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Boeing 777
The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers, with a range of Script error: No such module "convert".. Commonly referred to as the "Triple Seven",[3][4] its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section,[5] and a blade-shaped tail cone.[6] Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It is also the first entirely computer-aided designed commercial aircraft.
The 777 is produced in two fuselage lengths as of 2014[update]. The original 777-200 variant entered commercial service in 1995, followed by the extended-range 777-200ER in 1997. The stretched 777-300, which is Script error: No such module "convert". longer, followed in 1998. The longer-range 777-300ER and 777-200LR variants entered service in 2004 and 2006 respectively, while the 777F, a freighter version, debuted in February 2009; these variants all feature General Electric GE90 engines and extended raked wingtips. The earlier 777-200, -200ER and -300 versions are equipped with GE90, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines. The 777-200LR is the world's longest-range airliner, able to fly over halfway around the globe, and holds the record for the longest distance flown non-stop by a commercial aircraft.[7][8]
The 777 first entered commercial service with United Airlines on June 7, 1995. It has received more orders than any other wide-body airliner; as of December 2014, 60 customers had placed orders for 1,827 aircraft of all variants, with 1,263 delivered.[1] The most common and successful variant is the 777-300ER with 535 delivered and 768 orders;[1] Emirates operates the largest 777 fleet, with 138 passenger and freighter aircraft as of July 2014.[9] The 777 has been involved in five hull-loss accidents as of July 2014; the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident in July 2013 was its first fatal crash in 18 years of service.
The 777 ranks as one of Boeing's best-selling models. Airlines have acquired the type as a comparatively fuel-efficient alternative to other wide-body jets and have increasingly deployed the aircraft on long-haul transoceanic routes. Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330-300, newly launched Airbus A350 XWB, and the out-of-production A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The 787 Dreamliner, which entered service in 2011, shares design features with the 777. In November 2013, Boeing announced the development of upgraded 777-8X and 777-9X models, collectively named 777X, featuring composite wings and GE9X engines and further technologies developed for the 787. The 777X series is planned to enter service by 2020.
- 1 Development
- 2 Design
- 3 Variants
- 4 Operators
- 5 Incidents and accidents
- 6 Specifications
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
In the early 1970s, the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar became the first generation of wide-body passenger airliners to enter service.[10] In 1978, Boeing unveiled three new models: the twin-engine Boeing 757 to replace its venerable 727, the twin-engine 767 to challenge the Airbus A300, and a trijet 777 concept to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011.[11][12][13] The mid-size 757 and 767 launched to market success, due in part to 1980s extended-range twin-engine operational performance standards (ETOPS) regulations governing transoceanic twinjet operations.[14] These regulations allowed twin-engine airliners to make ocean crossings at up to three hours' distance from emergency diversionary airports.[15] Under ETOPS rules, airlines began operating the 767 on long-distance overseas routes that did not require the capacity of larger airliners.[14] The trijet 777 was later dropped, following marketing studies that favored the 757 and 767 variants.[16] Boeing was left with a size and range gap in its product line between the 767-300ER and the 747-400.[17]
By the late 1980s, DC-10 and L-1011 models were approaching retirement age, prompting manufacturers to develop replacement designs.[18] McDonnell Douglas was working on the MD-11, a stretched and upgraded successor of the DC-10,[18] while Airbus was developing their A330 and A340.[18] In 1986, Boeing unveiled proposals for an enlarged 767, tentatively named 767-X,[19] to target the replacement market for first-generation wide-bodies like the DC-10,[15] and to complement existing 767 and 747 models in the company lineup.[20] The initial proposal featured a longer fuselage and larger wings than the existing 767,[19] along with winglets.[21] Later plans expanded the fuselage cross-section but retained the existing 767 flight deck, nose, and other elements.[19]
Airline customers were unimpressed with the 767-X proposals, and instead wanted an even wider fuselage cross-section, fully flexible interior configurations, short- to intercontinental-range capability, and an operating cost lower than any 767 stretch.[15] Airline planners' requirements for larger aircraft had become increasingly specific, adding to the heightened competition among aircraft manufacturers.[18] By 1988, Boeing realized that the only answer was a new design, which became the 777 twinjet.[22] The company opted for the twin-engine configuration given past design successes, projected engine developments, and reduced-cost benefits.[23] On December 8, 1989, Boeing began issuing offers to airlines for the 777.[19]
Design effort
The design phase for the new twinjet was different from Boeing's previous commercial jetliners. For the first time, eight major airlines – All Nippon Airways, American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific Airways, Delta Air Lines, Japan Airlines, Qantas, and United Airlines – had a role in the development.[24] This was a departure from industry practice, where manufacturers typically designed aircraft with minimal customer input.[12] The eight airlines that contributed to the design process became known within Boeing as the "Working Together" group.[24] At the first group meeting in January 1990, a 23-page questionnaire was distributed to the airlines, asking what each wanted in the design.[15] By March 1990, Boeing and the airlines had decided upon a basic design configuration: a cabin cross-section close to the 747's, capacity up to 325 passengers, flexible interiors, a glass cockpit, fly-by-wire controls, and 10 percent better seat-mile costs than the A330 and MD-11.[15] Boeing selected its Everett factory in Washington, home of 747 production, as the 777's final assembly site.[25]
On October 14, 1990, United Airlines became the 777's launch customer when it placed an order for 34 Pratt & Whitney-powered aircraft valued at US$11 billion with options on an additional 34.[26][27] The development phase coincided with United's replacement program for its aging DC-10s.[28] United required that the new aircraft be capable of flying three different routes: Chicago to Hawaii, Chicago to Europe, and non-stop from Denver, a hot and high airport, to Hawaii.[28] ETOPS certification was also a priority for United,[29] given the overwater portion of United's Hawaii routes.[26] In January 1993, a team of United developers joined other airline teams and Boeing designers at the Everett factory.[30] The 240 design teams, with up to 40 members each, addressed almost 1,500 design issues with individual aircraft components.[31] The fuselage diameter was increased to suit Cathay Pacific, the baseline model grew longer for All Nippon Airways, and British Airways' input led to added built-in testing and interior flexibility,[15] along with higher operating weight options.[32]
