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Last Updated: 12/18/2019
Rodan & Fields, LLC, including all its subsidiaries and affiliates, ("Rodan + Fields," "we," "our," and "us") is concerned about privacy issues and wants you to be familiar with how we collect, use, disclose, share and protect your personal information.
You accept this Privacy Policy when you access or use the Rodan + Fields® website (or any of our international websites or applications) and any products, services software, tools, applications, features or functionality offered on or through the website or mobile application (including any Rodan + Fields Independent Consultant personal web pages provided through the website) (collectively, the "Site"). You may be accessing our Site from a computer or mobile phone device (through an iPhone or iPad application, for example) or through a Rodan + Fields mobile application, and the provisions of this Privacy Policy apply to all such mobile access and use of mobile devices. We may add additional Sites from time to time as we expand our offerings and this Privacy Policy will govern those new Sites when added.
We also like to interact with you on third-party sites where we post content or invite your feedback, including sites such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and YouTube ("Third-Party Sites"). Please read the privacy policies of those social platforms, because your posts published on those platforms will no longer be governed by this Privacy Policy, except to the extent you provide or disclose your personal information via a private messaging function. In addition, if you access third party websites or applications (including by providing such third parties your Rodan + Fields credentials), and share your personal information with such third parties, please read the privacy policies of such third party to learn more about their collection, use and sharing of your personal information.
Because our business will continue to evolve, from time to time our policies will be reviewed and may be revised. We reserve the right to change this Privacy Policy at any time and notify you by posting an updated version of the Privacy Policy. We recommend that you review this Privacy Policy from time to time during visits to the Site and note any changes before your continued use of the Site. Your continued use of the Site after we post any revisions to this Privacy Policy constitutes your acceptance of the revised terms and conditions. It is your responsibility to periodically check this page so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances we might disclose it. The amended Privacy Policy will apply between us whether or not we have given you specific notice of any change. By using the Site, you agree to the terms of this Privacy Policy and our Terms and Conditions. If you do not agree to the terms of this Privacy Policy and our Terms and Conditions, please do not use the Site.
We collect the following types of personal information in order to provide you with the use of the Site and to help us personalize and improve your experience.
Information you provide to us: We may collect and store any information you provide us when you use the Site. For example, when you decide to complete a user registration form, complete an online survey or make a purchase, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact information (name, email address, mailing address and telephone number). If you decide to place an order, we will also need to know your delivery and billing address, credit card number and expiration date. Enrolling Independent Consultants are also asked to provide their date of birth, Social Security number and other personal information, which is required in order to begin a Consultantship.
We may also collect information from or about you from other sources, including through your contact with us, our Sales Support Department or your results when you respond to a survey. Additionally, for quality and training purposes or for our own protection, we may monitor or record our telephone conversations with you or anyone acting on your behalf. By communicating with Rodan + Fields, you acknowledge that your communication may be overheard, monitored, or recorded without further notice or warning.
To protect your personal information, users registering at the Site must also enter a user name/email address and password. By making a purchase, you become a registered user of rodananddfields.com. Once you are a registered user, information required to make a purchase is stored in your account—such as your credit card number, shipping and billing addresses. If you change your mind about storing this information, you can email the Sales Support Department at email@example.com to amend or delete this information. If you would prefer that we not collect any such personal information from you, please do not provide us with any such information. Please note that, notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, your credit card or debit card information ("Credit Card Holder's Information (CCHI)") will be used for payment on the spot and it may be kept in your account in a tokenized format for future payments or regular payments. Rodan + Fields does not handle any CCHI on its own and such CCHI is handled by external operators that manage the CCHI in accordance with the PCI data security standards and other industrial standards.
When you submit personal information on the Site, you are giving your consent to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information about you as set forth in this Privacy Policy. Please note that if you choose to share information about yourself in an open format, such as through a Third-Party Site such as Facebook or Twitter, we may consider some of that information to be public information—and not personal information.
Anonymous data: Throughout this Privacy Policy, we use the term "personal information" to describe information that can be associated with a specific person and can be used to identify that person. We do not consider personal information to include information that has been made anonymous so that it does not identify a specific user. Nor do we consider general information such as your geographic location, age group, gender, product and/or cosmetic concerns, and the brands and products that you use when you voluntarily provide such information to us, as "personal information," when not combined with information that can be used to personally identify you or any other user.
Please note that if we combine any non-personal information with personal information, the combined information will be treated by us as personal information as long as it is so combined.
Our primary purpose in collecting personal information is to provide you with a secure, smooth, efficient, and customized experience. We may use your personal information to:
We may share the personal information we collect from you, including your name, contact details, and transactions and activities, in connection with:
Please note that our employees and service providers may be located in foreign jurisdictions, and your personal information may be subject to the laws of those foreign jurisdictions and accessible to law enforcement and other authorities.
Because Rodan + Fields is headquartered in the United States, we may transfer information collected from our non-U.S. customers to the U.S. similarly, we may also transfer our customer information (regardless of where you live) to other countries or places in which we maintain offices or do business, including Australia, Canada, and Japan. By using a Rodan + Fields website or application or by otherwise doing business with Rodan + Fields, you are agreeing to allow us to transfer your information outside your home country and to process it inside the United States or elsewhere for the purposes stated in this Privacy Policy.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Privacy Policy to the contrary, we reserve the right to disclose your personal information to others as we believe to be appropriate: (a) to comply with legal process; (b) to respond to governmental requests; (c) to enforce our Terms and Conditions; (d) to protect our operations; (e) to protect the rights, privacy, safety or property of Rodan + Fields, you or others; and (f) to permit us to pursue available remedies or limit the damages that we may sustain. We may disclose any information we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal process or governmental request. We may also exchange information, including personal information, with other companies and organizations for credit protection and risk reduction.
We comply with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998. The Site is not directed to individuals under the age of thirteen (13), and we request that such individuals not provide personal information through the Site. If you are under 13 years of age, you may browse our Site; however, you may not provide personal information to us. For example, you cannot register or make a purchase. This policy is designed to protect children. Federal law requires us to take special steps to safeguard children's privacy. For more information about this federal law and about children's privacy, visit the Federal Trade Commission. If you register with us and we discover that you are under 13, we will delete such registration. If you are under 13 and want to make a purchase, please ask a parent or guardian to place the order for you.
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We realize that our customers trust us to protect their personal information. We take that task seriously. We maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards to protect your personal information. We implement various security measures and tools, such as firewalls, to help protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of the information under our control. For example:
It is important for you to play a role in keeping your information safe and secure. When signing up for an online account, please be sure to choose an account password that is hard for others to guess and never reveal it to anyone else. If you use a shared or public computer, never choose to have your login ID or password remembered and make sure to log out of your account every time you leave the computer.
You have the ability to change and/or correct the personal information that you provide us by emailing us at email@example.com. You have the right to ask in writing whether we hold any personal information about you, to see that information, and how we collect, use or disclose your personal information. We may not be able to provide you with all the information that you request, depending on the circumstances, and there may be a charge for any copy of personal information requested. You may request that we deactivate your account by emailing us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please note that we may need to retain certain information for recordkeeping purposes, and there may also be residual information that will remain within our databases and other records, which will not be removed. We also reserve the right, from time to time, to re-contact former users of the Site unless the former user has explicitly withdrawn consent. You may withdraw your permission to collect, use and disclose your personal information at any time, subject to legal and contractual restrictions and reasonable notice. However, without your permission we may not be able to provide you with the products or services you have requested.
You may opt-out of receiving future emails from Rodan + Fields when you register at the Site or otherwise provide your contact information to Rodan + Fields. Please note that this opt-out only applies to Rodan + Fields promotional emails and does not apply to communications to serve you unless you have explicitly withdrawn consent for us to use your personal information, or to other communications which may reference Rodan + Fields, e.g., from an Independent Consultant. You may opt-out of receiving Promotional Emails by emailing us at email@example.com. If you receive a Promotional Email and want to avoid further messages, look at the end of the email for instructions on how to remove yourself from the mailing list.
We will endeavor to comply with your request as soon as reasonably practicable. Please note that if you opt-out as described above, we will not be able to remove personal information from the databases of Independent Consultants or third parties with which we have already shared personal information (i.e., to which we have already provided personal information about you as of the date that we implement your opt-out request). If you wish to cease receiving marketing-related emails from such Independent Consultants or third parties, please contact such Consultants or third parties directly or utilize any opt-out mechanisms set forth in their respective privacy policies or marketing-related emails.
