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There is no one who can make a Mum feel less sure of her parenting choices than another, critical, Mum! And being on the receiving end of competitive parenting is something which can cause a great deal of stress in our day-to-day lives.
Karen Brooks is a Mum as well as a well-respected columnist, author, academic and social commentator. When it comes to competitive parenting, her three main tips are:
1. Have confidence in your parenting decisions whether it's to breast feed, return to work, what you put in your child's lunchbox, how much time you allow on computers, or what school you choose to send them to or not. Remember: you're the expert when it comes to your child. Don't be influenced by what other parents do, what the media tells you, the latest fad, or what your child's friends tell them either! Stand firm and stick to your own
2. Avoid judging and gossiping about other mothers and fathers and their decisions wherever possible. Chances are you're being judged as well. Instead, offer support and the opportunity to share pros and cons. Parenting is an experience we should share, not treat as a competition with winners and losers. Our kids (and we) deserve better than that.
3. Parenthood is a forever job and a labour of love: hard-work, thankless at times, hilarious at others, but it should always be about raising responsible, resilient, caring, contributing adults who fit into society and who will make wonderful, loving partners and, possibly, future parents.
- Next week Justine shares her tips on how to survive the work juggle. If you missed last weeks article on defeating the daily housework grind you can read it here.


text: Denim May 7, 2020 The One Denim Trend People Just Aren't Buying Anymore by Anna LaPlaca Pinterest Photo: @natashandlovu If you're a regular here at Who What Wear, you're probably aware of which denim trends are everywhere at the moment, and maybe you even have an idea of which ones are slowly losing traction. At least, I can only hope you do because that means we've done our job to inform you of the current state of denim.So what is the current state of denim, you ask? According to a recent Edited report, we now have the data on which jean styles people are shopping for much more and, consequently, one denim trend that's seen a decline in interest. Over the last two years, the report shared that sales for boyfriend jeans have gone down by 5%, indicating that they're fading out. I wasn't too surprised to learn this since I haven't seen the low-slung, roomy style all that much in the last few years.Instead, the report pointed to three increasingly popular denim trends that fall right in line with what we've also been seeing and reporting on. It noted that relaxed styles continue to gain steam with the number of wide-leg styles in stock increasing by 108%, straight-leg by 55%, and flare by 80%. Now, all that said, your beloved boyfriend jeans are hardly "out," and if they're still a fixture in your closet, that's great too because as we know, the cycle always tends to come back around again. But if you are curious, continue on to discover the three aforementioned denim trends that are flourishing. Not Buying as Much Anymore: Boyfriend Jeans Buying Instead: Wide-Leg Jeans Pinterest Photo: @ADA_OGUNTODU Over the last few years, retailers have increased how many wide-leg styles they're stocking, with as much as 88% growth, underpinning our story from January 2020 in which we declared that the denim trend was destined for fame. Pinterest Shop We the Free Crvy Berlin Wide-Leg Jeans ($98) These jeans clearly play super well with ankle boots, if the model's styling idea is any indication. Pinterest Shop H&M Wide High Ankle Jeans ($30) If you ask me, opting for this wider fit will contribute to a more current look. Pinterest Shop Levi's Ribcage Wide Leg Jeans ($98) Meet the jeans that hardly any retailer can keep in stock anymore. Pinterest Photo: @greceghanem Pinterest Shop Topshop Slim Wide Leg Jeans ( $90) $45 A very "now" denim trend for under $50? I'm not okay. Pinterest Shop Reformation Jackie Ultra High Rise Wide Leg ($138) Reformation always nails the jean silhouettes of the moment. Buying Instead: Straight-Leg Jeans Pinterest Photo: @pernilleteisbaek Straight-leg jeans have seen a 30% growth compared to last quarter, the report noted. It also shared another nugget I found particularly interesting: The rate at which they're selling out is actually outpacing the rate at which new straight-leg styles are hitting the market, meaning we can only expect to see more of them. Pinterest Shop Levi's Wedgie Icon Fit Ripped Straight Leg Jeans ( $98) $69 The jeans that have earned a spot in every fashion editor's closet. Pinterest Shop Reformation Liza High Straight Jean ($98) The longer hemline makes these classic jeans feel fresh. Pinterest Photo: @natashandlovu Pinterest Shop Topshop Raw Hem Straight Leg Jeans ($75) The kind of denim that goes with everything else you own. Pinterest Shop Good American Good Curve High Waist Ankle Straight Leg Jeans ($169) Because lighter washes are having a moment, too. Pinterest Shop Agolde Criss Cross Straight in Savage ($218) Way cooler than your other jeans. Buying Instead: Flares Pinterest Photo: @leiasfez "Nostalgia continued to lend its hand to fashion trends with flared jeans proving to be a no-brainer to evoke a 1970s aesthetic," Edited shared. It found that new arrivals of this style increased 9% compared to early last year with high-rise flares in darker tones, specifically, seeing particular success. Pinterest Shop Good American Good Flare Jeans ($175) Wear these with a heeled boot for a leg-lengthening effect (if you're into that). Pinterest Shop Boyish The Kingsley High Rise Comfort Stretch Flare Jeans ( $158) $111 Thanks to the stretch, these are comfy. Thanks to the brand's commitment to sustainability, they're a feel-good buy, too. Pinterest Shop Levi's Ribcage Flare Jeans ($98) Another day, another A+ pair of Ribcage jeans from Levi's. Pinterest Shop Wrangler Fly High Flare Jeans ($138) Wrangler knows a thing or two about throwback jean styles. Next up, the newest denim trend women in their 20s to their 50s are favoring instead of skinnies. Explore More: Denim denim trends Jeans

subset: commoncrawl


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White Gold Diamond Bracelet
Exquisite and enthralling, this 18K white gold bracelet is a divine piece to have. While 18 cm in length, this bracelet is made for anyone to look gorgeous no matter what they're wearing. An exclusive item made to be the perfect gift for any woman. Only a few of them left in stock. Get yours now!!
Item Type: Bracelets
Fine or Fashion: Fine
Diamond Cut: Excellent
Length: 18 CM
Metals Type: White Gold
Shape\pattern: Round
Main Stone: Diamond
Gender: Women
Metal Stamp: 18k
Bracelets Type: Chain & Link Bracelets


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If you can not discover a tweak that you like using an internet search engine will certainly additionally generate a lot of various internet sites that offer these styles of tweaks. The disadvantage to this is that you are going to most likely require to pay the internet site to install their tweaks and also the moment you have actually spent you will certainly not manage to use them again on every other computer free of cost.
There Clash of Clans Gem Generator is additionally a manner in which you can produce your personal Clashing of Clans backgrounds but this calls for a bit much more understanding than the above method. This method is actually just like transforming the history of the web browser on your pc, apart from the internet site you select has a greater selection. You will need to understand which skin layers are currently in usage and also what modifications require to be actually produced to ensure that all skin layers in operation compare with the video game and they will certainly also be actually a lot bigger in dimension.
To change your history simply locate the brand-new background that you wish as well as then choose "Appeal". Within this webpage you will definitely view a tab for skin as well as click it. A brand-new decrease down will definitely click and also appear "New Skin".
Select the skin layer that you want and at that point click "Create New Skin" once the home window appears, this will take you to a brand new page where you will certainly possess the possibility to post your own skin. As soon as you have actually submitted your skin layer you are going to be actually caused to hit "Modification Skins" and also you are going to have merely one brand-new background.
If you are actually a fan of participating in the preferred Facebook game contacted "Clash of Clans", you need to understand the brand new addition of a component phoned the "Clash of Clans Hack". Along with the brand new Tab expansion, every single time you open up a brand new tab on your internet browser, you will certainly be actually consulted with gorgeous wallpapers from the various of its good friends and all the members of the area. As you search via different internet sites, you may stumble upon an appealing web site that has some fantastic Clashers as well as you would be actually attracted to browse through for the most up to date Clashers coming from that site. Nonetheless, as opposed to clicking on the hyperlinks, what occurs is actually that the "Clash Of Clans" icon will certainly be changed due to the "Clash Of Clashes" image.
Due to the fact that this new extension enables you to gain access to several Clasher pages, it can be pretty perplexing at opportunities. You will certainly certainly not experience any kind of complications like being unable to click on the links as well as finding your own self redirected to the "Clash of Clashes" web page.
Just how carries out the "Clash Of Clashes" expansion job? This extension has the capability to download the newest Clashers directly coming from the Facebook neighborhood. With help from this function, you perform certainly not must expect the following update of the activity on its own. The upcoming opportunity when the most recent updates are on call, you will receive the most current images of your favorite Clasher heroes as well as you would promptly enjoy utilizing these histories as well as images.
When you begin scanning the net, this expansion is going to automatically open up the "Clash Of Clashes" internet site. After you have chosen your preferred Clasher hero, you would right away be actually redirected to the brand new page as well as the "Clash Of Clashes" history will then look.
All the Clashers on the brand new internet site are also linked to their accounts. When you become a member of the web site, you will certainly have the capacity to get access to these profile pages, which will include all the most up to date updates, wallpapers, reviews and also all the various other details on their good friends and the video game itself. You can likewise be capable to view the most up to date headlines concerning the game's features, which is actually quite practical when you wish to know additional concerning the video game's past history.
As soon as you have picked your Clasher, if you don't intend to view their pals' images, simply click on their titles or even click on the "viewpoint profile page" switch, as well as you are going to receive access to accounts of the Clashers of their buddies on the web site. As you proceed exploring, you would certainly find their labels, their site, their age, as well as their Facebook profile. With merely a simple click on, you would certainly have the capacity to look at every little thing they must point out concerning on their own.
The current relevant information on the game itself will definitely likewise show up on the sidebar of the social media web sites. The most up to date updates on the main Facebook page will certainly be actually shown listed here, featuring all the newest tournaments that belong to the activity. This allows you to keep updated regarding the most current progressions in the activity as well as the existing condition of the video game on its own.
If you yearn for to find out more regarding the game and what makes it exclusive, then the "Clash Of Clashes" Facebook webpage will be just one of the absolute best locations to choose the most up to date news. All the current updates concerning the video game and also the new add-ons will certainly be uploaded here, which are going to allow you to stay up to date with the newest information on the game. The latest "Clash Of Clashes" additionals and also hacks will certainly also be actually uploaded right here, which will definitely allow you to fully enjoy the video game as it advances.


