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Monday 1 January 0001 - Thursday 13 February 2020
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Trophies, titles and international honours, from a golden era in the Aberdeen story, the boys will be discussing it all in the company of MC, Gerry McDade on a night of candid entertainment and celebration!
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Sophie Tracks a Thief
Book Description
Sophie's back with more middle-school adventures! The just-formed film club has brought a new girl into the Flakes' orbit: Phoebe is witty, fun, and an awesome actress, but then the girls discover she harbors a prejudice against one of their own. When this same girl is accused of theft, the Pops---and even some of the Flakes---are only too happy to turn against her. And when Dr. Peter suggests tha... More
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About Nancy N. Rue (Author) : Nancy N. Rue is a published author of children's books and young adult books. Some of the published credits of Nancy N. Rue include I Only Binge on Holy Hungers, Lucy Doesn't Wear Pink (Faithgirlz! / ... more
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Complete the reading lesson and activities based on 'Charlie changes into a chicken' by Sam Copeland. You will need to practise your reading and listening skills before summarising the key events using adverbs. Click on the link below:
Read all about Fair Trade and then test your knowledge in this reading activity – make sure you choose the right level of challenge for you.
There is a reading activity to complete in Around the World this week. Why not find out more about India? (Day 58)
This week we will continue our work started last week on 'Journey to the Jungle.' It is time to plan and write your explorer's log and you will also be writing a special set of instructions on how to tempt a creature out of its hiding place! You can create the special creature (which you will lure into sight) using your imagination! There are some lessons on identifying verbs and imperative or 'bossy' verbs as well as a lesson on using fronted adverbials to help you with your writing. You might also want to look at the presentation on how to write instructions.


