too, I believe, is a lesson of universal application.
And now, go out and write your articles and books (don't put it off), make names for yourselves as educators and scholars and show the world what you learned at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.
Thank you.


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It was back on Jan. 27, 1998, when Hillary Clinton first used the phrase "vast right-wing conspiracy" to describe the attacks on her husband.
She was appearing with Matt Lauer on NBC's "Today," the day after Bill Clinton had publicly stated: "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky."
For Hillary, the Monica Lewinsky story was the last straw in what she firmly believed was a conservative conspiracy to get her husband. And Hillary stuck to that belief even after she learned the truth about Bill and Monica.
After all, one or both of the Clintons had been accused of all sorts of ugly things over the preceding years: Whitewater, being involved in the death of Vince Foster, controversial cattle futures trading, international drug smuggling through Mena, Ark., etc.
If you are not familiar with the lurid particulars of the past claims against the Clintons, just wait. As 2016 draws closer, the right wing will provide a refresher course for you.
In fact, it is starting already. In case you haven't heard, Hillary Clinton may have a secret terrible illness that will prevent her from running for president in 2016. Rush Limbaugh, The Daily Caller, Matt Drudge and Roger Stone, often described as a "self-admitted GOP hit man," have spread the rumor.
On Feb. 24 of this year, Stone, who now says he is a libertarian, tweeted: "@HillaryClinton not running for health reasons. Remember you heard it first from the #StoneZone."
Four days later, Limbaugh began a broadcast this way: "Whispers are persisting, whispers — there's a whisper campaign, folks — that Mrs. Clinton is sick, that she will not run for the presidency because she is sick."
Limbaugh went on to speculate that it was Democrats and not Republicans who were behind the "rumor campaign" because Republicans lack the guts for it.
"Do the Republicans have the gonads to do something like this?" Limbaugh asked. "Do the Republicans have the gonads to start a rumor that Mrs. Clinton is ill? It's Drudge's lead story there with a picture of Hillary looking like she's in great stress and distress. The headline is: 'Is She Sick?' That's all it takes, and people start wondering, 'What kind of sick?'"
Limbaugh concluded: "If this indeed is established as a rumor campaign, my prediction is that a Democrat is behind it. There will be a lot of Republicans trying to take credit for it if it's a rumor campaign that ends up being successful in terms of damaging her chances to win the presidency."
The same day, The Daily Caller ran a piece under this headline: "Whispers persist that Hillary won't run: Health may be worse than disclosed."
The piece stated: "These ubiquitous rumors of her health have been fueled in part by the supermarket tabloids. The National Enquirer wrote in 2012 that Clinton had brain cancer, something a spokesman dismissed then as 'absolute nonsense.' In January of this year, the Globe claimed that Clinton secretly had a brain tumor."
Why write a piece "fueled" by supermarket tabloids?
Why not? In modern American journalism, if you haven't gone too far, you haven't gone far enough. If you don't post the story and get the clicks, someone else will. To step back from crossing the line is to admit that such a line exists.
The Daily Caller did include this: "Asked about her health on Thursday, Clinton spokesman Nick Merrill said in an email to The Daily Caller: 'To your question, very caring of you to ask. She's 100 percent.'"
At the end of 2012, Clinton did get the flu, faint, hit her head and get taken to the hospital. Her doctors released a statement saying that she had a clot "in the space between the brain and the skull behind the right ear."
"It did not result in a stroke, or neurological damage," her medical team said. She was given blood thinners and was "making excellent progress." Her doctors continued, "We are confident she will make a full recovery."
Ironically, some conservatives said at the time she was not sick at all but faking it to avoid testifying before Congress about the attacks in Benghazi, Libya. That particular accusation may have to be scrubbed to fit in with the current accusation, that she is gravely ill with some kind of brain problem.
All indications are that she is doing just fine, however. She is currently engaged in a vigorous national speaking tour, making, some say, up to $250,000 per speech.
To me, raking in that kind of dough is a sign of keen mental health.
If Hillary is flying around the country and knocking down a quarter-mil a speech while being ill, I'll have what she's having.
Roger Simon is Politico's chief political columnist. His new e-book, "Reckoning: Campaign 2012 and the Fight for the Soul of America," can be found on Amazon.com, BN.com and iTunes. To find out more about Roger Simon and read features by other Creators writers and cartoonists, visit the Creators Web page at www.creators.com.