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A video was uploaded to photo-sharing app Instagram Monday showing a black man in Baltimore randomly attacking a white man with a brick.
A white man is seen walking across a crosswalk when a black man sneaks up behind him and hits him in the head with a brick, knocking the man to the ground.
The person taking the video was laughing as the man dropped to the ground.
Just more race based violence against white people that we can all pretend isn't happening
— Matt Walsh (@MattWalshBlog) August 31, 2020
The man who uploaded the video "TraySavage_" captioned it "WhiteLivesDontMatter" and bragged the attack was attempted murder. "Unk tried to kill yo"
It is unclear is Traysavage_ took the video or carried out the attack or if he just found the video.
Instagram initially determined the video did not violate the site's terms of service.
Screenshot via Nationalist Review:
However, the video was eventually removed from Instagram.
The man who uploaded this video to Instagram is @ traysavage_. He captions it "white lives don't matter." I don't know if this scumbag is the guy who carried out the attack or if he just found the video. He's a scumbag either way. pic.twitter.com/8T5erjyKRk
— Matt Walsh (@MattWalshBlog) August 31, 2020
The condition of the victim is unknown at this time. The Gateway Pundit will update as more information becomes available.
The post MEDIA BLACKOUT: "White Lives Don't Matter" – Black Man Randomly Attacks White Man with a Brick in Baltimore (VIDEO) appeared first on The Gateway Pundit.


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2019年11月22日Life, Death and Nursing Theories and Models
You're not likely to receive any difficulties with your paper. The last submission is going to be graded by faculty. A brief overview of the theory and the way it's connected to the research is typically included at the start of the report.
Select Oren's theory and talk about the manner that it influenced the growth of nursing research. This theory was created by Virginia Henderson. To date only one theory has stuck.
Further it isn't an issue of degree. You'll also have to have some sum of work experience and might also has to clear the minimum CGPA threshold. Select Oren's theory and talk about the manner that it influenced the growth of nursing research.
The outstanding teacher inspires. The most fascinating facet of Roy's adaptation theory is that the notion of health can't be looked at separately from the notion of adaptation. An incredible case study is written in the form of a story.
By comparison, a framework is helpful in providing anoverall structure for an undertaking. The various sorts of theories provide various advantages for practice. The theory crosses languages and minimizes language barriers by giving a road map of how to get rid of language barriers, through using interpreters.
Education is an excellent example. Cultural Skills is the capability to collect relevant cultural data concerning the customer's presenting problem in addition to accurately carry out a culturally based physical assessment.
One of the actual challenges in the nursing field today is to locate a means to bridge the theory-practice gap in such a manner that quality care is still a priority. Therefore, a big hurdle in receiving clients for many CAM service providers is communicating the advantage of the service given. The initial one might be the scientific managers including Taylor and Fayol who used their private experience to recognize the basic fundamentals of management to accomplish the organization efficiency.
Management must look for methods to provide job enrichment for workers. http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Fact The custom of strategic management is never simple.
Individuals might be of exactly the same race, but of distinct cultures. Analyzing concepts is crucial. Theories and Types of Leadership is about the different leadership types which were identified by academics and business leaders.
Substance abuse counseling isn't an exception. An individual can identify subsets of words related to each. Ethical behavior depends on several facets.
Pediatric asthma is just one of such examples. In many conditions, all 3 frameworks will lead to the sameor at least very similarconclusions about what you ought to do, though they will typically give various reasons for reaching those conclusions. It might be borrowed from several disciplines.
The Chronicles of Nursing Theories and Models
The period nursing model cannot be used interchangeably with nursing theory. A specific nursing theory ought to be used. Pick a nursing theory which you find useful in nursing practice.
Quite a broad array of our interactions have the capacity to impact health and must be managed by nursing care. The majority of the diseases need long-term treatment at home. At exactly the same time, it isn't right to feel that health is simply about feeling well.
In the acute care setting, they are expected to follow generic sets of rules in the form of institution-specific procedures based on the best evidence. Consequently, they should be able to direct and redirect the interaction samedayessay reviews patterns between the environment and the person in order to realize the maximum health potential. Most nurses employ a number of theories in practice rather than using one theory exclusively.
The most significant thing you ought to know about nursing even before you're able to decide on whether to develop into a nurse is that a career within this field is much of a calling. The major idea of the studies is to create new theories aimed toward improving the grade of the services and the patients' condition. Furthermore, a tremendous portion of superior patient care depends upon preventative measures.
The model is commonly used in every area in nursing. An area of the home health nurse's assessment includes how well the patient ambulates in the house, in the event the patient demands safety devices, if the individual has accessibility to transportation to get to the physician's office, in the event the patient can afford medications, or if the individual desires any exceptional guidance in activities of everyday living. Similarly, if he reveals medical information that may place others at risk, it is the duty of the nurse to consider his or her ethical obligation to protect the rights of the patient, balanced with the rights of others or society in general.
Nursing is a distinctive discipline and is distinct from medicine. Nursing theory is an important portion of all nursing courses and nurses are encouraged to use theories in practice, but it isn't always simple for the student to make a genuine connection between them both. They do not just try to treat the illness, but also look after the patient as a whole.