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Biomechanical models are useful to assess the effect of muscular forces on bone structure. Using skeletal remains, we analyze pronator teres rotational efficiency and its force components throughout the entire flexion-extension and pronation-supination ranges by means of a new biomechanical model and 3D imaging techniques, and we explore the relationship between these parameters and skeletal structure. The results show that maximal efficiency is the highest in full elbow flexion and is close to forearm neutral position for each elbow angle. The vertical component of pronator teres force is the highest among all components and is greater in pronation and elbow extension. The radial component becomes negative in pronation and reaches lower values as the elbow flexes. Both components could enhance radial curvature, especially in pronation. The model also enables to calculate efficiency and force components simulating changes in osteometric parameters. An increase of radial curvature improves efficiency and displaces the position where the radial component becomes negative towards the end of pronation. A more proximal location of pronator teres radial enthesis and a larger humeral medial epicondyle increase efficiency and displace the position where this component becomes negative towards forearm neutral position, which enhances radial curvature. Efficiency is also affected by medial epicondylar orientation and carrying angle. Moreover, reaching an object and bringing it close to the face in a close-to-neutral position improve efficiency and entail an equilibrium between the forces affecting the elbow joint stability. When the upper-limb skeleton is used in positions of low efficiency, implying unbalanced force components, it undergoes plastic changes, which improve these parameters. These findings are useful for studies on ergonomics and orthopaedics, and the model could also be applied to fossil primates in order to infer their locomotor form. Moreover, activity patterns in human ancient populations could be deduced from parameters reported here.
Citation: Ibáñez-Gimeno P, Galtés I, Jordana X, Malgosa A, Manyosa J (2014) Biomechanics of Forearm Rotation: Force and Efficiency of Pronator Teres. PLoS ONE 9(2): e90319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090319
Editor: David Carrier, University of Utah, United States of America
Received: October 1, 2013; Accepted: January 28, 2014; Published: February 28, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Ibáñez-Gimeno et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work is supported by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant no. CGL2008-00800/BOS), the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant no. 2009 SGR 566), the Programa de Formación de Profesorado Universitario, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (grant no. AP2009-5102) awarded to Pere Ibáñez-Gimeno and the Programa Juan de la Cierva, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant no. JCI-2010-08157) awarded to Xavier Jordana. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The effect of muscular forces on bone structure can be predicted from osteometric parameters using biomechanical models if the line of action and the origins of the tendon are known [1], [2]. The rotational efficiency (Erot) of the pronator teres (PT) is a measure of its rotational capacity as a function of the applied force [3]. The PT Erot can be calculated from several osteometric parameters of the upper-limb skeleton, basically related to the curvature of the diaphysis of the radius bone, the size and shape of the humeral medial epicondyle, and the proximo-distal location of PT radial enthesis [3]–[5].
During resisted pronation, PT acts as the primary agonist, displaying relatively higher activity levels than pronator quadratus [6]. In contrast to the latter, PT is largely affected by elbow and forearm position [6], [7]. The positioning of the forearm may also influence the components of PT force, which in turn can entail structural changes with different functional implications. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that each component influences the skeletal structure in a different way, e.g. a component may enhance the curvature of the radius when it exerts a bending loading on its shaft [3]. However, the biomechanical behavior and structural effects of these components in the pronation-supination and flexion-extension ranges have never been examined.
This study aims to analyze PT Erot for a full range of elbow flexion angles in order to (i) analyze the relationship between the components of the force vector and the skeletal structure, (ii) assess how Erot is modified by changes in several osteometric parameters and (iii) get further knowledge about the functional implications of the variation of this parameter in the flexion-extension range. The results of this biomechanical analysis will lay the foundations for future studies about comparative and evolutionary anatomy, as well as works on applied sciences, such as ergonomics, sports medicine and orthopaedics, providing relevant information about the relationship between the skeletal structure and PT functionality.
Materials and Methods
The skeletal remains used in this study are part of an osteological collection housed at Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). The skeletons in this collection were ceded to Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) by Cementiri de Granollers (Ajuntament de Granollers). This cession was subjected to prior agreement between both institutions. Moreover, this study is part of a project (CGL2008-00800/BOS), which was approved by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Gobierno de España).
Rotational efficiency was calculated for the right upper-limb skeleton (humerus, radius and ulna) of a 32-year-old male from the abovementioned collection. The Erot of the studied individual was previously shown to be within to the human pattern of variation, calculated for full elbow extension (180°) and intermediate flexion (90°) [5]. The biomechanical model used in the current study enables to calculate Erot as function of the elbow flexion angle by using 3D imaging techniques. NextEngine's 3D Scanner was used to obtain a three-dimensional image of the humerus, which was processed with ScanStudio HD software [8]. The image was exported to the modeling software Rhinoceros 4.0 SR1 [9], where planes and axes were defined and measurements were taken.
Calculation of pronator teres rotational efficiency
Galtés et al. [3] developed the biomechanical model to calculate the rotational efficiency (Erot) of the pronator teres (PT), which was initially based on the use of CT scan images of the upper-limb. In accordance with this work, Erot is defined by the expression:
The biomechanical model was later adapted to calculate Erot using skeletal remains by means of photographs of the distal epiphysis of humerus [4]. Although this methodology was simple and practical, the technique was limited since the spatial representation of the humeral planes was not possible. Therefore, some assumptions about the arm and forearm mechanics and the representation of the geometrical points used to calculate Erot had to be made. The use of 3D imaging, basically to define the humeral planes and axes and to determine important details of the medial epicondyle, enabled to obtain more accurate calculations of Erot [5]. As a matter of fact, the calculation of Erot at any elbow position described in the current paper is based on the approach developed by Galtés et al. [4] and Ibáñez-Gimeno et al. [5]. In order to calculate angles α and β at a given forearm and elbow position, several parameters are required (Table 1) [5]. Two of these parameters, l1 distance and distance, depend on the value of carrying angle (λ) and thus vary throughout the flexion-extension range (Fig. 1) [10]. The carrying angle is the angle between the arm and the forearm long axes (Fig. 1). Assuming a linear variation of this angle between a maximum value (λm) in full elbow extension (180°), which is measured on dry bones [11], and λ = 0° in full elbow flexion (40°) [10], [12]–[14], and using and values (Fig. 1B) obtained from the three-dimensional image of the humerus, we can obtain: (Eq. 1)(Eq. 2)
A: Anterior view of right distal arm and forearm bones in supination position. Humeral and forearm axes, the flexion-extension axis (FE axis), as well as the force exerted by pronator teres muscle (, from point A to point B), are represented. is the vertical component of pronator teres force. Point A indicates pronator teres distal enthesis just at the apex of radial curvature. Point B indicates its proximal attachment site, just at the apex of the medial epicondyle, and point B′ is the projection of point B on plane P3. Planes P1, P2 and P3 are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the forearm axis. P1 passes through point B, P2 passes through the most proximal point of the radial head and P3 passes through point A. Point X is the intersection between humeral axis and a plane perpendicular to the humeral axis that passes through point B. Point C is the most distal humeral point of the humeral axis. Point O is the intersection between plane P3 and the forearm axis. The dashed circle indicates the zoomed-in area of the right image. B: Detail of the left image. Plane P2 is represented for a position of full elbow extension (P2 (180°)) and for a position of full elbow flexion (P2 (40°)). The variation of this plane is caused by the variation of the carrying angle (λ). This causes a variation in l1 and in (Δl1 (λ) and Δ (λ)), which depends on the elbow angle. Angle ω is the angle between plane P2 (40°) and segment.
Distance l1 () is the sum of and (Figs. 1A and 2A). can be measured directly on the radius bone (Figs. 1A and 2A, lpr), and can be obtained from: (i) geometric parameters obtained from the three-dimensional image of the humerus (Rc, de, ε, Fig. 2B); (ii) the position of the humeral medial epicondyle at each flexion angle (Fig. 2B), and (iii) the position of the elbow flexion axis, which depends on the carrying angle (λ) and varies throughout the flexion-extension range (see Fig. 1 and Eq. 1) [10]. Then, the distance l1 in maximum elbow extension can be calculated as follows:
A: Representation of the elbow in full extension (180°), an intermediate position (90°) and full flexion (40°) from a lateral view. A static radius (yellow) is represented with the humerus in the three positions (blue). Planes P1, P2 and P3 are represented. The point (point B), and so plane P1, are shown for 180° of elbow extension. Distance lpr is the distance between planes P2 and P3. The distance between planes P1 and P2 depends on the elbow position. The square indicates the zoomed-in area of the right image. B: Change in the position of point B and in the distance as a function of the elbow angle. The position of point B for the three elbow angles is represented. Point B is positioned in a coordinates system (x, y) which center is the flexion-extension axis from a lateral point of view. Rc is the radius of the humeral condyle. de is the distance between the center of coordinates and point B. Angle ε is the angle between the positive x-axis and the position vector of point B.
