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The American Magazine (1906-1956)/Volume 73/A New Science and Its Findings
Some Disconcerting Discoveries of Karl Pearson
"AND don't fail to see Karl Pearson,— his Eugenics Laboratory is doing great work."
This was the last word of advice given me in Washington by Dr. Smith of the Department of Agriculture, before I started for Europe. So I saw Professor Pearson, after much difficulty and in an inopportune time. For a man who does not wish to be seen, however, any time is inopportune; and Professor Pearson did not wish to be seen. Les Anglais sont justes mais pas bons,—the witty French traveler scored a bull's-eye in universal truth; and, in particular, your thoroughbred English man of science despises the ignorant meddling of newspapermen. But Professor Pearson received me and, being juste, answered all my questions and took me over the Galton Laboratory of National Eugenics.
It was not much of a "take," the more's the pity. Two or three second-story rooms in the University of London in Gower Street—small, poorly lighted, and cluttered like a junk-shop. The necessary paraphernalia of the science—records, charts, books, crania, biometrical apparatus—overflowed in heaps. One wonders how a nation can be so ungrateful to its proved benefactors as to permit Professor Pearson to go on working under such discouraging and retarding conditions.
For, having had a reporter's glimpse at about all the latest European developments in science, from aeronautics, wireless, and preventive medicine to psychical research, the latest thing in hydraulic jacks and the most improved automatic street-sweeper, I assert my belief that the most important and urgently necessary line of scientific work on earth to-day is being pursued in those wretchedly inadequate quarters in Gower Street. I believe that the greatest public service performed to-day by any man of science anywhere is being performed by Professor Karl Pearson.
I propose to show cause for this opinion presently, as soon as I have said a word about the science itself.
Eugenics is not taken seriously by most of us because it is so little understood,—so actively misapprehended, I should say. Before I saw it at work, I confess that I had passed it by without examination, as a fad; probably many others have done likewise. We are, perhaps, not to be blamed. The multitude of things pressing for one's attention is very great, and the selective process must let some good go with the bad. But the report of a novelty ought to carry at least some prima facie evidence of its seriousness and value; and the sensational reports of Eugenics that I had read, with their talk about "the right of the child to be well-born," conveyed to me the impression of some kind of fanciful scheme for breeding human beings by prescription. Hence I looked no further. I hope my fellow-readers were more fortunate; but I am quite sure that most of them were not.
Eugenics is a branch of biology, organized as a science by the late Sir Francis Galton, who gave his name and the bulk of his private fortune to the Laboratory in Gower Street—the only institution of its kind as yet existing on a national scale. Eugenics is primarily an analysis of the agencies under social control that can favorably or unfavorably affect the physical or mental condition of posterity. It gathers and coördinates statistics of all the influences that society brings to bear upon our descendants through us. Special work of this kind has, of course, been done in several directions. Lombroso and the "Italian school" made very close statistical researches into the prison population, and similar investigations have been made on various classes of defectives. But Eugenics deals with the normal as well as the abnormal type. It handles the biometrical statistics of families, schools, colleges, fraternal organizations, as well as those of the asylums, hospitals and penitentiaries, in order to determine and measure the socially controlled agencies that are in force.
The posterity-affecting agencies under social control are very numerous, and the scope of the science is therefore very great. Not only does it include the familiar environmental agencies like food, drink, housing, sanitation, occupations, but also the far more subtle factors of heredity that are brought out by a study of censuses, school-reports, Board of Health returns, and the like; tracing out inherited habits, aptitudes, abilities and physical characteristics, as they manifest themselves alike in the normal and abnormal subjects of investigation.
Now, to justify my high opinion of this science—and to point a needed moral—I am going to put before you a surprising story
Of all the agencies under social control, the one most completely and obviously under the control of society is the law. Society can make, amend, suspend, or abolish its laws at pleasure. We determine our environmental conditions largely by law. In fact, familiarity with the absolute law-making power of society makes some of us unconsciously assume that statutory law is above everything— that even the laws of Nature have to vacate when the Legislature passes a statute. A brilliant writer with a turn for epigram once mentioned to me four classes among us who seemed peculiarly liable to this delusion—the impossiblist Socialists, evangelical preachers, Prohibitionists and policemen. However witty this saying will appear, or however unscrupulous, will depend, probably, upon our own relation to the philosophy of the four classes, or any one of them. I quote it merely to show a patent extreme of our faith in the unlimited potential control of all things by statutory law, and in the absolute control by society of the law-making power.
Very well, then, here is an interesting and profitable study of the basis of our faith, and at the same time a most illuminating example of the value of the science of Eugenics. I urge it upon the attention of every reader, and, above all, upon the publicists, legislators, and social workers of the United States; because timely attention to it will save us the repetition of certain vital, and I fear irreparable, blunders that England has made; blunders that England made, moreover, by what anyone would say was the most enlightened, most humane, and most beneficent policy in her history of legislation.
Two things have been worrying England acutely for Several years. First, her birth rate is low and steadily declining. She is raising the specter of race suicide. Some statisticians say that in fifteen years, at the present rate of decline, her native population will be stationary, and she must depend on immigration to keep going.
Second, her population has not the same good physical and mental quality it used to have. The South African war made some disagreeable and shocking revelations of the impairment of the fighting stock. Percentages of lunacy, degeneration, etc., seem to show an increased deterioration in the quality as well as quantity of dependable English nerve, brain, and muscle.
We will consider separately the birth rate of three representative sections of England, as follows:
The birth rate of Bradford, Manchester, Bolton, and Leeds. These are typical industrial towns, manufacturing centers like Lowell and Fall River. Bradford manufactures woolens, and formerly employed great numbers of women and children in the factories. The other cities are largely in textile manufacturing, and employed great quantities of female labor and child labor.
The birth-rate line of all these towns exhibits the same characteristic. It begins to fall about 1877 and declines continuously and sharply to the present time. In 1852 the wives of Bradford bore a child once in four years; now they bear a child once in ten years. The number of births per family has fallen off about one-half. Allowing a 30 per cent. child-mortality, the native population of Bradford is practically stationary at the present time.
The most unreflecting glance at the birthrate line of Bradford, Leeds, Manchester, and Bolton, would suggest the query, Something must have happened in England about 1877 to affect the birth rate of factory towns,— what was it?
- The birth rate of Cornwall, an agricultural, mining, and fishing district,—largely mining. Here we see a very sharp drop in the birth rate in 1867, another about 1887, and then a rapid decline.
Again the query, What happened about 1867 and, 1887 to affect the birth rate of the mining district of Cornwall?
The birth rate of York, which is chiefly a county town and trading center, with no great manufacturing interests. Here the drop begins in 1887 and the decline continues.
Once more, Why in 1887—what happened then?
Now let us look for an answer to these questions. We can take it as an axiom that nothing ever "happens"—happens by blind chance, that is. Something must have taken place in those years to affect the birthrate—in 1867 and 1887 for the mining districts, 1877 for the industrial towns, and 1887 again for the county towns and trading centers like York, which keep shop for a large outlying section.
Furthermore, whatever took place at these times must be something that has remained in force, because the birth rate has never "come back." There is no mere wave of fluctuation. The depressing influence, whatever it was, was something continuous and cumulative. Now, what was it?
Only one social phenomenon in England stands out to meet the conditions imposed by our question,—the laws against child-labor.
This is what happened, the only thing that did happen in England at those periods, which could conceivably affect the birth rate.
Let us look closer: From 1864 to 1867 we see a series of Acts of Parliament applying, among other things, to the iron, steel, and copper industries, culminating in the Workshop Regulation Act of 1867, forbidding the employment of children under eight, and from eight to thirteen, except as "half-timers." Readers may go back to Mrs. Burnett's earlier stories for the economic circumstances of this Act. This group of Acts was passed between 1864 and 1867: and in 1867, down went the birth rate in the mining districts of Cornwall.
In 1877 we have the Compulsory Education Act, and in 1878 an Act, too complex to be described here, raising the age of child-employment and in various ways throwing especially discouraging responsibility on the employer of child-labor. Down went the birth rate in the factory towns, like Bradford, Bolton, and Leeds.
In 1887 we have the Mines Act, which applied to child-labor on minerals, fire-clay, pottery-clay, etc., as well as iron and coal. The Act applied to labor in the above-ground preparation of these minerals for use, as well as to the actual mining. Sensitively and obediently, the birth rate of the mining region of Cornwall dropped again, and so did that of the trading towns and county centers like York.
After these, we find the Education Act of 1899 forbidding the employment of children under twelve in any way to interfere with full attendance at school. We find a Factory Act in 1891, again raising the age of child-employment, and restricting the employment of women after child-birth. And the whole birth rate of England responded with a brisk decline.
Let us consider this matter without sentiment. Let us survey the women and children involved in this situation as calmly as though they were pawns on a chessboard, in the effort to get a purely economic and social estimate of the effect of these Acts of Parliament.
Here is the net result. In England, at the present time, a child-bearing woman is economically non-productive. So is a child under twelve years of age. A child under sixteen has his economic productivity stringently restricted.
But so it ought to be, you say. Of course,—all these things are right, quite right. Yet at the same time it must be clear that the people whose children used to be an economic asset—used to contribute to the support of the family by the time they were six or eight years old—are not going to have any children if they can help it now that the economic value of their children is taken away.
I can imagine the pain and shock that a reader will experience at hearing children spoken of as an economic asset, as goods, brought into the world on account of their economic value to the family, kept out of it when that value is decreased or destroyed. I sympathize with the sense of outrage that the reader feels; I feel it myself, feel it keenly. But what are we to do—hide our heads in the sand? The thing simply is so. You may not like it, I do not; but the fact is that to a very large part of the working population of the world a child is goods. With these, therefore, the production of children is roughly subject to the law of supply and demand. When Parliament or Congress or a State Legislature diminishes the earning power of children—takes away their economic value, in part or in whole, by a child-labor law,—the supply of children diminishes at once. It is not only true of England but true of the United States; not only true of Bradford and Bolton, but true of Brockton and Braddock—true the world over. Every child-labor law that puts an economic penally on parentage—and every English law, and, as far as I am aware, every one of our child-labor laws as well, is so constructed—reduces the birth rate. And in England, the cumulative effect of the whole series of such laws has gone so far as to threaten the self-perpetuating power of England's population.
But now some one with a philosophical turn will say, Very well, it is a first-rate thing to have this salutary check put upon the indiscriminate reproduction of poor children. Poor people ought not to have any more children than they can afford to keep; and if the average Bradford family has been cut down from seven children to four or three, so much the better for Bradford and for England. If we can restrain our poor working people from raising large families, from being still further impoverished by the cost of large batches of dependent children, so much the better for us.
Just so. Matthew Arnold said this forty years ago, and I, for one, accepted it from him without question. It was his solution of the problem of the reeking misery of the East End of London. He said that it was necessary to teach the poor that for a man to have more children than he could afford to keep, not too precariously, was as culpable an extravagance as having a larger house, more horses and carriages, or more or better furniture and pictures than he could afford to pay for.
Well, the Education and Factory Acts have certainly taught this lesson. If Mr. Arnold were alive, he could see his counsel at work, and nearly everyone agreeing with him. No doubt, too, that from a strictly family standpoint, he was largely right; but from the social point of view, from the standpoint of the state, he was far wrong.
For this new statistical science of Eugenics immediately puts before us the effect of a strange natural law of primogeniture. It shows that the physical and mental condition of early members of a family—first-born and second-born—is sharply differentiated from that of later members. Where, for example, tuberculosis, insanity, criminality, albinism are found in a family, they are found to predominate tremendously in the first- and second-born over those born later.
The distribution of these disorders among the children of a family would be expected to be tolerably uniform. But, in fact, observation shows nearly twice as many cases of tuberculosis in the first-born of tuberculous families as the mathematical probability would lead us to expect. The actual observed frequency being represented by 112, the expected frequency is about 66. In the second born, the figures stand: expected frequency, 64; actual observed frequency, 80. When we get to the third- born child, however, the relation is reversed. The expectation is 58, and the actual frequency only 40; — and all the way down the order of birth, from this point, the expected frequency is continually in excess of the observed frequency. In criminality and albinism, expected frequency is in excess of observed frequency after the second-born; but in the first-born, actual observed criminality stands at 120 as against an expectation of 56.
These records are startling. They show the great liability of the first- and second-born to the weight of a heavy social handicap, and the corresponding chance for the later-born to be exempted into normality. But the results of this law, taken in connection with an artificially reduced birth rate, are remarkable. Clearly, if you cut off the later members of the family, — if you have two children instead of seven to a family — you are cutting into the exempt class, reducing the relative proportion of sound stock in the community, and greatly increasing the relative proportion of the tuberculous, insane, criminal, and albionotic.
The Galton Laboratory has published statistics showing that this is precisely what has taken place. Observed lunacy in Scotland has risen from 2.2 per 1,000 in 1871 to 3.5 in 1897; infant imbecility has risen from .4 in 1873 to .7 in 1895; and the proportion of pauper lunatics to total paupers from .9 in 1872 to 2.0 in 1895.Nor is this quite all. The Laboratory also considers the relative fertility of normal and pathological stock. It has published a table showing that in a given number of families of each kind, those of diseased stock contain about 20 per cent, more children than those of normal stock. Any gardener would thank his stars if he could make his vegetables keep up with the weeds; and in human reproduction, too, apparently the diseased, insane, and degenerate stocks contribute more to the population, relatively, than the normal.
This, then, in brief, is the history of England's difficulty with her birth rate, the reason of the deterioration of her stock. Obviously, too, it shows a state of things that will go straight from bad to worse unless the unmodified economic evil of her child-labor laws is somehow corrected.
Because they penalize parentage, just as ours do. I am not writing this article primarily to tell you England's troubles. I want to show how it will pay us to take heed to these statistical discoveries about the economic bearing of the Factory Acts. Child-labor is a question that is beginning to press upon us. We are framing laws to regulate it or abolish it. Well and good; so we ought. But let us not repeat the mistake of the English laws, as we are doing. Let us shape our treatment of the matter in such a way as to avoid putting an economic penalty on parentage. For otherwise we may be sure that in the long run we will confront consequences as serious as those which menace England now.
The printed page lies open, unresisting to any kind of criticism, just or unjust, that one may choose to put upon it. But I humbly hope no one will say, "Aha, he wants to drive the children back into the mines and mills, the child-bearing woman to the looms." I do not. I would not put a single scientific shot in the locker of the pitiful wretches who lobby against child-labor laws at Washington and elsewhere. Nor would I supply a pennyworth of moral support to their masters, those infinitely more pitiful and pitiable persons, the mill-owners and manufacturers who find it in their hearts to exploit child-labor for the sake of a dollar or two. But I wish to point out how clearly the foregoing exhibit of Eugenics s hows the evil that arises when one class of men undertakes — even in the fullness of sincerity and pity — to legislate for another class, about whom they know really very little.
Lord Shaftesbury was a good and great man, a humane man, and one who worked tirelessly for the good of the oppressed working class. But, foremost and typical of those who stood behind the Factory Acts, he belonged, like my readers and myself, to the lawmaking class. And he was blind to the economic consequences of the Factory Acts because, to the lawmaking class children are not goods.
No, our children, if we have any, are a luxury. We expect to keep them and pay for them. It does not occur to us, any more than it occurred to Shaftesbury or Sir James Graham, to think of children — anybody's children — in any other way. We do not bring our children into the world because their labor is a marketable asset,; so we do not enter into the consciousness of a large class of persons who will have children if having them can be made to pay, and if not, then not.
But the class exists and exists in large numbers. Their instinct of parentage is as powerful and respectable as anyone's, but it is perforce regulated by the paramount control of poverty — the bitter poverty that forces them to market every available resource they have. Ours is not so regulated. We may be poor, but at least we can keep the infancy of our children in view as a luxury — to be paid for sometimes, it may be, scantily and hardly, but somehow to be paid for and enjoyed.
There are many men and women, however, who can not do this, though they would like to do it quite as well as we. It is by no means of free choice that the poor mother sends her child into the pit-mouth of Cornwall or Pennsylvania, or into the factories of Leeds or Lowell. She sends it there under the tireless, compelling urgency of poverty, a poverty of which our lawmaking class knows nothing, a poverty against which no sentiment or sensibility can endure.
It is for this class that we presume to legislate when we contemplate laws against child-labor. We see the children at work in the factory, we see the mother near her time of childbirth tending a loom — our humanity is outraged, our pity touched, we shudder, agitate, legislate, and drive them out.
What then? Nothing; we are through. We think we have settled the question of child-labor when we have stopped child-labor. But we have not touched the economic side of the matter at all; perhaps it has not occurred to us to think that the matter has an economic side, — one, at all events, that takes issue in such grave and far-reaching consequences as to affect the national life and character of a whole people. But what we have done, in the social and economic view, is to penalize parentage by destroying the economic value of the child. We have contributed no economic assistance to the upkeep of those families, in lieu of the productive power that we have paralyzed. We have handicapped the parent in his competition with the childless; and the law of supply and demand attends to the rest. The family of seven or eight is supplanted by that of two or three, the strange law of primogeniture governing inherited disabilities comes in, and our population is physically, mentally, and morally impaired.
Eugenics poses the problem of child-labor thus, — to abolish the evil and inhumanity inherent in child-labor without at the same time bringing a greater evil on the state by penalizing parentage in general and good parentage, fit parentage, in particular.
But how can this be done? Well, that is for the lawmakers to say. Eugenics does not seek to invade the province of the Legislature. Eugenics makes suggestions and offers criticisms, — a most severe criticism, for instance, of the new plan of old-age pensions, because clearly the time when the poor parent most needs help is at the other end of his life, when his children are young and dependent. Eugenics suggests the endowment of parentage, especially fit parentage, as an offset against destroying the child's economic value. This might be effected in several ways: by differential wages, perhaps by a scheme of national insurance with provisions — a kind of bounty — for motherhood and for each child as it comes along. Best of all, probably, it might be effected by the State's power of applying differential taxation.
But Eugenics is generally content merely to put before the legislators what they have never had put before them, — information about the biological side of their immense human problem. Eugenics makes it possible for them to eliminate error, to avoid collision with the immutable laws of Nature, and then lets them express their knowledge as best they can. Eugenics tries to get the ear of the social reformer and the publicist and warn them that their philanthropic efforts may only penalize parentage, lower the birth rate, promote the reproduction of inferior beings, promote race degeneracy and, finally, race suicide.
Let me make a plea for the organization of Eugenics in this country. I have given only one little specimen of what it is able todo for our guidance and welfare, and does it not look useful? Let us divert, if necessary, a little of the endowment that now goes so prodigally into the multiplication of electricians, lawyers, dentists, engineers, and doctors, and endow an investigation into the workings of cause and effect upon our supply of men.
England is showing herself inconceivably dull about this matter. Sir W. Ramsay told me that the University was appealing publicly for $75,000 for an appropriate laboratory building, but that it might be slow work to raise it. Professor Pearson, too, was gently pessimistic about the chance of getting that amount, which seemed to me — accustomed to our liberal private endowments of scientific research — extremely small.
But if England does not know a good thing when she sees it, all the better for us to show that we do. Every school, college, jail, factory, and asylum in the United States is just so much material for a Eugenics laboratory. The amount of money necessary to organize the science is very moderate. Then all that remains is to send over a couple of our best statisticians to be trained by Professor Pearson, and let them go to work.
When we inflate ourselves with patriotic pride, it is a precious comfortable thing to be certain that we "have the goods." England's present experience, her searchings of heart, her sense of the pressure brought to bear on many of her social theories and institutions — all this is instructive. England has always had her fair share of national pride, but "Rule Britannia" seems to be slipping down into a minor key just now, in spite of all Mr. Asquith and Mr. Lloyd-George can do. The science of Eugenics is on hand with a cogent reason, — too late.
England's mournful lesson is that you can not have national greatness bottomed on unsound men and women. Maybe our men and women are sound to the core. Maybe they are capable of producing sound descendants to the fortieth generation. Maybe the social agencies operating under our control are beyond improvement, — I do not intend to go beyond the limits of this article in discussing them. But with England's experience before us, there is nothing like certainty, nothing like precaution. Therefore, having seen a sample of what this science can do, let us import it and put it at work counting us up — while it is not too late.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1925. It may be copyrighted outside the U.S. (see Help:Public domain).


