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Background: To examine outcomes and prognostic factors in a large prospectively collected database of patients treated with Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery for breast cancer metastases to the brain.
Methods: All patients were treated with GK radiosurgery for brain metastases from breast cancer between 1993 and 2009. Overall survival time was calculated from the time of GK radiosurgery to the time of death from any cause. Kaplan-Meier analysis was applied to calculate overall median time to failure and clinical and radiologic features of the study population. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox Proportional Hazards regression analysis to calculate relative risk for mortality.
Results: Two hundred and ninety-two patients with were analyzed over a median follow-up of 8.53 months (reverse Kaplan-Meier follow-up of 66.81 months). The median overall survival for the entire cohort from the time of GK radiosurgery was 9.08 months (95% CI, 7.86-10.63 months). There was a significantly greater median overall survival in patients that had KPS > 70, age < 65, or ≤ 3 brain metastases. Multivariate analysis revealed that poor KPS (KPS < 70), older age (age > 65) and multiple lesions (> 3 lesions) were independent predictors of poor prognosis. The risk of mortality in patients with low KPS, multiple lesions, and older age (as defined above) was 300%, 80%, 50% greater than their counterparts, respectively.
Conclusion: Patients with poor performance status and multiple brain metastases from breast cancer have worse outcomes and may be candidates for conservative management.
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in women in the United States. Approximately 10-20% of patients with breast cancer develop clinical or radiographic evidence of brain metastases during their clinical course [1], and an autopsy series suggest this rate may be as high as 30% [2]. Breast cancer is second only to lung cancer in its propensity to develop central nervous system (CNS) metastasis [1, 3]. Risk factors for the development of brain metastases from breast cancer include young age, greater than three involved axillary lymph nodes, high grade tumor, primary tumor size greater than 2 cm, and negative hormone receptor status [4-7]. The rate of CNS metastases from breast cancer appears to be increasing [8-10], in part because improved systemic therapies are allowing patients to survive long enough to develop distant metastases, including to the brain. Many of these new targeted agents are large molecules which do not cross the blood-brain barrier and are, therefore, likely to be ineffective at controlling CNS disease. In addition, improvements in imaging are allowing earlier detection of otherwise subclinical CNS disease.
Historically, the standard of care for patients with limited CNS metastases has been surgical resection followed by whole brain radiation therapy. Three randomized controlled trials have compared surgical resection plus whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) with WBRT [11-13], and two have demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival with surgery plus WBRT versus WBRT alone. Mintz, et al. found no improvement in overall survival with combination therapy; however, 73% of these patients had extracranial metastases or uncontrolled primary disease [11].
More recently, Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery has been established as a minimally invasive treatment alternative for appropriately selected patients. Stereotactic radiosurgery has been shown to improve overall survival in patients with brain metastases compared with observation or steroids [9, 14-16].
A few studies have compared radiosurgery plus WBRT with WBRT alone in patients with oligometastatic disease [14-15, 17]. They found improved control of CNS disease with combined modality therapy but no difference in overall survival. However, Andrews, et al. suggested that patients with RPA Class 2 and favorable histology did demonstrate a survival benefit with combination therapy [14].
To date, there have been no randomized controlled trials comparing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) versus surgical resection followed by WBRT. Several retrospective studies suggest that SRS, plus or minus WBRT, is associated with similar overall survival as surgical resection plus WBRT [14-15, 17-18]. Although one retrospective study reports the opposite [13], many believe that the SRS doses were inadequate and may, therefore, be confounding the results.
Although numerous studies have reported outcomes for patients treated with GK for brain metastases, few studies to date have included only patients with breast cancer, and these studies included only a limited number of patients. A breast cancer-specific analysis is valuable because tumor histology is an important factor in predicting survival. Outcomes depend on multiple factors, including the disease burden at the time diagnosis of brain metastasis, and the efficacy of treatment options for the extracranial disease. These factors vary dramatically between histologies and may explain, at least in part, the differential survival between diseases, such as metastatic breast carcinoma and metastatic melanoma.
This study represents the second largest study to date to examine prognostic factors and outcomes in a prospectively collected database of patients treated with GK radiosurgery for breast cancer brain metastases.
Materials & Methods
Patient population
Between 1993 and 2009, 292 patients with breast cancer underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery at two tertiary care centers: the Miami Neuroscience Center (MNC) in Miami, Florida and the Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) in Baltimore, MD. These patients had at least one follow-up visit or their vital status was known during the study period. Thirty-seven (9.9%) patients were treated at JHH and 255 (87.33%) of patients were treated at the Miami Neuroscience Center. After obtaining approval from the institutional review board, an analysis was performed of the prospectively collected data. Histological diagnosis of primary breast cancer was confirmed by a biopsy of breast tissue in all patients, and an MRI of the brain was used to confirm brain metastases. Patient selection for radiosurgical treatment was done after consultation with a multi-disciplinary team including a neurosurgeon and a radiation oncologist for all cases.
Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment
The Leksell GK (Elekta AB, Stockholm Sweden) was used for the stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital. At Miami Neuroscience Center, Model U was used during the first eight years of the study, followed by Model C and B over the subsequent seven years, and Model Perfexion over the remaining study duration.
Patients were treated on an outpatient basis. Lidocaine was used as a local anesthetic for head frame placement. The treatment plan was developed by a neurosurgeon, radiation oncologist, and a radiation physicist. The mean prescription isodose line was 18 Gy for the first treatment and 21 Gy for the second treatment, prescribed to the 50% isodose line. Patients with brainstem lesions were treated with lower doses, usually < 16 Gy. The radiation dose prescription was dependent on the tumor volume, location in the brain, and history of prior radiation therapy to the brain.
Follow-up evaluations were performed approximately four weeks after GK radiosurgery, and approximately every three months thereafter. Follow-up evaluation consisted of a clinical history and physical examination, as well as a brain MRI.
Statistical analysis
Demographic and clinical features were summarized and compared between the two treatment centers with categorical data described as frequencies and compared using Fishers Exact Test. All means and medians of continuous data were compared using t-test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. For the primary analysis, overall survival time was calculated from the time of GK radiosurgery to the time of death from any cause. Secondary analyses included overall survival from the time of diagnosis of brain metastases. For surviving patients, survival was censored at the date of last follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier test was applied to calculate overall median time to failure and to compare survival times between the two centers, as well as clinical and radiologic features of the study population. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Analysis using a backward selection of predictors to calculate relative risk for mortality. All p-values reported are two-sided, and significance was set at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using standard methods. All analysis was done using Stata 9.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX).
All patients were treated with GK radiosurgery for breast cancer brain metastases. The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients treated at both centers are described in Table 1. The mean patient age was 54.4 years. Follow-up data and details of the administered radiotherapy was known for 257 patients, of which 210 (81.72%) patients were treated with GK alone while 47 (18.28%) received WBRT plus GK. Thirty-seven patients were treated at JHH, and 255 patients were treated at the MNC over a median follow-up of 8.53 months (reverse Kaplan-Meier follow-up of 66.81 months). When the patient population at two centers was compared, there was no significant difference in patient age, gender, or KPS between patients treated at the two institutions (Table 1), except that patient population at MNC had a significantly greater number of lesions (p=0.041) as well significantly larger tumor volumes (p=0.006) than those at JHH. Overall, the median age at the time of the procedure was 52.5 years, the median number of lesions was three, and the median tumor volume was 9.1 cc.
The median overall survival for the entire cohort from the time of GK radiosurgery was 9.08 months (95% CI, 7.86-10.63 months). The patients were stratified by gender, treatment center, KPS, number of lesions, age, tumor volume, concurrent radiotherapy, and median overall survivals (Tables 2, 3).