This section describes how we handle the personal information of California residents (as defined in Section 17014 of Title 18 of the California Code of Regulations), and the rights they have under the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 ("the CCPA"). We do not sell personal information of California residents to third parties, nor do we share it with them for their marketing purposes without consent. For information on how we use cookies and other tracking technologies please read about cookies in the section titled "Information we collect automatically". If you are a California resident, California law permits you to request Information regarding the:
In addition, if you are a California resident you may:
You will not be discriminated against for exercising your rights under the California Consumer Privacy Act.
Collection of Personal Information from California Residents
We have listed below the personal information categories that we may have collected from California residents in the past 12 months.
You can make requests related to your California privacy rights at the attached links:
You may also make those requests by calling our toll free number 415-273-8000.
Please be aware that we do not accept or process requests through other means (e.g., via fax, chats, social media, email addresses, etc.).
When you make a request, we may ask you to provide verifying information, such as your name, email, or phone number. We will review the information provided and may request additional information via email or other means to ensure we are interacting with the correct individual. Please also be aware that making any such request does not ensure complete or comprehensive removal or deletion of personal information or content you may have posted, and there may be circumstances in which the law does not require or allow us to fulfill your request.
California law also provides that California residents are entitled to know how the rodanandfields.com website responds to "Do Not Track" browser settings. Like many other websites and online services, this website does not currently alter its practices when it receives "Do Not Track" signals. To find out more about "Do Not Track," and for opt-out information, you may wish to visit the Future of Privacy Forum.
Nevada law allows customers to "opt out" of the sale of certain personal information, called "covered information." Although we do not "sell" "covered information" of Nevada "consumers" as those terms are defined by Chapter 603A of the Nevada Revised Statutes, you may contact us by email at firstname.lastname@example.com and provide your name, Nevada resident address, and email address to be verified and exercise your opt-out rights in the event we do sell covered information under that law in the future. If your contact information changes at any point, contact us in the same manner to update your contact information. For more information about our data collection and sharing practices, please review this Privacy Policy. We may share your data as explained in this Privacy Policy for different purposes, such as to make your experience and our services better, and those activities are separate from the opt out request.
We work with trusted third parties, including social network sites such as Facebook, and with applications and developers who specialize in social commerce, so that we can connect to your social networks. Other social networks we use include Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Vine and YouTube. All of these companies operate Third-Party Sites. We provide access to our Site by third parties and business partners so that we can generate interest in our products among members of your social networks and to allow you to share product interests with friends in your network. The use of any features made available to you on our Site by a third party may result in information being collected or shared about you by us or by the third party. If you do not want us to be able to access information about you from Third-Party Sites, you must instruct Third-Party Sites not to share the information. We cannot control how your data is collected, stored, used or shared by Third-Party Sites or to whom it is disclosed. Please be sure to review the privacy policies and privacy settings on your social networking sites to make sure you understand the information they are sharing. If you do not want a Third-Party Site to share information about you, you must contact that site and determine whether it gives you the opportunity to opt-out of sharing such information. Rodan + Fields is not responsible for how these third parties may use information collected from or about you. However, we do identify any areas on our Site where third parties share information about you.
The Site is controlled and operated by Rodan + Fields from the United States, and is not intended to subject Rodan + Fields to the laws or jurisdiction of any state, country or territory other than that of the United States. Rodan + Fields does not represent or warrant that the Site, or any part thereof, is appropriate or available for use in any particular jurisdiction. Those who choose to access the Site do so on their own initiative and at their own risk, and are responsible for complying with all local laws, rules and regulations. We may limit the Site's availability, in whole or in part, to any person, geographic area or jurisdiction we choose, at any time and in our sole discretion.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns or complaints about the Site's privacy practices, please contact us by email at email@example.com or visit the Contact Us section of our website. Please note that email communications will not necessarily be secure; accordingly you should not include credit card information or other sensitive information in your email correspondence with us.


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Core concepts
Colonization and terraforming
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for space colonization.[1] The two most common are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in case of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the vast resources in space for expansion of human society.
No space colonies have been built so far. As of right now, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge challenges, both technological and economic. Space settlements would have to provide for nearly all (or all) the material needs of hundreds or thousands of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life. They would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. They would also have to deal with the as yet unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the huge cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (roughly $20,000 USD per kilogram) a space colony would be a massively expensive project.
There are no timetables for building one by any large-scale organization (either government or private). However, there have been many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements that have been made, and there are a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.[2]
On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper, and in creating automated manufacturing and construction techniques ever since SpaceX introduced cheap, successful space launches.[3] This could in the future lead to widespread space tourism, which could be a stepping stone to space colonization.
The primary argument that calls for space colonization as a first-order priority is as insurance of the survival of human civilization, by developing alternative locations off Earth where humankind could continue in the event of natural and man-made disasters.
Theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking has argued for space colonization as a means of saving humanity, in 2001 and 2006. In 2001 he predicted that the human race would become extinct within the next thousand years, unless colonies could be established in space.[4] The more recent one in 2006 stated that mankind faces two options: Either we colonize space within the next two hundred years and build residential units on other planets or we will face the prospect of long-term extinction.[5]
Louis J. Halle, formerly of the United States Department of State, wrote in Foreign Affairs (Summer 1980) that the colonization of space will protect humanity in the event of global nuclear warfare.[6] The physicist Paul Davies also supports the view that if a planetary catastrophe threatens the survival of the human species on Earth, a self-sufficient colony could "reverse-colonize" Earth and restore human civilization. The author and journalist William E. Burrows and the biochemist Robert Shapiro proposed a private project, the Alliance to Rescue Civilization, with the goal of establishing an off-Earth backup of human civilization.[7]
J. Richard Gott has estimated, based on his Copernican principle, that the human race could survive for another 7.8 million years, but it isn't likely to ever colonize other planets. However, he expressed a hope to be proven wrong, because "colonizing other worlds is our best chance to hedge our bets and improve the survival prospects of our species".[8]
Many of the same existential risks to humankind would destroy parts or all of Earth's biosphere as well. An example would be a very large asteroid impact. And although many have speculated about life and intelligence existing in other parts of space, Earth is the only place in the universe currently known to harbor either of these (see: Fermi Paradox, and Rare Earth Hypothesis).
But even if these threats are averted, eventually Earth is to become uninhabitable. This is due to the Sun's increasing luminosity over its lifetime: the Sun is estimated to have been 70-75 percent as bright as it is now when it first formed 4.5 billion years ago, and in a billion years it will be 10 percent brighter. It has been suggested that approximately 800 million years from now, that Earth will cease to be able to sustain multi-cellular life.[9] Later on in several billion years, the brightening Sun will cause a runaway greenhouse effect, extinguishing all life on Earth.
Resources in space, both in materials and energy, are enormous. The Solar System alone has, according to different estimates, enough material and energy to support numbers of humans, anywhere from several thousand to over a billion times that of the current Earth-based human population.[10][11][12] Outside the Solar System in the Milky Way are anywhere up to several hundred billion other stellar systems. Outside the Milky Way are up to several hundred billion other galaxies in the observable universe.
Expansion of humans and technological progress has usually resulted in some form of environmental devastation, and destruction of ecosystems and their accompanying wildlife.The Earth right now has entered another mass extinction event, similar to the one 65 million years ago that wiped out the dinosaurs. The reason for this new mass extinction: us (humans).[13][14]
Aside from Earth's, there are no currently known biospheres to destroy in space.
Expansion has also often come at the expense of displacing many indigenous peoples, the resulting treatment of these peoples ranging anywhere from encroachment to full-blown genocide. Since space has no indigenous peoples this need not be a consequence, as some space settlement advocates have pointed out.[15][16]
Another argument for space colonization is to mitigate the negative effects of overpopulation. If the resources of space were opened to use and viable life-supporting habitats were built, Earth would no longer define the limitations of growth. Although Earth's resources do not grow, humans more and more learn to exploit them effectively, and sometimes even almost completely. As extraterrestrial resources become available, demand on terrestrial ones would decline.[17]
Additional goals cite the innate human drive to explore and discover, a quality recognized at the core of progress and thriving civilizations.[18][19]
Nick Bostrom has argued that from a utilitarian perspective, space colonization should be a chief goal as it would enable a very large population to live for a very long period of time (possibly billions of years), which would produce an enormous amount of utility (or happiness).[20] He claims that it is more important to reduce existential risks to increase the probability of eventual colonization than to accelerate technological development so that space colonization could happen sooner. In his paper, he assumes that the created lives will have positive ethical value despite the problem of suffering, or that future technology could solve it.
