text:
Hollywood reacted to Garner's death on Twitter:
John Stamos: "James Garner falls under the heading of, "They don't make em like they used to" You were the fu**ing coolest. R.I.P my friend."
Tom Bergeron: "Lucky 2 have met charmer James Garner at "8 Simple Rules" when I'd stopped by to say hi to @KaleyCuoco, @Amy_Davidson and @KateySagal. #RIP"
LeAnn Rimes Cibrian: "My heart is broken this morning R.I.P. Jim Garner He was a dear friend His humor, laughter and sweet soul will be forever missed #loveyoujim"
Piers Morgan: "RIP James Garner - a wonderful actor. #GreatEscape #RockfordFiles #Maverick"
Kaley Cuoco: "Well I woke up with a broken heart today. The world has lost a legend. James Garner was a gift to our business and an example of honesty and pure class. It was an honor to have worked beside him and receive his bear hugs every day. I love you gramps."
Garner gained early fame when he starred in the 1950s hit TV series "Maverick," a show that sometimes poked fun at the Western genre.
He later cemented his easygoing style when he starred in the hit series "The Rockford Files," which ran from 1974-1980. His performance as private detective Jim Rockford won him an Emmy.
Garner also had a notable film career, starring in such classics as "Sayonara" (1957), "The Great Escape" (1963), "Victor/Victoria" (1982), "Murphy's Romance" (1985) and most recently, the very popular "The Notebook" (2004).
His "Murphy's Romance" co-star Sally Field stated, "My heart just broke. There are few people on this planet I have adored as much as Jimmy Garner. I cherish every moment I spent with him and relive them over and over in my head. He was a diamond."
He also made several Polaroid commercials in the '70s and '80s with actress Mariette Hartley, and their onscreen chemistry was so convincing that many viewers thought they were married in real life.
Garner, however, married Lois Clarke in 1956, and they were still married at the time of Garner's death, 58 years later.
He is also survived by two daughters, Kim and Gigi.


text:
Discover the best Mobile SEO companies. As a Mobile SEO firm, you can build up and customize your own professional Mobile SEO company profile. You will be able to showcase your works, list your clients and add all information about your Mobile SEO company
A-Symmetric ICT Solutions
mobile app development & website development company in Bangalore
Mobile SEO is focused on increasing the visibility in mobile searches. Mobile SEO uses almost the same basis as regular SEO: the better your app adapts to the users search, the higher you will appear on the results.
With a good SEO strategy, half of the mobile SEO strategy is already done. The parameters that are studied for mobile SEO are: social, content, User Experience (UX) and technical setup. Search engines look for mobile friendly websites on their results.
MobileFirms is the right place to find mobile app marketing companies worldwide. From advertising and testing to analytics, the best firms are listed in our directory. Boost your mobile app on app stores with the marketing services you will find in MobileFirms.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NRG Kids Program: BALLROOM
September 24, 2019 @ 6:15 PM - 7:00 PM
An event every week that begins at 6:15 PM on Tuesday, repeating until December 17, 2019
The start of "Next Generation NRG STARS" Kids and Youth FALL 2019 program is just around the corner and we couldn't be more excited!!!
These specially designed classes provide a fun and interactive learning environment while teaching students the basics to many of today's most popular Ballroom and Latin dance styles as well as Ballet and Modern/Hip Hop. With a focus on movement, musicality, partnering and etiquette, your child will come away with new skills and and self-confidence.
AUGUST 6th – DECEMBER 21st
Fall Break: October 9th – 13th
No classes on October 31st and November 28th
Tuesdays: 5:30pm BALLET with Tanya and 6:15pm BALLROOM with Nikolay & Gergana
Thursdays: 5:30pm MODERN/ HIP HOP with Tanya and 6:15pm LATIN with Nikolay & Gergana
Full Semester (72 classes): $530
Latin and Ballroom only (36 classes): $280
Ballet (19 classes): $160
Modern (17 classes): $140
*Discounts for 2nd and 3rd child
Drop ins: $10 per class or $15 for both
Ages: 4-14
For info and registration contact:
Gergana Slavova
firstname.lastname@example.com / (480) 560-7045


text:
I put the almost in there because inevitably someone will be like, no, Lainey, I'm sure she's wearing x, y, or, z. And fighting with you is not the point of his post. The point of this post is that she's not DONE. I can't see eyeliner. I do however see lines. Because she's not 14 or 24. Christy Turlington is 44. She seems to be totally ok with it. And I feel like she'll be totally ok with being 54 when it happens. And 64 too. Without fighting it. Without having to show up at Macy's and worried about it because she doesn't have makeup on.
I've been asking my producers on The Social if I can go without makeup for an episode. This is my dream. Why? Partly it's the Lena Dunham factor. We need to get used to seeing "other" so that we "other" becomes part of the standard. But it's not all lofty, my rationale. Mostly, to be honest, it's because I'm lazy and selfish. Putting on makeup takes 20 minutes away from my blog. I could use those 20 minutes. Like, if we could all walk around in pyjamas and no makeup, can you imagine how much time that would save? And how much we'd get done? And how much more efficient we'd all be?
Also, in my opinion, makeup makes people look OLDER.


text:
Yellow Plunging V Neck Strappy Backless Asymmetric Sexy Party DressSKU: 035123
DescriptionThe perfect dress for a special occasion! This dress features racer plunging v neck, solid color, asymmetrical hem, strappy decor, backless, sleeveless and ruched detail. Pair this dress with sexy patent heels for the ultimate night time look.
Neckline: V Neck
Sleeve Length: Sleeveless
Dress Length: High Low
Embellishment: Strappy
Pattern: Solid Color
Style: Sexy
Silhouette: Asymmetrical
Size Chart(Inch) S M L XL Bust 33.9 35.4 37 38.6 Hips 35.4 37 38.6 40.2 Length 53.5 53.9 54.3 54.7 Waist 27.6 29.1 30.7 32.3 Size Chart(CM) S M L XL Bust 86 90 94 98 Hips 90 94 98 102 Length 136 137 138 139 Waist 70 74 78 82
The dimensions data from the measurement of the product, "click here" to see the measuring methods details, and allow 1-2cm (0.4-0.8") differences due to manual measurement, thanks.
Actual fabric colors may vary slightly from online colors due to variations in screen color settings.
30 Days Return + Shipping PolicyShipping & Delivery
Receiving time = Processing time + Shipping time
Note: In orders with more than one item, the processing time will be based on the item with the longest processing time.
We will prepare your order after it have verified. Such as: strict quality control, arrange the suitable carriers.Return Policy
Return within 30 days from the delivered date.
1. Items received within 30 days from the delivered date.
2. Items received unused, undamaged and in original package.