There was a significantly greater median overall survival in patients that had KPS > 70, age < 65, or ≤ 3 brain metastases. Multivariate analysis revealed that poor KPS (KPS < 70), older age (age > 65), and multiple lesions (> 3 lesions) were independent predictors of poor prognosis (Tables 4-6). The risk of mortality in patients with low KPS, multiple lesions, and older age (as defined above) was 300%, 80%, 50% greater than their counterparts, respectively.
The median overall survival for the entire cohort from the time of diagnosis of brain metastases was 15.59 months (95% CI 12.5-18.68 months). The patients were stratified by gender, treatment center, KPS, number of lesions, age, and tumor volume, and median overall survivals (Figure 1a). There was significantly greater median overall survival from the time of diagnosis of brain metastases for patients with KPS > 70 (Figure 1a), age < 65 (Figure 1b), ≤ 3 metastatic lesions (Figure 1c), or patients treated at JHH.
The median progression-free survival (PFS) (Figure 1a) was 4.9 months (95% CI: 4.38-5.89) with 271 (92.80) patients progressing or dying within the follow-up time. Upon stratified analysis, PFS significantly differed between patients with fewer lesions (< 3 lesions) and more lesions (p < 0.001); KPS < 70 (p=0.001) and higher (p < 0.001); and volume of lesions with larger volume having poorer PFS (p=0.046). Multivariate analysis demonstrated the number of lesions and KPS to be independent predictors of progression.
We present the second largest series to date examining prognostic factors and outcomes in a prospectively collected database of patients treated with GK radiosurgery for breast cancer brain metastases. In their retrospective study, Goyal, et al. [19] reviewed 43 patients with 84 lesions treated with GK for breast cancer brain metastases. They report a median overall survival of 13 months after radiosurgery, which is longer than the 9.08 months reported in the present study. Their study included patients who, on average, had better performance status, fewer metastases, and smaller tumor volumes than the present study; however, their study was consistent with ours in that multivariate analysis found that KPS and age were most predictive of survival.
Kondziolka, et al., reviewed the outcomes of 350 patients with breast cancer metastasis to the brain [29]. Median survival time in this series was 11.2 months and better prognosis was associated with extracranial control, better RPA class, higher KPS score, a smaller number of brain metastases (< 5), a smaller total tumor volume (< 8 cc), lesions located at deep cerebral or brainstem sites, and HER2/neu overexpression. While our series did not find an association with total tumor volume, our results are consistent with a better prognosis being associated with higher KPS class and fewer lesions. We also found that age was a significant prognostic factor, with patients younger than 65 having improved survival. Despite having comparable mean age of patients (54.4 vs 54), Kondziolza, et al. did not find an association between age and outcomes, likely because they compared survival in patients older or younger than 45 years. Predictors of higher progression-free survival (PFS) were lower RPA class, fewer lesions on SRS (< 3 metastases), no prior WBRT, smaller total tumor volume (< 8 cc), smaller volume for the largest tumor, presence of cerebellar metastases, and margin dose < 17 Gy. These results are in agreement with our study which associates better PFS with < 3 lesions, higher KPS, smaller tumor volume (< 9.1 cc). Due to lack of data, we could not evaluate the association of PFS with lesion location and RPA class.
Sook Lee, et al. [20] reviewed a series of 198 breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Twenty-two (11%) of these patients were treated with Gamma Knife and 75.3% were treated with WBRT as the primary modality of therapy. They report a median overall survival of 5.6 months, with only 23% of patients surviving over one year. When stratified by treatment modality, the median overall survival was 5.4 months for patients receiving WBRT, 14.9 months for patients receiving surgery or GK alone, and 2.1 months for patients that did not receive any treatment. Consistent with our study, Goyal, et al. also showed that performance status is a significant predictor of overall survival in multivariate analysis, with patients with a good performance status having a median survival of 6.5 months versus 3.2 months for ECOG performance status greater than or equal to three.
Another review of breast cancer patients with brain metastasis was performed by Rades and colleagues [18] who reviewed 207 patients treated with WBRT. The median survival for the entire cohort was five months, consistent with the study by Sook Lee. On multivariate analysis, they found that overall survival was significantly associated with KPS (RR 4.0, p<0.001) and extracranial metastases (RR 1.54, p=0.024). They recommend that patients with RPA class 3 (KPS < 70) receive best supportive care rather than more aggressive management because of their extremely poor prognosis. Our data are consistent with this conclusion in that patients with KPS ≤ 70 had a median overall survival of only 4.38 months, whereas patients with KPS > 70 had a median survival of 13.16 months.
Our study did not find any significant difference in the median survival of patients who were treated with radiosurgery (9.08, 95% CI: 7.7-11.35 months) only versus radiosurgery with WBRT (7.96, 95% CI 5.39-11.51 months) p=0.48 (Figure 1d). Furthermore, even though addition of WBRT did enhance progression-free survival, this difference did not attain a statistical significance (GK only: 4.84, 95% CI: 4.11-5.79 versus GK+WBRT: 5.39 months, 95% CI: 3.85-6.94; p=0.97). A prior surgical series by Wronski, et al. [21] reported outcomes of 70 patients with primary breast cancer who underwent surgical resection of brain metastases. The median overall survival was 16.2 months after the diagnosis of a brain tumor, and 14.0 months after brain surgery. Multivariate analysis found that adjuvant WBRT after surgery and lack of meningeal carcinomatosis were the only significant predictive variables of longer survival. Survival in patients receiving WBRT was 15.8 months versus 9.6 months for those who did not. However, the vast majority of their patients did receive WBRT, which makes the results challenging to interpret.
The role of WBRT after GK for brain metastases remains controversial. Four studies have compared radiosurgery alone to radiosurgery, plus WBRT, and have failed to show a significant improvement in overall survival with combined modality therapy [16, 22-23]. On the other hand, Pirzkall, et al. [15] showed an overall survival benefit with the addition of WBRT to radiosurgery. Similarly, Regine, et al. [24] reported significantly increased rates of tumor recurrence with radiosurgery alone compared with radiosurgery, plus WBRT.
An important limitation of the present study is that the hormone receptor status of the initial breast tumors was not prospectively recorded. Prior studies, including Wronksi and colleagues, have shown that patients with positive estrogen or progesterone receptor status had a significantly longer overall survival than patients with negative hormone receptor status (21.9 months versus 12.5 months, p<0.05). The influence of hormone receptor status on the survival in the present cohort of patients is unknown.
Nevertheless, our study represents an important contribution to the current body of literature in that it has prospectively collected outcome data for patients treated with GK radiosurgery for breast cancer brain metastasis, and it is the second largest study to date in this patient population. There have been several large studies which have reported outcomes for patients with a wide variety of tumor histologies treated with GK radiosurgery for brain metastases [25-27]. The results of these studies are consistent with our study in reporting a significant relationship between performance status, tumor volume, and number of brain metastases on overall survival. In general, the number of patients in these studies with breast cancer was small and many showed that tumor histology was an important predictor of overall survival. For example, of the 521 patient reported by Serizawa, et al. [26], only 33 (6.3%) had breast cancer metastases.
Multiple studies have found a significant relationship between tumor histology and overall survival following radiosurgery for brain metastases. For example, Petrovich, et al. found that the 38 (8.3%) patients with a breast cancer primary had a median survival of 17 months versus nine months for all patients, six months for colon cancer, and eight months for melanoma. Similarly, Pollock, et al. [28] reported that patients with radiosensitive primaries, such as breast (21%) and lung (53%), were less likely to develop intracranial recurrences than patients with radioresistant tumors, such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and sarcoma (relative risk 2.43, p=0.02). This variation in outcomes with tumor histology highlights the importance of our breast cancer-specific analysis.
In summary, we examine prognostic factors and outcomes in a large prospectively collected database of patients treated with GK radiosurgery for breast cancer metastases to the brain. Our data is consistent with previous studies showing that: performance status, age, and number of brain metastases are the factors most predictive of survival. Because of the consistently poor outcomes across studies, conservative management approaches should be considered in breast cancer patients with multiple brain metastases, advanced age, and a poor performance status.
