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Kansas City Bomber (Warner Archive Collection)
"Man, let's skate this thing for real."
Grimy, relentlessly downbeat actioner/drama, far better than its rep indicates, with Raquel's first really accomplished performance. Warner Bros' Archive Collection of hard-to-find library and cult titles has gone back to the WB's out-of-print vault and re-released Kansas City Bomber, the 1972 roller derby epic from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, starring Raquel Welch, Kevin McCarthy, Helena Kallianiotes, Norman Alden, Jeanne Cooper, and Mary Kay Pass. A relative flop with the public and critics at the time of its release, Kansas City Bomber hasn't developed even minor cult status since then, registering only brief (and usually derisive) recognition of merely its title, subject matter, and star with the viewers familiar with that era of moviemaking. Too bad, that...because it's an effective, evocative little melodrama, anchored by an excellent turn from "the hottest thing on wheels," Raquel Welch. Nothing's changed here from WB's 2005 DVD release (just an original trailer included as a bonus), so no need to double-dip if you already own that disc. A sharp anamorphic transfer is welcome here.
Statuesque single mother Diane "K.C." Carr (Raquel Welch) is the queen of the Kansas City Bombers roller game team, but she isn't long for the plains of Missouri. After "losing" (?) a winner-take-all grudge match with teammate Big Bertha Bogliani (Patti "Moo Moo" Cavin), K.C. is traded to the Portland Loggers, owned by smooth operator Burt Henry (Kevin McCarthy). McCarthy has been watching Diane for months now with the notion of grooming her as the lead bomber in his soon-to-be launched roller franchise in Chicago. Making no bones about wanting to date her, an offer the perpetually dazed, exhausted K.C. accepts without complaint, Henry tells K.C. that after her build-up in Portland, she's going to be a big star once they move to Chicago, what with a national television deal in the works, as well. He also promises that she can bring along her estranged kids, Walt (Stephen Manley) and Rita (Jodie Foster), who live with her disappointed mother (Martine Barlett). Prior to Burt's attentions, K.C.'s arrival at the Loggers's locker room wasn't nearly as welcoming; the rest of the girls already thought she had an "in" with Burt, while boozy, depressive, violent team captain (six years and running out) Jackie Burdette (Helena Kallianiotes), views the beautiful, younger K.C. with contempt...like she does everyone else. Only kindly Lovey (Mary Kay Pass) makes friends with K.C., even offering her a berth at her houseboat. However, when Lovey is unceremoniously traded by Henry, K.C. begins to wonder just what kind of deal she's gotten into by dating Henry, with all her personal and professional tensions culminating in a final do-or-die death match with Jackie.
As a kid, I clearly remember the promo blitz that was pushed out there for Kansas City Bomber, with pictures of Raquel in her iconic blue roller derby outfit, center zipper bursting at the seams, frequently popping up (and out!) in magazines and on television (I think my brothers, roller derby fans like myself and every other kid in the early 70s, may even have had a poster of "K.C." up on their bedroom wall). The fact that that campaign didn't translate into boffo box office isn't too surprising today when you realize how many elements were working against the movie's success. Despite the popularity of roller derby on television, roller derby at the arenas, at the local level, was dying out fast by 1972; just a year after Kansas City Bomber premiered, Jerry Seltzer, the son of Roller Derby's founder, Leo, folded up the entire enterprise due to a variety of negative economic factors (click here to read my review of that great roller derby DVD set, The Roller Derby Chronicles, which gives a more thorough run-down on that sport/company's history and demise). As well, why whould the quickly dwindling fans of roller derby shell out good dough at the movie theater to see what they could already get for free on TV? Unfortunately, at this point in her movie career, Raquel Welch headlining a movie wasn't a guarantee of "asses in the seats." The hits she had at the box office came with bigger co-stars attached, while her efforts to "carry" a picture--Fathom, Flareup, Hannie Caulder, and the disastrous Myra Breckinridge--were unsuccessful (and frankly, the PG-rating here didn't exactly help at the drive-ins, either, with the promo build-up and grungy subject matter promising much more than discreet Welch would ever show on screen--just check out her frustratingly tame shower scene here). Add to that the almost oppressively downbeat feel to Kansas City Bomber, giving roller derby fans--probably the only ones who were going to show up to this, anyway--a decidedly negative take on the sport, and you didn't need the already sniffing, sneering critics ("Raquel Welch in a roller derby movie???") to depress the box office take.
It's a pity, then, that the entertaining, well-made Kansas City Bomber hasn't received much of a fair shake since then, being largely M.I.A. from repeat showings on TV screens since the mid-70s, and having no official video release (that I can remember) until 2005's disc. Whether it's the scruffy subject matter or its tiny budget or the unglamorous way it was filmed, Kansas City Bomber has this undeserved rep as some kind of no-talent, shabby little drive-in flick that came out of nowhere and somehow sneaked into theaters. However, the movie's behind-the-scenes talent was far from low-rent: Martin Elfand (Dog Day Afternoon) produced it; Thomas Rickman (The Laughing Policeman, Coal Miner's Daughter, Everybody's All-American) and Calvin Clements, Sr. (lots of solid episodic TV from the 50s and 60s, Firecreek) scripted it, from a story by Barry Sandler (The Duchess and the Dirtwater Fox, Crimes of Passion); cinematographer Fred J. Koenekamp (Patton, Billy Jack, Papillion, The Towering Inferno) lensed it; and editor David Berlatsky (The Last Movie, Hickey & Boggs, Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid cut it. Only frequent TV director Jerrold Freedman's name probably doesn't ring a bell, but his work here is quite good, giving Kansas City Bomber a coarse, contemplative, mordant tone that's quite unexpected from anything promised on that sexy exploitation one-sheet poster. I've often thought that if the exact same movie had been delivered by a foreign director, the easily-impressed critics would have magically taken Kansas City Bomber into their arms as an "outsider's trenchant view of a slice of America's crumbling society." (others movie makers clearly found Kansas City Bomber valuable, prior to making their better-known sports movies: in the similar-feeling Slap Shot, George Roy Hill ripped-off exactly Freedman's tracking shot of the skaters listening to the national anthem, while Rollerball's Norman Jewison lifted that remarkable opening shot of Welch's skates, isolated in darkness, rolling out into the arena...as well as Bomber's exciting finale).
That dichotomy of expectation and execution, along with Welch's unexpectedly skilled performance, is Kansas City Bomber's most intriguing element. If you've ever seen that excellent cinema verite doc, Derby, then you'll recognize how close Kansas City Bomber comes to capturing the dirty, sweaty, smelly, loud, coarse, physically painful world of roller derby. Everything here is deglamorized, from the ugly sets (cheap paneling and cinder block and murky and/or garish lighting), to the screaming fans (true to reality at the time, a meager number of fans populate the stands), to the brutal game play (the scenarios were mostly pre-determined, but the bruises for the skaters were real), to the tension-filled life of a local "celebrity" roller derby skater (will I get traded? Will I get bashed in the brains? Where's the money? When's the day coming when I'm too old to play?). In all the reviews I've read about Kansas City Bomber, the most common thread running throughout is a complaint that the movie doesn't explain how the game is played...as if that's what the movie is really about: roller derby. However, at the very start of the movie, legendary color commentator Richard Lane gives a quick run-down of the rules, so that so-called confusion shouldn't be a factor...if you're listening.
As to the other frequent complaint about Kansas City Bomber from reviewers who weren't sure if and when the skaters were actually fighting or playing along with pre-determined scenarios...I rather like that fuzziness of perception that's created here--it perfectly matches the rabid fans' own schizo take on this entertainment/"sport": is it real...or not? Many of these writers take it as some kind of post-production screw-up that director Freedman doesn't spell it all out on what's reality and what isn't here...and maybe that's true. You have to remember at the time that micro-managiong M-G-M prez James Aubrey was personally cutting everything that went out with Leo the Lion's logo, much to the fury and disgust of moviemakers like Sam Peckinpah and Brian G. Hutton and Herbert B. Leonard and Blake Edwards and Bruce Geller, who all were quoted stating "the smiling Cobra" eviscerated their movies into incomprehension. I'd like to think, though, that there are enough clues in Kansas City Bomber to indicate Freedman and his scripters were well aware of the hazy reality they were creating. When Welch gets her ass beat by Patti "Moo Moo" Cavin in the movie's opening, does she already know she's being traded? Probably, since she's shown at the end of the movie being clued-in by McCarthy that she's to win the final grudge match with Jackie. However...McCarthy is ambivalent about whether or not Jackie definitely knows that fact...so maybe Raquel didn't know what the outcome would be of her first fight with "Moo Moo." Hard-as-nails Jeanne Cooper gives shit to Raquel when she "showboats" an improvised bit with a mop and backward teammate, "Horrible Hog" Hank Hopkins (Norman Alden), indicating that Cooper scripts or at least okays all the fight scenarios...and yet Cooper has no idea what Welch and Kallianiotes are up to when they really start bashing each other with abandon later on, on the rink. Alden's final flip-out at the hands of rowdy fans screaming "Soo-eeee!" and throwing garbage at him, is completely up for grabs as to whether its "color" play to satisfy owner McCarthy, or real psychosis (the other team beats him up for real when Alden viciously attacks one of their own...only to have Alden croak to Raquel, his face bloodied, "I guess they [the fans] got their money's worth tonight."). Bad editing or deliberate obfuscation, that pleasingly off-putting effect wakes you up time and again in ways you don't expect from a movie like Kansas City Bomber.