The 777 was the first commercial aircraft designed entirely by computer.[20][26][33] Each design drawing was created on a three-dimensional CAD software system known as CATIA, sourced from Dassault Systemes and IBM.[34] This lets engineers assemble a virtual aircraft, in simulation, to check for interference and verify that the thousands of parts fit properly—thus reducing costly rework.[35] Boeing developed their own high-performance visualization system, FlyThru, later called IVT (Integrated Visualization Tool) to support large-scale collaborative engineering design reviews, production illustrations, and other uses of the CAD data outside of engineering.[36] Boeing was initially not convinced of CATIA's abilities and built a physical mock-up of the nose section to verify its results. The test was so successful that additional mock-ups were canceled.[37]
Production and testing
The production process included substantial international content, an unprecedented level of global subcontracting for a Boeing jetliner,[38] later exceeded by the 787.[39] International contributors included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (fuselage panels),[40] Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd. (center wing section),[40] Hawker de Havilland (elevators), and Aerospace Technologies of Australia (rudder).[41] An agreement between Boeing and the Japan Aircraft Development Corporation, representing Japanese aerospace contractors, made the latter risk-sharing partners for 20 percent of the entire development program.[38] The initial 777-200 model was launched with propulsion options from three manufacturers, General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, and Rolls-Royce,[42] giving the airlines their choice of engines from competing firms.[43] Each manufacturer agreed to develop an engine in the Script error: No such module "convert". and higher thrust class (a measure of jet engine output) for the world's largest twinjet.[42]
To accommodate production of its new airliner, Boeing doubled the size of the Everett factory at the cost of nearly US$1.5 billion[26] to provide space for two new assembly lines.[28] New production methodologies were developed, including a turn machine that could rotate fuselage subassemblies 180 degrees, giving workers access to upper body sections.[34] Major assembly of the first aircraft began on January 4, 1993.[44] By the start of production, the program had amassed 118 firm orders, with options for 95 more from 10 airlines.[45] Total investment in the program was estimated at over US$4 billion from Boeing, with an additional US$2 billion from suppliers.[46]
On April 9, 1994, the first 777, line number WA001, was rolled out in a series of 15 ceremonies held during the day to accommodate the 100,000 invited guests.[47] The first flight took place on June 12, 1994,[48] under the command of chief test pilot John E. Cashman.[49] This marked the start of an 11-month flight test program that was more extensive than testing for any previous Boeing model.[50] Nine aircraft fitted with General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, and Rolls-Royce engines[48] were flight tested at locations ranging from the desert airfield at Edwards Air Force Base in California[51] to frigid conditions in Alaska, mainly Fairbanks International Airport.[52] To satisfy ETOPS requirements, eight 180-minute single-engine test flights were performed.[53] The first aircraft built was used by Boeing's nondestructive testing campaign from 1994 to 1996, and provided data for the -200ER and -300 programs.[54] At the successful conclusion of flight testing, the 777 was awarded simultaneous airworthiness certification by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) on April 19, 1995.[48]
Entry into service
Boeing delivered the first 777 to United Airlines on May 15, 1995.[55][56] The FAA awarded 180-minute ETOPS clearance ("ETOPS-180") for the Pratt & Whitney PW4084-engined aircraft on May 30, 1995, making it the first airliner to carry an ETOPS-180 rating at its entry into service.[57] The first commercial flight took place on June 7, 1995, from London Heathrow Airport to Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C.[58] Longer ETOPS clearance of 207 minutes was approved in October 1996.[59]
On November 12, 1995, Boeing delivered the first model with General Electric GE90-77B engines to British Airways,[60] which entered service five days later.[61] Initial service was affected by gearbox bearing wear issues, which caused British Airways to temporarily withdraw its 777 fleet from transatlantic service in 1997,[61] returning to full service later that year;[51] General Electric subsequently announced engine upgrades.[51]
The first Rolls-Royce Trent 877-powered aircraft was delivered to Thai Airways International on March 31, 1996,[60] completing the introduction of the three powerplants initially developed for the airliner.[62] Each engine-aircraft combination had secured ETOPS-180 certification from the point of entry into service.[63] By June 1997, orders for the 777 numbered 323 from 25 airlines, including satisfied launch customers that had ordered additional aircraft.[48] Operations performance data established the consistent capabilities of the twinjet over long-haul transoceanic routes, leading to additional sales.[64] By 1998, the 777 fleet had approached 900,000 flight hours.[65] Boeing states that the 777 fleet has a dispatch reliability (rate of departure from the gate with no more than 15 minutes delay due to technical issues) above 99 percent.[66][67][68][69]
Initial derivatives
After the original model, Boeing developed an increased gross weight variant of the 777-200 with greater range and payload capability.[70] Initially named 777-200IGW,[71] the 777-200ER first flew on October 7, 1996,[72] received FAA and JAA certification on January 17, 1997,[73] and entered service with British Airways on February 9, 1997.[73] Offering greater long-haul performance, the variant became the most widely ordered version of the aircraft through the early 2000s.[70] On April 2, 1997, a Malaysia Airlines -200ER named "Super Ranger" broke the great circle "distance without landing" record for an airliner by flying eastward from Boeing Field, Seattle to Kuala Lumpur, a distance of Script error: No such module "convert"., in 21 hours and 23 minutes.[65]
Following the introduction of the -200ER, Boeing turned its attention to a stretched version of the airliner. On October 16, 1997, the 777-300 made its first flight.[72] At Script error: No such module "convert". in length, the -300 became the longest airliner yet produced (until the A340-600), and had a 20 percent greater overall capacity than the standard length model.[74] The -300 was awarded type certification simultaneously from the FAA and JAA on May 4, 1998,[75] and entered service with launch customer Cathay Pacific on May 27, 1998.[72][76]
From the program's start, Boeing had considered building ultra-long-range variants.[77] Early plans centered on a 777-100X proposal,[78] a shortened variant of the -200 with reduced weight and increased range,[78] similar to the 747SP.[79] However, the -100X would have carried fewer passengers than the -200 while having similar operating costs, leading to a higher cost per seat.[78][79] By the late 1990s, design plans shifted to longer-range versions of existing models.[78] A more powerful engine in the Script error: No such module "convert". and higher thrust class was required, leading to talks between Boeing and engine manufacturers. General Electric offered to develop the GE90-115B engine,[43] while Rolls-Royce proposed developing the Trent 8104 engine.[80] In 1999, Boeing announced an agreement with General Electric, beating out rival proposals.[43] Under the deal with General Electric, Boeing agreed to only offer GE90 engines on new 777 versions.[43]
Longer-range models
