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Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles. The law was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism. It is analogous to Isaac Newton's inverse-square law of universal gravitation. Coulomb's law can be used to derive Gauss's law, and vice versa. The law has been tested heavily, and all observations have upheld the law's principle.
- 1 History
- 2 The law
- 3 Scalar form
- 4 Vector form
- 5 Simple experiment to verify Coulomb's law
- 6 Tentative evidence of infinite speed of propagation
- 7 Electrostatic approximation
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.[1][2] Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.[1] He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ήλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed.[3] This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.[4]
Early investigators of the 18th century who suspected that the electrical force diminished with distance as the force of gravity did (i.e., as the inverse square of the distance) included Daniel Bernoulli[5] and Alessandro Volta, both of whom measured the force between plates of a capacitor, and Franz Aepinus who supposed the inverse-square law in 1758.[6]
Based on experiments with electrically charged spheres, Joseph Priestley of England was among the first to propose that electrical force followed an inverse-square law, similar to Newton's law of universal gravitation. However, he did not generalize or elaborate on this.[7] In 1767, he conjectured that the force between charges varied as the inverse square of the distance.[8][9]
In 1769, Scottish physicist John Robison announced that, according to his measurements, the force of repulsion between two spheres with charges of the same sign varied as x−2.06.[10]
In the early 1770s, the dependence of the force between charged bodies upon both distance and charge had already been discovered, but not published, by Henry Cavendish of England.[11]
Finally, in 1785, the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb published his first three reports of electricity and magnetism where he stated his law. This publication was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism.[12] He used a torsion balance to study the repulsion and attraction forces of charged particles, and determined that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The torsion balance consists of a bar suspended from its middle by a thin fiber. The fiber acts as a very weak torsion spring. In Coulomb's experiment, the torsion balance was an insulating rod with a metal-coated ball attached to one end, suspended by a silk thread. The ball was charged with a known charge of static electricity, and a second charged ball of the same polarity was brought near it. The two charged balls repelled one another, twisting the fiber through a certain angle, which could be read from a scale on the instrument. By knowing how much force it took to twist the fiber through a given angle, Coulomb was able to calculate the force between the balls and derive his inverse-square proportionality law.
The law
Coulomb's law states that:
- The magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.[12]
- The force is along the straight line joining them. If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if they have different sign, the force between them is attractive.
Coulomb's law can also be stated as a simple mathematical expression. The scalar and vector forms of the mathematical equation are
- <math>|\mathbf F|=k_e{|q_1q_2|\over r^2}\qquad</math> and <math>\qquad\mathbf F_1=k_e\frac{q_1q_2}{{|\mathbf r_{21}|}^2} \mathbf{\hat{r}}_{21},\qquad</math> respectively,
where <math>k_e</math> is Coulomb's constant (<math>k_e = 8.987\,551\,787\,368\,176\,4\times 10^9\ \mathrm{N\cdot m^2\cdot C}^{-2}</math>), <math>q_1</math> and <math>q_2</math> are the signed magnitudes of the charges, the scalar <math>r</math> is the distance between the charges, the vector <math>\boldsymbol{r_{21}}=\boldsymbol{r_1-r_2}</math> is the vectorial distance between the charges, and <math>\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}={\boldsymbol{r_{21}}/|\boldsymbol{r_{21}}|}</math> (a unit vector pointing from <math>q_2</math> to <math>q_1</math>). The vector form of the equation calculates the force <math>\mathbf F_1</math> applied on <math>q_1</math> by <math>q_2</math>. If <math>\mathbf r_{12}</math> is used instead, then the effect on <math>q_2</math> can be found. It can be also calculated using Newton's third law: <math>\mathbf F_2=-\mathbf F_1</math>.
Electromagnetic theory is usually expressed using the standard SI units. Force is measured in newtons, charge in coulombs, and distance in metres. Coulomb's constant is given by <math>k_e = 1 / (4\pi\varepsilon_0)</math>. The constant <math>\varepsilon_0</math> is the permittivity of free space in C2 m−2 N−1. And <math>\varepsilon</math> is the relative permittivity of the material in which the charges are immersed, and is dimensionless.
The SI derived units for the electric field are volts per meter, newtons per coulomb, or tesla meters per second.
Coulomb's law and Coulomb's constant can also be interpreted in various terms:
- Atomic units. In atomic units the force is expressed in hartrees per Bohr radius, the charge in terms of the elementary charge, and the distances in terms of the Bohr radius.
- Electrostatic units or Gaussian units. In electrostatic units and Gaussian units, the unit charge (esu or statcoulomb) is defined in such a way that the Coulomb constant k disappears because it has the value of one and becomes dimensionless.
Electric field
An electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space the Coulomb force experienced by a test charge. In the simplest case, the field is considered to be generated solely by a single source point charge. The strength and direction of the Coulomb force <math>\boldsymbol{F}</math> on a test charge <math>q_t</math> depends on the electric field <math>\boldsymbol{E}</math> that it finds itself in, such that <math>\boldsymbol{F} = q_t \boldsymbol{E}</math>. If the field is generated by a positive source point charge <math>q</math>, the direction of the electric field points along lines directed radially outwards from it, i.e. in the direction that a positive point test charge <math>q_t</math> would move if placed in the field. For a negative point source charge, the direction is radially inwards.
The magnitude of the electric field <math>\boldsymbol{E}</math> can be derived from Coulomb's law. By choosing one of the point charges to be the source, and the other to be the test charge, it follows from Coulomb's law that the magnitude of the electric field <math>\boldsymbol{E}</math> created by a single source point charge <math>q</math> at a certain distance from it <math>r</math> in vacuum is given by:
- <math>|\boldsymbol{E}|={1\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{|q|\over r^2}</math>.
Coulomb's constant
Coulomb's constant is a proportionality factor that appears in Coulomb's law as well as in other electric-related formulas. Denoted <math>k_e</math>, it is also called the electric force constant or electrostatic constant, hence the subscript <math>e</math>.
The exact value of Coulomb's constant is:
- <math>\begin{align}
k_e &= \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}=\frac{c_0^2\mu_0}{4\pi}=c_0^2\times 10^{-7}\ \mathrm{H\cdot m}^{-1}\\
&= 8.987\,551\,787\,368\,176\,4\times 10^9\ \mathrm{N\cdot m^2\cdot C}^{-2}
Conditions for validity
There are three conditions to be fulfilled for the validity of Coulomb's law:
- The charges considered must be point charges.
- They should be stationary with respect to each other.
- The two point charges should be placed in a single medium.
Scalar form
When it is only of interest to know the magnitude of the electrostatic force (and not its direction), it may be easiest to consider a scalar version of the law. The scalar form of Coulomb's Law relates the magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force <math>\boldsymbol{F}</math> acting simultaneously on two point charges <math>q_1</math> and <math>q_2</math> as follows:
- <math>|\boldsymbol{F}|=k_e{|q_1q_2|\over r^2}</math>
where <math>r</math> is the separation distance and <math>k_e</math> is Coulomb's constant. If the product <math>q_1 q_2</math> is positive, the force between the two charges is repulsive; if the product is negative, the force between them is attractive.[13]
Vector form
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force <math>\boldsymbol{F_1}</math> experienced by a charge, <math>q_1</math> at position <math>\boldsymbol{r_1}</math>, in the vicinity of another charge, <math>q_2</math> at position <math>\boldsymbol{r_2}</math>, in a vacuum is equal to:
- <math>\boldsymbol{F_1}={q_1q_2\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{(\boldsymbol{r_1-r_2})\over|\boldsymbol{r_1-r_2}|^3}={q_1q_2\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}{\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}\over |\boldsymbol{r_{21}}|^2},</math>
where <math>\boldsymbol{r_{21}}=\boldsymbol{r_1-r_2}</math>, the unit vector <math>\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}={\boldsymbol{r_{21}}/|\boldsymbol{r_{21}}|}</math>, and <math>\varepsilon_0</math> is the electric constant.
The vector form of Coulomb's law is simply the scalar definition of the law with the direction given by the unit vector, <math>\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}</math>, parallel with the line from charge <math>q_2</math> to charge <math>q_1</math>.[14] If both charges have the same sign (like charges) then the product <math>q_1q_2</math> is positive and the direction of the force on <math>q_1</math> is given by <math>\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}</math>; the charges repel each other. If the charges have opposite signs then the product <math>q_1q_2</math> is negative and the direction of the force on <math>q_1</math> is given by <math>-\boldsymbol{\hat{r}_{21}}</math>; the charges attract each other.
The electrostatic force <math>\boldsymbol{F_2}</math> experienced by <math>q_2</math>, according to Newton's third law, is <math>\boldsymbol{F_2}=-\boldsymbol{F_1}</math>.
System of discrete charges
The law of superposition allows Coulomb's law to be extended to include any number of point charges. The force acting on a point charge due to a system of point charges is simply the vector addition of the individual forces acting alone on that point charge due to each one of the charges. The resulting force vector is parallel to the electric field vector at that point, with that point charge removed.
The force <math>\boldsymbol{F}</math> on a small charge, <math>q</math> at position <math>\boldsymbol{r}</math>, due to a system of <math>N</math> discrete charges in vacuum is:
- <math>\boldsymbol{F(r)}={q\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}\sum_{i=1}^Nq_i{\boldsymbol{r-r_i}\over|\boldsymbol{r-r_i}|^3}={q\over4\pi\varepsilon_0}\sum_{i=1}^Nq_i{\boldsymbol{\widehat{R_i}}\over|\boldsymbol{R_i}|^2},</math>
where <math>q_i</math> and <math>\boldsymbol{r_i}</math> are the magnitude and position respectively of the <math>i^{th}</math> charge, <math>\boldsymbol{\widehat{R_i}}</math> is a unit vector in the direction of <math>\boldsymbol{R}_{i} = \boldsymbol{r} - \boldsymbol{r}_i</math> (a vector pointing from charges <math>q_i</math> to <math>q</math>).[14]
Continuous charge distribution