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The world is made of many distinct peoples. Is it inevitable that they will always fight and be at war? Musician and songwriter, Honey Novick shares her perspective on using music to foster a culture of peace and peace-making.
Peace and peace-making is important to me because I was born in Canada to parents that immigrated from Israel. My family are a political family in Israel having helped to create the new State of Israel. Living in multicultural Toronto gave me, even as a child, the perspective that everyone has a right to walk the streets without fear. When I went to Israel, the first time at age 11 years, I saw that cultures relate to one another differently than they do in Canada. Some people don't speak to one another or eat in the same restaurants and genders were treated differently where some women walked behind men. It was eye-opening for me. As an adventurous, precocious child, I wandered into NO-MAN'S LAND where I had a rifle aimed at me. It was an unforgettable life lesson.
As a teenager and then young woman, the Israeli 6-Day war occurred. My mother was distraught at the thought of her nephew in the Army. It also was the time of the North American Cultural Revolution, Civil Rights Movement, Women's Movement and the hatred for the Vietnamese War by my generation. The fear of nuclear war was so frightening to me that in time, I became desolate and hopeless. Fortunately, through my music, I was able to travel to First Nations Reserves, prisons and religious institutions where I resolved to focus on music and to use music to create peace and give more emphasis to peace thoughts than war thoughts or thoughts of the myriad ways people suffer.
The following is one of my lyrics:
WAR AIN'T NOTHIN' BUT THE BLUES Honey Novick
War ain't nothin' but the blues
Guaranteed to make everybody lose
Using righteous indignation as an excuse
To justify each horrific act of abuse.
War ain't nothin' but an excuse
That lets misunderstanding play fast and loose
While ignorance rules the roost
Saying, 'UGLY or UGLIER is the road to choose'.
War ain't nothin' but the blues
Each song and story is more bad news.
WAKE UP NOW!!! 'cause if you snooze, you lose –
Sleepwalking in life is no luxury cruise.
War ain't nothin' but the blues
Survival is only one of the avenues
That force people to seek life's truths
Using animal instincts to amuse or confuse.
War ain't nothin' but the blues,
Dreams evaporate – leaving dingy, blurred hues
Of hopeful memories guarding secret clues.
War, like peace, lives in our hearts enthused,
Challenging, "Which one do you choose?'
With this change in my perspective, I became happier, more hopeful. On a personal level, I encountered the philosophy of Nichiren Buddhism, the mantra NAM MYOHO RENGE KYO. Through the vocal sounds of this mantra, I began to connect to my breath, my sound, my physicality and it helped.
Through the years, I have been stalwart in my dedication to use music for peace. I believe that nothing is more important than the pursuit of wisdom and compassion, learning to trust others and challenging fears and doubts. I believe that peace is within. I find it there. There is a Jewish parable of a wanderer who comes to the wall of a great city. Outside the wall sits an old man. The wanderer asks the old man, "Are there good people in this city?" The old man responds, "Were there good people where you came from?" "Yes," replies the wanderer. The old man tells him that he will find good people here. Whenever we seek good people, we will find them just as likely as finding bad people. It is all in our expectations. Maybe this parable is simplistic, but I think this is the truth of humanity and ultimately peace.
I think that there is a common humanity that connects all living beings. Music is a language that is understood by all. We can communicate with the deaf and blind through rhythm, vibration, sound, like the lyric, "you reached for my hand and touched my heart". We all feel.
Recently I have been working with people who live with disabilities, physical as well as mental health issues. Music is the language of empowerment and it is wonderful to see people change and become more confident.
I'd like to end this with another lyric:
Peace, The Attainable Goal
To me, peace is a river
that flows incessantly,
eternally, through everyday life.
It isn't judgmental
or even definable,
it just is.
It kisses both lovers and warriors,
embracing both.
Peace is a goddess, an alchemist, a magician,
a great hope, eternal lamp of guiding warmth.
It is an ideal that causes misunderstandings.
It is an unlit, secret candle in a darkened cave.
Peace lives in the hearts of those who desire tomorrow.
To me, peace is a purpose for living –
the great attainable inheritance
bestowed and willed to all who
seek the truth of existence,
the dependent origination of interconnectedness.
Peace is a song without ending and a
reason to wake up each morning refreshed and ready
to greet the challenges and gifts of each day.
Peace is more than a yearning for no more war.
Peace is more than recognition of the serene heart.
Peace is you and me and ignorance and suffering and
embracing that
then transforming it into a goal of cooperation.
Peace walks with all who have open eyes and a caring heart.
Peace sings the songs that need to be heard by all those
willing to listen.
Peace exists amid turmoil, challenge, regret, disappointment.
It is the magic carpet that transports a heart daring
to go to new horizons and greater depths.
Thank you so much for reading this. Your comments are valued and appreciated.
Honey Novick
You can contact Honey at firstname.lastname@example.com or visit her website at:


text:
Zion Mennonite Church (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)
Mennonites from Manitoba first settled in the area south of Swift Current, Saskatchewan around 1905. More settlers came when the railway was built in the area after 1911. In 1913 the Conference of Mennonites in Canada began a work in the area to serve the families in the Wymark, Blumenhof, and Neville areas. The first baptisms occurred in the following years. In 1928 a congregation was officially founded with about 75 charter members. This was a multi-congregation church (Gemeinde) with a meeting place near Wymark and another in Swift Current. It was called the Emmaus Mennonite Church. By 1940 the membership had reached 224. In 1959 the membership was 270. It was then decided to form two churches so in 1960 the congregation in Swift Current was called the First Mennonite Church. In late 1960 it changed its name to the Zion Mennonite Church.
In 1965 there were 209 members; in 1975, 268; in 1985, 231; in 1995, 219; in 2000, 210. The congregation has been affiliated with the Conference of Mennonites of Saskatchewan (1960-), the Conference of Mennonites in Canada (1961-) and the General Conference Mennonite Church (1960-1999). The language of worship is English; the transition from German occurred in the 1960s.
The leaders of the congregation have included Abe Neufeld (1960-1969), David Wiebe (1970-1971), Edwin Brandt (1972), Abe Hiebert (1973-1976), Barry Lesser (1979, 1983-1991), Ken Schrag (1980-1982), Ray Friesen (1992-1993), Dennis Fehr (1994-1996, Sylvia and Ray Friesen (1997- ).
The congregation's address is 78 6 Ave. NE, Swift Current, SK, S9H 2L7. (306) 773-4770. The church is located at the corner of 6th Ave. NE and Cheadle St. E.
Canadian Mennonite (10 November 1961): 7.
Mennonite Reporter (22 February 1993): B6.
CMC Nexus (February 1996): 11.
Sawatzky, Bryan. "History of the Zion Mennonite Church." Research paper, Canadian Mennonite Bible College, 1973, 18 pp. Mennonite Heritage Centre.
|Bert Friesen
|Date Published
|December 2002
Cite This Article
MLA style
Friesen, Bert. "Zion Mennonite Church (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. December 2002. Web. 20 Oct 2020. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zion_Mennonite_Church_(Swift_Current,_Saskatchewan,_Canada)&oldid=142566.
APA style
Friesen, Bert. (December 2002). Zion Mennonite Church (Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 20 October 2020, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zion_Mennonite_Church_(Swift_Current,_Saskatchewan,_Canada)&oldid=142566.
©1996-2020 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


text:
- Posts: 49
- Joined: Mon Jul 29, 2013 11:17 pm
rickyrubb wrote:I own a BMPCC with a MetaBones Speed Booster EF Adapter. Any idea if it will be usable on the BMPCC 4k??
rick.lang wrote:Pretty sure Metabones will be creating a BMPCC4K specific Speed Booster as this camera might even outsell the original
BMPCC. I imagine their product will interface Canon EF lenses on the MFT BMOCC4K.
Don't know if I could use my PL mount SLR Magic APO lenses, but might be possible with a PL-EF adapter since my lenses are manual.
Gene Kochanowsky wrote:From what I understand the PCC4K has a sensor that is a bit larger than a supposedly standard MFT sensor. I've heard BM representative say that there are existing boosters that will work but that they expect an optimized booster to arise from the third party vendors.
Denny Smith wrote:Thanks Brian for joining in, as always your input is greatly appreciated. How about PC4K, it seems to be catching on elsewhere. Yes, I also hope BM uses a normal sensor stack thickness in other MFT cameras.
The HD window is for 120fps, the camera normally does HD from full sensor, like the Micro Stuido 4K.
But using the BMPCC (original one) 0.58 SB on the window format is an interesting idea.
Gene, the new PC4K has the same size sensor as the GH5S, 18.86mm wide, as compared to a normal MFT sensor at 17.3mm, which is why the XL SB (0.64) doe not work with APC-S lenses on the wide end.
Steve, early days yet, too many unanswered questions on the new Pocket 4K, as Brian pointed out, the sensor stack thickness being the key here.
rick.lang wrote:Great to hear from you on this one, Brian! The dimensions of the sensor are 18.96x10mm so that wider horizontal may be important to the discussion. 18.96/17.3 is almost a 10% increase.
Maybe time for a representative for BMD to chime in here on the thickness of the glass cover?
The HD window of the BMPCC4K is only 8.89mm horizontally which is a 1.4x crop of the BMPCC sensor at 12.48mm wide. Would that mean a 0.41x Speed Booster could be feasible? That would sure make for an impressive boost in aperture!
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
rick.lang wrote:Thanks for the feedback, Brian. Am I correct that a 0.5x focal reducer would let you add a full 2 stops so that a T4 lens would be exposed as if it was a T2 lens?
Then my SLR Magic APO T2.1 primes would appear to gather as much light as a T1.1 lens.
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
Brian Caldwell wrote:However, it would be interesting to see if my 0.5x Devil's Speed Booster can be re-purposed, since the Pentax Q is a completely dead market.
rick.lang wrote:"The mount surface to the optical element is around =15.7mm."
I'll have to look into this. It wasn't on the site when I looked before making my earlier post. Good find but I need to measure the SLR Magic APO primes. Or has someone done that already?
reginova8 wrote:Hello all,
Quick question. So I just received my metabones speedbooster Ultra XL (X.64) adapter for use with my BMPCC 4k and my Rokinon cine ds lens kit. My question is, with the 35mm, 24mm 14mm lenses I have the focus ring pulled all the way and I still cant seem to focus. I have the original bmpcc and speedbooster and I dont have a problem at all with those lenses. Am I doing something wrong or did I purchase the wrong speedbooster. Everywhere I read it said the MFT XL (X.71) was for apc-s lenses, which i dont have.
rick.lang wrote:rick.lang wrote:"The mount surface to the optical element is around =15.7mm."
I need to measure the SLR Magic APO primes...
...I have sent a message to verify the distance with SLRM Support...
Users browsing this forum: Howard Roll and 33 guests