As to that finale, and everyone's problem with its supposedly frustrating, inconclusive, "open ending," I'm not sure what they were watching...because it's perfectly clear what the moviemakers are going for here. Throughout the movie, Welch's character is set-up to be merely a stooge who reacts to whatever life/job situation is presented to her. Reflecting her actions on the rink, her personal life is a series of "jams" that batter her far more brutally than anything that happens during game time: divorced, with the father of her children completely absent; abandoned kids who don't even know her (her daughter calls her "K.C.," not "Mom," while her silent, distant son literally runs away from her); a mother who openly ridicules her lifestyle; no prospects back home (her mother badgers K.C. to marry her rich ex-boss, as if that's the answer to K.C.'s problems); no prospects for the future once she's too old to skate; violent fans that want to rape her; co-workers that hate her; a manipulative boss she "pleases" for lack of any other prospects; her best friend traded because she's "in the way" with her controlling boss; her misguided efforts to befriend Horrible Hank, which lead to his downfall; and her continually rebuffed efforts to reach out to determinedly unresponsive Jackie. Pretty grim, and through it all, Welch pulls out a performance that's both tough and remarkably exposed. She's flat-out hilarious when she perfectly imitates the phony trash-talk that was de rigueur for those wonderfully broad, comical derby skaters' TV interviews. Watch Welch's concentration as she impatiently snaps that gum while the anthem plays--Jimmy Caan would do the same thing in Rollerball three years later--and crack up when she headlocks her interviewer; she's clearly having a lot of fun doing these scenes, and she pulls them off without a hitch. Just as adeptly, she's wonderfully vulnerable when she stumbles through most of the movie as if she's both physically and emotionally spent, creating a portrait of an enervated, neurasthenic single woman/mom that deserves attention from critics on the look-out for feminist roots in cinema. This wasn't a "Raquel" anyone was used to seeing in 1972.
So when K.C. finally figures it out that Burt really has no intention of being the kind of lover she needs (he's pretty smooth about backtracking on his promise to bring her kids along to Chicago--the last straw that convinces K.C. he's only in this relationship for himself), the final grudge match between K.C. and Jackie becomes a show of force to reassert determination of her own life--on her terms. All through Kansas City Bomber, we identify and feel for K.C., and hope that something, anything, will lead her out of this squalid derby life. So when Burt offers the final grudge match for the fans' pleasure, and as a ticket to the "good life" for K.C., we're pretty sure K.C. will take it--even though Burt openly acknowledges everyone is "used" in life for something--because of the promise of more money, more fame, and more Burt, in swank Chicago. However, after seeing a cold Burt kick and brutalize a defenseless, out-of-control Hank, and listening to his suggestion that she leave her kids behind for awhile as he manufactures her new image in Chicago, she finally realizes nothing much is going to be different for her in Chicago with yet another manipulative man controlling her life (earlier, a numb K.C. stares off into space and laments of unfeeling, dismissive Burt, "You have't heard anything I've said,"). SPOILER ALERTS! Burt's scenario calls for K.C. to lose the match, and leave Portland forever, but K.C. fights back and wins the match (uncompromising, too, in that she finally gives up helping Jackie and just kicks her ass), screwing Burt over the only way she can, while reasserting her power over her life the only way she can: on the rink (the look of cold resignation on McCarthy's face as he leaves the auditorium says it all). What's "open-ended" and "unsatisfying" and "inconclusive" about that? Had Freedman included some kind of lame wrap-up with K.C. and Burt or with her kids, it would have been an unnecessary, anticlimactic tie-up for the sake of spelling out what we already know from those final images of K.C. triumphantly skating around the track, with the finish line ribbon in her hands: for one moment at least, she's the best, and she's in control of her life, and herself. Nobody else.
The DVD:
The Video:
Presented in an anamorphically enhanced, 1.85:1 widescreen transfer, Kansas City Bomber looks about right, with a sharpish image, murky, dull color (the movie's original look), some grain (also originally there), and fairly good contrast. Nice.
The Audio:
The Dolby Digital English mono audio track is fine, with a healthy re-recording level, and little hiss. English, French, and Spanish subtitles are available.
The Extras:
And original trailer is included here.
Final Thoughts:
Not the "hottest thing on wheels," but "the singularly most depressing thing on wheels"...until that perfectly realized ending. Woefully neglected (and mostly misunderstood, then and now), Kansas City Bomber is a real find: a grimy little actioner that's both incisive and intriguingly hazy, perfectly documenting a long-lost, sordid milieu, while giving Raquel Welch a chance to show just how good she could be with the right material. I'm highly, highly recommending Kansas City Bomber.
Paul Mavis is an internationally published movie and television historian, a member of the Online Film Critics Society, and the author of The Espionage Filmography.
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text:
How can the use of images of the different world regions to energize our thinking about these areas of the world?
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34 Comments
Hi, I'm Jim!
I am looking forward to exploring the resources that Pushkar shared.
Hello Everyone!
I was really impressed by the level of information that can be gotten from the various models of Mosques as presented by Professor Elias. It also struck me when he asked how many of us had seen what the pilgrimage pilgrimage site at Mecca looks like. I had never actually seen it. I knew of it but had not seen it. It was especially impactful to see the sheer numbers of people present during the pilgrimage. It was also very interesting to see the added feature of the new "Big Ben" and it's implication relative to the telling of time from The Arabic vs. UK perspective.
On the other hand the presentation from Professor Patel really gave me insight into guiding students in the process of how we derive meaning from art. The discussions on Rasa and Bhava gave me a new insight into discussions that can be had with students on a level in which they can engage their sensibilities to understand what art is making them feel and how it relates to the subject of study we may be engaged in.
Edited by Jose Ramos on Jul 18 at 3:36pm
Have a nice day.
The use of images from different world regions adds new perspective on how we view, interpret, and interact with different regions of the world. Often the images make it available for us to see these regions of the world in a contemporary context that may have been absent from our experience in the past. Students can also contextualize the different periods of a society's development and see these changes form images.
Something that struck me this morning during the lecture was the idea that globalization and shared or copied ideas in art or architecture or technology is not a modern concept. Often, I think of globalization as we use the word today as a product of the internet and the world being more connected as a result. While it is true that the internet expedites this connectivity, it by no means began the intermingling and copying of different cultures. Moreover, I found looking at types of architecture fascinating to illuminate this concept. The one example of the decorated pillars from Persepolis being appropriated in a sort of incorrect manner showed a very old instance in which a type of art or architecture was appropriated and used. The images of buildings in England and India as well were surprising to see what each culture is pulling from the other. Where I think this idea of appropriating becomes problematic, like the lecturer mentioned, is when one culture is praised as an innovator and the other is deemed a copier. Who gets to decide this value and why? I would like to challenge my students with this idea of shared ideas and designs between cultures and create a larger discussion of where we place value and why and how we can begin to change our mindsets.
The images from the first presentations of each day given by Professor Elias and Professor Sohoni wonderfully broke down the foundational understandings we have of particular cultures and thus energized our thinking of different world regions. As many have mentioned, our perception of Mecca has now completely shifted due to our understanding of its placement by Big Ben and the tower. Professor Sohoni helped us to expand our theory of what is "typical" of any given culture to the point that many of us could not even guess the city of Shanghai based on its skyline.
This program has wonderfully "messed up" our perception of a variety of cultures by looking beyond and behind the typical images so that we have a more comprehensive grasp thereof.
I love your use of the term "messed up" as it relates to the way we think about things. There is a wonderful article I read several years ago that speaks to this idea of "messed up" it is called "Willing to be disturbed by Wheatley, Margaret J. If you are interested it can be downloaded at:
Thank you for sharing.
Information is being digested visually for our students as Pushkar reminded me. I am always looking to make ancient history more visual, and the resources shared this morning were wonderful. Using two pieces of art side by side to explore a common theme is both simple and rich. I loved the juxtaposition of the colonial architecture in India next to the Indian-inspired building in Brighton, or the Greek sculptures that look very Egyptian in composition. Cultural diffusion (or cultural appropriation?) examples abound. I think about asking my students for examples of "borrowed ideas" that they see everyday. "Art as a dialogue with the past" and "looking beyond the obvious story" are concepts that I will fold into my classes. The Digital Public Library of America resource Pushkar mentioned is incredible. I had time to explore this website further. The ease of this resource makes it user friendly for students, and the depth of the images included yields amazing pieces. The visit to the Perelman Building also ignited ideas about how to use images/ objects/ art in the classroom. I wish we had more time to explore the photography exhibit, though. Seeing modern urban Africa through the lens would evoke great conversations with my students. But the highlight of the trip was the textile exhibit "Vlisco: African Fashion on a Global Stage." Using African cloth, one could explore so many topics including global markets, African proverbs, changing roles of women in trade, and material culture. Follow up questions for students: Where have you seen African fashion/ fabric in your world? What trends have emerged with African textiles and what do these trends illuminate? There is so much to dig into here!
I enjoyed the whole day immensely. I liked Pushkar's use of comparison of images. This is a devise I use, but I felt he took it deeper. I am always looking for methods to engage my seniors in deeper dialogue. I also appreciated Jose's idea of a group discussion about appropriation and plagiarizing ideas. I was also grateful that Pushkar gave us some wonderful new resources.
This afternoon was also wonderful. I am personally very interested in African
design and art. I loved seeing the beautiful pieces I have seen at Penn Museum displayed in a well lighted and respectful manner. The gallery was beautifully hung and annotated, which enhanced the importance of the articles. I enjoyed seeing the other two shows also. I loved seeing the skill and craftsmanship of all of the art. I cringe at the fact that until about 15 years ago this was referred to as "primitive art." While I appreciate the graphic impact of Dutch fabric, I much preferred the work in the upstairs gallery. This is definitely a group of shows that I will take my students to.
One of my favorite parts of the day was seeing my friend Ian's husband Adam, as our museum educator. I liked his easy teaching style and could tell he intensely researched the shows.