In this case, the principle of linear superposition is also used. For a continuous charge distribution, an integral over the region containing the charge is equivalent to an infinite summation, treating each infinitesimal element of space as a point charge <math>dq</math>. The distribution of charge is usually linear, surface or volumetric.
For a linear charge distribution (a good approximation for charge in a wire) where <math>\lambda(\boldsymbol{r'})</math> gives the charge per unit length at position <math>\boldsymbol{r'}</math>, and <math>dl'</math> is an infinitesimal element of length,
- <math>dq = \lambda(\boldsymbol{r'})dl'</math>.[15]
For a surface charge distribution (a good approximation for charge on a plate in a parallel plate capacitor) where <math>\sigma(\boldsymbol{r'})</math> gives the charge per unit area at position <math>\boldsymbol{r'}</math>, and <math>dA'</math> is an infinitesimal element of area,
- <math>dq = \sigma(\boldsymbol{r'})\,dA'.</math>
For a volume charge distribution (such as charge within a bulk metal) where <math>\rho(\boldsymbol{r'})</math> gives the charge per unit volume at position <math>\boldsymbol{r'}</math>, and <math>dV'</math> is an infinitesimal element of volume,
- <math>dq = \rho(\boldsymbol{r'})\,dV'.</math>[14]
The force on a small test charge <math>q'</math> at position <math>\boldsymbol{r}</math> in vacuum is given by the integral over the distribution of charge:
- <math>\boldsymbol{F} = {q'\over 4\pi\varepsilon_0}\int dq {\boldsymbol{r} - \boldsymbol{r'} \over |\boldsymbol{r} - \boldsymbol{r'}|^3}.</math>
Simple experiment to verify Coulomb's law
It is possible to verify Coulomb's law with a simple experiment. Let's consider two small spheres of mass <math>m</math> and same-sign charge <math>q</math>, hanging from two ropes of negligible mass of length <math>l</math>. The forces acting on each sphere are three: the weight <math>m g</math>, the rope tension <math>T</math> and the electric force <math>\boldsymbol{F}</math>.
In the equilibrium state:
Being <math>L_1 \,\!</math> the distance between the charged spheres; the repulsion force between them <math>F_1 \,\!</math>, assuming Coulomb's law is correct, is equal to
Coulomb's law
If we now discharge one of the spheres, and we put it in contact with the charged sphere, each one of them acquires a charge q/2. In the equilibrium state, the distance between the charges will be <math>L_2<L_1 \,\!</math> and the repulsion force between them will be:
Measuring the angles <math>\theta_1 \,\!</math> and <math>\theta_2 \,\!</math> and the distance between the charges <math>L_1 \,\!</math> and <math>L_2 \,\!</math> is sufficient to verify that the equality is true taking into account the experimental error. In practice, angles can be difficult to measure, so if the length of the ropes is sufficiently great, the angles will be small enough to make the following approximation:
Using this approximation, the relationship (6) becomes the much simpler expression:
In this way, the verification is limited to measuring the distance between the charges and check that the division approximates the theoretical value.
Tentative evidence of infinite speed of propagation
In late 2012, experimenters of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati in Frascati, Rome performed an experiment which indicated that there was no delay in propagation of the force between a beam of electrons and detectors.[16] This was taken as indicating that the field seemed to travel with the beam of electrons as if it were a rigid structure preceding the beam. Though awaiting corroboration, the results indicate that aberration is not present in the Coulomb force. The experiment, which was repeated in 2014, confirmed the results from 2012.
Electrostatic approximation
In either formulation, Coulomb's law is fully accurate only when the objects are stationary, and remains approximately correct only for slow movement. These conditions are collectively known as the electrostatic approximation. When movement takes place, magnetic fields that alter the force on the two objects are produced. The magnetic interaction between moving charges may be thought of as a manifestation of the force from the electrostatic field but with Einstein's theory of relativity taken into consideration.
Atomic forces
Coulomb's law holds even within atoms, correctly describing the force between the positively charged atomic nucleus and each of the negatively charged electrons. This simple law also correctly accounts for the forces that bind atoms together to form molecules and for the forces that bind atoms and molecules together to form solids and liquids. Generally, as the distance between ions increases, the energy of attraction approaches zero and ionic bonding is less favorable. As the magnitude of opposing charges increases, energy increases and ionic bonding is more favorable.
See also
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- Biot–Savart law
- Method of image charges
- Electromagnetic force
- Molecular modelling
- Static forces and virtual-particle exchange
- Darwin Lagrangian
- Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, which uses a similar structure, but for mass instead of charge.
- ^ a b Stewart, Joseph (2001). Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory. World Scientific. p. 50. ISBN 981-02-4471-1
- ^ Simpson, Brian (2003). Electrical Stimulation and the Relief of Pain. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-444-51258-6
- ^ Baigrie, Brian (2006). Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-313-33358-0
- ^ Chalmers, Gordon (1937). "The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England". Philosophy of Science 4 (1): 75–95. doi:10.1086/286445
- ^ Socin, Abel (1760). Acta Helvetica Physico-Mathematico-Anatomico-Botanico-Medica (in Latin) 4. Basileae. pp. 224, 225.
- ^ Heilbron, J.L. (1979). Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 460–462 and 464 (including footnote 44). ISBN 0486406881.
- ^ Schofield, Robert E. (1997). The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of his Life and Work from 1733 to 1773. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 144–56. ISBN 0-271-01662-0.
- ^
Priestley, Joseph (1767). The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments. London, England. p. 732.
May we not infer from this experiment, that the attraction of electricity is subject to the same laws with that of gravitation, and is therefore according to the squares of the distances; since it is easily demonstrated, that were the earth in the form of a shell, a body in the inside of it would not be attracted to one side more than another?
- ^ Elliott, Robert S. (1999). Electromagnetics: History, Theory, and Applications. ISBN 978-0-7803-5384-8.
- ^
Robison, John (1822). Murray, John, ed. A System of Mechanical Philosophy 4. London, England.
On page 68, the author states that in 1769 he announced his findings regarding the force between spheres of like charge. On page 73, the author states the force between spheres of like charge varies as x−2.06:
The result of the whole was, that the mutual repulsion of two spheres, electrified positively or negatively, was very nearly in the inverse proportion of the squares of the distances of their centres, or rather in a proportion somewhat greater, approaching to x−2.06.When making experiments with charged spheres of opposite charge the results were similar, as stated on page 73:
When the experiments were repeated with balls having opposite electricities, and which therefore attracted each other, the results were not altogether so regular and a few irregularities amounted to 1/6 of the whole; but these anomalies were as often on one side of the medium as on the other. This series of experiments gave a result which deviated as little as the former (or rather less) from the inverse duplicate ratio of the distances; but the deviation was in defect as the other was in excess.Nonetheless, on page 74 the author infers that the actual action is related exactly to the inverse duplicate of the distance:
We therefore think that it may be concluded, that the action between two spheres is exactly in the inverse duplicate ratio of the distance of their centres, and that this difference between the observed attractions and repulsions is owing to some unperceived cause in the form of the experiment.On page 75, the authour compares the electric and gravitational forces:
Therefore we may conclude, that the law of electric attraction and repulsion is similar to that of gravitation, and that each of those forces diminishes in the same proportion that the square of the distance between the particles increases.
- ^ Maxwell, James Clerk, ed. (1967) [1879]. "Experiments on Electricity: Experimental determination of the law of electric force.". The Electrical Researches of the Honourable Henry Cavendish... (1st ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–113.
On pages 111 and 112 the author states:
We may therefore conclude that the electric attraction and repulsion must be inversely as some power of the distance between that of the 2 + 1/50 th and that of the 2 - 1/50 th, and there is no reason to think that it differs at all from the inverse duplicate ratio.
- ^ a b In -- Coulomb (1785a) "Premier mémoire sur l'électricité et le magnétisme," Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, pages 569-577 -- Coulomb studied the repulsive force between bodies having electrical charges of the same sign:
Page 574 : Il résulte donc de ces trois essais, que l'action répulsive que les deux balles électrifées de la même nature d'électricité exercent l'une sur l'autre, suit la raison inverse du carré des distances.
Translation : It follows therefore from these three tests, that the repulsive force that the two balls --[that were] electrified with the same kind of electricity -- exert on each other, follows the inverse proportion of the square of the distance.In -- Coulomb (1785b) "Second mémoire sur l'électricité et le magnétisme," Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, pages 578-611. -- Coulomb showed that oppositely charged bodies obey an inverse-square law of attraction.
- ^ Coulomb's law, Hyperphysics
- ^ a b c Coulomb's law, University of Texas
- ^ Charged rods, PhysicsLab.org
- ^ Calcaterra, A.; de Sangro, R.; Finocchiaro, G.; Patteri, P.; Piccolo, M.; Pizzella, G. (2012). "Measuring Propagation Speed of Coulomb Fields". arXiv:1211.2913 [gr-qc].
- Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1788) [1785]. "Premier mémoire sur l'électricité et le magnétisme". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Imprimerie Royale. pp. 569–577.
- Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1788) [1785]. "Second mémoire sur l'électricité et le magnétisme". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences. Imprimerie Royale. pp. 578–611.
- Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.
- Tipler, Paul A.; Mosca, Gene (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-8964-7. LCCN 2007010418.
- Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A. (2010). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics : With Modern Physics (13th ed.). Addison-Wesley (Pearson). ISBN 978-0-321-69686-1.
External links
- Coulomb's Law on Project PHYSNET
- Electricity and the Atom—a chapter from an online textbook
- A maze game for teaching Coulomb's Law—a game created by the Molecular Workbench software
- Electric Charges, Polarization, Electric Force, Coulomb's Law Walter Lewin, 8.02 Electricity and Magnetism, Spring 2002: Lecture 1 (video). MIT OpenCourseWare. License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike.