On February 29, 2000, Boeing launched its next-generation twinjet program,[82] initially called 777-X,[77] and began issuing offers to airlines.[70] Development was slowed by an industry downturn during the early 2000s.[72] The first model to emerge from the program, the 777-300ER, was launched with an order for ten aircraft from Air France,[83] along with additional commitments.[70] On February 24, 2003, the -300ER made its first flight, and the FAA and EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency, successor to the JAA) certified the model on March 16, 2004.[84] The first delivery to Air France took place on April 29, 2004.[72] The -300ER, which combined the -300's added capacity with the -200ER's range, became the top-selling 777 variant in the late 2000s,[85] benefitting as airlines replaced comparable four-engine models with twinjets for their lower operating costs.[86]
The second long-range model, the 777-200LR, rolled out on February 15, 2005, and completed its first flight on March 8, 2005.[72] The -200LR was certified by both the FAA and EASA on February 2, 2006,[87] and the first delivery to Pakistan International Airlines occurred on February 26, 2006.[88] On November 10, 2005, the first -200LR set a record for the longest non-stop flight of a passenger airliner by flying Script error: No such module "convert". eastward from Hong Kong to London.[8] Lasting 22 hours and 42 minutes, the flight surpassed the -200LR's standard design range and was logged in the Guinness World Records.[7][89]
The production freighter model, the 777F, rolled out on May 23, 2008.[90] The maiden flight of the 777F, which used the structural design and engine specifications of the -200LR[91] along with fuel tanks derived from the -300ER,[92] occurred on July 14, 2008.[93] FAA and EASA type certification for the freighter was received on February 6, 2009,[94] and the first delivery to launch customer Air France took place on February 19, 2009.[95][96]
Initially second to the 747 as Boeing's most profitable jetliner,[97] the 777 became the company's most lucrative model in the 2000s.[98] Program sales accounted for an estimated US$400 million of Boeing's pretax earnings in 2000, US$50 million more than the 747.[97] By 2004, the airliner comprised the bulk of wide-body revenues for the Boeing Commercial Airplanes division.[99] In 2007, orders for second-generation 777 models approached 350 aircraft,[100] and in November of that year, Boeing announced that all production slots were sold out to 2012.[86] The program backlog of 356 orders was valued at US$95 billion at list prices in 2008.[101]
Production updates and improvements
In 2010, Boeing announced plans to increase production from 5 aircraft per month to 7 aircraft per month by mid-2011, and 8.3 per month by early 2013.[102] Complete assembly of each 777-300ER requires 49 days.[103] In November 2011, assembly began on the 1,000th 777, a -300ER model for Emirates;[103] which was rolled out in March 2012.[104] In late 2011, the FAA assigned a common type rating to the 787 and 777, allowing pilots qualified on either aircraft to operate both models, due to related design features.[105] The smaller 787 was the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project.[106] Reportedly, the 777 could eventually be replaced by a new aircraft family, Yellowstone 3, which would draw upon technologies from the 787.[100]
By the late 2000s, the 777 was facing increased potential competition from Airbus' planned A350 XWB and internally from proposed 787 variants,[100] both airliners that promise fuel efficiency improvements. As a consequence, the 777-300ER received an engine and aerodynamics improvement package for reduced drag and weight.[107] In 2010, the variant further received a Script error: No such module "convert". maximum zero-fuel weight increase, equivalent to a higher payload of 20–25 passengers; its GE90-115B1 engines received a 1–2.5 percent thrust enhancement for increased takeoff weights at higher-altitude airports.[107] More changes were targeted for late 2012, including possible extension of the wingspan,[107] along with other major changes, including a composite wing, new powerplant, and different fuselage lengths.[107][108][109] Emirates was reportedly working closely with Boeing on the project, possibly being the launch customer for new 777 versions.[110] China Airlines ordered ten 777-300ER aircraft to replace 747-400s on routes between Taipei and Los Angeles and New York City, telling Aviation Week and Space Technology that the 777-300ER's per seat cost is about 20% lower than the 747's costs (varying due to fuel prices).[111] Four of the 777 aircraft were already flying as of February 2015.
Mindful of the long time required to bring the 777X to the market, Boeing continued to develop improvement packages which improve fuel efficiency, as well as lower prices for the existing product. As of February 2015, the backlog of undelivered 777s totals 278 aircraft, representing just under three years of current production at 8.3 aircraft per month,[112] causing Boeing to ponder the 2018-2020 time frame. In January 2015, United Airlines ordered 10 Boeing 777-300ERs, normally costing around $150 million each but paid around $130 million, a discount to bridge the production gap to the 777X.[113] Boeing has worked with General Electric to offer a 2% improvement in fuel efficiency to new aircraft beginning in 2016. GE will improve the fan module and the high pressure compressor stage-1 blisk in the GE-90-115 turbofan, as well as reduce clearances between the tips of the turbine blades and the shroud during cruise. These improvements, of which the latter is the most important and was derived from work to develop the 787, will, GE says, will lower fuel burn by 0.5%. Boeing's wing modification will deliver the remainder. Boeing stated that every 1% improvement in the 777-300ER's fuel burn translates into being able to fly the aircraft another 75 nautical miles on the same load of fuel, or add ten passengers or 2,400 lb of cargo to a "load limited" flight.[114]
777X program
In September 2011, Boeing released more details on proposed third-generation 777 versions, collectively referred to as 777X and tentatively designated 777-8X and 777-9X.[115] The 777-9X was to feature a fuselage stretch of Script error: No such module "convert". to a total length of Script error: No such module "convert". to accommodate 407 passengers,[116][117] while the ultra long-range 777-8X, a replacement for the 777-200LR, was slated to be Script error: No such module "convert". in length.[115] Wingspan for both models was expected to increase from the current Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert"., and incorporate the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer in its construction.[115][116] In February 2012, General Electric disclosed studies on a new engine, dubbed the GE9X, to power the 777X.[118][119] Rolls-Royce and Pratt & Whitney also proposed powerplants for the 777X, including the RB3025 concept, based on the Trent 1000 and Trent XWB engines, and an adaptation of PW1000G engine architecture to produce up to Script error: No such module "convert". of thrust.[115] However, in March 2013 the General Electric GE9X was selected as the exclusive engine to power the 777X.[120]
In May 2013, Boeing's board of directors gave formal permission for its Commercial Airplanes division to start offering the 777X to customers.[121] The 777X program includes two models: the 777-9X, which is stretched beyond the length of the 777-300ER, and the 777-8X, which is sized close to the 777-300ER but with ultra-long range capability.[122] On September 19, 2013, Lufthansa's supervisory board gave approval to order 34 Boeing 777-9X aircraft to replace their 747-400s, in advance of the program's official launch.[123][124][125] In October 2013, Boeing announced that its U.S. facilities in Charleston, Huntsville, Long Beach, Philadelphia, and St. Louis as well as Russian facilities in Moscow would support the 777X design effort.[126]