where Δl1(λ180) is obtained from Eq. 1. Distance is the curvature of the radius, measured on dry bone [4], [15]. Distance (projection of segment on plane P3), is dependent on λ value and can be obtained for each position of the elbow using Eq. 2.
Then, and can be respectively calculated from and by determining distance [4]. Knowing the position of point B and its projection on plane P3 (Fig. 3), we can calculate, at any flexion angle of the elbow, distance , angle β, and and, therefore, the value of Erot.
Two elbow positions (180° and 40°) are represented. is the projection of the pronator teres force on plane P3. is the radial component of . is the component of tangential to the rotational movement. Angle β is the angle between and . Point A is the radial attachment site of pronator teres. Point O′ is the center of the rotational movement. Point B′ is the projection of point B on plane P3. The position of this point varies as a function of the carrying angle of the elbow (Δ (λ), see Fig. S1) and it is assessed with regards to the horizontal axis by angle. The displacement of point B′ from the horizontal axis can be calculated from the variation of point B position as a function of the elbow angle (see Fig. 2).
Figure 4 shows PT Erot throughout the flexion-extension and the pronation-supination ranges. Rotational efficiency for each elbow position is maximal when the forearm is close to the neutral position (position attained when the thumb points superiorly and the palm faces medially, at 0° of pronation-supination [10]) and is minimal in the extremes of the pronation-supination range. Maximum Erot for each elbow position undergoes a nonlinear growth of 18% from full extension (180°) to full flexion (40°). The position of maximum Erot displaces from −11° of pronation at 180° of elbow extension towards 6° of supination at 40° of elbow flexion (40°) (Fig. 4B). At 120° of elbow flexion, Erot reaches its maximum when the forearm is in the neutral position.
A: Three-dimensional surface showing efficiency values at each forearm and elbow angles. B: Projection of the three-dimensional surface on XY plane showing efficiency ranges at each forearm and elbow angles. The points connected by a continuous line indicate the forearm positions where efficiency is maximal for each elbow angle. The dashed line indicates the neutral position of the forearm. The dotted line shows a trajectory followed by the forearm to reach an object with the elbow almost fully extended (170°) and the forearm supinated (60°) (asterisk S) and to bring it close to the face (50° of elbow flexion and −5° of pronation) (asterisk P). This trajectory, which direction is indicated by the arrow, is the shortest and entails an increase of about 190% in the efficiency value.
The force that PT exerts on the radius is represented by (Fig. 1). The projection of this vector on the axial plane P3 is represented by (Fig. 3), whereas the projection on the vertical axis is named (Fig. 1). can be decomposed into two vectors: , which is tangent to the trajectory of the radial rotational movement, and , which is directed to the rotation center (Fig. 3). Figure 5 shows the relative values for these components at three elbow angles (40°, 90° and 180°). is greater in supination than in pronation, regardless of the elbow angle. The modulus for the perpendicular component of (Fp) displays values that vary between the 86% and 99% of F value, depending on the pronation-supination and flexion-extension angles. This component increases as the forearm pronates, regardless of the elbow position. It is also slightly greater in extension than in flexion of the elbow.
Full extension (180°), intermediate position (90°) and full elbow flexion (40°) scenarios are shown.
Concerning the radial component (), its modulus values are approximately the 50% of F value in a full supination position for the entire flexion-extension range. These values decrease as the forearm pronates, reaching negatives values in pronation. The forearm position where Fr = 0 depends on the elbow angle. At 180° of elbow extension, the modulus for reaches 0 at −46° of pronation, whereas in full elbow flexion this occurs at −25° of pronation. Therefore, this component reaches lower negative values, i.e. higher values for its modulus being the vector negative, as the elbow flexes (up to 15% in full flexion). Regarding , which modulus does not reach the 40% of F, its values change in a similar way to the values of Erot. The pronation-supination angle where F″ = Fr is dependent on the elbow position. At 180°, it is close to the neutral position of the forearm (at 11° of supination). As the elbow flexes, it displaces towards a more supinated position of the forearm, reaching 31° of supination in full flexion.
Several simulations were carried out to assess how Erot and components are modified by changes in some osteometric parameters. From the mathematic expression to calculate Erot (see Materials and Methods and Figures 1, 2 and 3), it is easily inferable that a greater curvature of the radius (), and so a greater rotational radius (), leads to a proportional increase in the Erot values (Fig. 6A). Moreover, any change in one or several osteometrical parameters that causes an increase of α and/or β angles will consequently enhance Erot (see Materials and Methods). Hence, the moment of force can be improved by rising either the tangential force () or the curvature of the radius (). Although both scenarios would cause an increase in Erot, they are related to different structural characteristics. A 10% rise of has a minor effect on the components of , being modulus constant (Fig. 6A) and slightly reducing modulus at −70° of pronation, from 8–15% to 6–13% of F value, depending on elbow position. When a similar increase in Erot is simulated by a 10% decrease of lpr, a completely different behavior of vectors can be observed: modulus increases proportionally to Erot during the entire flexion range (Fig. 6B), whereas modulus rises from 46–48% to 49–51% of F value at 70° of supination and from 8–15% to 10–19% at −70° of pronation. A 10% increase of has broadly the same effect on Erot and and moduli than the reported 10% decrease of lpr. is not meaningfully modified by changes in the abovementioned parameters, whereas the forearm positions where modulus reaches 0, where and become equal and where Erot is maximal are considerably affected by these changes. All this information is summarized in Table 2.
Simulations are shown throughout the flexion-extension range. A: Simulations of an increase in . Note that the relative values for F″ of the three simulations overlap. B: Simulations of a decrease in lpr. The effect caused by an increase in is similar to the effect caused by the decrease in lpr shown here. C: Simulations with different coordinates of point B (cm).
Conversely to the abovementioned simulations, the direction of the change in Erot and modulus (increase or decrease) caused by a change in the position of point B depends on the elbow angle (Fig. 6C). When coordinate x increases, maximal Erot and modulus rise in flexion of the elbow and decrease in extension. When this coordinate is lower, the values for these parameters decrease in flexion and rise in extension. When coordinate y is closer to 0, Erot and modulus increase in flexion and fall in extension, whereas when this coordinate is lower, these parameters decrease in flexion and rise in extension.
Efficiency is also lower when the carrying angle (λ) is greater. A change of 5° in this angle leads to a variation of about 6.5% of the maximum Erot value at 180° of elbow extension. This effect is lesser as the elbow flexes and it is null in full flexion (40°).
Rotational efficiency, force components and structural implications
In the current study, PT Erot has been assessed throughout the entire flexion-extension range using three-dimensional technology. The variation of Erot obtained from our innovative biomechanical model is in agreement with the results of kinematic studies using cadaveric specimens [16], [17] and virtual and resin models of the upper-limb skeleton [18]–[20], as well as with analysis on forearm discomfort [21] and on electromyographic signals of the forearm pronators [7].
Pronator teres Erot is dependent on the skeletal structure of the arm, elbow and forearm, which in turn can be modified by the usage of this muscle. In this regard, the analysis of Erot has enabled to study the effect of the components of PT force vector on the upper-limb skeleton. The perpendicular component of this vector () shows high relative values, which indicates that an important part of PT force is employed in a direction parallel to the rotational axis of the forearm, i.e. compressing the radius lengthwise towards the distal epiphysis of the humerus. This compression is also produced during the contraction of other upper-limb muscles, such as biceps brachii and the wrist and fingers flexors. As regards PT, the compressive effect on the radius is higher in pronation than in supination and slightly decreases from elbow extension to maximum flexion. Although the differences are slight, this indicates that pronated positions of the forearm enhance the curvature of the radius through radial compression in a greater degree than supinated positions. This effect is independent of the skeletal structure, as is broadly unaffected by changes in the parameters used to calculate Erot.
When the forearm is pronated, biceps brachii is reflexly inhibited and plays little if any role in flexion, because it would supinate the forearm during contraction [22]–[24]. As mentioned, the perpendicular component of PT force is greater on the prone forearm. This increase may partially compensate the lack of action of biceps brachiii, enhancing the assisting role of PT as elbow flexor and joint stabilizer in this position.
The component , which directs to the rotation center, reaches negative values in forearm pronation. When this component is negative, the vector directs opposite to the rotational center, and so it enhances the curvature of the radius. Negative values are reached in a position of the forearm that gets closer to the neutral position as the elbow flexes. Therefore, the curvature of the radius () is enhanced during pronation in flexion rather than in extension of the elbow. In any case, the relative values for responsible for the curvature of the radius are low when compared to values for , which suggests that radii with marked curvatures are more probably associated to compression forces from PT, among other muscles, than to forces applied perpendicularly to the forearm axis. These findings are in agreement with a previous empirical study that revealed that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the apex of the radial shaft curvature by the PT muscle plays an important role as a mechanical stimulus involved in diaphyseal bowing [15].
The effect that the skeletal structure and form have on Erot and on the force vectors has also been assessed. The results show that a greater bowing of the radius entails an increase of Erot. This is consistent with previous studies suggesting an enhancement of PT action and forearm rotational power by a markedly bowed radius [3], [25]–[28]. An increase of the radial curvature also causes that becomes negative in a more pronated position of the forearm, and so its modulus reach lower values in full pronation. Therefore, the radius is more easily bowed when its curvature is low.