And finally, it has been a while since I have been to the educators lab and it was great to be reacquainted with the area.
What struck me most from this morning's lecture was the Theme idea. Taking a theme and using a compare/contrast observation technique it with several images. Prof Pushkar helped me do this at lunch time today with one of the search engines he spoke about. This is a tool I could use in the Music room to introduce my students new global music. Later on in the afternoon someone mentioned a similar idea but with asking questions about the images. I think that would be an interesting approach too.
I also would like to say that we have had so much information over the last two days that I find it hard make some connections. But, I agree with Kaley in that it's a wonderfully "messed up" our perception.
I will introduce a unit on a North Korean prison camp escapee by showing students various vantage points of skylines of major world cities including Pyongyang's. Students will compare/contrast these identifing them by distinctive architecture. Discussion will touch on the practical, symbolic, etc., intentions and implications of such. Then I will show students satellite images of the world at night, ultimately landing on the dark spot on the Korean Peninsula. Students will consider how to reconcile this with the Pyongyang of Google. Zooming the lens in further, students will notice the ubiquity of uniforms and, again, consider these practically, politically, and symbolically, etc.
I spent most of the day thinking about how my English language learners. Images have always proved to be the most helpful bridge for spanning a language gap. Seeing the image allows them to think of the word in their native tongue and then connect that word to the new English vocabulary. I think the Metropolitan Museum timeline will be most helpful for finding authentic images to allow my scholars to build off their prior understandings.
Like many others, I also greatly enjoyed the Creative Africa exhibit. The exhibit on fabrics particularly spoke to me – the rich colors and histories behind the fabric patterns and names made me think about clothes in a whole new light.
I would imagine all of the things we are learning this week are a treasure trove relative to teaching EL students. I find the Arts and other media tools are an excellent gateway for EL learners.
Hi class! What a day!
The field trip to the Philadelphia Museum of Art was incredible. I am so invigorated to teach my units on the early trading states across Africa and modern fashion. I teach a lesson on evaluating the culture of the early African trading states prior to European imperialism. Europeans of the Imperialism Era often feel that they brought culture to the continent of Africa. I have students use old writings and maps to disprove that ethnocentric theory. I am also going to include the Benin bronze works next year to tie in art for the assignment. I really hope that having a visual helps the students learn the greater objective of the lesson more.
I would also like to introduce an Africa fashion slideshow and reading for my 10th grade classes. It is so easy to only talk about the negative side of African countries post-imperialism. Highlighting the fashion would allow students to see global connections and how Africa challenges the American and European view of fashion. I would also love to incorporate gender roles, seeing as how the man does the sewing.
Images are a daily part of all my history lessons. Having a strong background in art history I use works of art and architecture in ways similar to Pushkar's presentation. He focused on how art can demonstrate to students the concept of cultural borrowing and syncretism, which is one of the major themes of a world history course. When studying Buddhism, for example, you can have students trace the spread of Buddhism by finding images of the Buddha from various cultures over time.
I was also impressed by the quality and beauty of the African exhibits at the PMA. In the fall I usually take the AP world class to the Penn Museum. I am more encouraged now to take them to the PMA instead and include Creative Africa. The Vlisco fabrics stood out to me as something that connects to key world history themes. The company and fabric design could be researched from different perspectives – Dutch colonialism, economics, cultural appropriation, textile & design history, Second Industrial Revolution & early globalization.
The online resources Mr. Pushkar Sohoni shared, especially Europeana.eu will be a huge asset to my art curriculum planning. I decided I would work with more themes in the upcoming school year and Europeana will provide comparisons by themes in art, architecture, and text from different periods from all regions of the world. I believe this process will give my students a deeper and more vivid understanding of the world regions.
In addition to using Europeana I think Blooms Taxonomy can give me ideas on how to gamify lessons on themes to energize student thinking. For example, role-playing a realtor comparing two architectural styles, classmates submit gameshow style questions about certain artworks for their classmates to figure out, debate the meaning or reasons for why or how certain artworks were made and collaborate with classroom teacher to go into a bit more depth (research time).
I found our final conversation on museums, presentation, and funding very interesting. The Creative Africa was so inviting and accessible. I took so many notes about the interactive components of the exhibit — puzzles, categorizing masks, designing your own cloth, matching patterns of fabric, lying under videos of scenery, building shared architecture through straws, walking through hundreds of ropes, creating patterns through blocks. It was all so enjoyable.
I keep returning to Power Figures of the first exhibit — the stances, the use of mirrors, bundles, and nails, and their representation of collective promises. They were so human to me, powerful yet vulnerable. They served a purpose for ordinary people, like the Anatolian rugs, and were not just art for kings.
Jen ,
I don't know if you are familiar with the Program at the Barnes Foundation but they have a program on African Masks that involves a pre and post classroom visit as well a s trip to the Barnes. It is free for Title I schools. I have done it 2 years in a row. It is an excellent way to get students involved in exploring the nuances of different African Cultures.
I took away from Dr. Sohoni's talk the potential of images to interest the audience/students. I realize I have been using pictures and film to connect my students to works of literature. But I can do it more intentionally, especially at the outset of a new book, to 'hook' students to the story. Interdisciplinary connections can also be made throughout. The accessibility of pictures is really helpful in this regard, especially using resources like the ones we learned about today. It allows us to take full advantage of the visual mode of learning. When possible, interacting with the actual artwork as we have done at museums, is even better. Bringing the learning alive and making it relevant is the goal.
As the first speaker, Professor Elias said, we need to be aware of whose story is being told. The selection of images and the narrative that accompanies it should take the context into account to ensure that an accurate representation of the story is told.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sean McCorkle is past the days of fighting for any other reason than cash.
So what better way to make more green than to piggyback off a few aging legends?
After he beats Stefan Struve (20-4 MMA, 4-2 UFC) tomorrow at UFC 124, McCorkle (10-0 MMA, 1-0 UFC) said, he'd like to up his earning potential against fighters whose best days are behind them.
"Preferably once they're on their last legs and are no longer very competitive," McCorkle told MMAjunkie.com Radio (www.mmajunkie.com/radio). "Like when Mike Tyson fought Larry Holmes, or when Holmes fought Ali way past [Ali's] prime."
The somewhat-serious UFC heavyweight said he already has a few names in mind.
"I'd like to have maybe (Antonio Rodrigo) Nogueira in two or three years and (Brock) Lesnar in 10, maybe," he said. "I keep telling people I'd love to fight Mirko 'Cro Cop' (Filipovic) after Struve.
"People think I'm crazy, and then I remind them that Mark Hunt beat Mirko when 'Cro Cop' was in his prime. Especially if the 'Cro Cop' that fought Frank Mir (at UFC 119) shows up. You fight a guy like that, and you've got nothing to lose and everything to gain."
That's, of course, the philosophy McCorkle has lived by since he managed to pick up a UFC contract largely on his trash-talking prowess on Internet chat forums. After five years on the regional circuit as a super heavyweight, he suddenly took a huge leap in competition and met Hunt in September at UFC 119. Despite a paltry 5-6 record in MMA, Hunt had cache among hardcore fans who saw his victories over Wanderlei Silva and Filipovic at the height of their popularity.
McCorkle submitted Hunt with a kimura in the first round of the fight and watched his star take off. Now that he's real-life famous, he'd like to stay in that company.
"I would much rather fight someone like Hunt than I would a guy who's unknown but is a really good wrestler because that would be the worst matchup for me," he said. "So I'm all for fighting all the MMA legends. Not that Struve is a legend by any means, but Hunt was."
And with several top UFC heavyweights injured or booked, McCorkle's road to the top could be shorter.
Struve, of course, hasn't taken kindly to his opponent's tact. In an attempt to fire back at a series of unflattering remarks online, Struve created an online contest to crown the most unflattering Photoshop rendition of McCorkle. The contest, hosted by popular MMA forum "The Underground," generated more than 400,000 views.
In the end, though, it may have helped promote McCorkle as much as it tried to tear him down. McCorkle said Struve's attempt to get under his skin has been a big ol' fail.
"I wish I could lie and add some drama, but no, I don't have a problem with him at all," McCorkle said. "It was all good-natured. The trash-talk leading up to it was just to build interest in the fight. It's hard to hate a guy that looks like he's 12 years old."
Either way, the online spat has generated bankable buzz, and the two now enjoy co-headliner status on a card that's top-heavy from a welterweight title fight between champion Georges St-Pierre and Josh Koscheck, who served as opposing coaches on "The Ultimate Fighter 12."
For those who say McCorkle is making a bad bet against the still-young, 6-foot-11 Struve, McCorkle said a whole bunch of people are going to be surprised.
"I'm content to fight Struve wherever he wants to fight," he said. "I'm not afraid of his jiu jitsu, not even a little bit. Everybody talks about how great he is on the ground. I've watched all his fights, and I'm still waiting to see it.
"And I'm not really worried about his standup. He's obviously a really ballsy guy. He's really game, which I'm not going to take anything away from that. The beating he took from Christian Morecraft (at UFC 117) – a lot of guys wouldn't have come out … in the second round.
"He's game for sure … but he looks kind of big and slow to me, especially on the ground. The only place the fight won't be is me standing there trying to out-jab a guy that tall. I'm not stupid and going to do that. But I'm content to go to the ground with him and fight inside the clinch and mess with him.
"It just depends on what I'm being effective with and what is being given to me."
For more on UFC 124, stay tuned to the UFC Rumors section of MMAjunkie.com.
MMAjunkie.com Radio broadcasts Monday-Friday at noon ET (9 a.m. PT) live from the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino's Race & Sports Book. The show is hosted by Gorgeous George, MMAjunkie.com lead staff reporter John Morgan and producer Goze. For more information or to download past episodes, go to www.mmajunkie.com/radio.