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How To Attract Potential Buyers To Your Beat Page
When I first began making beats in the 90's, my ultimate goal was to just get better at it. That's it. I wanted to have my beats be just as good as anyone else's, but as the years went by I started to realize that guess what? Money can be made from these beats!
It should always be your goal to just make music because you love it, but of course, being here on myFlashStore, your main goal is to sell beats. The problem for a lot of you is that you're having a hard time getting potential buyers to go to your page, here's how to do that.
Have A Social Media Presence
In today's internet, social media is the way to go if you want to really get known. When I say that, I don't necessarily mean your beats, but rather YOU. Getting people to listen to your beats is one thing, but it's an entirely different thing to get them to notice who you are. I see it all the time on Twitter, where beatmakers will tell everyone how awesome their beats are and "here's a link to check out my beats", but that's not what you're supposed to aim for.
The first thing that you want to do is set yourself a schedule and post regularly. Remember, social media is not for you to goof around because this is a business and you are trying to sell your beats. You can be on a few different social websites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Google+, Tumblr, etc., but it's always best to stick to one and work it really well.
For example, with your Facebook account, you can easily create a fan page where everyone can check you out. With Twitter, you have to create an entire account just for your beats persona. Remember – don't confuse your personal social media account with the professional one. If your goal is to lure in buyers on Twitter, then make sure all your tweets are related to either you, your beats, or anything else related to the music industry.
I see it every day where someone posts both personal and business tweets on the same account, which is very unprofessional. If you post about how you just finished making a beat in the studio, then don't follow that up with a post about how much you hate Kim Kardashian. The two are not related, and your followers won't like it. Remember, they are following you for your music, not your personal opinion.
Have A Catchy Name
It's perfectly fine to use your real name, but most beatmakers don't. The reason why is that's it's just a name they have for their music career, but at the same time it's catchy. Do you think it would be easier to remember something like "Starchild Beats" as opposed to "Bob Lenginhoppen"?
As I mentioned previously about having a good name and artwork as well, it's what will attract a lot of people, where some could be potential buyers.
Think of it like this: when you walk into a store, they have merchandise on display and it looks good, with vibrant colors and a cool name. This is the same thing you are trying to accomplish, but with your name. Use something that looks good, especially with a certain font, but it has to also be easy to pronounce. The Umbrella Corporation from the Resident Evil movies is a great name because it's easy to pronounce, and with the word "umbrella" it's weird and unique for a corporation name, plus it's easy to make a logo for. Use that same mindset when choosing a name.
Push and Promote The Best Beats You Have
One of the drawbacks of making beats daily (which you should be doing), is that after a while, some of your beats may not be your best. It's normal, and not everyone can bang out hits day after day. When posting your beats on your myFlashStore page, you need to put up your best beats. You can post all your beats, but as long as they are all somewhat decent, otherwise it could turn potential buyers away.
But for the beats that you know are truly your best, those are the ones you need to promote the hell out of. Even the beats that are not as good need to be promoted of course, but your best ones should be the ones that really stand out and define your sound.
Be Professional At All Times
Nothing is more of a turnoff in business when you are dealing with someone that is not acting professional. After all of these years, I still can't believe that a lot of beatmakers are just not acting mature enough through social media and emails. It's not hard to do, and being professional will always win someone over, rather than someone that is not.
Instead of using words like "sup", and "ya", it should be "hello" and "yes". I have seen more and more people acting professional, but there's still plenty that do not.
The reason why I mention this is because when it comes time to deal with a big name artist, their manager, and their record label, acting professional will always hold more weight.
Promote, Promote, Promote!
Last but not least, is that you must promote your page. Give it everything you got and make sure that everyone on your radar knows about you, your music, and where to reach you.
Think about it: if you have a catchy name, great logo, and your music is top notch, then people will definitely visit your page.
Even if you are not getting a lot of visits, that's still okay because at least you know that YOU are working hard at making it happen.
Always look at it like this: someone like Beyonce can release a silly video that looks like it was filmed on a phone, and within 24 hours it has over 4 million views. This is because of her image, popularity, and music. Aim for that.
By MisterFade | November 27th, 2014 | How To Attract Potential Buyers To Your Beat Page


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To maintain a balanced and healthy enjoyment of life, it is best to be as resilient and vital as we can possibly be.
Homeopathy helps us achieve our ultimate potential in health on all levels.
Homeopathy is a complete system of medicine that stimulates the body's natural self-healing and immune systems. A homeopathic prescription stimulates a reaction in a person, but is only homeopathic when it matches the symptoms of the individual person. It is this matching process of remedy to person and their symptoms that creates and effective homeopathic prescription.
Homeopathy is based on specific laws and principles that differ to those of conventional medicine, as does its approach to the patient and concept of health.
Individuality, is fundamental to all aspects of homeopathy. Different people with seemingly the same complaint may experience a disease or injury in different ways, with some different symptoms, therefore they would require different homeopathic remedies.
Homeopathy is based on the principle The 'Law of Similars', which concludes:- whatever symptoms a substance causes in a healthy person, that same substance has the power to cure those same symptoms once it is homeopathically prepared.
An example of this is the onion – recall your last experience of cutting up an onion, the stinging sensation, the watery running eyes and nose. These symptoms, which may occur with colds and hay-fever, are very likely to be relieved with the homeopathic remedy made from onion (known as Allium cepa).
How long has Homeopathy been used?
Homeopathy has been used for over two hundred years, but has an honourable tradition dating back to ancient Greece. It was Samuel Hahnemann, a brilliant doctor working in 1796 who developed the scientific and philosophical foundations of this gentler way of healing. These scientific principles form the basis of successful homeopathic practice today.
Benefits include…
- Increased energy and vitality as body systems are stimulated and strengthened
- Speed recovery from illness, injuries, shock or trauma
- Small imbalances can be resolved before more serious complaints develop
- Soothe and overcome allergic responses
- Non-toxic safe and effective
- If taken correctly, there are no unwanted side effects
- Safe to use with other therapies and medications, although personal requirements often change with treatment so other health care providers should be notified
Homeopathy is effective for…
- First Aid – burns, bites, bruising, sprains
- Sporting injuries and strains
- Acute complaints – viruses, coughs, colds, chest, throat & stomach complaints
- Post- operative care
- Pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal care, hormonal imbalances, premenstrual syndrome
- Chronic complaints – depression, grief, arthritis, migraines, insomnia,
- 'Modern' diseases–chronic fatigue syndrome, allergies, hay-fever, hives, asthma, eczema
- Stress related complaints – eczema, gastric and sleep disorders, panic and anxiety


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The High Court of Madras has invited applications from the eligible candidates for the Post of Law clerk to the Hon'ble Judges on adhoc basis for a period of one year.
Name of Post: Law Clerk
Age Limit: Candidates should not have attained the age of 30 years as on the last date fixed for the receipt of the applications.
Pay Scale: Rs.7, 500/- (under revision within the ceiling of Rs.25,000/-)
Eligibility criteria
How to Apply
Candidates possessing the required qualifications may submit their applications duly signed containing full particulars viz., Name of the Applicant, Father's Name, Academic Qualifications, Age, Date of Birth, Address for Communication with contact Telephone/ Mobile Number and a Passport size Photograph affixed on the right side top of the Application supported by copies of Educational Certificates including the statement of marks obtained in Law Degree (duly self attested by the candidate). Original Testimonials need not be enclosed.
Applications must be sent through Registered Post with Acknowledgement Due and superscribed on the envelope as "Application for the post of Law Clerk to the Hon'ble Judges", and addressed to The Registrar General, High Court, Madras-600 104.
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Following the three "C's" of good skincare: Cleanse, Clarify, & Correct. This kit targets problematic skin in three parts. First with with the amazing cleansing power of our Himalayan Salt Gel cleanser, removing all the grime and build up of makeup and pollutants from the skin while toning and moisturizing. Follow with our Charcoal Clay mask 1-2 times weekly to extract impurities buried beneath the topical layer of the skin. Finishing with our Imperfection Neutralizing facial oil to heal, and enhance. This facial oil provides balanced hydration preventing excess oil production along with healing and revitalizing your complexion. All products are unscented, cruelty-free, and offer a natural plant based effective skincare solution.
Himalayan Salt Gel Cleanser
- Vegetable Glycerin
- Himalayan Pink Salt
- Vitamin E
- Tea Tree Oil Oil
- Witch Hazel
Apply a quarter size amount onto your hands. Rub together and massage onto the face and neck. Use a dry cloth to wipe dry then rinse with warm water. In the case of contact with eyes rinse with warm water. When used daily, this cleanser removes impurities, provides balanced moisture, prevents breakouts, and and regulates oil production.
Charcoal Clay Mask
- 100% Natural Calcium Bentonite Clay
- Activated 100% Hardwood Charcoal
1. In a non-metal bowl, mix 3-4 Tablespoons of clay with equal parts purified water and / or organic apple cider vinegar. Starting with water is recommended if you have sensitive skin.
2. Stir the clay and liquid of choice to create a smooth paste. Add more clay or liquid as needed. The smoother the paste, the easier it will be to apply the mask.
3. Apply 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch covering your face and desired areas. Let the mask dry for 10-15 minutes for first time users and / or users with sensitive skin. Leave up to 20 minutes if you have previously applied the mask without issue.
4. As the clay mask begins to dry you will feel it tightening and your face will slightly pull. As the circulation increases in your face, you will feel a pumping sensation (pulsation). This is expected.
5. When you're ready to remove the mask, gently wash your face with warm water. Keep away from your eyes (it's uncomfortable) and rinse thoroughly with water if exposed.
Imperfection Neutralizing Facial Oil
- Grape Seed Oil
- Jojoba Oil
- Sweet Almond Oil
- Borage Oil
- Argan Oil
Apply 3-4 drops to the face after cleansing or after using our Charcoal Clay Mask. When used on the face daily, it provides balanced moisture, prevents breakouts, and and regulates oil production.
Molecule Design Online strives to offer great customer service. We offer the same personalized services that we do at our brick & mortar location and make sure you receive your order in perfect condition.
At Molecule-Design-Online.com, we offer stunning, trendy, high-quality contemporary design collectibles as well as affordable design products from some of the best international and national design brands, including beautiful artwork from our amazing New Mexico artists. We are proud to work with award-winning makers. We also keep continuously curious so we can share some fresh ideas about art & design with you.
We communicate with you every step of the way, until you receive your items, minimizing the headaches typically encountered in the industry with lost packages, delayed fabrication schedules, or damage in transport. We check for inventory availability on the spot to communicate with you about scheduling flows and delivery.
By working directly with the manufacturers, we can inform you when the company has discontinued any products, changed pricing, or introduced new ones. This happens on an annual basis when the manufacturer reviews production. You will be informed of the available options, colors, sizes, fabrics and materials. Rely on us for your product orders, we'll simplify the process for you. Our goal is to do our best.
Don't hesitate to contact us. We'll be glad to help you with any product needs or the ordering process.
We use encrypted SSL security to ensure that your credit card information is 100% protected.
For large items, the freight carrier will call you to set up an appointment. You will need to be present and responsible to receive your order. Upon delivery, any boxes left outside without your inspection, will not be considered if damage is present. Steps you need to take:
- Inspect your order for freight damage. If any, take pictures immediately.
- Note damage and sign the carrier receipt. You will keep a copy.
- If this is neglected, a replacement, refund or claim cannot be processed by either manufacturer or retailer.
- Keep packaging materials if damage occurred.
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Molecule is not responsible for shipments once processed. If the Receiving your Order steps have not been followed, a replacement cannot be processed.