text:
An upgrade from my first poetry collection, featuring...
Poetry Collection97601
- by LiamWallace_
- Rating:
- Published: 15 Jul 2014
- Updated: 16 Jul 2014
- Status: In Progress
I recently started writing poetry as a way of relaxation and have found myself to enjoy it very much. It is something I have never done so I have no I idea whether my poems are any good, I just want to share what I have wrote so far.
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
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Miriam Manotti sairastaa tyttärensä kanssa Borrelioosia. Tytär sairastui tautiin 7-vuotiaana v.2003. Tyttö alkoi nukahdella kesken oppitunnin, hänellä oli fatiikkia, kipuja ihomuutoksia ja hänen painonsa laski yhtäkkiä. Hän sai lyhyen antibioottihoidon mutta kuten useimmilla Borrelioosiin sairastuneista lisäinfektioita ei hoidettu. Tyttö sai refluksiongelmia sekä aivosumua. Koulunkäynti on vaikeutunut.
Borrelia-bakteeri voi vaikuttaa monin tavoin lapsen kykyyn opiskella; tarkkaaavaisuusongelmat, alentunut kyky lukea ja ymmärtää lukemaansa, näön hämärtymistä, ärtyisyyttä, mielialanvaihtelua, valo-ja ääniherkkyyttä, iho-ongelmia jne. Oireiden vopimakkuus vaihtelee aaltomaisesti - hyvät ja huonot jaksot seuraavat toisiaan.
http://www.pennlive.com/bodyandmind/ind ... ues_l.html
In Their Words: Early diagnosis is key to helping kids deal with Lyme disease
Published: Wednesday, January 12, 2011, 12:00 AM
Body and Mind staff By Body and Mind staff
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manotti.JPGSubmitted photoMiriam Manotti
BY MIRIAM MANOTTI For The Patriot-News
I?ve traveled the road of Lyme disease with my daughter for seven years, and the longer we go, the more people I meet who also have children suffering from this illness.
Each one has a different story, and yet, each one didn?t get Lyme disease hiking in the woods, they got it in their own backyards in Harrisburg, Hummelstown, Hershey, Camp Hill and Mechanicsburg. It?s here, and we need to understand it in order to help our children.
My daughter became ill in March 2003 at age 7. By the end of April, she was falling asleep in class. By May, she had lost 7 pounds in 14 days. She had many obvious symptoms (fatigue, pains, rashes), but the doctors were baffled. She finally was diagnosed in June 2003 and was given a brief course of antibiotics. As with more than 65 percent of Lyme patients, my daughter had coinfections that were not diagnosed or treated.
Over the years, my daughter developed rashes on her body, including long reddish streaks on her hips and stretch marks behind her knees, signs of ?Bartonella rash.?
She developed acid reflux that slowly got worse, culminating in 2008 with a diagnosis of GERD and Barrett?s esophagus. And as the bacteria entered her brain, she developed ?brain fog.?
The brain fog affects her memory, the clarity and speed of her thought process, and her ability to comprehend. Her brain tires very quickly, and success in school has become impossible to achieve as she struggles to pay attention, remember, process, participate, read and write for seven hours each day.
My daughter?s school has already had its share of children who suffered from Lyme disease and is sensitive to what is required to help her survive. They have an admirable desire to assist her. At present, this means consistent communication and streamlining her education, with the understanding that her situation will be re-evaluated every few weeks until she recovers.
Lyme disease is a multi-organ systemic disease involving possible other coinfections. In my experience, many people end up with chronic Lyme disease because they can?t obtain medical help in early stages. This is especially true with children who are even less aware of their bodies and less able to describe how they feel. Parents and teachers need to recognize the changes in behavior, personality and symptoms early in its course. The longer the illness goes untreated, the higher the chance a child will develop a chronic, difficult infection to treat, involving the eyes, joints, heart, GI tract and brain.
Lyme disease and its coinfections have a profound effect on a child?s cognitive function and ability to perform successfully in school. A teacher or parent may notice diminished attention span, distractibility, impulsivity, incomplete assignments, chronic lateness, poor school attendance, mobility problems, change in socialization, letters running together, jumbled numbers, inability to read and comprehend, double or blurred vision, headaches, sensitivity to light or sound or skin problems.
Others symptoms include a lack of self confidence, withdrawal, aggressive behavior, mood swings, loose associations, ADD and ADHD symptoms, obsessive thinking, agitation, anxiety, depression, stomach problems, abdominal pain, sudden weight loss or gain, loss of interest in activities, extreme fatigue or falling asleep in class.
These children may look well, but are very ill and often misunderstood. The students may have better days and worse days, compared with being on a roller coaster, with ups and downs.
You can help make a difference through your education and awareness. Lyme disease is a serious bacterial infection if left undiagnosed and untreated.
Miriam Manotti is a member of the Harrisburg-area Lyme disease support group. She writes from Lower Paxton Twp.
Additional resources:
* The Lyme Disease Association has a number of resources on its website, including a Powerpoint presentation on prevention and a booklet for kids. Go to lymediseaseassociation.org, put your mouse on the ?Resources? tab at the top and scroll down to ?Lyme in the Schools.?
* Visit the Web page for the Lyme Disease Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania for links to articles and help finding a doctor, www.lymepa.org.
* Lyme Disease Support Group, 7 p.m. Jan. 18 at Country Meadows West Shore, 4833 Trindle Road, Building 5, 1st floor dining room, Hampden Twp. Topic: ?Sharing and Caring About Our Future: Children with Lyme Disease.? Information: email@example.com.
Related topics: children, health, lyme disease, miriam manotti
Äiti ja 7-vuotias tytär sairastuivat
Borrelioosiin sairastuneiden henkilökohtaisia kokemuksia taudista ja sen hoidosta.
Valvojat: Borrelioosiyhdistys, Bb, Jatta1001, Bb, Jatta1001, Borrelioosiyhdistys, Jatta1001, Borrelioosiyhdistys, Bb, Jatta1001, Borrelioosiyhdistys, Bb
Vastaa Viestiin
1 viesti • Sivu 1/1
Vastaa Viestiin
1 viesti • Sivu 1/1


