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Kurdpa Agency: Clashes took place between Oshnavieh citizens and the Revolutionary Guards.
According to a report by the Kurdistan Press Agency, on Monday, June 17th, the Revolutionary Guard forces were involved with Oshnavieh citizens and people prevented from ceasing of two young Kurdish guys mobiles.
An informed source told Kurdpa Agency that the conflict was taking place in front of Samadi police station and the Revolutionary Guards had to leave the area.
In this regard, on Sunday, June 16th, the Revolutionary Guards forces surrounded the village of \"Qarah Saqqal\", Oshnavieh and controlled the movement of citizens.
The IRGC forces on the main road of the village also set up checkpoints and searched people\'s vehicles.


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text: fixer 4,442 Posted February 5, 2016 fixer submitted a new link: Gun Owners of America There is more to joining GOA than just a list of members' benefits. The united voice of GOA members has been successful in defeating restrictive legislation designed to disarm our population, and GOA has won much praise for its work. Not only that, GOA's intense grassroots activism has garnered the wrath of the liberal media, as they have blamed Gun Owners of America and its activists for the defeat of President Obama's gun control agenda. Report post Quote Law-abiding American citizens who are participating in legal activities shall never be fearful of government reprisal. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Shows come and shows go — it's the natural order of things. But that doesn't make the cancellations any less painful. And while 2018 may not have seen a particularly shocking number of shows biting the dust, 'twas the year of endings that shocked fans as networks yanked some shows off the air despite intense fandoms (so sad to see you go, American Vandal) or, in the case of Roseanne and House of Cards, jaw-dropping scandals.
Only the most impassioned TV geeks will find the drama at the corporate level interesting, but in 2018, it was difficult to ignore how high-level machinations led to the demise of Netflix's Luke Cage, Iron Fist, and Daredevil — all consequences of Mickey Mouse cleaning house as Disney prepares for its own streaming service. This is, as everyone knows, the era of a million options, but 2018 might've been the first signs of a bubble bursting. At the very least, it was a new day where the people who fund shows stopped making it rain indiscriminately and started to spend more selectively. In turn, that led to casualties that seemed to defy logic, like when the Grim Reaper came for faves likes Timeless (NBC) and Difficult People (Hulu).
Pour One Out for the TV Characters We Lost in 2018
Of course, some stuff had just run its course: Scandal departed the airwaves in 2018, as did Once Upon a Time, The Fosters and Nashville. And then some shows — sorry Dietland and Young & Hungry-- just weren't very good. Still, the end of a show can be devastating, so TV Guide wanted to take a moment to mourn the shows we lost in this remarkable, crazy and sometimes sad year. Check out the Top 10 canceled shows of 2018 in the video, and as you say a little prayer for those we lost, pray too that all your favorite shows go out on as high a note as FX's The Americans.


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Question: How do I use the E-Z Hook® to flip food ?
Answer: #1
Place point down on the edge of food you want to flip #2 Give a half turn of your wrist, like turning a door knob #3 Lift food off of cooking surface #4 Lay food on its back #5 Flick the hook out of food to release
Question: What kind of foods can I flip with my E-Z Hooks?
Answer: Anything you can use a fork on and then some. E-Z Hooks are the best bacon turners. You can use your E-Z Hooks on chicken, steak, tortillas, bacon, veggies. ribs, pork chops etc. Not reccomended for peas or brussel sprouts.
Click Here for more E-Z Hook® Uses
Questions: Is my E-Z Hook® Dishwasher safe?
Answer: Wooden handled utensils should never be put in the dishwasher, it ruins the wood. However, if you are compelled to put wooden handle utensil in the dishwasher instead of hand washing you can opt to purchase an inexpensive 2 part epoxy and coat the wooden part of the handle of the hooks or other utensils completely. Follow the instructions on the epoxy package. The 15 to 30 minute setup epoxies work very well. Coat the handles thoroughly then place the metal part of the hook on a shelf or counter top making sure the freshly coated epoxy does not touch the counter. Lay a heavy book on the metal shaft of the utensil to hold it. Once dried the handle looks highly glossed and looks very expensive looking and is dishwasher safe. Let it dry over night just to make sure it is dry, lightly touch the whole handle and make sure their are no wet or sticky areas. If it is sticky after drying over night this means you did not mix the two parts of the epoxy well and it could take a few days to cure. Now you have beautiful shiny brilliant water-proof wood handles.
Have a question not answered here let us know!