Boeing officially launched the 777X at the 2013 Dubai Airshow in November 2013, announcing a total of 259 orders and commitments worth more than US$95 billion,[127][128] constituting the largest product launch by dollar value in the history of commercial aviation.[129] These included orders for 150 aircraft from Emirates, 25 aircraft from Etihad Airways, and 50 aircraft from Qatar Airways; the former two orders encompass both 777-8X and 777-9X variants and the latter is entirely for the 777-9X.[122][127][130] By April 2014, with cumulative sales surpassing those of the 747, the 777 became the best-selling wide-body airliner; at existing production rates, the aircraft was on track to become the most-delivered wide-body airliner by mid-2016.[131]
Boeing introduced a number of advanced technologies with the 777 design, including fully digital fly-by-wire controls,[132] fully software-configurable avionics, Honeywell LCD glass cockpit flight displays,[133] and the first use of a fiber optic avionics network on a commercial airliner.[134] Boeing made use of work done on the cancelled Boeing 7J7 regional jet,[135] which utilized similar versions of the chosen technologies.[135] In 2003, Boeing began offering the option of cockpit electronic flight bag computer displays.[136] In 2013, Boeing announced that the upgraded 777X models would incorporate airframe, systems, and interior technologies from the 787.[137]
In designing the 777 as its first fly-by-wire commercial aircraft, Boeing decided to retain conventional control yokes rather than change to sidestick controllers as used in many fly-by-wire fighter aircraft and in many Airbus airliners.[132] Along with traditional yoke and rudder controls, the cockpit features a simplified layout that retains similarities to previous Boeing models.[138] The fly-by-wire system also incorporates flight envelope protection, a system that guides pilot inputs within a computer-calculated framework of operating parameters, acting to prevent stalls, overspeeds, and excessively stressful maneuvers.[132] This system can be overridden by the pilot if deemed necessary.[132] The fly-by-wire system is supplemented by mechanical backup.[139]
Airframe and systems
The wings on the 777 feature a supercritical airfoil design that is swept back at 31.6 degrees and optimized for cruising at Mach 0.83 (revised upward after flight tests to Mach 0.84).[140] The wings are designed with increased thickness and a longer span than previous airliners, resulting in greater payload and range, improved takeoff performance, and a higher cruising altitude.[48] The wings also serve as fuel storage, with longer-range models able to carry up to Script error: No such module "convert". of fuel.[92] This capacity allows the 777-200LR to operate ultra-long-distance, trans-polar routes such as Toronto to Hong Kong.[141] In 2013, a new wing made of composite materials was introduced for the upgraded 777X, with a wider span and design features based on the 787's wings.[137]
Large folding wingtips, Script error: No such module "convert". long, were offered when the 777 was first launched, to appeal to airlines who might use gates made to accommodate smaller aircraft, but no airline purchased this option.[142] Folding wingtips reemerged as a design feature at the announcement of the upgraded 777X in 2013. Smaller folding wingtips of Script error: No such module "convert". in length will allow 777X models to use the same airport gates and taxiways as earlier 777s.[137] These smaller folding wingtips are less complex than those proposed for earlier 777s, and internally only affect the wiring needed for wingtip lights.[137]
The airframe incorporates the use of composite materials, which comprise nine percent of its original structural weight (all models outside the 777-8X and 777-9X).[143] Elements made from composite material include the cabin floor and rudder. The main fuselage cross-section is circular[144] and tapers rearward into a blade-shaped tail cone with a port-facing auxiliary power unit.[6] The aircraft also features the largest landing gear and the biggest tires ever used in a commercial jetliner.[145] The six-wheel bogies are designed to spread the load of the aircraft over a wide area without requiring an additional centerline gear. This helps reduce weight and simplifies the aircraft's braking and hydraulic systems. Each tire of a 777-300ER six-wheel main landing gear can carry a load of Script error: No such module "convert"., which is heavier than other wide-bodies such as the 747-400.[146] The aircraft has triple redundant hydraulic systems with only one system required for landing.[147] A ram air turbine –a small retractable propeller which can provide emergency power– is also fitted in the wing root fairing.[148]
The original 777 interior, also known as the Boeing Signature Interior, features curved panels, larger overhead bins, and indirect lighting.[61] Seating options range from six abreast in first class up to 10 across in economy.[149] The 777's windows were the largest of any current commercial airliner until the 787, and measure Script error: No such module "convert". by Script error: No such module "convert". in size (all models outside the 777-8X and 777-9X).[150] The cabin also features "Flexibility Zones", which entails deliberate placement of water, electrical, pneumatic, and other connection points throughout the interior space, allowing airlines to move seats, galleys, and lavatories quickly and more easily when adjusting cabin arrangements.[149] Several aircraft have also been fitted with VIP interiors for non-airline use.[151] Boeing designed a hydraulically damped toilet seat cover hinge that closes slowly.[152]
In 2003, Boeing introduced overhead crew rests as an option on the 777.[153] Located above the main cabin and connected via staircases, the forward flight crew rest contains two seats and two bunks, while the aft cabin crew rest features multiple bunks.[153] The Signature Interior has since been adapted for other Boeing wide-body and narrow-body aircraft, including 737NG, 747-400, 757-300, and newer 767 models, including all 767-400ER models.[154][155] The 747-8 and 767-400ER have also adopted the larger, more rounded windows of the original 777.
In 2011, Flight International reported that Boeing is considering replacing the Signature Interior on the 777 with a new interior similar to that on the 787, as part of a move towards a "common cabin experience" across all Boeing platforms.[156] With the launch of the 777X in 2013, Boeing confirmed that the aircraft would be receiving a new interior featuring 787 cabin elements and larger windows.[137] Further details released in 2014 included re-sculpted cabin sidewalls for greater interior room, noise-dampening technology, and higher cabin humidity.[157]
Boeing uses two characteristics, fuselage length and range, to define their 777 models.[17] Fuselage length affects the number of passengers and amount of cargo that can be carried; the 777-200 and derivatives are the base size, and the aircraft was stretched into the 777-300 in 1998. In terms of range, the aircraft has been categorized into three segments based on design criteria; these were initially defined as the following:
- A-market: up to Script error: No such module "convert".[158]
- B-market: Script error: No such module "convert".[158]
- C-market: Script error: No such module "convert".[159]
When referring to different variants, Boeing and airlines often collapse the model number (777) and the variant designator (-200 or -300) into a truncated form (e.g., "772" or "773"[160]). The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aircraft type designator system adds a preceding manufacturer letter (e.g., "B772" or "B773").[161] Subsequent to the capacity number, designations may or may not append the range identifier (e.g., 777-300ER as "773ER",[162] "773B",[163] "77W",[164] or "B77W"[161]). These notations may be found in aircraft manuals or airline timetables.