text:
DEAR ABBY: My 19-yearold son has been dating the daughter of one of my friends I'll call "Mona." We didn't set them up; they met at some parties. Last summer we discovered they were having sex because "Meghan" thought she was pregnant. Luckily, it turned out she wasn't. They broke up but have gotten back together recently.
When I asked Mona if she was putting Meghan on birth control, Mona said that she wouldn't because "that would be letting her know it's OK to have sex." I said, "Better safe than sorry!" and we left it at that.
I let my son use my car last weekend and found an opened box of emergency contraception on the floor. Because my son never answers his phone, I called Meghan and stressed to her that unprotected sex is irresponsible and that they aren't ready for a baby. I warned her to take precautions and get on birth control, and I helped her to make the arrangements.
Was it wrong to discuss this behind her mother's back? Should I tell Mona after promising Meghan I wouldn't say anything? What should I do?
DEAR MOM: Wrong? You deserve a medal. And you should now have the conversation with your son that you should have had before the first pregnancy scare, stressing to HIM the importance of using condoms not only to protect himself and Meghan from an unplanned pregnancy, but also an STD if she isn't the only girl he's having sex with. Girls don't get pregnant all by themselves.
As to telling your friend Mona, who seems to have the parental insight of an ostrich where her daughter is concerned, keep your promise to Meghan and your lips sealed. Meghan needs a woman she can confide in, and your friend seems to prefer living in fantasyland rather than giving her daughter the support and guidance she needs.
DEAR ABBY: I live in Colorado. In my state marijuana is legal now. What do you think about my inviting my adult children (they are all over 21) and my aging dad to get stoned with me? I think it might stimulate conversation and motivate more family time than we spend together now. What do you think of "family night" with marijuana as a way to improve family unity? — ORIGINAL THINKER
DEAR ORIGINAL THINKER: Were you stoned when you wrote this? If not, I think it's sad that your family would need pot in order to communicate or create family unity. While I applaud your desire to bring your family together, you can have a good time without inviting "Mary Jane." And that's what I'd recommend.
Write Dear Abby at www.DearAbby.com
Send questions/comments to the editors.
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U.S. airlines still piling up losses but say demand is rising