The radial location of PT muscle also affects Erot: at any elbow angle, Erot increases when this enthesis is more proximally located, which is consistent with previous observations in full elbow extension [3]. Moreover, radii with a more proximal enthesis for PT muscle lead to the reach of negative values of closer to the neutral position of the forearm. Therefore, these radii entail lower negative values for this component, i.e. higher values for its modulus being the vector negative, which stimulates radial curvature.
Concerning the humeral medial epicondyle, Erot also tends to increase in all elbow positions as this structure enlarges. Even though the current analysis uses a different approach to quantify humeral medial epincondylar projection (), the results are consistent with previous studies [3], [5], [29]. Moreover, an enlargement of the medial epicondyle has the same effect on than a more proximally located radial enthesis for PT, and therefore a more medially projected epicondyle enhances radial curvature.
The orientation of the medial epicondyle is also relevant for the determination of Erot. The alteration of this orientation causes changes in that lead to changes in Erot. A more posteriorly oriented epicondyle, i.e. more retroflexed [5], [30], is associated with a greater Erot in full extension of the elbow, whereas an epicondyle with a lower degree of retroflexion has greater values of Erot in full flexion. Moreover, a more proximally oriented epicondyle enhances Erot in full flexion, whereas when it is more distally oriented, Erot increases in extension. The orientation of the medial epicondyle was reported to present a partially activity-dependent plasticity, and so it was hypothesized that it can be modified to enhance certain abilities [30]. In this regard, and in agreement with the abovementioned relationship between Erot and epicondylar orientation, a simple observation of the upper-limb positioning shows that a habitual and continued contraction of PT in full elbow flexion would reorient the epicondyle towards a more proximal position. Conversely, this reorientation would occur distally in full elbow extension. The reported association between the orientation of the medial epicondyle and Erot may have important implications on the evolutionary pathway of the upper-limb skeleton, as this structure plays a central role in the locomotor diversity of primates [5], [31]–[33].
Regarding the carrying angle of the elbow [11], this is the first quantitative insight into its biomechanical implications on forearm rotation. An increase in this angle leads to lower values of Erot. This effect is the greatest in full elbow extension and becomes lower as it is flexed, given that carrying angle is maximal in full extension, decreases during flexion and reaches 0° when the elbow is completely flexed [10], [12]–[14].
Functional implications of forearm rotation
The biomechanical model described here enables to make a thorough quantitative approach to clarify some mechanical aspects about the relationship between PT and forearm and elbow motion. For instance, the results indicate that maximal Erot for each elbow angle is close to the neutral position of the forearm. This position has been commonly associated to the functional position, which minimizes the expenditure of muscular energy as it implies a natural equilibrium between antagonist muscles [10]. Moreover, it entails an enhancement of the precision of the grip, because the forearm axis is in line with the pronation-supination axis [10], [34].
Although skeletal structures with different morphologies can have the same Erot, they do not have to imply the same abilities in terms of precision. For instance, if the same force is exerted by PT on two upper-limbs with the same Erot, the one with the greatest curvature will be able to reach a lower rotational angle (File S1 and Fig. S1), and thus a greater rotational precision.
The stability of the elbow joint has relevant implications for sports medicine and other pathological conditions [14], [35], [36]. During pronation, plays an important role in the stability of the radio-ulnar joint (see File S1 and Fig. 3), whereas participates in the radio-humeral stability (see Fig. 1A). The global stability of the elbow is thus enhanced by the combination of both components. Although is slightly lower when the forearm is supinated, the great value in this position leads to a better fitting between the radius and the ulna than in pronation [37].
Rotational efficiency and the forces that act during pronation may be associated to the estimations of the discomfort levels done by Mukhopadhyay et al. [38], as the movements implying a high level of discomfort correspond to positions where Erot is low. Moreover, the concept "efficiency" provides information about the rotational stability of a given position, as the work needed to modify the forearm rotational angle depends directly on the value of Erot in each position (see File S1). For a given pronation movement, the model can be used to determine the trajectories of the hand that entail the minimal expenditure of energy for PT. In humans, pronation is usually performed when an object has been reached with the hand supinated and the elbow extended and is then brought closer to the body. The final position of this movement will entail a full flexion of the elbow and a close-to-neutral position of the forearm. This movement implies an increase of PT Erot, which indicates that the energy expenditure of this muscle diminishes when the elbow is flexed (see Fig. 4B). The results show that a great part of this trajectory entails upper-limb positions where and have a similar value, i.e. around the forearm position where F″ = Fr. This indicates that during this trajectory the forces that the elbow joint is submitted to are quite equilibrated.
These two conditions (equilibrium between forces and increase of Erot) are not observed for other trajectories, such as those where the end point is close to full pronation with the elbow flexed. In this case, the final part of the trajectory entails a decrease of Erot and very different values of these two force components. If the forearm was very regularly used to perform this movement with important mechanical loads, the disequilibrium could have pathological consequences, as a result of heavy tensions in the radio-ulnar proximal joint. In order to minimize the expenditure of energy and to rebalance the forces, the radial curvature could increase. As reported by our simulations, a rise of the curvature of the radius causes an increase of Erot and a displacement of the position where Fr = 0 towards full pronation, as well as a displacement of the position where and become equal from supination towards a position closer to the neutral.
Therefore, the results of the current study also indicate that the upper-limb skeleton may experience plastic changes as a result of PT activity when it is used in positions where Erot is low and forces are not equilibrated. These changes entail an improvement of these parameters, in order to adjust to the unfavorable conditions. Conversely, if the upper-limb is mainly used in positions with high Erot values, PT will not trigger changes in the skeletal structure. Overall, Erot and its relationship with energy expenditure and rotational stability, as well as the relative values of the force components, which are linked to the joint stability, provide a global insight into pronation and its association to the forearm skeletal structure. These findings will be useful for future analyses on ergonomics and orthopaedics of the upper-limb skeleton, as they provide relevant information about the relationship between PT functionality and the skeletal structure.
Applying this biomechanical model on studies about comparative anatomy of primate taxa would provide valuable information about the functional meaning of the upper-limb skeletal interspecific differences, which will probably be associated to the locomotor abilities of each taxon. Moreover, an analysis of PT Erot and force components on a fossil primate would very useful for inferring its upper-limb involvement in locomotion.
Some skeletal parameters essential for the determination of PT functionality, such as the radial curvature and the medial epicondylar form, are reported to be plastic and related to the usage of PT muscle [15], [30]. Therefore, this biomechanical model would also be of great interest if applied to ancient human populations. Differences in parameters derived or related to Erot between sexes, groups or populations would account for differences in occupational and habitual activities.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Diagrams showing the displacement caused by a force in different scenarios. A: Linear displacement (Δs) and rotational angle (Δθ) caused by a force on a rotating body, being the center of rotation O and the rotational radius R. B: Representation of the differences in the force ( and ) that are needed to obtain the same rotational angle when the rotation performed by pronator teres muscle starts at a different point (A1 and A2) (see Fig. 3). C: Representation of the differences in the rotational angle (Δθ1 and Δθ2) obtained when the same force () is applied by pronator teres muscle on two radii with different rotational radius (r1 and r2) (see Fig. 3). Note that the same linear displacement (Δs) is obtained in both cases.
File S1.
Rotating work during forearm pronation, stability and muscular energy expenditure.
The authors are grateful to Antoni Morros for his assistance in the preparation of the artwork. They are also indebted to the Academic Editor, David Carrier, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: PI IG JM. Performed the experiments: PI JM. Analyzed the data: PI IG XJ AM JM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XJ AM. Wrote the paper: PI JM. Revised the paper: PI IG XJ AM JM.
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ScanStudio HD 1.2.1 (2006) Software for Windows. Santa Monica: NextEngine, Inc.
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Kapandji AI (2002) Fisiología articular, miembro superior. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.
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Ciochon RL, Gunnell GF (2004) Eocen large-bodied primates of Myanmar and Thailand: Morphological considerations and phylogenetic affinities. In: Ross CF, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins: New visions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 249–282.
- 33. MacPhee R, Meldrum J (2006) Postcranial remains of the extinct monkeys of the Greater Antilles, with evidence for semiterrestriality in Paralouatta. Am Mus Novit 3516: 3–65.
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- 38. Mukhopadhyay P, O'Sullivan L, Gallwey TJ (2007) Estimating upper limb discomfort level due to intermittent isometric pronation torque with various combinations of elbow angles, forearm rotation angles, force and frequency with upper arm at 90° abduction. Int J Ind Ergonom 37: 313–325.