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Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Breast Cancer Metastases to the Brain: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors from a Large Prospectively Collected Database
Ethics Statement and Conflict of Interest Disclosures
Human subjects: Consent was obtained by all participants in this study. The Institutional Review Board at Johns Hopkins Hospital issued approval N/A. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
We would like to thank Elekta for providing an educational unrestricted grant support for this work.
Article Information
Cite this article as:
Wolf A L, Redmond K J, Bortoletto P, et al. (May 10, 2012) Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Breast Cancer Metastases to the Brain: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors from a Large Prospectively Collected Database. Cureus 4(5): e43. doi:10.7759/cureus.43
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Published: May 10, 2012
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Wolf et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Breast Cancer Metastases to the Brain: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors from a Large Prospectively Collected Database
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February 29, 2004
The White Stuff
By ALAN RIDING
A piece by Morphosis + Do-Ho Suh at the ''The Snow Show.''
Slide Show: Ice Capades
ROVANIEMI, Finland
There is not much to do in Finland's Lapland in winter. Kemi, a port city at the northern end of the frozen Gulf of Bothnia, has a Snow Castle that includes a hotel where tourists can sleep on slabs of ice; 90 miles to the north on the frozen River Ounasjoki, Rovaniemi is gateway to Santa Claus Village, where letters can be mailed to the old benefactor in his hideaway on the North Pole.
"In summer, we fish and make love," one Laplander deadpanned. "In winter, we fish less."
But an unusual outdoor art exhibition called "The Snow Show" has briefly added Kemi and Rovaniemi to the circuit of destinations for adventurous art tourists eager to brave subzero temperatures. Earlier this month, mysterious multicolored sculptures of snow and ice began rising from the frozen landscape. Then, as natural and transient as their setting, the works of art will begin to melt and be gone by early April.
For the next four weeks or so, though, they should stand proud. They come in all shapes and sizes, some abstract, some figurative, but the key variable is their material. Those made of snow are interesting mainly for their geometric forms because, at least from afar, packed snow looks as ordinary as white concrete. Happily, most works have used ice, which exudes an effortless translucent beauty, at times radiating a soft pale green, at other times evoking a shattered window pane.
Yet even when the outcome is less than successful, there is something fresh, almost naïve, about many sculptures. One reason, no doubt, is that in each case a leading artist was twinned with a celebrated architect to create a specific work, prompting a fair amount of brainstorming. But another is that most participants were trying their hand with an unfamiliar medium. In fact, apart from, say, ice mermaids on cruise ship buffet tables or the round forms of Kemi's Snow Castle, making art with snow and ice has almost no track record.
While the art is ephemeral, the show's organizers are after more permanent results. The Finnish government and tourist officials who are managing "The Snow Show" see it as a novel way of publicizing winter travel to the edge of the Arctic Circle. To cover the cost of the event, the organizers found government and commercial sponsors willing to contribute roughly $1 million. They are now counting on at least 25,000 paying visitors (a ticket to one site costs $6.25, to both sites $10).
On the other hand, Lance Fung, the New York art dealer who came up with the idea and was hired as the show's chief curator, would like a more original legacy. Already, he believes the show has spawned technical and artistic breakthroughs in what can be done with snow and ice. But more daringly, he hopes to demonstrate that artists and architects can work together in an environment, on a scale and with a material alien to most of them.
Even so, it takes some imagination to accept the nine works in Kemi and the eight in Rovaniemi as constituting a genuine art exhibition. The construction material is of course unorthodox, but the form also frequently obscures the message. And in at least two cases, the structures are large enough to suggest buildings rather than installations. At best, perhaps, they remind an observer of a group show in a frozen sculpture garden.
But something else distances the works from traditional art. The artists and architects may have conceived and designed the works, but it was a taciturn Finnish ice engineer called Sappo Makinen, helped by local builders and 120 international student volunteers, who actually made them. In fact, at least half the participating artists and architects may never see what they imagined. And most who attended the opening days, Feb. 10 and 11, were seeing their works for the first time.
Still, in the main, they were pleased with the results, adding final touches or watching with delight as crystalline forms emerged from the wooden casts that shaped them. Only the British artist Anish Kapoor had an unhappy experience. His "Red Whale," which he created with the London-based firm Future Systems, was a large hollow structure the color of raspberry sorbet. Holes were punched in its five-inch-thick ice "skin," through which interior lights would shine at night. In theory, that is. Hours after the piece was completed, it imploded, apparently weakened by the heat that the lights generated.
Mr. Fung, 41, who seemed as much cheer-leader as curator, made the best of this setback by reiterating a favorite point: that this is an experiment in human dynamics as well as new material.
"Curatorially, I see the show is about collaboration," he explained on the opening day in Kemi. "Artists agreed to be partnered with someone they did not know from another field. They agreed to develop a piece without knowing what we could execute, to engage in an experiment, even to be satisfied if the structure cannot be completed, because the show is about the process."
Mr. Fung's first challenge, though, was to find artists and architects interested in engaging in what is traditionally a somewhat skewed relationship: many architects also think of themselves as artists (and like to exhibit their drawings, paintings, sculptures and collages), but few artists think of themselves as architects. Further, architects usually work for clients; most artists enjoy greater independence.
Could the competing egos coexist?
"I only knew artists but no architects," said Mr. Fung, who has a gallery at 537 Broadway in SoHo. "I spent a year culling 1,000 artists and 300 architects. I sent out letters and was surprised by the response. But how to partner them? I had been warned who wouldn't work with whom. In the end, most said, `It's your project, partner me as you see fit.' They wanted to work with someone talented who would challenge them."
Judging by the results, however, it is apparent that architects dominated most of the collaborations. For Rovaniemi, for instance, Zaha Hadid, a London-based architect, designed two large mirrored landscape formations, one in shimmering pale green ice, the other in snow. Her partner, Cai Guo-Qiang, a Chinese-born pyrotechnical artist (who shook Central Park last September), had no role in the design. Instead, he set fire to parts of the structure in an action called "Caress Zaha With Vodka."
Even larger is "Iced Time Tunnel," a striking semicircular tunnel designed for Rovaniemi by the architect Tadao Ando and the artist Tatsuo Miyajima, both from Japan. Mr. Ando provided the ice tunnel, while Mr. Miyajima added the time element with 70 counter gadgets that display nonsequential numbers from one to nine representing life (and when no number appears, Mr. Miyajima explained, zero, darkness and death).
Also in Rovaniemi is a work called "Lanterns of Ursa Minor," in which three young Finnish architects Helena Sandman, Jenni Reuter and Saija Hollmen borrow from the tradition of ice lanterns (in which candles illuminate frozen "vases" of ice) to create five large ice cylinders that can be entered like capsules. Their American partner, the conceptual artist Robert Barry, who did not travel here for the opening, simply provided five words carved into the ice: Real, Meaning, Possible, Desperate and Expect.
Similarly, in Kemi, the Greek architectural firm Anamorphosis designed a small cut-away amphitheater of ice and snow called, somewhat grandiosely, "The Morphic Excess of the Natural," while its partner, the Irish artist Eva Rothchild, added large crystals of ice. Lighted up at night, the work is quite magical. Night lighting is equally effective in transforming "Obscured Horizon," rectangular slabs of green, blue and white ice created in Kemi by the Mexican architect Enrique Norten and the American conceptual artist Lawrence Weiner.
"It wasn't interesting for me unless I remained an artist and he remained an architect," Mr. Weiner explained. "Enrique agreed. We began corresponding, sending pictures. I am interested in the horizon, he is interested in monolithic forms. I'm interested in the bonding process, and here we brought together two pieces of ice one clear, one colored. All buildings are sheathed that's what gives them an identity when facing the horizon."