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CWS Hosts 29th Annual Art Show and Sale February 20-22
Show Features 26 Artists from Four States
SIOUX FALLS – Twenty-six local and regional artists will be featured in Sioux Falls February 20-22 for the 29th annual Artists of the Plains Art Show and Sale sponsored by the Center for Western Studies (CWS) at Augustana College.
The show will be held at the Holiday Inn City Centre, 100 W. 8th Street in downtown Sioux Falls, and will feature artists representing four states. Artists' work will be on display and for sale.
"This is a one-of-a-kind show featuring some of the area's finest artists," Tim Hoheisel, director of outreach and communication at CWS said. "We pride ourselves in having a quality show with a variety of mediums showcasing the tremendous talent in our region."
Hours are Friday, February 20 from 5:00 to 9:00 p.m.; Saturday, February 21 from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., and Sunday, February 22 from 10:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Friday night is the premier showing and reception with an awards program at 8:00 p.m. The event is free and open to the public. There will also be a silent auction with bids accepted through 2:00 p.m. Sunday.
Artists participating in the show and sale include: Mark Anderson, Sioux Falls, SD; Arnold Bortnem , Sioux Falls, SD; Bryan Bortnem, Rutland, SD; Bonnie Brahms, Humboldt, SD; Roger Broer, Hill City, SD; Pati Deuter, Ree Heights, SD; Russ Duerksen, Sioux Falls, SD; Sharon Gray, Vermillion, SD; Gary Hartenhoff, Sioux Falls, SD; Jerry Hauck, Sioux Falls, SD; Marian Henjum, Sioux Falls, SD; Nancyjane Huehl, Pierre, SD; Lee Leuning and Sherri Treeby, Aberdeen, SD; Don Montileaux, Rapid City, SD; Harvey Rattey and Pamela Harr, Glendive, MT; Gisele Robinson, Evanston, WY; Jim Schoon, Vivian, SD; Kathy Sigle, Spearfish, SD; Joshua Spies, Watertown, SD; Paul & Linda Szabo, Mission, SD; Edward Thomas, Decatur, NE; Marion Toillion, Spearfish, SD; and Roger Wermers, Estelline, SD.
"The mission of the show is to promote Northern Plains art and artists," Hoheisel said. "On display are wildlife and landscape paintings; wood, stone, and bronze sculptures; Native American art; hand-crafted jewelry; and much more. It's a show for art enthusiasts of all kinds."
This is the longest running art show and sale in the region. The show is known for its quality art work and wide variety of two- and three-dimensional pieces.
For more information contact CWS at 605.274.4007, email@example.com , or visit www.augie.edu/cws
Bruce Conley
Director News Information
Phone: 605.274.5526
Fax: 605.274.4903