In a 2001 interview with Freeman Dyson, J. Richard Gott and Sid Goldstein, they were asked for reasons why some humans should live in space.[2] Their answers were:
There will be a very high initial investment cost for space colonies and any other permanent space infrastructure due to the high cost of getting into space. However, proponents argue that the long-term vision of developing space infrastructure will provide long-term benefits far in excess of the initial start-up costs. Therefore, such a development program should be viewed more as a long-term investment and not like current social spending programs that incur spending commitments but provide little or no return on that investment.
Because current space launch costs are so high ($4,000 to $40,000 per kilogram), any serious plans for space colonization must include developing low-cost access to space followed by developing in-situ resource utilization. Therefore, the initial investments must be made in the development of low-cost access to space followed by an initial capacity to provide these necessities: materials, energy, propellant, communication, life support, radiation protection, self-replication, and population.
Although some items of the infrastructure requirements above can already be easily produced on Earth and would therefore not be very valuable as trade items (oxygen, water, base metal ores, silicates, etc.), other high value items are more abundant, more easily produced, of higher quality, or can only be produced in space. These would provide (over the long-term) a very high return on the initial investment in space infrastructure.[21]
Some of these high-value trade goods include precious metals,[22][23] gem stones,[24] power,[25] solar cells,[26] ball bearings,[26] semi-conductors,[26] and pharmaceuticals.[26]
Space colonization is seen as a long-term goal of some national space programs. Since the advent of the 21st-century commercialization of space, which opened cooperation between NASA and the private sector, several private companies have announced plans toward the colonization of Mars. Among entrepreneurs leading the call for space colonization are Elon Musk, Dennis Tito and Bas Lansdorp.[27][28][29]
Potential sites for space colonies include the Moon, Mars, asteroids and free-floating space habitats. Ample quantities of all the necessary materials, such as solar energy and water, are available from or on the Moon, Mars, near-Earth asteroids or other planetary bodies.
The main impediments to commercial exploitation of these resources are the very high cost of initial investment,[30] the very long period required for the expected return on those investments (The Eros Project plans a 50 year development.[31]), and the fact that the thing has never been done before — the high-risk nature of the investment.
Major governments and well-funded corporations have announced plans for new categories of activities: space tourism and hotels, prototype space-based solar-power satellites, heavy-lift boosters and asteroid mining—that create needs and capabilities for humans to be in space.[32][33][34]
In particular, progresses with the annihilation of matter could render spaceflight and colonization more efficient and affordable, to a revolutionary degree,[35] and nuclear engineering.[36]
There are two main types of space colonies:
There is considerable debate among space settlement advocates as to which type (and associated locations) represents the better option for expanding humanity into space.
Locations in space would necessitate a space habitat, also called space colony and orbital colony, or a space station which would be intended as a permanent settlement rather than as a simple waystation or other specialized facility. They would be literal "cities" in space, where people would live and work and raise families. Many designs have been proposed with varying degrees of realism by both science fiction authors and scientists. Such a space habitat could be isolated from the rest of humanity but near enough to Earth for help. This would test if thousands of humans can survive on their own before sending them beyond the reach of help.
Building colonies in space would require access to water, food, space, people, construction materials, energy, transportation, communications, life support, simulated gravity, radiation protection and capital investment. It is likely the colonies would be located by proximity to the necessary physical resources. The practice of space architecture seeks to transform spaceflight from a heroic test of human endurance to a normality within the bounds of comfortable experience. As is true of other frontier opening endeavors, the capital investment necessary for space colonization would probably come from the state,[37] an argument made by John Hickman[38] and Neil deGrasse Tyson.[39]
Colonies on the Moon, Mars, or asteroids could extract local materials. The Moon is deficient in volatiles such as argon, helium and compounds of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The LCROSS impacter was targeted at the Cabeus crater which was chosen as having a high concentration of water for the Moon. A plume of material erupted in which some water was detected. Anthony Colaprete estimated that the Cabeus crater contains material with 1% water or possibly more.[40] Water ice should also be in other permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Although helium is present only in low concentrations on the Moon, where it is deposited into regolith by the solar wind, an estimated million tons of He-3 exists over all.[41] It also has industrially significant oxygen, silicon, and metals such as iron, aluminum, and titanium.
Launching materials from Earth is expensive, so bulk materials for colonies could come from the Moon, a near-Earth object, Phobos, or Deimos. The benefits of using such sources include: a lower gravitational force, there is no atmospheric drag on cargo vessels, and there is no biosphere to damage. Many NEOs contain substantial amounts of metals. Underneath a drier outer crust (much like oil shale), some other NEOs are inactive comets which include billions of tons of water ice and kerogen hydrocarbons, as well as some nitrogen compounds.[42]
Farther out, Jupiter's Trojan asteroids are thought to be high in water ice and other volatiles.[43]
Recycling of some raw materials would almost certainly be necessary.
Solar energy in orbit is abundant, reliable, and is commonly used to power satellites today. There is no night in free space, and no clouds or atmosphere to block sunlight. Light intensity obeys an inverse-square law. So the solar energy available at distance d from the Sun is E = 1367/d2 W/m2, where d is measured in astronomical units (AU) and 1367 watts/m2 is the energy available at the distance of Earth's orbit from the Sun, 1 AU.[44]
In the weightlessness and vacuum of space, high temperatures for industrial processes can easily be achieved in solar ovens with huge parabolic reflectors made of metallic foil with very lightweight support structures. Flat mirrors to reflect sunlight around radiation shields into living areas (to avoid line-of-sight access for cosmic rays, or to make the Sun's image appear to move across their "sky") or onto crops are even lighter and easier to build.
Large solar power photovoltaic cell arrays or thermal power plants would be needed to meet the electrical power needs of the settlers' use. In developed nations on Earth, electrical consumption can average 1 kilowatt/person (or roughly 10 megawatt-hours per person per year.)[45] These power plants could be at a short distance from the main structures if wires are used to transmit the power, or much farther away with wireless power transmission.
A major export of the initial space settlement designs was anticipated to be large solar power satellites that would use wireless power transmission (phase-locked microwave beams or lasers emitting wavelengths that special solar cells convert with high efficiency) to send power to locations on Earth, or to colonies on the Moon or other locations in space. For locations on Earth, this method of getting power is extremely benign, with zero emissions and far less ground area required per watt than for conventional solar panels. Once these satellites are primarily built from lunar or asteroid-derived materials, the price of SPS electricity could be lower than energy from fossil fuel or nuclear energy; replacing these would have significant benefits such as elimination of greenhouse gases and nuclear waste from electricity generation.
However, the value of SPS power delivered wirelessly to other locations in Space will typically be far higher than to locations on Earth. Otherwise, the means of generating the power would need to be included with these projects and pay the heavy penalty of Earth launch costs. Therefore, other than proposed demonstration projects for power delivered to Earth,[33] the first priority for SPS electricity is likely to be locations in space, such as communications satellites, fuel depots or "orbital tugboat" boosters transferring cargo and passengers between Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) and other orbits such as Geosynchronous orbit (GEO), lunar orbit or Highly-Eccentric Earth Orbit (HEEO).[46]:132
The Moon has nights of two Earth weeks in duration. Mars has nights, relatively high gravity, and an atmosphere with dust storms to cover and degrade solar panels. Also, its greater distance from the Sun (1.5 astronomical units, AU) translates into E/(1.52 = 2.25) only ½-⅔ the solar energy of Earth orbit. For these reasons, nuclear power is sometimes proposed for colonies in these locations.[47] Another alternative would be transmitting energy wirelessly to the lunar or Martian colonies from solar power satellites (SPSs) as described above—note again that the difficulties of generating power in these locations make the relative advantages of SPSs much greater there than for power beamed to locations on Earth.
For both solar thermal and nuclear power generation in airless environments, such as the Moon and space, and to a lesser extent the very thin Martian atmosphere, one of the main difficulties is dispersing the inevitable heat generated. This requires fairly large radiator areas.
Transportation to orbit is often the limiting factor in space endeavours. To settle space, much cheaper launch vehicles are required, as well as a way to avoid serious damage to the atmosphere from the thousands, perhaps millions, of launches required. One possibility is the air-breathing skyhooks, space elevators, mass drivers, launch loops, and StarTrams.