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Paul Walker Funeral to Be Private
The Fast & Furious star's body was released to Forest Lawn on Tuesday
The family of Paul Walker is planning a private funeral for the Fast & Furious star after the Los Angeles County coroner's office released his body to Forest Lawn Mortuaries on Tuesday, reports the Los Angeles Times.
Walker, 40, died Nov. 30 alongside friend Roger Rodas after the Porsche Carrera GT Rodas was driving in Santa Clarita, Calif., careened into a light pole and tree, then burst into flames.
An autopsy last week confirmed Walker died of "traumatic and thermal injuries." Authorities say speed played a role in the crash.
A memorial at the crash site Sunday drew thousands.
Also last week, detectives arrested a teenager accused of stealing some wreckage from the Porsche. According to the Associated Press, a second man has surrendered in the case.
Authorities say Anthony Janow, 25, turned himself in at the San Fernando courthouse on Tuesday. He was booked and released on $60,000 bail.
Prosecutors say Janow and 18-year-old Jameson Witty stole a roof panel as the wreckage was being towed.
They were charged Monday with felony grand theft of personal property and two misdemeanors. They face up to 4½ years in jail if convicted.
Witty also is free on bail.


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Texture: Durable Tuft
Backing: Gel / Latex (Anti Slip)
Material: 100% Polypropylene (Stain Resistant)
Wear Rating: Heavy Domestic
This hall carpet runner is made using needle punch technique. A needle punched carpet is manufacturing process that involves lots of short staple fibres being stuck together whilst punched with a barbed needle, hence the name needle punched. Typically, this type of carpet is used in offices, schools, airports etc. It has very little that can go wrong with it, they do not pull or snag, nor do they tread down or flatten.
The pile of this carpet runner is extremely durable and will not flatten down as there is no pile to do so. Due to the cleverly woven construction of this pile, this is great for pets as the runner is pretty much indestructible. It has been classified as a heavy domestic product, this means that it is suitable in high traffic areas in all domestic locations, especially the hallway.
This floor runner has a latex, gel backing. It is the gel backing that makes this runner non slip and allowing it to not move on hard flooring such as Wood, Vinyl or Ceramic tiles. It is also anti slip on carpet but the effectiveness depends on the thickness of the carpet it is sat on. The thicker the carpet, the less effective it will be. Whilst being non slip, the backing is also 100% waterproof and rot proof. This ensures that the carpet will not shrink or wrinkle once it dries out from being wet. This carpet runner is ideal for hallways, kitchens and caravans.
The texture of this carpet is fairly coarse, it has a firm feel and offers little comfort. This product is not made to be luxurious, it is made to be very durable and practical. The carpet is made using a fibre called Polypropylene. Polypropylene is a man-made fibre that has fantastic properties and advantages. This carpet 100% bleach proof and stain resistant. It is also resistant to fading from the UV sunlight. It is anti-static and moth proof. The product has a low radius of ignition and has been hot nut tested to comply with (BS 4790).
This is the most indestructible man-made gel back carpet runner that we sell at runrug.com. If you want a low maintenance product that will look great and will last for many years then this is the product for you.
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In February of 2007, the Musical Academy of the Bayerisches Staatsorchester and the Bayerische Staatsoper founded the youth orchestra ATTACA in cooperation with the State Ministry of Education and Culture.
ATTACCA does not regard itself as a competitor to existing youth orchestras. All committed young people from the age of 12, who enjoy performing and have had several years of instructions on their instruments are invited to take part, especially if, beyond the joy they derive from orchestral music and opera, they would like to pursue it as a hobby. The members of the State Orchestra watch over their work and look after each section, which means that the entire rehearsal and performance process of ATTACCA is fully integrated into the infrastructure of the Bayerisches Staatsorchester. Regular appearances, preferably in the Nationaltheater in Munich, will document this. The rehearsals in the form of project work over a period of several months take place on Saturday afternoons in the Nationaltheater.
Further information: www.attacca-staatsorchester.de


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These Carbon film axial resistors are used in various through-hole circuits and solder less bread board prototyping. These carbon film resistors (CFR) are 250mW (1/4W) current rating and 5% tolerance, suitable for most of the projects and applications. Resistance value starts from 1 ohm to 2.2 mega ohm. Ventor Provide option to chose single value resistor or you can buy multiple value resistor kit.
Carbon Film Resistors
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This combination of organic vegetables, beans and noodles in a tomato based broth makes for a hearty satisfying lunch or light supper. Contains lower sodium than Amy's regular Minestrone Vegetable soup. (from Amy's)
- Organic
- Non GMO
- Reduced Sodium
- Trans Fat Free
- Low Fat
- No Preservatives
- Soy Free
- Dairy Free
- Lactose Free
- No MSG
- Nutrition
- Contains Wheat
Filtered Water, Organic Tomatoes, Organic Onions, Organic Carrots, Organic Kidney Beans, Organic Potatoes, Organic Celery, Organic Green Beans, Organic Pasta (Organic Semolina Flour), Organic Peas, Organic Leeks, Spices, Organic High Oleic Safflower And/Or Sunflower Oil, Sea Salt, Organic Garlic, Organic Black Pepper.
Amy's Organic Light-in-Sodium Low-Fat Soup, Minestrone


