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Bombay, or Mumbai as it is now called, is the commercial capital of India, a city of entrepreneurs, concrete towers, clubs and discos, cricket, Bollywood and more.
The city, a cluster of seven islands, was named by its native Koli fisherfolk after the goddess Mumbadevi. After the Portuguese gained possession of the islands in 1534, they renamed it Bom Bahia, for the natural harbour, which served as a safe haven for its ships.
In 1661, Charles II of England received the islands of Bombay as dowry when he married Princess Catherine of Braganza. The British Government leased the islands to the East India Company, who developed it into a thriving trading port.
The promise of business opportunities and religious freedom drew people to Bombay from all over the country. As the migrant population burgeoned, land was reclaimed, and the city began its haphazard metamorphosis from a trading post into a metropolis and industrial hub.
The city also became a hotbed of political activity during the struggle for independence, hosting the First Indian National Congress in 1885. Nearly fifty years later, the Quit India movement was launched in Bombay.
In the mid-'90s, the city was rechristened Mumbai.
Today, Mumbai is the country's financial and cultural centre. It is also home to a thriving film industry. It is seen, to the teeming masses that flock there to live and work, as a place where opportunities abound. Its inhabitants, an amalgam of great wealth and abject poverty, are swept into the endless maelstrom of activity that characterizes this city of dreams.
Population : About 15 million
Climate : Being on the coast of the Arabian Sea, Mumbai's climate is largely influenced by the sea. The climate is moderate, with summers hot and winters pleasant. The monsoon lasts from June to September, and rainfalls heavy.
Best times to visit : The best time to visit Mumbai is between November and February. It is advisable to avoid Mumbai during the monsoon months
Formerly known as Victoria Terminus (VT), this is one of the most imposing buildings in Mumbai. It was from Chattrapati Shivaji Terminus that the country's first train rolled out. At the entrance to the terminus is a large statue of Queen Victoria. The clock on tower is 3.19m in diameter. Stone gargoyles, peacocks, monkeys, elephants and British lions are placed among the buttresses, domes, turrets, spires and stained glass windows. The Terminus looks more like a cathedral than a railway station.
Chowpatty beach is located in the heart of Mumbai. Every evening, the beach is transformed into a hub of activity. Historically, during the freedom struggle, public meetings and rallies were organized here.
The Gateway of India was built in 1924 to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to India. Built in the 16th century Gujarati style, the monument stood testament to British supremacy. Ironically, it was from here that the last British troops left the country after independence.
This mosque is located at the end of a long causeway protruding into the Arabian Sea. The white mosque is the tomb of Saint Haji Ali, a wealthy Muslim who renounced the world and proceeded to Mecca. It is said that he died in Mecca and the casket miraculously drifted to the spot at which the mosque is built toady. The mosque can only be approached during low tide.
The Hanging Gardens or Ferozshah Mehta Gardens were laid in 1881 on top of a reservoir on Malabar Hill. The garden provides a spectacular view of the city.
This building, designed in the English Gothic Style, was built in 1878. The main structure rises 54.2 m in height and is surmounted by statues representing Justice and Mercy.
Better known as Flora Fountain after the beautiful stone fountain at its centre, Hutatma Chowk is the established business centre of Mumbai. The Fountain was erected in 1869 in honour of Sir Bartle Frere, Governor of Bombay, who was responsible for shaping much of Bombay.
The Jain Temple, built in white marble, is dedicated to Adinath, the first apostle of the Jains. The temple is decorated with paintings depicting incidents from the life of the Tirthankaras. The first floor of the temple is particularly dedicated to Parasnath. His image has been carved out in black marble and images of planets as seen in Hindu mythology, adorn the ceiling.
Kala Ghoda (Black Horse) got its name from the imposing statue of King Edward VII, seated astride a black horse, which rested there. Although the statue has long since been removed, the name stubbornly lingers. The Kala Ghoda area is home to some of the city's most beautiful buildings - The Elphinstone College, the David Sassoon Library, the Army Navy Building and the once-celebrated Watson Hotel. In an attempt to turn the area into an art district, city conservationists organized the Kalaghoda Fair, an open air craft bazaar, and cultural arena. This festival has become an eagerly awaited annual event.
North of the Crawford market is a predominantly Muslim area, dotted with Chawls (dwelling clusters), and home to some of the busiest and most colourful bazaars in Mumbai. Near Kalbadevi is the Jama Masjid and the Mumbadevi temple, dedicated to the patron Goddess of Mumbai's original inhabitants. It is one of the best places to wander aimlessly.
Mahatma Gandhi's residence in Bombay between 1917-34 has been converted into a museum, which displays pictures and books related to his life.
Also known as Netaji Subhas Chandra Marg, Marine Drive features a bustling waterfront promenade. Marine Drive is built on land reclaimed along the Arabian coast, and runs from Nariman point to the foot of Malabar Hill. Sunsets here are particularly beautiful.
The National Gallery of Modern art in Mumbai exhibits the work of prominent contemporary Indian artists. The National Gallery is housed in the building that was formerly Sir Cowasji Jehangir Public Hall.
8 kilometers from the centre of the city is the Nehru Planetarium. It shows glimpses into the mysteries and wonders of outer space, and are particularly entertaining for children.
Like the Gateway of India, this structure commemorates the visit of King George V. The building is built in Indo Sarcenic style and is surrounded by beautiful gardens. The central hall features a huge dome which is believed to have been inspired by the Gol Gumbaz. The museum, which opened in 1923, has an impressive collection of artifacts from places such as Elephanta Island, Jogeshwari Caves, and the Indus valley. There is a large collection of terra-cotta figurines, ivory carvings, statues, and miniatures.
The aquarium was opened in 1951 and has an interesting collection of marine and fresh water specimens. Shells, shell craft and fishery by-products are also on display.
This Hindu temple, bordering the Banganga Tank at Walkeshwar, dates back to approximately 1715. Rama is said to have stopped here to rest on his way to Lanka to rescue Sita. Legend has it that the Banganga Tank was created when Rama shot an arrow into the ground, and water sprang forth. Despite its proximity to the sea, the Tank holds fresh water.
This quaint hillside retreat was discovered in 1850 and is the nearest hill station from Mumbai, and provides a welcome respite from the heat and crowds of the city.
Lonavla and Khandala are twin resorts just over 100 kms from the rat race of Mumbai. The towns are perched high on the Western Ghats, and popular tourist destinations. Both towns are famous for their delicious chikki (molasses candy) and chocolate fudge.
Previously known as the Borivali National Park, this protected forest area is on the northern outskirts of Mumbai. The Lion Safari is popular attraction. However, the small population of animals, which includes a few tigers and panthers, faces extinction due to urban encroachment.
This fortified city, built by the Portuguese, separates greater Mumbai from the Indian mainland. The city of Bassein was at its architectural best in 1534, with one cathedral, five convents and 13 churches. In 1739, the city was lost to the Marathas. The ruins of the fort are the only evidence of a glorious past.
The Elephanta Caves are said to date back to the third century. The island was the capital of powerful coastal kingdom and the excavation of the caves from the 6th century hints at the glory of the kingdom. Centuries later, when the Portuguese took possession of the island, they named it after a monolith of an elephant, which they had found there.
Ganesh Chaturthi is widely celebrated all over the state of Maharashtra. During this ten-day long festival, elaborately decorated pandals display large and colourful statues of Lord Ganesh, the God of learning. The festival comes to a close with the immersion of these statues.
The festival of light is celebrated with great fervour. The festival commemorates the day Rama is believed to have returned to Ayodhya after rescuing Sita from Ravana. Homes are aglow with diyas or lamps, and many people burst fireworks. Diwali lamps are specially floated in the Banganga Tank.
Navaratri is a nine-day long festival honoring the manifestations of Shakti, which represent action (Durga), wealth (Lakshmi) and learning (Saraswati). In Mumbai the festival is celebrated with elaborate dandiya and garba dances. Dussehra, the tenth day, marks Ramas victory over Ravana, and is celebrated with Ramlilas, (enactments of the Ramayana).
This religious holiday falls in the third month of the Islamic calendar. It marks the birthday, as well as the death anniversary of prophet Mohammed.