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The announcement was made today by Craig Plestis, Senior Vice President, Alternative Programming, Development and Specials, NBC Entertainment.
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"America's Got Talent" is produced by FremantleMedia North America and Cowell's SYCO TV. Cowell, Ken Warwick ("American Idol"), Cecile Frot-Coutaz ("American Idol"), Jason Raff ("Three Wishes") and James Sunderland ("Dancing on Ice") are the executive producers.
FremantleMedia North America (FMNA) is a division of global media giant FremantleMedia, one of the largest international creators and producers of program brands in the world. Based in Burbank, California, FMNA currently produces some of the most innovative and highest-rated entertainment on television, including the Emmy-nominated musical/reality phenomenon "American Idol" for Fox, "America's Got Talent" and "Thank God You're Here" for NBC, "American Inventor" for ABC, "The Janet Dickinson Modeling Agency" for Oxygen, "Property Ladder" for TLC, "Monarch Cove" for Lifetime, the daily syndicated "Family Feud", and the longest-running game show in television history, "The Price Is Right" for CBS.
FremantleMedia is the production arm of the RTL Group, Europe's largest television and radio broadcast company. With interests in 34 television channels and 30 radio stations in 11 countries, RTL Group is a division of leading integrated media and entertainment company, Bertelsmann AG.