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On-line version ISSN 2071-0771
Print version ISSN 0075-6458
Koedoe vol.53 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Determinants of soil respiration in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem, Kruger National Park, South Africa
Rudzani A. MakhadoI, II; Robert J. ScholesI
INatural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, South Africa
IIResearch and Evaluation, Limpopo Legislature, South Africa
Soil respiration, which is a combination of root respiration and microbial respiration, represents one of the main carbon fluxes in savannas. However, it is remarkable how little is known about these components - regarding either process-level mechanisms or quantitative estimates, especially in savanna ecosystems. Given the extensive area of savannas worldwide, this limits our ability to understand and predict the critical changes in the global carbon budget that underlie the phenomenon of global climate change. From May 2000 to April 2001, bi-weekly soil respiration measurements from two savanna types were made in 14 sampling collars (diameter = 100 mm), using a PP Systems EGM-2 respirometer. Results indicated that there was a difference in the rate of respiration between the more clayey Acacia and sandier Combretum savanna soils (p = 0.028). The mean (± s.d.) soil respiration in the Acacia savanna was 0.540 g/m2/h ± 0.419 g/m2/h, whilst it was 0.484 g/m2/h ± 0.383 g/m2/h in the Combretum savanna. We also found that soil respiration was sensitive to soil moisture and soil temperature. The rate of soil respiration at both sites rose to a maximum when soil temperature was at 28 °C and declined at higher temperatures, despite different temperature sensitivities. Soil respiration increased approximately linearly with an increase of soil moisture. In both savanna sites soil is subject to a combination of high temperature and water stress, which controls the fluxes of soil carbon dioxide. We found that the two sites differed significantly in their soil moisture characteristics (p < 0.0001) but not with regard to temperature (p = 0.141), which implies that soil moisture is the main factor responsible for the differences in respiration between Acacia and Combretum savannas.
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: It is argued for many protected areas that they perform a climate change buffering function. Knowing the soil respiration rate and determining its controlling factors contribute to improved understanding of whether protected areas will be net sources or sinks of carbon in the future.
The sun's energy, captured by plants through photosynthesis, is used to combine atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and water from the soil into carbohydrates. At ecosystem scale, this process is called gross primary production (GPP) (Makela et al. 2008; Roxburgh et al. 2005). The organic molecules, in their various forms, are subsequently oxidised during the process of respiration, releasing CO2, water and energy. Respiration can take several forms: the plant itself respires (autotrophic respiration) in order to grow and metabolise, the microbes in the soil respire as they break down soil organic matter (SOM), some plant parts are eaten by herbivores and some plant residues are consumed by fire. It is important to be able to measure or estimate Ra in order to calculate net primary productivity (NPP), the carbon that appears as an increase in plant mass and the energy that is available to power the rest of the ecosystem, as shown in Equation 1. The exudates and volatile organic carbon (VOC) terms are typically much smaller than autotrophic respiration but in savannas both may be considerable. Savannas regularly experience a combination of high temperatures, high solar radiation and water stress, which leads to large effluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes - typically about 5% of GPP, but under exceptional circumstances as much as 40% (Otter, Guenther & Greenberg 2002).
with Ra representing autotrophic respiration.
Globally, terrestrial GPP is estimated at 120 Pg C yr-1 and NPP at 60 Pg C yr-1 (Houghton 1995; IPCC 2001). In the long term, in a steady-state system, respiration from the entire ecosystem (which includes autotrophic respiration, as well as the respiration components due to herbivore activity and fire) should be approximately equal to GPP; that is, net biome production should be approximately zero. The global terrestrial ecosystem as a whole is currently not in steady state: it represents a net sink of 1 Pg C yr-1 - 3 Pg C yr-1, for reasons thought to relate to rising atmospheric CO2 levels, elevated nitrogen availability, climate change and ongoing change in disturbance regimes.
Autotrophic respiration is widely estimated to amount to about half of the GPP (Prentice et al. 2001; Watson et al. 2000). A large part of this occurs belowground from the roots themselves or from root exudates, which have been variously estimated as constituting 10% - 20% of the GPP. However, in whole soil it is technically very difficult to differentiate between the respiration from the roots themselves versus that of heterotrophic respiration of soil microbes, a portion of which comes from the oxidation of root exudates.
Soil respiration, the combination of root and microbial respiration, typically represents the single largest carbon flux from savanna ecosystems to the atmosphere. At a global scale, soil respiration is the second-largest terrestrial carbon flux, estimated at 75 Pg C yr-1 - 100 Pg C yr-1 (IPCC 2001; Raich & Potter 1995), 79.3 Pg C yr-1 - 81.8 Pg C yr-1 (Raich, Potter & Bhagawati 2002) or 98 Pg C ± 12 Pg C, increasing at 0.1 Pg C yr-1 (Bond-Lamberty & Thomson 2010). High uncertainty in soil respiration estimates is an indication of the imprecision with which it is known globally. Such variation is due to the spatial and temporal variability of soil respiration and the inability to measure the parameter remotely remains a significant constraint to regional and global evaluations of the feedback potential that soil processes have on the global carbon cycle (Reichstein & Beer 2008).
Soil respiration responds to a suite of drivers, including temperature, moisture and vegetation productivity, all at different spatial and temporal scales (Ágren et al. 1996; Reichstein et al. 2003; Vincent et al. 2006; Webster et al. 2008). Many studies show that soil respiration is sensitive to climatic variability, expressed through soil moisture and temperature (Anderson 1995; Conant et al. 2004; Davidson, Belk & Boone 1998; Fan et al. 1995; Jarvis & Leverenz 1983; Lavigne et al. 1997; Raich & Schlesinger 1992; Veenendaal, Kolle & Lloyd 2004; Wang et al. 2010). Global warming is generally predicted to reduce ecosystem carbon storage by increasing respiration, especially of soils (Conant et al. 2004; Houghton & Woodwell 1989; Scholes & Walker 1993). Cooling in the past increased carbon storage (Schimel 1995), and cool areas generally have greater soil carbon stores than warm areas. Various studies have shown that the temperature sensitivity of respiration (conventionally expressed as Q10, the ratio of the rate at a given temperature to the rate ten degrees cooler) declines from the boreal to the temperate zone (e.g. Chen & Tian 2005; Peng et al. 2009; Raich & Schlesinger 1992; Reichstein et al. 2003), but it is still unclear if this represents a long-term evolutionary adaptation, a short-term acclimation or a difference in substrate quality (Kirschbaum 1995; Townsend, Vitousek & Holland 1992; Zheng et al. 2009, Wang et al. 2010). Soil respiration is broadly proportional to the amount of oxidisable substrate that is present (SOM, including humified material, finely divided soil litter such as dead roots, exudates and recently dead microbes), but is also affected by the proportions of SOM in various forms, because they differ with regard to the ease with which they can be oxidised. In a warm, semi-arid environment, availability of soil moisture is the controlling factor for soil respiration (e.g. Xu, Baldocchi & Tang 2004; Zhang et al. 2003).
Given that the various processes of respiration are just as important as photosynthesis in determining the carbon balance in an ecosystem, it is remarkable how little is known about them, with reference to either process-level mechanisms or quantitative estimates, especially in savanna ecosystems. Ecosystem warming experiments (Luo, Wan & Hui 2001), modelling analysis (Raich et al. 2002) and fundamental biokinetics (Davidson & Janssens 2006) all suggest that soil respiration should change with climate. The relative contributions of these mechanisms have been difficult to confirm observationally because of the high spatial variability of soil respiration, inaccessibility of the soil medium and the difficulty of measuring respiration continuously and at large scales, for instance by using remote sensing (BondLamberty & Thomson 2010; Jones & Cox 2001). Modelling efforts that link observations of soil respiration at different scales are making important contributions to understanding the variability of the parameter at local, regional and global scales (Reichstein & Beer 2008).
This paper reports the results of a year-long series of measurements of soil respiration conducted at the flux site at Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Data such as these can help construct models of respiration in semi-arid savannas. The objectives of the study were to:
- determine the effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration
- determine whether there is a difference in soil respiration between fine-leaved Acacia and broad-leaved Combretum savannas
- determine whether there is a relationship between soil respiration and measures of carbon assimilation in the savannas, such as the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR).
Study area
The study site was located at the Skukuza flux tower, in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem. The Skukuza flux tower is found in the southern part of the Kruger National Park. The exact location was 25°01.184'S, 31°29.813'E and oriented true north at an altitude of 365 m above sea level (Scholes et al. 2001). As is common in semi-arid savannas on granitic geologies, the undulating landscape results in a catena with sandy crests and clay-rich bottomlands. The flux tower is located at the ecotone between the broad-leaved (Combretum) savanna, which occupies the crests, and the fine-leaved (Acacia) savanna on the more clayey bottomlands (Scholes et al. 2001).
The area is characterised by shallow soils, seldom deeper than 50 cm and underlain by granite rocks of the Basement complex (Nelspruit Suite) intruded by mafic dykes of both pre-Karoo and post-Karoo age (Venter 1990). This gives rise to a landscape of moderately undulating plains. The crests of the slopes are well-drained interfluvial areas with slope angles seldom more than 10%. The soil here is shallow and stony, presenting as a brownish, coarse sandy loam. Rock outcrops make up a small percentage of the landscape. At mid-slope there are moderately to poorly drained slopes with slope angles of between 1% and 13%. Here one finds shallow, grey, eutrophic, coarse sand over weathered rock or greyish-brown clay. At the foot of the slope there are poorly to moderately drained slopes with angles of between 1 % and 9%. The soils here are paraduplex sandy clay, often associated with mafic dykes. They are shallow to moderately deep red and brown eutrophic loams. Pedocutanic clays also occur (Venter 1990).
The site has a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures can reach 44 °C in the summer, but seldom fall below freezing point in winter. Mean annual rainfall is 547 mm, with an interannual coefficient variation of 30% (Scholes et al. 2001). Rainfall occurs in the warm summer months. The first rainfall event generally occurs in late September or early October and the last event is usually in April or early May. Fire is a common phenomenon during the six months of the dry winter period, occurring on average once every five years (although the site itself had three fires in the period between 2001 and 2006).
Data collection
A total of 14 white PVC cylinders (collars), each 100 mm wide and 70 mm high, were inserted vertically into the soil to a depth of 5 mm in February 2000. Half the number of collars (i.e. seven) were placed in the Acacia savanna site, whilst the remaining seven were placed in the Combretum savanna site. Individual collars in each cluster were approximately 3 m apart.
Soil respiration measurements were performed in each collar bi-weekly over one year, from May 2000 to April 2001, using a closed-system soil respirometer (PP Systems EGM-2 IRGA, Amesbury, MA), with a ventilated, insulated SRC-1 soil chamber (volume = 150 cm3). Corresponding soil temperature and moisture measurements were also made for each soil respiration measurement. Both soil temperature and soil moisture were measured at a depth of 100 mm, using a thermocouple probe (Campell Scientific) and a time-domain reflectometer instrument (Hydrosense, Campbell Scientific), respectively.
Data regarding FAPAR, an index of aboveground plant activity, were derived from the NASA SeaWifs satellite for the period May 2000 to April 2001. SeaWifs data were used because of their high spatial resolution (4.5 km in global mode).
Data analysis
Data were captured in a spreadsheet, which was imported to STATISTICA (version 7.1) for statistical analysis. Two-dimensional scatterplots fitted with polynomial regression curves were used to analyse the effect of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration. Two-dimensional mean plots (box-and-whisker) were used to analyse the mean monthly respiration and FAPAR. Three-dimensional scatterplots were used to analyse the relationship between soil respiration, temperature and moisture. A multiple regression (z/xy) function was used to compute the effect of soil temperature and moisture on respiration. A single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine statistically significant differences between means. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration was determined according to Equation 2:
where Q is the factor by which the reaction rate increases when the temperature is raised by 10 °C, R1 is the measured reaction rate at temperature T1 and R2 is the measured reaction rate at temperature T2.
Effects of soil temperature on the rate of soil respiration
The effect of soil temperature on the rate of respiration is shown in Figures 1a and 1b. No soil temperature data below 10 °C were recorded at either sampling site. The small number of records between 11 °C and 12 °C meant that the increase in the rate of soil respiration between these temperatures in both the Acacia and Combretum savannas was not statistically significant (p = 0.141; see Table 1). The highest mean monthly respiration rates in the savannas were measured between October and December, when the mean monthly soil temperature was between 24 °C and 28 °C (Table 1).
Maximum respiration rates were observed in November, with a mean of 1.053 g CO2/m2/h ± 0.575 g CO2/m2/h at the Acacia site and 0.831 g CO2/m2/h ± 0.329 g CO2/m2/h at the Combretum site. The mean monthly soil temperature for November in both the Acacia and Combretum savannas was about 24 °C (see Table 1). The mean Q10 values were 2.22 for soil temperatures between 11.4 °C and 21.4 °C, 2.65 for soil temperatures between 21.4 °C and 31.4 °C, and 0.59 for soil temperatures between 31.4 °C and 44.8 °C at the Acacia site. For the Combretum site, mean Q10 values were 3.07 for soil temperature between 12.6 °C and 22.6 °C, 1.64 for temperatures between 22.6 °C and 32.6 ºC, and 1.25 for temperatures between 32.4 °C and 37.1 °C. The decrease in Q values with increasing temperature at both sites shows that soil respiration does not follow a single, exponential response to temperature over the entire range (as is often assumed in respiration models). The rate of increase of respiration with temperature declined when soil temperature rose above 28 °C (Figures 1a and 1b).
Effects of soil moisture on the rate of soil respiration
We found that an increase in volumetric soil moisture content had a positive effect on the rate of respiration, as shown in Figures 2a and 2b. The highest rate of soil respiration was measured in November, with means (± s.d.) measured at 1.053 g/m2/h ± 0.575 g/m2/h in the Acacia savanna and 0.5830 g/m2/h ± 0.329 g/m2/h in the Combretum savanna. The corresponding mean (± s.d.) monthly volumetric soil moisture was 7.4% ± 3.0% in the Acacia savanna compared to 5.1% ± 1.8% in the Combretum savanna (see Table 1). For the Acacia savanna data show a linear increase with increasing soil moisture content, reaching a plateau above 10% moisture content. For the Combretum savanna data show a more-or-less linear increase with increasing soil moisture content, without a plateau.
Combined effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration
Respiration responses to increases in soil temperature have been shown to be constrained by soil moisture (e.g. Conant et al. 2004). Multiple regressions, considering both moisture and temperature effects and their interactions, account for nearly two-thirds of the variance in the data at both the Acacia and Combretum savanna sites (Figures 3a and b). The two sites differed in their soil moisture characteristics (p < 0.0001) but not with regard to temperature (p = 0.141), suggesting that soil moisture is the key factor controlling soil respiration in these savannas.
Relationship between soil respiration and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically available radiation
The results showed a strong seasonal variation in the rate of soil respiration in both the Acacia and Combretum savannas (p = 0.028) (see Table 1 and Figure 4a). Soil respiration rate and FAPAR both peaked during the wet season (summer months) and were lower in the dry season (winter months). The observed trend is likely due to the combined effects of seasonal patterns of soil moisture and temperature. In our study period, soil respiration (Figure 4a) and FAPAR (Figure 4b) both began to increase after September, when the rain began, and not July, the coldest month. Respiration reached a maximum in November, whilst FAPAR response lagged by a month, reaching its maximum value in December (Figure 4b).
Effects of soil temperature and moisture on the rate of soil respiration
Our study corroborates findings of other studies, which have shown that soil respiration is greatest at around 25 ºC (e.g. Conant et al. 2004). At this temperature microbes are active but the temperature is not too high to retard their activity (Swift, Heal & Anderson 1979). Our study found that when soil temperatures rose above 28 ºC, soil respiration declined, but this observation is confounded by the low soil moisture, which always coincided with high temperatures. Temperature dependence of respiration therefore remains unclear at the site, as also reported by Williams et al. (2009), although results from Kutsch et al. (2008) suggest that respiration suppression at high temperatures may be occurring. Q is defined, by convention, as the factor by which respiration increases over a 10-degree temperature range, but can be calculated over any temperature difference, and can be thought of as the sensitivity of respiration to temperature at any given temperature. We calculated it for several temperature ranges. Similar to the results of Wang et al. (2010), we show a Q10 value of more than 1 in both sites at all temperature ranges analysed, but which declines at higher temperature. The decline of Q10 at high temperatures has also been observed by several other researchers (e.g. Allison, Wallenstein & Bradford 2010; Bradford et al. 2008; Chen & Tian 2005). This decline at high temperature may be due to a temperature-moisture relationship (Williams et al. 2009; Xu & Baldocchi 2004; Xu et al. 2004), metabolic processes (White 2003) and ecosystem self-adjustment on a long time scale (Davidson & Janssens 2006).
The moisture content of the soil is dependent on the rate of water lost through evapotranspiration and drainage. The temperature regime of soils is greatly affected by their moisture content. Skopp, Jawson and Doran (1990) found that microbial activity depends on soil water content to function properly. Increases in soil moisture tend to optimise soil temperature, which, in turn, enhances the decomposition of organic matter by soil microorganisms and thus increases the rate of soil respiration. Increased respiration following wetting as reported here was also observed in the same site by Williams et al. (2009) and similar findings have been reported in other water-limited ecosystems (e.g. Jenerette,Scott & Huxman 2008; Xu & Baldocchi 2004; Xu et al. 2004).
This study concludes that soil moisture is the main factor responsible for the differences in respiration rates between Acacia and Combretum savannas, which concur with findings by Zhang et al. (2003) and Xu et al. (2004). However, it should also be noted that soil respiration is also influenced by the amount of soil carbon (i.e. the respiration substrate), which is typically low in savannas (Montgomery & Askew 1980; Scholes 1990). The typically sandy savanna soils have a low potential for stabilising carbon; the high temperatures common in savanna systems promote soil respiration. Furthermore, a significant fraction of the carbon is also lost to fire and herbivory before it can enter the soil (Scholes & Van der Merwe 1996).
Relationship between soil respiration and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically available radiation
One way to tease out the autotrophic from the heterotrophic components of soil respiration is to look at the degree to which soil respiration is coupled to plant activity, indexed for instance by FAPAR. Our findings agree with those of Wang et al. (2010), who concluded from a number of studies that seasonal vegetation activity plays an important role in the seasonal variation of soil respiration. The variation of soil respiration in the growing season in, for instance, a temperate forest is mainly determined by variations of root respiration in response to seasonal temperature changes (Boone et al. 1998). Variations in plant phenology significantly contributed to the variations in calculated seasonal Q10 values of soil respiration in a mixed temperate forest (Curiel Yuste et al. 2004), which were later attributed directly to seasonal differences in ecosystem photosynthesis (Sampson et al. 2007).
Soil moisture variability between Acacia and Combretum savannas is fundamentally due to the difference in soil types, given that both receive the same rainfall (there is some downslope movement of water from the sandy soils to the clays soils). The clayey Acacia soils retain moisture longer than the sandy soils at the Combretum site. Fine-textured soils tend to have a higher SOM content and decomposition rate than coarse-textured soils (Schimel, Stillwell & Woodmansee 1985). The result is a higher respiration rate in the clayey, broad-leaved Acacia savannas than in the sandy, fine-leaved Combretum savannas.
A recent study suggests that the effect of variations in seasonal amplitude of vegetation activity on the variation of seasonally derived Q10 is higher than that of climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation, which highlights the linkage between plant physiological processes and soil processes (Wang et al. 2010). Vegetation activities may therefore substantially stimulate seasonal Q10 of soil respiration (Wang et al. 2010).
This study showed that the highest rate of soil respiration in the Acacia and Combretum savannas was measured at a soil temperature of 28 ºC. We observed that soil respiration is always low at much higher temperatures, but because high temperature was always associated with very low soil moistures, we cannot come to any definitive conclusion about the effect of high temperature on soil respiration from this field study alone - it will require a manipulative experiment. Because the soil temperature at this site is generally quite warm, even in winter, the availability of soil moisture is the primary control factor of soil respiration. Respiration had a positive linear response to increasing soil moisture in both the Acacia and Combretum savannas. Respiration responds more rapidly to soil wetting by rain than FAPAR does, which seems to lag by about a month, suggesting that root respiration is a relatively small part of the observed flux. Respiration rate was 15% higher in the Acacia site than in the Combretum site, which corresponds to the difference in observed volumetric soil moisture content. Other factors that might have influenced respiration variation amongst the two sites include substrate inputs, soil texture and percentage SOM.
We acknowledge the financial support received from the CSIR Parliamentary Grant Funding to the Natural Resources and Environment Division and the EU CarboAfrica Grant Funding to the CSIR Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics Unit. Dr Sally Archibald from the CSIR is acknowledged for her invaluable comments and inputs to this paper. Heleen de Beer from the CSIR is acknowledged for proofreading the manuscript. Musa Mavundla is thanked for field surveys and data collection. We also appreciate comments and suggestions by two anonymous reviewers.
Authors' contributions
R.A.M. analysed data and collected supplementary data. R.J.S. designed and supervised the study.
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Sampson, D.A., Janssens, I.A., Curiel Yuste, J. & Ceulemans, R., 2007, 'Basal rates of soil respiration are correlated with photosynthesis in a mixed temperate forest', Global Change Biology 13, 2008-2017. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01414.x [ Links ]
Schimel, D., Stillwell, M.A. & Woodmansee, R.G., 1985, 'Biogeochemistry of C, N, and P, in a soil catena of the shortgrass steppe', Ecology 66, 276-282. doi:10.2307/1941328 [ Links ]
Schimel, D.S., 1995, 'Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle', Global Change Biology 1, 77-91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00008.x [ Links ]
Schlesinger, W.H., 1977, 'Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus', Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8, 51-81. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.000411 [ Links ]
Scholes, R.J. & Van der Merwe, M.R., 1996, 'Sequestration of carbon in savannas and woodlands', Environmental Professionals 18, 96-103. [ Links ]
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Scholes, R.J., 1990, 'The influence of soil fertility on the ecology of southern African dry savannas', Journal of Biogeography 17, 415-419. doi:10.2307/2845371 [ Links ]
Scholes, R.J., Gureja, N., Giannecchinni, M., Dovie, D., Wilson, B., Davidson, N. et al., 2001, 'The environment and vegetation of the flux measurement site near Skukuza, Kruger National Park', Koedoe 44, 73-83. [ Links ]
Skopp, J., Jawson, M.D. & Doran, J.W., 1990, 'Steady-state aerobic microbial activity as a function of soil water content', Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, 1619-1625. doi:10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060018x [ Links ]
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Wang, X., Piao, S., Ciais, P., Janssens, I.A., Reichstein, M., Peng, S. et al., 2010, 'Are ecological gradients in seasonal Q10 of soil respiration explained by climate or by vegetation seasonality?', Soil Biology and Biochemistry. doi:10.1016/j. soilbio.2010.06.008 [ Links ]
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Correspondence to:
Robert Scholes
PO Box 395,
Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 24 Jan. 2011
Accepted: 19 May 2011
Published: 08 Sept. 2011
© 2011. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
Events for November 1, 2019
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Hartford always has it! We are proud citizens to support it. Our Daily Tea parties is a great way to end the morning classes. Try our tea or Bring a Box to share. We will unwind before heading out for the day. Join our VIP list for immediate text updates on all events Feeling […]Find out more »