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With glamour girls that are stunning, superbly beautiful, who travel the globe soaking in the worlds adoration, its as though we think we know their story.
The storyline is typically that they live a fantastic life that we can only dream of.
Perhaps in most cases that is true but not always.
Often it takes a little work and some more digging but every beautiful woman more than likely has a unique story to tell.
Candice Susan Swanepoel is a South African supermodel, best known for her work with Victoria's Secret. In 2012, she came in 10th on the Forbes top-earning models list.
Candice has appeared on the covers of Australian, Brazilian, Mexican, Korean, Hellenic, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and Italian Vogue, Brazilian, British, German and South African Elle, British, South African, Romanian, Mexican and Chinese GQ, Turkish, Spanish, Czech and Argentine Harper's Bazaar, i-D, Lush and Ocean Drive (U.S.).
Our beauty has walked the runway for Fendi, Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Dolce and Gabbana, , Donna Karan, Giambattista Valli, Jason Wu, Prabal Gurung, Rag & Bone, Oscar de la Renta, Elie Saab, Diane von Fürstenberg, Sportmax, Betsey Johnson, Stella McCartney, Viktor and Rolf, Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier, Christian Dior, Blumarine, and Ralph Lauren.
She has also appeared in advertising campaigns for Tom Ford, Oscar De La Renta, Givenchy, Miu Miu, Tommy Hilfiger, Rag & Bone, Ralph Lauren, Shiatzy Chen, , Blumarine, Versace, Prabal Gurung, Diesel, Guess?, Swarovski, Agua Bendita, Colcci, True Religion, Nike, Juicy Couture,[1] as well as for Victoria's Secret since 2007.
That seems like the story of a super star model but with Candice when you look into her past, we found that it was filled with surprises and was not remotely what we thought it would be.
We travel the globe too, only electronically.
Its time to visit Candices past.
At her site candiceswanepoel.com, she openly expresses, I was born in a little South African village called Mooi River, where I grew up on a dairy and beef farm. I spent my childhood surrounded by life, love, nature and family. As a little girl I always knew I wanted to do something different, something my family and I could be proud of one day.
I had a passion for beauty and fashion from a very young age, so I was thrilled when a talent scout in a flea market spotted me at age 15. At the time, I was at St. Annes College, an all-girls boarding school where I embraced new friends and the potential of a great education.
My world was about to change drastically in a way I could never have imagined. Within a year of meeting the scout, at age 16, I was booking more and more modeling jobs all across Europe. While this was an incredible blessing for someone from such a sheltered upbringing, it also forced me to make tough decisions about my life at a young age.
After two years of traveling between Paris, Milan, London and South Africa, I took a leap of faith and moved to New York City to model full-time. Separated from everything familiar, I relied on my drive and ambition as I lived on my own overseas. I gave up a normal teenage life with my family and friends to pursue a dream, but what I have gotten in return is simply incredible.
After moving to the Big Apple, it wasn't long before Victorias Secret found me and took me under their great big feathery wings. With their family of models, stylists, designers and artists, Ive continued to grow and learn each day. Becoming a Victorias Secret Angel allowed me the opportunity to see a completely different side of the modeling world. Not only do I wear their beautiful products, but I am given a voice and encouraged to become a part of the company.
After starting my career from literally nothing, I will always be thankful to the people who gave me a chance. I credit the success Ive been blessed with to everyone who saw something special in me and helped me along the way. Most days I still wake up feeling like the 15-year-old girl from a South African farm town, simply overwhelmed with gratitude for the journey I am on. I could not have become the person I am without the values instilled in me by my loyal and ever-loving parents.
Despite the high-profile life I lead, Im still happiest and most comfortable hiding away on a beach with a good pair of sunglasses, soft sand and some Reggae music. I love exploring exercise and nutrition, finding new ways to keep my body in top shape.
Very impressive. A rise from humble beginnings to super stardom.
Where Candices story departs from many who have found beauty and fame is that it involves the welfare of others less fortunate.
How many super models do you remember from even just a few years ago?
What keeps their story fresh is if they truly are helping others.
Like fellow model Christy Turlington, Candice is actively involved in Mother2Mother, a charity devoted to achieving an "HIV-free generation" of children and mothers in Africa.
She has even designed denims for the cause.
A visit to m2m.org expands Candices story. While tremendous progress has been made over the last decade to eliminate pediatric AIDS, more than 400 babies are still infected with HIV globally each day. About 75% of these children live in sub-Saharan Africa, and most acquire HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding.
Effective and inexpensive medical interventions are available that can keep mothers and babies healthy. Without these interventions, up to 40% of infants born to HIV-positive mothers will contract the virus. With treatment, that number can be reduced to 2%.
We train, employ, and empower local mothers living with HIV, called Mentor Mothers, as frontline healthcare workers in understaffed health centers and within communities. In one-on-one and group sessions, Mentor Mothers provide essential health education and support to women on how they can protect their babies from HIV infection, and keep themselves and their families healthy. Mentor Mothers intimate understanding of the social and cultural challenges of living with HIV gives them a unique ability to form trusted relationships with other women, vital to helping them overcome their fears and make lifesaving decisions.
So please admit it. When you took one look at Candice, yes she took your breath away but did you suspect the depth and breathe of her story?
Our feeling is that we are going to hear so much more about Candice Swanepoel.
Her story is uniquely fresh, unselfish and especially beautiful.
~ ~ ~
OPENING PHOTO CREDIT candiceswanepoel.com
Thank you Wikipedia


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Posted November 8, 2019
"Parasite has been the talk of the programming department since we all saw it in August (one of us at TIFF in September) and we're thrilled the film and its director—longtime friend of the Burns, Bong Joon Ho—are receiving such overwhelming acclaim. It's one of those rare films that masterfully shifts between wide-ranging tones and themes, all while maintaining Director Bong's bold vision. This film is so rich in experience, you'll find plenty to chew on in the insightful reviews, interviews, and more in this round up."
—Special Events Coordinator Nicole Klein and Programming Administrator Saidah Russell
Since winning the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in May, Parasite has been one of the most buzzed-about and anticipated films of the year. It's been thrilling to share the film with you and see the enthusiastic reception from JBFC audiences.
The film community can't stop thinking, writing, and talking about this exceptional movie, and if you love Parasite as much as we do, here are some links to help you dive deeper into the material.
Los Angeles Times Review from Justin Chang
Learn about Parasite's Set Design
Anatomy of a Scene with Filmmaker Bong Joon-ho
Vanity Fair Interview with Filmmaker Bong Joon-ho
In 2015, Bong Joon-ho was an Artist-in-Residence at the JBFC. Enjoy a clip from his Q&A with Senior Programmer Andrew Jupin and producer Dooho Choi.


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Contributor: Henry T.
Story by Ted Humphrey
Directed by Brooke Kennedy
I viewed this episode as Will's fall from grace. He may have escaped grand jury indictment, but the show is not going to ignore every little last detail or its consequences. So Wendy Scott-Carr's last act for the SAO was to take the details of Will's client embezzlement to the bar association in a last-ditch effort to stick it to him by getting him disbarred.
It begins a chain of events where Will has to make a choice to yield to whatever decision the bar association goes forward with, or to fight it. It comes and goes quickly, and I was impressed by how smoothly everything with the subplot was handled. The other stuff in the episode couldn't really stand up with what was happening to Will. The main issue now is where everything will go after this. Can the firm survive with just Diane at the helm?
Despite its ties to the horrors committed by the Syrian government in the wake of an uprising, there was this odd detached feeling associated with the case. It involved some computer software that allowed specific people to track those using it for the purposes of furthering the uprising against the Syrian government. Since the firm is coming off Will's escape from indictment, there's renewed purpose in Will and he elects to take on the case. It just doesn't quite work. He starts the episode full of vigor and fire, willing to take down the man responsible for the software, and it slowly goes down from there. The firm works to squeeze the software maker for a good amount of money to the brother of an American who was killed in Syria. Only, it's later revealed through a neat bit of revealing evidence by the prosecution that she is alive.
Along with that bit of information, which changes the focus of the case from monetary reparations to finding the girl, Will gets handed the news of his disbarment. There are some terrific dialog scenes between Will and other characters on what he should do with the disbarment. I particularly enjoyed Will's brief moment of self-reflection and accepting the notion that once you get dirty, everyone comes after you and it becomes more difficult to truly escape.
By the end of the episode, Will is completely beaten down. He's been forced to take a six-month suspension away from the law and trying cases. What will he do without the law, being in the courtroom and in his element? Diane seems like she can handle the firm by herself, but I have doubts about how long that will last before she is overwhelmed. Perhaps Alicia can help her from time to time. The mentor-student relationship has been built in the background throughout this season and that might fast-track Alicia's path to partner.
The episode tries to give Eli something more tangible to do than fighting against small potatoes crises, and he's dipped his toes back into the political arena. I've been saying that Eli needs to go back there because that is where he's utilized best. There's a personal element involved here because he's now consulting on his ex-wife's State Senate campaign. Though she denies it, I do believe Eli's ex-wife went after Stacie Hall, Eli's rival, with the express purpose of getting him to consult on her campaign. It gets Eli's competitive juices firing, and he gets much joy in beating everyone else. He says that he'll be slightly involved with her campaign, but I get the feeling that he'll change tacks soon. Eli might also take a larger role at the firm now that Will's has been reduced. That would be interesting to see since it connects Eli to the main narrative at the firm instead of him going off on his own adventures.
It's been made clear that Will is not completely off the show despite his suspension. He'll be around the offices to probably provide background to some cases. He just won't be in the courtroom to fight any of those cases. This should bring many of the main characters to the forefront, especially Diane, Alicia, and Eli, to compensate for the loss. That mysterious tax case involving Kalinda would be the first critical issue for this new hierarchy to handle. What will come of that? This episode demonstrated the fact that you can't ignore even the smallest of details from the past. Wendy Scott-Carr went forward with Will's disbarment at the end of the previous episode. Look at the fallout. There may be more bad things to come, and every character will react to them in different ways.
Grade: 7/10