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Though Google is one of the most renowned names in the world of web browsers, it is not restricted from a few minor glitches. And being an application, it's normal and obvious. However, the best part about being the user of Google Chrome is that even if you have minor glitches, the experts from the customer care department instantly resolve the matter as soon as you reach them. But as per the survey, most users face the problem of connecting with the Google Chrome professionals as they are unaware of the process.
So, here we have mentioned different methods through which you can connect with them, take a look:
1. Emails
2. Chats
3. SocialMedia
4. Forums
5. Calls
Though all the mediums are reliable, however, if you want to instant solution then directly calling them up is the best option. All you need to do is to dial Google support phone number for chrome, and you will be directed to connect with the experts who will ensure that your problem is fixed on-the-spot! Just in case, you don't have this number, you have the option to avail it from the website of an online directory – Contactforhelp. It is an online directory that gives numbers for all the USA and Canada-based customer services.


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This kind of Air-Cooled Industrial Process Chillers is air cooled type and equipped with screw type compressor, featuring low noise & vibration, high efficiency and energy-saving.
Screw air Chiller is a kind of machine that used to produce cooling water which lower than normal temperature.
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Near Humboldt in Minnehaha County, South Dakota — The American Midwest (Upper Plains)
Pumpkin Center
On plains where Native Americans once hunted vast herds of buffalo, a country general store called Wellington Corner sprang up at this location in 1921. The first building, which became the ice house, was constructed by Luther and Anna Gage. The store bordered a section-line dirt trail used by horse drawn wagons and buggies and an occasional automobile. A private highway association, active in promoting a tourist road from the East to Yellowstone National Park, included the unimproved trail as part of the route. The road was named the "Custer Battlefield Highway."
The State Highway Commission designated the trail as U.S. Highway 16 in 1926. Maintenance equipment was very primitive. After heavy rains, State crews used horse drawn drags to level ruts and washboards. Drainage culverts were installed in 1928, and the trail was graded and graveled for the first time. In 1931, concrete paving began. The first five mile stretch of the newly paved highway, running in both directions from the store now known as Pumpkin Center, was opened to public use in June. When a pavement dance was held on the highway
In time, as auto traffic increased, the small general store also became a gasoline filling station. During the 1930s, a new car dealership created a need for a repair garage and a body shop. Scheduled bus and freight service eventually became available. Pumpkin Center was a gathering place to drink coffee and visit. It was also a landmark to meet and carpool, and more than once, it was a safe haven for winter travelers halted by deep snow or by a fierce, blinding blizzard.
In the thirties, community activities at Pumpkin Center included softball and baseball tournaments. The store sponsored its own team, the "River Rats." For many years picnic tables surrounding the small cluster of buildings hosted vacationers in the spring and summer and pheasant hunters in the fall. During World War II the store provided a patriotic service as a Red Cross Station. The store, last of the related enterprises to close, finally locked its doors for good in 1993.
The naming of Pumpkin Center is lost in uncertainty. Whatever its origin, the name stuck and for decades the phrase, "I'll meet you at Pumpkin Center," was
Erected 1996 by Minnehaha County and South Dakota State Historical Society, The Department of Transportation, and The Freedom Forum.
Topics. This historical marker is listed in these topic lists: Roads & Vehicles • Settlements & Settlers.
Location. 43° 32.599′ N, 97° 5.307′ W. Marker is near Humboldt, South Dakota, in Minnehaha County. Marker is at the intersection of State Highway 42 and State Highway 19, on the right when traveling west on State Highway 42. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Humboldt SD 57035, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 3 other markers are within 11 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Rumpus Ridge (approx. 5.6 miles away); Turner County, South Dakota Veterans Memorial (approx. 10.6 miles away); J.W. "Father" Turner (approx. 10.6 miles away).
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. It was originally submitted on April 3, 2016, by Ruth VanSteenwyk of Aberdeen, South Dakota. This page has been viewed 259 times since then and 20 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on April 3, 2016, by Ruth VanSteenwyk of Aberdeen, South Dakota. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page.