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| 8.4°C Belfast
A four-year target of raising £11 billion for the UK economy from deals signed during the London Olympics has been surpassed two years early, the Prime Minister has announced.
Contracts, sales and foreign investment linked to UK Trade and Industry's (UKTI) British Business Embassy during London 2012 have passed £14 billion this year, the second annual report on the legacy from the Olympic and Paralympic Games said.
The success demonstrates how hosting major sporting events can generate economic benefits, Prime Minister David Cameron said as the Commonwealth Games opens in Glasgow today.
The report found £5.9 billion of additional sales by UK companies as a result of UKTI activity, £3.58 billion of Olympic-related access to high value overseas projects, and £4.72 billion of additional foreign direct investment into the UK, with 55% of the projects outside London.
The Prime Minister will address business and Commonwealth leaders in Glasgow today.
He will say: "Part of our long-term economic plan is about promoting every part of our country to the world and Glasgow's Commonwealth Games will give us another fantastic platform to do this.
"It follows on from London 2012, which was not just an amazing sporting event but also a great opportunity to secure a lasting economic and sporting legacy for the whole UK.
"This Government will continue to work on behalf of every hard-working business in the UK to drum up trade, encourage investment and pave the way for growth so we can generate jobs, pay our way in the world and create stability, security and a brighter future for our country.
"I am confident we can build on our experience in London and make Glasgow 2014 so much more than just an amazing sporting event."
VisitBritain is on course to meet its four-year target of bringing an extra 4.7 million visitors to the UK and increasing tourism spend by £2.3 billion, but the report found tourism gains across the UK had been "variable".
Wales and Scotland saw the biggest increases in the value of inbound tourism of 27% and 20% respectively. Visitor spend in the English regions increased by 15%, and 12% in London.
The report says: "It is recognised that the regional picture across England and the rest of the UK is variable, and work continues to maximise the opportunities for the whole of the UK."
Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Sajid Javid said Glasgow 2014 will build on the legacy of London 2012.
Business Secretary Vince Cable said: "The UK's future prosperity will not come from relying on domestic markets alone, and during the Commonwealth Games we are giving another major push to encourage firms across the UK to sell overseas and foreign businesses to invest here."
Mayor of London Boris Johnson said: "Two years on from that golden summer we are accelerating the transformation of Stratford and beyond.
"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is now reopened and ambitious plans are in place to develop a constellation of educational, artistic, technology and cultural institutions on the site to strengthen our lead as a global force in these sectors and deliver tens of thousands of jobs.
"This is a living legacy that is reaping economic and social dividends not just here in London but across the UK."