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One of the best parts of running for public office is the opportunity to speak with so many folks in the community – through knocking on doors, participating in meetings of community organizations, meeting with county staff and attending local events.
I really enjoy getting to chat with both new and familiar faces. I've heard about a wide variety of issues important to many in the community including:
- Identifying how to increase the amount and types of housing options.
- Supporting our school system and the University of New Mexico-Los Alamos.
- Growing a few more businesses (restaurants and shops to tech startups) and amenities.
- Enhancing county support and opportunities for our local businesses.
- Protecting and maintaining our open spaces.
- Addressing long-term building vacancies in key areas of the community.
- Assuring fiscal responsibility in balancing care for our current infrastructure while investing in the future.
I've also heard some good ideas for how to make progress on these and other issues. Another thing that has come through loud and clear is the desire for elected officials that really listen. I understand that not everyone feels comfortable sending an email or speaking during the Public Comment session of the County Council meetings. If elected, because of the value I place on input from the broadest set of the community possible, I propose to hold regular Let's Chat sessions to provide an informal option for discussion of perspectives and ideas regarding our community. These would be two-hour sessions held on different days/times to provide an opportunity for folks with a range of commitments and schedules to participate.
I held Let's Chat sessions during the primary election and learned a lot from engaging with diverse members of the community. I will hold them again this fall at local businesses and the library as follows:
- 9-11 a.m. Friday, Sept. 14 – Fleur de Lys (1460 Trinity Drive, Los Alamos);
- Noon to 2 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 20 – Little Saigon (124 Long View Drive, White Rock);
- 5-7 p.m. Friday, Sept. 28 – Bob's Bodacious BBQ (3801-G Arkansas, Los Alamos);
- 6-8 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 4 – White Rock Library (Study Room 1); and,
- 9-11 a.m. Friday, Oct. 12 – Hot Rocks Java Cafe (4200 West Jemez Road, Los Alamos).
Please come by just to say hi, share a few minutes, or more. I look forward to seeing you there. I may even bring a few Tootsie Rolls to share!
Take care, Sara Scott (firstname.lastname@example.com, Sara4lac.com)


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Mother's Day gifts for every Sassy Mama!
It's been a big year for Hong Kong Mamas! With the kids at home nonstop, all us mums out there need an extra reminder of our families' love and appreciation. Here's some handy Mother's Day gift inspiration, maybe just leave this page open for kids, husbands and significant others to stumble across! There's flowers, jewellery, beauty products and more to choose from (and you can support some great local Hong Kong businesses too!).
Read more: Where To Buy Flowers In Hong Kong: The Best Florists And Flower Shops
Gift Hampers HK, Everyday Nutrition Hamper, $1,729
Give Mum the gift of health and wellness this Mother's Day with a special fruit and vegetable basket from Gift Hampers HK. The Everyday Nutrition Hamper comes complete with a smoothie glass, supplements and of course plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. Plus, there's free delivery to metropolitan Hong Kong areas. So go ahead and whip up a special healthy smoothie to go with her breakfast in bed this Mother's Day!
10% off Mother's Day Hampers for all Sassy Mama readers with promo code "SassyMom10". Valid until Sunday, 3 May 2020
Floristry at M&L, Meadow Reverie Flower Bouquet, $850
Zero Yet 100, Infused Body Oil, from $388
Lyre's Non-Alcoholic Spirits, Summer Spritz Set, $650
Malabar Baby, Women's Loungewear PJ Set, $683
Pen And Paper House, Bespoke Monogrammed Journal, from $110
G.O.D., créature de keis Mini Double Happiness Necklace, $200
Anthea Cooper, Floral Escape Pink Opal Pointer Ring, $775
Caelum Greene, Dream Catcher Yoga Mat, $950
Peerie Tea, Sunday Chill Loose Leaf Tea, $88
Thorn And Burrow, Audrey Planter, $450
Hilary Mantel, The Mirror And The Light, $155
Kakahuette, A Pop of Colour HK Print, from $599
Lucky Fish Photography, Mini Motherhood Photo Session, $2,750
Tree, Teak Wooden Cheeseboard, $236
Editor's note: All prices quoted were correct at the time of publication.
Our "Featured" sticker indicates a paid partnership.
Featured image courtesy of Sassy Media Group with images by the respective brands, image 1 courtesy of Gift Hampers HK, image 1 courtesy of Floristry by M&L, image 2 courtesy of Zero Yet 100, image 3 courtesy of Sipfree, image 4 courtesy of Malabar Baby, image 5 courtesy of Pen And Paper House, image 6 courtesy of GOD, image 7 courtesy of Anthea Cooper, image 8 courtesy of Caelum Greene, image 9 courtesy of Peerie Tea, image 10 courtesy of Thorn and Burrow, image 11 courtesy of Book Depository, image 12 courtesy of Kakahuette, image 13 courtesy of Lucky Fish Photography, image 14 courtesy of TREE.


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The CEO of Swiss financial services provider UBS Group AG, Sergio Ermotti, has said that blockchain technology is "almost a must" for businesses to remain competitive within the coming decade.
Ermotti endorsed the technology in an interview with CNBC, calling it a "great way" for companies to become more efficient and reduce costs for certain operations, adding that for the financial services sector it will be "as crucial and disruptive, and changing as regulation was in the last 10 years".
"Our industry will continue to be under pressure, in terms of gross margins," said Ermotti.
"It's no doubt. The only way you can stay relevant is not only by being strong in terms of capital, in terms of products, the quality of the people you have, advice you give to clients. You need also to be able to price it correctly."
Ermotti added that blockchain will prove to be transformative to industries' cost bases in five to ten years' time, adding that UBS will itself be prioritising the technology's application in order to remain competitive.
That can already be seen in its backing global trade finance platform Batavia, which built on IBM's blockchain technology is geared at creating a multi-party, cross-border trading network, that's already seen successful pilots in trades of textiles and automobiles in Europe.
However, UBS' interests in blockchain use cases should not be confused with a belief in the longevity of cryptocurrencies.
The company's chairman, Axel Weber, said earlier in the month that the bank will not offer trading services in any cryptocurrency, adding that they are not transparent and therefore "open to being abused".
This latest comment from the Swiss financial giant is just the latest affirmation of the power of blockchain technology to upset the status quo in banking.
Last week, The Block reported that the financial services industry spent $1.7bn (£1.3bn) on blockchain technology last year, demonstrating how large banks and other financial institutions are now moving beyond the proof-of-concept stage to seriously advance on distributed ledger technologies (DLT).
Interested in hearing leading global brands discuss subjects like this in person? Find out more at the Blockchain Expo World Series, Global, Europe and North America.