text:
Rules for Players of Aragon Online
1. No direct advertising of other games or websites. A text-based url to another website may be used in your profile, or in your signature on the forum. However, the use of advertising banners is strictly prohibited anywhere.
2. No multiple accounts: Players are only allowed one account per person. If more than one person is sharing the same computer, send a message to an Admin or GM and we will note your account. Otherwise your accounts will be banned and deleted. Getting an account re-instated for this offense is near impossible so please do it right the first time.
3. We do not censor personal messages; however, spam is not tolerated. Also, any references to real life situations or events, asking for personal information or asking for contact information of any kind is strictly prohibited.
4. Exploitation of any bugs or holes in game dynamics will not be tolerated. We will use our discretion as to what we feel is cheating and we will take immediate action against the accounts we feel are violating the rules.
5. The use of macro programs, scripts, browser plug-ins or any type of software that allows for automation is strictly prohibited. We have systems in place that monitor all accounts for automation and we do not give second chances for macro abuse.
6. The use of nudity and racism anywhere on this site is prohibited.
7. Selling accounts or in-game forms of virtual property is prohibited.
8. Under no circumstances does purchasing a subscription, quest or other item make a player above the rules. We appreciate all of the donations and purchases; however, we wish to create a fair environment for all players and will take action where it is needed.
If you have any questions about these rules please direct them to our Game Masters and they will happily assist you in any way they can.
These rules are subject to change and staff interpretation at any time.
Last Edit 02-14-2010 07:23 PM


text:
U.S. Stares Down Start Of Steep 'Automatic' Budget Cuts
The U.S. government hurtled on Friday toward making deep spending cuts that threaten to hinder the nation's economic recovery, after Republicans and Democrats failed to agree on an alternative deficit-reduction plan.
Locked in during a bout of deficit-reduction fever in 2011, the time-released "automatic" cuts can only be halted by agreement between Republican lawmakers and the White House.
That has proved elusive so far.
Both sides still hope the other will either be blamed by voters for the cuts or cave in before the worst effects - like air traffic chaos or furloughs for tens of thousands of federal employees - start to bite in the coming weeks.
Barring any breakthroughs in the next few hours, the cuts will begin to come into force at some time before midnight on Friday night. The full brunt of the belt tightening, known in Washington as "sequestration," will take effect over seven months so it is not clear if there will be an immediate disruption to public services.
President Barack Obama meets top leaders of Congress at the White House at 10 a.m. EST (1500 GMT) to explore ways to avoid the unprecedented, across-the-board cuts totaling $85 billion.
But expectations were low for a deal when the Democratic president huddles with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell, House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner, the top U.S. Republican, and House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi.
Democrats insist tax increases be part of a solution to ending the automatic cuts, an idea Republicans reject.
"We should work together to reduce our deficit in a balanced way - by making smart spending cuts and closing special interest tax loopholes," Obama said on Thursday.
Congress can stop the cuts at any time after they start on Friday if the parties agree to that. In the absence of any deal at all, the Pentagon will be forced to slice 13 percent of its budget between now and September 30. Most non-defense programs, from NASA space exploration to federally backed education and law enforcement, face a 9 percent reduction.
The International Monetary Fund warns that the cutbacks could knock at least 0.5 percentage point off U.S. economic growth this year and slow the global economy.
Despite dire predictions that the budget cuts will jeopardize 750,000 jobs, rank-and-file Republicans and Democrats sounded as if they were itching for this fight to play out.
Republican Representative Lee Terry of Nebraska accused Obama of exaggerating the severity of possible disruptions in government services.
The public, Terry said, is "being told ... that Armageddon occurs on Saturday: You're never going to fly, you can't buy any meat at a grocery store, every illegal alien is going to be released, that our borders are going to be overrun by terrorists and al Qaeda will establish themselves in every city of the United States if this goes through."
Terry said Republicans "want the cuts" to trigger, but with more flexibility on how they are carried out.
Even some Republicans keen to rein in government spending are wary of sequestration because of its potential to cause pain. The cuts are designed to hurt by hitting a wide range of government programs whether cost reduction is warranted or not.
Liberal Democratic Representative Ed Markey of Massachusetts predicted a political victory for Obama in the days after the spending cuts are triggered.
He likened this fight to a Republican-led U.S. government shutdown in late 1995 and early 1996.
At the time, Markey said, "President Clinton began explaining the government and how it serves each part of the needs of American families and Republicans lost that debate and they're going to lose the debate again this time."
Markey said Obama too will have an opportunity to lay out the benefits of public services to Americans skeptical of big government. "The government is Medicare, it's Head Start (for pre-school kids), it's protecting the safety of food, it's ensuring that children are educated," he said.
If the cuts were to stay in place through September, the administration predicts significant air travel delays due to layoffs of airport security workers and air traffic controllers.
Some Pentagon weapons production could grind to a halt and the budget cuts would ripple through the sprawling defense contracting industry.
Meat inspections could get hung up, medical research projects on cancer and Alzheimer's disease canceled or curtailed and thousands of teachers laid off.
Instead of these indiscriminate cuts, Obama and Democrats in Congress urge a mix of targeted spending cuts and tax increases on the rich to help tame the growth of a $16.6 trillion national debt.
Republicans instead want to cut the cost of huge social safety nets, including Social Security and Medicare, that are becoming more expensive in a country with an aging population.
Meantime, Obama is edging closer to having to enforce the meat-axe approach.
By midnight, he is required to issue an order to federal agencies to reduce their budgets and the White House budget office must send a report to Congress detailing the spending cuts. In coming days, federal agencies are likely to issue 30-day notices to workers who will be laid off.
Despite warnings that it had little flexibility on executing the cuts, White House budget office controller Danny Werfel outlined some steps that could come before major program cuts are instituted.
Federal travel, conferences and training classes could first be canceled, he said, as could worker bonuses and new hiring. Agencies have also been instructed to identify contracts and grants that could be canceled or delayed.
Even so, the process has already generated uncertainty among businesses that work with the federal government, as well as throughout the agencies that run Washington.
Referring to the partisan battles that have dominated budget fights for two years, Republican Representative Scott Rigell told Reuters: "This reminds me of a couple of crocodiles in a death grip underwater and they're running out of oxygen and we're all going down" with them.
Rigell's eastern Virginia congressional district has the highest concentration of active-duty military personnel in the country and houses major Pentagon shipbuilding facilities that could come under the budget axe.