text:
TUNE CosmoMoose - Galileo's Mission
After the popularity of another track "Shooting Stars" I wanted to create a similar melodic dance tune. However, the piano lead on "Shooting Stars" didn't work on this and this song took on a life of its own with its orchestral strings, baroque harpsichord and the tense choir section in the middle making it twice as long and more dramatic than originally intended. Therefore, I imagined a battle between light and darkness shown by contrasting the bright happy first few minutes against the ominous middle section and then the first section returning but more triumphant. I wanted it to be dance-like but dramatic.
One happy accident: The song was going to start with the strings straightaway. However, on a recording session, I accidentally muted the strings revealing the spacey music underscore. I liked that sound and therefore decided to start the piece with the ambient synth intro, with the bright strings coming in later.
Why the name? It has an Italian feel and Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who discovered Jupiter's moons and whose ideas often clashed with the authorities' teaching at the time so this song with its baroque harpsichord, bright strings, space fx and heavy choirs sets the scene for this cosmic conflict.
All the choirs on the album are synths (as you might expect!) and mostly created on UVI Plugsound software.


text:
Another new group is launching tomorrow, "Ten Pin Bowling".
A great game, needs some skill, but not necessary, flukes happen all the time, and when it does it's soooooo exciting. A good laugh and exercises those muscles you didn't know you had.
Joking apart this is going to be a fantastic group to join, so why not come and see what it's all about, meet tomorrow, Thursday 27th September, Bee Hive Cafe, Bolsover, 10.30am.
Interest Groups – Schedule and Reports
- Art Appreciation
- Arts and Craft
- Arts, Cinema, Theatre – A.C.T
- Books and Reading
- Creative Writing
- Current Affairs Discussion
- Design and Create
- Digital Photography
- Family History
- Flowers for Fun
- History
- Lawn Bowls
- Love of Food
- Lunch Club
- BDU3A National Trust Group
- Play Reading
- Reiki
- Strollers
- Walking for Pleasure
- Supper Group
- Ten Pin Bowling for Fun
- Travel Group
Facebook – Bolsover District U3A
- 62,380 pages read to date


text: The Finch is one of our newest floor plans. It is a 1285 square foot 3/2/2 Energy Star Home. The open concept floor plan features a tall cathedral ceiling in the living room, breakfast bar, and dining area that overlooks a common area with lovely old pecan trees. It showcases a large pantry, custom cabinets, granite counter tops, and smudge-proof stainless steel kitchen appliances including a side-by-side refrigerator! There are large closets in the 2 guest bedrooms and a huge 4' x 8' sq. ft. master closet!


text:
The First Backwards Christmas by Brooke Williams – Review by Heather Bahm
The First Backwards Christmas by Brooke Williams
My rating: 4 of 5 stars
The First Backwards Christmas, by Brooke Williams, is a cute & quirky novella set in South Pole, Alaska. Jack and Joyce are a uniquely paired couple and their intricacies make this short story a joy to read. The holiday theme that is paired with this tale makes it sweet and perfect adorable in all ways. Such a quaint town experiencing issues that so many small towns face. How these characters attempt to resolve their concerns was a well paced part of the story.
Reviewed by @hbahm


text:
SBI Recruitment 2020 for 8004 Vacancies: State Bank of India has released the official notification for the 8004 vacancies of Junior Associate Clerk. Eligible and skilled candidates are able to send State Bank of India Jobs 2020 Application Form through the Online mode from its official website sbi.co.in. Interested Candidates may Apply Online for SBI Junior Associate Clerk Vacancy 2020 till the last date which is 2020. Candidates can download the official notification from official website before applying for this vacancy. To get more information regarding the State Bank of India Recruitment like eligibility details like education qualification, age limit, selection process, application fee & how to apply, important links, syllabus, admit cards, results, previous papers are given Below.
Preliminary Examination will be conducted tentatively in the month of February/ March, 2020 and Main Examination will be conducted tentatively on 19.04.2020. Candidates are advised to check regularly Bank's website https://bank.sbi/careers or https://www.sbi.co.in/careers for details and updates. The examination will be as detailed under point No. 4 Selection procedure.
Notification Details
- SBI Recruitment Notification 2020 Details
- Vacancy Details of SBI Junior Associate Clerk Jobs 2020
- Eligibility Criteria
- SBI Clerk Prelims 2020 Admit Card
- How to Apply for Junior Associate Clerk Jobs
- Important Dates for SBI Junior Associate Clerk Application
- Important Links
SBI Clerk Syllabus 2020: State Bank of India Clerk Exam Pattern Download
SBI Recruitment Notification 2020 Details
|Name of The Organization
|State Bank of India (SBI)
|No. of Posts
|8004 Jobs
|Name of the Posts
|Junior Associate Clerk
|Job Category
|Central Govt Jobs
|Educational Qualifications
|Bachelor Degree in Science/Arts/Commerce
|Job Location
|All India
|Application Mode
|Online Process
|Last Date
|Official Website
Vacancy Details of SBI Junior Associate Clerk Jobs 2020
- Junior Associate Clerk (Sales & Support): 8004 Posts
CircleState/ UTLanguage
Fresh Vacancies Backlog Vacancies Total TotAhmedabad GujaratGujarati 550 68 Daman & Diu 0 2 Amravati Andhra Pradesh Telugu/ Urdu 150 0 Bangalore Karnataka Kannad a 475 0Bhopal MadhyaPradeshHindi 510 50 Chhattisgarh 190 0Bengal West Bengal Bengali/ Nepali 612 0 A&N Islands Hindi/ English 26 0 Sikkim Nepali/ English 12 0 Bhubaneswar Odisha Odia 425 0Chandigarh Jammu &
Urdu/ Hindi 50 0 Ladakh Ladakhi/ Urdu/ Dogri 15 0 Himachal Pradesh Hindi 185 0 ChandigarhPunjabi/ Hindi 25 0 Punjab 150 0 Tamil NaduTamil 393 0 Pondicherry 7 0Delhi DelhiHindi 143 0 Uttarakhand 250 0 Delhi/ Chandigarh Haryana Hindi/ Punjabi 97 0 Hyderabad Telangana Telgu/ 375 0 Jaipur Rajasthan Hindi 500 3Kerala KeralaMalyala m 394 0 Lakshadweep 6 0 Lucknow/ Delhi Uttar Pradesh Urdu 865 0 Maharashtra/ Mumbai
Maharashtra Marathi 865 0 Maharashtra Goa Konkani 10 0North Eastern Assam Assame se/
Bengali/ Bodo
182 0 Arunachal Pradesh English 10 0 Manipur Manipuri 22 0 Meghalaya English/ Garo/ Khasi 31 0 Mizoram Mizo 22 4 Nagaland English 14 0 Tripura Bengali/ Kokboro k 34 7Patna Bihar Hindi/ Urdu 230 0 Jharkhand Hindi/ Santhali 45 0 Total 7870 134
Eligibility Criteria
Educational Qualification
Applicants must Pass Bachelor Degree in Science/Arts/Commerce from the recognized Organization/Board
Age Limit
Candidates' age must be 20-28 years as on 1st April 2020. For the Details of age relaxation, Check Official Notification
SBI Junior Associate Clerk Jobs Salary Details
Selected candidates will get Rs.11765-31450/- from the organization.
Selection Process
Selection will be done as per Written Test, Interview
SBI Clerk Prelims 2020 Admit Card
Application Fee
- General/OBC/EWS candidates: Rs.750/-
- SC/ST/PH candidates: Rs.125/-
How to Apply for Junior Associate Clerk Jobs
- First of all visit official website sbi.co.in
- Click on the career section.
- Look around for "SBI Recruitment 2020 for Junior Associate Clerk Posts".
- Fill application form.
- Pay the application fee.
- Click on the submit button for final submission.
- Save and take print out for future use.
SBI PO Previous Papers: Download Last 10 Years SBI PO Question Papers PDF
Important Dates for SBI Junior Associate Clerk Application
|Starting Date of Application Form
|Closing Date of submission of Application
Important Links
|SBI Official Notification
|Click Here
|Online Application Link
|Click Here to Apply Online
SBI Clerk Prelims Results 2020 Download SBI Clerk Merit Lists, Scorecards @ sbi.co.in
You may Also Like
- SBI SO Notification 2020 for 92 Posts Selection through Interview
- SBI CBO Recruitment 2020: Interview Dates for 3850 Circle Based Officer Posts Soon
- SBI Clerks 2020 Notification for 8000+ SBI Junior Associates Soon
- SBI Clerk Prelims Result 2020 (Date) SBI Clerk Merit List, Scorecard & Cutoff @ sbi.co.in