In some cases, though, the artist provided the nut idea. For instance, for the structure that stands outside a restaurant on the Arctic Circle, Yoko Ono first proposed "Ice Jail," then substituted "Penal Colony." With this, her partner, the Japanese architect Arata Isozaki, was inspired to design an ice labyrinth, its pale green walls rising 32 feet above the snow. The extraordinary texture of ice, solid yet fissured, is again the star. (Neither Ms. Ono nor Mr. Isozaki attended the opening.)
The British artist Rachel Whiteread, who usually casts the inside of rooms or objects, much like negative images, is perhaps more acquainted with architectural forms than many artists. In any event, in her partnership with Juhani Pallasmaa, of Finland, it was the architect who, in his words, "thought the artist should make the first move."
"I invited him to my studio and he was very taken by the simplicity of what I do," Ms. Whiteread recalled. "I had a three-dimensional model of an actual stairwell in East London and it turned out that he, too, was very interested in staircases. I said I'd like to cast it in snow, not back-to-front as in some of my work, but on its side. He did the drawings, but I also realized you can't fight the material. I work in details a lot, but snowmen don't have details."
Two teams chose to use flat surfaces. Working with the California-based artist John Roloff, the architects Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio created a chessboard in the frozen sea at Kemi where they cut away 81 cubes of ice and filled each hole with 55 gallons of brand-name water, which promptly froze. Kiki Smith and the architect Lebbeus Woods created a frozen round pond that at night reveals shadowy figures hovering among streaks of light.
"I quite liked the idea that if it snowed, it would just disappear," Ms. Smith said with a laugh.
And soon, of course, everything will disappear.
Ideally, the gradual melting of these all too solid shapes should also be part of the show. But in practice, as soon as there is any danger of a tourist being floored by a lump of ice, the installations will be torn down.
For Mr. Fung, this is just the beginning. Having demonstrated that frozen art is viable, he is planning a new snow show in Switzerland next year and has been promised space at the 2006 Winter Olympics outside Torino, Italy. And thanks to publicity about the Finnish show, he is confident of wooing more artists and drawing larger crowds. But one question has still to be answered: as art, do snow and ice have anything else to say?
Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company


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This group has been using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset to replicate and extend their intial results, namely that the principal area of decreased glucose metabolism in the healthy, human, resting brain localizes to the anterior cingulate cortex. Further, this decline correlates with diminished aging-related executive function. They have now replicated this finding in the dataset using coarse stereotactic templates. They now also find that this decline is not related to deposition of amyloid nor vascular risk factors. All of these data are associated with high-resolution MRI scans that will require using of FSL and FreeSurfer software on MSI hardware. The group also plans to begin using the Human Connectome Project software workbench that will have heavy computational needs.
Professor Jose Pardo
Project Title:
Cognitive Aging
Joel Lee
Shantal Nyabwari
Professor Jose Pardo


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One of the big brother housemates edition, the most controversial and the only expelled housemate in this year edition of "Pepper Dem", Anita Natacha Akide popularly known as Simply TACHA has allegedly removed the tatoo of a popular Nigerian hiphop star, Adeleke David popularly known as DAVIDO.
The disqualified housemate, Simply TACHA is an Instagram sensation who once went viral for tattooing Davido's picture on her chest and uploaded it on her Instagram page in February, 2018.
According to an Instagram user @chinnysblogng who shared new picture of Tacha captioned "Tacha Removes Davido's Tattoo On Her Chest" which has gone viral.
A post shared by CHINNYSBLOGNG 😍😘#Chinny (@chinnysblogng) on
There were speculations from certain quarters that Tacha took such decision because she was disappointed in Davido who did not support her during the BBNaija while other people reacted that the new picture is a product of photo-shop or picture mix.
WITHIN NIGERIA had earlier reported that Sequel to the brouhaha that happened earlier today between two female housemates in the Big Brother House, Tacha has been disqualified from the reality TV show while Mercy was issued two strikes…
According to section 15 of the Big Brother Rule Book, physical altercation are not allowed and the punishment is a disqualification.


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Our Vision
To affect the world through the preaching and demonstration of God's love.
Our Mission
To help people develop Godly character and sharing the same practically so as to make the society a better place to live in.
Core Values – CARE
Communicate the gospel lovingly by actions and words.
Assisting everyone in finding their God's-given purpose in life.
Relate with and see everyone the way God sees them.
Encourage both believers and converts to live a life of compassion.


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I surprised myself this year by doing things that I didn't think I wanted to or was too shy to do. As the year draws to a close, I'm glad that after a crappy last year, I still managed to make this year slightly better by taking chances.
1) Taking part in discussions: In the beginning of the year, I received an email from my editor that stirred up emotions inside of me. Okay, usually I like to take a backseat and follow up on discussions as an audience rather than a participator. The email was sent to the other authors in the publishing house too and thus began a long discussion where I actually learnt a lot.
The email that sparked this discussion was about us authors not doing enough to promote our books. I remember reading the email and getting slightly angry as I had been putting more hours promoting my books than writing. In fact I had put my new novel (which I have still not completed) on hold because I wanted to give all my books the chance they deserved.
Who knew promoting could be so hard? I've pretty much joined every social network in the world and only few of them have actually proved to be fruitful. So when the email called for joining a few more websites, I kind of snapped. The problem with joining new websites is that you also receive a lot of unwanted emails. Yes, there's a spam folder, but it was driving me crazy.
So for the very first time, I decided to reply to the email and tell my editor exactly what I thought as politely as possible. I get that authors are required to promote our own books, but what about our writing? Where are we going to find the time to that if we spend literally all our time promoting? I really am proud to be an author of Club Lighthouse Publishing as they have given me my very first chance to become a published author, but I seriously wish they could have helped me with promoting my books too.
Anyway, ideas were thrown in from every author and I actually got to use my Marketing degree by coming up with some good ideas too. Whether or not they will be implemented in the future or not, who knows? I also got to interact with the other authors and learn a few things.
So overall, it was a very engaging discussion and I'm glad I stood up for myself and put my points forward too.
2) Started to write Fanfiction: After all this was over, I suffered a writer's block and couldn't work on my novel. Plus, I was stuck a little bit with the plot. However, the itch to write remained and I didn't think it was a good idea to start working on an entirely new novel as I would get too distracted and not return to the first one.
I have read fanfiction before but I never thought of writing my very own before as I believed it wouldn't be productive and I wouldn't learn anything from it. As a writer, I want to constantly learn something new and improve my writing skills. I thought of fanfiction as something the opposite.
I have to admit I was wrong. Writing fanfiction is challenging too. The only thing that is slightly easier is that the characters are well loved so you don't have to put in a lot of hard work trying to create a completely likable character. Any character you do create is paired opposite a well loved one and through 'their' interactions, the made up character also becomes more interesting to the reader.
I'm a huge fan of the Assassin Creed games and so I began writing my very first story with Ezio as the protagonist. It started off a bit clunky and I was apprehensive- what if my readers didn't like my writing or the way I had written Ezio; an already popular character.
As I wrote, I kept dreading the reviews and a part of me didn't even want any. But then I received my first review and then another and another and all of them were positive. Phew!
Okay sure I did receive one or two that offered constructive criticism, but I was eager to learn and I took note of it and made sure I didn't make the same mistakes again. By the time I had finished my first story, I had quite a few followers and a lot of positive reviews.
I like to think my writing has improved since then. I got to learn a lot and practice my writing. The one thing I'm sure all writers love is to have their work read and appreciated and I got that! I can't wait to go back to writing another fanfic.
3) I went to my very first Rock Concert: There are plenty of international artists coming over to Dubai, but I hadn't been to even one concert. My response to anyone who asked was that I would only go to a concert if Daughtry ever came to Dubai.
Wish granted! The concert was in my birthday week and I couldn't have asked for a better gift. I had to sit for almost three hours in Friday traffic, but I eventually made it to the concert and it was an amazing experience.
I love all the songs, but I had a few favorites which were unfortunately not played L
Nevertheless, I screamed, I sang and had an amazing time. Best concert ever!