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It's Monday, What Are You Reading? 11/25/19
Happy Thanksgiving week!!! This week will be a small reading week due to the holiday. I'll be reading a Riverdale book since I've been obsessed with that show lately and a book from an author who I've never read from before. What are you reading? Riverdale: Get Out of Town- Micol Ostow When Archie, Betty, […]Read More


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- Attorney and managing shareholder with O'Neill Wysocki Family Law
- Texas Super Lawyer Honoree, 2014-15
- Texas Rising Star Lawyer Honoree, 2010 and 2012-13
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In October 2008, the Forum of the Caribbean Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM), signed the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union (EU). The first objective of the EPA is the reduction and eventual eradication of poverty though regional integration, economic cooperation and good governance. The EPA embraces two sets of fundamental global standards: The International Labour Standards and the Environmental Standards as embodied in the 2002 Johannesburg Declaration. Funded by the European Union, this project aimed to allow employers and workers, through their national and regional organizations, to engage effectively in social dialogue processes, to contribute to the design and implementation of social and economic development policies for Caribbean regional integration.
Universalia was hired to assess the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, coherence, potential impact and sustainability of the ILO's actions taken during this project. For more information please contact: Juan-David Gonzales, Consultant.


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Arturo Vidal is set to join Barcelona from Bayern Munich on a three-year deal after the clubs reached an agreement for his transfer.
Barcelona have reached an agreement to sign Arturo Vidal from Bayern Munich.
The Liga champions confirmed the midfielder will sign a three-year contract and complete a medical in the coming days.