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Open Source PIM/Core Challenges
Basic problemsEdit
To illustrate the usefulness of Open Source PIM. A reasonable user may ask, "Why should I care about this?" This can best be answered in terms of specific problems and how Open Source PIM seeks to fix these problems.
Information overloadEdit
- the user is not able to find information that she remembers having saved previously
- the user is not able to search, compare or analyze information in a dynamic way
- because of the lack of a consistent and unified storage and retrieval system, the user may have duplicate copies of the same information in multiple places
Discontinuity of experienceEdit
- users are often required to change applications:
- when dealing with different media types
- when dealing with different storage formats
- when dealing with software from different vendors
Changing applications entails ascending a different learning curve every time a new application is encountered. Old skills become obsolete and new ones have to be learned.
Limitations to avoidEdit
One of the motivations behind Open Source PIM is the view that personal information management should be unencumbered by certain persistent limitations. These limitations are common hurdles to dealing with the basic problems of personal information management. These limitations have various root causes and side-effects, but they all represent basic issues that can be addressed and dealt with, once they are recognized.
Limited MetaphorsEdit
There are certain persistent metaphors used in computing that limit the way users think about information. This in turn limits the creativity of software developers, because their efforts are naturally inhibited by what they believe users can reasonably understand. This creates a self-perpetuating loop.
Limited metaphors do not necessarily reflect bad ideas or bad design. Some metaphors reflect an attempt to convey ideas that have yet to be understood by the general public, but will someday become commonplace. The problem arises when the metaphors become more influential than the underlying ideas and structures that they were originally intended to convey. That is when the metaphors become problematic and limiting.
Some of these "limiting" computing metaphors include:
- the notion of "files"
- the notion of "directories" (aka "folders")
- the "fixed hierarchy" implicit in the way files and directories are organized
Limitations of the "file" metaphorEdit
- limited attributes for classifying files (e.g., file = path + name + extension )
- a file is assumed to have one and only one "name"
- sub-elements of a file may not support attributes (e.g., assigning a "name" to each paragraph in a text file, so that each paragraph can be independently cross-referenced)
- support for metadata to address these limitations is spotty and inconsistent
Limitations of the "directory" metaphorEdit
Assigning a file to a particular directory is analogous to "tagging" a file. Under this analogy, a file is allowed one and only one "tag" as a descriptor, and the tag must fit within a rigidly defined hierarchy.
Limited accessibilityEdit
Interaction with software should not rest on too-rigid assumptions about how that interaction is going to take place. Many users of alternate abilities interact with software in ways that may not be apparent to those who are primarily familiar with more common modes of interaction.
Common barriers to accessibilityEdit
Some common barriers to accessibility include:
- closed file formats with unpublished or constantly-changing specifications
- file formats that are not translatable into "neutral" formats such as plain text
- file formats that are translatable, but only through time-consuming "point and click" interfaces with no options for "batch" processing
- any kind of essential functionality restricted to time-consuming "mouse-only" operations
Point-and-click interfaces do allow a certain level of convenience and flexibility, a problem arises, however, when point-and-click becomes the only way to get certain operations done in an application.
Common areas where accessibility barriers are highEdit
Often software packages omit the ability to save and transfer information generated by a "point and click" interaction into a "fixed" state via configuration files.
- application data files
- user choices in application dialog boxes and settings panels
- repetitive operations such as keystrokes and menu clicks that occur on a regular basis
- different "snapshots" of data after transformations through search, sort, and filter
Solutions to avoidEdit
There are a range of counter-productive solutions
- complex notations and meta-data schemes that are difficult and time consuming to learn
- one-vendor-fits-all solutions that emphasize a singular way of doing things at the expense of enabling a dynamic mix of technologies


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Staffan Hildebrand returns to Australia, where he started his project of documenting the AIDS epidemic in 1988, and to Cambodia where he first arrived in 1998. He interviews some of the scientists and activists who he met back then and displays some footage from the archive.