The 777-200 was the initial A-market model. The first -200 was delivered to United Airlines on May 15, 1995.[72] With a maximum range of Script error: No such module "convert".,[165] the -200 was chiefly aimed at U.S. domestic airline operators.[17] Nine different -200 customers have taken delivery of 88 aircraft,[1] with 84 in airline service as of July 2014.[166] A British Airways 777-200 became the fastest subsonic New York to London flight at 5 hours and 16 minutes in January 2015 due to strong winds.[167] The competing aircraft from Airbus is the A330-300.[168]
The 777-200ER ("ER" for Extended Range), the B-market version of the -200, was originally known as the 777-200IGW (increased gross weight).[71] The -200ER has additional fuel capacity and an increased maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) over the -200.[165] Aimed at international airlines operating transatlantic routes,[17] the -200ER's maximum range is Script error: No such module "convert"..[165] In addition to breaking the eastbound great circle "distance without landing" record, the -200ER also holds the record for the longest ETOPS-related emergency flight diversion (177 minutes under one engine), on a United Airlines flight carrying 255 passengers on March 17, 2003, over the Pacific Ocean.[169][170]
The first -200ER was delivered to British Airways on February 6, 1997.[72] Singapore Airlines, one of the type's largest customers,[1] ordered over half of its -200ERs with reduced engine thrust specifications (de-rated) for use on medium-length routes.[171][172] The de-rated engines lower MTOW, which reduces the aircraft's purchase price and landing fees, and can be re-rated to full -200ER standard for long-haul operations.[171] As of August 2013, -200ER deliveries to 33 different customers totaled 422.[1] As of July 2014, 404 examples of the -200ER were in airline service.[166] The competing aircraft from Airbus is the A340-300 and the A350-900.[173]
The stretched 777-300 was designed as an A-market replacement for 747-100s and 747-200s.[174] Compared to the older 747s, the stretched 777 has comparable passenger capacity and range, but burns one-third less fuel and has 40 percent lower maintenance costs.[74] The -300 features a Script error: No such module "convert". fuselage stretch over the baseline -200. This allows seating for up to 550 passengers in a single class high-density configuration,[74] an arrangement adopted for heavily trafficked Japanese routes.[175] Because of the aircraft's length, the -300 is equipped with a tailskid and ground maneuvering cameras to aid pilots during taxi.[176] The maximum range is Script error: No such module "convert".,[177] allowing the -300 to operate trunk routes previously flown by older 747s.[74]
After being certified simultaneously by the FAA and JAA,[75] the first -300 was delivered to Cathay Pacific on May 21, 1998.[72][76] Eight -300 customers have taken delivery of 60 aircraft,[1] all were in service as of July 2014.[166] However, following the introduction of the longer-range -300ER in 2004, operators have selected that variant instead.[1] The -300 has no direct Airbus rival, but the A340-600 was offered in competition.[178][179]
The 777-200LR ("LR" for Longer Range), the C-market model, became the world's longest-range commercial airliner upon entering service in 2006.[180][181] Boeing named it Worldliner as it could connect almost any two airports in the world,[8] although it remains subject to ETOPS restrictions.[182] It holds the world record for the longest nonstop flight by a commercial airliner,[8] having a maximum range of Script error: No such module "convert"..[89] The -200LR was intended for ultra-long-haul routes such as Los Angeles to Singapore.[77]
Developed alongside the -300ER, the -200LR features an increased MTOW and three optional auxiliary fuel tanks in the rear cargo hold.[180] Other new features include raked wingtips, redesigned main landing gear, and additional structural strengthening.[180] As with the -300ER and 777F, the -200LR is equipped with wingtip extensions of 12.8 ft (3.90 m).[180] The -200LR is powered by GE90-110B1 or GE90-115B turbofans.[92] The first -200LR was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines on February 26, 2006.[88][183] As of January 2015, eleven different -200LR customers have taken delivery of 59 aircraft, with no unfilled orders.[1] Airlines operated 49 of the -200LR variant as of July 2014[update].[166] The closest competing aircraft from Airbus was the A340-500HGW.[180]
The 777-300ER ("ER" for Extended Range) is the C-market version of the -300. It features raked and extended wingtips, a wing aspect ratio of 9.0,[184] a new main landing gear, reinforced nose gear, and extra fuel tanks.[185][186] It also has a strengthened fuselage, wings, empennage, and engine attachments. The -300ER is powered by the GE90-115B turbofan, which is the world's most powerful jet engine in service, with a maximum thrust of Script error: No such module "convert"..[185] Its maximum range is Script error: No such module "convert".,[187] made possible by higher MTOW and increased fuel capacity.[178][179] The -300ER can fly approximately 34 percent farther than the -300 with a full load of passengers and cargo.[92][188] Following flight testing, aerodynamics refinements have reduced fuel burn by an additional 1.4 percent.[85][189]
The first -300ER was delivered to Air France on April 29, 2004.[72][190] The -300ER is the best-selling 777 variant, having surpassed the -200ER in orders in 2010 and deliveries in 2013.[1] Since its launch, the model has been a primary driver of the twinjet's sales past the rival A330/340 series.[100] Using two engines produces a typical operating cost advantage of around 8–9 percent for the -300ER over the A340-600,[191] along with a 20 percent fuel burn advantage over the 747-400.[86] Several airlines have acquired the -300ER as a 747-400 replacement amid rising fuel prices.[86] As of November 2014, -300ER deliveries to 33 different customers totaled 527, with 231 unfilled orders.[1] Operators had 493 aircraft in service as of July 2014.[166] The -300ER's direct Airbus competitors have included the A340-600HGW and the A350-1000.[100][179]
777 Freighter
The 777 Freighter (777F) is an all-cargo version of the twinjet, and shares features with the -200LR; these include its airframe, engines,[192] and fuel capacity.[193] With a maximum payload of Script error: No such module "convert"., cargo capacity is similar to the Script error: No such module "convert". of the 747-200F.[86] The freighter has a range of 4,900 nmi (9,070 km) at maximum payload,[193] although greater range is possible if less cargo weight is carried.[194]
As the aircraft promises improved operating economics compared to older freighters,[86] airlines have viewed the 777F as a replacement for freighters such as the 747-200F, MD-10, and MD-11F.[91][195] The first 777F was delivered to Air France on February 19, 2009.[95] As of February 2013, 74 freighters had been delivered to eleven different customers, with 53 unfilled orders.[1] Operators had 94 of the 777F in service as of July 2014.[166]
In the 2000s, Boeing began studying the conversion of 777-200ER and -200 passenger airliners into freighters, under the name 777 BCF (Boeing Converted Freighter).[196] The company has been in discussion with several airline customers, including FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, and GE Capital Aviation Services, to provide launch orders for a 777 BCF program.[197]
777-8X and -9X
The 777-8X and the larger 777-9X, are the two variants which comprise the Boeing 777X program, launched in 2013. Both models incorporate a new carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer wing with folding wingtips, a wider, more comfortable redesigned cabin, and other upgraded systems. Service entry of the first 777X variant, the 777-9X, is scheduled for 2020.[122]
Government and corporate
Versions of the 777 have been acquired by government and private customers. The main purpose has been for VIP transport, including as an air transport for heads of state, although the aircraft has also been proposed for other military applications.