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Revista Colombiana de Gastroenterologia
Print version ISSN 0120-9957
Rev Col Gastroenterol vol.30 no.1 Bogotá Jan./Mar. 2015
A Review of Dilutional Hyponatremia and Liver Transplantation
Edilberto E. Núñez C. MD. (1), Juan C. Restrepo G. MD. (2), Rodrigo Castaño Llano MD. (3)
(1) Internist from the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and Gastroenterology Fellow at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia.
(2) Gastrohepatology Group and Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit at the Universidad de Antioquia and at the Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe in Medellin, Colombia.
(3) Gastrohepatology Group at the Universidad de Antioquia, Head of Postgraduate General Surgery at the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Instituto de cancerología Clínica las Américas in Medellin, Colombia.
Received: 26-03-14 Accepted: 02-02-15
Patients with advanced liver disease may present volume overloads that can lead to the development of dilutional hyponatremia primarily as the result of persistently high levels of antidiuretic hormone. Liver transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with terminal liver disease. Patient survival time following transplantation is excellent. Dilutional hyponatremia has proven to be a prognostic factor for patients with cirrhosis, and it can even lead to mortality in patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation. Consequently, it is currently part of the scoring system for classifying patients with advanced liver disease who are on the waiting list for liver transplantation. The role of pretransplant hyponatremia in the prognoses of patients scheduled for liver transplantation is the subject of renewed interest, but the data in the literature is rather contradictory. Until recently, the only treatment for dilutional hyponatremia was the restriction of water intake, but now new and encouraging treatments are available that are directed against dilutional hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis. Nevertheless, little is known about their effects in patients with cirrhosis who are about to undergo liver transplantation.
Hyponatremia, cirrhosis, liver transplantation, prognosis
Hyponatremia in cirrhosis, arbitrarily defined as a low serum plasma sodium concentration of 130 mEq/L, is a fairly common complication (1). Hypovolemic hyponatremia is associated with significant loss of extracellular fluid. Hypervolemic hyponatremia, also known as dilutional hyponatremia, occur when there is disproportionate retention of water compared to sodium. Patients develop ascite s but no clinical signs of dehydration (2). It has been reported dilutional hyponatremia may be present in up to 21.6% of patients with cirrhosis at diagnosis (3). For patients with cirrhosis, the risk of dilutional hyponatremia is 14% per year and 37% at 5 years (4).
Hyponatremia develops in cirrhotic patients secondary to renal and severe circulatory dysfunction (1, 2). Initially, the kidneys of patients with advanced liver disease lose the ability to excrete sodium. Subsequently, this is followed by decreasing ability to remove solute free water (1, 5, 6). This leads to a state of hypervolemia with dilutional hyponatremia and hypoosmolarity which manifests clinically as ascites and peripheral edema (5). In more advanced stages, renal vasoconstriction develops and may lead to hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) (Figure 1) (2).
Although the pathogenesis of water retention in cirrhosis is complex, it is believed that the action of antidiuretic hormone, also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP), plays a key role in its genesis (7). Patients with cirrhosis have been documented to have increased serum levels of AVP due to non-osmotic secretion secondary to splanchnic vasodilation which occurs in order to maintain systemic perfusion (5, 8). AVP plays pathogenic roles in two ways. First it stimulates cells located in the convoluted distal duct and the collecting duct through the V2 receptors to reabsorb free water. Second, it stimulates vasoconstriction through the V1 receptors in the smooth muscle of blood vessels which affect renal perfusion (1). The perpetuation of AVP stimuli favors hypervolemia and therefore dilutional hyponatremia (8).
The release of other vasoactive substances such as norepinephrine and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone has also been demonstrated to occur concomitantly with the secretion of AVP (8). In addition, the use of diuretics may contribute significantly to the development of dilutional hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis and advanced liver failure (9).
Data on the clinical manifestations of patients with dilutional hyponatremia during cirrhosis are limited (2). Although the symptoms of hyponatremia are predominantly neurological, a wide spectrum of symptoms of all sorts have been reported. They range from nonspecific findings such as anorexia, lethargy, nausea and difficulty concentrating to severe focal neurological deficits, seizures and even coma (although this is quite rare) (10). It is often difficult to differentiate whether patients' symptoms are secondary to their hyponatremia or if these are symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy (2). It is known that patients with hyponatremia, generally those in advanced stages of liver disease, may have a greater predisposition to hepatic encephalopathy (11).
Dilutional hyponatremia in pre-liver transplant patients
For several decades liver transplantation has been the ideal treatment for patients with advanced liver disease, acute liver failure with poor prognostic indicators, some metabolic diseases affecting the liver, and some primary tumors of the liver (12). In our environment the most common cause of liver transplantation is alcoholic liver disease (12). In 2002, the MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) began to be used in the United States to designate distribution of organs from deceased patients. This score is based on a logarithmic calculation that takes into account bilirubin, creatinine and INR that was initially designed to predict survival in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) (13).
Recently the prognostic role of hyponatremia for liver transplant candidates has been revisited (1, 2). A study by Kim et al. tried to predict mortality of patients registered on the waiting list for liver transplantation in the United States between 2005 and 2006 during their first 90 days on the list (14). This study looked at all patients on the list. The hazard ratio (HR) for death of patients on the waiting list for 2005 was 1.05 for each decrease by 1 mmol/L sodium values between 125 and 140 mmol/L with a 95% confidence interval of 1.03 to 1.08. For 2006, the combined measurement of MELD and sodium (MELD-Na) (see below) proved to be a better predictor of adverse outcomes than the conventional MELD alone (14). A study by Moini et al. also reported that patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation who had hyponatremia had higher risks of dying than did patients who had normal sodium levels (15). Sodium levels below 130 mEq/L increased mortality rates at 90 and 180 days with odds ratios (OR) of 4.519 [95% CI, 1,956 to 10,439] and 2.667 [95% CI, 1,554 to 4,579] respectively. Measured by the MELD score, a decrease of 1 mEq/L meant an increased risk of death of 6% at 90 days and 7% at 180 days (15).
Among pediatric patients on the transplant waiting list, low levels of sodium, the presence of ascites, increased bilirubin and age (0 to 1 years vs. older than 1 year) have also been demonstrated to be independent predictors of 90-day mortality (16).
The role of MELD-Na for pre-liver transplant patients
Since hyponatremia has been demonstrated to independently predict adverse outcomes in patients in patients with cirrhosis on the waiting list for liver transplantation (17), it was logical to think that adding serum sodium to the MELD equation could improve its predictive power regarding survival of patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation. The addition of serum sodium to the MELD equation is now called the MELD-Na (18). The possibility has even been raised of using the MELD-Na equation to determine the best candidates for transplantation from among patients (18, 19). Nevertheless, there is still controversy regarding the generalized use of MELD-Na since serum sodium may be an easily modifiable variable which might only be a manifestation of advanced liver disease (1, 2).
Pretransplant Dilutional hyponatremia as a post-transplant prognostic indicator
Pretransplant hyponatremia has also been linked with adverse outcomes after transplantation (2), although this issue is still a matter of controversy in the literature.
Studies supporting dilutional hyponatremia as a prognostic factor
Londoño et al., published a study of 241 consecutive patients who underwent liver transplantation that retrospectively demonstrated that patients with serum sodium levels below 130 mEq/L (8% of patients) before transplantation had 3 month post-transplant a survival rate lower than that of patients without hyponatremia (84% vs. 95%, p <0.05) (20).
Karapanagiotou et al. published a study that evaluated outcomes following orthotropic liver transplants (21). They found that the rates of neurological complications, acute kidney damage and ICU mortality were lower for patients with hyponatremia than for those with eunatremia. The differences were statistically significant. The survival thirty day and one year survival rates were also lower for the group of patients with hyponatremia (62.5% vs. 88.5% and 60.9% vs. 88.5%, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that both acute kidney failure and hyponatremia were pretransplant factors that independently predicted survival at 30 days and one year after liver transplantation (21).
A cohort study by Boin et al. has also demonstrated that patients who had sodium levels lower than 130 mEq/L had worse prognoses than those of a control group. Those with lower sodium survived months less than those in the other group (mean survival 37.2 + 51.2 months versus 51.2 + 54.1 months respectively, p <0.05) (22).
A retrospective review by Li et al. of 207 patients who had received liver transplants from living donors showed that pretransplant hyponatremia, defined as serum levels less than 130 mEq/L, was an independent predictor of postoperative bacterial infections in the transplanted organ (23).
A Japanese retrospective review of 134 patients found that those with pretransplant levels of sodium less than 130 mEq/L had 3 months and 1 year survival rates that were much lower than those of patients whose sodium levels were higher (97 % vs. 74%, and 96% vs. 58%, respectively, p <0.001). In the multivariate analysis, sodium levels predicted graft survival after transplantation (p = 0.005) (24).
Finally the study of Abdalla et al. documented that graft loss occurred in the first months after transplantation more frequently in patients with serum sodium levels below 135 mEq/L than in patients without hyponatremia (p = 0.01) (25).
Studies that do not support dilutional hyponatremia as a prognostic factor
A study by Leise et al. have published their experience in the management of liver transplant patients with pretransplant hyponatremia (26). Their study involved 19,357 patients. It showed that the probability of survival was similar in groups of patients with hyponatremia and normal natremia (94.7% and 94.0 % respectively).