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Behind the Scenes at Critz Farms, Home of Harvest Moon Cider
Your ticket into the secret world of boozemaking.
Matthew Critz never expected to become an apple cider maker. But then again, he also never expected to become an apple and pumpkin grower, or a maple syrup producer, or a host of a farm that draws visitors to Cazenovia, New York from all over.
"I just wanted to sell Christmas trees, but then one day I wake up and there's 3,000 people in my driveway. How does that Talking Heads song go? How did I get here?"
But mortgages don't pay themselves, and a strictly seasonal product like Christmas trees don't always cut it in the small farming business. So Critz, whose 350 acre farm was established in 1985, began to diversify. His newest product is cider—great sweet stuff like you'll find in apple orchards around the state, but also, as of last year, a line of hard ciders that have already started to win awards. Ranging from extra brut to sweeter and dessert-like, the brews from Harvest Moon are delicate, effervescent throwbacks to cider the old fashioned way, from the 120 year-old press that crushes the apples to the appreciation of the tannic qualities that make great cider so worth drinking.
Critz's story to cider is one you'll hear from a number of beverage producers in upstate New York—an education that's almost entirely self-taught. "It's not like you can go to Cornell and take a course in this sort of thing, like wine. But I was a chemical engineering major in college, so the basics made sense to me." Dabbling leads where it often does—obsession—and before long Critz was experimenting with his cider every way he could, a process that's grown with his apple orchard, planted just in 2005.
It's interesting cider for a few reasons, but none more than the astringent complexity of his dry brews. Critz recognizes the value that tart, bitter cider apples lend to a finished cider, even one primarily made from out-of-hand dessert apples, and goes to great pains to purchase cider apples from the few farms in the area that do grow them. "They're very hard to get, and you have to order the root stock for trees several years in advance." Many other small cider makers don't bother with the trouble.
The cider apples he planted two years ago are just starting to bear fruit, and will join his cider brewing as they become available. Until then, he'll keep pressing his stock of dessert apples and accentuating them with cider apples he can find.
Critz treats the bases of his ciders similarly, fermenting them with Champagne yeast for about two weeks, then aging for a month, then decanting to another aging chamber for six months. The ciders are sweetened and carbonated to varying degrees by New York state fruit juices, honey, and—unusually—maple syrup (way too pricey for the average small cidermaker, but when your farm doubles as a sugar shack, it's a handy synergy). The maple syrup is used as a sugar charge rather than a flavoring, which Critz thinks makes a more interesting, nuanced drink than other sugar charges.
Though Harvest Moon's most interesting ciders are their dry offerings—the bone-dry, Champagne-like Rippleton Original, the honey-sweetened but beautifully tart Blissful Moon, and the sweeter but balanced Four Screw—the most popular ones inevitably are the sweetest. "Our biggest selling cider is our sweetest one, every time. That's just the American palate." But even if Critz's tastes don't always match up with his customers', that hasn't discouraged him from keeping up a tradition that few others do. "Cider used to be the most popular drink in the agrarian 1800s. Now are there are generations that haven't tasted it."
You can find Harvest Moon cider in bars and restaurants around central New York, as well as on the farm itself, which hosts tastings, tours, and several programs for visitors year-round.
Take a tour of Harvest Moon Cidery in the slideshow »
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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Actor Ben Gazzara died in New York Friday at the age of 81.
The man, whose film and Broadway career spanned more than five decades, succumbed to pancreatic cancer at Bellevue Hospital, his lawyer told The New York Times.
His final Broadway performance was in "Awake and Sing!" in 2006, capping off a long stage career that included appearances in the likes of "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" and "A Hatful of Rain," which earned him a Tony Award nomination in 1955.
Gazzara, born Biagio Anthony Gazzara to Italian immigrants in Manhattan, also appeared in television shows, like NBC's "Run for Your Life," which earned him two Emmy nominations, and movies, like the Coen brothers' "Big Lebowski."
He began his career at New York's Actors Studio—the same place Marlon Brando and Rod Steiger began theirs—studying under Lee Strasberg.
Throughout his career, which was punctuated with bouts of depression, he would return to his parent's homeland to act in films, like "Il Camorrista," and Stefano Mignucci's "Bandits."
His battle with cancer began in 1999 when he was diagnosed with oral cancer. He is survived by his third wife, her daughter (whom he adopted) and a daughter from his second marriage.
Selected Reading: The New York Times