text:
By:Philippos Photiadis +加关注 粉丝:0
所在地:Athens, Greece
参加比赛:Little Hakka 2019
客户:Martis Books, Greece
创造年份: 2019
描述:A kid asks for a pet. Santa Claus brings him an ant. He tries to treat the ant like a dog and finally realizes that he cannot keep the ant and lets it free. At the end his parents get him a dog. All images are a mix of pen and ink, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator.Published by Martis Books in Greece, 2019
the kid wishes to have a pet and wonders what Santa will bring him. Pen, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator
the kid finally gets an ant as a pet.Pen, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator
The kid builds some playground out of paper, but the ant refuses to play. Pen, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator
The kid builds a world with bottles and straws for the ant, in order to protect it, he doesn't want the ant to die- again. Pen, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator
The kid finally lets the ant go free, he realized that the ant is a girl since it does not have wings. Plus all of the ant's family came into the kitchen looking for it.Pen, watercolor, photoshop, illustrator


text:
PLUS Size - Autumn Winter Retro Corduroy Solid Color Pants
$49.99 Regular price
- Item Code: 4174539882558
- Material: 100%Cotton
- Style: Retro
- Waist: Elastic Waist
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- Details: Pockets
Shipping information:
( Due To the COVID-19,The Shipping Time May be Delay)
1,Please Noted that items with stock will be shipped in 24 hours
on Businese day.
2, Product processing time:2-5 businese day.
Shipping time(Except processing time)
1 Standard Shipping time : 7-12 Business Days , Shipping Cost US $6+
2 Express Shipping time : 3-5 Business Days , Shipping Cost US $13+ .
3,Free shipping for order over $120 .
1,Return within 30 days from the delivered date.
2,Items received within 30 days from the delivered date.
3,Items received unused, undamaged and in original package.
4,Return shipping fee is paid by buyer.


text:
Get the latest news from Soho Taco!S
SOHO TACO Winner of 2020 Couples Choice Awards
We are pleased to confirm that we have won WeddingWire's 2020 Couples Choice Awards for outstanding catering in Orange County! MORE: 2020 Couples' Choice Awards® Winners near Orange County, CA The WeddingWire Couples' Choice Awards® recognize local wedding professionals who demonstrate excellence in quality, service, responsiveness, and professionalism. Winners are determined by the reviews from […]
Wedding Catering In Santa Barbara CA
Yesterday we had the great pleasure of catering for a lovely wedding at the Unitarian Society of Santa Barbara and we had a great time! We tantalized palates with our mouth-watering appetizers, quenched thirsts with our aguas frescas and then satisfied palates with our wonderful selection of tacos. Hope everyone enjoyed themselves as much as […]
Crispy Skin Black Cod Taco On Fresh Hand-Pressed Tortilla
"We loved loved loved the food, the presentation and the service!!" 5? WeddingWire.com review by Darlene, October 1, 2016. PICTURED: Juicy, ocean fresh Crispy Skin Black Cod Taco on a hand-pressed tortilla. ********************* SOHO TACO Promo Video Please CLICK HERE to view video on YouTube. Request a Free Quote! Please click above and visit our […]
Taco Catering A Los Angeles Wedding Expo At The W Hotel in Hollywood
What better way to showcase your finest wedding offerings than with a little glitz, glamour and fantastic cuisine! Last Sunday night SoHo Taco had the honor and the privilege of presenting our very best gourmet taco cart catering at the most recent Wedding Store 24 bridal expo which took place at the super chic W Hotel […]
WEDDING TACO CATERING: "Without Exaggeration It Was The Best Fish Taco I've Ever Had!"
[W]e get love letters! Yesterday we had the great honor of receiving an email from one of the guests at a wedding that we catered at Newland Barn in Huntington Beach last weekend: "We thoroughly enjoyed your tacos at [that] wedding Thanksgiving weekend. I love fish tacos in general but your Mahi taco blew me […]


text:
By Himanshu Kaushik
The forest department has decided to equip the only Ramsar site in the state - Nalsarovar - with the latest equipments and additional staff. The department has directed the deputy conservator of forest Sasi Kumar to prepare a master plan to curb the incidents of poaching.
A meeting will be held next week to decide on the staff and other equipments required. The decision follows the Monday incident where the forest officials nabbed two persons from Ramgarh village during patrolling. The two arrested - Kadar Khamasa and Valli Mohammed - both residents of Jambu village in Limbdi taluka of Surendranaga, were into the illegal trade of the winged visitors.
The officials said that a meeting was held soon after the incident and it was decided to prepare an action plan to curb poaching. The Nalsarovar team was also told to explore the possibilities of the use of modern gadgets for patrolling. It was also decided that Typha grass which grows on the banks will be cut on regular basis.
The lake is known for its floral species which include Typha Angustata, (Gha-bajariyu) Bakheda, Gondaro, Dilo, Chigo, Thek, Kando among others. The officials said a search operation was carried out for four hours in the Ranagrah village by the department. They found that there was eight feet tall Typha grass which was used for hiding during poaching.
Principal chief conservator of forest (wildlife) C N Pandey said that the incident had been an eye-opener for the department. "A high-level meeting is scheduled later this month and we have assured the department that all necessary action will be taken. We will also have additional staff deployed to prevent such incidents," he said.


text:
Pattaya has begun looking for private investors to build a new wastewater-treatment plant after appeals to public agencies failed to generate funding for the 30 million baht project.
Deputy Mayor Verawat Khakhay chaired a Dec. 10 meeting with representatives from the water-supply industry to discuss how to get private investors to build the city a new plant.
Pattaya has begun looking for private investors to build a new wastewater-treatment plant to help fulfill Pattaya's growing needs.
Araya Ngamwongwan, general manager of for Pattaya's Water Supply Department, said current water supplies are sufficient to handle current demand of up to 1.8 million cu. meters of water per day. It's five sources of water can supply up to 2.5 million cu. meters.
However, if it doesn't rain this winter and next spring, shortages will develop, he said.
At the moment, Mabprachan Reservoir has 69 percent of its capacity left, Chak Nok Lake has 32 percent, Klangdong Lake 55 percent, Huay Sapan Lake 41 percent, and Huay Khunjit has 8 percent.
The Water Supply Department contacted the Department of Irrigation and East Water Co. because of the threat of future shortages.
"We are suffering from a lack of water because it didn't rain as much as last year, which caused problems throughout the region," Verawat said. "Even though the government has provided a budget to connect water pipes from Bang Phra to Mabprachan and build a dam in Huay Kainao to store water, it's still not enough."
Therefore, he said, the city launched a "Pattaya New Water" initiative to find private investors to spend 30 million baht to build a wastewater-treatment plant that could make up the shortfall.
A plant, Verawat said, "would give time to store water. We think this will be the best solution."
The city has formed two subcommittees to advance the project and address shortages.