- 777 Business Jet (777 VIP) – the Boeing Business Jet version of the 777 that is sold to corporate customers. Boeing has received orders for 777 VIP aircraft based on the 777-200LR and 777-300ER passenger models.[198][199] The aircraft are fitted with private jet cabins by third party contractors,[198] and completion may take 3 years.[200]
- 777 Tanker (KC-777) – the KC-777 is a proposed tanker version of the 777. In September 2006, Boeing announced that it would produce the KC-777 if the United States Air Force (USAF) required a larger tanker than the KC-767, able to transport more cargo or personnel.[201][202][203] In April 2007, Boeing offered its 767-based KC-767 Advanced Tanker instead of the KC-777 to replace the smaller Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker under the USAF's KC-X program.[204] Boeing officials have described the KC-777 as suitable for the related KC-Z program to replace the wide-body McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender.[205]
- In 2014, the Japanese government chose to procure two 777-300ERs to serve as the official air transport for the Emperor of Japan and Prime Minister of Japan.[206] The aircraft, to be operated by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force under the callsign Japanese Air Force One, are scheduled to enter service in 2019 and replace two 747-400s. Besides VIP transport, the 777s are also intended for use in emergency relief missions.[206]
- 777s have served as official government transports for nations including Gabon (VIP-configured 777-200ER),[207] Turkmenistan (VIP-configured 777-200LR),[208] and the United Arab Emirates (VIP-configured 777-200ER and 777-300ER operated by Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight).[199] Prior to returning to power as Prime Minister of Lebanon, Rafic Hariri acquired a 777-200ER as an official transport.[209]
- In 2014, the possibility of modified 777-300ERs or modified 777-9Xs as a replacement for the USAF's Air Force One was examined.[210] Although a four engine jet is preferred by the USAF, this is mainly due to precedent (the existing Air Force One jets at the time, modified 747-200s, were purchased when the 767 was just beginning to prove itself with ETOPS; decades later, the 777 and many other twin jets established a comparable level of performance as quad-jet aircraft).[210] On 28 January 2015, the USAF announced its choice of the 747-8 as the next presidential aircraft.[211]
The customers that have received the most 777s are ILFC, Emirates, Singapore Airlines, United Airlines, and Air France.[1] Emirates is the largest airline operator as of July 2014,[166] and is the only customer to have operated all 777 variants produced, including the -200, -200ER, -200LR, -300, -300ER, and 777F.[1][212] The 1,000th 777 off the production line, a -300ER set to be Emirates' 102nd 777, was unveiled at a factory ceremony in March 2012.[104]
A total of 1,184 aircraft (all variants) were in airline service as of July 2014, with Emirates (138), United Airlines (74), Air France (64), American Airlines (61), Cathay Pacific (58), British Airways (57), Singapore Airlines (57), All Nippon Airways (54), Japan Airlines (45), and other operators with fewer aircraft of the type.[166]
Orders and deliveries
Data through April 2015[1][213][214]
|ICAO designation[161]
|Model series
Incidents and accidents
As of January 2015, the 777 has been in 13 aviation accidents and incidents,[216] including five hull-loss accidents,[217] and three hijackings, for a total of 540 fatalities.[218] Before 2013, the only fatality involving the twinjet occurred in a refueling fire at Denver International Airport on September 5, 2001, during which a ground worker sustained fatal burns.[219] The aircraft, operated by British Airways, suffered fire damage to the lower wing panels and engine housing; it was later repaired and returned to service.[219][220]
The type's first hull-loss occurred on January 17, 2008, when British Airways Flight 38, a 777-200ER with Rolls-Royce Trent 895 engines flying from Beijing to London, crash-landed approximately Script error: No such module "convert". short of Heathrow Airport's runway 27L and slid onto the runway's threshold. There were 47 injuries and no fatalities. The impact damaged the landing gear, wing roots and engines. The aircraft was written off.[221][222] Upon investigation, the accident was blamed on ice crystals from the fuel system clogging the fuel-oil heat exchanger (FOHE);[215][223] Redesigned fuel oil heat exchangers were installed in British Airways' 777s by October 2009.[224]
Two other minor momentary losses of thrust with Trent 895 engines occurred in February and November 2008,[225][226] which the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) investigators also found were caused by ice in the fuel clogging the fuel-oil heat exchanger. As a result, the heat exchanger was redesigned.[215]
The type's second hull-loss occurred on July 29, 2011, when an EgyptAir 777-200ER registered as SU-GBP suffered a cockpit fire while parked at the gate at Cairo International Airport.[227] The plane was successfully evacuated with no injuries,[227] and airport fire teams extinguished the fire.[228] The aircraft sustained structural, heat and smoke damage. This aircraft was written off.[227][228] Investigators focused on a possible electrical fault with a supply hose in the cockpit crew oxygen system.[227]
The type's third hull loss and first involving fatalities occurred on July 6, 2013, when Asiana Airlines Flight 214, 777-200ER registered HL7742, crashed while landing at San Francisco International Airport after touching down short of the runway. Surviving passengers and crew evacuated before fire destroyed the aircraft. The crash led to the death of three of the 307 people on board. These were the first fatalities in a crash involving a 777 since entering service in 1995.[229][230][231] The NTSB accident investigation concluded in June 2014 that the pilots committed between 20 and 30 minor to significant errors in their final approach, and that the complex settings of automated controls were partially to blame.[232][233]
On March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, 777-200ER registered 9M-MRO, carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew, en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing was reported missing. Air Traffic Control's last reported coordinates for the aircraft were over the South China Sea at 6°55′15″N 103°34′43″E / 6.92083°N 103.57861°E{{#coordinates:6|55|15|N|103|34|43|E|type:landmark | |name= }}.[234][235] After the search for the aircraft began, Malaysia's prime minister announced on March 24, 2014 that after analysis of new satellite data it is now to be assumed "beyond reasonable doubt" that the plane was lost and there were no survivors.[236][237] As of March 2015[update], the cause remains unknown, but the Malaysian Government declared it was an accident in January 2015.[238][239]
On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, a 777-200ER registered 9M-MRD, bound for Kuala Lumpur from Amsterdam broke up and crashed[240] in Donetsk province in eastern Ukraine, after reportedly being hit by an anti-aircraft missile.[241] The formal accident investigation began in July 2014; the official cause of the crash is expected to be ready by mid-2015.[242] The incident has been linked to the ongoing Donbass insurgency in that region. All 298 people (283 passengers and 15 crew) on board were killed.[243][244][245]
|777 Freighter
|Cockpit crew
| Seating capacity,
| 314 (3-class)[249]
400 (2-class)
440 (maximum)
| 386 (3-class)[249]
451 (2-class)
550 (maximum)
|353 (3-class)[119]
|427 (3-class)[119][250]
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| Unfolded: Script error: No such module "convert".[251]
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|Wing sweepback
|Tail height
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|Cabin width
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|Seat width
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|Script error: No such module "convert". in 10 abreast standard economy[253]
|Fuselage width
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|Maximum cargo capacity
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37× pallets
| Script error: No such module "convert".
|Operating empty weight
| 297,300 lb
(134,800 kg)
| 304,500 lb
(138,100 kg)
| 320,000 lb
(145,150 kg)
| 318,300 lb
(144,400 kg)
| 353,800 lb
(160,500 kg)
| 370,000 lb
(167,800 kg)
| 415,000 lb
(188,241 kg)
|Maximum landing weight
| 445,000 lb
(201,840 kg)
| 470,000 lb
(213,180 kg)
| 492,000 lb
(223,168 kg)
| 575,000 lb
(260,816 kg)
| 524,000 lb
(237,680 kg)
| 554,000 lb
(251,290 kg)
| 557,000 lb
(252,651 kg)
| Maximum takeoff weight
| 545,000 lb
(247,200 kg)
| 656,000 lb
(297,550 kg)
| 766,000 lb
(347,500 kg)
| 766,800 lb
(347,800 kg)
| 660,000 lb
(299,370 kg)
| 775,000 lb
(351,500 kg)[119]
|Typical cruise speed
|Mach 0.84 (560 mph, 905 km/h, 490 knots) at a cruise altitude of Script error: No such module "convert".
|Maximum speed
|Mach 0.87 (~200) Mach 0.89 (~300) (590 mph, 950 km/h, 512 knots) at a cruise altitude of Script error: No such module "convert".
| Maximum range
(with maximum payload)
| 5,240 nmi
(9,700 km, 6,027 mi)
| 7,725 nmi
(14,310 km, 8,892 mi)
| 9,395 nmi
(17,395 km, 10,811 mi)
| 4,900 nmi
(9,070 km, 5,636 mi)
| 6,005 nmi
(11,120 km, 6,910 mi)
| 7,825 nmi
(14,490 km, 9,005 mi)
| > 9,300 nmi
(17,224 km, 10,702 mi)
| > 8,200 nmi
(15,186 km, 9,436 mi)
| Takeoff distance at MTOW
(at sea level, ISA)
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|Maximum fuel capacity
| 31,000 US gal
| 45,220 US gal
| 47,890 US gal
| 45,220 US gal
| 47,890 US gal
|Service ceiling
|43,100 ft (13,140 m)
|Engine (×2)
|Thrust (×2)
| PW: 77,000 lbf (342 kN)
RR: 76,000 lbf (338 kN)
GE: 77,000 lbf (342 kN)
| PW: 90,000 lbf (400 kN)
RR: 93,400 lbf (415 kN)
GE: 93,700 lbf (417 kN)
| GE −110B: 110,100 lbf (490 kN)
GE −115B: 115,300 lbf (512 kN)
| PW: 98,000 lbf (436 kN)
RR: 93,400 lbf (415 kN)
GE: 92,000/93,700 lbf (409 kN/418 kN)
|115,300 lbf (512 kN)
|105,000 lbf (470 kN)[119]
Notes: Data for the 777X are preliminary.