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Helmet and lights could not save avid cyclist, 65, known to ride 50 miles at a time.
Robert F. Huffman was known in his neighborhood for his dedication to keeping fit. At 65, Huffman would often take his bicycle out for 50-mile round trip rides from his North Port home, sometimes riding until dark.
Tuesday after 9 p.m., Huffman was out riding his bicycle when he was killed. He was on Tamiami Trail in Warm Mineral Springs, less than a half-mile from his home, when a driver in a Toyota Celica hit him from behind.
Huffman had equipped his bicycle with a headlight and taillight to warn drivers. He was wearing a helmet, but in this accident, it could not save him.
"I'd seen him ride at night," said neighbor Juanita Fortuna. "You know these drivers; they're not looking for a bicycle. You hear the motorcycles, but sometimes even the bike lights blend in."
Fortuna, who has chatted with her neighbors occasionally in the last year, said Huffman and his wife often walked and biked together. Just Tuesday, they talked about Huffman's yard and garden.
"He offered me oranges and they get lemons from my tree. He has beautiful flowers," Fortuna said. "He'll pick the weeds out with a tweezers, he had an immaculate yard. He probably has the nicest yard in the park."
More than 4,000 people in Florida survive injuries from bicycle traffic accidents each year, according to traffic statistics.
Around 100 more do not survive, most who were not wearing helmets.
Florida is among the states with the most bicyclist deaths in the country. In 2009, there were 107 deaths from bicycle traffic accidents, more deaths here than any other state, according to the National Traffic Safety Administration.
That same year, there were 99 deaths in California and 48 deaths in Texas, the next highest totals.
"We in Florida see statistics that are far too high involving bicycle accidents," said Debbie Tower, a spokeswoman for the Florida Department of Transportation. She said the department is taking steps to address the number of bicycle accident fatalities, and also the 500 or so pedestrians killed by cars every year.
"We know that all users — drivers, bicyclists and pedestrians — of the roadway need to take responsibility," Tower said. "But pedestrians and bicyclists are more vulnerable."
She said the state is taking on the public safety issue from several sides, including education, law enforcement and engineering safer pathways.
In Sarasota, bicycle advocates have pushed for recreational trails and bike-friendly roads. Other programs seek to educate riders, and drivers, about roadway safety.
Jean Shoemaker, the outreach coordinator for All Children's Hospital, is working with the Safe Kids Coalition to raise awareness about properly wearing bike helmets.
"Depending on the time of year, bicycle injuries are the second or third leading cause of death for children," Shoemaker said. Most accidents that kill children happen in the summer months, when students are out of school, within a mile from the child's home.
Later this month, the hospital is hosting a program open to any adults and children on bike helmet training. While it sounds like common sense, many children and parents do not put much thought into how a helmet fits, Shoemaker said. Or when and where they wear it.
"With this training we provide information that demonstrates the importance, whether you're riding in some kind of marathon or a tricycle in your driveway," Shoemaker said.
For children under age 5, most bicycle accidents happen near the home in a garage, yard or driveway.
"I don't think parents always think of these things when they go to get a bicycle," Shoemaker said.
A bike helmet is designed to protect the front part of the brain, since most accidents happen while the rider is moving forward. If riders fall off in a different way they might break an arm or leg, but unlike brain injuries, those things can be fixed, she said.
By dropping a hard-boiled egg on the floor, cracking it, and repeating the demonstration with an egg in a helmet, Shoemaker said it helps children engage and see how a helmet can protect them too.
Most safety tips are well known, but bicyclists can get lax about talking on the phone or wearing headphones while riding, impairing their ability to hear traffic.
Other parts of the state's bike education programs focus on making sure parents and children understand Florida's laws, and the penalties.
Most children under 16 are not aware that when a law enforcement officer stops them for not wearing a helmet, if they do not pay the fine, their driver's license can be suspended even before they get it.
"Education, the environment, enforcement, if all those things are in place, we have a much safer community," Shoemaker said.