Transportation of large quantities of materials from the Moon, Phobos, Deimos, and near-Earth asteroids to orbital settlement construction sites is likely to be necessary.
Transportation using off-Earth resources for propellant in conventional rockets would be expected to massively reduce in-space transportation costs compared to the present day. Propellant launched from the Earth is likely to be prohibitively expensive for space colonization, even with improved space access costs.
Other technologies such as tether propulsion, VASIMR, ion drives, solar thermal rockets, solar sails, magnetic sails, and nuclear thermal propulsion can all potentially help solve the problems of high transport cost once in space.
For lunar materials, one well-studied possibility is to build mass drivers to launch bulk materials to waiting settlements. Alternatively, lunar space elevators might be employed.
Lunar rovers and Mars rovers are common features of proposed colonies for those bodies. Space suits would likely be needed for excursions, maintenance, and safety.
Compared to the other requirements, communication is easy for orbit and the Moon. A great proportion of current terrestrial communications already passes through satellites. Yet, as colonies further from the Earth are considered, communication becomes more of a burden. Transmissions to and from Mars suffer from significant delays due to the speed of light and the greatly varying distance between conjunction and opposition—the lag will range between 7 and 44 minutes—making real-time communication impractical. Other means of communication that do not require live interaction such as e-mail and voice mail systems should pose no problem.
In space settlements, a life support system must recycle or import all the nutrients without "crashing." The closest terrestrial analogue to space life support is possibly that of a nuclear submarine. Nuclear submarines use mechanical life support systems to support humans for months without surfacing, and this same basic technology could presumably be employed for space use. However, nuclear submarines run "open loop"—extracting oxygen from seawater, and typically dumping carbon dioxide overboard, although they recycle existing oxygen. Recycling of the carbon dioxide has been approached in the literature using the Sabatier process or the Bosch reaction.
Although a fully mechanistic life support system is conceivable, a closed ecological system is generally proposed for life support. The Biosphere 2 project in Arizona has shown that a complex, small, enclosed, man-made biosphere can support eight people for at least a year, although there were many problems. A year or so into the two-year mission oxygen had to be replenished, which strongly suggests that they achieved atmospheric closure.
The relationship between organisms, their habitat and the non-Earth environment can be:
A combination of the above technologies is also possible.
Cosmic rays and solar flares create a lethal radiation environment in space. In Earth orbit, the Van Allen belts make living above the Earth's atmosphere difficult. To protect life, settlements must be surrounded by sufficient mass to absorb most incoming radiation, unless magnetic or plasma radiation shields were developed.[50]
Passive mass shielding of four metric tons per square meter of surface area will reduce radiation dosage to several mSv or less annually, well below the rate of some populated high natural background areas on Earth.[51] This can be leftover material (slag) from processing lunar soil and asteroids into oxygen, metals, and other useful materials. However, it represents a significant obstacle to maneuvering vessels with such massive bulk (mobile spacecraft being particularly likely to use less massive active shielding).[50] Inertia would necessitate powerful thrusters to start or stop rotation, or electric motors to spin two massive portions of a vessel in opposite senses. Shielding material can be stationary around a rotating interior.
See also: Health threat from cosmic rays
Space manufacturing could enable self-replication. Some think it the ultimate goal because it allows an exponential increase in colonies, while eliminating costs to and dependence on Earth.[52] It could be argued that the establishment of such a colony would be Earth's first act of self-replication (see Gaia spore).[53] Intermediate goals include colonies that expect only information from Earth (science, engineering, entertainment) and colonies that just require periodic supply of light weight objects, such as integrated circuits, medicines, genetic material and tools.
See also: von Neumann probe, clanking replicator, molecular nanotechnology
The monotony and loneliness that comes from a prolonged space mission can leave astronauts susceptible to cabin fever or having a psychotic break. Moreover, lack of sleep, fatigue, and work overload can affect an astronaut's ability to perform well in an environment such as space where every action is critical.[54]
In 2002, the anthropologist John H. Moore estimated that a population of 150–180 would permit a stable society to exist for 60 to 80 generations — equivalent to 2000 years.
A much smaller initial population of as little as two women should be viable as long as human embryos are available from Earth. Use of a sperm bank from Earth also allows a smaller starting base with negligible inbreeding.
Researchers in conservation biology have tended to adopt the "50/500" rule of thumb initially advanced by Franklin and Soule. This rule says a short-term effective population size (Ne) of 50 is needed to prevent an unacceptable rate of inbreeding, whereas a long‐term Ne of 500 is required to maintain overall genetic variability. The Ne = 50 prescription corresponds to an inbreeding rate of 1% per generation, approximately half the maximum rate tolerated by domestic animal breeders. The Ne = 500 value attempts to balance the rate of gain in genetic variation due to mutation with the rate of loss due to genetic drift.
Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be on a physical body or free-flying:
Compared to other locations, Earth orbit has substantial advantages and one major, but solvable, problem. Orbits close to Earth can be reached in hours, whereas the Moon is days away and trips to Mars take months. There is ample continuous solar power in high Earth orbits. The level of (pseudo-) gravity can be controlled at any desired level by rotating an orbital colony.
The main disadvantage of orbital colonies is lack of materials. These may be expensively imported from the Earth, or more cheaply from extraterrestrial sources, such as the Moon (which has ample metals, silicon, and oxygen), near-Earth asteroids, comets, or elsewhere. As of 2014, the International Space Station provides a temporary, yet still non-autonomous, human presence in low Earth orbit.
Due to its proximity and familiarity, Earth's Moon is discussed as a target for colonization. It has the benefits of proximity to Earth and lower escape velocity, allowing for easier exchange of goods and services. A drawback of the Moon is its low abundance of volatiles necessary for life such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. Water-ice deposits that exist in some polar craters could serve as a source for these elements. An alternative solution is to bring hydrogen from near-Earth asteroids and combine it with oxygen extracted from lunar rock.
The Moon's low surface gravity is also a concern, as it is unknown whether 1/6g is enough to maintain human health for long periods.
Another near-Earth possibility are the five Earth–Moon Lagrange points. Although they would generally also take a few days to reach with current technology, many of these points would have near-continuous solar power because their distance from Earth would result in only brief and infrequent eclipses of light from the Sun. However, the fact that the Earth–Moon Lagrange points L4 and L5 tend to collect dust and debris, whereas L1-L3 require active station-keeping measures to maintain a stable position, make them somewhat less suitable places for habitation than was originally believed. Additionally, the orbit of L2–L5 takes them out of the protection of the Earth's magnetosphere for approximately two-thirds of the time, exposing them to the health threat from cosmic rays.
The five Earth–Sun Lagrange points would totally eliminate eclipses, but only L1 and L2 would be reachable in a few days' time. The other three Earth–Sun points would require months to reach.
Many small asteroids in orbit around the Sun have the advantage that they pass closer than Earth's moon several times per decade. In between these close approaches to home, the asteroid may travel out to a furthest distance of some 350,000,000 kilometers from the Sun (its aphelion) and 500,000,000 kilometers from Earth.
The surface of Mars is about the same size as the dry land surface of Earth. The ice in Mars' south polar cap, if spread over the planet, would be a layer 12 meters (39 feet) thick[55] and there is carbon (locked as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere).
Mars may have gone through similar geological and hydrological processes as Earth and therefore might contain valuable mineral ores. Equipment is available to extract in situ resources (e.g., water, air) from the Martian ground and atmosphere. There is interest in colonizing Mars in part because life could have existed on Mars at some point in its history, and may even still exist in some parts of the planet.
However, its atmosphere is very thin (averaging 800 Pa or about 0.8% of Earth sea-level atmospheric pressure); so the pressure vessels necessary to support life are very similar to deep-space structures. The climate of Mars is colder than Earth's. The dust storms block out most of the sun's light for a month or more at a time. Its gravity is only around a third that of Earth's; it is unknown whether this is sufficient to support human beings for extended periods (all long-term human experience to date has been at around Earth gravity, or one g).
The atmosphere is thin enough, when coupled with Mars' lack of magnetic field, that radiation is more intense on the surface, and protection from solar storms would require radiation shielding.
Terraforming Mars would make life outside pressure vessels on the surface possible. There is some discussion of it actually being done.