text:
PESHAWAR: The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government is achieving multiple benchmarks in the arena of economic development, and it is all set to leap forward with another flagship programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) – the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project.
Despite odds and plethora of allegations by the opponents, the KP government steered through the challenge and commitment of providing a convenient and cheaper mode of transportation in the provincial capital.
The project was pursued determinedly, and now it stands completed in all respects well before the scheduled timeframe and sooner be inaugurated with great splendour.
The multi-billion project will ensure a decent mode of transportation to Peshawaris within the city. This much-anticipated project was also indispensable in the provincial capital due to the growing population and traffic load.
"The federal and provincial governments have been diligently pursuing this project despite cynical manipulation of public opinion about this flagship project merely as a publicity stunt," said Special Assistant to KP Chief Minister on Information and Local Government, Kamran Bangash.
Congestion on roads had made the life of commuters miserable as traffic snarls on the busy road transportation had been eating up hours of travellers resulting in wastage of time and fuel.
Since laying the foundation stone of the mega project, the critics of the BRT project were hell-bent upon creating various illusions and controversies about the multi-billion project just for their petty political gains.
"Those who used to say that the project will not be successful can now see that we have succeeded in executing it according to the international standard," Bangash said.
It is worth mentioning that despite many mega intra-city projects in other provinces, the successive governments in KP remained oblivious to mounting demands of rapid and cheaper mass transportation projects.
Unfortunately, those criticising the PTI initiated project today had been in the government for decades but failed to launch any such facility for the commuters. They had been diverting funds to projects of least importance in constituencies of either former chief ministers or cabinet members.
"The media should see itself that the grand project of BRT has been completed and buses on this 27 kilometres long route will start running from Thursday," Bangash said.
As it is most often challenging to deliver but easier to criticize, and the critics opted for the latter option of criticising the PTI government.
But when one goes through the facts, it is revealed that most of the arguments of the critics carry no weight. The facts negate the allegations of starting the project without a feasibility report as BRT was the only road project where there was complete technical evaluation, design, and environmental assessment before implementation.
Asian Development Bank, the largest donor of the project, oversaw the project (No 48289-001, 48289-002, and 48289-003) regularly while simultaneously releasing review reports.
Analyzing the costs, the project was within the budgets, and saying it was expensive is untrue. Initially, the cost of the BRT project as per ADB documentation (Project 48289-002) was $ 570 million, equivalent to Rs 60 billion (as per the rate of 104 of dollars).
Today, the dollar stands at Rs170 due to which the cost of the project is considered Rs100 billion and people are being confused by the opposition into believing that the provincial government has overspent, when its actually about the fluctuations in the market price of the dollar. It is pertinent to mention here that the cost of the BRT project included buses, construction of parking plazas, and hundreds of shops.
As per the agreement with ADB, the project was started in September 2017 and would have to be completed on June 30, 2021. But, it has been completed in July 2020, well before time.
The BRT project covered the whole city of Peshawar from one corner of Motorway Interchange to other corners of the city that end in Karkhano, and the entire Grand Trunk (GT) Road was rehabilitated under BRT.
Given these facts, the critics were left with no chance to blemish the PTI government. Had its performance been poor, the people in KP would have not elected this party for the government once again.
Bus Rapid Transit may be the only project in the country which has all the details available on ADB website including technical, environmental assessment, building, and financial matters.
"The BRT buses are environment friendly and comfortable and will provide a hustle-bustle free travelling facility to people," the special assistant said.
The BRT project was initiated on October 25, 2017, and within two years and 8 months, it was completed in July 2020 against the deadline of June 2021. On the contrary, Lahore Orange Train started in 2014, Karachi Green Line in February 2016, and Karachi Orange Line in June 2016, but all these projects have yet to be completed.
"The test drives of BRT buses have been carried out, ZU card is being distributed and it is ready for formal launching anytime in near future," Bangash said.
The special assistant said completion of this project in time and within the allocated cost is itself an answer to all allegations of its critics.
"Despite criticism of opponents and limited resources the PTI government executed this gigantic flagship project for the welfare of people," he added.
With the completion of this project, the PTI government has fulfilled another promise made to people. This cheaper and environmentally friendly mode of travelling would ease the masses suffering, who have been bearing the brunt of private transport in terms of higher fares and unnecessary wastage of time.
Peshwart BRT: Citizens to get a decent mode of transportation
PESHAWAR: The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government is achieving multiple benchmarks in the arena of economic development, and it is all set to leap forward with another flagship programme in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) – the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project.