Christians in Mumbai celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ with great fanfare. Many attend the long midnight mass held at churches all over the city. Predominantly Christian quarters are decorated with stars and lanterns. It is a time of family togetherness. Despite the diverse religious beliefs of the city's population, Christmas is seen as a universal festival. In the week between Christmas and the New Year in Bombay, social activities peak and parties abound.


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Steven A. Crawford
Steven A. Crawford, is a 8th Degree in Pankration under John Townsley, 7th Degree Black Belt in Shorinji Ryu Jujitsu, under The late Kenneth Penland and George Alexander. A 6th Degree in American Karate under Eric Pence and is a PMA Law Enforcement Ground Tactics Instructor under Mr. Pence, He has a 2nd Degree Chinese Kenpo under Chuck Sullivan and Rui Barreto, a 2nd Degree in Combat Grappling under Santos Flanikan and a 2nd Degree To-Shin Do JuTaijutsu under Stephen K. Hayes, 1st Degree Brazilian Jiujitsu under Leonardo Pecanha, Purple Belt under Ron and James Hill
Brad Jones
Brad, is a 5th Degree Black Belt American Jujitsu under Steve Crawford, Brad is the Head Instructor of our NHB Division.
Training with Brad is by invitation only
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Jobe Duran
Jobe is a 3rd Degree Black Belt in American Jujitsu under Steven Crawford, And holds a Brown Belt in Kenpo. Jobe is an excellant instructor and also one of our Wrestling Coaches here.
Travis Phippen
Travis is one of our retired Instructors in the Kansas City area. He has been to Greece and won a Gold Medal for Team USA/ AJJ. He been training with AJJ since 1999.
Steve Schneider
Steve has trained under Mr. Crawford for over 9 years and runs a great MMA school in Independence, MO. Steve is 2nd Degree Black Belt in American Jujitsu.
Rob Kimmons
Rob Kimmons is a 3rd Degree Black Belt in American Jujitsu and a Brown Belt Level MMA Training Coach. He 2 - 2 in the U.F.C and has been with Crawford's MMA for the past 10 years.
Hurb Dean
Hurb Dean, is a 2nd Dan in American Jujitsu, He is the head referee at King of the Cage, Gladiators, Shooto, the U.F.C in Vegas and KC Hook-n-Shoot.
Larry Landless
Larry is a 3rd Dan in American Jujitsu, He is also the second referee in charge at the UFC. Larry is the coach of the San Gabriel High School Wrestling Team
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Kirk, is a Brown belt in American Jujitsu. And one of our best Kids Instructors
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ZP Wardha Bharti 2019 – Wardha Zilla Parishad Recruitment 2019
ZP Wardha Bharti 2019, ZP Wardha Recruitment 2019, Wardha Zilla Parishad Recruitment, Zilla Parishad Wardha Bharti 2019, Education Qualification, Age Limit and Selection Process For ZP Wardha Bharti, Wardha Arogya Sevak Bharti 2019, Arogya Sevak Recruitment, Wardha Arogya Sevak Exam Paper will start to fill online applications very soon.
वर्धा जिल्हा परिषदेमार्फत विविध जागांच्या भरतीसाठीची जाहिरात लवकरच प्रकाशित होणार आहे. वर्धा जिल्हा परिषद भरतीसाठी अर्ज हे ऑनलाइन पद्धतीने मागविले जातील. अर्ज हे वर्धा जिल्हा परिषदेच्या www.wardha.nic.in या अधिकृत संकेतस्थळावर करावयाचे आहेत. अधिक माहिती साठी कृपया खाली दिलेली माहिती व्यवस्थित वाचा व PDF जाहिरात डाऊनलोड करा.
ZP Wardha Bharti 2019 – Wardha Zilla Parishad Recruitment 2019
ZP Wardha Bharti 2019 is going to start very soon. This Zilla Parishad Recruitment will be taken for many vacancies and this Bharti will be bigger than last year as per sources. ZP Recruitment has been taken in all districts of Maharashtra and we are going to give information about Wardha ZP Bharti 2019 in this post.
Age Limit For Wardha ZP Recruitment
In this Wardha Zilla Parishad Bharti, The Maximum Age limit is 43 years. Age limit varies with the candidate's category because age limit depends upon category in which candidate belongs. All the information about the Age limit for ZP Bharti will update here once recruitment will declare.
Educational Qualification For Wardha Zilla Parishad Bharti 2019
Which education qualification is required for ZP Bharti? This is the common question in every student's mind when they try to apply for posts. Actually, educational qualification depends upon the posts of any recruitment. Different posts have different educational qualification required. We will update here educational qualification about all the posts in this ZP recruitment once notification will declare.
Some Key Highlights of Wardha Zilla Parishad Bharti 2019:
- Total posts in this Wardha Zilla Parishad Recruitment: Will Be Declared Soon
- Name of posts:
- Age limit:
- Education Qualification:
- Official Website : www.wardha.nic.in
- Pay Scale:
- How To Apply: Apply Online
- Application fees:
- Last date for submitting application form:
How to Apply for Wardha Zilla Parishad Bharti 2019:
- The eligible candidate should apply by filling the Online Application form on www.wardha.nic.in
- You can pay application fees by Debit or Credit card. After paying application fees you will get the confirmation message on your mobile and then your application will successfully submit.
- If you pay by Bank Challan then after paying your Transaction ID will automatically Update after 48 hours. You can check status on "Application Status". Even you will get confirmation SMS on your mobile after updating Transaction ID.
- After successful submission of application form, print the application form for confirmation.
Click Here to Download Official Notification
Click Here To Apply Online
Keep visiting naukribharti.com for updates. If you have any problem then feel free to comment below. Get latest updates of Wardha Zilla Parishad recruitment exam for the answer key, hall tickets, results.


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Important care information:
*Machine wash cold
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Rugs: To wash brush with water and soap or machine wash gentle cycle in cold, hang to dry.
Peruvian Rugs: Dry clean only
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If we are out of any color or design please email us and we will get them for you.
We can make tailored orders to suit your needs, please email us your color, size, or pattern design and we can quote them for you.
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About me
Hello, I'm Secret agent clank or Sac. I live in Holland and I'm born at 31-01-97, so I'm 14 years old now. I'm really looking forward to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows film and game. Bye!
My name will soon be changed in VaniVoid97.
I've created a new wiki called The Harry Potter Games Wiki. Everyone who wants to help, you are welcome!
|This user's favourite book is Deathly Hallows.
|This user supports Gryffindor.
|This user supports Hogwarts.
|This user is a fan of the Gryffindor Quidditch team.
|This user is a Seeker for the Gryffindor Quidditch team.
|This user supports Dumbledore's Army.
|This user is a fan of Fred and George Weasley.
|This user is a fan of Ginny Weasley.
|This user is a fan of Severus Snape.
|This user is a fan of Remus Lupin.
|This user is a fan of Nymphadora Tonks.
|This user's favourite character is Rubeus Hagrid.
|This user is a fan of Albus Dumbledore.
|This user was deeply saddened by the death of Albus Dumbledore.
|This user's Patronus is a Cat.
|This user is a fan of Quidditch.
|This user enjoys playing Wizard's Chess.
|This user loves Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans.
|This user loves to eat Chocolate Frogs.
| This user is a
Bella and Voldemort fanatic.
|This user thinks the casting for the Harry Potter films was done very well.
|This user is a Half-blood.
|This user can NEVER tell which one is Fred and which one is George in the movies.
|This user believes that Albus Dumbledore is NOT gay.
|This user's favourite movie is Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.
|This user is a Third Year student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
|This user is 14 years old.
|This user is a watchdog against vandalism, spam, and fanon on this Wiki.
|This user is from the Netherlands.
|This user contributes using Internet Explorer.
| This user has been on
the Harry Potter Wiki for
9 years, 11 months and 22 days
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When the Department of Homeland Security announced last summer that some lower-priority cases should be shelved in immigration court through a process called prosecutorial discretion, Alexandru Ghilan looked like the perfect candidate.
The 29-year-old from Moldova had come to the United States on a work visa six years ago. He had applied for political asylum because of incarcerations and beatings he said he had endured as an activist protesting the former Communist regime in his eastern European home country.
Ghilan, who earned a law degree in Moldova, did not enter the country illegally and has no criminal record in the United States. He has worked and paid taxes since he came to the country. He has a wife and a 1-year-old daughter who is a U.S. citizen.