See also: Exploration of Mars, Martian terraforming
The moons of Mars may be a target for space colonization. Low delta-v is needed to reach the Earth from Phobos and Deimos, allowing delivery of material to cislunar space, as well as transport around the Martian system. The moons themselves may be suitable for habitation, with methods similar to those for asteroids.
While the surface of Venus is far too hot and features atmospheric pressure at least 90 times that at sea level on Earth, its massive atmosphere offers a possible alternate location for colonization. At an altitude of approximately 50 km, the pressure is reduced to a few atmospheres, and the temperature would be between 40–100 °C, depending on the altitude. This part of the atmosphere is probably within dense clouds which contain some sulfuric acid. Even these may have a certain benefit to colonization, as they present a possible source for the extraction of water.
There is a suggestion that Mercury could be colonized using the same technology, approach and equipment that is used in colonizing the Moon. Such colonies would almost certainly be restricted to the polar regions due to the extreme daytime temperatures elsewhere on the planet.
Observations of Mercury's polar regions by radar from Earth and the on-going observations of the Messenger Probe have been consistent with water ice and/or other frozen volatiles being present in permanently shadowed areas of craters in Mercury's polar regions.[56] Measurements of Mercury's exosphere, which is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected.[57] All of these observations are consistent with water ice and/or other volatiles being available to hypothetical future colonists of Mercury.
Colonization of asteroids would require space habitats. The asteroid belt has significant overall material available, the largest object being Ceres, although it is thinly distributed as it covers a vast region of space. Unmanned supply craft should be practical with little technological advance, even crossing 1/2 billion kilometers of cold vacuum. The colonists would have a strong interest in assuring that their asteroid did not hit Earth or any other body of significant mass, but would have extreme difficulty in moving an asteroid of any size. The orbits of the Earth and most asteroids are very distant from each other in terms of delta-v and the asteroidal bodies have enormous momentum. Rockets or mass drivers can perhaps be installed on asteroids to direct their path into a safe course.
Ceres is a dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, comprising about one third the mass of the whole belt and being the sixth largest body in the inner Solar System by mass and volume. Ceres has a surface area somewhat larger than Argentina. Being the largest body in the asteroid belt, Ceres could become the main base and transport hub for future asteroid mining infrastructure, allowing mineral resources to be transported further to Mars, the Moon and Earth. See further: Main-Belt Asteroids. It may be possible to paraterraform Ceres, making life easier for the colonists. Given its low gravity and fast rotation, a space elevator would also be practical.
The Artemis Project designed a plan to colonize Europa, one of Jupiter's moons. Scientists were to inhabit igloos and drill down into the Europan ice crust, exploring any sub-surface ocean. This plan discusses possible use of "air pockets" for human inhabitation. Europa is considered one of the more habitable bodies in the Solar System and so merits investigation as a possible abode for life.
Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System. It may be attractive as Ganymede is the only moon with a magnetosphere and so is less irradiated at the surface. The presence of magnetosphere, likely indicates a convecting molten core within Ganymede, which may in turn indicate a rich geologic history for the moon.
NASA performed a study called HOPE (Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration) regarding the future exploration of the Solar System.[58] The target chosen was Callisto. It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System.
The three out of four largest moons of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) have an abundance of volatiles making future colonization possible.
Titan is suggested as a target for colonization,[59] because it is the only moon in the Solar System to have a dense atmosphere and is rich in carbon-bearing compounds.[60] Robert Zubrin identified Titan as possessing an abundance of all the elements necessary to support life, making Titan perhaps the most advantageous locale in the outer Solar System for colonization, and saying "In certain ways, Titan is the most hospitable extraterrestrial world within our solar system for human colonization".
Enceladus is a small, icy moon orbiting close to Saturn, notable for its extremely bright surface and the geyser-like plumes of ice and water vapor that erupt from its southern polar region. If Enceladus has liquid water, it joins Mars and Jupiter's moon Europa as one of the prime places in the Solar System to look for extraterrestrial life and possible future settlements.
Other large satellites: Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Tethys, and Mimas, all have large quantities of volatiles, which can be used to support settlement.
The five large moons of Uranus (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon) and Triton—Neptune's largest moon—, although very cold, have large amounts of frozen water and other volatiles and could potentially be settled, only they would require a lot of nuclear power to sustain the habitats. Triton's thin atmosphere also contains some nitrogen and even some frozen nitrogen on the surface (the surface temperature is 38 K or about -391°Fahrenheit). Pluto is estimated to have a very similar structure to Triton.
Pluto is estimated to have a very similar structure to Triton.
The Kuiper Belt is estimated to have 70,000 bodies of 100 km or larger.
Freeman Dyson has suggested that within a few centuries human civilization will have relocated to the Kuiper belt.[61]
The Oort Cloud is estimated to have up to a trillion comets.
Statites or "static satellites" employ Dyson sphere.
It may be possible to colonize the three farthest gas giants with floating cities in their atmospheres. By heating hydrogen balloons, large masses can be suspended underneath at roughly Earth gravity. A human colony on Jupiter would be less practical due to the planet's high gravity, escape velocity and radiation. Such colonies could export Helium-3 for use in fusion reactors if they ever become practical. Escape from the gas giants (especially Jupiter) seems well beyond current or near-term foreseeable chemical-rocket technology however, due to the combination of large velocity and high acceleration needed even to achieve low orbit.
Looking beyond the Solar System, there are up to several hundred billion potential stars with possible colonization targets. The main difficulty is the vast distances to other stars: roughly a hundred thousand times further away than the planets in the Solar System. This means that some combination of very high speed (some percentage of the speed of light), or travel times lasting centuries or millennia, would be required. These speeds are far beyond what current spacecraft propulsion systems can provide.
Many scientific papers have been published about interstellar travel. Given sufficient travel time and engineering work, both unmanned and generational voyages seem possible, though representing a very considerable technological and economic challenge unlikely to be met for some time, particularly for manned probes.
Space colonization technology could in principle allow human expansion at high, but sub-relativistic speeds, substantially less than the speed of light, c. An interstellar colony ship would be similar to a space habitat, with the addition of major propulsion capabilities and independent energy generation.
Hypothetical starship concepts proposed both by scientists and in hard science fiction include:
The above concepts all appear limited to high, but still sub-relativistic speeds, due to fundamental energy and reaction mass considerations, and all would entail trip times which might be enabled by space colonization technology, permitting self-contained habitats with lifetimes of decades to centuries. Yet human interstellar expansion at average speeds of even 0.1% of c would permit settlement of the entire Galaxy in less than one half of a galactic rotation period of ~250,000,000 years, which is comparable to the timescale of other galactic processes. Thus, even if interstellar travel at near relativistic speeds is never feasible (which cannot be clearly determined at this time), the development of space colonization could allow human expansion beyond the Solar System without requiring technological advances that cannot yet be reasonably foreseen. This could greatly improve the chances for the survival of intelligent life over cosmic timescales, given the many natural and human-related hazards that have been widely noted.
The star Tau Ceti, about twelve light years away, has an abundance of cometary and asteroidal material in orbit around it. These materials could be used for the construction of space habitats for human settlement.
If humanity does gain access to a large amount of energy, on the order of the mass-energy of entire planets, it may eventually become feasible to construct Alcubierre drives. These are one of the few methods of superluminal travel which may be possible under current physics.
Looking beyond the Milky Way, there are about 100 billion other galaxies in the observable universe. The distances between galaxies are on the order of a million times further than those between the stars. Because of the speed of light limit on how fast any material objects can travel in space, intergalactic travel would either have to involve voyages lasting millions of years,[62] or a possible faster than light propulsion method based on speculative physics, such as the Alcubierre drive. There are, however, no scientific reasons for stating that intergalactic travel is impossible in principle.
Space colonization can roughly be said to be possible when the necessary methods of space colonization become cheap enough (such as space access by cheaper launch systems) to meet the cumulative funds that have been gathered for the purpose.
Although there are no immediate prospects for the large amounts of money required for space colonization to be available given traditional launch costs,[63] there is some prospect of a radical reduction to launch costs in the 2010s, which would consequently lessen the cost of any efforts in that direction. With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch of up to 13,150 kg (28,990 lb) payload[64] to low Earth orbit, SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets are already the "cheapest in the industry".[65] Advancements currently being developed as part of the SpaceX reusable launch system development program to enable reusable Falcon 9s "could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn would drop the cost of access to space still further through economies of scale."[65] If SpaceX is successful in developing the reusable technology, it would be expected to "have a major impact on the cost of access to space", and change the increasingly competitive market in space launch services.[66]
The [67]
The most famous attempt to build an analogue to a self-sufficient colony is Biosphere 2, which attempted to duplicate Earth's biosphere. BIOS-3 is another closed ecosystem, completed in 1972 in Krasnoyarsk, Siberia.