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A4 Jigsaw Puzzle - 120 pieces
Personalised Photo Jigsaw Puzzles @ Woolworths Photo StoreThese jigsaw puzzles are a fantastic way to bring the family together. Personalise with the photo of your choice!
Delivery to store is free. For Australian domestic delivery to your home or office, you will incur a $7.95 charge for the first Photo Gift product and $1.95 for each additional Photo Gift product. Please review all delivery Information here.
Dimensions: A4, 120 pieces
Material: Cardboard
Care Instructions: Gently wipe with a damp cloth


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This means that he was baptized a Mormon, but stopped going to church somewhere along his life... Sometime after he married my mom in the Mesa Temple.
I do not remember him going to church very often with me, my mom, and my two sisters.
If I think back to when I was a child, I remember sitting by him in a sacrament meeting, passing the little sacrament cups down the row for the deacons to collect. We used to take the little paper cup of water, pass the tray, and then pass our used cup to the person next to you, so that at the end of the row the last person would have a tall stack of little cups. (kind of unsanitary in today's world--but that was a step up from the days of sharing a cup.)


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- Make: Volkswagen
- Model: Bus/Vanagon
- Trim: DELUXE
- Year: 1967
- Mileage: 55,000
- Engine size: 1600
- Drive type: RWD
- Vehicle Title: Clear Want to buy? Contact seller!
1967 Volkswagen Bus/Vanagon DELUXEVW 4 BUSES FOR SALENEED COMPLETE RESTORATION
1. VW BUS DELUXE 1967, missing the rear door, has rear seat, needs complete restoration
2. VW 1964 EZ CAMPER - has some furniture, complete body
3. VW 1963 11 WINDOWS BUS - complete body, rear seat, needs complete restoration
4. VW 1971 Westfalia camper - for parts, missing sliding door, dashboard
1. Per the Ebay User Agreement, by placing a bid you are entering into a legal contract and arecommitted to purchasing the vehicle described above. The details of this commitment are further outlined in the Ebay User Agreement, all non-paying Ebay members are reported to consolidated recovery system
2. Vehicle may be sold prior to the end of the auction. We reserves the right to end its auctions early or to cancel bids solely at its direction and shall not be held liable for any such cancellation
3. The winning bidder is required to contact us within 24 hours after the close of the auction to finalize the details of the transaction
4. A $500 non-refundable deposit is required within one business day (24) hours of the auction's close. The deposit reserves the vehicle and removes it from the market. Acceptable payment types for deposit are cash or bank wire transfer
5. If winning bidder does not contact us within 24 hours and doesn't submit deposit within one business day or 24 hours of auction close, vehicle may be available to the next highest bidder or another qualified buyer on a first come, first serve basis
6. We have represented this vehicle to the best of its ability. Prospectivebidders are encouraged to contact us directly to provide additional information or answer any questions
7 Please be aware that all pre-owned vehicles, regardless of age, mileage or manufacturer are subject to cosmetic wear and mechanical failure. We encourage bidder to have a personal inspection completed prior to bidding to help ensure your satisfaction. Third party inspections are to take place prior to a bidding on vehicles
8. All vehicles are sold "AS IS" and with no warranties expressed or implied
9 Final of winning bid price does not include shipping, tag, title, or registration fees. It is the purchaser's responsibility to provide for any state or local taxes and shipping expenses resulting from the state.
10. We can assist you in getting the vehicle to the transport truck driver of your choice in Los Angeles. We assume no responsibility for damages or delays incurred once a vehicle is in a shipper's custody.
11. We bear no liability and shall be held harmless for any complications,expenses, or damages resulting from a failure to meet these terms as they have been set forth and established herein.
12. This auction process is a legally binding contract into which you enter when you click "confirm" on your bid. Please have finances in order before you decide to bid and please ask all questions before you decide to bid. Basically, please only bid if you are ready to purchase this car. Car is sold as-is with no warranties express or implied. License plate is not included. Any disputes regarding the sale of this vehicle shall be resolved through binding arbitration exclusively in Los Angeles county, under applicable state laws. By bidding you agreeto these terms
On Mar-20-17 at 22:09:39 PDT, seller added the following information:
1963 original 11 window bus VIN 1032248, front 1/3 and 2/3 seat, rear seat, middle seat,original panels,original rear apron, small rear hatch window, most of the glass, transmissionwith reduction boxes, missing engine and lid, straight body, needs complete restoration, all gauges are there, registration in hand1965 EZ camper conversion, VIN 21506646, complete front seats, front bumper,does not need to much welding, allglad present, it has extra camper windows and extra frames,nice body,needs complete restoration, all gauges are there, registration in hand1967 original 13 window deluxe bus, all glass, front bumper, rear seat, missing rear hatch, front doors are very good, bill of sale only1972 westfalia campe, missing front doors, rear hatch, good bodyexcept left front lower corner near bumper, original CA pink slip
all busses are rolling, some braking, selling as package, do not part any of the busses


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The Read-Aloud Family: Making Meaningful and Lasting Connections with Your KidsSarah MackenzieZondervan / 2018 / Trade Paperback$11.49 Retail:5 Stars Out Of 5 4 Reviews
$18.99Save 39% ($7.50)Availability: In StockStock No: WW350323
of customers would recommend this product to a friend.
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Liss5 Stars Out Of 5So good!!September 25, 2018LissQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5My oldest son and i share a love of learning but my younger 2 boys aren't always willing participants. This book gave me so many ideas of ways to make reading aloud a family experience and explained the benefits of it. Because of this book, I have made weekends our only electronic days and Monday thru Friday is unplugged only (excluding school work). It has turned up the notch of our family bonding. Highly recommended!
Spring5 Stars Out Of 5Great bookJuly 25, 2018SpringQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5I love how this book inspires me to spend more time with my family. Definitely recommend!
Mary5 Stars Out Of 5excellent bookMay 29, 2018MaryQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5this book exceeded my expectations. very good ideas. Wishing i had read this book when my daughter was a toddler but glad i have a chance to get try these suggestions before she turns 12. i can't put the book down.
Poohbee5 Stars Out Of 5The Read-Aloud Family contains wonderful book lists and so much more!March 15, 2018PoohbeeQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Sarah Mackenzie shares advice and anecdotes about reading aloud and how life-changing it can be for both our children and ourselves! Why is reading aloud to our children so important? It can help our kids be more successful in school and in life, and it can help us be more present as we spend time with our children. It helps us develop and deepen our relationships with our kids. Books can be an amazing vehicle for shared experiences and a source for wonderful conversations.
I found myself highlighting many passages as I read this book. I love how real, honest, and relatable Sarah is as she provides occasional snapshots of her family life. I love that she tells me not only why I should read aloud often with my kids, but also how I can make the most of our read-aloud time. Sarah gives me the tools I need to take my current read-aloud time with my kids to a deeper level through questioning and discussions, but in a non-threatening and natural way.
Some of my favorite parts of the book are the book lists Sarah provides and the many different ways those book lists are presented. There is an annotated book list of Sarah's 20 favorite books to read aloud for each of 4 different age groups. Then, all of the books Sarah has mentioned can be located by title, by author or illustrator, and by age recommendation. I find it incredibly helpful to have the books indexed in such a variety of ways!
I highly recommend The Read-Aloud Family for anyone who wants to cherish and make the most of the time they have with the children in their lives.
(I was given an advanced reader copy from the publisher so that I might provide an honest review of this book. The opinions expressed are completely my own).
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Nollywood actor Jim Iyke have come under fire after news of him fathering a child with his 23 year old Romanian girlfriend Dana hit the internet. A blog reader Ruth Agbo ho is particularly pained about how Nigerian celebrities run after white women. Here is what she had to say:
Dear famous guys. Some of you were born with you riches, some acquired, some are self-made. This is to all Nigeria male celebrities/politicians/famous big boys. Here is a lady expressing herself, I woke up this morning with the news of another home base celebrity choosing a white chick over us Haba! Na wetin na?
We help in making you popular by buying your Cd's, watching your movies, watching you play soccer and after so much shouting and screaming @ the top of our voices in support of your career what do we get in return? Nothing! Instead you chose to date and marry the white chick where were they when we were screaming and shouting our strength out in support of your career?
Very soon Europen will ban you guys from dating their girls just like Kenya did. In a notsheel, all am saying is that you should start investing in us and Nigeria @large o or we will stop supporting your career.eg, @mikel Obi@osazeodewinge@JimIyke #EdeyPainmeEhnn #dontTakeItPersonal#DontCriticizingMeMuch. Yours loving. Fan.