His asylum request has been denied: Communists no longer hold power in Moldova. He is appealing the case. Now, it has been passed over for administrative closure through prosecutorial discretion even though an immigration judge recommended that Ghilan be considered. If Ghilan had been granted that closure, he would no longer be living under the constant threat of deportation.
Government prosecutors aren't saying why some seemingly good fits for prosecutorial discretion, such as Ghilan, are being denied. But immigration attorneys are saying this is happening too often.
"It looks like it's a national problem," said Denver immigration attorney Bryon Large, who heard input from other lawyers from around the country during a recent meeting of the American Immigration Lawyers Association.
Figures collected by the American Immigration Council show that about 9 percent of 165,000 immigration cases reviewed since late last year have been suspended through the exercise of prosecutorial discretion.
The use of prosecutorial discretion became a directive in immigration courts last summer after U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement director John Morton announced that it would be used to help put the focus on cases that involve national security, public safety or border security.
Denver and Baltimore were designated pilot areas where all immigration cases were reviewed to see if they met the criteria for an administrative freeze. In Denver, 7,800 cases were reviewed. But many defendants are still awaiting word on their cases.
"We're not being told why some cases are being denied and why it's being granted in others," said Koby Polaski, the Denver immigration attorney representing Ghilan.
Ghilan said he will continue to fight to remain in the United States. He said his mother, who still lives in Moldova, has advised him it is not safe to return there because of continuing corruption.
Nancy Lofholm: 970-256-1957 or email@example.com


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Will do!
I mean you guys are having some weather. Dont worry about it. I think I saw you on the TV floating down the river...LOL...do not worry about me.....
I do not want to upset the process.....if you have 2 that are finished/tested and just need Oxide I will take them ...or go ahead and finish a batch...whatever works for you Mike.
Will do!
Sarge; just wanted to let you know that you'll be very impressed with Mike's product. As long as you wait to get the adapter from mike before doing any work on the saiga, "So you know exactly what you need taken off", it will work perfectly. I've bought too many guns lately, so I haven't shot my saiga much lately. I took it out yesterday and put about 140 rounds through it. 7 USGI mags with 20 rounds each. "They're 30 round mags, but I find it easier to simply load 1 box per magazine". Anyway; I blew off all 140 rounds without one single issue. Works like a champ. It's nice to be able to bring the saiga and my M&P15 (AR) to the range together, and not have to worry about sharing magazines.
I have heard that the adapters; both mike's and that other dude's; are the happiest when using plastic magazines. I personally only have 20 round thermolds for home self defense. But at the range, it's always USGI aluminum magazines. Never had one problem with them. Anyway; just wanted to let you know that you're dealing with a first class product and a first class person in Mike. Later....
Thank you...yes I know about "the other dudes"......I took 3 of my Saigas out today and went through a few magazines.....just finished cleaning them actually.....I have a boatload of AR15 magazines and look forward to it.....
Yeah you can get them for under $10 all day long at various gun shows around here.
The weather co-operating with you Mike?
Is the mag well on an Arsenal SLR-106 too wide for this adapter?
Nope. They will fit. Lil trunion work...but nothing major at all.
Mike/Sarge: I had a TYPO and didn't catch it until I read your posts. Mike's adapter DEFINITELY LIKES THE METAL MAGS BEST!!!
It's the plastic mags that sometimes have issues. It's about a 50/50. But the standard USGI mags is what I normally always use. Like you all know, you can get them really inexpensive.
Oh, if you all are interested, brownells has 20 round mags; SOCOM Tan in color. Guess people don't like the tan color. They have them for 1/2 price. $7.99 each instead of $14.99.
BROWNELLS : AR-15/M16 20- & 30-ROUND MAGAZINES - World's Largest Supplier of Firearm Accessories, Gun Parts and Gunsmithing Tools - BROWNELLS
Scroll down the page.
I knew what you meant. Thanks for the heads up....gotta get a few. I also noticed Classic Arms has the Saiga 5.56mm on sale for $349.00 and they are in stock.


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It is hard to enjoy the ride when going nowhere in a hurry. So, for the Mets and their fans to attempt taking as much pleasure as possible in the once-every-fifth-day Matt Harvey Happening is obvious enough.
Still, these are the Mets, and even the Matt Harvey silver lining can go dark in a New York minute. When the Diamondbacks' Cody Ross tucked a Harvey pitch just inside the leftfield foul pole for a two-out, three-run homer in the sixth inning Wednesday night, a two-run Mets lead and hopes of a three-game winning streak quickly evaporated.
Arizona won, 5-3. Harvey, who surrendered a season-high five earned runs in six-plus innings, was stuck with his second loss in nine decisions. And the Mets' back-to-the-future plans to bank off the currency of youth continue to be a hard sell in a 35-46 season.
There were some interesting Mets sideshows Wednesday night. Solo homers by David Wright and Josh Satin in the fourth inning. A dandy, inning-ending assist in the fourth by shortstop Omar Quintanilla, his headlong dive followed by a backhanded flip to second baseman Daniel Murphy while lying on his stomach. There was Murphy's long, bases-empty home run in the eighth.
But it is the Matt Harvey Traveling Circus and Medicine Show that most enthralls Mets fans. Though rain delayed the first pitch for two hours, the Harvey bandwagon produced the first Citi Field sellout (41,257) since Opening Day.
With the Mets facing a Hydra of problems this season -- lop off one and two seem to sprout -- a less than spectacular Harvey outing was the last thing they needed. Though he escaped a bases-loaded predicament in the first inning thanks to Martin Prado's double-play grounder, after giving up two singles and a walk, Harvey was wobbling by the sixth.
Ross' home run was preceded by Miguel Montero's walk and Prado's single, and followed by Cliff Pennington's single before Harvey ended the inning with a strikeout, one of nine.
Trouble behind, trouble ahead: Harvey returned for the seventh but never got an out. Tony Campana walked, Aaron Hill singled, Eric Chavez doubled. Harvey left.
Even before the evening went sour, Terry Collins spoke of how -- of all the things the team can't afford to mess up -- a major one is Harvey's future.
"When I was farm director in Los Angeles, we had a symposium on pitchers' health,'' Collins said, "and one of the basic things that came out of it: If they're going to break, they're going to break. Nobody knows when . . .
"Is it pitch count? Not necessarily. Is it the workload? Could be. When it's time, it's time. So what everybody does now is make sure they're not overworked, that they're not overused.''
"You go back to get every game report Matt pitched in the minor leagues,'' Collins said. "You won't see 97, 98 a lot. Up here, you see it a lot. That means he's working very, very hard. So you've got to be careful and, obviously, we're going to watch the innings, we're going to watch the pitch counts.
"We're going to enjoy while he's out there, but we also want to enjoy it for a number of years.''
It figures to be a smoother trip than last night.


text: Transcribed by Michael J. Falk [email protected] http://ods.ods.net/ketchup The end of the chorus is played differently all 3 times- that's the deal with the *. A#dim is an A# diminished chord consisting of the notes A#, C, and E. Any chord followed by a slash is the chord name followed by the bass note. For example, Bm/A is a Bm chord with an A played on the bass. ******************* Begin Transcription ******************* "Everything You Know Is Wrong" by Al Yankovic Intro: D C G/B A A7 (hold, then two strummed A7s and straight to verse) Verse (all verses are the same): D G A D I was driving on the freeway in the fast lane with a G A A#dim Bm Bm/A E/G# E rabid wolverine in my underwear when suddenly a guy A G behind me in the backseat popped right up and cupped D/F# D G his hands across my eyes. I guessed, "Is it Uncle A D G A Frank or cousin Louie, is it Bob or Joe or Walter, A#dim Bm Bm/A E/G# E could it be Bill or Jim or Ed or Bernie or Steve, A A7 I probably would have kept on guessing but about Bm that time we crashed into the truck, and as I'm E7 A D/F# laying bleeding there on the asphalt finally I G D Em G recognize the face of my hibachi dealer, who A A7/G A/F# A/E takes off his prosthetic lips, and tells me: Chorus: D G A D Everything you know is wrong, black is white, G A A#dim Bm Bm/A E/G# up is down and short is long, and everything E A A7/G A/F# A/E you thought was just so important doesn't matter, D G A D Everything you know is wrong, just forget the C#sus4 F#m Bm Bm/A E/G# E words and sing along, all you need to understand is G A * everything you know is wrong. *- First time : F G Second time: D Third time: G A Bm C#m Everything you know is (everything you know is) G A D D Everything you know is wrong! (end) Solos: (Accordion Solo:) G E F# G A (Baritone Saxaphone Solo:) Cm F G Am Bb Am Bb G C (Guitar Solo:) Dm Eb F Gb Am Bb G C A7 (two strums then into verse) ***************** End Transcription *****************


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Solubility Product
Different Expressions for Solubility Products
Solubility Product of a Weak Electrolyte
Common Ion Effect
Applications of Solubility Product
Significance of Stability Constant
Solubility of Metal Hydroxides in Acid Medium
Relationship between Solubility and Solubility Product
Calculation of Remaining Concentration After Precipitation
Simultaneous Solubility
Ostwald's Dilution Law
Limitations of Ostwald's Dilution Law
Related Resources
If to a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature, a solute is added gradually in increasing amounts, a stage is reached when some of the solute remains undissolved, no matter how long we wait or how vigorously we stir. The solution is then said to be saturated. A solution which remains in contact with undissolved solute is said to be saturated. At saturated stage, the quantity of the solute dissolved is always constant for the given amount of a particular solvent at a definite temperature.