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New 'venture accelerator' firm aims to jump-start startups
New Oklahoma City firm VentureSpur plans to help fledgling companies grow fast through boot camp, which provides mentors, office space and funding.Published: Thursday, February 2, 2012 By: Don Mecoy
The Oklahoman
VentureSpur, a firm designed by three entrepreneurs who returned to their roots to nurture early-stage companies seeking to mature and attract capital, launched Wednesday in downtown Oklahoma City.
The venture accelerator company follows a model of firms in other parts of the country that have successfully helped develop fledgling firms that have a business plan and perhaps a prototype, but haven't yet earned their first round of venture capital, VentureSpur co-founder and managing director Kraettli L. Epperson said.
Getting to the point that the business is ready for venture capital is a big leap for many companies, Epperson said. Many promising companies that might produce a great business in a city or region don't get to that point.
VentureSpur plans to host two groups of three startup companies each year, offering free office space, mentoring from successful Oklahoma entrepreneurs, development and education opportunities and money from a seed fund. Founders of developing companies typically swap equity in their business for early-stage funding.
The company, based in The Exchange building on Film Row, is accepting applications from startup businesses. VentureSpur will winnow down those applicants to two or three companies, which will be selected by late summer to participate in a three-month boot camp, Epperson said.
While previous successful venture accelerator firms have focused on software companies, Epperson said VentureSpur won't be limited to that niche.
We're looking for companies that have large market potential, that are going to be scalable so they are attractive for additional follow-on investment, he said. These are companies that are further along than an idea on the back of a napkin.
Epperson, owner of the Oklahoma City information technology consulting firm Black Mesa Consulting, co-founded VentureSpur with David Matthews and Gabe Bass. Matthews is a partner in the venture capital firm, Trailblazer Capital, and manager of the Oklahoma Opportunity Fund. Bass is managing partner of Bass Law, with offices in Oklahoma City and El Reno.
Matthews said VentureSpur's accelerator model provides big advantages in emerging venture capital markets like Oklahoma, where the cost of doing business is low and local investors are hungry for homegrown success stories.
Epperson said the firm hopes and expects to attract some of the area's best and brightest entrepreneurs.
There is a lot of pent-up demand among investors in Oklahoma for the kind of central hub and critical mass we believe an accelerator can bring to state, Epperson said.


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Alan Tudyk has signed on to play Stephen A. Douglas in the big screen adaptation of "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter". It's funny because Alan is best know as playing Steve the Pirate in "Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story". If at any point you thought, "Oh does he mean that guy from 'Firefly'?" then I'm going to ask you to leave right now.
Chris Pine, Alex Pettyfer and Shia LaBeouf are all expressing inner desires to play the lead role in the silver screen version of "Preacher". Pettyfer is the only one keeping me from being completely enraged about this and that's only because I have no freakin clue who he is. What's that? The kid from "Beastly" you say? Super! Maybe we can get Kevin Smith to direct and we can just call it a day.
If you don't know who Ray Harryhausen is then you don't know the joys of weird ass stop motion animation of years gone by. You should, that's the point I'm making. Well if not there's a new documentary about the man behind the effect of such classics as "Clash of the Titans" (the good one) and "Jason and the Argonauts" titled "Ray Harryhausen: Special Effects Titan". Bubo, look it up.
In the wake of the recent tragedies in Japan Legendary Pictures has asked Guillermo del Toro to revise the screenplay for his upcoming disaster film "Pacific Rim". The movie focuses around the a group of monsters that attack the earth and threaten to end us all. Click here for ways that you can help in the relief effort.
It's like "Wrong Turn" in reverse.