4) Self-publishing: This was something I didn't really want to get into first. But this year has been a lot of firsts for me and this one was going to be too.
I had heard about Smashwords and Amazon KDP, but I was already an author at CLP, so I didn't really think that I needed to try this out. I don't even remember why I decided to in the end but I'm guessing it had probably something to do with the discussion in the beginning of the year that changed my mind. Also, there was an article in the paper that made me put away all my reservations about self-publishing.
I want to give my writing and my works their best shot. So I decided to try it out with Amazon first. I chose one of my stories I had already written and hadn't sent off to any publishers yet. After carefully formatting it and designing up the cover, I put it up. (Check it out here)
After a few weeks, I decided to try out Smashwords too and made a collection of all the short stories I had written over the years. The cover for this was slightly easier to create than the one for Amazon. (Check it out here)
Another few weeks later, I dug up my first prepared manuscript and edited it. This went up on both sites separately. (Check it out here and here)
I guess I still have to wait to find out if self-publishing is a better option for me or not.
5) Learning new skills: This came up when I decided to go for self-publishing. I never thought I would one day need Photoshop skills before. If I had learnt it a long time ago, I wouldn't have gone through so much trouble now. Comparatively, editing and formatting my book for Amazon and even Smashwords, was easier than preparing an enticing book cover.
I had the vision for what I wanted the covers to look like, but lacked the skills. I can only hope I've done a passable job.
Another thing I learned was while formatting for Smashwords. I took Word's features for granted, but when the formatting asked for stripping all the Automatic features, I got frustrated and was thinking of giving up. It turned out, that I was over-stressing it. My book was converted successfully according to the results and formatting my second one was fairly easier. A lot of stress for nothing!
6) Blogging: And last but not least, I decided to delete my older blogs and choose Blogger instead. As much as I loved the older blogs on the Weebly site, I kept getting a lot of spam. Blogger may not have as many features as Weebly, but it definitely has a better feel and saving options.
I had encountered a few problems in Weebly where the posts wouldn't save and I would have to refresh the whole thing, only to have my post disappear. And I hadn't even saved it!!!
Blogger at least saves posts as drafts.
This was my year. Not a lot of notable things happened, but way better than the previous ones and I'm so glad I took a few chances and learned new things.


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Apa annotated bibliography for websites
This website offers descriptions and examples of annotated bibliographies in both MLA and APA format and contains a link to the Spanish translation of the information. Harner, J. L. (2000).
⭐ Annotated Bibliography - Solve All Your Problems Online
Jan 10, 2020 · American Psychological Association rules for formatting papers, in-text citations, and end references. Examples based on the sixth edition of the Publication Manual from the APA. By Alexis Carlson The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not give specific guidelines on how to create an annotated bibliography. Based on prior editions of the APA Manual, …
Annotated Bibliography Definition and Examples - APA
An APA annotated bibliography is a list of references that contains a summary or evaluation of the source following the APA style. It should be attached at the end of your paper, or it could be submitted as a single project. You can use an annotation generator to generate yours, or you can write it yourself.
Reference List: Electronic Sources // Purdue Writing Lab
Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA. EasyBib: Free Bibliography Generator - MLA, APA…
Writing an APA-Style Annotated Bibliography - NURS 255
APA – Use APA writing style to format the bibliographic information for the source used. Annotated – Provide a paragraph of approximately 120-150 words that briefly describes and evaluates the content of the source. Citations/Bibliography – The alphabetical listing of the sources used. This can include articles from journals, books, websites.
Annotated bibliography - Citation Style: APA - Research
Annotated Bibliography Example APA . Annotated Bibliography APA does not differ that much from MLA-formatted one. The only difference is in book identifications format: you write full last name and initials of the author's first name, date, book/article title, magazine title, issue/number, and publisher.
Purdue OWL Guide to Annotated bibliographies
Annotated Bibliography overview: What is annotated bibliography? A bibliography is a list of sources such as books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc. which one has used for topic research. Bibliographies are often known as "References" or "Works Cited" depending on the format being used.
Creating Annotated Bibliographies Based on APA Style
Mar 29, 2019 · To write an annotated bibliography, start by gathering all the source material you used in your project and choosing the most high-quality work to include, such as scholarly journals or reputable websites.
Sample Annotated Bibliography in APA Style
Let us ease the work for you with our competent annotated bibliography generator. It saves you time and energy. Generate Your Bibliography Free. Whether you are using the standard bibliography tool or our annotated bibliography maker, the ultimate goal is …
APA Annotated Bibliography: Example & Requirements in 2019
Citation Machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Cite your website in American Psychological Association 6th edition (annotated bibliography …
Annotated Bibliography Example - MLA & APA Sample Annotation
Use our sample 'Sample APA Annotated Bibliography.' Read it or download it for free. Free help from wikiHow.
Stressed About APA Bibliography Writing? We Can Help
Dec 07, 2019 · An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Reference page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source.
How To Write An Annotated Bibliography Step By Step? - YouTube
Write an annotated bibliography. What is an annotated bibliography Description. A bibliography, sometimes referred to as References or Works Cited, is an organized list of sources (e.g., books, journal/magazine articles, Web sites, etc.) consulted in the research process. APA, Chicago. Sample citations and annotations.
A Complete Guide to the MLA & APA Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation.
Annotated bibliography apa order - palgroup.org
Apr 17, 2017 · Even accomplished writers who are familiar with the American Psychological Association style guide may find annotated bibliographies intimidating, due to uncertainty about the content and the extra work that the detailed document demands. However, the format of an APA annotated bibliography mirrors a standard
Annotated Bibliography Examples | Formats | Templates
Oct 30, 2019 · A bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, websites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic. Bibliographies are sometimes called "references" or "works cited" depending on the style format you are using. A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.).
BibMe: Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA
Sep 24, 2019 · An an n otated bibliography is the full APA Reference of a source followed by notes and commentary about a so urce. T he word "annotate" means "critical or explanatory notes" and the word "bibliography" means "a list of sources". Annotation s are meant …
How to Write an Annotated Bibliography for Websites | Pen
Jan 10, 2020 · APA Style Guide: Websites American Psychological Association rules for formatting papers, in-text citations, and end references. Examples based on the sixth edition of the Publication Manual from the APA.
Websites - APA Style Guide - LibGuides at Indian River
Nov 05, 2019 · Basically, APA annotated bibliography is a list of reliable sources where people provide annotations on key points for about 150-200 words in a paragraph form. Also, an annotated bibliography in APA may include other sections, such as evaluation and reflection.
Sample APA Annotation - Annotated Bibliography - LibGuides
An Annotated Bibliography is a working list of references—books, journal articles, online documents, websites, etc.—that you will use for an essay, research paper, or project. However, each reference citation is followed by a short summative and/or evaluative paragraph, which is called an annotation.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
An annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources (like a reference list). It differs from a straightforward bibliography in that each reference is followed by a paragraph length annotation, usually 100–200 words in length.
Our Bibliography Format Website - Annotated Bibliography Maker
Additional annotated bibliography examples in MLA, and an APA annotated bibliography example, are found further down the page. For more information on annotations, check out this informative site . If you're looking to strengthen your writing in general, reading these grammar guides could be a good start.
APA Citation Guide (6th edition): Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography Help Online. Are you a college student who has a task to perform paper writing assignments or needs some bibliography help? In this article, we will make sure you figure out all the answers and solutions! Let's start from the basic question - what is an annotated bibliography?
APA Annotated Bibliography Generator
This handout provides information about annotated bibliographies in MLA, APA, and CMS. Overview. Below you will find sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your
Guide: How to cite a Website in APA style - Cite This For Me
BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard
Sample APA Annotated Bibliography - wikiHow
Feb 19, 2018 · An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and …
Write an annotated bibliography Kennedy Library | Home
If you have tried an APA annotated bibliography generator and you cannot get on with it then we can help you with our service. We are a dedicated writing service that employs highly qualified and experienced personnel who work as both researchers and writers in the areas of their expertise.