Sources: Boeing 777 specification pages,[92][188][193][254] Boeing 777 Airport planning reports,[255][256] and other sources.[257][258][259]
See also
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- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Airbus A330/Airbus A330neo
- Airbus A340
- Airbus A350 XWB
- Boeing 767
- Boeing 787 Dreamliner
- Ilyushin Il-96
- McDonnell Douglas MD-11
- Related lists
- List of Boeing 777 operators
- List of Boeing customer codes
- List of jet airliners
- List of civil aircraft
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The 777X launch customers [...] providing a total launch order [or commitments] of 259 aircraft worth more than $95 billion.
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Boeing said its 777 mini-jumbo sales represented 'the largest product launch in commercial jetliner history by dollar value'.
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... the Supervisory Board approved the purchase of 59 ultra-modern aircraft for the Group at its meeting yesterday. 34 Boeing 777-9Xs and 25 Airbus A350-900s will be added to the Lufthansa Group's wide-body fleet.
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National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Deborah Hersman's comments indicated investigators were focused primarily on why the cockpit crew allowed speed to decay to such an extent ...
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- Yenne, Bill (2002). Inside Boeing: Building the 777. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-1251-6.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boeing 777.
|Boeing 7x7 aircraft production timeline, 1955–present
|Boeing 707
|Boeing 717 (MD-95)
|Boeing 727
|Boeing 737 Original
|Boeing 737 Classic
|Boeing 737 NG
|Boeing 747
|Boeing 747-400
|Boeing 757
|Boeing 767
|Boeing 777
|Boeing 787
|= Narrow-body
|= Wide-body
Unknown extension tag "indicator"


text:
So a few minutes later she called back. She told Mary she'd had 3 seizures last night, and urgently needed to see me. So I added her on to the schedule, and crammed her in when I had a minute.
Dr. Grumpy: "So what happened? Mary said you had a bunch of seizures last night?"
Mrs. Abouttobethrottled: "No, I just told her that. I wanted to get in today."
Dr. Grumpy: "You lied to Mary so you could get in a few days early?!!!"
Mrs. Abouttobethrottled: "Well, your office is closed tomorrow, and next week my office visit co-pay goes from $20 to $30."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
All persons licensed under the provisions of article seven, chapter thirty-one of this code, or as supervised lenders under the prior provisions of this article on the operative date of this chapter, are licensed to make regulated consumer loans under the provisions of this article, and all provisions of this article shall after the operative date of this chapter apply to the persons so previously licensed, including, without limitation, the provisions governing notification contained in article seven of this chapter.
The commissioner may, but is not required to, deliver evidence of licensing to the persons so previously licensed. Persons holding both supervised lender and industrial loan company licenses, or operating such a licensed business in the same office will be combined and provided a single regulated lender license.


text:
Man who gets sick from Wi-Fi speaks about illness
Says millions of people suffer from electronic sensitivity
The man who unsuccessfully sued his neighbor because he said her cellphone and computer use was making him sick spoke to Action 7 News about the ordeal.
Arthur Firstenberg said he can't go to concerts, go to the movies or simply be around a lot of people because he's electronically sensitive and the cellphones in everyone's pockets are making him sick.
"There really are a lot of us," Firstenberg said. "I know doctors, lawyers, who have had to leave their practices and live in their vehicles in remote places. This should not happen."
Firstenberg said millions of people around the world suffer from the same symptoms, including at least 100 people he knows in Santa Fe.
Firstenberg said his conditions started when he was in medical school back in the 1980s. He said he was overdosed with X-ray and that was the turning point in his life.
"Something changed in my head, and I felt an electric current go through my body, out through my toes," Firstenberg said.
When cellphone towers started popping up around New York City, Firstenberg had to leave. He said he's been a refugee since 1996, trying to escape cell towers as they became more and more prominent.
Firstenberg moved to Santa Fe a few years ago and helped a friend move in next door. But he said her cellphone and laptop use made him physically ill. He suffered everything from headaches to heart problems.
"I couldn't sleep. I couldn't think. I couldn't eat. My head felt like it was going to explode," he said.
Firstenberg sued his neighbor but lost, but he is now appealing the case. Firstenberg said he and others like him deserve a place in this world where they can live in peace and health. He said they need to be part of the conversation when it comes to the future of cellphones, Wi-Fi and other technologies.


text:
FIFA 12 is the latest in the ever popular football series, delivering a massive roster of improvements to the excellent FIFA 11. Tactical defending, where awareness is king, makes an appearance along with improved player intelligence. Players make crosses into threatening positions, better runs and thanks to precision dribbling you can make mincemeat of the oppositions defence.
The all-new player impact engine revolutionizes the football game genre with players slamming into each other with real force whilst the crowd cheers, or boos, with improved atmosphere.
Be the 12th man....Order FIFA 12 today!


text:
I'm a 16 year-old male and me and my girlfriend have been going out for about 5 months. We have recently started having vaginal sex and were both a bit confused. We were both virgins so we have no prior knowledge of having sex. When we had intercourse she said that she was feeling pain when I put my penis in only an inch or so. We figured it was just since it was her 1st time....
Nothing else "works," so should I just have intercourse?
I'm 20 years old and I've been dating my boyfriend for over 5 years. We are both virgins. Early in the relationship I told myself that I didn't want to have sex until marriage (mainly because I was, and still am, paranoid about becoming pregnant. He's been very patient and has never tried to force or guilt me into having sex....
Can really different people really be together?
Is it possible for me to have a boyfriend who is a different age, color and personality than me?...
What's a "queef?"
What does the term "queef" mean? What causes you to do that, and what does it mean exactly? Thanks very much!...
Questions about positions, anal sex, and pregnancy
Its a few Qs actually, these questions are actually quite embarrassing. 1) Does everyone know like while sex is happening position comes next, or is it something that's talked about? Do you just know? 2) Why do people like Anus sex? Its going up the Hine-ee. 3) Doesn't it smell? How to get rid of smell? 4) Can a girl become pregnant from masturbating? ...
My boyfriend said I orgasmed: did I?