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(Sequel to First love) Valeria is a smart, pretty...
First Love124344
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This is a story about a girl named Valeria's first love, Jason. Don't hate if it's bad. Leave a comment saying what I should change and/or add. This is a story about me pretty much. Read to see all the drama and sadness along with all the love.
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For more than 18 years, Joyce Okonuk has worked hard to ensure that Lebanon�s town government operates responsibly and responsively. Given her record of hard work, integrity and consensus building, I urge you to return Joyce to the first selectman�s office.
Joyce is still focused on her clear goals -- preserving Lebanon�s rural character, preserving farmland and open space, maintaining roads and public buildings, replacing aging bridges -- while submitting lean operating budgets. Under Joyce�s leadership, Lebanon�s operations have run more smoothly with professional planning, finance and assessment staff.
Joyce recognizes that Lebanon still has challenges that require experienced leadership. They include drafting a Town Charter, the library�s space and accessibility needs and the Public Works department. The town�s first sewer project on Amston Lake is moving forward and many properties are operational.
Please join me on Nov. 5 in voting for Joyce Okonuk for Lebanon�s first selectman.


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, SecurityFocus 2006-07-26
Idaho National Laboratory and the New York State Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure have teamed up with utilities and makers of distributed control system software to offer advice on how to make system security a major part of the critical infrastructure.
Later this week, the group will release the latest draft of a set of guidelines for utilities and manufacturers that offers specific requirements for suppliers of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, SecurityFocus has learned. The guidelines aim to elevate system security to an explicit part of negotiations between customer and supplier with the goal of making the next generation of critical infrastructure systems more secure than today's software and hardware.
"We think we can identify the common weaknesses in regards to security and also identify places were the technology's security can be tightened up," said Michael Assante, infrastructure protection strategist for Idaho National Laboratory. "The response from vendors has been surprisingly good--this could be seen as a threatening thing, but they are prepared to provide more security."
The security issues of real-time control systems, of which the best known are SCADA systems, has become a focus of both private industry and the government as worries mount that such systems could be used as the vector for a criminal or terrorist attack. While companies and security researchers are starting to tackle the ticklish issue of when and how to disclose vulnerabilities in such systems, cybersecurity incidents that affect such systems are rarely reported.
Because incidents and vulnerabilities are rarely talked about in the industry, three security professionals sought a better way to convince vendors to provide better security. The three--INL's Assante, William Pelgrin from the New York State Office of Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure, and Alan Paller, director of research for the SANS Institute--decided to create a catalog of security requirements for control systems along with language that could be inserted into a supplier's contract. The initiative is funded by the Department of Homeland Security.
The guidelines, known as the Cyber Security Procurement Language for Control Systems, cover topics including the removal of unnecessary services and programs to harden the system, furnishing the minimum firewall ruleset necessary for operation so that perimeter security is not weakened, and disabling or modifying guest and other well-known accounts. Moreover, the guidelines offer companies language to mandate that the control system maker provide guarantees of certain coding practices, a process to remediate flaws and the ability to detect malicious software running on the system.
Among the companies supporting the initiative are the New York Power Authority, the New York Independent System Operator and ConEdison, which announced on Wednesday that power had been restored to almost all customers in Queens, NY, following a week-long outage. The company had technicians going manhole to manhole in that district because it lacked distributed data gathering systems to detect which parts of its local grid had burned out.
Detecting physical failures to avert major power outages and finding manufacturing problems are some of the reasons SCADA systems and other distributed control systems are installed. However, the creators of such systems, historically, have not paid attention to cybersecurity, said SANS' Paller.
"It's not that these guys don't know what they are doing," Paller said. "Part of it is that these systems were engineered 20 years ago, and part of it is that the engineers designed these things assuming they would be isolated. But--wham!--they are not isolated anymore."


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Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
Revision as of 00:24, May 2, 2009 by Stmitrophan (talk | contribs) (→Revival of the Church (1984-Present))
The History of Orthodoxy in China is recent when compared to that of the Orthodox Church as a whole. While there is archaeological evidence of Christianity reaching western China in the seventh and eighth centuries in the form of the heretical Nestorian form, and even earlier speculative evidence to as early as the first to third centuries, historically the beginnings of Orthodox Christianity in China is traced from the seventeenth century.
- 1 From Albazin to Beijing (1651-1715)
- 2 Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China (1715-1956)
- 3 Autonomy and Decline (1956-1984)
- 4 Revival of the Church (1984-Present)
- 5 Notes
- 6 See also
- 7 External Links
- 8 Further Reading
- 9 References
From Albazin to Beijing (1651-1715)
- 1644-1912 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of China.
- 1651 - Russian Cossack Erofey (Geoffery) Khabarov founded the fort/town of Albazin on the Amur River.
- 1665 - Church of the Resurrection and monastery founded in Albazin (Russian fort/town).
- 1685 - Chinese capture Albazin, razing Church of the Resurrection; Group of Albazin Russians, including Priest Maxim Leontiev, are re-settled to Beijing by Chinese; Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi (1661-1722) ordered the Buddhist temple of Guangi Miao (Temple of the War God) in the northeast corner of the imperial city to be cleared for the Russian inhabitants, becoming the Church of Hagia Sophia[1], the first Orthodox Church in China.
- 1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk established Amur River as boundary between Russia and China, recognzing Russia's sovereignty over eastern Siberia.
- 1698 - Consecration of the first Orthodox church, in the name of Hagia Sophia, or Divine Wisdom, in Beijing, recognized by Ignatius, Metropolitan of Tobolsk; on this auspicious occasion many Chinese received Holy Baptism, and thus the consecration of the first Orthodox Church coincided with the introduction of Orthodoxy among the Chinese.
- 1712 Death of Fr. Maxim Leontiev; Emperor Kangxi gives permission for a new priest to come.
Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China (1715-1956)
- 1715 Archimandrite Ilarion (Lezhaisky), with staff, icons, sacred vessels, and service books arrives in Beijing as head of the first Russian Orthodox Mission; Emperor Kangxi had initiated the practice of receiving missions of Orthodox clergy and students of about ten-years each.
- 1717 Archimandrite Ilarion (Lezhaisky) reposed in Beijing.
- 1724 Emperor Yongcheng issues edict promoting Confucianism as the proper way of life, and declaring Roman Catholicism, and to some degree Buddhism and Taoism as heterodox.
- 1727 The first mission is recorded in the Russo-Chinese treaty of 1727, in Article V[2] allowing for the legal establishment of a Russian religious institution in Beijing, as well as defining official trade ties and demarcating the border.
- 1729 Archimandrite Antony (Platkovsky) arrives as head of the second Mission.
- 1730 The mission reported that there were more than 50 baptized persons among the Chinese and Manchus, excluding women; construction of the Tea Road (Siberian Route) begun, starting in Moscow and terminating at Kyakhta, a trading point on the border between the Russian and Qing Empires.
- 1736 Archimandrite Ilarion (Trusov) arrives in Beijing as head of the third Mission.
- 1741 Archimandrite Ilarion (Trusov) reposed in Beijing.
- 1745 Archimandrite Gervasy (Lintsevsky) arrives in Beijing as head of the fourth Mission.
- 1755 Archimandrite Amvrosy (Yumatov) arrives in Beijing as head of the fifth Mission.
- 1771 Archimandrite Amvrosy (Yumatov) reposed in Beijing.
- 1771 Archimandrite Nikolai (Tsvet) arrives in Beijing as head of the sixth Mission.
- 1781 Archimandrite Ioakim (Shishkovsky) arrives in Beijing as head of the seventh Mission.
- 1794 Archimandrite Sofrony (Gribovsky) arrives in Beijing as head of the eighth Mission.
- 1796-1805 Rebellion of the White Lotus Society, a secret Taoist society that forecast the advent of Maitreya.
- 1806 By 1806 eight separate missions had been sent to live in the Manchu capital and the Russian establishment included buildings that housed the mission proper (Uspeniya Presvyatoi Bogoroditsu) or "Conception of the Holiest Mother of God", the Nikolskii church, a school of Chinese and Manchu studies, and a Manchu school of Russian studies.
- 1807 Archimandrite Iiakinf (Bichurin) arrives in Beijing as head of the ninth Mission, became an imminent sinologist.
- 1812 Following Napoleon's invasion of Russia, all contact between the mission and the homeland was lost, and for a time the mission members had to survive by their own efforts and small allowances from the Chinese govemment.
- 1813 Rebellion of the Eight Trigrams Society (Baguajiao), a secret Taoist society closely related to the millennarian White Lotus tradition, galvanized into revolt by their belief that the millennium had arrived.
- 1821 Archimandrite Peter (Kamensky) arrives in Beijing as head of the tenth Mission.
- 1830 Hieromonk Veniamin (Morachevich) arrives in Beijing as head of the eleventh Mission.
- 1839-42 First Opium War; Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain from China as part of the concessions from the Opium War.
- 1840 Archimandrite Policarp (Tugarinov) arrives in Beijing as head of the twelfth Mission.
- 1850 Archimandrite Pallady (Kafarov) arrives in Beijing as head of the thirteenth Mission.
- 1850-65 Taiping Rebellion, a Christian-inspired Chinese millenarian movement, described as the most destructive civil war in the history of the world.
- 1856-60 Second Opium War.
- 1858 Archimandrite Gury (Karpov) arrives in Beijing as head of the fourteenth Mission; after the Treaty of Tianjin the status of the mission changed in that its diplomatic activities on behalf of Russia became obsolete.
- 1860 About 150 priests worked in the mission; although it is estimated that there were not more than 200 Orthodox in Beijing, including the descendants of naturalized Russians; after the Treaty of Peking other countries as well as Russia were allowed to open diplomatic embassies; the old Russian presence in Beijing became known as the Northern Yard (Beiguan - reserved for the Russian Orthodox priests), and a Southern Yard (Nannguan) was established for the Ambassador, both remaining important.