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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
Vaishali S. Jabade1 and Sachin R. Gengaje2
Department of Electronics Engineering, VIT, Pune University, Pune, India
Department of Electronics Engineering, WIT, Solapur University, Solapur, India
Digital image watermarking is receiving widespread attention to protect applications of intellectual property
rights. In image watermarking, information is embedded in cover image to prove ownership. This information
must remain detectable even if image is manipulated. Applications of digital image watermarking include
trusted cameras, journalistic photography, prevention of identity photo forgery, digital rights management
systems, e-commerce, e-governance etc. It can also be used commercially for real time services such as
broadcast monitoring and security in communication. Authenticating digital images with fair imperceptibility
and high detection resolution is the challenge of today's research. Various image watermarking techniques
have been proposed in the last few years. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of
existing literature available on image watermarking. This paper is organized to discuss steps in image
watermarking, its applications, attributes, possible attacks, performance metrics and various methods.
KEYWORDS: Image Watermarking, Spatial and Transform Domain Watermarking, Watermarking Attacks
The unprecedented growth of digital networks and multimedia applications has resulted in significant
growth digital media including images, audio and video. It is impossible to distinguish original from
the copy as digital data has no difference in quality between the two. Digital media causes extensive
opportunities for piracy of copyrighted material. The means are required to detect copyright violations
and control access to these digital media. This has stimulated development of digital watermarking.
While Internet has created opportunities for authors, musicians, photographers, artists and software
engineers to market their works, it has also made copyright infringement easier than ever before.
Image watermarking is one of the aspects of digital watermarking. Due to lack of security, images can
be easily duplicated and distributed without owner's consent. Digital image watermarking is
modification of the original image data by embedding a watermark containing key information such
as authentication or copyright codes. A digital watermark is perceptible or imperceptible identification
code that is permanently embedded in host image which uniquely identifies its ownership. The
watermark embedded may be pseudo-random sequence, chaotic sequence, spread spectrum sequence
or meaningful binary or gray scale image. It can also be used as a way to transport information
secretly or to protect integrity of cover image. There is need to develop a method to embed readable
watermark such as text or logo in images that can be easily identified upon extraction [1].
This paper is organized to discuss process of image watermarking in section II, its applications in
section III, attributes in section IV, classification in section V, possible attacks in section VI,
performance parameters in section VII, techniques in section VIII, Computation models in section IX
followed by conclusion and future research direction.
Digital image watermarking process comprises of following 3 stages. Fig.2 describes generic model
of watermarking [2-3].
2.1. Generation and Embedding of Watermark
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
Embedding process is combination of watermark signal and original image. The process is also
known as tagging. In embedding phase, embedded data is usually hidden in image referred to as
cover-image. This produces stego-image. A key (stego-key) is used to control hiding process, thus
restricting detection and recovery of embedded data to parties who know it. This stego-key can be
either a public key or a private key depending on scheme of watermarking.
2.2. Transmission and Possible Attacks
The transmission process can be seen as distribution of signal through the watermark channel.
Possible attacks in the broadcast channel may be intentional or accidental.
2.3. Extraction and Detection of Watermark
Detection process allows the owner to be identified and provides information to intended recipient. In
extraction phase, stego-object is used with the key to extract watermark and identifies watermark.
Host Image
Figure 1. Stages in Image Watermarking
3.1. Copyright Protection
When a new work is produced, copyright information can be inserted as a watermark. In case of
dispute of ownership, watermark can provide evidence. It prevents third parties from claiming
ownership. Image watermarking can be used for protecting redistribution of this copyright material
over the un-trusted network like Internet or peer-to-peer networks.
3.2. Broadcast Monitoring
This application uses watermark to identify when and where works are broadcast by recognizing
watermarks. It can be used to monitor unauthorized broadcast station or works broadcasted by pirate
station. This has major application in commercial advertisement broadcasting to monitor whether their
advertisement was actually broadcasted at the right time and for right duration.
3.3. Tamper Detection
Digital content can be used for tamper detection by embedding fragile watermarks. If fragile
watermark is destroyed or degraded, it indicates presence of tampering and hence the digital content
cannot be trusted. Tamper detection is very important for applications involving highly sensitive data
like satellite imagery, medical imagery or as a forensic tool.
3.4. Content Authentication and Integrity Verification
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
Content authentication is able to detect any change in digital content. This can be achieved by using
either fragile or semi-fragile watermark which has low robustness for modification. For some works,
content is very important and original copy is not available. Under such circumstances, signature
information can be embedded and later on checked to verify whether it has been changed or not. It is
also used to authenticate snapshots of digital camera so that any changes in still image will be
reflected in watermark.
3.5. Fingerprinting
Fingerprints are unique to the owner of digital content. Someone obtains content legally but illegally
redistributes it. This can be prevented by tracking the whole transaction by issuing unique watermark
to every recipient. Hence a single digital object can have different fingerprints because they belong to
different users. Thus, one can tell who did it and when illegal copy appeared.
3.6. Copy and Usage Control
In this application, hardware like recording equipment reads watermark and act accordingly. It is
desirable in systems to have copy and usage control mechanism using watermark to prevent illegal
copying of the content or limit the number of times it is copied.
3.7. Content Archiving
Watermark can be used to insert digital object identifier or serial number to help archive digital
contents. It can also be used for classifying and organizing digital contents. Normally digital contents
are identified by their file names. However, this is a very fragile technique as file names can be easily
changed. Hence embedding an object identifier within the object itself reduces possibility of
3.8. Content Description
Watermark can contain some detailed information of the host image such as label and caption. For
this kind of application, capacity of the watermarking should be relatively large and there should not
be strict requirement for robustness.
3.9. Covert Communication
It includes exchange of messages secretly embedded within images. Hidden data should not raise any
suspicion that a secret message is being communicated. The basic requirement for such applications is
ability to secretly convey fairly large amount of data [4-5].
The attributes of image watermarking are its characteristics, properties or requirements. Different
applications demand different attributes. The following basic attributes need to be considered [6].
4.1 Imperceptibility, Transparency or Fidelity
One of the most important attribute is perceptual transparency of watermark which can also be called
as image fidelity. It refers to similarity of the un-watermarked and watermarked works. From this
perspective, watermark system exploits limitation of human eyes. Cox et al. define transparency or
fidelity as 'perceptual similarity between original and watermarked versions of the cover work'.
Watermark should not introduce visible distortions because it reduces commercial value of the image.
4.2 Robustness
Robustness indicates survival of watermark in the image. It is defined as ability to detect watermark
after common signal processing operations. Watermark should not be removed intentionally or
unintentionally by simple image processing operations or geometric manipulations. Robust
watermarks are designed to resist these normal operations. On the other hand, fragile watermarks are
designed to detect any attempt by an unauthorized person to change digital contents.
4.3 Capacity or Data Payload
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
This is the maximum amount of information that can be hidden without degrading image quality. It
describes how much data should be embedded as watermark so that it is successfully detected.
Watermark should be able to carry enough information to represent uniqueness of an image.
4.4 Security
Secret key can be used for embedding and detection process. Hackers should not be able to remove
watermark with anti-reverse engineering research algorithm. There are three types of keys used in
image watermarking: private-key, detection-key and public-key. Private-key is available only to
author. The public-key can be extracted by other users.
4.5 Computational Complexity
Computational complexity depends on the amount of time needed for execution of watermarking
algorithm. More computations ensure security and real time applications need speed and efficiency.
Image watermarking techniques can be classified from five perspectives as shown in Fig. 2.
Image Watermarking
Based on
Based on
Based on
Based on
Based on Domain
of Transformation
Figure 2. Classification of Image Watermarking
5.1. Based on Visibility
Watermarks may be visible (perceptible) or invisible (imperceptible). A visible watermark is easily
detected by observation while an invisible watermark is designed to be transparent to observer and
detected using signal processing techniques. Invisible or transparent marks use properties of the
human visual system to minimize perceptual distortion in watermarked image.
5.2. Based on Application
The watermarking techniques are classified based on application such as copyright protection or
authentication. Copyright protection is useful for ownership verification. Image authentication
systems have applicability in law, commerce, defence and journalism. Common examples include
marking of images in a database to detect tampering, in commercial applications, so a buyer can be
assured that the images bought are authentic upon receipt. Other situations include images used in
courtroom evidence or images involved in journalistic photography.
5.3. Based on Fragility (Ability to Resist Attack)
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
Based on fragility, watermarking schemes are classified as fragile, semi fragile or robust. This
classification indicates survival of watermark in watermarked image. A fragile watermark is designed
to detect slight changes to watermarked image with high probability. Fragile watermarking is used for
content authentication and tamper detection. Semi-fragile watermarking schemes are used to
discriminate between malicious manipulations, such as addition or removal of significant element of
image and global operations preserving semantic content of the image. Semi-fragile watermark can
also serve purpose of quality measurement. Robust watermark indicates survival of watermark in an
image in case of image degradation. A robust watermark is designed to resist attacks that attempt to
remove or destroy watermark. This is required in copyright protection applications.
5.4. Based on Extraction
Based on extraction method, image watermarking is classified as blind (public or oblivious), semiblind (semi-private) or non-blind (private or non-oblivious). In blind watermarking, watermark is
extracted without original image thus reducing storage requirements. However, this kind of
watermarking increases possibility of malicious access. Blind watermarking remains most
challenging problem as it does not require either original image or embedded watermark. There is also
asymmetric blind watermarking (public key watermarking). It has property that any user can read
watermark without being able to remove it. Semi-blind watermarking does not use original image for
detection but answers the question in positive or negative form. Non-blind watermarking systems
require original image for extraction. This kind of scheme is more robust than others since it requires
access to secret material. Non-blind watermarking is suitable for automatic Internet search
applications. The host image availability greatly facilitates detection. The original image can be used
to register watermarked image in order to compensate for geometric distortions.
5.5. Based on Domain of Transformation
In spatial domain methods, watermark information is embedded directly into image pixels. The
images are manipulated by altering one or more number of bits that make up pixels of the image. In
frequency domain methods, watermark information is embedded in the transform domain. There is
mapping of image to be watermarked into transform domain using either Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) or Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The other
transforms include Arnold Transform, Hadmard Transform, Bandelet Transform etc. Frequency
domain watermarking techniques are often used to achieve robustness, imperceptibility and security.
Watermarked image is transmitted through watermark channel. This channel includes possible attacks
or distortions on watermarks [16]. It includes signal processing or geometric attacks. These attacks
may be intentional (malicious) or un-intentional (accidental). These include cryptanalysis, stegaanalysis, image processing techniques or other attempts to remove existing watermarks or confuse the
reader challenging authenticity of watermark.
6.1 Signal Processing Attacks
These attacks are also called as Image Processing Attacks or Non geometric Attacks. Some common
signal processing attacks include Gaussian noise, salt and paper noise, compression etc.
6.2. Geometric Attacks
Geometric attacks attempt to destroy synchronization of detection. It makes detection process difficult