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Sunday, April 21, 2013 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM (PDT)
Event Details
TEDx began as a grand experiment. The program has been embraced with passion and dedication by hundreds -- if not thousands -- of volunteer communities across the planet. Please join TedxMalibu for a special screening of TedxChange 2013.
TedxChange 2013 was originally broadcast live earlier this April and featured the theme: Positive Disruption.
Melinda Gates hosted from the Gates Foundation Campus in Seattle, along with a flock of other speakers that positioned challenges for preconceived ideas, sparked discussion, and shed light on some new landscapes and mindsets.
TedXMalibu will be rebroadcasting the event in it's entirety on Sunday, April 21st at Dun & Bradstreet Credibility's corporate offices in Malibu. Please join us to challenge old assumptions, ignite new conversations within our own community and local network.
- Coffee and a light continental breakfast will be served before and during the screening.
- There are only 100 tickets available. These are available at no charge, so don't delay with your RSVP to guarantee your spot!
When & Where
Dun & Bradstreet Credibility Corp.
22761 Pacific Coast Hwy
Sunday, April 21, 2013 from 10:00 AM to 12:00 PM (PDT)
Add to my calendar


text:
What you won't hear from Barack Obama in Tuesday's State of the Union address is the truth about Benghazi, or the IRS's continued targeting of conservatives and Tea Party groups, or the disasters behind the roll out of ObamaCare, or an admission that his economic policies have failed to lead a recovery, or an explanation as to why he green-lighted Iran's nuke ambitions, etc., etc., etc.
What you will hear is a lot about income inequality; "the defining challenge of our time" as he calls it.
If he really believes that it is such a big issue, then he needs to explain why he has failed so miserably with that one, too.
According to Gallup 67 percent of Americans are dissatisfied with the way income and wealth are currently distributed in the U.S. Barack Obama is an adept enough populist to talk about what significant majorities of Americans want to hear, especially at a time when a growing number of voters are unhappy with him.
After all, this is the same Barack Obama who guaranteed anxious millions "if you like your health care plan you can keep it. Period." He has no problem telling you what you want to hear; he just has a problem delivering.
However, even Obama's normally adoring media can't ignore the facts. "But of course, income inequality has actually gotten much worse under Obama's watch," wrote the folks at MSN Money this week in anticipation of Tuesday's SOTU speech. Median household income fell 4.4 percent during Obama's first term in office, they also pointed out.
If you're compelled to listen to the SOTU on Tuesday night as I feel obligated to do, just remember the following graph courtesy ofInvestor's Business Dailyand John Merline.
As indicated income inequality has increased faster under Obama than either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush, and is now at the highest level since the Census Department began recording data in 1947. Actually, under Bush – who Obama loves to vilify – there was no net increase at all.
Importantly, Merline cites official government data from the government's Gini Index. These are the Obama Administration's numbers.
Merline concludes that the policies Obama "is pushing now have either had little impact on inequality or have provided few benefits to those they're supposed to help." He then provides a summary review of many of those policies, the full text of which can be found here. It's an important read.


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Moving to a new host. Forum may briefly be unavailable and new posts suspended for a while.
Also new for this year is yet another airline, Air France are the carrier for some flights to Heraklion. Will be different, possibly moules and frites?? on board. well I can live in hope.YammasTony
Olympic did their '12 islands of Christmas' again this year, so, not wanting to disappoint them, I shook their hand before they sobered up and clinched a great deal to KC for 10 days in October again!We will be off to Finikounda in the Peloponese in June for the firat time, but will be on the lookout for a bargain deal to Plakias any other time. Can't wait to get back to Greece, and Plakias especially.
I had a look at Olympic a few weeks ago, can't remember which airline was on offer but the transfer was a taxi, costing, from memory, GBP150, each way, with no alternative. I booked a BA flight in the end. I've made my own arrangements in recent years, having been completely hacked off by Olympic's couldn't give a sh#t attitude. It's possible to book a taxi for around 30% less than that - I've used Zak in Plakias and he'll do the trip for EUR105 Are Olympic laying on the 'magical mystery tour' coach transfer again? I don't trust them one little inch either way. Guides who get lost at three in the morning, flights cancelled or delayed at absurdly short notice, etc. I know that it's business and they have the market pretty much cornered, but I don't have to like it. Rant over.I suppose that I should try enjoy Plakias, without worrying about these people.Cheers, Richard


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ABC Delivers Highest-Rated & Most-Viewed NBA Season Ever
ABC delivered its highest-rated and most-viewed NBA regular season ever, averaging a 3.3 household rating and 5,421,000 viewers for its 15 broadcasts during the 2011-2012 campaign, according to Nielsen.
The 3.3 rating is up 10 percent from last season (3.0) and 5,421,000 viewers is up six percent from last season (5,110,000). The NBA on ABC is also up nine percent in household impressions, averaging 3,831,000 compared to 3,519,000 last season.
ESPN will televise its final two NBA games of the regular season on Wednesday, April 25, with a doubleheader beginning at 8 p.m. ET when the New York Knicks host the Los Angeles Clippers. In the nightcap, the Phoenix Suns will visit the San Antonio Spurs at 10:30 p.m.
The 2012 NBA Playoffs begin on ESPN and ABC on Saturday, April 28, and culminate with The Finals on ABC in June.