- 1864 Archimandrite Gury (Karpov) completes translation of the New Testament and church services into Chinese.
- 1865 Archimandrite Pallady (Kafarov) returns in Beijing as head of the fifteenth Mission (1865-78), translating more works into Chinese including the Book of Psalms and Book of Services.
- 1879 Archimandrite Flavian (Gorodetsky) arrives in Beijing as head of the sixteenth Mission (1879-84); he conducts services in Chinese.
- 1882 Fr. Mitrophan Ji ordained, in Tokyo, Japan, as first Chinese Orthodox priest by St Nicholas of Japan.
- 1884 Archimandrite Amfilohil (Lutovinov) arrives in Beijing as head of the seventeenth Mission (1894-1896), making little progress for lack of funds and training.
- 1894-95 First Sino-Japanese War.
- 1896 Archimandrite Innocent (Figurovsky) arrives in Beijing as head of the eighteenth Mission (1896-1931), spearheading many modern Chinese translations of Orthodox liturgical and catechetical books, and setting a more missionary spirit, revitalizing the mission.
- 1898 The modern city of Harbin is founded, with the start of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway by Russia, an extension of the Trans-Siberian Railway, eventually becoming a major centre of White Russian émigrés; 200th anniversary of the consecration of the first Orthodox church in China.
- 1900 Yihetuan (Boxer) revolt, an anti-Western and anti-missionary uprising in China, results in destruction of Orthodox Mission and death of 222 Chinese Orthodox martyrs; the Guan Miao area where the Albazine community lived was laid to rubble, including destruction of its famous library.
- 1902 Archimandrite Innocent (Figurovsky) consecrated Bishop in Russia and returned as first bishop in China.
- 1903 Orthodox communities in Manchuria (Harbin) placed under Bp. Innocent, Bishop of Beijing; church of the All Holy Martyrs of the Yihetuan Uprising is built on the grounds of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing where many of the 222 martyrs were slain (later destroyed in 1957 by the Soviets).
- 1907 St. Sophia Cathedral is built in Harbin City.
- 1912 The Republic of China was established on January 1, 1912, after over two thousand years of imperial rule.
- 1910 Chinese Prayer book is compiled by Bishop Innokenty (Figurovsky) of Beiguan, Beijing.
- 1916 There were 32 Orthodox mission churches in various provinces with 5,587 Orthodox Chinese adherents, with a thriving and expanding mission; within twenty years that number was estimated at 10,000[3]; the church also ran schools and orphanages.
- 1917 The Russian Revolution separated the Orthodox Church of China from its traditional support base in Russia, and the Chinese church had to fend for itself; the numbers of Orthodox faithful in China swelled in the wake of the Russian revolution, when anti-Bolshevik Russian emigres (White émigrés) poured across the border into China, forming colonies in Harbin, Shanghai and Beijing; Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia.
- 1922 Orthodox bishops in China came under the jurisdiction of the Synod of Russian Bishops Outside Russia ROCOR (1922-1945); Diocese of Harbin, under ROCOR, formed; St. Jonah of Manchuria, Bishop of Hankou (1922-1925); Protection (Pokrov) of the Theotokos Church is founded in Harbin City.
- 1927-1950 Chinese Civil War (Nationalist-Communist Civil War).
- ca.1930 There were more than 50,000 Orthodox in China, mostly Russians; Dioceses were established in Shanghai and Tianjin, in addition to Harbin and Beijing.
- 1930 Protection (Pokrov) of the Theotokos Church in Harbin City is rebuilt of brick.
- 1931-45 Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo ("State of Manchuria") is formed by former Qing Dynasty officials with help from Imperial Japan.
- 1931 Archbishop Simon (Vinogradov) arrives in Beijing as head of the nineteenth Mission (1931-1933).
- 1933 Bishop Victor (Svyatin) arrives in Beijing as head of the twentieth and last Mission (1933-1956).
- 1934 Shanghai cathedral (Cathedral of the "Surety of Sinners", or "Intercessions of Sinners") is completed, as the newly consecrated Bishop John (Maximovitch) arrives from Serbia.
- 1934-46 St. John (Maximovitch), Bishop of Shanghai.
- 1937-41 Second Sino-Japanese War.
- 1945 Diocese of Harbin subordinated under Moscow Patriarchate after arrival of Soviet Army; short occupation of Harbin by the Soviet Army from August 1945 to April 1946, resulting in thousands of Russian emigres being forcibly removed to the Soviet Union; the Moscow Patriarchate resumed jurisdiction over the episcopate in China from ROCOR.
- 1946 ROCOR elevated John (Maximovitch) to Archbishop; since ROCOR and the MP were not in communion at this time, Abp. John (Maximovitch) was Archbishop not only of Shanghai, but of all China for the White Russian immigrants; Harbin and East Asia Diocese is transformed into the East Asia Exarchate, by Patriarchal Edict 664 of 11 June 1946.
- 1946-49 St. John (Maximovitch), Archbishop of Shanghai and over all the Russian faithful in China.
- 1948 St. John (Maximovitch) blessed a revised edition of the 1910 Chinese prayer book of Bishop Innokenty (Figurovsky), with more catechetical material.
- 1949 Establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, by the victorious Communists, who end all Chrisitan missionary work; by this time 106 Orthodox churches had been opened in China, with the parishioners generally being Russian refugees, and the native Chinese element constituting at least 10,000 faithful; until 1949 there were more than 15 Russian Orthodox churches and two cemeteries in Harbin alone; treaties were signed between the Soviet and Chinese governments that provided for the turning over of Russian churches to Chinese control; most of the Russians left for Australia, the United States and other places.
- 1950 Symeon (Du) consecrated Bishop of Tianjin in July, becoming the first Chinese Orthodox bishop. Later, in September, he was transferred to be Bishop of Shanghai (1950-1965).
- 1954 East Asia Exarchate (Diocese of Harbin) abolished.
- 1956 Archbishop Victor (Svyatin), the last Russian bishop and leader of the 20th Spiritual Mission, returned to the Soviet Union, following agreements reached between Nikita Khruschev and Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), drawing to a close a variegated chapter in the history of Orthodoxy in China.
Autonomy and Decline (1956-1984)
- 1956 - Church of China under Chinese administration is established under pressure from the Chinese authorities; all non-Chinese clergy leave China; on the orders of then-Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev, the Soviet Embassy took over the territory of the Russian Orthodox mission and tore down the church.
- 1957 - Holy Synod of the Church of Russia granted autonomy to the Church of China; Vasily (Shuan) consecrated Bishop of Beijing.
- 1962 - Bp. Vasily reposed. No successor seated as Bishop of Beijing due to Chinese government constraints.
- 1965 - Bp. Symeon (Du) reposed, leaving the Chinese Church without any bishops.
- 1966 The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) almost totally destroyed the young Chinese Orthodox Church, with some clergymen being persecuted and exiled, others tortured, churches being closed, their property confiscated, and religious activity forbidden or driven underground.
- 1978 The Constitution of the People's Republic of China guaranteed "freedom of religion" with a number of restrictions; the five recognized religions by the state include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism[4][5] and Protestantism;[6] (Orthodoxy not registered as of yet[7]).
Revival of the Church (1984-Present)
- 1984 Protection (Pokrov) of the Theotokos Church of Harbin is reopened, with a few Russian refugees and the Orthodox Chinese being allowed to pray there in 1986; at this time it is the only Orthodox church in the territory of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) where services have been going on; the resident priest Fr. Grigori Zhu (+2000) attended to the parish consisting of 144 souls ranging in age from 68 to 92.
- 1986 About 3,000 Orthodox Christians living in the predominantly Muslim autonomous area of Xinjiang were allowed to reconstruct their church of St Nicholas in Urumqi, but with no priest present the community could only meet to pray.
- 1989 Tiananmen Square protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of communist governments around the world, culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (June Fourth Incident).
- 1993 A delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church including Kirill the Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad visited China.
- 1996 Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (OMHKSEA) founded, with its status recognised by the city's parliament, and the church operating freely in Hong Kong and Taiwan; Metr. Nikitas (Lulias) of Dardanellia becomes first Metropolitan of Diocese of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (1996-2007).
- 1997 On the occasion of 40th year anniversary of the autonomy of the Orthodox Church in China, the Holy Synod of the ROC met on February 17 1997, deciding to take care of the Orthodox faithfull in China under the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, until a Head of the OCC can be elected; in Harbin, the beautiful St. Sophia Cathedral was renovated and opened as a museum; Hong Kong returned to Chinese control by the British in July.
- 1998 300th anniversary of the consecration of the first Orthodox church in China.
- 1999 The Russian-Chinese Orthodox Missionary Society is founded in Sydney, Australia, under ROCOR, with the aim of spiritual enlightenment of the Chinese speaking population of the country.
- 2000 Death of Fr. Grigory Zhu in September, leaving the Protection (Pokrov) of the Theotokos Church in Harbin without a priest; Archimandrite Fr. Jonah (Mourtos) arrived in Taiwan in September to lead the mission of the church there, having spent seventeen years as a monk on Mount Athos; St Nicholas Church rebuilt by local government in Ghulja (Yining), Xinjiang; according to the 2000 census, 30,505 Evenks were counted in China, a nominally Orthodox Christian ethnic group (self-identified Orthodox minority in China), living in the Hulunbuir region in the north.
- 2003 Death of Fr. Alexander Du Lifu in December, the last remaining Orthodox priest in Beijing, who died without realising his dream of reopening a church in Beijing.