Annotated Bibliography Samples // Purdue Writing Lab
Jul 16, 2019 · The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, 2010) for the journal citation: This Annotated Bibliography from the Lake-Sumter State College is a good example of APA style citations, accompanied by …
7+ Annotated Bibliography Templates – Free Word & PDF
APA Annotated Bibliography with Us An annotated bibliography is you sum up and short overview a string of origins for probable object matters, and this is an arduous and exhausting task. You need to look for a source, often read it very boring, then find a way to generalize and effectively analyze just a few words, and then do it again and
3 Ways to Write an Annotated Bibliography - wikiHow
An APA References Page gives credit to those information sources cited in your paper. The resources you will be citing for this annotated bibliography are websites only.. To create an APA References Page, first construct an APA citation for each information source (website) used in preparing your paper.
Annotated Bibliography - APA Style Guide - LibGuides at
An annotated bibliography in your final research skills in your annotated bibliography, articles, apa annotated bibliography with in how in different styles to write your. Don't worry, and formatted exactly as to give the american psychological association was developed in order for mla.
Annotated Bibliography - Citation Guide - Research Guides
Oct 22, 2012 · This is a brief screencast of creating an APA format Annotated Bibliography. It includes how to locate information in an article to create an APA citation and the layout of an APA formatted


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How incredible it is that we have a God we can talk with—and that is what prayer is! At HP Pres, we believe prayer makes a difference in our lives, and in the lives of others. Take a few minutes today to talk with God using the Scripture and prayers below.
To prepare for prayer today read Psalm 49.
Since we are all equal in death, we remain confident only in our God. As you reflect on this, pray in these ways and any other way the Holy Spirit leads.


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BMW Store. BMW X3 with a Lukas LK9750 Duo
Posted by Melo Chen on
Thanks to the support from The BMW Store. We have installed the 2CH LukasDashcam on the brand new BMW X3. Our promotion will be last for three more days only. It's time for you to get one.
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Wang, Shiang-Yu and Schwochert, Mark A. and Huang, Pin-Jie and Chen, Hsin-Yo and Kimura, Masahiko and Chou, Richard C. Y. and Chang, Yin-Chang and Hu, Yen-Sang and Ling, Hung-Hsu and Morantz, Chaz N. and Reiley, Dan J. and Mao, Peter and Braun, David F. and Wen, Chih-Yi and Yan, Chi-Hung and Karr, Jennifer and Gunn, James E. and Murray, Graham and Tamura, Naoyuki and Takato, Naruhisa and Shimono, Atsushi and Ferreira, Decio and dos Santos, Leandro Henrique and Souza Oliveira, Ligia and de Oliveira, Antonio Cesar and Souza Marrara, Lucas (2016) The current status of prime focus instrument of Subaru prime focus spectrograph. In: Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI. Proceedings of SPIE. No.9908. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) , Bellingham, WA, Art. No. 990882. ISBN 9781510601956. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170216-130216401
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The Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) is a new optical/near-infrared multi-fiber spectrograph design for the prime focus of the 8.2m Subaru telescope. PFS will cover 1.3 degree diameter field with 2394 fibers to complement the imaging capability of Hyper SuprimeCam (HSC). The prime focus unit of PFS called Prime Focus Instrument (PFI) provides the interface with the top structure of Subaru telescope and also accommodates the optical bench in which Cobra fiber positioners are located. In addition, the acquisition and guiding cameras (AGCs), the optical fiber positioner system, the cable wrapper, the fiducial fibers, illuminator, and viewer, the field element, and the telemetry system are located inside the PFI. The mechanical structure of the PFI was designed with special care such that its deflections sufficiently match those of the HSC's Wide Field Corrector (WFC) so the fibers will stay on targets over the course of the observations within the required accuracy. In this report, the latest status of PFI development will be given including the performance of PFI components, the setup and performance of the integration and testing equipment.
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|© 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). We gratefully acknowledge support from the Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology(FIRST) "Subaru Measurements of Images and Redshifts (SuMIRe)", CSTP, Japan for PFS project. The work in ASIAA, Taiwan is supported by the Academia Sinica of Taiwan.
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|Prime Focus, mechanical structure, guiding camera, multi-fiber, spectrograph
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|Shiang-Yu Wang ; Mark A. Schwochert ; Pin-Jie Huang ; Hsin-Yo Chen ; Masahiko Kimura ; Richard C. Y. Chou ; Yin-Chang Chang ; Yen-Sang Hu ; Hung-Hsu Ling ; Chaz N. Morantz ; Dan J. Reiley ; Peter Mao ; David F. Braun ; Chih-Yi Wen ; Chi-Hung Yan ; Jennifer Karr ; James E. Gunn ; Graham Murray ; Naoyuki Tamura ; Naruhisa Takato ; Atsushi Shimono ; Decio Ferreira ; Leandro Henrique dos Santos ; Ligia Souza Oliveira ; Antonio Cesar de Oliveira and Lucas Souza Marrara " The current status of prime focus instrument of Subaru prime focus spectrograph ", Proc. SPIE 9908, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, 990882 (August 9, 2016); doi:10.1117/12.2232044; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2232044
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If you are longing for a better singing voice, you may have heard of the Superior Singing Method, which seems to be a hit for a lot of people. But does that mean the program will improve your vocals too? Well I did some research about the program which hopefully can help you decide.
CostHelper is based in Silicon Valley and provides consumers with unbiased price information about thousands of goods and services. Our writers are experienced journalists who adhere to our strict editorial ethics policy.
A. You have the easiest problem for me to solve. My techniques utilize a whole new genre of voice exercises that work your tone, diction and vowels for pop placement and other modern styles, but retains the flexibility you've developed so far. I invented this technique for this exact type of change over, and it really works.
Barefoot College is a social enterprise with a mission to connect poor rural communities to technology and education. By doing so, they empower individuals to contribute to the wellbeing of their communities.
Overall, you have to go through 31 audio vocal lessons and about 49 videos. Now, 80 lessons seems like a lot, but I strongly discourage skipping through any lessons. There's a lot of work to be done. You may be missing out on some valuable information if you skip through one of the audio tutorials or videos.
Raspy voices usually come from dehydration so be sure you get a lot of water! 8-10 glasses per day. Cracks happen from allergies and reflux. Stay away from acidic foods (orange juice, marinara sauce and fried foods are the biggest offenders.) Cracks also happen frequently to weak voices and you can strengthen yours with vocal training – start here https://www.caricole.com/singersgift
The best way to learn to sing is to regularly take classes or lessons from an experienced teacher who can give you the personal instruction and attention that you need to advance in your skills. Another important necessity is to be dedicated to daily practice. With both of these in your routine, your voice will grow stronger, faster.
Monetizing your music is something you need to learn about at one point in your career, so this module serves as a great supplemental piece. Superior vocal health is another aspect that is in this module. This PDF manual will teach you the proper ways of taking care of your voice. You want always to stay singing and not lose the voice that you have worked on and developed through this course.
Mic check. Christina breaks down the difference between live performance and studio time, as well as the microphone techniques she's perfected over her career. Then, get a rare glimpse into the recording booth as you watch Christina perform her iconic song 'Beautiful'.
Most of these programs are also downloadable so even if you are not on the Internet you can still access them on your computer and practice. You can copy the programs on your laptop or tablet and work on your tune anytime you want.
Another approach is to join a community choir. While some choirs require auditions, others do not (particularly church choirs, but not exclusively religious). The choirs I've sung in have included work on technique, not just learning the repertoire.
All voice lessons focus on developing vocal range, pitch, tone production, breath control, enunciation, ear training, stage presence, and more. All lessons include warmup exercises to improve breath control and to avoid damaging the vocal chords. All students are encouraged to bring any recordings of their favorite songs, or to let their teacher know what song they want to sing.