In case the solute is an electrolyte, its ionisation occurs in solution and degree of dissociation depends on the concentration of dissolved electrolyte at a particular temperature.
Refer to the following video for dissolution of salt in water
Thus, in a saturated solution of an electrolyte two equilibria exist and can be represented as:
Solid unionized ions
Applying the law of action to the ionic equilibrium,
Since the solution is saturated, the concentration of unionised molecules of the electrolyte is constant at a particular temperature, i.e., [AB] = K'= constant.
[A+] [B-] = K[AB] = KK' = Ks (constant)
Ks is termed as the solubility product. It is defined as the product of the concentration of ions in a saturated solution of an electrolyte at a given temperature.
Consider, in general, the electrolyte of the type AxBy which is dissociated as:
AxBy xAy+ + yBx-
Applying law of mass action,
When the solution is saturated,
[AxBy] = K' (constant)
or Ay+]x[Bx-]y = K [AxBy] = KK' = Ks (constant)
Thus, solubility product is defined as the product of concentrations of the ions raised to a power equal to the number of times the ions occur in the equation representing the dissociation of the electrolyte at a given temperature when the solution is saturated.
Note: Solubility product is not the ionic product under all conditions but only when the solution is saturated.
Refer to the following video for solubility product
(i) Electrolyte of the type AB:
Its ionisation is represented as:
Thus, Ks = [A+][B-]
AgCl Ag+ + Cl-; Ks = [Ag+][Cl-]
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO-24 ; Ks = [Ba2+][SO-24]
(ii) Electrolyte of the type AB2:
Thus, Ks = [A2+][B-]2
PbCl2 Pb2+ + 2Cl-; Ks = [Pb2+][Cl-]2
CaF2 Ca2+ + 2F-; Ks = [Ca2+][F-]2
(iii) Electrolyte of the type A2B:
Thus, Ks = [A+]2[B2-]
Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO-24; Ks = [Ag+]2[CrO-24]
H2S 2H+ + S2-; Ks = [H+]2[S2-]
(iv) Electrolyte of the type A2B3:
Thus, Ks = [A3+]2[B2-]3
As2S3 2As3+ + 3S2-;
Ks = [As3+]2[S2-]3
Sb2S3 2Sb3+ + 3S2-;
Ks = [Sb3+]2[S2-]3
(v) Electrolyte of the type AB3:
Thus, Ks = [A3+][B2-]3
Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3OH-; Ks = [Fe3+][OH-]3
AH3 Al3+ + 3l-; Ks = [Al3+][I-]3
Let degree of ionization of weak electrolyte AmBn be 'α'.
AmBn mAn+ + nBm-
t = 0 s 0 0
teq s-sα msα nsα
Ksp = [An+]m[Bm-]n
= [msα ]m[nsα]n
Ksp = mmnn (sα)m+n
Criteria of precipitation of an electrolyte:
A very useful conclusion is derived from the solubility product concept. No precipitation of the electrolyte occurs if the ionic product is less than the solubility product, i.e., the solution has not reached the saturation stage.
Case I: When Kip<Ksp, then solution is unsaturated in which more solute can be dissolved.
Case II: When Kip = Ksp, then solution is saturated in which no more solute can be dissolved.
Case III: When Kip > Ksp, then solution is supersaturated and precipitation takes place.
When the ionic product exceeds the solubility product, the equilibrium shifts towards left hand side, i.e., increasing the concentration of undissociated molecules of the electrolyte. As the solvent can hold a fixed amount of electrolyte at a definite temperature, the excess of the electrolyte is thrown out from the solution as precipitate.
Thus, for the precipitation of an electrolyte, it is necessary that the ionic product must exceed its solubility product For example, if equal volumes of 0.02 M AgN03solution and 0.02 M K2Cr04 solution are mixed, the precipitation of Ag2Cr04 occurs as the ionic product exceeds the solubility product of Ag2Cr04 which is 2 × 10-12
In the resulting solution,
[Ag+] = 0.02/2 = 0.01 = 1*10-2 M
and [CrO2-4 ]= 0.02/2 = 0.01 = 1*10-2 M
Ionic product of Ag2CrO4 = [Ag+]2 [CrO2-4]
= (1×10-2)2 (1×10-2)
= 1 × 10-6
1 × 10-6 is higher than 2 × 10-12 and thus precipitation of Ag2CrO4 occurs.
Let AB to the weak electrolyte. Considering its dissociation,
and applying law of mass action we have
The equilibrium constant, K, has a definite value at any given temperature. If now another electrolyte furnishing the A+ and B- ions be added to the above solution. It will increases the concentration of either A+ ions or B- ions (whichever has been added) and in order that K may remain constant, the concentration of AB must increases, i.e., the equilibrium will shift to the left hand side.
In other words, the degree of dissociation of an electrolyte (weak) is suppressed by the addition of another electrolyte (strong) containing a common ion. This is termed as common ion effect. Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte and its ionization is suppressed in presence of a strong acid (H+ ion as common ion) or a strong salt like sodium acetate (acetate ion as common ion). Similarly, the addition of NH4Cl or NaOH to NH4OH solution will suppress the dissociation of NH4OH due to common ion either NH-4 or OH-.
As a result of common ion effect, the concentration of the ion not in common in two electrolytes, is decreased. The use of this phenomenon is made in qualitative analysis to adjust concentration of S2- ions in second group and OH- ion concentration in third group of analysis.
(i) Purification of common salt
Natural common salt consists of many insoluble and soluble impurities. Saturated solution of common salt is prepared and insoluble impurities are filtered off. Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is circulated through the saturated solution. HCl and NaCl dissociate into their respective ions as:
NaCl ↔ Na+ + Cl-
HCl ↔ H+ + Cl-
The concentration of Cl- ions increases considerably in solution due to ionization HCl. Hence, the ionic product [Na+][Cl-] exceeds the solubility product of sodium chloride and, therefore, pure sodium chloride precipitates out from solution.
(ii) Salting out of soap
Soap is a sodium salt of higher acids. From the solution, soap is precipitated by the addition of concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Soap and sodium chloride are present in the form of ions.
CnH2n+1 COONa ↔ CnH2n+1 COO- + Na+
Thus, the concentration of Na+ ions increases considerably on addition of NaCl solution. Hence, the ionic product [CnH2n+1COO-] [Na+] exceeds the solubility product of soap and, therefore, soap precipitates out from the solution.
(iii) Manufacture of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda):
In Solvay's soda process. CO2 gas is passed through ammonical brine to precipitate out NaHCO3.
NH4HCO3 + NaCl → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
NaHCO3 is precipitated first because of its lower solubility product as compared to those of NH4Cl, NH3HCO3 and NaCl.
Thus, baking soda (NaHCO3) can be quantifiably estimated.
(iv) Application of solubility product in quantitative analysis
1. Estimation of barium as barium sulphate:
H2SO4 as precipitating agent is added to the aqueous solution of BaCl2.