A Korean study sought to demonstrate the prognostic impact of pretransplant hyponatremia and of correction of pretransplant hyponatremia for outcomes of patients undergoing liver transplantation (27). That study included a new variable known as the delta of sodium which measures serum sodium in the first 48 hours after liver transplantation. The study included 512 orthotopic liver transplant patients. Patients with severe pretransplant hyponatremia, defined as serum sodium lower than 125 mmol/L, had higher in-hospital rates of mortality (9.6%), delirium (54.8%), neurological complications (24.7%) and acute kidney failure. All of these were statistically significant. Nevertheless, the multivariate logistic regression showed that neither the concentration of sodium and nor the delta of sodium were associated with in-hospital mortality.
Treatment of dilutional hyponatremia in patients who are candidates for liver transplantation
Little is known about whether treating patients with hyponatremia prior to liver transplantation improves their prognoses, and if it does whether or not it should become a therapeutic modality (1, 2). A study by Fukuhara et al. looked at 24 patients with hyponatremia whose sodium levels were corrected at speeds that would prevent the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome. The prognoses of these patients with corrected sodium levels were similar to those of patients whose levels could not be corrected (24).
Currently, dilutional hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis is handled with fluid restriction and diuretic therapy for patients with volume overload (28). The most successful therapeutic regimen is the combination of daily doses of 100 mg of spironolactone and 40 mg of furosemide daily. Doses are titrated gradually to maintain the same ratio of the dose in order to maintain normal levels. Nevertheless, in some cases the use of these diuretics subjects the patient to serious complications such as kidney injury and electrolyte disturbances which limits their usefulness (29).
Recently, a new group of drugs that antagonize the effect of AVP has come onto the market. These drugs, known as vaptans, include conivaptan, lixivaptan, satavaptan and tolvaptan. They have been shown to correct the sodium levels in patients with euvolemic hyponatremia or hypervolemic hyponatremia (28). Their use is restricted to patients with persistent secretion of antidiuretic hormone despite low plasma osmolality (28).
Some studies have shown that conivaptan and lixivaptan may be useful in patients with cirrhosis and dilutional hyponatremia (30-32). Some small clinical trials have shown that lixivaptan and satavaptan are more effective than placebos for correcting sodium levels, but they suggest that they have less effect on hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis than on hyponatremia due to other causes (30, 33). The Study of Ascending Levels of Tolvaptan (SALT) which analyzed subgroups within the study population including a group of patients with cirrhosis supports this observation (34). Some authors propose that the limited response in these patients is the effect of proximal reabsorption of solutes leading to decrease in the amount of glomerular filtration in distal nephrons (35), although this possibility has not been studied. Others have proposed that regulation of aquaporin 2 in patients with cirrhosis is regulated independently by means of the AVP V2 receptors (36). Although initial studies showed that satavaptan could be useful, Phase 3 studies did not have results that were hoped-for. A satavaptan Phase 3 study demonstrated that mortality increased among patients with cirrhosis who used the drug (37). For this reason, research was suspended in 2008 (28).
Tolvaptan has the advantage that it does not require adjustment according to age, gender, or race, or to cardiovascular, hepatic or renal impairment (GFR> 10 mL/min). Nevertheless, it is contraindicated for patients with hypovolemic hyponatremia, those who have altered thirst centers, those who cannot access liquids orally if required, those with acute symptomatic hyponatremia, patients with anuria, and those undergoing treatment with potent inhibitors of isoenzyme CYP3A4 (28). Furthermore, although tolvaptan is taken orally, serum sodium levels and any changes in them must be monitored constantly while a patient is taking this medication which means that, ideally, the patient should be hospitalized. On the other hand, it is important to remember that evidence only supports the use of tolvaptan for a maximum for 30 days: there is no evidence to support prolonged use (38).
The treatment of patients with chronic liver disease with tolvaptan has generated safety concerns since a clinical trial found that episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding increased in patients managed with tolvaptan (34, 39). Nevertheless, Sakaida et al. recently demonstrated the usefulness of tolvaptan for management of edema in patients with cirrhosis (40). This study showed that doses of 7.5 mg daily of tolvaptan for 7 days may improve serum sodium levels at a rate of mmol/L without deviation from the normal range. Although tolvaptan may be useful for management of hyponatremia in patients with chronic liver disease (40), the study reported two episodes of severe complications. One was a case of bleeding gastrointestinal varices on the 14th day of treatment, and the other was a patient who developed hepatic encephalopathy in the third day of treatment (40).
Additional studies are needed to support the use of vaptans in patients with cirrhosis and advanced liver failure let alone their use for perioperative liver transplantation patients. In any case, vaptans are not yet available in Colombia.
Dilutional hyponatremia in patients with chronic liver disease is an indicator of severity and a marker of poor prognoses. It is a consequence of the pathophysiology of an advanced stage of renal dysfunction and a hemodynamic consequence of cirrhosis. The use of this prognostic marker for determining the list of candidates for liver transplantation has been helpful, however little is known about whether pretransplant hyponatremia may be an adverse indicator in patients who have had liver transplants. Our group is currently conducting a study here in Colombia to clarify that question.
To date, the only way to reverse the process that leads to hyponatremia is transplantation. Other non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures such as vaptans are being tried, and there are promising drugs, but there are still not enough studies supporting their use are lacking to allow us to recommend their use.
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16. Pugliese R, Fonseca EA, Porta G, et al. Ascites and serum sodium are markers of increased waiting list mortality in children with chronic liver failure. Hepatology 2013. [ Links ]
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19. Biggins SW, Rodriguez HJ, Bacchetti P, Bass NM, Roberts JP, Terrault NA. Serum sodium predicts mortality in patients listed for liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005;41:32-9. [ Links ]
20. Londoño MC, Guevara M, Rimola A, et al. Hyponatremia impairs early posttransplantation outcome in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1135-43. [ Links ]
21. Karapanagiotou A, Kydona C, Papadopoulos S, et al. The effect of hyponatremia on the outcome of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2012;44:2724-6. [ Links ]
22. Boin IF, Capel C, Jr., Ataide EC, Cardoso AR, Caruy CA, Stucchi RS. Pretransplant hyponatremia could be associated with a poor prognosis after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010;42:4119-22. [ Links ]
23. Li C, Wen TF, Mi K, Wang C, Yan LN, Li B. Analysis of infections in the first 3-month after living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:1975-80. [ Links ]
24. Fukuhara T, Ikegami T, Morita K, et al. Impact of preoperative serum sodium concentration in living donor liver transplantation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25: 978-984. [ Links ]
25. Abdalla S, Alves RCP, Fonseca EA, Vicenzi R, Gonçalves JE, Waisberg J. A hiponatremia como fator preditivo da perda precoce do transplante hepático na modalidade intervivos. Arq Bras Ciênc Saúde 2012;37:76-80. [ Links ]
26. Leise MD, Yun BC, Larson JJ, et al. The effect of pretransplant serum sodium concentration on outcome following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2014. [ Links ]
27. Lee J, Kim DK, Lee JW, et al. Rapid correction rate of hyponatremia as an independent risk factor for neurological complication following liver transplantation. Tohoku J Exp Med 2013;229:97-105. [ Links ]
28. Gaglio P, Marfo K, Chiodo J, 3rd. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease: treatment with the vasopressin V(2)-receptor antagonist tolvaptan. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:2774-85. [ Links ]
29. Ishikawa T. Novel additional indication of tolvaptan: Can tolvaptan provide a beneficial therapeutic option in cirrhotic patients with ascites? Hepatol Res 2014;44:70-2. [ Links ]
30. Gerbes AL, Gulberg V, Gines P, et al. Therapy of hyponatremia in cirrhosis with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: a randomized double-blind multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 2003;124: 933-9. [ Links ]
31. Guyader D, Patat A, Ellis-Grosse EJ, Orczyk GP. Pharmacodynamic effects of a nonpeptide antidiuretic hormone V2 antagonist in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 2002;36:1197-205. [ Links ]
32. OLeary JG, Davis GL. Conivaptan increases serum sodium in hyponatremic patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl 2009;15:1325-9. [ Links ]
33. Gines P, Wong F, Watson H, Milutinovic S, del Arbol LR, Olteanu D. Effects of satavaptan, a selective vasopressin V(2) receptor antagonist, on ascites and serum sodium in cirrhosis with hyponatremia: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2008;48:204-13. [ Links ]
34. Cárdenas A, Gines P, Marotta P, et al. Tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in the treatment of hyponatremia in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012;56:571-8. [ Links ]
35. Lehrich RW, Ortiz-Melo DI, Patel MB, Greenberg A. Role of vaptans in the management of hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;62:364-76. [ Links ]
36. Krag A, Moller S, Pedersen EB, Henriksen JH, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Bendtsen F. Impaired free water excretion in child C cirrhosis and ascites: relations to distal tubular function and the vasopressin system. Liver Int 2010;30:1364-70. [ Links ]
37. Wong F, Gines P, Watson H, et al. Effects of a selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, satavaptan, on ascites recurrence after paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010;53: 283-90. [ Links ]
38. Boyer TD. Tolvaptan and hyponatremia in a patient with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010;51:699-702. [ Links ]
39. Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M, et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2099-112. [ Links ]
40. Sakaida I, Kawazoe S, Kajimura K, et al. Tolvaptan for improvement of hepatic edema: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatol Res 2014;44:73-82. [ Links ]