subset: commoncrawl


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Lawyer: Mom of abducted Ind. boy wasn't homeless
An Indiana mother whose former in-laws allegedly abducted her son nearly 20 years ago was not homeless at the time, the woman's lawyer said, refuting claims that the grandparents needed to step in because she was unable to care for the boy.
Authorities searched for the then-5-year-old Richard Wayne Landers Jr. for years, but the case went cold. They eventually found him living with his paternal grandparents in the small central Minnesota town of Browerville. He had changed his name in 2006 to Michael Jeff Landers.
Lisa Harter and the boy's father, Richard Wayne Landers Sr., did live in a car for three days at one point, but at the time of the boy's disappearance in 1994, Harter had moved into an apartment, attorney Richard Muntz told The Associated Press late Friday.
Muntz said that when Harter and Landers Sr. divorced, Harter - who has mild developmental disabilities- temporarily moved into a group home that wasn't equipped for children. The grandparents obtained custody and filed for guardianship, he said. After Harter moved into an apartment and gained custody of her son on weekends, she filed a petition to expand her custody rights when she remarried.
"The judge gave her custody on a trial basis, and before she could get him, that's when they left," Muntz told the AP.
Todd County Sheriff Peter Mikkelson has said the investigation was ongoing and the case will be forwarded to federal authorities for possible charges, perhaps related to non-custodial kidnapping.
Michael Landers seems to have understood his circumstances and lived willingly with his grandparents.
Neither he nor his wife immediately responded to telephone or Facebook messages. But postings from each of their Facebook accounts appeared Friday night and Saturday on the Facebook page of KARE-TV in Minneapolis, suggesting that the grandparents did what was necessary.
A posting from Michael Landers said: "For you people who jump to conclusions you should find out the whole story I was where I needed to be. My `grandparents' were in the the right I dont care what anyone else thinks."
One of several posts from his wife, Bobbie Landers, said, "His `grandparents' didn't follow the law, but they did what was right. .... He was 5. He remembers his birth parents and what they were like. ... He was where he WANTED and NEEDED to be to be safe and become the man he is today. My husband & my best friend."
Neither person immediately responded to follow-up messages from AP seeking confirmation it was their statement. AP believes the Facebook accounts to be theirs based on multiple links between theirs and those of confirmed friends and relatives.
Both of Landers' parents have said they're eager to see him again. Bobbie Landers wrote on Facebook that it wasn't clear what the next steps were.
"Mike does understand that it must have been hard for his mom. He doesn't discount that at all. He doesn't know how he feels about her and his parents (grandparents) have never said or told him anything negative about her," she wrote. " ... We're trying to keep our privacy and figure things out on our own."
Landers' grandparents took him during a custody dispute with Landers' mother in July 1994 from Wolcottville, Ind., about 50 miles southeast of South Bend. They withdrew $5,000 out of a home equity line, went out for breakfast and left town.
Investigators searched in vain for Landers, but declared the case cold. It was reopened in September after a conversation between Richard W. Landers Sr. and an Indiana State Police detective prompted another search of the Social Security number for Richard W. Landers Jr.
That turned up a Minnesota man with the same number and birthday as Landers.
Minnesota officials say the grandparents - now living in Browerville under the assumed names Raymond Michael Iddings and Susan Kay Iddings - verified Landers' identity. They were known as Richard E. and Ruth A. Landers at the time of the abduction.
A telephone message left for the Iddingses on Saturday was not immediately returned. A couple who answered the door at their home Friday declined to identify themselves and also refused an interview.
Muntz said he's trying to establish a way for Harter and her son to get reacquainted.
Richard W. Landers Sr. told the News-Sun in Kendalville, Ind., that he has forgiven his parents.
"I'm just thankful my boy is still alive, and I'll still get a chance to see him," he said.
Associated Press writers Kyle Potter in Browerville, Minn., Amy Forliti and Doug Glass in Minneapolis, Charles Wilson and Ken Kusmer in Indianapolis and Dinesh Ramde in Milwaukee contributed to this report.