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
Precipitation of BaSO4 takes place when its ionic product exceeds solubility product. H2SO4 is added in slight excess to ensure complete precipitation. Large excess of H2SO4 is harmful for complex formation.
2. Estimation of silver as silver chloride:
NaCl solution is added to the silver nitrate solution, slight excess of NaCl is added to ensure complete precipitation.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaBO3
Again, precipitation of AgCl takes place when ionic product of AgCl exceeds its solubility product.
3. In a similar manner. We estimate lead as lead chromate, calcium as calcium oxalate, etc.
(i) Precipitation of the sulphides of group II and IV
Hydrogen sulphide is a weak electrolyte and is used for the precipitation of various sulphides of group II and IV in quantitative analysis.
It ionizes to a small extent in water:
The concentrations of S2- ions can be decreased by increasing concentration of H+ions and it can be increased by decreasing concentration of H+ ions. In group II, lower concentration of sulphide ions is required as the solubility products of the sulphides of group II are low while higher concentration of sulphide ions is required in group IV as the solubility products of the suphides of group IV are high. The values of solubility products of various sulphides are given below.
The concentration of S2- ions in group II is lowered by maintaining acidic medium. In the presence of HCl, the ionization of H2S is suppressed due to common ion effect. The concentration is so adjusted that only ionic products of the sulphides of group II exceed their solubility products and, therefore, get precipitated. However, CdS has somewhat higher value. For its precipitation, dilution of the solution is done which increases ionization of H2S and thereby increasing concentration of S2- ions.
In group IV, higher concentration of S2- ions is needed. This is done by changing the medium for acidic to alkaline. Ammonium hydroxide is added, the OH- ions furnished by NH4OH remove H+ ions from solution in the form of water molecules as,
More of the ionization of H2S occurs and, thus, concentration of S2- ions increases. It becomes so high that ionic products of the sulphides of group IV exceed their solubility products add they get precipitated.
(ii) Precipitation of III group hydroxides
When NH4OH is added in presence of NH4Cl then precipitation of II group hydroxides takes place, i.e., Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3 are precipitated. Solubility product of III group hydroxides is less than those of higher group hydroxides.
NH4Cl → NH+4 + Cl-
NH+4 ion furnished by NH4Cl lowers the ionisatin of NH4OH and hence the concentration of hydroxide ion OH-. At low concentration of hydroxide ion only III group hydroxides precipitate.
(v) Fractional Precipitation
It is a technique of separating two or more ions from a solution by adding a reagent that precipitates first one ion and then the second.
Let us suppose 0.1 M Ba2+ and 0.1 M Sr2+ in aqueous solution. K2CrO4 is added as precipitating agent. Ksp BaCrO4 is 1.2 × 10-10 and Ksp SrCrO4 is 3.5 × 10-5.
[CrO2-4]concentration required to precipitate BaCrO4
= Ksp/[Ba2+] = 1.2 * 10-10/0.1 = 1.2 * 10-9
BaCrO4 will precipitate first because it requires low concentration of CrO2-4 ions. On addition of chromate ions, BaCrO4 starts precipitating when chromate ion concentration reaches 1.2 × 10-9 M. When CrO2-4 ion concentration reaches upto 3.5 × 10-4 M, then SrCrO4 also starts precipitating.
Remaining concentration of Ba2+ when SrCrO4 starts precipitation.
=(Ksp BaCrO4)/[CrO42-] = (1.2×10-10)/(3.5×10-4)= 3.4×10-7 M
% remaining concentration = (3.4 * 10-7)/0.1 * 100
= 0.00034%
(vi) Stability Constant
Let us consider dissociation of the ion FeBr+.
FeBr+ ↔ Fe2+ + Br-
Dissociation constant for above equilibria may be given as
Kd = [Fe2+ ][Br- ]/[FeBr+ ]
Reciprocal of dissociation constant is called stability constant.
Ks = [FeBr+ ]/([Fe2+] [Br- ])
Let us consider the formation of complex K2Cd(CN)4, Complex ion is Cd(CN42-) where oxidation state of central metal Cd2+ is (2+). Complexing process proceeds in four steps as
Here Ks = K1K2K3K4.
Greater will be the value of stability constant more stable will be the complex.
Note :
(a) If on addition of a common ion in a salt solution (sparingly soluble), formation of complex ion takes place, then ionization increases, i.e., equilibrium shifts towards right hand direction to maintain the value of Ksp constant. It means, addition of common ion in the case of complex formation increases the solubility of the sparingly soluble salt which is against the concept of common ion effect.
(b) When we add an electrolyte to another electrolyte solution having no common ion, then ionization of the later increases.
(c) For a given electrolyte solubility product is always constant at a particular temperature.
H+ ion furnished by the medium effects the solubility of metal hydroxide, say M(OH)2, because of neutralization of OH- ion by H+ ion.
Ksp of M(OH)2 = [M2+][OH-]2
[M2+] = Ksp/[OH-]2
[H+] [OH-] = Kw = 10-14
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
[M2+] = Ksp[H+]2/10-28
Salts like Agl, BaS04, PbS04, Pbl2, etc., are ordinarily considered insoluble but they do possess some solubility. These are sparingly soluble electrolytes. A saturated solution of sparingly soluble electrolyte contains a very small amount of the dissolved electrolyte. It is assumed that whole of the dissolved electrolyte is present in the form of ions, i.e., it is completely dissociated.
The equilibrium for a saturated solution of any sparingly soluble salt may be expressed as:
AxBy ↔ xAy+ + yBx-
Thus, solubility product, Ks = [Ay+]x[Bx-]y
Let 's' mole per litre be the solubility of the salt, then
AxBy ↔ xAy+ + yBx-
xs ys
So Ks = [xs]x[ys]y
= xx.yy(s)x+y
(i) 1:1 type salts:
Examples: AgCl, Agl, BaSO4, PbSO4, etc.
Binary electrolyte: AB ↔ A+ + B-
s s
Let solubility of AB be s mol litre-1.
So Ks = [A+][B-] = s × s = s2
or s = √Hs
(ii) 1:2 or 2:1 type salts:
Examples: Ag2CO3, Ag2CrO4, PbCl2, CaF2, etc.
Ternary electrolyte:
s 2s
Let solubility of AB2 be s mol litre-1.
So Ks = [A2+][B-]2 = s × (2s)2 = 4s3
or s = 3√Ks/4
s s
Let s be the solubility of A2B.
Ks = [A+]2[B2-]
= (2s)2(s) = 4s3
or s = 3√Ks/4
(iii) 1: 3 type salts:
Examples: All3, Fe(OH)3, Cr(OH)3, Al(OH)3, etc.
Quaternary electrolyte: AB3 ↔ A3+ + 3B-
Let s mol litre-1 be the solubility of AB3.
Ks = [A3+][B-]3 = s × (3s)3 = 27s4
or s = 4√Ks/27
The presence of common ion affects the solubility of a salt. Let AB be a sparingly soluble salt in solution and A'B be added to it. Let s and s' be the solubilities of the salt AB before and after addition of the electrolyte A'B. Let c be the concentration of A'B.
Before addition of A'B, Ks=s2 ... (i)
After addition of A'B, the concentration of A+ and B- ions become s' and (s' + c), respectively.
So Ks = s'(s' + c) .... (ii)
Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii),
s2 = s'(s' +c)
Sometimes an ion remains after precipitation if it is in excess. Remaining concentration can be determined, e.g..
(i) [A+]left = Ksp [AB]/[B-]
(ii) [Ca2+]left = Ksp[Ca(OH)2]/[OH-]2
(iii) [An+]mleft = Ksp[AmBn]/[Bm-]n
Percentage precipitation of an ion
= [Initial conc. -Left conc./Initial conc.] × 100
Solubility of two electrolytes having common ion; when they are dissolved in the same solution, is called simultaneous solubility, e.g.,
(i) Solubility of AgBr and AgSCN, when dissolved together.
(ii) Solubility of CaF2 and SrF2, when dissolved together.
(iii) Solubility of MgF2 and CaF2 when dissolved together.
Calculation of simultaneous solubility is divided into two cases.
Case I: When the two electrolytes are almost equally strong (having closesolubility product), e.g.,
AgBr(Ksp = 5 x 10-13); AgSCN (Ksp = 10-12)
(See Example 23)
Here, charge balancing concept is applied.