Your voice is part of your whole body and it's affected by the movement of surrounding muscles. You need to make sure your posture is correct, and that the supporting muscles, incuding shoulders and neck are relaxed and warm, otherwise you could strain your voice, and risk injury.
This 10 DVD Vocal Training program is an outstanding product. The course comprehensively explains different aspects of harnessing and mastering singing in a soulful style. Vocal Mastery covers the fundamentals, but you will also learn advanced stuff such as riffs, runs, and more. Even experienced singers are likely to pick up new tricks from the program.
People do not only have different singing voices. Their voices' ranges are also different. To sing well, make sure that you are able to measure how high or low your voice can go. That's the way to avoid notes that your voice could not sing clearly right.
After much research, I have to say that the Superior Singing Method is an effective program that will bring out your hidden vocal talent. The lessons are very easy to follow and as many reviewers have noted, they're much more comprehensive than traditional singing classes. It's not just effective but affordable too, so I have to give it my full recommendation.
Hey Samuel, I listened to this from all the way in Australia. I thought it was well put together, the rhythm of the lyrics over the chords was great. I wouldn't have had the lead guitar doodling in the verse tho. It didn't seem well put together and the part before both singers dragged a little bit overall I thought it was pretty good and kept me entertained.
Joel is a great teacher. He has patience, keeps on track, gives good feedback, and knows all kinds of music. He has taught me bass, and vocals. I am a lead in my school musical and I owe it all to what he has taught me! I would recommend Joel for anyone who wants to learn about music. He is a very good, reliable, professional… all the stuff you look for in a teacher.
Voice students are a bit different in that I don't use a specific method to instruct. I have many books that I draw from when teaching voice due to the unique nature of the individual. Depending on the style of music, from classical to jazz/pop, I have music that will teach proper breath support, vowel placement and tone.
The Superior Singing Method is an online program / course that, according to its creator Aaron Anastasi, will improve anyone's voice and ability to sing. Anastasi by the way, is a professional vocal instructor with years of teaching experience.
There's a lot to remember as you're learning to sing, but once you've mastered a few simple techniques, you'll notice your voice getting stronger and better each day. Let's review 10 things you need to know to become the best singer you can be!
#performing #singers #singersongwriter #music #musician #singing #singingtips #vocalexercises #vocaltips #vocalwarmups #vocals #practice #vocalpractice #voice #howtosing #singbetter #superiorsingingmethod #superiorsinging #singinglessons
If you want to be a better singer, visit http://www.SingBetter.info– the tips on that website have helped me discover how to get the best tone out of my voice while improving my pitch so it sounds full and pure. It has helped me develop an ear with the ability to simply hit the right notes with confidence. It has explained exactly how to breathe so that I get the most out of my voice. I'm able to sing for hours without strain! The unique exercises have taken me beyond a simple warm up routine helping my voice "breakthrough". My range has increased, I hit higher notes, and I feel less strain in my voice and notes that were once impossible to reach are now easy to sing. I like that the online course is much more affordable than expensive private singing lessons. I have the flexibility to do my singing lessons when it is most convenient and I can work through the modules at my own pace. The tips on that website are an incredible resource…it definitely has improved my voice! If it worked for me, I promise it'll work for you too!
Many people are gifted with natural singing ability, but whether you want to become a professional entertainer, a casual performer, or sing for fun, it is important to learn how protect your best asset and to increase it's potential.
As you may know Bruno Mars has the first single from Breaking Dawn, The Twilight Saga movie soundtrack, with the song entitled "It Will Rain". Also he is up for a whopping six Grammy awards, including three in the top categories: album, song and record of the year. But what does this have to do with your singing voice?…
It's almost like asking if you can stay fit, or better yet, increase muscle tone, without exercise. The voice box is made up, primarily, of muscle, so, in order to keep it in shape the vocal instrument needs……
Pitch is defined as the quality that allows us to classify a sound as relatively high or low, and is determined by the frequency of sound wave vibrations. Knowing how to sing on pitch is what sets apart great singers.
Many people have difficulty singing in tune at all, while others can start off okay but then can't hold a tune or gradually start hitting wrong notes or wandering out of key. Although we would say that these people have a bad voice or are fundamentally a bad singer, this isn't a permanent trait – it's simply that they haven't yet learned to sing in tune.
Now, back to your first question: how much are singing lessons? Average prices for 30-minute lessons can range from as low as $10 to as much as $75. What's with the large range? Several factors come into play. Ask yourself the following questions as you compare prices:
Sing the pitches "do re mi fa so mi do." Sing "zi-ya" on the pitches. "Zi" is to be sung on "do re mi fa" in legato. Make these notes smooth and connected. "Ya" is to be sung on "so mi do." It is supposedly sung in staccato. Make these notes short and separate, just like you sang "ha." Putting these concepts together requires practice, as it involves transitioning between concepts. When singing "zi," try to keep the jaw relaxed. Do not open your mouth too wide. In fact,sing this note with a rounded mouth that is only slightly open. This way, you will achieve a soft sound that is round and full. When you sing "ya," do not widen the mouth once again. Slightly elongate the shape of your mouth. Because this also involves arpeggiation to some extent, it is always best to leave your hand on your diaphragm.
View the prospects listed in "tips" before moving on to the steps. The "tips" show certain valuable references on correct singing, such as raising the soft palate, breathing and posture, jaw placement, breath control, and other aspects. The steps provide vocal warm-ups which may be beneficial as part of a vocal training practice. Enjoy!
A habit I have is to make my voice sound like the singer. (Or sing with someone who sounds like you.) This makes it easier to sing in tune, since the sound waves match more accurately. I sound a lot like TobyMac (you probably don't) and I have a similar vocal range (mine's a little higher), so I sing his songs a lot.
If you can, record every practice session. Heck, record yourself every time you sing if you can! You will then be able to compare each session, hear improvements, and realize when things are going right… or wrong 🙁
As you might expect, young teachers just getting started are likely to recognize their limitations and charge less than instructors with years of experience molding up-and-coming stars in Los Angeles or New York.
During the 5th week of the Superior Singing Method, you will learn all about resonance and power. Singing with a powerful voice is not necessarily all about volume. It is all about getting your voice out there and catching the listeners' attention. How you use your tongue and mouth as you sing has a lot to do with power and resonance. Aaron will teach you about the proper tongue placement and voice resonance within your mouth.
For instance, these lessons cover such topics as berthing properly, expanding your vocal range, teaching yourself how to reach that "whistle" range (like how you see those singers do on TV). Even more advanced concepts such as blending vocal registers and boosting your vocal power without straining are also covered.
Who doesn't want more power without strain? This is a simple technique to apply and a bit easier than the one above. All you have to do is to keep your chin pointed slightly down and your pectorals slightly flexed (well sometimes it's a lot flexed) when you go for more power. Most singers reach forward or lift their chin up to sing with more power. While it may temporarily work, it causes vocal problems. Tipping your chin down not only works better and saves your voice – it actually SOUNDS better! Stand in front of the good 'ol mirror. Sing an Ah scale up and down in one phrase (1-2-3-4-3-2-1). Press your chin slightly in (point your chin towards the floor) — usually only 1" or so. Don't let your head bob up as you raise the pitch. Keep it firmly in place. Go all the way up the scale of your voice keeping this position. Notice how your chin wants to move up as you raise your pitch. Keep it planted. This will give you more power and control and eliminate strain. Practice it until it becomes natural!
learn to sing
superior singing method review
So we're just going to do a little scale, singing on ahh. (Sings five notes and then plays the five notes on the piano.) And now, pretty good so far, now we're going to go to a five-note scale. The challenge here is in the major scale. There is a whole note, whole note, half note, whole note series. The relationship between all those notes is not exactly the same, which is where most people tend to go off-pitch. And this is a little bit more advanced but I wanted to give it to you because I think it would be interesting for you to learn.