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Walk-in tubs vary greatly in terms of quality and price. Independent Home Products, LLC will help you choose the best tub for your unique needs and your budget. We take great pride in our honesty and integrity. We offer fair pricing to install a walk-in bathtub in your Rogers City home. We are here to make this process as simple and affordable as possible.
Quick Walk-in Tub Installation
Our Rogers City remodeling experts have been installing a walk-in tub throughout Michigan for years. They fit into a standard bathtub (or even shower stall) opening and the plumbing is similar to that of a standard tub. Because our tubs are designed and manufactured right here in the USA, our turnaround time is quick and we're able to keep our costs down. We'll transfer those savings to you.
The Acrylic Difference
Independent Home Products, LLC proudly installs acrylic walk-in tubs throughout MI. We love acrylic walk ins over fiberglass tubs for many reasons, including:
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Dial Area Code first please.
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Welcome to Green Path Transfers!
Airport Transfers | Limousines | Shuttles | Airport Transport
Green and friendly, Green Path Transfers is a global airport transfers service with a difference. We have unique coverage, servicing destinations off-the-beaten-path where others simply don't go. Yet we ensure that we still also cover all major airports.
In keeping with our vision to help build a sustainable travel industry, Green Path Transfers is on a mission to go green. We started the journey by partnering with as many of the best green local airport transfer companies we could around the world.
All of these companies have a commitment to zero or very low carbon emissions. Whether eco taxis, or green limos, or shared shuttles running on biofuels, we have ground transportation to suit any taste or budget, all with an eco-friendly focus. For those locations where green airport transfer partners are not available, we offset 100% of the carbon emissions gen
erated. As well, we have put in place a range of incentives and support to move all our airport transportation partners toward a greener future.
The "Green Path" that we have started along is one that will be long and challenging. We started this business because we want to change the way airport transportation is done. At the same time, we want to make sure we offer unparalleled service and extremely competitive fares. We are passionate about a greener future for the planet, and we love working with like minded customers, airport transfer operators and organisations the world over in order to help shape that future!


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| 7.9°C Belfast
Daniel Sturridge is a doubt for Liverpool's Premier League visit to Swansea on September 16 - let alone England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine six days before.
Sturridge returned to Merseyside after being ruled out of Friday night's encounter with Moldova at Wembley.
The 24-year-old has failed to recover from the groin injury he aggravated during Sunday's win over Manchester United.
Sturridge will now have further treatment from Liverpool's medical staff before it is decided whether he should link up with Hodgson's squad once more before they leave for Kiev.
It is a long shot though. In fact, Hodgson wonders whether the former Chelsea man will be available when Liverpool put their 100 per cent start to the season on the line at the Liberty Stadium.
"We have to be honest here," said Hodgson.
"Sturridge is doing ever so well to try and make himself available.
"He was devastated to turn up injured. He wanted to be with us and to have the treatment so he could play.
"But the fact is when they did the scan at the beginning of the week, it was going to be touch and go for Tuesday, and possibly even Saturday week.
"He wants to be a part of it. He's young and can recover quickly. We hope there's some good news on Sunday morning and he can come with us and take part.
"But I'm not enormously optimistic. I'm not confident. We can't put him out there unless he is fit."


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Watch Volta Redonda Vs. Portuguesa-RJ Live Stream: How to watch Volta Redonda vs Portuguesa-RJ live on Kodi, Android, IOS, Amazon Fire television Stick, Sling TV, PlayStation, DirecTV Now, YouTube TV and different gadgets from US, UK, Canada and rest of the world? Soccer: Brazilian Campeonato Carioca will be start on Monday, February 3 in Volta Redonda, England. All the Soccer: Brazilian Campeonato Carioca, fans are discovering genuine communicated Television slot with on the web. Be that as it may, they are not discovering the genuine stream connects. In the event that you need to watch the Soccer: Brazilian Campeonato Carioca, live stream online you have to get to the telecaster Television slot or any Station supplier site get to.
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Product 21/25
Regional Nutrients are a concept developed by Ferro in which the nutrients compensate for any discrepancy in the values present in the supply water (tap water).
It is a nutrient based on the water analysis taken at the pumping stations. Ferro developed Bradford Formula by calculating the amount of nutrients already contained in the water, that means the grower can operate with no deficiency or surplus of nutrients. At a higher EC, and can, therefore, expect a higher 'dry content' yield.
This feed is designed for soil & hydro systems.
This product was added to our catalog on Tuesday 26 September, 2017.
Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) By First Search Consultancy


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High quality 'D' and Bow shackles designed to provide safe tackle, load and anchor connections.View full details
Useful information
You are required to wear safety footwear to BS EN 345 for toe protection with this item.
Gauntlets, PVC, cotton or rigger gloves are required with this item for hand protection.
Protect against falling objects. Compulsory on site.
Use at any angle for lifting, pulling or dragging. Anchor to a secure point able to take load force applied. Allow for contact friction if dragging.
Do not use �load� cable/chain as sling. Prevent hook overcrowding, with a �bow� shackle. Join lifting equipment with a �D� shackle. Protect sharp edges to prevent load damage.
Ensure load is balanced and personnel stand clear. Attach �tag� lines to control rotation. Never leave equipment unattended. Ensure unobstructed landing site accepts equipment plus load in size and weight.
You will need a vehicle at least the size of an estate car to collect this item
Free click and collect from your closest branch. And to make life easier you can drop off your kit at any branch nationwide. Simply check stock availability in your area and choose your branch for collection.
PLEASE NOTE: the special offer on this product is not valid for the hire period you have selected. The price in your basket will reflect this.


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Xerox Iridesse Production Press
|Standard Capabilities
Production colour printing
|Optional Capabilities
Speciality Dry Inks: silver, gold, white, and clear. Add one or two Speciality Dry Ink stations in addition to the standard 4 for CMYK, for a total of up to 6.
High-capacity feeding, stacking, and finishing
|Rated speed
120 ppm (A4), 52-400 gsm
|Recommended average monthly volume
225,000 - 475,000 impressions per month
|Digital Front Ends
Xerox® EX-P 6 Print Server Powered by Fiery®
|Print Engine
Engine Accelerator
Accelerate Your Xerox® Iridesse™ Production Press with Xerox® FreeFlow® Core Accelerator for Iridesse™: a set of pre-built workflows and tools designed to leverage printer-specific capabilities and features.
Download Xerox® FreeFlow® Core Accelerator for Iridesse™ ›
|Media Types
Coated, uncoated, textured and dark stocks, labels, business cards, window decals, durable/synthetic papers, greeting cards, tabs, embossed, polyesters and custom solutions
Mixed-stock jobs supported with Mixed Media Xceleration (MMX) capability
The world has changed. It demands print applications that transcend CMYK to differentiate and drive growth. The Xerox® Iridesse™ Production Press delivers.
'Transitioning to the Xerox® Iridesse® Production Press was a big decision, and not one that we made lightly. At the end of the day, the Iridesse has improved our bottom line.'
Iridesse was honored by the European Digital Press Association for industry achievements in cost, efficiency and quality.
With the range of feeding and print finishing options available for your Iridesse Production Press, you can add the capabilities that best suit your job mix and improve your workflow. For instance, digital front ends and other customisable solutions keep more jobs in progress and increase the return on your investments.
FreeFlow Print Server is an intuitive, easy-to-use print server that delivers unparalleled flexibility, advanced workflow operability, and state-of-the-art colour management for Xerox production printers


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26 April, 2013 | (01 hr)
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North Shore-LIJ reduced start time by 50% while saving $1 million per year in onboarding materials and orientation programs. After assessing the effectiveness of its processes in 2007, they migrated from paper-based tasks and implemented an automated system which increased efficiency and communication to more than 7,000 new hires per year.
Audience: Onboarding leaders, organizational design and development, learning, leadership development, operations, talent management, and employer branding professionals.
Susan Shevlin
Ms. Susan Shevlin is presently assistant vice president at North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System. She previously held the position of senior director of recruitment and staffing at Mt. Sinai, New York Presbyterian Hospital. She is a graduate of the Teachers College of Columbia University.<...Full Bio
Rosanne Vertichio
Ms. Vertichio is the director, nursing talent acquisition at North Shore LIJ Health System. In this role, she works diligently to oversee the onboarding of talent to the Health System with over 7000 hires in 2012. In addition, she leads the team in finding creative solutions to maximize the use o...Full Bio
Omar Andrade
Omar Andrade leads Global Media Resource LLC a collaborative group dedicated to conceptualizing and commercializing thought leadership in the form of events, rich online media, business research and digital publishing with organizations including The Economist, ...Full Bio


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The addictive Temple Run 2 was #1 on Apple's App Store charts just a few hours after its launch. This free game has been released for the iPhone and iPad only so far. The Android version is expected to release on January 24.
Its improved graphics have taken advantage of the retina display available. The new scenery, at some temple in the sky, appears more vivid and spectacular. There is no doubt that this game's improved visual itself makes the upgrade to version 2 well worth it. Though the background music could do with an improvement.
There are a couple of new touches as well. Users can still pick an avatar, the same ones as in version 1, but now you have to buy most of them. You can move to the next level only on meeting your achievements in a particular order in the game (this is time consuming). The monkeys have disappeared and are replaced by one monster ape. Also, you can stretch your run after you make a slip. This is done by finding or purchasing gems through the game, which no doubt will make it more addictive than ever. Personally, I advise all you fellow Temple Run addicts to watch your app store credit. By encouraging you to buy a lifeline in the middle of a game, it is like the capitalists are catching your wallet at your most vulnerable moment.
The best thing about this version of temple run is that it still stays true to its original game. You don't have to learn anything new. Just keep running and navigate the obstacle course. It is easy enough to learn, but once you get the hang of it, this game is very hard to give up. The popular social angle is that you can compare your score with your friends.
Twitter has been awash with angry Android fans over the delayed release. The developers at Imangi Studio is a small team though, and seem keen to keep it that way. Their focus seems to be on their blockbuster game and taking advantage of hardware upgrades by mobile device manufacturers. Overall, this game is more challenging than its previous version.
"How far can you run?!,"
Images from theverge.com


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European watchdog approves US Airways, AMR merger
AMSTERDAM -- European authorities have cleared US Airways Group Inc.'s proposed merger with American Airlines' parent company, AMR Corp. -- on the condition that they give up one slot at London's Heathrow airport and take steps to foster competition on the London-Philadelphia route.
The merger and restructuring plan, which would create the world's biggest airline, must still be approved by a U.S. federal judge before AMR can emerge from bankruptcy, with a hearing expected Aug. 15.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Justice is still reviewing the deal amid complaints that it could lead to reduced competition and higher fares in the U.S.
Joaquin Almunia, the top competition official at the European Commission, the EU's executive branch, said in a statement that the Philadelphia route would have been monopolized without concessions agreed to provisionally by the two airlines.
"On all other transatlantic routes affected by the merger the combined entity will continue to face competition from other strong competitors," including groups led by Delta, United, and Virgin, he said.
European approval for the deal has long been expected, but in the U.S. the situation may be more complicated, despite approval for the deal last week by US Airways shareholders.
In addition to the Justice Department, a number of states have asked for insight into the deal's details, presumably to ensure that hubs and routes touching their regional interests are being preserved.
The companies have said they expect to close the deal by the end of September.