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Click on any state below to locate the USCIS local office serving your area
Lost or Stolen Green Card
Form I-90
US Citizenship Application
Form N-400
B-2 Tourist Visa Application
B-2 Visa
Immigrant Petition Family Green Card
Form I-130
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To visit this local office or to speak with an Immigration Officer, you must schedule an appointment using the USCIS INFOPASS appointment system.
Sirena Plaza,108 Hernan Cortez Avenue, Suite 100
Hagatna, Guam 96910.
USCIS, Sirena Plaza, Suite 100
108 Hernan Cortez Avenue
Hagatna, Guam 96910.
Not available.
Take Route 1 (Marine Corps Drive) South to Aspinall Drive.
Turn left onto Aspinall Drive.
The office is located immediately on your right at the next intersection of Hernan Cortez Avenue in the Sirena Plaza.
Take Route 1 (Marine Corps Drive) North to Aspinall Drive.
Turn right onto Aspinall Drive.
The office is located immediately on your right at the next intersection of Hernan Cortez Avenue in the Sirena Plaza.
Limited public parking is available in the area of the office.
This office serves the island of Guam, and it has limited jurisdiction over the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands.
Citizenship Application Form N-400
Replace Certificate of Citizenship Form N-565
Certificate of Citizenship Form N-600
Green Card Replacement Form I-90
Remove Condition on Green Card Form I-751
Adjustment of Status Form I-485
International Adoption Immigration
How to File for Deferred Action
Visitor Exchange Visa (J1 Visa)
Skilled/Unskilled Work Visa (H2B Visa)
Intracompany Transferee (L1 Visa)
Extraordinary Ability Work Visa (O1 Visa)
Religious Worker Visa (R1 Visa)
US Visa Entry for Spouse and Children
US Citizenship Application Form N-400
Employment Authorization Document Form I-765
Travel Document Application Form I-131
Conditional Green Card Form I-751
Certificate of Citizenship Replacment Form N-565
Certificate of Citizenship Application Form N-600
Duplication Approval Notice Form I-824
Affidavit of Support Form I-134
How to Pass US Citizenship Test & Interview


text:
|Ziska, Lewis
|KNOWLTON, K - Columbia University - New York
|ROGERS, C - University Of Massachusetts
|DALAN, D - Allergy And Asthma Care Center
|TIERNEY, N - Allergy And Asthma Specialists
|ELDER, M - Allergy And Asthma Specialists
|FILLEY, W - Oklahoma Allergy And Asthma Clinic
|SHROPSHIRE, J - Oklahoma Allergy And Asthma Clinic
|FORD, L - The Asthma And Allergy Center
|HEDBERG, C - Hedberg Allergy & Asthma Center
|FLEETWOOD, P - Hedberg Allergy & Asthma Center
|HOVANKY, K - Allergy, Asthma, And Immunology Clinic Of Georgetown
|KAVANAUGH, T - Allergy Associates Of La Crosse
|FULFORD, G - Allergy Associates Of La Crosse
|VRTIS, R - University Of Wisconsin
|PATZ, J - University Of Wisconsin
|PORTNOY, J - University Of Missouri System
|COATES, F - Aerobiology Research Laboratories
|BIELORY, L - Rutgers University
|FRENZ, D - Health East Care System
Submitted to: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/30/2011
Publication Date: 3/15/2011
Citation: Ziska, L.H., Knowlton, K., Rogers, C.A., Dalan, D., Tierney, N., Elder, M.A., Filley, W., Shropshire, J., Ford, L., Hedberg, C.L., Fleetwood, P., Hovanky, K.T., Kavanaugh, T., Fulford, G., Vrtis, R., Patz, J., Portnoy, J.M., Coates, F.A., Bielory, L., Frenz, D.A. 2011. Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108: 4248-4251.
Interpretive Summary: Climate projections, particularly longer growing seasons, have significant implications for the growth and reproduction of known agronomic weeds. One such weed is common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. In addition to its presence in crop fields, ragweed is also a known source of allergens related to allergic rhinitis and asthma. In this study, working with the National Allergy Bureau (US) and Aerobiology Research Laboratories (Canada), we investigated the hypothesis that anthropogenic warming increases with latitude, and therefore will increase the duration of pollen shedding. Using a network of pollen counting stations for Midwestern North America, we demonstrated that the duration in common ragweed has been increasing in recent decades as a function of latitude. These latitudinal effects were associated with a delay in the first frost in fall, and a lengthening of the frost free period between spring and fall. Overall, these data are consistent with recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections regarding enhanced surface warming with latitude, and confirm that such changes are likely to be associated with greater exposure times to seasonal allergens, with subsequent effects on public health. This information will be of interest to both weed scientists, public health workers, and the general public.
Technical Abstract: A fundamental aspect regarding the impact of climate change are shifts in flowering phenology associated with milder winters, warmer seasonal air temperature and potential shifts in pollen release. Earlier floral initiation has been suggested to have a role in health impacts by contributing to greater human exposure time to allergenic pollen with a heightened risk of allergic rhinitis and related asthma. However, earlier floral initiation does not necessarily alter the temporal duration of the pollen season, and to date, no consistent continental trend in season length of pollen production has been reported with recent anthropogenic warming. Here we show, for the Midwestern region of North America, that the duration of pollen release (shedding) for Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), a known agronomic weed, has been increasing in recent decades as a function of latitude. Latitudinal effects on increasing season length were associated primarily with a delay in first frost of the fall season and lengthening of the frost free period. Overall these data indicate a significant increase in the length of the ragweed pollen season by as much as 13-27 days at latitudes above ~44oN since 1995. This is consistent with recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections regarding enhanced warming as a function of latitude, and confirms that such changes are likely to be associated with greater exposure times to seasonal allergens and subsequent effects on public health.


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Phillips 66 seeing success in Borger
Phillips 66 is seeing success in the Borger area.Chris Coon, who is Refinery Manager for Phillips 66, was the featured speaker at the Borger Rotary Club Tuesday afternoon. On May 1, what was ConocoPhillips became two companies, with the upstream portion maintaining the Conoco name and the downstream portion, which is refining, marketing, and transportation, became Phillips 66. "That was really driven by a recognition of the fact that as a single entity ConocoPhillips, or even Phillips before that, never enjoyed the multiples on earnings that some others did," Coon said. "They just didn't get the stock value out of the company that they thought they would."The company was ginning along at about $70 a share, and after some discussion, the decision was made to split the two entities out, with the belief that better value would result. Everyone would be clear on the business objectives of each company. As of Tuesday morning, Coon said Phillips 66 was trading at about $33 and ConocoPhillips was trading at about $54."It worked to some degree. We really want it to go to about $100, $120, $130," he said. "The strategy is working at least from a stock price point of view."He said ConocoPhillips was considered the smallest of the "majors" group, so by dividing the company, Coon said the company has now become the largest fish in each of its respective ponds. He said from that viewpoint, it was a good strategical move.Phillips 66 considers itself as a vantage downstream energy company, he said. The company is headquartered in Houston, and is still in the process of completely separating from ConocoPhillips in that area. As of May 1, the company had $40 billion in assets, around 14,000 employees and was the second largest refinery in the United States.Coon said the company's focus is not just on refinery, marketing, and transportation, but also participates in several joint ventures, which includes DCP for Midstream and CPChem for chemicals. He said this allows the company to distinguish itself from its competitors who do not have such strengths.The company still has a worldwide presence in about 14 countries, primarily through joint ventures, but also through overseas refineries, transportation, and marketing assets. "We're still in a good position to capture world markets," Coon said.Phillips 66's refining and marketing segment includes global refining and marketing, transportation, specialty businesses, and commercial and licensing interests. Coon said Phillips 66 is involved in a heavy industry that produces safe mobile energy. He said everything in life is energy-based, and is dependent on a safe source of mobile energy.Being the second largest refinery in the United States, Phillips 66 produces about 2.2 million barrels of crude per day that is processed into various products. It is the sixth largest non-government controlled refinery in the world.The refining business is divided among four regions, which are the Western U.S./Pacific, Mid-Continent, Gulf Coast, and Eastern U.S. and Europe.Coon said the asset is really a 50/50 limited partnership with a company known as Cenovus out of Canada, and Phillips is the operator. When the company split, the downstream portion went with Phillips 66 and the upstream portion went with ConocoPhillips. He said he expects this partnership to last for a long time to come.Of the 2.2 million barrels produced, the Borger refinery produces around 146,000 barrels of crude a day. It also brings in around 25,000 barrels of natural gas liquids per day, mostly provided by DCP, with which Phillips 66 has a joint venture. He also said the company is interdependent on CPChem."There are a lot of interdependencies in Borger," Coon said. "It's a very 'complex' complex. CPChem is dependent on us and we on them, likewise with DCP."There is a pipeline that operates the crude and products terminal on the company's behalf, and a third party cogen in the middle of the plant that provides the refinery with steam and sells electricity out on the grid.Coon said the Borger refinery has about 720 full-time employees and 200 routine contractors. However, at the beginning of August, a turnaround is beginning at the plant that will go through the first of October. The peak loading is going to be around 3,000 people, which amounts to about 1,500 per shift. He said this should benefit those involved in restaurants, hotels, and leasing.Of the 146,000 barrels produced, he said 50,000 of those are gasoline. Other products include aviation gasoline, jet fuel, specialty solvents (which includes elements found in insulation and toothpaste), propylene, LPGs, fuel coke, and sulphur for ag chemicals.The refinery has a $65 million payroll annually, and is on the rolls for almost $6 million in payroll taxes and about $12 million in property taxes.The company markets its products in about 49 states, and markets in Europe as well. Lubricants is another important part of its business. Specialty businesses include petroleum coke for anodes for steel mills. Phillips 66 conducts its Midstream business primarily through a 50 percent equity investment in DCP Midstream, LLC, a joint venture with Spectra Energy. DCP Midstream is considered a leader in its sector as one of the largest natural gas gatherers and processors, and NGL producers and marketers in the United States.The company conducts its Chemicals business through a 50 percent equity investment in Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC (CPChem), a joint venture with Chevron U.S.A. Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Chevron Corporation. CPChem is one of the world's top producers of olefins and polyolefins, and a leading supplier of aromatics and styrenics.