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FantasticReview by Askone / (Posted on 12/17/2019)I love these small 5mm nibs, I wish other company's would make this size.
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really good mop highly recommend the blueReview by number 1 chum / (Posted on 8/28/2015)really good mop highly recommend the blue


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2016 Hummingbird Ball raises £21,800
- 3 November 2016
- Fundraising
This year's Hummingbird Ball held at The George Hotel in September has raised £21,800.
The Hummingbird Ball is our main fundraising event and has been held annually for the past 16 years. This year's ball brings the total raised over this time to £360,000. These funds are used by Diabetes Scotland for research projects that are currently underway.


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Buy train and bus tickets for UK and Europe - the easy way
Didcot to Radley by train
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Travelling from Didcot to Radley by train
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Direct trains from Didcot to Radley have been found.
We usually find around 43 direct trains on the route from Didcot to Radley every weekday.
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The Didcot to Radley train travel time is normally about 6 minutes, whatever time you make the journey.
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Marinated Pork Loin Roast
Total TimePrep: 10 min. + marinating Bake: 1-1/2 hours
Makes10 servings
- 3/4 cup ketchup
- 1/4 cup seedless raspberry jam
- 1/4 cup white wine vinegar
- 1/4 cup packed brown sugar
- 1/4 cup maple-flavored syrup
- 2 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- 1 teaspoon each dried thyme, oregano and marjoram
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon pepper
- 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard
- 1 bay leaf
- 1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1 boneless pork loin roast (3 pounds)
- In a saucepan, combine all ingredients except pork. Bring to a boil over medium heat; remove from heat and cool completely. Pour 1 cup sauce into a large resealable plastic bag. Add pork; seal bag and turn to coat. Refrigerate 8 hours or overnight. Refrigerate remaining sauce.
- Drain pork, discarding marinade in bag. Transfer pork to a greased rack in a shallow roasting pan. Bake, uncovered, at 425° for 15 minutes. Reduce oven setting to 350°. Bake for 1 to 1-1/4 hours longer or until a thermometer reads 145°. Let stand 10 minutes before slicing. Serve with reserved sauce.
Nutrition Facts4 ounces cooked pork: 255 calories, 6g fat (2g saturated fat), 68mg cholesterol, 543mg sodium, 22g carbohydrate (15g sugars, 0 fiber), 27g protein.
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Jan 10, 2019
Excellent flavor, loved the sauce. Easy to make and will definitely make again.
Jul 17, 2013
This is a great recipe. full of flavor and it was very tender. I marinated it for 24 hours and cooked it four hours. The last two were only at 250 F. I did not have maple syrup so I subbed honey. Everyone thought it was the best ever. I had a 4 1/2 pound roast and 6 people cleaned it up. I bought a half of a pork roast FOR 1.89/LB WITH VERY LITTLE FAT! A Very cheap and tasty meal, cheaper than Hamburg and still lean.
Dec 31, 2011
First time made for Christmas dinner along with 2 other recipes for Pork Loins. Was inhaled, didn't have a leftover to try myself. Guests all asking for the recipe. Going to make for myself New Years Dinner, this time I'll get a piece.
Jul 15, 2009
AWESOME recipe!!!
Mar 8, 2008
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May 22, 2007
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Jan 28, 2007
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Lisa Downing has over 25 years of expertise in local, national, and international urban development. Ms. Downing's work has also spanned the areas of education, youth, and community development in the academic and philanthropic sectors.
She has worked for esteemed non-profit organizations such as the New School University, the Academy for Educational Development, the Annie E. Casey and Ford Foundations, and Africare/Nigeria. At Africare/Nigeria, she lived and worked abroad in Kaduna State, Nigeria, executing a Women's literacy for health, economic development, and financial literacy program. At the corporate level, Ms. Downing has worked in executive leadership and real estate operations for both American Express and Citibank.
Most recently, she has worked in Harlem, New York in real estate and economic development. Her work entailed luxury and affordable development projects in conjunction with the New York City Department of Housing Development and Preservation. Additionally, she serves as the Land Use Chair of Manhattan's Community Board 10 and serves on the Economic and Physical and Workforce Development Committees of the Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UMEZ).
Ms. Downing is a Patricia Robert Harris Fellow for her exemplary leadership in public service, an International Foundation for Education and Self-Help Fellow, and was bestowed the James Kuhn Diversity in Real Estate Award. She holds a Master's of Science in Urban Policy Analysis and Management from New School University and a Master's of Science in Real Estate Finance and Investments from New York University.


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Siena Hikes
For those who want something more than a simple hike. Explorations of ravines and caves, night hikes, backcountry multiday hikes.
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Nice approach hikes and three limestone gorges really unexpected in our gentle hills. Although not technical, these walks will offer great emotions.
In the Montagnola Senese there are over 60 caves. In some of these it is possible to organize nice explorations without any technical equipment but with some simple precautions. Nice approach walks will introduce you in the world of karstic phenomena and fauna.
Canale del Grenduca
Peculiar path inside this reclaim tunnel of an old, now-dry lake. This land, just outside the city of Siena, was reclaimed at the end of 1700 thanks to this brilliant and inventing hydraulic work, still operating and accessible in the entire length with some simple precautions.
Night Hikes
In full moon nights listening to noises and searching animals gathering for water. Or in new moon nights watching the stars and orienting with them.
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Big round trip tours in all Reserve Areas; stretches of Via Francigena from 40 to 200km; expeditions from Siena to the sea or from Siena to Florence entirely in the woods; crossing of Pratomagno, 30km of ridge between Florence and Arezzo; integral descent of rivers. You can decide the kind of equipment you prefer (both for meals and overnight): heavy backpack for experienced hikers or small backpack for those who want the help of a 4wd.


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The Civil War in 50 Objects
The American companion to A History of the World in 100 Objects, a fresh, visual perspective on the Civil War
From a soldier's diary with the pencil still attached to John Brown's pike, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the leaves from Abraham Lincoln's bier, here is a unique and surprisingly intimate look at the Civil War.
Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer sheds new light on the war by examining fifty objects from the New-York Historical Society's acclaimed collection. A daguerreotype of an elderly, dignified ex-slave; a soldier's footlocker still packed with its contents; Grant's handwritten terms of surrender at Appomattox—the stories these objects tell are rich, poignant, sometimes painful, and always fascinating. They illuminate the conflict from all perspectives—Union and Confederate, military and civilian, black and white, male and female—and give readers a deeply human sense of the war.
The Civil War in 50 Objects is the perfect gift for your favorite history buff!