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The nonprofit sector experienced negative investment returns in fiscal 2011 for the first time in three fiscal years, according to two companion studies released this week by Commonfund Institute.
The 179 independent, private and community foundations participating in the 2012 Commonfund Benchmarks Study of Foundations reported an average total net return of -0.9%. This compared with 12.5% in FY2010 and 20.9% in FY2009.
At the same time, 68 operating charities—comprising cultural, religious and social service institutions—participating in the 2012 Commonfund Benchmarks Study of Operating Charities had an average net return on investment funds of -1.8%, compared with 11.6% in FY2010 and 21.5% in FY2009.
Commonfund (http://www.commonfund.org/Pages/default.aspx) said the 2011 results were the first time since FY2008 that nonprofits had reported negative returns. The return that year was a staggering -26%.
The three-year average return for participating foundations was 10.5%, a big improvement from last year's -0.3%, thanks to the fact that the FY2008 return was no longer part of the calculation.
However, that return did enter the five-year calculation, resulting in a net return of 1.5% compared with 4.2% in last year's study. For the last 10 years, participating foundations reported an average annual return of 5.2%, little changed from last year.
For operating charities, three-year returns averaged 10%, up from 0.1% the year before; five-year returns averaged 1.8%, down from 4.7% last year; and the 10-year returns averaged 5.5%, up from 4.9% last year.
John Griswold, executive director of Commonfund Institute, said 2011 was a frustrating year for foundations and operating charities. "On top of the negative investment returns, the addition of inflation and investment management costs means that these institutions fell a little farther behind financially, even before spending for mission support.
"It's fortunate that this year was preceded by the two strong years of FY2009 and FY2010. We are also encouraged by the fact that gifts and donations to operating charities rose again in FY2011, even though giving remained less than robust."
Twenty-six percent of operating charities reported an increase in gifts received in FY2011, up from the 10% reporting an increase the year before. Just 12% of study participants reported a decline in gifts received, compared with 17% in FY2010. Forty-nine percent reported no change.
Spending last year strengthened among foundations, but slipped a bit among operating charities. Half of participating foundations reported higher spending in dollars in FY2011, compared with 38% the year before.
Thirty percent of operating charities reported increased spending in dollars, up from 25% in FY2010.
Foundation Investments
The Foundation Study's participants comprised 133 independent/private foundations and 46 community foundations, representing a combined total of $100.4 billion in assets.
Independent/private foundations reported average net investment returns of -0.7%, while community foundations reported average returns of -1.4%.
Viewed by asset class, fixed income produced the highest return, 5.7%, while international equities lost 12.2%. Domestic equities returned -0.1%, alternative strategies gained 2% and short-term securities/cash/other was down 0.1%.
Within the broad alternative strategies asset class, the highest returns were generated by venture capital, at 14.2%; private equity real estate (non-campus), at 9.2%; and private equity, at 8.9%.
Distressed debt also produced a positive return, at 2.6%.
Marketable alternative strategies (hedge funds, absolute return, market neutral, long/short 130/30, event-driven and derivatives) returned -2.3%. Energy and natural resources, commodities and managed futures returned -0.7%; within that larger category, the sub-category of commodities and managed futures returned -7.9%.
Commonfund said that in FY2011, foundations continued a long-term trend of increasing their investments in alternative strategies, with this allocation rising to 43% from 38% in FY2010 and 35% the year before.
In contrast, international equities accounted for a 12% share of foundation portfolios, down from 16% in FY2010, and domestic equities declined to a 24% allocation from 26%. The fixed income allocation was unchanged at 13%, and the allocation to short-term securities/cash/other rose by one percentage point to 8%.
Operating Charities Investments
Participants in the Operating Charities Study included 31 cultural organizations, 18 religious institutions and 19 social service group, representing $24.2 billion in assets.
Fixed income again kicked in the highest return, with an average gain of 5.2%, and international equities were the big disappointment, down 10.1%.
Among other broad asset classes, domestic equities eked out a 0.2% gain, alternative strategies lost 4.1%, and short-term securities/cash/other were down 0.7%.
Resources, Management and Governance
Participating foundations reported an average of 1.3 full-time equivalent staff members who deal with investment matters, down slightly from 1.5 in FY2010. The number of voting members on foundations' investment committees averaged 6.2, of whom 3.2 on average were investment professionals. Eighty percent of foundations reported using a consultant.
At operating charities, 1.6 full-time professional staff members on average were devoted to investments, up from 1.4 in the FY2010 study.
Seventy-two percent of study participants reported having a chief financial officer, unchanged from last year, while 18% reported having a chief investment officer, slightly higher than last year's 15%.
Eighty-seven percent reported using a consultant, compared with 83% a year ago. The average number of voting members on investment committees fell to 7.6 from eight last year. The average number of investment committee members who are investment professionals was 5.1 versus 5.4 last year, while those with alternative strategies experience rose to 3.4 from three.