- 2004 Attempts are made to grow the church through cyberspace, as Mitrophan Chin, a young Chinese-American who converted to the Orthodox religion, volunteers as the webmaster for www.orthodox.cn; the Chinese government allowed a hieromonk from Russia to visit the Pokrov Church in Harbin to hear confessions in both Russian and Chinese in July; in August a Russian Orthodox Church delegation led by Bishop Mark of Egorevsk met with Chinese officials and representatives of the country's various religious organizations; Brotherhood of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul parish is established in Hong Kong under Fr Dionisy Pozdnyaev, dedicated to assist the revival of the Chinese Autonomous Orthodox Church.
- 2005 As of 2005 there were only five priests, a number expected to grow because several Chinese nationals are currently studying in Orthodox seminaries with the intention of returning to China to serve as priests (depending on the blessing of the Chinese government).
- 2006 Currently there are around 13,000 Orthodox Christians in China (according to the External Church Relations Department of the Moscow Patriarchate), with an estimated 400 residing in the capital Beijing, but they are not recognized as an official religious community;[8] 13 Chinese Orthodox students are undergoing studies at the Sretenskaya Theological Academy in Moscow and the Academy of St Petersburg, to pave the way for a minimal presence of clergy in China; the Russian Orthodox Church did its utmost through president Vladimir Putin, to gain recognition of Orthodoxy in China before the 2008 Olympics in Beijing; Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in both Chinese and Russian, following the editions of 1948 and 1910; the Orthodox Fellowship of All Saints of China (OFASC) is launched in the US, with the strategic vision of producing easy-to-read and accurate modern Chinese translations of important Orthodox texts.
- 2007 50th anniversary of the autonomy of the Orthodox Church in China; the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decided to open a department concerned with the Chinese Orthodox Autonomous Church (COAC), stressing the need to continue efforts taken by its Department for External Church Relations in the dialogue with the Chinese authorities to normalize the situation of the Orthodox Church in China; Easter liturgies were offered in Russia's diplomatic missions in China, with over 300 walking in an Easter procession in the Russian Embassy in Beijing, and 120 more attending the Easter liturgy in the Russian Consulate General in Shanghai; the Municipal Housing Bureau of Shanghai mandated the restoration of the Shanghai Cathedral to prepare it as a historical museum; death of Protopresbyter Elias Wen.
- 2008 Father Mikhail Wang and Protodeacon Evangel Lu, took part in divine services in China for first time 46 years and awarded medals of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh (I degree) given by Patriarch Alexy of Moscow; Metr. Nektarios (Tsilis) becomes new Orthodox Bishop of Diocese of Hong Kong; Holy Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church glorifies Archimandrite Gury (Karpov).
- 2009 Archpriest Georges Florovsky's book "Christianity and Culture" is published in the Chinese language.
- Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
- The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
- This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
Presence of Orthodox Communities in China
- Its first communities were made up of Russian immigrants concentrated in the north of the country in Albazin (near the town of Skovorodino, in Russia's Amur Oblast region.
- A group of Albazin Russians were re-settled in Beijing by Chinese, setting up the Russian Mission (1715-1956).
- Dioceses were later established in Shanghai and Tianjin, in addition to those in Harbin and Beijing.
- In addition to Beijing, where there are about 400 faithful, most believers live in four main locations, still mainly of Russian origin:
- Harbin in Heilongjiang Province, where there is a parish dedicated to the Protective Mantle of the Mother of God.
- Ergun (Labdarin) in Hulunbuir Province, (Outer Mongolia).
- Kulj (Kulj-i), in Xinjiang Province, of north west China (in the Tacheng Prefecture).
- Urumqi, in Xinjiang Province, of north west China.[9]
Qing Dynasty Emperors (1644-1912)
- 1644-1661 Shunzhi.
- 1661-1722 Kangxi.
- 1722-1735 Yongzheng.
- 1736-1796 Qianlong.
- 1796-1820 Jiaqing.
- 1820-1850 Daoguang.
- 1850-1861 Xianfeng.
- 1861-1875 Tongzhi.
- 1875-1908 Guangxu.
- 1908-1912 Xuantong.
See also
External Links
- Orthodoxy In China (Official page of the Group for Study of Orthodoxy in China, organized by Department for External Church Relations of Moscow Patriarchate (DECR MP))
- Ecumenical Patriarchate: Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.
- Orthodoxy In China (Mitrophan Chin's website)
- The Russian Embassy - Beijing Travel. tour-beijing.com
- Institute of Sino-Christian Studies in Hong Kong.
- Origins in Albazin (Post-1685)
- Russian Emigration to China (Post-1897)
- Russian Emigrees from Communism (Post-1917)
- Roman Catholic Missions
- Protestant Missions
- General
Further Reading
- Dina V. Doubrovskaia. The Russian Orthodox Church in China. In: Stephen Uhalley and Xiaoxin Wu, China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future. M.E. Sharpe, 2001. 499 pp. (pp.163-176). (ISBN 0765606615; ISBN 9780765606617)
- Dr. Kevin Baker. A History of the Orthodox Church in China, Korea and Japan. The Edwin Mellen Press, 2006. 288 pp. (ISBN 0-7734-5886-7; ISBN 978-0-7734-5886-4)
- Eric Widmer. The Russian ecclesiastical mission in Peking during the eighteenth century. Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1976. 262 pp. (ISBN 0674781295; ISBN 9780674781290)
- Martha Avery. The Tea Road: China and Russia meet across the Steppe. China Intercontinental Press, 2003. 198 pp. (ISBN 7508503805; ISBN 9787508503806)
- Antoaneta Bezlova. Old time religion struggles to survive. Asia Times, January 12, 2002.
- AsiaNews.it Russian Orthodox church to be set up in Beijing shortly. AsiaNews.it, July 06, 2006.
- Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. White Paper--Freedom of Religious Belief in China. Beijing, October, 1997.
- Paul Mooney (Beijing). Keeping the Faith. South China Morning Post, March 28, 2005.
- Religioscope. Toward a rebirth of the Orthodox Church in China - Interview with Mitrophan Chin. Religioscope, 23 Oct 2004.
- Sarah Schafer. Onward, Christian Soldiers: Chinese Missionaries Are Winning Souls Across The Middle Kingdom - And Plan To Spread Even Farther. NEWSWEEK, May 10, 2004.
- ↑ The chapel was originally named the Nikolsky Church because of a wonderworking icon Fr. Maximus brought with him. However the church was consecrated in 1698 in the name of Hagia Sophia, or Divine Wisdom.
- ↑ The fifth article of the treaty provided for four priests and six students to live in Peking until they felt like returning to Russia, at which time they would be replaced by a new contingent. The mission was to be supported in various ways by both countries. In return, it answered a mutual need for continuous contact between the capitals of St. Petersburg and Peking. (Eric Widmer. The Russian ecclesiastical mission in Peking during the eighteenth century. Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1976. p.4).
- ↑ Stephen Uhalley and Xiaoxin Wu. China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future. M.E. Sharpe, 2001. p.22
- ↑ While the Roman Catholic Church is officially banned in the country, the Chinese government demands that all Chinese "Catholics" must be loyal to the State, and that worship must legally be conducted through State-approved churches belonging to the "Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association", established in 1957 by the People's Republic of China's Religious Affairs Bureau to exercise state supervision over mainland China's Catholics.
- ↑ According to 2003 estimated statistics of the Chinese Catholic Church by China Bridge: Observations on China from the Holy Spirit Study Centre, the Church in China has 12 million Roman Catholics, 138 dioceses, 74 bishops in the official (state) Church, and 46 bishops in the unofficial (Papal) Church. The same report also says that there are 1,740 priests in the official Church and 1,000 in the unofficial Church, as well as 3,500 sisters in the official Church and 1,700 sisters in the unofficial Church.
- ↑ In "Onward, Christian Soldiers," an article appearing in the May 10, 2004 issue of Newsweek magazine, Chinese academics say China now has at least 45 million Christians, most of whom are Protestants. However, Western researchers put the number closer to 90 million. The article notes that there are about 6 million members of the official, government-recognized Roman Catholic Church. China's overall population is about 1.3 billion.(Newsweek)
- ↑ The officially declared reason for the government's non-recognition of The Orthodox Church is the government's fear that external political forces from outside nations — in this case, primarily Russia — could achieve influence within China. This places the Church to the legal status of religia-illicitata. (Encyclopedia - Chinese Orthodox Church, at Global Oneness).
- ↑ AsiaNews.it Russian Orthodox church to be set up in Beijing shortly. AsiaNews.it, July 06, 2006.
- ↑ AsiaNews.it Aleksej II criticises China, Taiwan accepts to open a church. AsiaNews.it, April 12, 2007.


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Chicken and Seafood Gumbo2013-04-12
- Cuisine: American
- Course: Main Dish
- Skill Level: Easy
- Add to favorites
- Yield : 6 to 8 servings
- Prep Time : 20m
- Cook Time : 30m
- Ready In : 50m
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- 1/2 cup vegetable oil
- 1/2 all-purpose flour
- 3 stalks celery, diced
- 1 medium onion, finely diced
- 1 green pepper, cored, seeded and diced
- 2 tablespoons bourbon
- 6 cups lower-sodium chicken broth
- One 14.5-ounce can diced tomatoes
- 2 pounds chicken thighs and leg, boneless, skinless, cut into 1-inch pieces
- 2 cups sliced okra
- 2 bay leaves
- 1 tablespoon Hot Sauce, recipe follows
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 1 pound (16- to 20-count) shrimp, peeled and deveined
- 1/2 cup fresh cilantro leaves, roughly chopped
- 2 cups cooked White Rice, recipe follows
- 5 red Fresno chiles
- 5 jalepenos
- Half 14.5-ounce can diced tomatoes
- 1/4 cup apple cider vinegar
- 2 cloves garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon sugar
- Salt
- Water, if necessary
- 2 cups long-grain rice
- 4 cups chicken stock
- 1 1/2 teaspoons salt
Step 1
Combine the oil and the flour in a heavy stockpot or Dutch oven over medium heat. With a wooden spoon stir the mixture slowly and constantly. After about 5 minutes the mixture will begin to foam. Keep stirring. As the roux cooks, the color will darken and the flour will have a nice nutty aroma. It should take about 15 minutes to fully develop a nice dark brown roux.