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Beats EP On-Ear Headphones - White
Beats EP on-ear headphone delivers masterfully tuned sound. Its battery-free design offers unlimited playback and its sleek, durable frame is reinforced with lightweight stainless steel. Beats EP is an ideal introduction to Beats for any music lover seeking a dynamic listening experience.
Enter premium sound
Beats EP on-ear headphone delivers masterfully tuned sound the way it was meant to be heard. Powered by fine-tuned acoustics for incredible clarity, breadth and balance, it's the ideal introduction to Beats for any music lover.
Built for life
Beats EP is tough, lightweight and comfortable. Its durable frame is reinforced with stainless steel and adjustable vertical sliders allow for personalized comfort. Designed for everyday use.
Beats EP is made to go everywhere you do. Its battery-free design offers unlimited playback and hassle-free fixed cable lets you focus on the music. Just grab and go.
Fine-tuned acoustics for the clarity and depth you expect from Beats
Durable, lightweight design reinforced with stainless steel
Battery-free for unlimited playback
Adjustable vertical sliders for a personalized fit
Take calls and control music on your iOS devices with RemoteTalk cable
What's in the Box
Beats EP Headphones
Foldable Carrying Pouch
Quick Start Guide
Warranty Card
Tech Specs
Form Factor: On Ear
iPhone Models
- iPhone 6s
- iPhone 6s Plus
- iPhone 6
- iPhone 6 Plus
- iPhone SE (1st generation)
- iPhone 5s
- iPhone 5c
- iPhone 5
- iPhone 4s
- iPhone 4
- iPhone 3Gs
- iPhone 3G
iPad Models
- iPad Pro 12.9-inch (2nd generation)
- iPad Pro 12.9-inch (1st generation)
- iPad Pro 10.5-inch
- iPad Pro 9.7-inch
- iPad Air (3rd generation)
- iPad Air 2
- iPad Air (1st generation)
- iPad (8th generation)
- iPad (7th generation)
- iPad (6th generation)
- iPad mini (5th generation)
- iPad (5th generation)
- iPad mini 4
- iPad mini 3
- iPad mini 2
- iPad mini (1st generation)
Mac Models
- MacBook Air (Retina, 13-inch, 2020)
- MacBook Air (Retina, 13-inch, 2018 - 2019)
- MacBook Air (13-inch, Early 2015 - 2017)
- MacBook Air (11-inch, Early 2015)
- MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2020)
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- MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2016 - 2019)
- MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2016 and later)
- MacBook Pro (Retina, 13-inch, Late 2012 - 2015)
- MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Mid 2012 - 2015)
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- iMac (Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, 2019 and later)
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- iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, 2017)
- iMac (Retina 4K, 21.5-inch, Late 2015)
- iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2014 - 2015)
- iMac Pro (2017 and later)
- Mac Pro (2019)
- Mac Pro (Late 2013)
- Mac mini (2018 and later)
- Mac mini (Late 2014)
iPod Models
- iPod touch (7th generation)
- iPod touch (6th generation)
- iPod touch (5th generation)
- iPod nano (7th generation)
- iPod shuffle (4th generation)
Answers from the community
compatible with MacBook Air,2013-2014?
- Asked by Katherine M from Bayville
- on 18-Jun-2020
Answer now(compatible with MacBook Air,2013-2014?)No answers yet
Is the wire jack compatible with a Bose wave IV cd player
- Asked by John P from Huntsville
- on 15-Jun-2020
Noise cancelling?
No answers yet
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- on 06-May-2020
Can you plug ear phones into I Pod shuffle
- Asked by John M from Monaca
- on 06-Jan-2020
- Answered by Stephanie B
- on 08-Jan-2020
does it work with I phone Xr
- Asked by Harley N from Effort
- on 03-Nov-2019
it does, but you will need a dongle
- Answered by Christopher N
- on 27-Nov-2019
Can you plug ear phones into IPAD PRO
- Asked by Sharon M from Millington
- on 26-Apr-2019
Yes, you can.
- Answered by Jubal D
- on 01-May-2019