Many space agencies build testbeds for advanced life support systems, but these are designed for long duration human spaceflight, not permanent colonization.
Remote research stations in inhospitable climates, such as the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station or Devon Island Mars Arctic Research Station, can also provide some practice for off-world outpost construction and operation. The Mars Desert Research Station has a habitat for similar reasons, but the surrounding climate is not strictly inhospitable.
Nuclear submarines provide an example of conditions encountered in artificial space environment. Crews of these vessels often spend long periods (6 months or more) submerged during their deployments. However, the submarine environment provides a somewhat open life support system since the vessel can replenish supplies of fresh water and oxygen from seawater.
Other examples of small groups in isolated living conditions are record long-distance flights, long-distance (single-handed) sails, oil platforms, prisons, bunkers, small islands and underground bases.
The study of terrestrial analogues is also a central focus in space architecture.
The first known work on space colonization was The Brick Moon, a work of fiction published in 1869 by Edward Everett Hale, about an inhabited artificial satellite.[68]
The Russian schoolmaster and physicist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky foresaw elements of the space community in his book Beyond Planet Earth written about 1900. Tsiolkovsky had his space travelers building greenhouses and raising crops in space.[69] Tsiolkovsky believed that going into space would help perfect human beings, leading to immortality and peace.[70]
Others have also written about space colonies as Lasswitz in 1897 and Bernal, Oberth, Von Pirquet and Noordung in the 1920s. Wernher von Braun contributed his ideas in a 1952 Colliers article. In the 1950s and 1960s, Dandridge M. Cole[71] published his ideas.
Another seminal book on the subject was the book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space by Gerard K. O'Neill[72] in 1977 which was followed the same year by Colonies in Space by T. A. Heppenheimer.[73]
M. Dyson wrote Home on the Moon; Living on a Space Frontier in 2003;[74] Peter Eckart wrote Lunar Base Handbook in 2006[75] and then Harrison Schmitt's Return to the Moon written in 2007.[76]
As of 2013, Bigelow Aerospace is the only private commercial spaceflight company that has launched two experimental space station modules, Genesis I (2006) and Genesis II (2007),[77] into Earth-orbit, and has indicated that their first production model of the space habitat, the BA 330, could be launched by 2017.[78]
A corollary to the Fermi paradox—"nobody else is doing it"—is the argument that because no evidence of alien colonization technology exists, it is statistically unlikely to even be possible using that same level of technology ourselves.
Colonizing space would require massive amounts of financial, physical and human capital devoted to research, development, production, and deployment. Earth's natural resources do not increase to a noteworthy extent (which is in keeping with the "only one Earth" position of environmentalists). Thus, considerable efforts in colonizing places outside Earth would appear as a hazardous waste of the Earth's limited resources for an aim without a clear end.
The fundamental problem of public things, needed for survival, such as space programs, is the free rider problem. Convincing the public to fund such programs would require additional self-interest arguments: If the objective of space colonization is to provide a "backup" in case everyone on Earth is killed, then why should someone on Earth pay for something that is only useful after they are dead? This assumes that space colonization is not widely acknowledged as a sufficiently valuable social goal.
Although seen as a relief to the problem of overpopulation, others have argued that space colonization is an impractical solution; in 1999, science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke said that "the population battle must be fought or won here on Earth".[79]
Other objections include concern about creating a culture in which humans are no longer seen as human, but rather as material assets. The issues of human dignity, morality, philosophy, culture, bioethics, and the threat of megalomaniac leaders in these new "societies" would all have to be addressed in order for space colonization to meet the psychological and social needs of people living in isolated colonies.[80]
As an alternative or addendum for the future of the human race, many science fiction writers have focused on the realm of the 'inner-space', that is the computer-aided exploration of the human mind and human consciousness—possibly en route developmentally to a Matrioshka Brain.
Robotic exploration is proposed as an alternative to gain many of the same scientific advantages without the limited mission duration and high cost of life support and return transportation involved in manned missions.
It could seem that nationalism might unfold ever bigger dangers, once one carries it up and out into space. The exploration of space stronger and stronger blocks up the practical possibility of a war, as it decisively strengthens the factor of deterrence.[81]
Another objection is the potential to cause interplanetary contamination on planets that may harbor hypothetical extraterrestrial life.
Organizations that contribute to space colonization include:
Although established space colonies are a stock element in science fiction stories, fictional works that explore the themes, social or practical, of the settlement and occupation of a habitable world are much rarer.
[Bigelow Aerospace] has the financial capacity to pay for at least two BA 330s habitats which should be ready by the end of 2016.
Nasa, Antarctica, Solar System, Evolution, Apollo program
Solar System, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Oxygen, Mercury (planet), Moon
Elon Musk, Falcon 9, Falcon 1, Dragon (spacecraft), Falcon Heavy
United States, International Space Station, United Kingdom, Virgin Galactic, Space Adventures
Apollo program, International Space Station, Soviet Union, Mars, Space Shuttle
Space colonization, Spaceflight, International Space Station, Nasa, Science fiction
Space tourism, Human spaceflight, International Space Station, Nasa, Solar System
Solar System, Space colonization, Spacecraft propulsion, Nanotechnology, International Space Station
Space colonization, Space, Colonization of the outer Solar System, Technology, Semantic Web
Earth, Spaceflight, Space elevator, Space colonization, Nasa

subset: commoncrawl


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Daily Archives: October 19, 2009
I'm not dead! Just dyed.
Posted by Susan
Good morning! I'd apologize for not posting last night, but to be honest, I'm not that sorry! :P I was feeling c-to-the-rappy yesterday and didn't want to spread my sickness through blogging.
My sore throat has progressed to a cough, and I got a solid 8 hours of sleep last night (a rare occurrence for me). So things are at least looking up this a.m. I am currently fisting a giant mug of coffee and sporting my new hair colour :)
A little less red than I've been wearing lately, but no doubt will fade into a red shade anyways. And yes, I do not exaggerate when I say a giant mug of coffee. You can tell my wrist is working hard to hold it up in that picture.
Yesterday was very uneventful. I had to be at work earlier than the usual 5am. I was starving by the time I got to my breakfast cookie.
Same mix as last weekend. It's amazing how long a bag of M&Ms can last when you only eat a few at a time! "Old Susan" would have polished those bad boys off a long time ago… "New Susan" is enjoying savouring them :)
I was very excited to try out a new bar as my snack. For the longest time, we've only been able to get the Kashi chewy bars in Canada, but the cereal bars have made their way here!!!
At 120 calories, they're pretty dinky. Not to mention only 2g of fibre and protein each.
I'm not the biggest fan of cereal bars actually, but I thought this was still pretty decent. However, I ate it with a cheese string, and my tummy was growling 90 minutes later. So it doesn't make for a very sustainable snack.
I dug into my lunch mega early. Thankfully, it was also mega filling and delicious :)
Salami, laughing cow, tomato, field greens, mustard on whole wheat bread. The salami is from the market. I was really excited to find it from a safe and healthy source, as the packaged salami in grocery stores is super sketchy. I'm learning that my city's market is not always the greatest for deals on produce – but it's awesome for fresh meat!
I also munched on edamame.
I find these single-serving packages of edamame in the freezer section of my grocery store. They're great for packed lunches!
I was a hungry hungry hippo yesterday. A lot of snackage happened that went unphotographed. When I finally broke for dinner, I figured it was time for more kitchen clearing.
I rescued a box of Casbah falafel mix from my very top shelf.
(Recycled photo). I've tried many times to make falafel from scratch – but this mix still makes the best kind! Not the best ingredients compared to what I could make at home though. Just add water to the mix, shape into little patties, and bake till hard :)
Falafel salad.
- 6 falafel patties
- hummus
- tabbouleh
- tomatoes
- red pepper
- onions
- field greens
Yum! I love me some falafel :) Although, I think this would have been better in a pita… with tzatzkiki…
I spent my evening watching Glee. I've been hearing a lot of people talk about this show, but I haven't caught it on Canadian TV yet, so I downloaded the episodes I've missed. So good! Chris stopped by and proceeded to make fun of me for watching it though :P
More snackage occurred, including another kashi bar. This time seven whole grain and almond kicked up a notch with some almond butter.