Charge of Ag+ = Charge of Br- + Charge of SCN-
[Ag+] = [Br-] + [SCN-]
(a + b) = a b
Case II: When solubility products of two electrolytes are not close, i.e., they are not equally strong, e.g.,
CaF2 (Ksp = 3.4 x 10-11); SrF2 (Ksp = 2.9 x 10-9)
Most of fluoride ions come of stronger electrolyte.
According to Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation, the molecules of an electrolyte in solution are constantly splitting up into ions and the ions are constantly reuniting to form unionized molecules. Therefore, a dynamic equilibrium exists between ions and unionized molecules of the electrolyte in solution. It was pointed out by Ostwald that like chemical equilibrium, law of mass action van be applied to such systems also.
Consider a binary electrolyte AB which dissociates into A+ and B- ions and the equilibrium state is represented by the equation:
Initially t = 0 C 0 0
At equilibrium C(1-α) Cα Cα
So, dissociation constant may be given as
K = [A+][B-]/[AB] = (Cα * Cα)/C(1-α) = Cα2 /(1-α)
For very weak electrolytes,
α <<< 1, (1 - α ) = 1
.·. K = Cα2
α = √K/C
Concentration of any ion = Cα = √CK .
From equation (ii) it is a clear that degree of ionization increases on dilution.
Thus, degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is proportional to the square root of dilution.
The law holds good only for weak electrolytes and fails completely in the case of strong electrolytes. The value of 'α' is determined by conductivity measurements by applying the formula Λ/Λ∞. The value of 'α' determined at various dilutions of an electrolyte when substituted in Eq. (i) gives a constant value of K only in the case of weak electrolytes like CH3COOH, NH4OH, etc. the cause of failure of Ostwald's dilution law in the case of strong electrolytes is due to the following factors"
The law is based on the fact that only a portion of the electrolyte is dissociated into ions at ordinary dilution and completely at infinite dilution. Strong electrolytes are almost completely ionized at all dilutions and Λ/Λ∞ does not give accurate value of 'α'.
When concentration of the ions is very high, the presence of charges on the ions appreciably effects the equilibrium. Hence, law of mass action its simple form cannot be strictly applied in the case of string electrolytes.
Example 1: The ionization constant of HCN is 4 × 10-10. Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in 0.2 M solution of HCN containing 1 mol L-1 of KCN?
The dissociation of HCN is represented as
Ka = ([H+ ][CN-])/[HCN] or [H+ ] (Ka [HCN])/[CN- ]
In presence of strong electrolyte, the total CN- concentration comes from KCN which undergoes complete dissociation. It is further assumed that dissociation of HCN is very-very small and the concentration of HCN can be taken as the concentration of undissociated HCN.
Thus, [HCN] = 0.2 M and [CN-] = 1M
Putting these values in the expression
[H+] = (Ka [HCN])/([CN- ]) = (4×10-10×0.2)/1 = 8×10-11 mol L-1
[Note: When KCN is not present, the [H+] concentration is equal to √CK i.e., √(0.2*4*10-10) = 8.94 *10-8mol L-1 . This shows that concentration of H+ ions fails considerably when KCN is added to HCN solution.
Example 2: When 0.100 mole of ammonia, NH3, is dissolved in sufficient water to make 1.0 L solution, the solution is found to have a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.34 × 10-3 M. Calculate Kb for ammonia.
At equilibrium (0.100 -1.34 ×10-3) M 1.34×10-3 M
Kb = [NH4+ ][OH- ]/[NK3 ] = (1.34×10-3 × 1.34×10-3)/0.09866
Example 3: Ka for HA is 4.9 ×10-8. After making the necessary approximation, calculate for its decimolar solution
(a) % dissociation
(b) H+ ion concentration.
Solution: For a weak electrolyte.
α = √K/C = √((4.9×10-8)/0.1)
= 7 × 10-4
% dissociation = 100 × α = 100 × 7 × 10-4
= 7 ×10-2
C(-1-α) Cα Cα
[H+] = C × α = 0.1 ×7 × 10-4 = 7 × 10-5 mol L-1
Example 4: Nicotinic acid (Ka = 1.4 ×10-5) is represented by the formula HNiC. Calculate its per cent dissociation in a solution which contains 0.10 mole of nicotine acid per 2 litre of solution.
Solution: Initial concentration of the nicotinic acid = 0.10/2 = 0.05molL-1
HNiC ↔ H+ + NiC-
Equilibrium conc. (0.05-x) x x
As x is very small, (0.05 - x), can be taken as 0.05
Ka = [H+ ][NiC- ]/[HNiC] = (x × x)/0.05
or x2 = (0.05) × (1.4 × 10-5)
or x = 0.83 × 10-3 mol L-1
% dissociation = (0.83×10-3)/0.05×100 = 1.66
Alternative method: Let α be the degree of dissociation
NiHC ↔ H+ + NiC-
At equilibrium 0.05 (1 -α) 0.05α 0.05α
Ka = (0.05α×0.05α)/0.05(1-α)
As α is very small, (1-α) → 1.
So, 1.4 × 10-5 = 0.05 α2
or α√((1.4×10-5)/0.05=1.67×10-2 )
Per cent dissociation = 100 × α = 100 × 1.67 ×10-2 = 1.67
Example 5: At 30o C the degree of dissociation of 0.066 M HA is 0.0145. What would be the degree of dissociation of 0.02 M solution of the acid at the same temperature?
Solution: Let the ionization constant of the acid be Ka.
Degree of dissociation at 0.66 M concentration = 0.0145.
Applying α = √Kα/C
0.0145 = √Kα/0.066 ..... (i)
Let the degree of dissociation of the acid at 0.02 M concentration be α1.
α1 = √Kα/0.02 ...... (ii)
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i)
or α1 = 0.0145 × 1.8166 = 0.0263
Example 6: A solution contains 0.1 M H2S and 0.3 M HCl. Calculate the concentration of S2- and HS- ions in solution. Given and for H2S are 10-7 and 1.3 × 10-13 respectively.
Solution: H2S ↔ H+ + HS-
Kα1=[H+ ][HS- ]/[H2 S] ....... (i)
Further HS- = H+ + S2-
Kα2=[H+ ][HS2- ]/[H2 S] ....... (ii)
Multiplying both the equations
Kα1×Kα2=([H+ ]2 [HS2- ])/[H2S]
Due to common ion, the ionization of H2S is suppressed and the [H+] in solution is due to the presence of 0.3 M HCl.
[S2-]=(Kα1× Kα2[H2S])/[H+]2=(1.0×10-7×1.3×10-13×(0.1))/(0.3)2
Putting the value of [S2-] in Eq. (ii)
or [HS-] (0.3×1.44×10-20)/(1.3×10-13)= 3.3×10-8 M
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text:
Here we go again. Read this letter from a former member of the Science Fiction Writers of America.
It began with issue #200 of the Bulletin—all right, #199 if we want to get technical. It began with the Resnick and Malzberg Dialogues, a long-time feature of the publication. It began when two men sat down to have a dialogue about editors and writers of the female gender. How fantastic, I thought, because I, being a writer and an editor and female, had a keen interest in such things. I love reading anthologies such as Women of Wonder (and its sequel) and seeing how women impacted and contributed to this forward-looking and -thinking genre I love. I hoped they might include the women who inspired me and introduce me to many I hadn't yet discovered.
That's not what I found. I found a dialogue that seemed more focused on how these "lady editors" and "lady writers" looked in bathing suits, and that they were "beauty pageant beautiful" or a "knock out." I am certain no condescension was intended with the use of "lady," but as the dialogues went on, I felt the word carried a certain tone—perhaps that was a fiction of my own making. As I listened to these two men talk about lady editors and writers they had known, I grew uneasy. Something wasn't right.
That sounds so familiar. But wait, there's more!
The editorial staff (headed by a woman) vowed to improve, to seek more membership input. Issue #201 was little better—it included an article, written by another man, that told women to emulate Barbie, to "maintain our quiet dignity as a woman should." I could not believe those words—yet there they were, in black and white. I asked my friends again—was I mistaken? Was I simply taking these words out of context? They were surprised, appalled, outraged. First at the idea that someone felt such a thing, and next at the idea that SFWA published it in the magazine which is part of our public presence.