text:
- 1/2 cup kosher salt
- 1/4 cup sugar
- 1 head of garlic, halved crosswise
- 1 teaspoon whole black peppercorns
- 2 fresh bay leaves (or 1 dried)
- 2 pounds beef brisket
- 3 4' pieces bone-in beef short ribs
Bouquet Garni, Meats, and Vegetables
- 1 head of garlic, halved crosswise
- 10 sprigs flat-leaf parsley
- 10 sprigs thyme
- 3 fresh bay leaves (or 1 dried)
- 3 whole cloves
- 1 teaspoon whole black peppercorns
- 3 2'–3'-long marrow bones
- 2 pounds oxtails
- 2 pounds beef bones
- 1 pound veal bones
- 1 pound veal breast
- 5 large carrots (about 1 lb.), peeled (2 chopped, 3 cut into 2' pieces)
- 2 celery stalks, chopped
- 1 onion, quartered
- 1 1-lb. piece garlic sausage
- 2 rutabagas (about 1 lb.), peeled, cut into wedges
- 1 small head of savoy cabbage (about 1 lb.), halved
- 1 pound baby potatoes
Sauces and Garnishes
- 1/2 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 1/4 cup finely chopped flat-leaf parsley
- 1/4 cup finely chopped fresh chives
- 1/4 cup finely chopped fresh tarragon
- 2 garlic cloves, minced
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 1/4 cup crème fraîche
- 2 tablespoons prepared white horseradish, drained
- Whole grain mustard
- Dijon mustard
- Toasted sliced country bread
Recipe Preparation
Bring first 5 ingredients and 8 cups water to a simmer in a medium saucepan over medium heat, stirring until sugar and salt dissolve. Remove from heat; let cool to room temperature. Place brisket and short ribs in a large baking dish. Pour brine over to cover completely. Cover and chill for at least 8 hours or overnight. Remove meat; rinse and set aside.
Bouquet Garni, Meats, and Vegetables
Place first 6 ingredients in center of a triple layer of cheesecloth. Gather up edges; tie with kitchen twine to form a bundle for bouquet garni. Wrap marrow bones in cheesecloth; tie into a bundle with twine. If desired, tie oxtails with twine around circumference to keep meat from falling off bones.
Place brisket, short ribs, bouquet garni, marrow bones, oxtails, beef bones, veal bones, veal breast, 2 chopped carrots, celery, and onion in a very large heavy pot. Add water to cover meat (about 7 qt.). Bring to a boil, skimming off any scum and fat that rise to the surface. Reduce heat and simmer, skimming occasionally, until short ribs are tender, 2–2 1/2 hours.
Transfer short ribs to a 13x9x2" baking dish; add 4 cups broth from pot and tent with foil to keep meat warm and moist. Add sausage to pot; continue simmering until sausage is cooked through and remaining meats are tender, about 30 minutes longer. Transfer sausage, brisket, oxtails, and marrow bones to dish with short ribs.
Place a large strainer over another large pot; strain broth, discarding remaining meats, bones, and other solids in strainer. (You should have about 10 cups broth.) Return broth to a boil; add rutabagas, cabbage, potatoes, and 2" pieces of carrots. Simmer until vegetables are tender but not mushy, about 30 minutes.
Sauces and Garnishes
Mix first 5 ingredients in a small bowl to make salsa verde. Season with salt and pepper; set aside. Stir crème fraîche and horseradish in another small bowl; season with salt.
Transfer vegetables to a platter. Thinly slice brisket against the grain; cut sausage into 2" pieces. Return meats to baking dish.
Season broth in pot to taste with salt and pepper; divide among bowls. (Reserve broth from meats for another use.) Serve meats and vegetables with salsa verde, horseradish crème fraîche, and both mustards in small bowls alongside. Serve with toasted country bread.


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Events for August 2, 2016
Events Search and Views Navigation
All Day
Lazy Days of Summer at Iron Hub
Throughout the entire month of August, we will be celebrating the Lazy Days of Summer. Come out to Iron Hub Winery and taste our new releases paired with artisan cheeses. Pack a picnic and enjoy it with a chilled bottle of Iron Hub Chardonnay or Rose' in the shade of our beautiful oak grove overlooking […]Find out more »


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
The Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Galatians and Romans. Vol. 1 Translation and Commentary by the late Benjamin Jowett, Vol. 2 Essays and Dissertations by the late Benjamin Jowett, M.A. (3rd edition, edited and condensed by Lewis Campbell) (London: John Murray, 1894). 2 vols. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1789,
St. Paul's Epistles translated by the famous Victorian Greek scholar Benjamin Jowett. Also contains much commentary and analysis by Jowett.
The text is in the public domain.
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.