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World of Genealogy
Online Library Databases
Ancestry Library Edition™ (Access only to users in the Library)
A collection of electronic databases that provides access to over 4,000 individual databases, primary source document images, and a variety of genealogical research features. This information is available through an easy to navigate Web interface, which includes custom designed viewers to make viewing census and other records easier. Ancestry Library Edition is available only to users in the library.
HeritageQuest Online (Library Card Number Required for access from outside of the Library)
Provides users with a unique, growing collection of research materials for tracing family history and American culture. Discover the amazing history of you with an essential collection of genealogical and historical sources—with coverage dating back to the 1700s.
American Ancestors by New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS) (Access to users only at the Lakes Region Library)
The NEHGS has been collecting information about families in America for over 165 years. Their collections are international in scope and contain significant materials for Canada and Europe. Our 25,000 members access information through their library and website. NEHGS is donated by the Citrus County Genealogical Society.
Courthouse Research for Family Historians: Your Guide to Genealogical Treasure
by Christine Rose
If you are doing family research, sooner or later you will need to use courthouse records for the rich information and helpful leads they contain. Answers to your genealogical questions are waiting to be discovered in the vast array of written records that resulted from the laws, the times, and the personal activities of your ancestors. This book prepares you for visiting courthouses in person, or for distant research using published books, microfilm, or the Internet. Locate your ancestor's records in the maze of documents and learn how to utilize the tantalizing clues you uncover.
Family History 101: A Beginner's Guide to Finding your Ancestors
by Marcia Yannizze Melnyk
Have you always wanted to find out more about your family and where you came from, but never knew where to begin? Look no further. Family History 101 will teach you proven techniques to help you uncover the names, dates, and stories that lie in your past. Newcomers to genealogy, schoolteachers, and anyone interested in uncovering the fascinating roots of their family tree will appreciate the reliable, step-by-step instruction and dependable approach to the basics provided by Family History 101. Start learning about the past and your family's place in it today!
The Family Tree Problem Solver: Tried-and True Tactics for Tracing Elusive Ancestors
by Marsha Hoffman Rising
Has your family history research hit a brick wall? Marsha Hoffman Rising's best-selling book The Family Tree Problem Solver has the solutions to help you find the answers you seek. This revised edition also includes new information about online research techniques and a look at the role of DNA research. Plus you'll find a glossary of genealogy terms and more than a dozen templates for charts and logs to help you organize and record your research.
Google Your Family Tree: Unlock the Hidden Power of Google Google Your Family Tree: Unlock the Hidden Power of Google
by Daniel M Lynch
Google is the most powerful tool available worldwide for online research! With over 36 billion pages in Google's index of the Web, it's likely that some of them contain clues about your ancestors. Finding these pages, however, requires an understanding of filtering and other techniques that have never been explained to many computer users until now! Written by a genealogist for other genealogists, the contents will help you understand and use dozens of specialized commands to dramatically improve your search skills. The great news is that most techniques are easy to master and perfectly suited for finding people, places, and events. A special command even lets you narrow results by date range to filter results more quickly.
How to Do Everything. Genealogy
by George G. Morgan
Unearth your family's past by mining the global wealth of digital and print ancestry records! Award-winning researcher and genealogy writer George G. Morgan shows you how to start and continue your family history research using traditional records and techniques, as well as the full array of online databases, digitized records, social networks, and other tools. Learn how to organize and create your family tree; find documents about your family; research census documents, military service records, and land and property rolls; plan a successful genealogy research trip; evaluate sources; and other vital skills to help you uncover and illuminate your family's story.
The Organized Family Historian: How to File, Manage, and Protect Your Genealogical Research and Heirlooms
by Ann Fleming
It can take hours to research family history and it is easy to become inundated with stuff – paper records, recordings, photographs, notes, artifacts, and more information than one would imagine could ever exist. The usefulness of the collection is in the organization – using computers, archival boxes, files, and forms to help you put your hands on what you need when you need it. Also included, in this book, are instructions on the best ways to store and preserve one-of-a-kind family relics. Fifth in the National Genealogical Society's Guide (NGS) series, The Organized Family Historian will follow the same user-friendly format that makes the other books helpful at any level of genealogical experience. The NGS offers readers 100 years of research and experience.
Organizing & Preserving Your Heirloom Documents
by Katherine Scott Sturdevant
Genealogists and non-genealogists alike inherit diaries, memoirs, letters, papers, or memorabilia from their relatives and ancestors. This book shows readers how to safely collect, preserve, and even publish some of these treasured heirlooms. Organizing and Preserving Your Heirloom Documents is filled with practical, readable, guidelines, useful tips, and ideas on how to: locate, organize, and transcribe family documents; care for fragile, older papers; annotate and illustrate documents; conduct historical research; construct a documentary volume; publish heirloom documents. Katherine Scott Sturdevant is an historian, historical editor, and college history professor.
Reading Early American Handwriting
by Kip Sperry
Paleography, the study of early handwriting, or the rules of reading old handwriting, is an essential element in genealogical and historical research. Paleography also refers to the study of the history of early scripts and the analysis of handwriting and inscriptions; it can be used to date early documents. This guidebook focuses on how to read and understand early American handwriting. Also covered are techniques for reading early American documents, the illustration of alphabets and letter forms, definitions and terminology, interpreting terms and abbreviations, and tips and suggestions for reading early American handwriting. Included are examples of various documents such as town, church, court, land, and probate records. Transcriptions are included for each document. Included in this work is an annotated bibliography of articles and books for further research.
Social Networking for Genealogists Social Networking for Genealogists
by Drew Smith
Author Smith seeks to answer this question: Why should a genealogist use a social networking site? The key points are that social networking sites should make it easier to share research, see a photo of a historical building or relative, or find a useful genealogy video. The book is divided into fourteen chapters that cover blogs and wikis, collaborative editing, photo and video sharing, bookmarking, podcasting, and more. The final chapter discusses sites that are specifically for genealogy. This book is oriented to genealogists who may not have ventured into the realm of social networking.
They Came in Ships: A Guide to Finding Your Immigrant Ancestor's Arrival Record
by John Philip Colletta
Chances are excellent that your ancestors came to America from somewhere – England, Spain, Germany, China, Africa. Can you imagine how they felt as they left their homes, what they left behind? Do you want to know? Would you know where to even start looking for the details? Author and genealogist John P. Colletta prepares you to undertake the search. He tells you not only what fundamental facts you need to know about your immigrant ancestor before beginning, but suggests where you may find that information as well.
Walking With Your Ancestors: A Genealogist's Guide to Using Maps and Geography
by Melinda Kashuba
The truth about genealogy is that, although you might believe it has something to do with history, it actually has something more to do with geography. Though of course the names and dates on your family tree are the bread and butter of genealogy, the location of the records is what reveals them. And how better to learn about location than with maps! Maps are a crucial tool in learning about your family history. They can show you how to find a courthouse, where a grave is located, or where an ancestral homestead might be. But maps are much more than that – they can reveal intimate details about the lives of your ancestors. Walk the roads that your forefathers walked with maps!
Your Guide to Cemetery Research
by Sharon DeBartolo Carmack
Your Guide to Cemetery Research is a comprehensive, in-depth resource that's perfect for genealogists, researchers and historians. It covers everything from cemetery and death-related terminology to clues offered by headstone art, and cemeteries' role in our culture and history. This guide also examines the funeral customs of various ethnic groups and includes a social history of death that reveals both the usual and unusual ways in which readers' ancestors coped with and celebrated death.
Internet Websites
FamilySearch is the largest genealogy organization in the world. Millions of people use FamilySearch records, resources, and services each year to learn more about their family history.
Rootsweb remains the oldest and largest free genealogy site, funded and supported by Ancestry.com and their loyal RootsWeb community.
The WorldGenWeb Project is a non-profit, volunteer based organization dedicated to providing genealogical and historical records and resources for world-wide access!
USGenWeb Project is a group of volunteers working together to provide free genealogy websites for genealogical research in every county and every state of the United States.
The Find A Grave mission is to find, record and present final disposition information from around the world as a virtual cemetery experience.
DAR Genealogical Research System is a free resource provided by the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) to aid general genealogical research and to assist with the DAR membership process.
Olive Tree Genealogy has more than 1,900 pages of free genealogy records to help you find your brick-wall ancestors and build your family tree.
Webpages by Stephen P. Morse, San Francisco is a one-step portal for online genealogy.
The Italian Genealogical Group website includes a database of all the surnames and areas of Italy that its members (past and present) are researching. This database, accessible only by a password, is updated frequently.
Genealogy Resources, by State from USA.Gov contains an A to Z list of states' genealogy resources.
The Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild provides 12,000+ Passenger Manifests in 13 Volumes plus numerous other passengers listed in Special Projects.
101 Best Websites for 2012: Find and Share Family Tree Data Online and bring good fortune to your family history search with their 13th annual collection of the 101 Best Websites for genealogy.


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Abstract and Keywords
The Portuguese took sugarcane from their Atlantic island holdings to Brazil in the first decades of the 16th century, using their model of extensive agriculture and coerced labor to turn their new colony into the world's largest producer of sugar. From the middle of the 17th century through the 20th century, Brazil faced increasing competition from Caribbean producers. With access to abundant land and forest resources, Brazilian producers generally pursued an extensive production model that made sugarcane's footprint a large one. Compared to competitors elsewhere, Brazilian farmers were often late in adopting innovations (such as manuring in the 18th century, steam power in the 19th, and synthetic fertilizers in the 20th). With coffee's growth in the center-south of the country during the middle of the 19th century, sugarcane farming shifted gradually away from enslaved African labor. Labor and production methods shifted at the end of the century with slavery's abolition and the rise of large new mills, called usinas. The model of steam-powered production, both for railroads carrying cane and for mills grinding it, and a work force largely resident on plantations persisted into the mid-20th century. Rural worker unions were legalized in the 1960s, at the same time that sugar production increased as a result of the Cuban Revolution. A large-scale sugarcane ethanol program in the 1970s also brought upheaval, and growth, to the industry.
Keywords: Sugar, agriculture, sugar trade, slavery, tenancy, rural labor, agricultural modernization, ethanol, Pernambuco, Bahia, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro
Access to the complete content on Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription.
Please subscribe or login to access full text content.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
For questions on access or troubleshooting, please check our FAQs, and if you can''t find the answer there, please contact us.


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Built on Atlassian's JIRA, the market leader in helping teams get work done, JIRA Service Desk delivers an effortless service experience, adapts to your needs, and promises set up time and pricing at a fraction of competitors.
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Our unique, solutions based offering, is powered by a proprietary set of templates and patterns, tailored to each business practice, process and complexity, enabling our clients from San Jose to grow and achieve peak efficiency. We have deep technical skills in all things Atlassian and are also a certified Atlassian Training Partner.
JIRA Service Desk* delivers an effortless service experience, adapts to your needs, and promises set up time and pricing at a fraction of competitors.
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<!-- StartFragment --> <!-- StartFragment -->Duane Michals early portfolio of photographs entitled A Visit with Magritte are part of the exhibition Wanna See My Portfolio? at Pace/Macgill in New York City. The show consists of six portfolios produced by some of the most well known photographers of the 20th century<!-- EndFragment -->. "Among my pantheon of myths, Rene Magritte casts the furthest shadow of illumination," says Duane Michals.
"I was 33 and he was 65 when I visited him in Brussels. He was a contradiction, a surrealist who lived like a banker with the kaleidoscopic mind of an alchemist. He was very kind to me, giving me carte blanche to his treasures. I walked all the way back to New York from Belgium. My visit still lingers with the eyes of my portfolio."
In the '70s when few museums or individuals were collecting photographs, most photographers struggled to support themselves. Publishing a portfolio allowed artists to sell a group of photos at one time and convey their artistic vision though a single set of images. The show offers a glimpse into the minds of their creators as they began their careers. The work is on view till Aug. 24 and also features work by Diane Arbus, Robert Frank, Lee Friedlander, Robert Rauschenberg and Garry Winogrand.