Step 2
When the roux is ready add the celery, onions and peppers (the Trinity) and cook for about 10 to 15 minutes. Once the vegetables have softened, add the bourbon and stir for 2 minutes, add chicken broth a little at a time to make sure the roux mixes well and is incorporated. Add the remaining ingredients, diced tomatoes, chicken, okra, bay leaves, Hot Sauce and season with salt and pepper.
Step 3
Bring to a boil then lower heat and simmer uncovered for 1 1/2 hours, skimming off any fat that rises to the surface and stirring occasionally. In the last 7 minutes, add the shrimp and cook until no longer pink. At the very last minute add the fresh cilantro. Season with more salt and pepper, if necessary. Remove bay leaves and serve with rice and crusty flat bread.
Step 4
Roughly chop the chiles and jalepenos discarding the seeds. Add to a food processor, along with the tomatoes, apple cider vinegar, garlic, sugar and salt. Process until desired consistency. If it's too dry add a little water. Pour mixture into a small saucepan and simmer for about 10 minutes. At this point you can strain it for a loose hot sauce or leave it as it is for a chunky hot sauce. Season with more salt, if necessary.
Step 5
In a medium covered saucepan bring salted water to a boil. Add the rice, cover and lower the heat. Cook for 20 minutes until water is absorbed.


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See What Happened To Sierra Leone Players After They Missed Their Flight
Here are photos of our footballers, players of the National Team-Leone Stars sleeping on the floor at an Airport in Conakry, Guinea after missing their flight to Senegal.
They travelled by road to Conakry, Guinea and had some delays according to reports
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What are the best bookmakers for Nigeria residents?
Sports betting is becoming more and more famous in Nigeria. A rising number of betting sites in Nigeria are offering wagering services to a populace of nearly 200 million people. They have a variety of bonuses as well as free bets to attract customers. Nigerian customers and visitors can place bets at both domestic and global bookmakers who offer offline and online betting services. These bookmakers are offering betters in the biggest African market, and they are enjoying pretty liberal betting legislation.
There are many safe betting sites around the globe, with lots of them being governed by higher betting rules. Nigerian betters can punt on the hottest gaming markets with easiness, and they can enjoy complete coverage on cricket, football, basketball and many more from these sites. The majority of the bookmakers are making efforts to be named the most excellent bookie in Nigeria.
Here are the best bookmakers for Nigeria residents.
Nairabet is among the most famous bookmakers in Nigeria. It was launched in 2009, and since then, Nairabet has continued to be among the largest and most successful gaming firms based in Nigeria. It has a wide collection of both global as well as domestic betting sites. It offers live streaming, in-
play betting, in addition to a wide variety of promotions for the existing and new customers. However, the odds might not be as excellent as that of the European betting companies, but if you would like to bet on Nigerian games, then Nairabet can well be the best bookie for you. Nairabet offers a great experience to Nigerian residents because they accept deposits in Naira.
Bet9ja has rapidly reputed itself as one of the leading betting sites in Nigeria. It is not only the much-visited betting site in Nigeria but among the much-visited sites around the entire of the internet in the country. This just shows how famous betting has turned out to be in the country and Bet9ja has gained a lot from that by offering a wonderful product. This bookmaker offers a wide selection of markets, and they focus on both international as well as local football. This gives Nigerians a chance to have great odds of domestic football fixtures. The major advantage of this bookmaker is that it accepts deposits in Naira.
Betfair is among the largest online gambling exchange in the world. It has an overabundance of football gaming markets for its clientele. With the incredible cash-out option that it offers, be assured that you are operating with one of the top betting sites. This bookmaker offers Nigerian residents with the best value odds together with a huge variety of casino, sportsbook, as well as poker markets.
Bet365 started with a humble beginning in 2000, and since then, it has risen to be among the top bookmakers and especially in the football wagers. Its website is easy to navigate; it has excellent live betting and incredible live streaming. It has grown to be the titleholder of the football gaming sites, and this makes it to rank among the top and reliable bookmaker. Bet365 offers a huge betting selection for Nigeria players.
Betway has paved itself to become a leading firm in betting in a period of over ten years. It is a leading betting firm in Europe, and it has the biggest percentage of its client's base from Germany, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Unquestionably, Betway is among the best bookmakers in the globe these days. The majority of the Nigerians are now starting to recognize how much this online
bookmaker might bring to their fixture.
William Hill
William Hill has been operating since 1934, and it has built a huge name of offering wonderful odds for football leagues. It also offers a vast selection of gambling markets as well as the best, user- friendly mobile app. This bookmaker accepts clients from Nigeria, and the best thing regarding it being a British betting company is that they are focused mostly on football. Therefore if you are looking to place a bet on world football, and particularly the Premier League, it might well be the ideal choice for you. This bookmaker has a great and wide collection of offers for both their existing and new customers that you can take advantage of. They have sign up bonuses as well as special events for a big football fixture.
This is an international bookmaker that supports a wide range of languages and it has a large betting selection for Nigeria players. 22bet has a mobile app with a large selection for football lovers, especially English Primer League. It is one of the most popular betting sites around. 22bet got a range of bets that are available in the market as well as having an excellent bonus offer. It has several bonuses and promotions that one gets right after making the first deposit and they continue
growing progressively in the course of your betting. You can't afford to miss this excellent bonuses.
It is one of the largest competitors when it comes to the betting industry in the world in the last decade. Up and until it hasn't lost any momentum, it has been dominant on competitive odds, sports variety, with its ever-increasing advertising campaign. 1xbet bookmaker has got more than 1,000
betting shops. They have also managed to have shops all over as well as having shops in Nigeria. The players in Nigeria enjoy sportsbooks, online bookies, and poker pages.
This on one of the most recent betting company and it started in 2012 to be exact. It is registered in the United Kingdom as its legal address and license to practice betting business are from the UK. It is a member of the first self-regulatory organization of Russian Bookmakers. They have a wide range of sports that you can bet on such as hockey, formula 1, diving and many more.
It is one of the most ambitious betting company that was started way back in 2007 and became famous in a very short period after it started its operations. It has a huge selection of sporting events as it meets all the needs of all its clients in the betting industry. It is one of the most admired companies when it comes to payout and individuals customer care. They are focused on making sure that the punters get the best betting experience by giving them the ability to bet even when the
sporting events commence.
888sport was launched in 1997 as an online gambling company. It has become of great success in Europe and worldwide. It is also the most popular betting organization when it comes to the customer base as it accepts all customers from all walks of life, regions and more so in Nigeria. The clients in Nigeria have a great advantage of sighing up bonuses and competitive odds from one of the greatest and well-known companies in the world. With very many bookmakers offering diverse betting, many players face challenges, for especially while choosing the best bookmaker. Thepunterspage.com has ranked the best bookmakers for football using a wide range of diverse criteria which are very important for a top gambling experience.
Place your bet in Nigeria only on 1xBet on the most popular matches and win
The current Champions League season has already brought a lot of sensations, but there was no
intrigue in the first semi-final. PSG confidently took on RB Leipzig 3-0 and reached the
tournament final for the first time in its history. You should bet in Nigeria only on 1xBet.ng to
get the best conditions for earning money and numerous bonuses for active gambling.
Before the game began, it was already clear from the RB Leipzig players' emotions that they
were not confident in their victory. The PSG players' mood demonstrated the contrary. At the
very beginning of the game, the Parisians began to attack the opponent's goal, with Neymar
keeping wasting his chances. PSG fans were pleased with Kylian Mbappe joining the game,
which significantly sharpened the team's attack. However, the hero of the game was not the
Frenchman, but Angel Di Maria, who scored a goal and gave two assists. Only on 1xBet, you
should bet in Nigeria to get plenty of benefits from the best bookmaker on the market.
- RB Leipzig demonstrated no satisfactory game, which may have been affected by the following
1. Absence of Timo Werner. Of course, the German wanted to finish the season quickly to
start a successful career with Chelsea, but he could also help the former team in difficult
- The tactic was too risky. 3-4-3 with a smooth transition to 3-5-2 is not the best solution
against attacking PSG. This largely affected the result. Cool live casino on 1xBet.ng has a
lot of profitable offers and games with huge prize money, so that everyone could earn
- Poor leaders' game. Sabitzer looked lost on the field, Poulsen wasn't visible either. The
fans could only see Upamecano's efforts, but the defender alone couldn't withstand one
of the best attacks in the world.
It is also worth mentioning the game of PSG. The Parisians played a great match and deserved to
qualify for the final.
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PSG is performing well this season. Profitable 1xBet sport betting brought considerable profit to
all the bettors who bet on the Parisians. But we should mention RB Leipzig as well. The
Germans have had a great season and surprised many fans.
This success is attributed to the head coach Julian Nagelsmann, who seems to remain with the
team for at least another season. The specialist asked the management to buy several forwards
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The Bundesliga is to start soon, so RB Leipzig should do its best on the transfer market and have
a good pre-season preparation to improve the team's results.
Talented Nigerian Players of the NFL
The NFL is quickly becoming one of the most popular leagues for Nigerian athletes. Over the last few years, we have seen some immensely talented players from Nigeria, or with Nigerian ancestry, come into the league and take over. While all positions in the sport of American football have benefited, notably there has been a focus on defensive positions from these athletes, with linebackers and defensive ends rising to prominence. Here are some of the most talented Nigerian athletes in the NFL that you need to know.