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February 09, 2012
Glasgow Warriors 19 - 9 Llanelli Scarlets
GUINNESS PRO12 match played at Firhill on Thursday February 9th 2012 | No comments
Jon Welsh went over for the Glasgow try Glasgow Warriors rose to third in the RaboDirect PRO12 table after a comfortable 19-9 victory over Scarlets at Firhill tonight.
International fly-half Ruaridh Jackson notched 14 points, supplementing a sole try from prop Jon Welsh, while Scarlets countered through nine points from the boot of Dan Newton.
Despite the hosts making a strong start, it was the Scarlets' Newton who was handed the game's first scoring chance, when the Glasgow pack was penalised for not rolling away. The full-back squandered the opportunity however, sending his effort wide of the uprights.
There was no doubt that the Warriors' backline showed better promise, the centre pairing of Graeme Morrison and Troy Nathan looking particularly threatening, with Samoan winger David Lemi also looking particularly lively.
Jackson, making his first start since the turn of the year, missed an early penalty chance but made amends minutes later when his lightning break provided the Warriors' with prime field position in the opposition 22. Possession was squandered though and the move petered out, but Scarlets' indiscipline at the ensuing breakdown gave Jackson a further penalty opportunity which he duly stroked over to give his side the lead.
The visitors were rewarded for a brief foray into Glasgow territory when Newton converted a straightforward penalty effort after Jackson was punished for holding onto the ball on the deck, but normal service soon resumed as the hosts dominated possession without creating any clear chances.
Lemi appeared most likely to buck that trend, his chip through causing chaos in the visitors' defensive ranks, but a fantastic cover tackle from scrum-half Gareth Davies averted the danger, albeit carrying the ball across his own line in the process. From the resulting scrum, Jon Welsh powered over for the game's only try, Jackson adding the extras.
Jackson missed with a penalty effort late in the first half, but atoned for his inaccuracy with a similar attempt early in the second, stretching the hosts' advantage to 10 points.
The deficit was reduced only moments later when Newton banged over a penalty from close range, before adding another penalty on the hour as the home rearguard began to waver.
But two further Jackson penalties put the result beyond doubt and kept Glasgow on track for a play-off spot.
Head coach Sean Lineen said: That was another terrific team effort from first to last. We put so much energy and aggression into the game, and deserved to come away from the win.
It sets us up well for what will be another massive test away to Connacht next Saturday."
Match Substitutions


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Scene spirit: Kelly's quest to unite the arts
Just imagine the sorts of articles you might find in local publications if writers and photographers were to collaborate on the same subject.
Greg Kelly would probably be really into them.
The 31-year-old self-described "artist's advocate" may work as a teacher, but he moonlights as a visionary. During the summer of 2004, he started a modest art gallery with like-minded co-conspirator Zack Worrell, who, as he puts it, "has a long and varied history of supporting artists." They gave it the exceedingly utilitarian name "New Art Across the Bridge." But now, after five months and about as many events, the duo has decided to call it quits.
Sort of. "Because we never had to announce it as open, we never have to announce it as closed," says Kelly. "If we want to have a show there in two weeks, we can do it, so long as we can promote it. We just wanted to do so much more."
The "more" he speaks of involves using New Art as a launching pad for a much bigger artistic center.
"What I ultimately envision is that we have a home base, which is an office, and then outside of that we have a building, a multitasking space," he continues. "Once an individual has a mature idea of what they want to do, they come to us with a proposal. We don't just hand out the money– you can do that with grants."
This all springs from personal experience. Kelly studied ceramics for 10 years before moving on to painting and finally to multimedia. "I've been surprised by the number of people I know who have similar interests in art," he says. "It's all just two or three degrees of separation."
Kelly wants to narrow the gaps among filmmakers, photographers, dancers, musicians, and just about anyone else with a creative bent. "The outcome of it," he says, "is a stronger network to support creative and collaborative efforts in the artistic community."
The next show at New Art– and perhaps the next major step towards the mass synesthesia Kelly wants to induce– will be a fundraiser for UVA art student Colin Whitlow, a fifth-year with a fellowship whose rather ambitious photography project is in need of some help.
"Doing this project independently and as a poor student, I've been trying to find out all sorts of ways to fund my project and get some publicity," says Whitlow. "We eventually figured out that the three of us had a love for music, and so we started playing together."
In the meantime, Kelly's working on projects like the recent screening of the hip-hop film Freestyle in conjunction with Lighthouse Microcinema, and bringing Native American activists Ward Churchill and John Trudell to town.
"Things could get done so much easier if we just worked together," he says wistfully. "We're just forging a stronger artistic community."
Greg Kelly


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A Child's Prayer (Jones and Wyatt)
Father, bless the little birds
That search for crumbs and seeds.
Keep the kittens warm at night,
And tend to all their needs.
When Thy Son was very small,
A manger cradled Him.
Shepherds brought their little lambs
That night in Bethlehem.
In the stable oxen's lowing
Lulled the Child to sleep.
Father, for all little ones
A loving-watch care keep.
Text: Karin Jones
Music: John Wyatt
Artist: Jones/Wyatt
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: Friend
Composition Date: 1974-12-01
More Info: Friend


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App.net, a new and upcoming social network, recently reached their $500,000 funding goal with over a day left. As I'm writing this article, App.net has received $576,000 worth of funding, $76,000 over their original goal. And while it wasn't expected that they would reach their funding goal, they started to receive more media attention during their last few days of funding, which ended up launching them over their goal earlier today.
If you're unaware, App.net is a new social network with an optimistic new business model. Instead of using ads to fund their service they will charge users to join. As of now, they are charging $50 per year for member status or $100 per year for developer status. A $1,000 payment will give users access to all of the developer tools as well as a phone support and a meeting with Dalton Caldwell, the creator of App.net. App.net claims to be the only social network to not offer their users as products, but to be the product themselves.
If you would like to back App.net yourself and gain access to the beta, feel free to back their project within the next 31 hours. You can back App.net by heading over to their website and pledging the amount of your choice. And if you're wondering, yes, I backed it!


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Best Sips from Drink Craft Beer's Summerfest in Boston
Highlights from beer festivals and cocktail celebrations.
It is the season for Saison. A time to kick back, enjoy the sun and drink from the fruits of our winter labor. In other words, it's time for some serious summertime beer guzzling.
Making its debut appearance this past weekend, Drink Craft Beer's Summerfest was a community celebration of New England's best summer-friendly craft beer, from farmhouse ales and saisons to witbiers and sours.
In attendance were cult favorites such as Hill Farmstead and The Alchemist and craft pioneers like Harpoon and Smuttynose. Nearly half of the 20-odd breweries present were newcomers to the scene—upstarts like Jack's Abby and Idle Hands, whose bottles have trickled into the stores over the past year at increasing frequency. Despite my regular visits to neighborhood liquor stores, it really is hard to grasp how fast the craft onslaught has occurred until you see such a large grouping of new breweries in one room.
Many of the brewers wound up creating limited run concoctions for the event, such as Night Shift's audacious Rose Au Poivre, a Saison brewed with rosemary and rose hips and aged on pink peppercorns. This summer rose was one pretty flower. I also talked to a few brewers who had been working on special projects for the event, but had to leave them back at the workshop to continue fermenting. Shows you just how experimental and unscientific beer brewing can be.
One small production run that did make it, however—and, consequently turned out to be our favorite sip of the day—was Hill Farmstead's Vera Mae. Only the second batch ever made, sweet Vera was brewed with dandelions and what seems to be age-old magic farm dust passed down for eight generations on the Hill family farmstead. Vera's earthiness and spice was focused, crisp and delicious, and I'm sure that even Miss Mae herself, an ancestor of the current Hill generation, would have been quite fond of this summer saison.
I'd also give a special shout out to The Alchemist for their Celia Gluten Free Saison. I know what you're thinking: gluten free beer, on a list of top sips? But Celia is a Belgian-style saison that tastes like... well, a good Belgian-style saison. It's rustic and spicy with a bit of tart citrus and an earthy funk. Jennifer Kimmich, Alchemist's co-owner, developed a gluten intolerance a few years back and head brewer/husband, John, brewed up this saison especially for her. For celiacs, this is an exciting find...though you may have to go up to Vermont to get it.
Check out the slideshow for some of our other favorite sips from Drink Craft Beer's Summerfest in Boston. Did you attend the fest? Which beers were your top sips? Let us know in the comments below.
About the Author: Terry Lozoff is an event and digital marketing strategist. He currently heads up the Boston-based agency Antler and regularly blogs about beer, wine and whisk(e)y at drinkinsider.com. Terry lives in Cambridge, MA, likes to work on his urban garden and is a sucker for a good single malt Scotch.
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