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|Version 2 (modified by 9 years ago) (diff),
YAM 2.7 (released 24th December 2011)
After 15 months of development YAM 2.7 has been released in December 2011. It is a new major release with many new features and important bug fixes.
Here is a brief list of the most important changes since the 2.6 release in February 2010:
- updated translations for czech, french, german, greek, italian, swedish and spanish language.
- updated amigaguide documentation for spanish.
- general performance improvements and general bug fixing.
- when text in a read window is selected and the user presses "reply", the reply will only contain the selected text rather than all.
- the column width of the preselection window can now be saved with MUI's own snapshot functionality.
- closing YAM while a write window is open is possible now. However, a confirmation requester is now presented to the user.
- YAM will now recognize incompatible mail file formats when importing.
- added a direct menu item to the amiga guide documentation of YAM.
- completely removed the anonymous mailing feature as there aren't any anon remailer services anymore that are not abused for junk mail.
- changed YAM to have the SPAM folder available by default. Everyone should use a SPAM filter nowadays.
- the online check feature in YAM can now accept multiple interfaces by using a comma separated list of interface names.
- implemented an additional ARexx command to let YAM restart itself.
- the crop attachment requester can now be suppressed by a hidden config option.
- statistics on new/unread mails will now also be shown for folder groups.
- When using the "Check for Update" menu item YAM will now directly respond instead of always keeping itself silent.
- a potential "mailto:" in front of an email address will now be automatically stripped.
- the way mails are forwarded (either inlined or as attachment) can now be chosen from the various menus in YAM.
- implemented option to suppress the final mail filter requester.
- implemented possibility to automatically run a script before and after YAM starts or is finished with mail filtering operations.
- multiple files can now be selected when try to import mails.
- the preselection window functionality can now be set for each account separately.
- changed the remote filter to be applicable on a per-POP3 account basis.
- when moving a mail graphically from one folder to another and that folder is within a closed node, the listtree will now automatically open that node.
- completly reworked the functionaliyt which converts html mails to plain text. Now soft styles (bold/italic, etc.) are shown and the conversion should show much prettier results.
- in case a folder is renamed mail filters will be automatically adapt to that change.
- changed all folder list displays to show a hierarchical listtree rather than a plain list. This should make the whole folder display more intuitive.
- reworked/fixed the recipientstring in the write window to be somewhat more intuitive in showing actual found hits.
- to save memory indexes of custom folders will now be automatically expunged in case they haven't been access for certain minutes.
- changed birthday reminder to be non-blocking and to be able to snapshot the position and size of it. Furthermore, YAM will now rememeber if the reminder was already shown and don't popup the same requester again at the same day if it is restarted.
- significantly improved performance of string searches (to search for mails) by implementation of Boyer/Moore Search algorithms.
- finally YAMs' internals are fully multithreaded. That means many things within YAM are now changed to work without blocking the GUI interface. This includes the TCP/IP routines which are now running in separate threads/processes rather than blocking the main GUI during a mail transfer. Furthermore, this was a mandatory thing for being able to implement IMAP support in the somewhat near future.
- lots of other improvement we don't remember right now (keep in mind: more than 2 years of development was put into YAM 2.7!)


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According to new research, learning becomes more difficult as we get older because our brains get too full for new information. This may be due, in part, to finding that with advanced age we get less sleep during the stage in which we don't dream. Both studies are reported in the prestigious Nature family of journals.
Older Brains Get Too Full for New Information
February 26, 2013 | by


text:
Egyptian police are likely not fans of the YouTube "Harlem Shake" craze after hundreds of people – and one camel – encountered resistance from police as they were trying to film their own version of the dance at the pyramids: the "Haram Shake."
The group's Facebook page says they were stopped short, but they actually did manage to upload a 30-second video.
The video starts off with one masked man doing pelvis thrusts with the pyramids (haram in Arabic) in the background and another man wearing a galabiya nonchalantly walking past with a camel.
With the weather warming up, one man felt he only needed to wear a bowtie and white shorts as he leads the camel into a backdrop of people in costumes doing the Harlem Shake with the pyramids in view.
A group of Australian teens started the dance craze after uploading a 31-second clip on the Internet that features an excerpt from the song "Harlem Shake" by electronic musician Baauer.
The pelvic-thrusting clip has been viewed more than 12 million times since being uploaded to YouTube on 2 February.
© 2010 Ahram Online.


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Uco Bank Sultanganj Branch IFSC Code - Bhagalpur. Contact Phone Number, Address
Uco Bank Sultanganj branch IFSC Code is UCBA0001243. Branch code is the last six characters of the IFSC Code - 001243. Bank branch's details are listed below.
IFSC Code of Sultanganj Branch - Uco Bank
Uco Bank
IFSC Code:
MICR Code:
Branch Code:
001243 (Last 6 Characters of the IFSC Code)
At&po Sultanganj Dist Bhagalpur
Phone number:
Find IFSC Code using the Lists below...
First select your bank, select the state, now select your district and finally select the branch of your bank to find IFSC Code.Use the brown circle icons to change your bank or location.
Sultanganj Branch - Uco Bank IFSC, address, branch phone number, manager contact number, email address
Uco Bank - Sultanganj is located at Bihar state, Bhagalpur district, Sultanganj city and the bank branch's address is [At&po Sultanganj Dist Bhagalpur]. Contact phone number / numbers - 0641-2492104.
The IFSC Code is UCBA0001243. Branch code is the last six characters of the IFSC Code - 001243. Individual bank branch's details are listed above.
Disclaimer : All of the information is provided with care. But, please read our disclaimer before using any bank code, information from this website.
Nearest Uco Bank branches in Bhagalpur
- Adampur
- Akbarnagar
- Bahadurpur
- Baijani
- Baluachak Purani
- Barahat Ishipur
- Bhagalpur Main
- Birbanna Bhramarpur
- Bounsi
- Budhuchak
- Chamelichak
- Chaparhat
- Dhanaura
- Dholbazza Bazar
- Dumrawan
- Ekchari
- Fatehpur
- Gangania
- Gogha
- Gopalpur
- Goradih
- Gorhatta Chowk
- Jagdishpur
- Kahalgaon
- Kajraili
- Kakwara
- Karharia
- Kaushalpur
- Khaira
- Kishundaspur
- Lodipur
- Masdi
- Nandlalpur
- Narayanpur
- Nathnagar
- Naugachia
- Ntpc Campus
- Pachrukhi
- Pirpainti Bazar
- Pyalapur
- Rangra
- Ratanpur
- Sabour Bhagalpur
- Sahuparbatta
- Sajour
- Salempur
- Sanhoula
- Sanokharhat
- Suiya
- Sultanganj
- Tarar
- Tilkamanjhi
- Tulsipur Jamunia
Sultanganj branch information
Indian Financial System Code, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, SWIFT Code, Address and Contact number of Uco Bank - Sultanganj branch. Branch office / ATM location : At&po Sultanganj Dist Bhagalpur


text:
fats and oils
fats and oils, group of organic substances that form an important part of the diet and also are useful in many industries. The fats are usually solid, the oils generally liquid at ordinary room temperatures. Some tropical products, liquids in their sites of origin, become solids in cooler climates; in commerce these often retain the name originally given, e.g., palm oil and coconut oil. Chemically fats and oils are either simple or mixed glyceryl esters of organic acids belonging to the fatty-acid series (see triglycerides; fatty acids). Fats and oils are derived from both plant and animal sources.
Sections in this article:
- Introduction
- Fats as Food
- Commercial Processing of Fats
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Organic Chemistry