Jeremiah Attaochu
Jeremiah Attaochu is a 6'3"( 1.91m) outside linebacker who is currently playing for the Denver Broncos. He was a member of the 2014 draft, selected in the 2nd round as pick #50 overall. Attaochu played briefly for several teams like the 49ers and the Jets as he gradually tried to find the perfect fit. Recently, Attaochu has been re-signed by the Broncos on a one-year $1.5 million contract. Clearly, the Broncos liked what he brought to their defensive line.
Since Peyton Manning left the Broncos, the squad has been testing new offensive schemes, but their defense remains very strong. All-star player Von Miller has recently been placed on the injury list, so Attaochu will be called on to perform his best. With his aggressive tackling and limitless gas tank, Attaochu certainly helps bring the Broncos favorable American football odds. The team's main division rivals are the Kansas City Chiefs who have one of the strongest offenses in the league. Heading into the 2020 season, defense is a priority for the Broncos.
Jeff Okudah
Okudah was born in Texas, USA in 1999 to Nigerian parents, making him one of the youngest players on this list. In the most recent NFL draft, Okudah was one of the most in-demand athletes and was selected #3 overall by the Detroit Lions. In the buildup to his NFL debut he quickly became known as the best cornerback in the entire country, and has proven to be yet another exceptional Nigerian athlete to gr3aduate from Texas universities.
This is excellent news for the Lions, who certainly need all the help they can get on defense. Okudah made his NFL debut this past Sunday, playing against the Green Bay Packers and MVP quarterback Aaron Rodgers. All things considered, Okudah played well and showed that he can perform at the professional level.
Emmanuel Ogbah
Born in Lagos, Nigeria, Ogbah has come a long way on his journey to becoming the standout outside linebacker that he is. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in 2016 as the #32 overall pick. After two years with the squad, he was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs, where he really came into his own as a linebacker.
Ogbah played a big role in the Chief's 12-4 record while he was active during the 2019 season. His standout performance was during week 3 versus the Baltimore Ravens, when Ogbah sacked quarterback Lamar Jackson 1.5 times. Unfortunately, a pectoral injury ended his exceptional season at game 10, but his efforts ultimately helped the Chiefs get to the playoffs and win the Super Bowl. Afterwards, Ogbah signed a two-year $15 million dollar contract with the Miami Dolphins, where he currently helps round out their defense.
Noah Igbinoghene
This young athlete is an exceptionally talented cornerback. He was recently drafted in the first round as #30 overall by the Miami Dolphins. Though he was born in the US, he is of Nigerian descent and lived in the country for part of his life in his earlier years.
Notably, both of his parents were talented athletes in their own right. Igbinoghene's father not only competed in the Men's Triple Jump in the 1996 Olympics, but also won a bronze medal at the 1990 Commonwealth games. His mother was a track and field star, and was part of the relay team that won a bronze medal for Nigeria at the 1992 Olympics.
NFL analysts gave the Dolphin's an A+ for the Igbinoghene pick, saying that he was the right player for their team and helped the Dolphins patch up a weakness on defense. He played well against the Buffalo Bills this past weekend, ultimately blocking many passes that came his way.
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We are getting down to the wire. Contest entries close at midnight tonight, so if there are any stragglers, be sure to get your entry in. Just like Adam did.
"I'm all about the red, obsessed even," writes Adam. "My life revolves around the color red. I gave a speech in my college speech class on the color red. I've gone to class wearing this get-up. I used to hate cinnamon, but I ate big red gum anyway, and now I love the cinnamon flavor. I've opened packs of M&M's, and just eaten the red ones! It's my mantra, my philosophy. Red represents all that I am and all that I aspire to be!"
Check out the reflection in the mirror: Red camera.
Reader Ben sends along his entry below, writing, "It was supposed to be a red gentleman ninja making a phone call at Christmas... keywords; 'supposed to be'." Bravo, Ben, Bravo. Love the gentleman's pipe.
What's happening? We're giving away a copy of futuristic third-person-shooter Red Faction: Guerrilla, platform of your choice. Here's how you can win it:
Take a picture of red things - the more the better! Be sure to include a "Kotaku sign" in the picture. Send your entries to kotakucontestATgmailDOTcom by MIDNIGHT.
Oh, and read our rules, because rules are rules.


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Seems like there is no room for another explanation then hard hitting "impacts".Organics Preserved in Ancient Meteorite-Formed Glass
http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/5876/ ... med-glass-
Scientists have found organics from Earth's swamp trapped inside of glass created by a meteor impact almost a million years ago. The tiny pockets, only micrometers across, contain material such as cellulose and proteins. Though the impact glass was found on Earth, scientists say that similar samples could have been thrown into space by this or other blasts, allowing organics to be transported from one planet to another.
Impact glass
Approximately 800,000 years ago, a rock 100 to 160 feet (30 to 50 meters) across crashed down in Western Tasmania, Australia. As it slammed into the Earth, temperatures exceeded 1,700 degrees Celsius (3,100 degrees Fahrenheit), melting rock and creating glass sphericals, as well as a quarter-mile wide hole known as the Darwin Crater
"The reason the glass is so abundant seems likely to relate to the presence of volatiles like water at the surface when the impact occurred," lead author Kieren Howard of the City University of New York told Astrobiology by email.
"A bit like when water from your spatula drips into a frying pan, having the right amount of water at the surface during impact may have increased the magnitude of the explosion, and the production and dispersal of the melt."
The challenge, he noted, is discovering the tiny inclusions. Still, on Earth at least, the capture of organics could be more abundant than previous finds have indicated.
"To the uniformitarian mind of a geologist, finding a discovery like ours suggests it's a product of a common process," Howard said.
"Ultimately, impacts are impacts and organics are abundant -- and apparently more resilient than we ever predicted, at least in terrestrial settings."
If you look at another explanation of creation of tiny glass pockets, then the creation of material such as cellulose and proteins maybe easier explained. How about an electric discharge phenomenon ?
The whole picture changes with electric discharges. At the moment this happens the glass, melted rock, cellulose and proteins could have been created...within a couple of seconds or milliseconds.
Aren't there any empirical experiments that point to this alternative explanation ?


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In your everyday life, how often are you required to do something that even remotely resembles a bench press? And even though they are all the rage in the fitness world right now, how useful is a muscle-up to the average person?
This line of thinking has lead to the growth of functional fitness. This style of workout focuses on exercises that mimic, and therefore strengthen, movements that you would encounter in your daily activities. What sort of benefits come with this sort of training? Who can benefit from functional training? What sort of exercises make up a functional fitness routine?
The Benefits
There's a good reason that functional fitness has gained footing so quickly: It has a plenty to offer.
Think about the classic bicep curl, for example. While some muscles such as those in your back, shoulders and abs may work to stabilize you, the vast majority of the emphasis is placed on movement across your elbow. A functional exercise, though, is a compound movement that crosses several joints. This type of activity more closely resembles what your body might go through when you're cleaning the house or doing yard work.
A properly designed functional fitness routine can be tailored to fit specific activities in your life, as well. The idea is to pick exercises that target, not just muscles that are important to your activity, but entire motions. This means that if you're training for basketball, for example, you may build up your jumps while holding a medicine ball or even do passing drills.
The Target Audience
While functional training has been adapted to appeal to athletes in a variety of sports, it has a particularly interesting application for more casual exercisers. Research regarding the efficacy of functional training has also focused specifically on older adults.
One study conducted by exercise scientists at the University of Wisconsin, assigned 24 volunteers aged between 58 and 78 to one of two groups. The first group would participate in a functional fitness training routine, the other would follow a more traditional exercise program. All of the subjects had some medical condition and were asked to complete a test that evaluated their strength, endurance, balance and agility in performing daily tasks.
At the end of the four week program, the groups were given the same test again. The researchers found that the group who followed the functional training routine had greater gains in all categories.
Designing Your Workout
The beauty of functional training is that it's completely adaptable to you and your needs. As mentioned before, seek out exercises that mimic the movements of your particular sport. Even runners could benefit from incorporating balance exercises into their workout.
For a more personalized routine, do your research and consult with a fitness professional. Be sure to consider, not just the requirements of your sport, but those of your day-to-day life.
Some of the most common exercises featured in functional training include the multidirectional lunges. Practice performing the traditional lunge but also use reverse and side lunges to strengthen various parts of your legs. Although you may not realize it, you depend on similar motions when your vacuuming or even doing yard work.
A squat, immediately followed by a bicep curl is another exercise with many practical applications. The movement very closely resembles picking up a laundry basket or heavy bag from the floor.
Logically, after you pick up the weight, you're going to need to carry it somewhere. Practice doing step-ups while holding dumbbells to simulate this final action.
Functional fitness is a highly customizable approach to fitness that could help to improve both your exercise performance and your daily life. However, you should always consult your doctor before beginning any exercise routine.
Have you used functional training? Please share your experience with us in the comments.


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3 charged with bringing cocaine from Conn. to Maine
AUBURN, Maine (AP) � Three people are facing drug trafficking charges in Maine following their arrests for allegedly bringing a shipment of cocaine to Maine from Connecticut.
Maine Drug Enforcement Agency agents and Auburn police arrested 27-year-old Amanda Rodriguez of Auburn, Margoliz Vel�zquez of Hartford, Conn., and 39-year-old Markevin Faucette of Lewiston shortly after midnight Wednesday after stopping their vehicle as it was exiting the Maine Turnpike in Auburn. Police say they seized 1 � ounces of crack cocaine.
The three are being at the Androscoggin County Jail on $75,000 bail each.