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Privilege Access Management (PAM)
Privileged Accounts and the access they provide, represents the largest security vulnerabilities an organization faces today. Why privileged accounts are attractive targets for attackers:
privileged accounts are everywhere, in every networked device, database, application and server in hybrid, cloud and ICS environments, and through the DevOps pipeline
privileged accounts are used by both human and non-human/machine users have all-powerful access to confidential data and systems
privileged accounts grant too broad access rights, far beyond what is needed for the user to perform their job function
privileged accounts go unmonitored and unreported and therefore unsecured
Simply put, whoever gains posession of privileged accounts gains access to control organization resources, disable security systems, and access vast amount of sensitive data.
All predictions point to privileged account abuse worsening in the future unless organizations take action now.
Best practices dictate that privileged access management should be incorporated into an organizations' core security strategy. Privileged accounts are a security problem and need singular controls put in place to protect, monitor, detect, alert and respond to all privileged activity.
Privileged Credentials are The Keys to the IT Kingdom
They are required to unlock privileged accounts, and they are sought out by external attackers and malicious insiders as a way to gain direct access to the heart of the enterprise.
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To the surprise of no one, Bud Light is extending its popular "Dilly Dilly" ads into a Super Bowl campaign with what it's calling a "trilogy" of new commercials, beginning with one called "Wizard" that Adweek can reveal exclusively today.
The "Dilly Dilly" catchphrase, introduced as a kind of toast in an amusing, medieval-themed Wieden + Kennedy spot called "Banquet" back in August, has broken through into pop culture—particularly among sports fans, broadcasters and even NFL quarterbacks.
The AB InBev brand unveiled a "Dilly Dilly" sequel spot in November, and a third, shorter ad in December. "Wizard," the first of three new spots, will break Christmas Day on TV. You can check it out here:
The ad will premiere Monday in broadcast during the Steelers/Texans game on NBC. A second new spot will debut Jan. 21 during the NFC and AFC Championship Games. A third will air during Super Bowl LII on Feb. 4. The "Wizard" spot is a :30. It's not yet known what lengths the next two ads will be.
Andy Goeler, vp of marketing for Bud Light, told Adweek that the popularity of "Dilly Dilly" is too valuable to ignore.
"Consumers have latched onto it and made it their own, which is what makes this such an exciting time for Bud Light," he said. "I think we all knew we had something special when we heard the first reads of the 'Banquet' spot, but I don't know that we ever could have predicted it would have taken off like this. People love 'Dilly Dilly,' and we're more than happy to keep providing new content."
The wizard is one of several new characters who'll be introduced in the trilogy. (All "great fantasy franchises" have a trilogy, Bud Light explained.)
"Consumers have taken a liking to some of our characters like the King and Queen, Sir Doug and the townsperson who shouts 'Dilly Dilly,'" said Goeler. "We try to work in themes that are relevant in popular culture, whether it is medieval characters, zombies and in this case a wizard. The wizard is a true friend of the crown because he's able to turn inanimate objects into Bud Light."
Bud Light had some more fun with "Dilly Dilly" recently when it delivered a cease-and-desist letter in the form of a town crier bearing a scroll to an indie brewer making an unauthorized "Dilly Dilly" ale.
"We're just excited about the ability we have to be creative with this 'Dilly Dilly' movement," Goeler said. "Whether it's issuing a medieval cease-and-desist letter or introducing new characters and settings, this gives us the ability to expand and continue to be a part of popular culture."
He added: "When people are using the campaign as a 'cheers' among friends or putting 'Dilly Dilly' holiday lights on their lawn, we know that we're onto something really cool. This gives us the freedom to continue to use this world to connect with culture and most importantly have fun and a sense of humor, which is what our brand is all about."
Goeler said it is still a little too early to tell the effect of the campaign on sales, but Bud Light has seen a life in brand health in both consideration and penetration metrics since the campaign started. "Our job as marketers is to get people talking about our product and tap into popular culture," he said. "If we can keep this up, we're feeling confident that the sales will follow."
See the earlier spots here:
• For all the latest Super Bowl advertising news—who's in, who's out, teasers, full ads and more—check out Adweek's Super Bowl LII Ad Tracker. And join us on the evening of Feb. 4 for the best in-game coverage of the Super Bowl commercials anywhere.
Client: Bud Light
Spot: "Wizard"
Agency: Wieden + Kennedy New York
Executive Creative Directors: Karl Lieberman
Creative Directors: Brandon Henderson, John Parker
Copywriter: Alex Ledford
Art Director: NJ Placentra
Head of Integrated Production: Nick Setounski
Executive Producer: Temma Shoaf
Assistant Producer: Kiara Hidalgo
Strategist: Nick Docherty
Account Team: Brandon Pracht, Price Manford, Lauren Wilson
Business Affairs: Patrick O'Donoghue, Justine Lowe, Brit Fryer
Communications Planning Supervisor: Mark Malloy
Project Manager: Sunjoo Ryou
Production Company: O-Positive
Director: Jim Jenkins
Executive Producer: Ralph Laucella
Executive Producer: Marc Grill
Director of Photography: Maryse Alberti
Editorial Company: Arcade Edit
Editor: Dave Anderson
Post Executive Producer: Sila Soyer
Post Producer: Andrew Cravotta
Editorial Assistant: Samuel Barden/Joseph Petruccio
VFX Company: The Mill
Executive Producer: Verity Grantham
Producer: Luis Martin, Hayley Wallach
VFX Supervisor : Nathan Kane
2D Lead: Nathan Kane
2D Team: Kyle Zemborain, James Cudahy, Ari Garber, Dae Yoon Kang, Taner Besen, Dhruv Shankar, Gabriel Kim, Ben Kwok
3D Lead Artist: Tom Bardwell
3D Team: Dave Barosin, Constance Bensen, Hannah Lee, Pablo Estrella You, Todd Akita
Production Coordinator: Zachery Fortin
Telecine Company: Company 3
Head of Color / Grade Artist: Tim Masick
Color Producer: Kevin Breheny
Color Coordinator:
Mix Company: Sound Lounge
Mixer: Tom Jucarone
Executive Producer: Mike Gullo
Producer: Becca Falborn
End Card
Company: Digital Domain


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Hochtief to build nursing home for Orpea in Wroclaw
by CIJ News iDesk II
2020-08-28 10:14
Hochtief Polska has signed a construction contract to build a nursing home for Orpea Polska in Wroclaw. Residence Saint Jadwiga will go up along Pulaskiego street. The commission includes rebuilding and expanding three of the site's existing facilities with four over-ground floors, which are part of a historic monastery and hospital complex. Residence Saint Jadwiga will offer 7,100 sqm of total area and will accommodate 135 beds in 84 rooms. Construction is expected to take 19 months.