Be…like…Barbie? To an SF audience? I'm surprised I didn't hear the loud splat of a world-wide Picard facepalm.
So the little ladies complained and complained and complained, and then the men who started this all replied. Quit picking on us men, they said!
Issue #202 brought with it a "rebuttal" from Malzberg and Resnick, in which they used the words "censorship," and "suppression," and "ban." In which they said those who complained about their article were anonymous to them, that the SFWA forum had become "the arena for difference." Was it members who objected to "apparent sexism," or was it a larger, darker, more hostile and threatening thing that wanted to suppress their dialogues?
In all the complaints that were voiced, there was never a call for censorship. There was never a call for suppression. There was a call for respect.
Whoa, man, deja vu. Deja vu all over the place. And really, there's nothing special at all about atheism/skepticism, is there?


text:
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The IEC 60601-1 standard defines electromedical products as "equipment provided with no more than one connection to a particular supply mains and intended to diagnose, treat or monitor the patient under medical supervision, and which makes physical or electrical contact with the patient and/or transfers energy to or from the patient and/or detects such energy transfer to or from the patient."
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- Electrical – the compliance standard requires that the medical system operate safely, not only under normal conditions, but also in the event of what the IEC calls a "single fault" condition. The IEC 60601 norm requires that, in the event of a single fault, no safety hazard (electrocution, fire, and so on) will occur.
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text:
No. 29; Updated May 2012
Click here to download and print a PDF version of this document.
Psychiatric medications can be an effective part of the treatment for psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. In recent years there have been an increasing number of new and different psychiatric medications used with children and adolescents. Research studies are underway to establish more clearly which medications are most helpful for specific disorders and presenting problems. Clinical practice and experience, as well as research studies, help physicians determine which medications are most effective for a particular child. Before recommending any medication, the prescriber should conduct a comprehensive psychiatric diagnostic evaluation of the child or adolescent. Parents should be informed about known risks and/or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings before a child starts any psychiatric medication as well as whether the medication is being prescribed on-label or off-label (whether the medication has been approved for children and adolescents for the condition for which it is being prescribed). When prescribed appropriately by an experienced psychiatrist (preferably a child and adolescent psychiatrist) and taken as directed, medication may reduce or eliminate troubling symptoms and improve daily functioning of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
ADHD Medications: Stimulant and non-stimulant medications may be helpful as part of the treatment for attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). They come in several different forms, such as pills, patches, and liquid forms. Examples of stimulants include: Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderal, Vyanse, Procentra) and Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Metadate, Concerta, Daytrana, Focalin). Non-stimulant medications include Atomoxetine (Strattera), Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv) and Clonidine (Kapvay).
Antidepressant Medications: Antidepressant medications may be helpful in the treatment of depression, school phobias, panic attacks, and other anxiety disorders, bedwetting, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. There are several types of antidepressant medications. Examples of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI's) include: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft), Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluvoxamine (Luvox), Venlafaxine (Effexor), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), Citalopram (Celexa) and Escitalopram (Lexapro). Examples of serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) include Venlafaxine (Effexor, Pristiq), and Duloxetine (Cymbalta). Examples of atypical antidepressants include: Bupropion (Wellbutrin), Nefazodone (Serzone), Trazodone (Desyrel), and Mirtazapine (Remeron). Examples of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's) include: Amitriptyline (Elavil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), Imipramine (Tofranil), and Nortriptyline (Pamelor). Examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) include: Phenelzine (Nardil), and Tranylcypromine (Parnate).
Antipsychotic Medications: These medications can be helpful in controlling psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) or disorganized thinking. These medications may also help muscle twitches ("tics") or verbal outbursts as seen in Tourette's Syndrome. They are occasionally used to treat severe anxiety and may help in reducing very aggressive behavior. Examples of first generation antipsychotic medications include: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Thioridazine (Mellaril), Fluphenazine (Prolixin), Trifluoperazine (Stelazine), Thiothixene (Navane), and Haloperidol (Haldol). Second generation antipsychotic medications (also known as atypical or novel) include: Clozapine (Clozaril), Risperidone (Risperdal), Paliperidon (Invega), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Ziprasidone (Geodon) and Aripiprazole (Abilify) Iloperidone (Fanapt), Lurasidon (Latuda), and Asenapine (Saphris).
Mood Stabilizers and Anticonvulsant Medications: These medications may be helpful in treating bipolar disorder, severe mood symptoms and mood swings (manic and depressive), aggressive behavior and impulse control disorders. Examples include: Lithium (lithium carbonate, Eskalith), Valproic Acid (Depakote, Depakene), Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lamotrigine (Lamictil), and Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal).
Anti-anxiety Medications: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat anxiety in children and adolescents and are described above in the antidepressant section. There are also other medications used to treat anxiety in adults. These medications are rarely used in children and adolescents, but may be helpful for brief treatment of severe anxiety. These include: benzodiazepines; antihistamines; and atypicals. Examples of benzodiazepines include: Alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium), and Clonazepam (Klonopin). Examples of antihistamines include: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), and Hydroxyzine (Vistaril). Examples of atypical anti-anxiety medications include: Buspirone (BuSpar), and Zolpidem (Ambien).
Sleep Medications: A variety of medications may be used for a short period to help with sleep problems. Examples include: Trazodone (Desyrel), Zolpidem (Ambien), Zaleplon (Sonata), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), and Diphenhydramine (Benadryl).
Miscellaneous Medications: Other medications are also being used to treat a variety of symptoms. For example: clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) and guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv) may be used to treat the severe impulsiveness in some children with ADHD.
For additional/related information see other Facts for Families:
#21 Psychiatric Medication for Children and Adolescents: Part I - How Medications Are Used
#51 Psychiatric Medication for Children and Adolescents: Part III - Questions to Ask
See also:
Anxiety Disorders Resource Center
See also: Your Child (1998 Harper Collins) / Your Adolescent (1999 Harper Collins)
Click here to order Your Child from Harper Collins
Click here to order Your Adolescent from Harper Collins
If you find Facts for Families© helpful and would like to make good mental health a reality, consider donating to the Campaign for America's Kids. Your support will help us continue to produce and distribute Facts for Families, as well as other vital mental health information, free of charge.
You may also mail in your contribution. Please make checks payable to the AACAP and send to Campaign for America's Kids, P.O. Box 96106, Washington, DC 20090.
The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) represents over 8,700 child and adolescent psychiatrists who are physicians with at least five years of additional training beyond medical school in general (adult) and child and adolescent psychiatry.
Facts for Families© information sheets are developed, owned and distributed by AACAP. Hard copies of Facts sheets may be reproduced for personal or educational use without written permission, but cannot be included in material presented for sale or profit. All Facts can be viewed and printed from the AACAP website (www.aacap.org). Facts sheets may not be reproduced, duplicated or posted on any other website without written consent from AACAP. Organizations are permitted to create links to AACAP's website and specific Facts sheets. For all questions please contact the AACAP Communications & Marketing Coordinator, ext. 154.
If you need immediate assistance, please dial 911.
Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.


text:
'Dallas' Returns: Who Shot J.R. With Clinical Depression?
J.R. Ewing more diabolical than ever?
June 13, 2012 -- intro: It's a new "Dallas" for a new generation.
The original "Dallas," which debuted in 1978 on CBS and had an astonishing 13-year run, centered on the Ewings, a family of Texas oil barons who had money, cattle, and more scandals and power struggles than the Kardashians.
In a promo shot for the continuation of the iconic TV series, premiering tonight on TNT, Patrick Duffy, Linda Gray, and Larry Hagman join newcomers Jesse Metcalfe, Jordana Brewster, Brenda Strong, Julie Gonzalo and Josh Henderson for a new round of scheming, backstabbing, oil-fueled battles and a peak at a steamy scene that might have made jaws drop in the '70s.
The three original cast members will appear in the new series. The continuation is expected to focus on J.R.'s son, John Ross Ewing, and Bobby and Pam Ewing's adopted son, Christopher. With Southfork on the brink of a possible sale, the indomitable J.R. sits in a retirement facility calculating his next move after losing his fortune. The oil baron has apparently been medicated for clinical depression.