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While on the talk show circuit to promote her new diamond-heist film, "Flawless," Demi Moore has also taken to promoting her recent experience with leech therapy, which she underwent in Austria as part of a so-called "cleanse." The 46-year-old actress told Regis Philbin and Kelly Ripa on "Live With Regis & Kelly," that with leeches, "They apply them to your body, and they suck your blood. They detoxify your blood." But while it's clear that the leeches do suck out some blood, it is equally clear, at least to me, that they don't "detoxify" it. How could they? How could the removal of a small amount of blood, even if it were full of "toxins" serve to detoxify the remainder?
Ms. Moore told David Letterman on "The Late Show with David Letterman" that "…they have a little enzyme that when they're biting down on you, gets released into your blood and generally you bleed for quite a bit. And your health is optimized. It detoxified the blood, and I'm feeling detoxified right now." Again, she's partly right. Leeches do release a variety of enzymes that inhibit blood-clotting, which enables them to suck until they are full and which actually makes it a bit difficult to staunch the bleeding even after they are done (at least until the enzyme's effects have dissipated). But the enzymes only act at the immediate bite site and are not absorbed into the bloodstream (think about it - if the anti-coagulant effects were systemic throughout the body, the bite would quickly bleed to death internally). So if a leech uses a bit of local anti-coagulant to help it suck out some blood, and doesn't either return that blood or inject any other material into the body, how does it produce detoxification let alone optimal health? The obvious answer is that it doesn't - regardless of what the actress believes or was told to believe.
There is, however, a legitimate use of leeches in modern medicine. And, presumably, Ms. Moore and the other devotees of blood-letting, are misinterpreting this use and adorning it with magical properties they wish were true (not uncommon with many alternative therapies). Since leeches are effective blood suckers, they are employed, primarily by plastic surgeons, in situations where there is reduced ability of blood to drain from a wound. This is a particular problem when surgeons reattach severed fingers or toes or do other skin graft surgery where they can sew up the arteries that supply blood but can't do the same for the tiny veins that drain the blood. This results in blood build up called congestion, which causes swelling and pain and can lead to tissue death and loss of the graft.
In fact, in 2004 the FDA officially approved the use of leeches as medical devices. In an FDA talk paper issued at the time of leech approval, Rod J. Rohrich, M.D., president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center said: "The idea behind the leeches is to cause blood to ooze so that the body's own blood supply will eventually take over and the limb can go on and survive." Today, a number of companies routinely supply specially raised leeches (to ensure quality control, sanitation and especially to keep them hungry!) to hospitals across the country and around the world.
Leech therapy is not without some risks, even under the best of conditions. In addition to possible excessive bleeding and blood loss, there is also the possibility of allergic reactions, foreign body reactions, ulceration and infection. Even farm-raised medical leeches can harbor bacteria and other microorganisms that can be transmitted into the patient. It is therefore recommended that all patients undergoing leech therapy receive broad-spectrum antibiotics to reduce the chance of infection.
One can only hope that leech therapy will remain under the purview of licensed medical practitioners who use it for legitimate therapeutic or research purposes under controlled conditions and that its use in so-called detoxification will be limited to a small cadre of true believers at the extreme fringes of alternative medicine. What's your opinion? Have you heard of or had any experience with leech therapy? Do you believe that Demi Moore was actually detoxified by her treatment and that this is a legitimate use of leeches? Or do you agree with me and believe that leech therapy for detoxification is simply another in a long line of medical scams? Please post your comments below and let us know what you think. We look forward to your comments.
Resources for further exploration:
Important: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not Everyday Health.


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Tokyo protests to China over 4 ships near islands
The Japanese government summoned China's ambassador on Tuesday to protest four Chinese maritime surveillance ships that spent about 13 hours in waters near disputed islands claimed by both countries.
The uninhabited outcroppings in the East China Sea, called Senkaku in Japanese and Diaoyu in Chinese, are controlled by Japan but also claimed by China and Taiwan.
Tensions over the tiny islands intensified after Tokyo bought them from their Japanese private owners in September, prompting Chinese to hold demonstrations and boycott Japanese products.
The latest incident was the 21st and longest intrusion by Chinese vessels into what Japan considers its territorial waters around the islands since that purchase, the coast guard said.
Deputy Foreign Minister Akitaka Saiki summoned Ambassador Cheng Yonghua to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after the four Chinese government ships entered waters off the islands for about 13 hours Monday until early Tuesday, ministry official Masaru Sato said.
Asked about the reprimand during a routine briefing, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei reiterated Beijing's stance that the islands are "an inherent part of Chinese territory," and said the Chinese vessels were carrying out normal official duties.
"We do not accept Japan's protests and representations," Hong said.
"Despite China's objections, Japan sent vessels and planes to the waters and airspace of the Diaoyu Islands for many times. China made representations many times, urging Japan to stop illegal acts that violated China's sovereignty," he said.
On Dec. 13, a Chinese government airplane flew into airspace above the islands, prompting Tokyo to launch a formal protest. Beijing said the plane was conducting a normal operation.


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I am struck by how many liberals insist on reducing carbon emissions immediately, but, on the deficit, say there is no urgency because no interest rates rises are in sight. And I am struck by how many conservatives insist we must reduce the deficit immediately, but, on climate, say there is no urgency because, so far, temperature rise has been slight. (Although 2012 was the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.) One reason interest rates are so low is that they are being suppressed by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing. That won't last. As for the climate, well, "Mother Nature doesn't do quantitative easing," said Harvey. Beware of nonlinear moves in both.
We can't go off coal overnight, and we can't go into recession by cutting spending overnight, but we need to start tapping on the brakes in both realms by agreeing on spending cuts, tax increases and new investments that would be phased in as the economy improves, as well as higher efficiency standards for power plants, buildings, vehicles and appliances that would be phased in, too.
A carbon tax would reinforce and make both strategies easier. According to a September 2012 study by the Congressional Research Service, a small carbon tax of $20 per ton — escalating by 5.6 percent annually — could cut the projected 10-year deficit by roughly 50 percent (from $2.3 trillion down to $1.1 trillion).


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Most car lovers are familiar with the sensation detailed in this 1982 Datsun commercial, even if the object of their "someday dreams" isn't a 280ZX.
You are in the midst of your daily routine when you catch the sight of a car you just can't live without (cue cheesy 80s music).
You walk around it with a dazed look, making engine noises and trying not to drool on a stranger's beautiful car.
By the time you pull yourself together and realize how insane this behavior appears to the rest of the non automotive obsessed world, you manage to tear yourself away with a promise that may or may not be true. You'll have one too—someday.