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As you get older, it can be easy to let things slide when it comes to your lifestyle. You might…Read More »
Health is the greatest gift of all. As long as we are healthy, we have everything. That's why we should…Read More »
A healthy lifestyle can help keep and improve your health and well-being. Well, everybody wants a healthy life, right? However,…Read More »
Having a healthy lifestyle can be daunting for some, especially when you don't know how to start or what to…Read More »


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Some people who are interested in beekeeping get their training from beekeeping classes in Huntington West Virginia but it may be very expensive. The good news is there are cheaper ways to master the art of successful beekeeping in WV.
Beekeeping can either be a full time profession or a hobby that is simple. However, more often than not, what began as a hobby would become a profession. But you cannot merely determine and tell yourself that you will begin to do beekeeping. Before beginning on any hobby or profession, you need to have sufficient knowledge and understanding on the field that you are going to enter. If you really have been putting off your interest in beekeeping for quite a long time, then it is about time to indulge yourself in your line of interest. Bee farming may not look difficult; by learning the fundamental beekeeping lessons, you can be got away to a great start.
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On beekeeping to start at the right foot you should have interest that is full. You should have consented to share your house space. There are potential risks in beekeeping that can harm not only you but your family too. Your focus is not just to earn money by selling honey; a great beekeeper should have a keen interest and fire in raising bees.
An apiarist should know the right location for the beehives. If you decide to set your beehives you need to make sure that beekeeping is allowed in your area. There are several places confined to beekeeping; you have to get permission relating to this.
Beekeepers must understand whether beekeeping supplies can be found in the region where the beehives are situated. You may never understand when you must go to an area beekeeping store; it's best that a nearby beekeeping store is not inaccessible.
Equipment and protective supplies are also essential for beekeepers to know. This will reduce the chances of being stung by your bees. Understand the appropriate suit to pick to keep you from any potential danger in beekeeping.
Last but definitely not the least, among the beekeeping lessons you should know is that: it is not unimportant for the beekeeper to know the appropriate manner of harvesting honey. All the beekeeping efforts would be ineffective if you are not able to harvest honey. The methods should be known by a beekeeper in collecting the honey from the comb; beeswax is also part of the yields in beekeeping.
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>> Click Here For A Complete Guide Making A Honey Bee Farm…


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The value of estate works contracts scheduled for release this quarter has plummeted. Read more
The review of the Defence Trade Controls Act (DTCA) 2012 has been released.
At what point does the security of the wider economy impact on traditional national security challenges? Perhaps it is time for a National Security Strategy that integrates all aspects of national power.
Defence Industry enterprises can expect to face increasing emphasis on improving their security posture from US and Australian regulators.
Professor Tanya Monro has been appointed as the Chief Defence Scientist.
ASPI has released a report, authored by yours truly, exploring opportunities and limits for Australia to deepen its security and defence ties in Europe.
PM Scott Morrison has signalled that Defence and industry will form the backbone of the government's efforts to shore up Australia's presence in the South Pacific in a statement released during his overseas visit to Vanuatu.
Canberra has outlined a plan to "step up" Australia's presence in the Pacific - despite significant cuts to that presence in recent years.
A dedicated annual grants program has been announced that will provide up to $17 million to Australian SMEs.
The Commonwealth has signed an agreement with Switzerland to strengthen defence materiel and industry cooperation.
Opposition Leader Bill Shorten gave a speech at the Lowy Institute indicating that Labor would not implement significant changes to the Defence budget or to major projects.
The US Department of Defense has released a report to ensure a "robust, resilient, secure, and ready" manufacturing and defence industrial base that could serve as a template for Australia.
A report by KPMG has highlighted the issues surrounding lengthy procurement processes in an era of rapidly-iterating technologies.
The range of technologies being implemented in major projects brings some Australian companies under the United States ITAR and EAR export controls.
The Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit has tabled its report into the 2016-17 Defence Major Projects Report (MPR).
The Australian National Audit Office (ANAO) has released a scathing report into the Land 121 Phase 4 project to acquire the Thales Hawkei.
In a presentation made on the sidelines of Land Forces, Brigadier Chris Mills laid out Army's modernisation priorities in light of anticipated changes to the way wars will be fought.


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Maurizio Sarri will reportedly pursue a deal for Inter midfielder Matias Vecino if he becomes Chelsea boss.
According to Sky Sport Italia, Sarri is 'already planning' to bring in Vecino, who is 'one of the players who most excite him'.
The broadcaster explains the Uruguayan was a target for the 58-year-old when he was Napoli Coach last summer.
However, he ultimately joined the Nerazzurri, scoring the goal that qualified them for the Champions League on the final day of 2017-18.
Watch Serie A live in the UK on Premier Sports for just £9.99 per month including live LaLiga, Eredivisie, Scottish Cup Football and more. Visit: https://www.premiersports.com/subscribenow


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Difference between revisions of "Tips For Helping You Deal With Divorce Stress"
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Revision as of 01:34, 15 January 2020
If you are looking to remember a long number or sequence, the easiest way to boost your mind and your chances of remembering is to identify patterns. Once you can identify the pattern in the number or sequence, you will be able to recall and rehash the information when need be.
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BFA Unveils 2020 Leadership Awards Recipients
The Broadcasters Foundation of America, the charity devoted exclusively to helping broadcasters in acute need, on Thursday announced the recipients of the 2020 Leadership Awards. The Leadership Awards are given annually in recognition of career contributions to the broadcast industry and the community at-large.
The awards will be presented at the Broadcasters Foundation Annual Breakfast, 7 a.m., Wednesday, April 22, in the Brahms Room of the Encore Hotel in Las Vegas, during the National Association of Broadcasters Show.
The 2020 Leadership Awards honorees are:
- Marci Burdick, senior adviser to Schurz Communications, retired
- Kim Guthrie, president-CEO, Cox Media Group
- Kraig Kitchin, partner, Sound Mind LLC
- Weezie Kramer, COO, Entercom Communications
- Barbara Kreisman, chief, Video Division, FCC
- Leo MacCourtney, president, Katz Television Group
The Broadcasters Foundation will also present the Lowry Mays Excellence in Broadcasting Award during the breakfast. That honoree will be announced shortly.
Thanks to the generosity of our sponsors, the Breakfast is complimentary to all in broadcasting, although pre-registration is required. This year's sponsors are: AccuRadio, NAB, National Association of Media Brokers, Nielsen, Radio Advertising Bureau, Television Bureau of Advertising, USTrust and vCreative.
To register for the Broadcasters Foundation Breakfast, broadcasters can click here. To register via phone or email, and to obtain information on reserving a page in the Program Guide, please contact the Broadcasters Foundation at 212-373-8250 or [email protected]
The Broadcasters Foundation has distributed millions of dollars in aid to broadcasters who have lost their livelihood through a catastrophic event, debilitating disease or unforeseen tragedy. Personal donations can be made to the Foundation's Guardian Fund, corporate contributions are accepted through the Angel Initiative, and bequests can be made through the Foundation's Legacy Society. For more information, please visit www.broadcastersfoundation.org, call 212-373-8250, or email [email protected]
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June 30, 2020


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