text:
Treatments for Testicular Cancer
]]>Main Page]]> | ]]>Risk Factors]]> | ]]>Symptoms]]> | ]]>Diagnosis]]> | Treatment | ]]>Screening]]> | ]]>Reducing Your Risk]]> | ]]>Talking to Your Doctor]]> | ]]>Living With Testicular Cancer]]> | ]]>Resource Guide]]>
If properly treated, testicular cancer is one of the least dangerous cancers—over 90% of all cases can be cured.
As with any cancer, cure is most readily and reliably obtained when every cancer cell has been eliminated. Because testicular cancer is most often found at an early stage (because men report problems with their testicles quite readily to their doctors), cure is the most common result.
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for both seminoma and nonseminoma type tumors. Radiotherapy after surgery is always considered when the cancer is early and is a seminoma. More controversial is how to treat the nonseminoma tumors after surgery.
Some advocate chemotherapy in all patients, while some recommend only giving it to patients with more advanced disease, including those whose disease has spread to the lymph nodes. Radiotherapy is not usually given to patients with nonseminoma tumors unless the cancer has come back after chemotherapy or is very large.
Some forms of treatment may affect your fertility. If you would like to be able to have children after treatment, talk to your doctor about your options. You may want to have your semen frozen for possible future use.
Treatment may involve the following:
]]>Radiation therapy]]>
The Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc. website. Available at: http://www.acor.org . Accessed January 31, 2006.
Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center website. Available at: http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/ . Accessed January 31, 2006.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . 14th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2000.
Last reviewed November 2008 by ]]>Mohei Abouzied, MD]]>
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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Statement by E. Gerald Corrigan Before the U.K. Treasury Select Committee
Chairman McFall and Members of the Treasury Select Committee, I very much appreciate the opportunity to appear before you this afternoon to offer evidence on the critically important subject of "Financial Institutions – Too Important to Fail." I am hard pressed to think of any subject that is more central to the cause of greater financial and economic stability than is our collective efforts to put behind us the all too obvious fact that the financial crisis of 2007-2008 forcefully demonstrated that taxpayer money was widely used to "bail-out" financial institutions that were seen by governments and central banks as too big, too connected and/or too important to fail.
As the Select Committee knows very well, financial excesses were unquestionably one of the causes of the crisis, but shortcomings in public policy were important contributing factors. Similarly, not all "banks" that received direct taxpayer support were large and complex institutions. It is also very important that we all recognize that the largest single source of write-downs and losses in financial institutions – complex or not – occurred in lending, not trading, activities. Regrettably, these lending-driven losses and write-downs were magnified by certain classes of securitization especially very complex and highly leveraged instruments. Finally, it is also undeniable that all classes of financial institutions – big banks, small banks, investment banks (including Goldman Sachs) and so-called near banks – to say nothing of businesses small and large – benefited substantially from the large scale extraordinary measures taken by governments and central banks to cushion the economic and financial fallout of the crisis.
During the darkest days of the crisis in September and October of 2008 we witnessed a near total collapse of public and investor confidence in financial reporting and loss recognition at financial institutions. In the worst of individual cases, the asset quality problems that were raising questions about capital adequacy and solvency resulted in a situation in which the immediate threat on individual institutions shifted from the asset side to the liability side of the balance sheet and took the form of electronic "runs" on banking institutions. In other words, when serious questions arose about an institution's capital adequacy, sources of funding, even funding by secured creditors and counterparties, evaporated quickly. To an extent, this phenomenon applied even to strong institutions, given the limited ability of market participants to differentiate among institutions.
This chain of events is the reason why capital adequacy and liquidity adequacy must be treated as a single discipline. It is also why efforts by seriously troubled institutions (or their regulators) to raise capital, sell businesses or merge are almost immediately confronted with questions as to the quality of their valuations. Indeed, regardless of the extent to which individual institutions use mark-to-market accounting, questions about the reliability of valuations or "marks" will not go away. This is only one of the reasons why I have become a strong advocate of fair value accounting for financial instruments and institutions.
Looking forward, I strongly believe that the number one post-crisis priority is the agenda for reform that is summarized in Section I of this Statement. If we are successful in achieving these reforms in a reasonable period of time, I am very much of the view that the case for wholesale restructuring of the core of the financial system would hardly be compelling. On the other hand, if we fail to achieve these reforms, financial restructuring might result in a financial system that is more – not less – accident prone. For these reasons, I am not persuaded (as discussed in Section II of this Statement), that any approach calling for a major restructuring of the financial system is warranted particularly since I am doubtful that anything approaching an international consensus on any such plan can be reached. In saying this, I do take comfort from the fact that in most major jurisdictions, the authorities already have sufficient power to deal with problem institutions on a case-by-case basis. This, of course, implies that "Prompt Corrective Action" must become a reality and that all systemically important financial institutions must be subject to consolidated prudential supervision and Enhanced Resolution Authority.
The "wild card" in all of this lies in the challenges associated with Enhanced Resolution Authority as described in Section III of this Statement. Even within national boundaries, this is an extraordinarily complex subject. The complexity arises from the fact that technologically-driven contemporary finance itself is very complex and is subject to various sources of inherent contagion risk. Partly for these reasons, "Enhanced Resolution Authority" has great political and public support since it is seen as the "solution" to taxpayer bailouts of large and complex financial institutions. In these circumstances, the promise of "Enhanced Resolution Authority" will only be achieved if it is designed and executed – nationally and internationally – with great precision. In that spirit, I have outlined in Section III of this Statement certain "Guiding Principles" and "Pre-requisites for Success" which I believe are central to delivering on the promise of "Enhanced Resolution Authority."
Section I: The Financial Reform Agenda
In looking to the future, almost everyone who has seriously studied the causes of the crisis agrees that certain basic reforms are a must both at the national and international level. In summary form, those basic reforms include the following:
1. The creation of a so-called "systemic regulator." Among other things, the mission of the systemic regulator would include oversight of all systemically important institutions and, importantly, looking beyond individual institutions in order to better anticipate potential sources of economic and financial contagion risk including emerging asset price bubbles. Anticipating future sources of contagion is difficult but it is not impossible.
2. Higher and more rigorous capital and liquidity standards that recognize the compelling reality that managing and supervising capital adequacy and liquidity adequacy must be viewed as a single discipline.
3. Substantial enhancement in risk monitoring and risk management and more systematic prudential oversight of these activities.
4. The increased reliance by institutions and their supervisors on (1) stress tests; (2) so-called "reverse" stress tests; and (3) rigorous scenario analysis of truly extreme contingencies.
5. Efforts to intensify the never-ending task of strengthening the infrastructure of the global financial system.
6. The creation of a flexible and effective framework for the timely and orderly winddown of failing large and complex financial institutions (the Enhanced Resolution Authority discussed in Section III).
7. Substantially enhanced cross-border cooperation and coordination on a wide range of issues including, but not limited to (1) accounting policy and practice; (2) more uniform prudential standards; (3) the design and implementation of Enhanced Resolution Authority; and (4) better coordinated macro-economic policies, especially as applied to medium-term reductions in fiscal deficits.
In the US, the UK, continental Europe and elsewhere, governments and central banks are hard at work in efforts to implement reforms along the broad lines of this agenda. Having said that, I want to underscore three key points; First; the execution challenges associated with this reform agenda are enormous. Second; the reforms are a "package deal" such that if we fail to achieve any one of these measures the prospects for success in the others will be compromised. Third; if we are successful in implementing the reform agenda over a reasonable period of time the case for wholesale restructuring of the financial system would hardly be compelling. On the other hand, if we fail in these efforts, even the most far reaching efforts to restructure the financial system and its regulatory apparatus will provide little assurance that the probability of future financial shocks – and the damage caused by such shocks – will be materially reduced.
Section II: Alternative Financial Structures in Perspective
At the risk of considerable oversimplification, there are three somewhat overlapping suggestions on the table concerning the structure of the financial system going forward. The first such alternative would limit the activities of "banks" to classic utility functions of gathering deposits, making loans and providing payment services. This view is widely associated with Governor King of the Bank of England. The second approach would limit the scope of activities in "banks" and in companies that own banks but would allow nonbank affiliates of Bank Holding Companies to conduct certain other financial activities including the underwriting of debt and equity securities while sharply curtailing or prohibiting banks and bank holding companies from engaging in "proprietary" trading and operating or sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds. This view is widely associated with the former Fed Chairman Paul A. Volcker.
The third approach is the view that, subject to a comprehensive and rigorous family of reforms as outlined in Section I, most large integrated financial institutions would be allowed to maintain much of their current configuration while being subject to much more demanding consolidated supervision and clearly falling under the umbrella of "Prompt Corrective Action" and "Enhanced Resolution Authority."
To many, the frame of reference surrounding the debate on these alternatives seems to be very much a matter of black and white. If we were starting with a clean slate, that might be the case. Unfortunately, we are not starting with a clean slate – far from it. Therefore, allow me to briefly focus on a few observations that – in my judgment – frame the perspective to be considered in shaping the debate on alternative financial structures.
First; in the US and in most other jurisdictions, the public authorities already have broad discretionary authority to remove officers and directors, cut or eliminate dividends, shrink balance sheets and require other steps to strengthen troubled financial institutions. In the US, pending legislation is likely to strengthen this authority and extend it to systemically important financial institutions even if they do not own or control a bank.
Second; given all that we have been through over the past two years, many observers are raising the perfectly natural question of whether society really needs large and complex financial institutions.
I strongly believe that well managed and supervised large integrated financial institutions play a constructive and necessary role in the financial intermediation process which is central to the public policy goals of economic growth, rising standards of living and job creation.
While the business models of the relatively small number of large and complex financial institutions in the US and abroad differ somewhat from one to another, as a broad generalization most are engaged to varying degrees in (1) traditional commercial banking; (2) securities underwriting; (3) a range of trading activities including at least some elements of "proprietary" trading; (4) financial advisory services; (5) asset management services including the management of so-called "alternative" investments; (6) private banking; and (7) elements of principal investing.
While the activities of this small number of international "banks" are broadly similar there is an important structural difference between "European Universal Banks" and "US Bank Holding Companies." At the risk of considerable oversimplification, the nature of these structural differences relate to (1) strict limitations on transactions between "banks," and their parents as well as their affiliates; and (2) limitations on the activities of the financial group as a whole.
All of these large integrated financial groups are indeed large with balance sheets ranging from the high hundreds of billions to $2.0 trillion or so. Among other things, it is their size that allows these institutions to meet the financing needs of large corporations - to say nothing of the financing needs of sovereign governments. The fact that so many of these large corporations operate on a global scale is one of the reasons why almost all large financial intermediaries also have a global footprint. As an entirely practical matter, it is very difficult to imagine how the vast financing needs of corporations and governments could be met on anything like today's terms and conditions absent the ability and willingness of these large intermediaries to place at risk very substantial amounts of their own capital in serving these companies and governments. One of the best examples of this phenomenon is the role large intermediaries have played in the recent past in raising badly needed capital for the financial sector itself.
For example, over the past two years banking institutions in the US and abroad have raised more than one-half trillion dollars in fresh private capital and the capital raising meter is still running. While there were some private placements, the overwhelming majority of such capital was raised in the capital markets and the associated underwriting, operational and reputational risks associated with such capital raising, were absorbed by various combinations of the small number of large integrated financial groups. Moreover, many of these transactions took the form of rights offerings which involve extended intervals of time between pricing and final settlement thus elevating underwriting risks. The ability and willingness of these large integrated financial groups to assume these risks depends crucially on large numbers of experienced investment bankers and highly skilled equity market specialists who are able to judge the tone and depth of the markets in helping clients shape the size, structure and pricing for such transactions.
More broadly, to a greater or lesser degree, most of these large integrated financial groups also act as day-to-day market makers across a broad range of financial instruments ranging from Treasury securities to OTC derivatives. The daily volume of such market activities is staggering and can be measured in hundreds of thousands – if not millions – of transactions. As market makers, these institutions stand ready to purchase or sell financial instruments in response to their institutional (and sometimes governmental) clients and counterparties. As such, market-making transactions – by their very nature – entail substantial capital commitments and risktaking by the market maker. However, the capital that is provided in the marketmaking process is the primary source of the liquidity that is essential to the efficiency and price discovery traits of financial markets. Moreover, in today's financial environment, market makers are often approached by clients to enter into transactions that have notional amounts that are measured in hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars. Since transactions of these sizes cannot be quickly laid off or hedged, the market makers providing these services to institutional clients must haveworld-class risk management systems and robust amounts of capital and liquidity. Thus, only large and well capitalized institutions have the resources, the expertise and the very expensive technological and operating systems to manage these market-making activities. Having said that, it is also true that some of these activities are, indeed, high risk in nature. Thus, the case for greater managerial focus, heightened supervisory oversight and still larger capital and liquidity cushions for certain activities are all part of the post-crisis reform agenda.
Third; in terms of both competition and regulatory arbitrage there is a critical international component to the outcome of the debate on alternative financial market structures. That is, if, for example, one major country adopted a materially different and more restrictive statutory framework for banking and finance than other countries, the outcome could easily work to the competitive disadvantage of the former country. Moreover, such an outcome would, inevitably, introduce new pressures in the area of financial protectionism which, given the existing threats on the trade protection front, would further increase global economic tensions and risks. It also follows that if there are material international differences in financial structure and the "rules of the road" governing banking and finance, it is inevitable that one way or another, clever people, aided by highly sophisticated technology, will find ways to game the system.
Finally; there are many open questions as to the details associated with the alternative financial structures under consideration not the least of which relate to the extended timeframes that would be needed to implement these changes in a single major country, much less across national boundaries. I, for one, would much rather that the time, energy and public and private resource that would have to be devoted to these restructuring tasks be devoted instead to the timely implementation of the reform agenda discussed in Section I of this Statement.
Section III: The Challenges Associated with Enhanced Resolution Authority
There is widespread agreement in principle that a well-designed and well-executed framework of Enhanced Resolution Authority can address the "Too Big to Fail" and the related "Moral Hazard" problem. Here in the UK, important strides were made in this direction with the enactment of the Banking Act of 2009 which, among other things, provided the authorities with a menu of options for coping with failing financial institutions. In the US and the EU legislative bodies are hard at work in efforts to craft new legislation that would facilitate the orderly and timely merger or wind-down of systemically important failing financial institutions.
While these are encouraging developments, we must keep in mind that a poorly designed and poorly executed approach to Enhanced Resolution Authority could produce renewed uncertainty and instability. Indeed, under the very best of circumstances, the timely and orderly wind-down of any systemically important financial institution – especially one with an international footprint – is an extraordinarily complex task. That is why; at least to the best of my recollection, we have never experienced such an orderly wind-down anywhere in the world. In other words, even if we successfully implement the other reforms outlined in Section I of this Statement, that success by itself, will not ensure that Enhanced Resolution Authority can achieve its desired effects. Thus, great care must be used in the design of and approach to law and regulation for a system of Enhanced Resolution Authority.
I, of course, have no monopoly on thoughts on how to best approach this task. On the other hand, as someone who has devoted much of my career to improving what I like to call the plumbing of the financial system I do have some suggestions as to (1) certain principles that I believe should guide the effort and (2) certain prerequisites that should be in place to guide the execution of a timely and orderly wind-down or merger of a failing systemically important financial institution – especially such an institution having a substantial international presence.
Guiding Principles
First; the authorizing legislation and regulations must not be so rigid as to tie the hands of the government bodies that will administer those laws and regulations because it is literally impossible to anticipate the future circumstances in which the authorities will be required to act.
Second; in my judgment, the authority and responsibility to carry out Enhanced Resolution Authority in a given situation should be vested in governmental bodies that have sufficient experience with the type of institution being resolved.
Third; Enhanced Resolution Authority should provide the flexibility to allow the troubled institution to be placed into temporary conservatorship or a similar vehicle allowing that institution to continue to perform and meet its contractual obligations for a limited period of time.
As a pre-condition for conservatorship, one or more of the Executive Officers and the Board of the institution would be removed. The ongoing approach has many benefits including (1) preserving the value of assets that might be sold at a later date; (2) minimizing the dangerous and panic prone process of simultaneous close out by all counterparties and the need of such counterparties to then replace their side of many of the closed-out positions; and (3) reducing, but by no means eliminating, the very difficult and destabilizing cross-border events that could otherwise occur as witnessed here in London in the Lehman episode. However, the ongoing approach is not without its problems, one of which is the sensitive question of how well an institution in conservatorship for a limited period of time can fund itself.
Fourth; to the maximum extent possible, the rights of creditors and the sanctity of existing contractual rights and obligations need to be respected. Indeed, if the exercise of Enhanced Resolution Authority is seen to arbitrarily violate creditor rights or override existing contractual agreements between the troubled institution and its clients, its creditors, and its counterparties, the goal of orderly wind-down could easily be compromised and the resultant precedent could become a destabilizing source of ongoing uncertainty.
Finally; the orderly wind-down of any large institution – particularly such an institution having a global footprint – is a highly complex endeavor that will take patience, skill and effective communication and collaboration with creditors, counterparties and other interested parties. Shrinking a balance sheet or selling distinct businesses or classes of assets or liabilities may prove relatively simple but the winding down of trading positions, hedges, positions in financial "utilities" such as payments, clearance and settlement systems is quite another matter.
Pre-requisites for Success:
First; as a part of the reform of supervisory policy and practice, supervisory authorities responsible for systemically important institutions must work to insure that "Prompt Corrective Action" becomes a reality and not merely a slogan.
Second; the official community must work with individual systemically important institutions to ensure that all such institutions have – or are developing – the systems and procedures to provide the following information in a timely fashion.
- Comprehensive data on all exposures to all major counterparties and estimates of all such exposures of counterparties to the failing institution
- Valuations consistent with prevailing market conditions that are available across a substantially complete range of the firm's asset classes (including derivative and securities positions)
- Accurate and comprehensive information on a firm's liquidity and the profiles of its assets and liabilities
- Fully integrated, comprehensive risk management frameworks capable of assessing the market, credit and liquidity risks associated with the troubled institution
- Legal agreements and transaction documents that are available in an organized, accessible form
- Comprehensive information on the firm's positions with exchanges, clearing houses, custodians and other institutions that make up the financial system's infrastructure
I am under no illusion that these guiding principles and pre-requisites are anything close to the last word in seeking assurances that Enhanced Resolution Authority can deliver on the promise of a stability driven solution to the "Too Big to Fail" problem. On the other hand, I very much hope these suggestions will help to stimulate discussion and debate on this critically important subject. I say that in part because I am very concerned that the promise of Enhanced Resolution Authority as the "solution" to the "Too Big to Fail" problem may prove to be far more elusive – especially in cross-border terms – than many politicians and policymakers recognize.