Divine :) I definitely snacked more than I like to yesterday, but I also felt legitimately hungry at times. I just don't have it in me to not eat when I'm hungry. I was also awake for 20 hours… which I guess gave me plenty opportunity to eat!
I started my morning off today on the right foot with a delicious bowl of savoury oats.
- 1/2 cup rolled oats
- 1 1/4 cup water
- 1 tsp Earth Balance spread
- pinch kosher salt
- 1 breakfast sausage
- 1 soft-fried egg
- salsa
Have you tried savoury oats yet?? If not, what are you waiting for!? I think nothing tastes better with soft egg yolks than a creamy spoonful of oats. Yummmmm…
In other news, today is my third rest day in a row. You may recall that I hurt my hip at the gym on Friday, so I took the weekend off all activity. It actually feels pretty good today, but I feel like it's better to be safe than sorry in cases like these. I much rather take a week off exercise at the first sign of injury, than push it and have to take months off down the road to heal a more serious injury.
I think I need the rest anyways, for the first time in a while, I don't have an inkling to exercise. I just want to work on getting my hip better, and getting rid of my cold. Then I'll be able to give it my all when I get back to it :)
I also probably won't be posting again tonight. I've got a 10-11 hour work day ahead of me and I just don't think I'll have the energy. I'll be back Tuesday! Have a great start to your week!!
Question of the day: Do you dye your hair? What colours? I've had every colour of the rainbow – including pink, purple, blue, green, orange and fire-engine red :)
Posted in Challenges, Reviews, Workouts
Tags: breakfast cookie, coffee, edamame, falafel, hair dye, injuries, Kashi, kashi cereal bar, kashi chewi bar, M&Ms, oatmeal, salad, salami, sandwich, savoury oats, tabbouli


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A new red band trailer for "Let Me In", the US remake of the Swedes "Let the Right One In" has found it's way online. At this point I've run out of clever ways to say how much I hated the original so let's just accept that we're American and we're better than everyone else. Let freedom ring.
Twenty years ago the newly released clip of Tiffany and Debbie Gibson having a cat fight for the Syfy flick "Mega Python vs. Gatoroid" would of made my Jams all kinds of tight. But I haven't worn Jams in close to twenty years so now it's just making my big boy shorts tight. See how that didn't turn out like you hoped it would?
After very much not being released back in March the Nic Cage film "Season of the Witch" is now seeing some re-shoots. Since they're going back and redoing some scenes why not toss in John Travolta and have him switch faces with Nic. Then have the two of them race around the country looking for secret treasures hidden in national landmarks. You're welcome Lionsgate, you can keep that one.
Hot news out of Comic-Con this past weekend that the much delayed film "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane" may be getting a release in the near future. By this point I'm sure most of the boys have moved on from Mandy to the skeezy girl down the street.
The fine people behind the upcoming "Saw 3D" release have put out a pretty dandy 3D poster that will blow your little peepers out of their sockets. There's also a solid chance this will be the best part of this movie, so enjoy it while it lasts.
"Dexter Early Cuts: Dark Echo", which is a brand spanking new animated webisode found it's way to Comic Con and the internerds are all a flutter. The web series gives us all a chance to see what went on in our favorite serial killer's life before the show started. In episode three he goes out an buys all those cool cabana shirts.
Fresh from Comic Con comes news that Guillermo del Toro is going to be making a "Haunted Mansion" movie based on the Disney ride. I can't even begin to explain how excited I am about this but apparently they aren't going to be asking Eddie Murphy to join the cast. Am I the only one who enjoyed the last one? I can't be alone here.
In order to build up the hype around it's estimated 2014 release the fine people behind the "Night Of The Demons" remake have released a poster. Alright the 2014 thing is kind of bullshit, it just feels like we've been talking about this masterpiece forever now. You can't rush Shannon Elizabeth and her perfection.
If you loved "The Mutant Chronicles", and honestly who didn't, you'll be excited to know that its creator Simon Hunter is currently working on a new a new flick titled "Safe House". I'll be honest, I didn't like "The Mutant Chronicles" and I could care less about this, but I thought I should post one thing that didn't come out of Comic Con.
"Repo: The Genetic Opera" is coming to The Wings Theatre in NYC this Saturday July 10th. Between this, the heat wave and the inevitable LeBron James rejection that's coming I thank god I'm getting out of the area this weekend. I predict riots in the streets before the second chorus of whatever god awful song opens up that thing.
In preparation for tomorrows release of "Predators" Robert Rodriguez and Nimrod Antal sat down to discuss the filming process and why someone would name their child Nimrod. That second part was cut from the interview I think. Look for it on the Blu-Ray special features though!
A trailer for the new season of the VH1 show "Scream Queens" is online and to be honest is a little disappointing. The contestants will once again compete for a role in the next "Saw" film but no James Gunn this season and from what I can tell no ridiculously over sized fakes breasts. Really I could have let the James Gunn thing go but I'm not sure if I can get past the other.
Hot news for everyone heading out to Comic-Con. The cast of "Dexter" will be doing a panel discussion as well as premiering a new trailer for season 5 which hits Showtime on September 26. There's also going to be a lot of attractive women dressed up in skimpy superhero outfits. But you're probably more excited about the "Dexter" thing. Nerds.


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Greetings! Welcome to the Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Social Work. Our faculty and staff is student centered and committed to you--becoming the best that you can be in the real world. We are here to help you "Discover the Buff in you!"
The programs in our department help you explore, discover, and then pursue your interests, talents and abilities in the real world. Psychology prepares and trains individuals to apply psychological principles to human conditions. The professional program in Social Work prepares and trains students in helping individuals, groups, and communities enhance or restore social functioning. Sociology trains and prepares individuals to gain a better understanding of ourselves, diversity, and our social world. Our department stresses the fundamentals in each discipline.
As a student in the Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Social Work you will learn the importance of developing problem-solving and research skills and learn ways of relating to issues confronting individuals and society in the real world. You will have the opportunity to work one-on-one with faculty, conduct research in a laboratory setting, and participate in service-learning opportunities. Our fields offer a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life and situation. Because psychology, sociology and social work addresses the most challenging issues of our time, they are rapidly expanding fields whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs.
Thank you for your interest in and support of the Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Social Work. Here you will find outstanding faculty and wonderful support staff. If you have questions, please feel free to contact me, or one of the talented and gifted faculty members, in the Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Social Work. I encourage you to discover the real world!
Lisa Garza, Ph.D.
Department Head
(806) 651-2593


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Search results
(1 - 2 of 2)
- Title
- Causality of an extreme harmful algal bloom in Monterey Bay, California, during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific warm anomaly
- Description
- An ecologically and economically disruptive harmful algal bloom (HAB) affected much of the northeast Pacific margin in 2015, during a prolonged oceanic warm anomaly. Caused by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, this HAB produced the highest particulate concentrations of the biotoxin domoic acid (DA) ever recorded in Monterey Bay, California. Bloom inception followed strong upwelling during the spring transition, which introduced nutrients and eliminated the warm anomaly locally. Subsequently, moderate and intermittent upwelling created favorable conditions for growth and accumulation of HAB biomass, which was dominated by a highly toxigenic species, P. australis. High cellular DA concentrations were associated with available nitrogen for DA synthesis coincident with silicate exhaustion. This nutrient influence resulted from two factors: (1) disproportionate depletion of silicate in upwelling source waters during the warm anomaly, the most severe depletion observed in 24 years, and (2) silicate uptake by the dense diatom bloom., Published
- Author
- Bowers, Smith
- Title
- Sandwich hybridization probes for the detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species: An update to existing probes and a description of new probes
- Description
- New sandwich hybridization assay (SHA) probes for detecting Pseudo-nitzschia species (P. arenysensis, P. fraudulenta, P. hasleana, P. pungens) are presented, along with updated cross-reactivity information on historical probes (SHA and FISH; fluorescence in situ hybridization) targeting P. australis and P. multiseries. Pseudo-nitzschia species are a cosmopolitan group of diatoms that produce varying levels of domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can accumulate in finfish and shellfish and transfer throughout the food web. Consumption of infected food sources can lead to illness in humans (amnesic shellfish poisoning; ASP) and marine wildlife (domoic acid poisoning; DAP). The threat of human illness, along with economic loss from fishery closures has resulted in the implementation of monitoring protocols and intensive ecological studies. SHA probes have been instrumental in some of these efforts, as the technique performs well in complex heterogeneous sample matrices and has been adapted to benchtop and deployable (Environmental Sample Processor) platforms. The expanded probe set will enhance future efforts towards understanding spatial, temporal and successional patterns in species during bloom and non-bloom periods., Published
- Author
- Bowers


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Angelique Bordey, PhD
Professor of Neurosurgery and of Cellular And Molecular Physiology; Co Vice Chair of Research, Neurosurgery
Research & Publications
Dr. Angélique Bordey holds the rank of Professor of Neuroscience. Dr. Bordey is an active participant in teaching and training of graduate and medical students at Yale School of Medicine. Dr. Bordey is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Frontiers in Neurogenesis and an executive Editor of the journals Neuropharmacology, Glia, Neuroplasticity, AES Neuro, Neurogenesis, and Fronteirs in Neuroscience. She has served as an Ad Hoc member on several study sections and is presently a member of CMBG NIH study section . She has organized several national and international symposiums, and is frequently an invited speaker. Finally, she is a McKnight awardee and holds several grant fundings.