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Have a friendly wager on the AFC Championship game? Are one of the teams your favorite? If so, you'll want to know the outcome of "More-On Trivia" today. This season's predictions have been stunningly accurate, despite the answers to simple questions being stunningly stupid. Be entertained and find out who is predicted to win.
His record 'speaks for itself': Jason Whitlock on why President Trump is gaining with black voters
In the final days before the 2020 election, President Donald Trump is gaining among black voters, particularly men, because his record of accomplishments "speaks for itself" and the "façade" that President Trump is a racist "just doesn't ring true," argued sports columnist Jason Whitlock on "The Glenn Beck Radio Program" Tuesday.
Jason, who recently interviewed the president at the White House for OutKick.com, shared his thoughts on why he believes many black Americans — notably celebrities such as Kanye West, Ice Cube, and 50 Cent — are breaking from the "façade" that President Trump is a "flaming racist."
"I really believe the facts are starting to speak for themselves, and that Donald Trump's record of accomplishments, particularly as it relates to African Americans, speaks for itself," Jason told Glenn. "He actually has a record to stand on, unlike even Barack Obama. When [Obama] was president, I don't think he had much of a record to stand on, in terms of, 'Hey, what did he actually deliver for African Americans?' President Trump has things he can stand on and, you know, beyond that I think black people understand when he starts talking about black unemployment rate. And America's unemployment rate. And then, when you add in for black men, the façade we've been putting on [President Trump] … you know, this whole thing that he's some flaming racist, it just doesn't ring true."
Jason suggested that Trump's fearlessness, unabashed masculinity, and record of keeping his promises resonates with men in the black community. He also weighed in on how media and social media's bias plays a huge role in convincing people to hate President Trump while ignoring Antifa and others on the Left.
"I keep explaining to people, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, they're some of the most secular places on earth. And we've reduced everyone to a tweet, that we disagree with," he added.
Watch the video below to catch more of the conversation:
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Megyn Kelly: Media coverage of President Trump is 'DISGUSTING'
Megyn Kelly is not happy about the "disgusting" media coverage of President Donald Trump, specifically pointing to Lesley Stahl's "60 Minutes" interview on CBS Sunday.
On the radio program, Megyn told Glenn Beck the media has become so blinded by the "Trump Derangement Syndrome" that they've lost their own credibility — and now they can't get it back.
"It's disgusting. It's stomach-turning," Megyn said of the media's coverage of the president. "But it's just a continuation of what we've seen over the past couple of years. Their 'Trump Derangement Syndrome' has blinded them to what they're doing to their own credibility. They can't get it back. It's too late. They've already sacrificed it. And now no one is listening to them other than the hard partisans for whom they craft their news."
Megyn also discussed how she would have covered the recent stories about Hunter and Joe Biden's alleged corruption. Watch the video below to catch more of the conversation:
Want more from Glenn Beck?
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Imagine sometime next year, getting called before HUWAC – the House Un-Woke Activities Committee.
"Are you or have you ever been a member of the un-woke?"
Something like that is not as far-fetched as you might think.
Last week, Robert Reich, the former Secretary of Labor during the Clinton administration, now a UC Berkeley professor, tweeted this:
When this nightmare is over, we need a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It would erase Trump's lies, comfort those who have been harmed by his hatefulness, and name every official, politician, executive, and media mogul whose greed and cowardice enabled this catastrophe.
— Robert Reich (@RBReich) October 17, 2020
Since the 1970s, there have been dozens of "Truth Commissions" around the world like the kind Robert Reich wants in America. Most of these have been set up in Africa and Latin America. Usually it happens in countries after a civil war, or where there's been a regime change – a dictator is finally overthrown, and a commission is set up to address atrocities that happened under the dictator. Or, as in the commissions in East Germany and Czechoslovakia, atrocities under communism. Or, in the most famous example, South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation commission addressed the decades of apartheid that ravaged that nation.
These commissions usually conclude with an official final report. These commissions and reports have served as a means of governments trying to close a dark chapter of their country's history, or provide emotional catharsis, as a way to generally move on. Sometimes it kind of works for people, most of the time it leaves people clamoring for more justice.
Here's how one professor described truth commissions in an article in The Conversation last year. He wrote:
The goal of a truth commission… is to hold public hearings to establish the scale and impact of a past injustice, typically involving wide-scale human rights abuses, and make it part of the permanent, unassailable public record. Truth commissions also officially recognize victims and perpetrators in an effort to move beyond the painful past… Some have been used cynically as tools for governments to legitimize themselves by pretending they have dealt with painful history when they have only kicked the can down the road.
See, this is the problem with a lot of "Truth" commissions – they are inherently political. Even if you trust your government and give them all the benefit of the doubt in the world that their Truth commission is trying to do the right thing, it is ALWAYS going to be political. Because these truth commissions are never set up by those who have LOST power in government. They're always established by those who have WON power.
The Deputy Executive Director of the International Center for Transitional Justice says one of the main points in these Truth commissions is that "the victims become protagonists."
A Department of Anti-racism is entirely within the realm of possibility.
So, who are the victims in Robert Reich's America? People like him, members of the far-Left who had to endure the atrocities of four years of a president with different political ideas. What an injustice. I mean, the left's suffering during the Trump administration is almost on the level of apartheid or genocide – so we totally need a Truth commission.
There have been lots of calls for the U.S. to have its own Truth and Reconciliation commission, especially around racial injustice.
This past June, Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Lee of California introduced legislation to establish the " United States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation."
Ibram X. Kendi – the high priest of anti-racism, and author of Target's current favorite book " Antiracist Baby" – proposes a Constitutional anti-racism amendment. This amendment would:
establish and permanently fund the Department of Anti-racism (DOA) comprised of formally trained experts on racism and no political appointees. The DOA would be responsible for pre-clearing all local, state and federal public policies to ensure they won't yield racial inequity, monitor those policies, investigate private racist policies when racial inequity surfaces, and monitor public officials for expressions of racist ideas. The DOA would be empowered with disciplinary tools to wield over and against policymakers and public officials who do not voluntarily change their racist policy and ideas.
If you think that is far-fetched, you haven't been paying attention to the Left's growing radicalism. In a Joe Biden-Kamala Harris administration, a Department of Anti-racism is entirely within the realm of possibility. And of course, such a DOA would never stop at policing government.
We're in a dangerous, precarious moment in our history. Given the events of 2020, should Democrats gain the White House, the Senate, and the House, how many commissions will be in our future? They will suddenly have plenty of political capital to drag the nation through years of commission hearings.
And the Left's form of justice is never satisfied. You think it will stop at a T&R commission on race? MSNBC's Chris Hayes tweeted this month about the need for a commission to deal with Americans who are skeptical about wearing masks:
The most humane and reasonable way to deal with all these people, if we survive this, is some kind of truth and reconciliation commission. https://t.co/PopsRhmKvz
— Chris Hayes (@chrislhayes) October 6, 2020
Or what about a Truth commission on religion? I mean, look at those reckless churches spreading Covid this year. Or this would be a big one – a T&R commission on climate change deniers.
The Left is highly selective when it comes to truth. That's why they are the very last group you want in charge of anything with "Truth and Reconciliation" in the title.
This is one of the most incredibly frustrating things about the Left in America today. The Left insists there is no such thing as absolute truth, while simultaneously insisting there are certain approved truths that are undeniable.
So, you can't question "Science" – even though that's pretty much what every great scientist in history did.
You can't question racism as the explanation for all of existence – because, well, just
You can't question third-party "Fact-checkers" – because the powers that be, mainly Big Tech right now, have decided they are the Truth referees and you have to trust what they say because they're using certified external fact-checkers. They just forgot to tell you that they actually fund these third-party fact-checkers. It's like if McDonald's told you to trust third-party health inspectors that they were paying for.
The Left thinks it has a monopoly on Truth. They're the enlightened ones, because they've had the correct instruction, they're privy to the actual facts. It's psychotic arrogance. If you don't buy what they're selling, even if you're just skeptical of it, it's because you either don't have the facts, you willingly deny the facts, or you're simply incapable of grasping the truth because you're blinded by your raging racism problem. It's most likely the racism problem.
The Left never learns from its own preaching. For the past 60-plus years they've decried the House Un-American Activities Committee for trying to root out communists, getting people canceled, ruining Hollywood careers, etcetera. But a HUAC-type committee is precisely what Robert Reich is describing and many on the Left want. It's not enough for Trump to be voted out of office. Americans who helped put him there must be punished. They don't want reconciliation, they want retribution. Because the Left doesn't simply loathe Donald Trump, the Left loathes YOU.
President Donald Trump's performance at last night's final presidential debate was "brilliant" and "the best he's ever done," Glenn Beck said on the radio program Friday.
Glenn described the moments he thought President Trump came across as "sincere," "kind," and "well-informed," as well as Joe Biden's biggest downfalls for of the night — from his big statement on wanting to eliminate the oil industry to his unsurprising gaffes as the debate neared the end. But, the question remains: was Trump's "brilliant performance" enough to win the election?
Watch the video be low to get Glenn's take on the final debate before the November 3 election:
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To enjoy more of Glenn's masterful storytelling, thought-provoking analysis and uncanny ability to make sense of the chaos, subscribe to BlazeTV — the largest multi-platform network of voices who love America, defend the Constitution and live the American dream.


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5 S.Ct. 931
29 L.Ed. 204
GREENHOW, Treasurer, etc.1
April 20, 1885.
Wm. L. Royall, Wager Swayne, and D. H. Chamberlain, for appellant.
F. S. Blair, Atty. Gen., for appellee.
This is a bill in equity filed by the appellant, a citizen of Virginia, praying that the defendant, Greenhow, treasurer of the city of Richmond, may be perpetually enjoined from taking steps, by distraint of the complainant's property, to collect certain taxes claimed by the defendant to be due to the state of Virginia, amounting to $36.25, but for which the bill avers the complainant tendered in payment the exact amount thereof, for a part, coupons cut from bonds issued by the state under the act of March 30, 1871, and part in money. On demurrer to the bill, it was dismissed by the circuit court for want of jurisdiction, the amount in controversy being less than $500, and the complainant has brought this appeal. It is sought to maintain the jurisdiction in this case on the ground that the suit is authorized by section 1979, Rev. St., jurisdiction to entertain which is conferred by the sixteenth clause of section 629, Rev. St. The case comes within the decision just rendered in Carter v. Greenhow, ante, 928, and is governed by it. It is not, in our opinion, such a suit as is contemplated by the sections of the Revised Statutes referred to. As the sum or value in controversy does not exceed $500, the suit cannot be maintained as a case arising under the constitution and laws of the United States, provided for in the act of March 3, 1875, c. 137, (18 St. 470.) The bill was, therefore, rightly dismissed.
The decree of the circuit court is accordingly affirmed.
See dissenting opinion, Post, 962.


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Duncan McCosker
Professor Emeritus
- MFA, California Institute of the Arts, Art and Design
- MA, University of Southern California, Mathematics
- BA, Occidental College, Mathematics
Duncan E. McCosker is a professor of Art and has taught undergraduate courses in a variety of media, specializing in photography. He has taught here and in France and Japan. His creative work in photography is focused on contemporary leisure and recreational space in Southern California and Australia with a special interest in the American experience.
Professional Experience
Taught in France and Japan
Scholarly Work
s a documentary photographer, McCosker has worked on projects in this country, Europe and Australia, exploring the public and private spaces of people engaged in leisure time activities. He was the recipient of the MacGeorge fellowship at the University of Melbourne and a University of San Diego Professorship, enabling him to photograph country and Royal Shows in Australia. His work has been shown in solo exhibitions at the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego, the Chrysler Museum, Worcester Museum, Carpenter Center at Harvard University, the Narodni National Museum in Prague, and the Art Museum of the Americas (scheduled 2009). He has also participated in group exhibits at the National Museum of American Art, the Biennale de la Photographie (Liege, Belgium), and the Museet for Fotokunst, Brandts Klaedefabrik (Odense, Denmark)
Areas of Interest
McCosker's interest in teaching has encompassed& black and white and color photography as well as non-silver processes, incorporating both digital and traditional methods. He oversees the internship program, primarily offering opportunities for interning students in the fields of design and photography. He has also been engaged in the Study Abroad program at USD, and has taught in Aix en Provence and Paris, France.
Department of Art, Architecture + Art History
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