When my boyfriend and I had sex for the first time he said that I orgasmed and came. I don't remember any part of it do to a memory relapse. He said it was kinda dry and then all of a sudden it got really wet, how can I be sure if I actually had and orgasm. Is that normal when women have orgasms that they come also?...
Penis size, ejaculation, and what happens when you try to learn from porn
Hi, I'm 14 and I have a few questions that I would like answered. The first one is that my penis is 6 inches long when erect, when is it going to stop growing or has it already stopped? When I peel my foreskin back a little bit, the head is very sensitive so when I'm going to get a blowjob I want to know if its going to be painful or uncomfortable....
Sex "just happened" without a condom
I never intended on sex. I was with my best friend, just spending some time with him. One thing lead to another, and before we knew it, I asked for sex, and it just happened. The first time we did it that day we used a condom. It hurt at first but he said that it was just because it was my first time. The second time we did it that day we didn't use a condom....
Is it normal for a girl after she slept with one guy to be uncomfortable sleeping with another?
I've only slept with one guy since I have started having sex. The other night me and this guy we were getting really comfortable and then he wanted to have sex and I wanted to. But when he went to do anything I pulled back from him. Is it normal for a girl after she slept with one guy to be uncomfortable to sleep with another guy?...
Fellatio Foibles
Last night I gave my boyfriend a blow job. It was my first time doing that so I'm like 99% sure it was bad for him. I told him to try and help me cuz I had no idea what I was doing. So, he'd push my head down and I think I was "deep-throating" or something but I couldn't exactly breathe. What am I doing wrong?...
Pill + Condoms = Effective Enough?
I'm 18 and i've JUST started having sex. I've done the deed 3 times and I've done all this research about fertility detection, rhythm method, and effectiveness of condoms and the pill. I've been on the pill for 2 years for acne reasons and I've used a condom every session without slippage or breakage....
What to do about long and irregular periods?
I have an irregular period. One month I had light bleeding for about 25 days, and the next month I didn't have my period at all. The following month I had it for about 15 days. Is this unusual? Is there anything you can recommend to make it more regular?...
Pain and nausea from sex?
My boyfriend and I have been sexually active for about two months now and were both virgins before this. We have always used condoms and it has always been enjoyable for both of us. However, many times after we have had sex I feel a dull ache around my lower abdomen or lower back area. I usually notice it within a couple of hours after sex....
Are pantiliners bad news?
Last year when I went to the gynecologist I was told that I shouldnt wear pantiliners on a regular day-to-day basis because it can cause chaffing. But I find that I tend to get "wet" often, even when I am not sexually aroused. Sometimes it could be when I am exercising or on a hot day or for (seemingly) no reason at all. Is there anything I could do about it?...
Mandatory blow jobs and odd penile discharge
I have been giving my boyfriend "blow jobs" all through our 10 month relationship and its been fine so far, I cant say I like or enjoy it but its been ok, recently I had a sore throat and when I gave him a bj noticed that balls of hard white stuff came from no where into my mouth, I assumed it was left from my sore throat and stopped, using my throat as an excuse but it kept happening everytime I ...
How (or should) I give this boy a handjob?
A guy friend whom I really like asked me to have sex with him. I haven't yet, but he asked if I would give him a handjob. I have never given one. So how do I?...
Dude, where's my period?
I am 14-years-old and not sexually active. I have had my period for about 1 1/2 years now and to this point it has always been regular until now. I am 5 days late, and I don't know why. Should I be concerned?...
Can pre-ejaculate cause pregnancy?
Can a woman become pregnant off of pre-cum fluid alone?...
A tear "down there"
My boyfriend and I were messing around, and I got a tiny cut or tear "down there," and it's a little uncomfortable, especially when I urinate. Is there anything over the counter than can clear it up?...
I don't enjoy masturbation, but my partner is going out of town.
I've been sexually active for a while now (I'm 20, sexually active for almost four years now) and have no interest in masturbation. All my girlfriends rave about it. I do it sometimes, mostly when my boyfriend and I have phone sex. But honestly, it really doesn't do anything for me. Plus, when I do masturbate, I can never achieve the type of orgasm I do when my boyfriend touches me....
Condoms and lubricant: when a little dab will do ya
I'm 26; I couldn't come the past few times me and my girlfriend of 6 months have had sex. Of course I use condoms every time, I have come before with no problem. Is there a lubricant I can use on my penis before I put the condom on?...
Blood and mucus from anal sex/Forcing ejaculation
I'm 16, ive been dating this guy for almost 7 months and we're sexually active. I'm pretty educated about sex I would say, but no one knows everything so here it goes. 1.) Sooo, we tried anal sex, and about 5 hours after this occured I had "anal seepage" mucus, with some spotting of blood....
Semen in eyes
My boyfriend and I just had manual sex,and after arousing him..his ejaculate shot into my eye by mistake. Can this cause an infection? My eye is very red and is paining badly. What do you suggest I do??...
Birth control pills, weight gain and caffeine
I'm 18 and am soon to start college, I just started the pill, I have a boyfriend and we engage in vaginal intercourse pretty often. Since the pill makes you gain weight, I drink green tea, which is supposed to increase your metabolism (I'm desperate not to gain weight). One cup has about as much caffeine as a cup of coffee and I drink a cup everyday. I also drink alot of coffee....
And more with the popping of cherries.
I am very confused about "popping my cherry". I have previously read that everyone has to have their cherry popped, but then again some say that there is no skin thing. If not, than why does it hurt when you have sex for the first time or why do you bleed?...


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saxitoxin wrote:Obama Formally Turns Over the Government to Committee of CEOsTwo dozen business leaders, including the chief executives of major U.S. corporations such as Ford, IBM and Wal-Mart, will meet President Barack Obama to discuss how to control the federal deficit, said the White House on Monday.
Business executives invited to meet the president on Wednesday were Mark Bertolini of Aetna Inc, Ursula Burns of Xerox Corp, Kenneth Chenault of American Express Co, David Cote of Honeywell International Inc, Michael Duke of Wal-Mart Stores Inc, Jeffrey Immelt of General Electric Co, Andrew Liveris of Dow Chemical Co, Robert McDonald of Procter & Gamble Co, Alan Mulally of Ford Motor Co, Indra Nooyi of PepsiCo Inc, Ginni Rometty of IBM, and John Watson of Chevron Corp.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/ ... me=topNews
Wal-Mart knows how to get the most out of people for the least amount of money. Good thinking by Obama to put Social Security in their hands.
(Good thing Romney wasn't elected. It would suck if corporations ran America. We really dodged a bullet there.)
Yeah, it's a relief that Obama is such a committed Marxist. I'm sure he'll have the corporate nabobs sent to a re-education camp.


text: SCAG's governing board is the 86-member Regional Council, consisting of elected supervisors, mayors and city council members representing jurisdictions throughout the six-county SCAG region. SCAG groups jurisdictions in the SCAG region into 67 districts of approximately the same population size to ensure equal representation on the Regional Council. See the list of SCAG representatives and their Districts. If you're looking for SCAG Regional Council and Policy Committee meeting agendas, minutes, videos and related items, you'll find them here.


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