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Marines honored at Memorial Day ceremony
Marines and other community members gathered in Wisconsin Memorial Park in Brookfield on Sunday to remember fallen soldiers.
Marine veteran Clayton Chipman attended the event.
"I signed the papers on February 27th, 1944," he said.
One year, later, Chipman fought in the battle of Iwo Jima.
"It took about 30 seconds to realize that you had no control over what's going to happen, and I automatically turned to the Lord and prayed," he said.
Chipman was injured while fighting, saying Sunday that he was thinking of the man who helped him survive.
"I said a little prayer for the guy that kept me alive, Sgt. Roy Smith, from Florida," he said.
A bell rang Sunday for each veteran who passed away. Chipman said many names rushed through his brain.
"The one I was listed with, Larry Strausser, was killed at Okinowa, and Richard Griffen was killed in Iwo, and George Markowitz was killed on Iwo," he said.
A number of veterans said they have been coming to the annual Memorial Day service for decades.
"It just comes back. It's there and it's going to stay there, I think. And you call it what you want: post-traumatic stress, or what; but that's the way it is. It just comes back," Chipman said.


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The Central Connecticut baseball team earned a 4-3 victory over UMass Lowell on Tuesday afternoon in New Britain. The Blue Devils were led by junior Dominic Severino's six scoreless innings on the mound. Freshman Pat Sirois delivered the big hit of the game a two-run double in the sixth inning.
The Blue Devils improve to 6-7 on the season with the victory, while UMass Lowell falls to 8-8 on the season with the loss.
Severino started for the Blue Devils and tossed six scoreless frames. He limited the River Hawks to a one hit and faced just 21 batters over his six innings. Severino struck out four and walked just one to earn his first victory of the season.
The Blue Devils got on the board with a single run in the fourth inning as senior Anthony Turgeon laced a two-out RBI single to left field that scored junior Nick Coro from second base.
CCSU plated another run in the bottom of the fifth inning as freshman Jake Patton singled and came around to score on a sacrifice fly by senior Josh Ingham.
In the bottom of the sixth, Sirois, who entered the game as a defensive replacement in the top of the inning, lined a double into the right field corner to score Severino and junior Bryan Rivera. Sirois' double gave CCSU a 4-0 lead heading to the top of the seventh.
Senior Nick Boyd threw a scoreless seventh inning and senior Anthony Mannuccia pitched a scoreless eighth.
Mannuccia opened the ninth inning by inducing a foul pop out to first base, but then surrendered a solo home run to Matt Mottola. Mannuccia responded to strikeout the next batter, but the runner reached base as the breaking ball in the dirt bounced away from home plate. Jacob O'Keefe followed with a two-run homer that cut CCSU's lead to 4-3 with one out in the inning, but Ingham came on to close out the game for the Blue Devils.
Ingham struck out the first batter he faced and then induced a fly out to right to end the game.
Severino earned the win to improve his record to 1-2 on the season and Ingham picked up the save, his third this year. Christian Lavoie took the loss for the River Hawks he falls to 0-2 on the season.
The Blue Devils scored four runs on nine hits, while limiting UMass Lowell to just four hits in the game.
Senior JP Sportman and Turgeon each had two hits for the Blue Devils.
CCSU will host Rhode Island tomorrow afternoon at the CCSU Baseball Field. First pitch is scheduled for 3 p.m.


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UConn football notebook: First practice in the books
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OPENING DAY: UConn's first official fall practice in preparation for the season opener on Aug. 29 against Towson at Rentschler Field took place Friday afternoon under sunny skies.
There were some good plays, some bad plays and a lot of work that had to be done. But for the most part, the Huskies got through it.
"We had so much to do today and we did a lot," coach Paul Pasqualoni said. "We exposed them to a lot, put a lot on their plate. Plus, we had some conditioning work this morning ...and first day of camp, administrative stuff that you have to get done.
"I think considering everything, these kids have been going since early this morning. Obviously, we've got some things to clean up but the approach, I'm happy with the guys and their effort. We've got a lot to clean up, so we'll be working until late tonight looking at the film, but that's what preseason camp is for."
The five quarterbacks -- starter Chandler Whitmer and backups Casey Cochran, Tim Boyle, Kivon Taylor and Richard Lagow -- all got some reps and all showed something (especially rust) over the course of the initial workout.
Whitmer was intercepted by Byron Jones while Ty-Meer Brown picked off Cochran (as did Jones). Taylor was intercepted by Obi Melifonwu and Tyree Clark got Boyle.
"Practice went about how you'd expect it for the first day," Whitmer said. "Some good plays, some bad plays, a little rust but just getting back into the rhythm of things, getting some consistency, that's what we're focused on as an offense."
MCCUMMINGS MOVING: Scott McCummings spent his first practice working out at wide receiver. First, in an effort to perhaps find a new position and second, in an effort to lose weight.
The UConn website listed McCummings at 257 pounds, a far cry from the 240 listed in the roster during the spring game in April and an eye-opening 33 pounds more than the 224 he weighed before the start of the 2012 season.
"He's got to drop some weight," Pasqualoni said. "He's really put on a little weight, so we've got to get a few pounds off of Scottie, so it made sense to get him out there and it'll give him a chance to do a little more running."
If McCummings can get the weight off, he could become a solid asset at receiver. If not, then maybe tight end could be more in his future -- if he can get stronger in the weight room.
"We just felt that Scottie is a very good athlete and we want to do something to utilize him more," Pasqualoni said. "I want to see him out there (at receiver) for a good solid period of time just to see if there's any chance he can help us out there."
Said McCummings: "I just want to play. He (coach) told me yesterday (about the change). We discussed a couple of positions as possibilities for me and we decided on receiver. It's a win-win."
QUICK PITCHES: Sophomore linebacker Graham Stewart, who transferred from Florida, did not practice Friday. He was the best man in his sister's wedding ... Pasqualoni was pleased with the return of senior tailback Martin Hyppolite, who suffered a hip injury in a spring automobile accident. "I was worried about Martin today, but he didn't have any problems," Pasqualoni said. "I even asked him toward the end (of practice) and he said `I'm fine.' It looked like he cut well and it (the hip) wasn't bothering him. That's a big plus for us." ... Although eight quarterbacks are listed on the roster, Pasqualoni said that most of the fall reps will be split among the five whoworked out Friday. "We've really divided the reps by five. It took us as long time to organize it. But I thought it went well. (Michael) Ecke (from Cheshire) is here to help us wherever he can help us. And when you consider those three young guy (freshmen Boyle, Taylor and Lagow), we just threw it at them. For those guys, to be able to get into the huddle and take the snap and have any idea what to do is a positive thing. I thought they did pretty good today." ... The Huskies will practice four more days without pads before putting the gear on for the first time next week.


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The 2011 census shows the population of the Island of Montreal grew to 1,649,519 for a modest 1.8 per cent over the last five years, well below the national average of 5.9 per cent.
However, the same period saw a population explosion among several off-island communities, particularly along the in Laval, Terrebonne, Blainville, Mirabel and Oka.
Laval, for instance, grew by 8.9 per cent over the last five years. St. Marthe sur Lac grew by 38.7 per cent, placing it among the 15 fastest growing municipalities in the country.
"Communities on the borders of larger metropolitan areas are growing faster, which leads to the phenomenon of urban spread," said senior Statistics Canada analyst Laurent Martel.
"Since 2006, those on the north shore have maintained a very high rate of population growth."
By contrast, Longueuil's population increased by just 0.9 per cent. This could suggest the South Shore hub may have been suffering from commuter-fatigue even before recent woes over the state of the Mercier and Champlain bridges. "There were issues in Montreal, but I am not sure we can make links. The data doesn't allow us to show those things," Martel said.
Saint Lazare, LaPrairie, Candiac and Lavaltrie were among other satellite communities which saw their populations bloom by more than 17 per cent since the last census in 2006.
There were a few pockets of strong growth within the city of Montreal's boundaries, however, most notably in the downtown borough of Ville-Marie, in St. Laurent and eastern Lachine, near the Old Port and on Nun's Island.
Montreal Gazette