Click through for a look at some of the key players of "Dallas," then and now.
quicklist: 1 title: Larry Hagman/J.R. Ewing text: Hagman, 80, inherited the acting gene from his mother, Broadway musical legend Mary Martin. He'd had roles in television programs 20 years prior to "Dallas," including "I Dream of Jeannie" from 1965-70.
The original strategy behind "Dallas" was to focus on the newly-married Bobby and Pam Ewing. But Hagman made his role more than the producers had intended. He quickly became the focus of the program and is the undisputed power villain in TNT's modern version of the show even if he is not at his best at the start of the season.
He never left the business. Four years ago he had a recurring role on "Nip/Tuck," and appeared on "The Simpsons."
While Hagman has clearly aged since his days as the man everyone loved to hate, he wears it well. Like the hard drinking J.R., Hagman was an admitted boozer. In 1995, he had a life-saving liver transplant and a cancer scare that led him to quit smoking. He later chaired the American Cancer Society's annual Great American Smokeout for many years and became involved with the National Kidney Foundation.
As for oil, its interesting to note that in the last few years Hagman has become an alternative energy supporter. He publicly showed off his super energy, solar-powered home in 2007. This of course would be heresy to J.R. Ewing who in the new version of the show faces a push by his nephew to get into the renewable energy game.
media: 16041456
quicklist: 2 title: Patrick Duffy/Bobby Ewing text: Duffy, 63, made a name for himself in "The Man from Atlantis" television series before being signed to play J.R.'s good guy brother on "Dallas." Bobby continues to try to do the right thing on the reinvented show.
Duffy has kept himself busy since the series ended its run. He landed a role in "Step by Step," and continued to act in television movies. He had a run on "The Bold and the Beautiful," and appeared in the movie "You Again." media: 16041523
quicklist: 3 title: Linda Gray/Sue Ellen Ewing text: Gray, 71, was already a television regular when she got her plum "Dallas" gig, as J.R.'s long-suffering alcoholic wife. But Sue Ellen has come a long way from the sad, conniving, drunk wife of J.R. We now find her considering a political career. Sue Ellen Ewing for Governor? Just imagine the opposition research on Sue Ellen.
After the original series ended Linda Gray she continued her television work, including a role on "Models, Inc." and guest appearances on episodic television. media: 16041534
quicklist: 4 title: Victoria Principal/Pamela Barnes Ewing text: Principal, 62, had started her television acting career in the 1970s. Then she struck oil. She was cast in "Dallas" playing Bobby Ewing's wife, a character who often found herself in the middle when the Ewing and Barnes clans feuded.
After she left the series in 1987, she continued her acting career, appearing in TV movies, episodic television and series, including "Titans" in 2000. She's also the founder of Principal Secret, her skincare line. Sadly we won't be seeing her on the new "Dallas." Bobby's wife is now Ann Ewing, played by Brenda Strong. media: 16041567
quicklist: 5 title: Priscilla Presley/Jenna Wade text: Presley, 66, was the third actress to play Jenna Wade, the childhood love of Bobby Ewing. As Jenna, she rubbed shoulders with J.R., the formidable oil baron. But in real life Presley had already married the King -- she'd tied the knot with Elvis Presley in 1967.
As the marriage wound down, she began to explore acting. Five years into "Dallas," she joined the series for a five-year stint. After she left the show -- reportedly because she was displeased with the planned direction of her character -- Presley appeared in episodic television programs such as "Melrose Place" and "Touched by an Angel." She also appeared in the highly popular "Naked Gun" movies.
Even before her run on "Dallas," Presley had a real talent for business as a boutique owner. And as Elvis's gorgeous widow, she administered Graceland, their home, with a steely eye on the bottom line, until she passed the reins to her daughter, Lisa Marie Presley, in 1998. Post-"Dallas," in 1988, she launched an international fragrance line.
And the rest? Charlene Tilton, who played Lucy Ewing Cooper, J.R. and Bobby's niece, is still in the business and makes an appearance on the new show.. Ken Kercheval, who played Pam's brother, Cliff Barnes, survived lung cancer. As J.R.'s arch enemy in the original series it will be interesting to see the sparks fly when he returns for a guest appearance. Among the dozens of actors who contributed their talent to "Dallas," it's a sure bet that those who remain will eagerly watch the new intrigues of the Ewing clan. After all, family comes first. media: 16041640


text:
Tigers blindsided by late ambush in loss to Indians
Anibal cruises through six before combining with 'pen on seven-run 7th
DETROIT -- Right before the All-Star break, Brad Ausmus was asked which part of his first-place team might need the most improvement.
Had he been posed the same question Friday night, after Detroit's 9-3 loss to Cleveland at Comerica Park, he might have been compelled to single out the bullpen.
The Tigers' relief pitching didn't open the wound, but it did nothing to stanch the bleeding. A seven-run seventh inning left Detroit in the dust.
"Seven runs is generally going to win a game for a team over the course of nine," Ausmus said. "When you get seven in one inning, that can be a devastating blow."
Anibal Sanchez cruised for six innings, twice retiring at least seven Indians in a row. But his seven-strikeout outing quickly unraveled in the seventh. He allowed the first four Cleveland batters to reach, bringing the Indians to within one on Nick Swisher's two-run single.
"The ball got up in the zone," Ausmus said. "He was real crisp up until that point, but it was almost like he hit a wall."
When Sanchez left, the bullpen provided little help for the second straight game -- similar to the first-half finale, when Justin Verlander was relieved during the Royals' five-run seventh-inning rally that sunk the Tigers.
On Friday, Ian Krol entered to face one batter, longtime Tiger Ryan Raburn, who doubled, erasing the Detroit lead. At that point, with the game knotted at 3, Ausmus wasn't panicking.
"A tie game at home is not the worst place to be in going into the late innings," he said.
Al Alburquerque entered and appeared poised to play the role of hero. He struck out the first two batters he faced and was one pitch away from striking out the side when Jason Kipnis hit a three-run homer, one of his two on the night. Alburquerque threw a slider to Kipnis that he was ready for.
"A slider that was probably a little bit up," catcher Alex Avila said. "I wouldn't say it was a terrible pitch, but obviously trying to look for the strikeout there. It probably caught a little more plate rather than going down and in. But you're talking about centimeters.
"That's all it takes."
Asdrubal Cabrera made it back-to-back homers with another towering blast to right field, and the score was 7-3.
Detroit had scored the game's first run in the third inning, when Ian Kinsler's sacrifice fly scored Nick Castellanos, who had doubled and reached third on Avila's single. The Tigers cushioned Sanchez's lead in the fourth, when Torii Hunter celebrated his birthday as few 39-year-olds do.
Hunter doubled in a run in that frame, then stole third and scored Detroit's third run on catcher Yan Gomes' errant throw. The lead held until the seventh, when it took five batters to cancel it out, and two more to make it a seven-run inning.
Cleveland starter Trevor Bauer threw six innings of three-run ball and struck out Victor Martinez twice in the process. In his first game since July 4, Martinez, who had been sidelined with a sore side, had two hits but recorded just his third multi-strikeout game of the year.
Ausmus said he kept his bullpen on tight pitch limits Friday night to make sure the team wouldn't have to pitch shorthanded for Saturday's day-night doubleheader. The lone unavailable arm might be Chad Smith, who needed 37 pitches to complete the ninth inning.
But with Drew VerHagen making his Major League debut in the first game, the relievers could potentially be called on early. And that's a precarious position to put the bullpen, which has been a weak spot for a significant portion of the season.
"It was underwhelming early. The last couple games, it was underwhelming. But we've had some good outings in between those," Ausmus said.
"The first month of the season, I think the 'pen underperformed. There should be a correction in the second half as a result."
Friday night, however, the second half's unofficial start, was a step in the wrong direction.


text:
Kotaku's own stationary troubadour Kirk Hamilton has already shown you how some movies can be improved/ruined by the addition of dubstep. Now it's time to see how video games can be improved/ruined by it.
New games, old games, it doesn't matter. These videos are taking a game, ripping its heart out, showing you a few seconds of gameplay then abruptly goi-WUB WU BWUB WUBMMM WWWUUMMM.
I wasted a good portion of last night punishing myself in this NeoGAF thread, watching as with each press of F5 another of my most cherished video game memories (System Shock 2, Phoenix Wight) was kind of destroyed, and kind of made absolutely hilarious.
Youtube your favorite game + dubstep [NeoGAF]