Education & Training
- PhDLouis Pasteur University (1995)
- MSUniversity Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, Neurophysiology (1992)
- MSNational School of Engineering, Lyon, Chemistry (1991)
- Postdoctoral FellowUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham
- NeurobiologyFrance 2008Professor Bordey conducts collaborative research with French neurobiologists
Honors & Recognition
|Awarding Organization
|McKnight Neuroscience of brain Disorder Award
|McKnight Endowment Foundation
|Young Investigator Travel Award to the 2003 American Epilepsy Society Meeting
|Epilepsy Foundation
Departments & Organizations
- Bordey Lab
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Physiology
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program
- Molecular Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology
- Neural Disorders
- Neuroscience
- Neurosurgery
- Office of Cooperative Research
- Yale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS)
- Yale Stem Cell Center
- Yale University


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Flights to Paris from Chisinau
Find cheap flights
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InformationChisinau and Paris are 1984 kilometres away from each other, with an estimated flight time of 02:50 h (this may vary depending on the weather or air routes)
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Approximate pH Level: +3.0 - 3.3
The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its sour to semi-sweet fruit, an 18th-century hybrid first bred in Barbados.
pHresh Products™ are editorial opinions of phreshproducts.com, given without warranty, and are not intended to replace the advice of a nutritionist or health-care professional. pHresh Product's opinions and ratings are based on weighted averages of the nutrient densities of those pH and nutrients for which the FDA has established Daily Values, and do not consider other nutrients that may be important to your health or take into account your individual needs. Consequently, all foods, regardless of their pH and or nutritional value, have the potential to play an important role in your diet.
Source: Nutrient data for this listing was provided by USDA SR-21. Each "~" indicates a missing or incomplete value.
Source: Definition was provided by Wikipedia.
Percent Daily Values (%DV) are for adults or children aged 4 or older, and are based on a 2,000 calorie reference diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower based on your individual needs.


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Breathe Networks Limited (BNL) has acquired small ISP Fast4 for an undisclosed sum.
The merger will see Fast4 bosses Steve Kaye and Nick Pulsford become Chief Operating Officer and Chief Technical Officer of BNL.
Fast4 will survive as an independent brand. Kaye said: "Fast4 users will not experience any changes as Fast4 has simply become part of the BNL group. We are looking forward to working with Marcus and his team to grow the business, and with other ISPs who want to benefit from our combined strength and operational platform."
Readers with longish memories will remember Breathe for its spectacular modern urbanist belly-flop as a free dial-up ISP during the dotcom years. The assets and brand were scooped up Great Universal Stores in 2001 and then offloaded it to Affinity Internet Holdings six months later.
Two years after that it was flogged to Net Access Limited, which went titsup in 2006. Breathe was then bought by a new company, Breathe Networks Limited.
It has since pootled along hoovering up small broadband ISPs and groups of customers, including some of the fallout from the Biscit debacle last year. ®


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Blackmagic Design has launched a High Defintion Multimedia Interface (HDMI) editing card for those on a budget.
The card, dubbed Intensity, is designed for low cost consumer cameras with HDMI video connections. This means they can move beyond the quality limits of HDV compressed video into uncompressed editing and design, which provides better quality.
The card can switch between 1080HD, 720HD, NTSC and PAL video standards, and work with PCI Express Windows or Mac OS X computers for editing in SD or HD.
The company said the card uses the same technology as its products made for Hollywood feature films.
The card is compatible with most Adobe editing software, Apple Final Cut Pro and QuickTime.
It will be available from October 15 at $249. ®


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Each fall, College of Charleston freshman are handed a book meant to shape their semester. "We're promoting the idea that people read to enhance their lives," says associate professor Carol Ann Davis, chair of the College Reads! Committee.
This year, the program selected Three Cups of Tea, which has sold more than 3.6 million copies in 41 countries. The best seller documents author Greg Mortenson's transition from mountaineer to humanitarian and "focuses on literacy as the key to civilization," says Davis. Enjoyed by everyone from humanitarians to Pentagon officials, the memoir is equally at home in anthropology and poli-sci courses. "Mortenson's success in community development and civic engagement on an international level serves to inspire smaller endeavors," says CofC director of orientation Stephanie Auwaerter. Over the summer, for example, an effort known as Third Cup Charleston raised funds to put copies of the book in children's hands and an emphasis on education in their hearts.
On November 11 at Carolina First Arena, College Reads! presents an author lecture. A limited number of tickets will be available to the public.
For info, contact Carol Ann Davis at email@example.com.


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TORRINGTON FOOTBALL: Rodriguez is ready to get started at Torrington
Torrington has offically offered the football head coaching position to former Sheehan High School offensive coordinator Gaitan Rodriguez.
"I was chosen," said Rodriguez. "I am very excited and extremely excited to come home."
He played at Torrington High School in the 90's and was an All-NVL selection; he also began his coaching career with the Raiders.
Torrington Athletic Director Mike McKenna said they were looking for a coach who would be able to do more for the program than just coach on the field.
"We were looking for someone who's going to develop young men academically and socially. Football is not the big thing that people are going to learn. What they get out of sports is way beyond what they learn on the field," said McKenna. "I think Gaitan Rodriguez is the guy who can do that. I've known him since he was a freshman in high school. He's absolutely what we were looking for."
Rodriguez agrees with the goals and is confident that he will be able to lead the football program, not just on the field, but off as well.
"They're getting someone who's very passionate about the game of football," said Rodriguez. "I love teaching football and teaching students athletes."
Former Torrington football coach Chris Medve, who coached the Raiders from 1989-1998 is very happy and excited for Rodriguez and the football program at Torrington.
"Anytime you can spend time as an assistant coach, you develop your own philosophies," Medve said. "He always wanted to be a head coach, I am really happy for him, he is a Torrington guy, he'll do a great job and will put his heart into it."
Rodriguez spent the last seven years as offensive coordinator at Sheehan High School under head coach John Ferrazzi.
"(Gaitan Rodriguez) has been my right hand man for the last seven years," Ferrazzi said. "He is extremely detailed-oriented, a great motivator and very knowledgeable. He helped build the Sheehan program that you see today."
Ferrazzi said Rodriguez is prepared to take over a program at this point in his career and that he backs his decision 100 percent.
"He is ready without a question, he's been ready," Ferrazzi said. "Returning to Torrington has been in the back of his mind, it is an unbelievable opportunity, not many better people out there, they won't regret it."
Sheehan Athletic Director V.J. Sarullo is sad that Sheehan will lose a great assistant coach in Rodriguez but he knows how lucky the Raiders are now with him leading the program.
"It is definitly a loss for Sheehan and a gain for Torrington," said Sarullo.
Sarullo said Rodriguez did not shy away from showing his affection for the city he grew up in.
"He has immense pride in the city, he grew up in Torrington and that is great to have in a school, especially a football program," Sarullo said. "(Gaitan Rodriguez) is a very good leader and educator and that is as important as ever."
Rodriguez met with the Torrington football team Thursday and he is ready to get going.
"I love Torrington," said Rodriguez. "It was a great meeting, very positive. I can't wait to get started."
McKenna is also excited about the hiring of Rodriguez.
"He's a Torrington guy. He has pride in the program. We made the right choice," said McKenna.
Rodriguez still needs to be approved by the Torrington Board of Education at a date yet to be determined.