and sometimes even impossible. Geometrical distortions are classified basically into two types.
Global geometric attack affects all the pixels of the image in similar manner. Local geometric attack
affects different portions of an image in different ways. Geometric attacks include rotation, cropping,
scaling, translation etc.
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
The performance analysis for watermarked image and extracted watermark is done using different
statistical measures. The watermark robustness depends directly on the embedding strength, which in
turn influences visual degradation of the image. For benchmarking and performance evaluation, visual
degradation due to embedding is important.
7.1. Watermark Imperceptibility Analysis
The imperceptibility of watermarked image is qualitatively decided by visual artefacts in the
watermarked image. Different literatures have reported different metrics. As a quantitative measure,
following metrics are used. The various notations used are listed below.
𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗) : Original image,
𝑋 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗) : Watermarked image, and
Nt : Size of image
7.1.1. Mean Square Error (MSE)
Mean Square Error between original image and watermarked image is calculated as follows:
∑ (𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑋 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗))2
7.1.2. Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE)
Mean square error is normalized by original image energy and is calculated as follows:
∑𝑖,𝑗(𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑋 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗))2
(𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗))2
7.1.3. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)
Peak signal to noise ratio is an image quality metric and is defined in decibels as follows:
255 × 255
PSNR is calculated between the original and watermarked image. It is measured in units of dB. The
larger the PSNR value, more similar is the watermarked image to original image. If the PSNR value is
greater than 30dB then the perceptual quality is acceptable, i.e. watermark is almost invisible to
human eyes.
PSNR(dB) = l0log10
7.1.4. Image Fidelity (IF)
Image fidelity is a measure of imperceptibility or transparency of watermarked image and is
calculated as follows:
∑𝑖,𝑗(𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑋 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗))2
∑𝑖,𝑗(𝑋(𝑖, 𝑗))2
7.2. Watermark Robustness Analysis
The robustness of watermarked image is qualitatively decided by visual artefacts in the extracted
watermark in case of visually meaningful logo watermark. As a qualitative analysis, extracted and
embedded watermark images or text logos can be compared visually. As a quantitative measure,
following metrics are used in case of logo or binary sequence watermark. These indicate reliability
and readability of extracted watermark. The notations used are listed below.
𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗) : Original Watermark and
𝑊′(𝑖, 𝑗) : Extracted Watermark
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
7.2.1. Correlation Coefficient (CRC)
This metric is used to analyze compatibility of original watermark and extracted watermark. The
value ranges from 0 to 1. CRC is calculated as follows:
∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗)𝑊 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗)
√∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗)2 × ∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗)2
7.2.2. Similarity Measure (SIM)
A similarity measure also called as similarity coefficient (SC) between the extracted watermark and
embedded watermark is used for objective judgment of the extraction fidelity. This parameter is used
to quantify the difference between original and extracted watermark. The metric is compared with
predefined threshold to decide whether watermark signal exists or not. It is used to judge the existence
of watermark and is defined as
∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗)𝑊 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗)
∑𝑖 ∑𝑗 𝑊 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗)2
7.2.3. Distortion Ratio (DR)
To obtain a quantitative measure of the distortion, the distortion ratio between the extracted
watermark and original watermark is defined as
∑𝑖 ∑𝑗|𝑊 ′ (𝑖, 𝑗) − 𝑊(𝑖, 𝑗)|
× 100%
The minimum value of DR indicates reliable extraction of watermark.
7.2.4. Accuracy Ratio (AR)
It is used to evaluate similarity between the original watermark and extracted one. It is defined as ratio
of number of correct bits between original watermark and extracted watermark and number of original
watermark bits and is given by following equation.
𝐶𝐵 =No. of correct bits & 𝑁𝐵 =Total no. of bits
AR value closer to 1 indicates more similarity between original watermark and extracted watermark.
8.1 Spatial Domain
Spatial domain watermarking techniques modify the intensity or gray levels of original image. The
earlier work of digital image watermarking schemes embed watermark in least significant bits (LSB)
of the pixels. Pixels of image are represented by an 8-bit sequence. Watermark is embedded in the last
(i.e., least significant) bit, of selected pixels of the image. This kind of watermarking is simple and has
less computing complexity, because no transform of original image is required. However, there must
be trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness.
These techniques are easier to implement and does not generate serious distortions in the image.
However, these techniques are not very robust against attacks. For instance, an attacker could simply
randomize all LSBs which effectively destroy the hidden information. Also, these techniques suffer
from low information hiding capacity [7].
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
8.2 Transform Domain
Transform domain schemes involve insertion of watermark in the transform coefficients unlike spatial
domain watermarking. This approach shows better robustness and hiding capacity for watermarking.
In transform domain watermarking, watermark is inserted into transform coefficients of image. This
approach is more robust as embedded information can be spread out over entire image.
8.2.1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
DFT domain has been explored by researches because it offers robustness against geometric attacks.
There are two different kinds of DFT based watermark embedding techniques. One in which
watermark is directly embedded and another which is template based embedding. In direct embedding
watermark is embedded by modifying phase information in DFT. A template is a structure which is
embedded in DFT domain to estimate transformation factor. Once the image undergoes a
transformation this template is searched to resynchronize image, and then use detector to extract
embedded watermark. Wei Wang Aidong and Men Xiaobo Chen present robust digital image
watermarking scheme based on phase features in DFT domain and generalized Radon
transformations. The scheme selects phase information in DFT domain as feature of image, and uses
generalized Radon transformations to indentify geometric transformations. Kang Xiao and Jun Dong
present watermarking algorithm based on image segmentation and DFT, in order to improve security
and robustness against some attacks [8-10].
8.2.2 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
I.J. Cox et al. proposed a secure and robust watermark for multimedia. Based on hyper-chaos and
DCT algorithm, combined with the Arnold scrambling method, a novel digital image watermarking
algorithm is presented. Based on HVS, original image is split into blocks and encrypted watermark is
embedded into low frequency coefficients with different strength. A. Piva et al. developed a DCTBased watermark recovering without restoring to the uncorrupted original image and Chien Chang
Chen et al. developed a DCT based reversible image watermarking approach that works on quantized
DCT coefficients. Chip-Hong Chang et al. describe a DCT transform domain digital watermarking
scheme that uses visually meaningful binary watermark. The method embeds watermark adaptively
with localized embedding strength according to noise sensitivity level of host image. Fuzzy adaptive
resonance theory (Fuzzy-ART) classification is used to identify appropriate locations for watermark
insertion [11].
8.2.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
Wavelet transform is a mathematical tool for hierarchically decomposing an image. Wavelets allow
image to be described in terms of a coarse overall shape and details that range from broad to narrow
because of multi-resolution approach. Single stage decomposition divides an image into four subbands, a lower resolution approximation image (LL) a horizontal (HL), a vertical (LH) and a diagonal
(HH) detail bands. This is achieved by using a pair of high pass and low pass filters. Each of these
filters decomposes image into several frequencies. The process can then be repeated to compute
multiple scale wavelet decompositions. Watermark is embedded in different frequency DWT
components of sub-bands. Wavelets reflect anisotropic properties of HVS more precisely as compared
to FFT or DCT. This allows higher energy watermarks in regions where HVS is less sensitive.
Embedding watermark in these regions allow us to increase robustness of watermark, without much
degradation of image quality. Another advantage is that image compression standard JPEG 2000 is
uses wavelet transform. Victor et al. have developed an algorithm that relies upon adaptive image
watermarking in high resolution sub-bands of DWT. Zhao Dawei et al. suggested a chaos-based
robust wavelet-domain watermarking algorithm. N. Kaewkamnerd and K.R. Rao developed wavelet
based image adaptive watermarking scheme. The embedding is performed in higher level sub-bands
of wavelet transform, even though this can clearly change image fidelity. In order to avoid perceptual
degradation of image, watermark insertion should be carefully performed while using HVS. Literature
has reported use of various wavelet filters like Haar Wavelet, Daubechies wavelet, orthogonal
wavelet, bi-orthogonal wavelet, balanced multi-wavelet, hyperbolic wavelet, fractional wavelet and
wavelet packets to transform the image [12-18].
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2013.
In recent years, watermarking techniques are being improved using computational models. This
includes following models discussed.
9.1 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
SVD is one of the most powerful numerical analysis tools used to analyze matrices. In SVD
transformation, a matrix can be decomposed into three matrices that are of the same size as original
matrix. SVD transformation preserves both one-way and non-symmetric properties, usually not
obtainable in DCT and DFT transformations. Using SVD in digital image processing has advantages
like the size of matrices from SVD transformation is not fixed and can be a square or a rectangle.
Singular values in a digital image are less affected if general image processing is performed and
singular values contain intrinsic algebraic image properties. The singular values of the host image are
modified to embed the watermark image by employing multiple singular functions [19-22].
9.2 Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
Independent component analysis is recently developed technique. ICA is applied to compute some
statistically independent transform coefficients where watermark is embedded. The main advantage of
this approach is that each user can define its own ICA-based transformation. These transformations
behave as private-keys. On the other hand, some of these transform coefficients have white noise-like
spectral properties. An orthogonal watermark is developed to blindly detect it with a simple matched
filter. ICA consists of projecting a set of components onto another statistically independent set. These
approaches assume a multiple-input multiple-output model and have been successfully applied to
image watermarking. When applied to watermarking, ICA presumes the watermarked image as a
mixture of original image and watermark. The mixture image can be separated to estimate this
watermark [23-24].
9.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
An artificial neural network (ANN), usually called neural network, is a mathematical model or
computational model that is inspired by the structural and functional aspects of biological neural
networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes
information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases ANN is an adaptive system
that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network
during learning phase. Modern neural networks are non-linear statistical data modelling tools. They
are usually used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data.
Chuan-Yu Chang introduced copyright authentication for images with a full counter-propagation
neural network (FCNN). Most attacks do not degrade the quality of detected watermark image as
FCNN has storage and fault tolerance. Chen Yongqiang devised an optimal image watermarking
algorithm using synergetic neural network. Quan Liu et.al. designed and realized meaningful digital
watermarking algorithm based on Radial Basis Function neural network. It is used to simulate human
visual system to determine watermark embedding intensity [25-26].
9.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
SVM is a novel machine learning method. SVM-based classifier is built to minimize structural
misclassification risk, whereas conventional classification techniques often apply minimization of
empirical risk. SVM based classification is better because its efficiency does not directly depend on
dimension of classified entities. It is a technique for universal data classification. In recent years,
SVMs have been used for digital watermarking. The idea of SVM is to construct a mapping model
from input data to output data which are also defined as features for input data and targets for output
data. There are two data sets in classification as training data and testing data. Each training data
contains several features and one target [27- 28].
9.5 Genetic Algorithm (GA)
Genetic algorithm belonging to class of evolutionary algorithms is a search heuristic used to generate
useful solutions to optimization and search problems. It generates solutions to optimization problems
Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 1271-1282
Related documents
Related keywords
digital original embedded watermarking wavelet information watermark transform domain watermarked detection embedding based attacks image


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