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|January 13, 2009
Crowflight Implements Additional Metal and Foreign Exchange Price Protection
|CROWFLIGHT MINERALS INC. (the "Company") (TSX: CML) is pleased to announce that it has entered into additional forward sales contract agreements to further its risk management strategy to manage commodity price exposure on nickel sales and foreign exchange rates.
Forward sale contracts were entered into for the first and second quarters of 2009 for a total of 700,000 pounds of nickel at a price of US$5.32 per pound. In addition, the Canadian dollar was hedged on these quantities. Details are as follows:
• Q1 2009 - 0.25 million pounds Nickel, with the Canadian dollar hedged at 1.1965
• Q2 2009 - 0.45 million pounds Nickel, with the Canadian dollar hedged at 1.1956
As per the press releases dated July 30 and October 28, 2008, Crowflight previously implemented nickel forward sale contract agreements of 2.27 million pounds of nickel at US$8.49 per pound for 2009.
In summary, the current weighted average hedging position for Crowflight is as follows:
Crowflight now has in total 2.97 million pounds of nickel hedged for 2009 at an average realized price of US$7.74 per pound nickel or Cdn$9.21 per pound nickel, which represents approximately 30% of planned 2009 production.
The forward sales contracts are considered derivative financial instruments and are used for risk management purposes and not for generating trading profits. Crowflight in conjunction with RMB may also implement future strategic currency and nickel hedges both to protect Crowflight cash flow and meet Lender requirements.
Commented Mike Hoffman, President and CEO of Crowflight, "Given the wide fluctuations we've seen over the last few months in metal prices, we felt it was prudent to lock in an additional portion of our 2009 production at the higher nickel prices experienced last week, while leaving room for us to benefit from any potential upside should nickel see any future price increases. We feel these measures provide the Company with further assurance of generating cash from Bucko in 2009, thereby putting us in a stronger position as we ramp up to full commercial production."
Production of nickel concentrate has begun at Bucko, with the first concentrate being produced in December 2008. Work is on-going to achieve full commercial production and preparations are being made for the first shipment of concentrate from Canada's newest nickel mine.
Crowflight Minerals -- Canada's Next Nickel Producer
Crowflight Minerals Inc. (TSX: CML) is a Canadian junior mining company that is producing nickel at the Bucko Lake Nickel Mine near Wabowden, Manitoba. Full commercial production is expected to be achieved at Bucko in early 2009. The Company is also focused on nickel, copper and Platinum Group Mineral (PGM) projects in the Thompson Nickel Belt and Sudbury Basin.
Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Information
Except for statements of historical fact contained herein, the information in this press release constitutes "forward-looking information" within the meaning of Canadian securities law. Such forward-looking information may be identified by words such as "plans", "proposes", "estimates", "intends", "expects", "believes", "may", "will" and include without limitation, statements regarding the terms of the hedging contract; impact of the hedge contract on the Company; production plans; costs of production; and metal prices and foreign exchange rates. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate; actual results and future events could differ materially from such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, among others, third party risks, production risks, metal prices, competition, risks inherent in the mining industry, and regulatory risks. Most of these factors are outside the control of the Company. Investors are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking information. Except as otherwise required by applicable securities statutes or regulation, the Company expressly disclaims any intent or obligation to update publicly forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
The TSX does not accept responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Further information is available on the Company's website at www.crowflight.com or contact:
Mike Hoffman
President and CEO
Crowflight Minerals
Tel: (416) 861-2964
Heather Colpitts
Manager, Investor and Public Relations
Crowflight Minerals
Tel: (416) 861-5803
You can view the Next News Release item: Thu Jan 22, 2009, Crowflight Intersects 9.56 Metres Of 7.87% Nickel; Commences Phase 2 Delineation Program At Bucko
You can view the Previous News Release item: Wed Dec 31, 2008, Crowflight Amends Terms of Warrants in Connection with Debt Facility Restructuring
You can return to the main News Release page, or press the Back button on your browser.


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What's the difference between gozzers and groundbait? Or do you use a whip, rod or pole? If you're new to fishing, take a look at our handy glossary of canal fishing terms.
Bread punch: anglers use a tool called a bread punch to 'punch out' a small disc of bread from a slice of normal bread to use as bait on the hook. The term has stuck to mean feeding with bread generally, although you can use breadcrumbs in a small cup on a pole and sprinkle it into the swim as groundbait
Coarse vs game fishing: game fishing is typically for trout and salmon in rivers, coarse fishing is in all sorts of other inland waterways and canals where you're generally fishing for perch, carp, roach, bream etc
Fish pass: where a river has migrating fish like shad, trout or salmon that swim up stream to spawn and a structure like a lock or weir has been built, we can add a structure called a fish pass to help all fish bypass the blockage and continue their journey and so spawn
Gozzers: are either the larva of the common European bluebottle fly or flies that are black in colour – which ever it is, this maggot is used as a bait to catch the fish on a hook
Groundbait: groundbaits are usually made from fine breadcrumbs. It's poured or sprinkled onto the top of the water to attract fish to that area. The idea being that anglers fish over the top of their groundbait in that spot on the water. Groundbait comes in a variety colours to match the environment. When mixed with water to make a heavy ball of bread, they're thrown in to create a small area on the bottom of the canal to attract bottom feeding fish
Keep net: once you have caught a fish and unhooked it, you can keep it in an appropriate net sitting within the water to keep the fish alive. Usually as part of match fishing where you need to weigh how many fish you've caught by the end of the match
Landing net: a landing net on a pole is used to net fish too big to swing in
Lure/lure fishing: the use of artificially designed rubber and plastic lures with hooks that imitate moving fish. They are cast and retrieved by rod and line to catch fish like pike or perch
Peg: a favourite 'spot' or location of a canal or river where the angler prefers to go fishing. Pegs were used to 'peg out' the places where match anglers could fish along a particular stretch during a competition without straying on to each others' area
Pinkies: smaller that the standard large maggot, pinkies are the larva of common greenbottle flies and are pink in colour. The angler attached them to the hook as bait for fish
Squatts: are another type of fly maggot and the smallest used by anglers. These white or red maggots are attached to the hook to catch fish like roach. But often just used as loose feed
Skimmers: the nick name for baby and juvenile bronze or common bream
Stillwaters: rivers are moving bodies of water. Where as a lake, pond or reservoir is a still body of water, it's not flowing anywhere. But canals can also be classified as stillwaters eg fish in canal are in single ownership, canals are generally not subject to a close season
Swim: the spot in the water where you are fishing, you might hear an angler say that a boat has just gone through the swim and scared off the fish
Tight lines: used by anglers to wish each other luck
Whip: a type of pole used without a reel to catch fish on canals (what ever you call it, you'll need a rod licence)
Waterway Wanderers permit: you may have heard you need a rod licence from the Environment Agency to use a fishing rod, but you'll also need a permit to fish from a fishery from the fishery owner. Some of our waters are managed by local angling clubs and you'd pay for a day permit to fish there. Where the stretch doesn't have a managing club, we remain responsible fore the fishery and you can buy your permit from us under our Waterway Wanderers scheme
Last date edited: 16 December 2019