The first part of knowing what group you belong in is your gender. If you are a female, then you are either an alto or soprano. If you are a male, then you are either a tenor or bass. The second part is how high or low your voice is. If you are a female and you're more comfortable singing at a high pitch rather than a low pitch, then you are a soprano. If you are a female and you're more comfortable singing at a lower pitch, then you are an alto. If you are a male and you're more comfortable singing at a higher pitch, then you are a tenor. If you are a male and you're more comfortable singing at a lower pitch, then you are a bass.
Sing "mi-mommy-made-me-eat-my-m&ms" on the notes "do re mi fa so fa mi re do." Start out by singing "mi" while moving the pitch up higher on the notes "do re mi fa." "Ya" is to be sung on "so fa mi re do." The note "so" is one pitch higher than "fa," and therefore, it is necessary to imply on one pitch higher with the word "ya" before going back down the scale. Try to connect the notes and the words sung on the melody in a smooth fashion. This is called legato.
Vocal coaches may also come to their profession through other routes, such as related musical professions or from other fields. Some vocal coaches, for example, are rehearsal pianists with decades of experience accompanying singers, or former or current choral, music theater, or symphony conductors. More rarely, vocal coaches may come to the profession from a non-musical route. For example, a specialist in Alexander Technique, yoga, or medical aspects of the throat and vocal cords may begin to specialize in coaching and training singers.
The next step is to learn to control your voice as you move from note to note. This is what allows you to sing a whole song and stay in tune with accurate pitch throughout. Without this skill you might sing your first note correctly but then hit the wrong note next or gradually go off key. If you've ever seen a karaoke performance which starts off strong but sounds worse and worse as the song goes on, this is probably the step which that singer skipped in their training!
What I think about it: I really liked the structure of the course. It is very easy to follow and understand, it shows you a "course progress" bar, and every week I gradually felt how I was constantly improving and my favorite songs that I like to sing while playing guitar (from Beatles to Dylan to Coldplay, Rock, Pop, some Jazz) just began to sound much better. I also felt how I could sing for a longer time without feeling "worn out" on the inside of my throat, thanks to the good techniques and habits I learned.


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NOTES FOR ERIN'S OWN GAA CLUB FOR WEDNESDAY 9th May 2012
Club Lotto. The club lotto is now up to ?12,950.00. Be in to win. Get your
tickets from any committee members or from local shops. You can also sign up
to a direct debit scheme whereby you are entered every week in the Local
lotto so you don't have to worry about getting your ticket. Contact Helen at
087 6645022 or any committee member if you would like to take up this way to
play the local lotto. Remeber all the money raised goes back into your
Piltown Draw Tickets. The annual Piltown draw tickets are now for sale in
the club. The can be purchased from any club committee members and there are
six draws with a car to be won in each draw. Please support this draw if you
can at all.
Juvenile Hurling
The under 10s commenced their years hurling with the County Board Go Games
blitz on Saturday morning last against James Stephens in Ballycomey. The
local boys played extremely well for their first game of the season and will
have many good days this summer. In a game full of skill and endeavour the
locals came up a little short. The boys will have games in this competition
for the next five Saturdays.
Under 12s
The under 12s played Conahy in the first round of the Callan Tournament on
Friday last in Jenkinstown. With seven games to come in this tournament the
Comer boys got off to a great start with a comprehensive victory. Next up is
a match against Callan in the second round next week. Team. J.Maher,
L.Holland, D.Buggy, K.Ring C.Kruff,D.Coogan, B.ONeill,C.Clarke,C.McMahon,
K.Holland,L.Holden,J.Brennan,K.Brennan,N.Connolly,K.Hogan,James Buggy,
Adult Hurling.
Best of luck to our Senior hurlers who play their second round of the Senior
League this Saturday evening in Nowlan Park at 5.30pm against Carrickshock.
After a great victory in the first round all in the club wish the lads well
for this important match.
The Juniors had a fine victory on Friday night last in the All County League
when they entertained Mooncoin in Ballycomey. With the team mostly made up
of Under 21s this was a fine win for the boys in blue on a scoreline of 2-14
to 2-12.
TheJunior B squad entertained Blacks and whites on Saturday afternoon in
Ballycomey and after a fierce struggle came out the wrong side by two points
on a scoreline of 2-8 to 2-10.
Congrats to Conor Fogarty from all in Erin's Own on winning his first Senior
National League medal on Sunday last with Kilkenny against Cork in Semple
Also well done to Robert Moran who was centre forward on the Kilkenny Minor
team who beat Laois in the first round of the Leinster Minor Championship
last Saturday night.
Kellogs GAA Cul Camps.
The national kellogs GAA Cul camps will take place again this year in
Castlecomer. You can book your child in on these camps by going onto the GAA
website (www.gaa.ie) or by picking up an entry form on Kellogs boxes.
Membership. Erin's Own membership for all players including Juvenile up to
Adult players and general membership are now being taken up . Contact any
committee member.


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Courts and justice sector see 500 per cent rise in data breaches
Human error main cause as solicitors and barristers see 127 per cent increase in security breaches
The legal sector has suffered a major rise in data security breaches with human error the primary cause, new research has revealed.
Figures obtained via a freedom of information request to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) found a 500 per cent rise of Data Protection Act breaches in the courts and justice sector and a 127 per cent rise among law firms and barristers' chambers over the last three years.
Speaking at the Ark Group's 9th regulatory compliance for law firms event last December, Richard Syers, the ICO's lead policy officer, explained that solicitors and barristers had been the subject of 4.5 per cent of all data breaches reported to his office over the last year.
Research from 2015 found that over half of UK legal professionals believed their companies were not doing enough to prevent security breaches. One in ten lawyers admitted to having no measures at all in place to decrease the risk of data loss.


text: Knowing the chance of my seeing Wormy again slim, I stayed on through the weekend at his Orange Orchid Tiki Bar, working the back room, enjoying the festival carnival. I slept in the backyard in my cowboy bedroll, with Wormy's dog, Brigid Kildare, nestled against my legs. But in the early morning, Brigid did herContinue reading "Brigid"


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June 26, 2018


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Rising Stars - Semester Dates & Concerts
Semester Dates 2020
Semester 1, 2020
Semester 2, 2020
22, 29 Feb
7, 14, 21, 28 Mar
4 Apr
16, 23, 30 May
6, 13, 20, 27 Jun
|1, 8, 15, 22 Aug*
5, 12, 19, 26 Sep
17, 24, 31 Oct7, 14, 21 Nov
No Rising Stars concerts due to Covid-19 public gathering restrictions
Concerts – Covid19 updates
In response to the escalation of the Covid19 epidemic, from Saturday 7th March, our Rising Stars students cannot present the weekly Performance Platform concerts until further notice.
We are complying with the Federal and State government restrictions, which aim to help reduce the spread of the virus by reducing face-to-face contact and so protect the health and safety of our community.
If you would like to know when concerts will resume in 2020 we recommend you join our mailing list. Please click on the mailing list option above and select 'Rising Stars at the Con Concert Updates' or you can you LIKE our Facebook page, 'Open Academy at the Con'
We look forward to welcoming you to back the Con soon!


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Egils Levits, the President of the Republic of Latvia
The President of Latvia, Egils Levits, sees the Three Seas Initiative as an instrument that continues the crucial work of reducing disparities within the EU and facilitating cohesion. We are grateful to Latvia for the effort they have put into the initiative.
Statement by H.E. Mr Egils Levits, President of the Republic of Latvia "On the Three Seas Initiative"
The Three Seas Initiative was launched in 2016 to link countries along the Baltic, Adriatic and Black Sea in closer cooperation on economic matters. Since then, the Initiative has gained increasing profile as a platform for common projects in energy, transport and communications infrastructure.
In October the leaders of the twelve participating countries will meet again on the Baltic coast, in Tallinn. I look forward to the summit and I commend Estonia for the active and productive work in making the preparations, especially in these difficult global circumstances. The Summit will be accompanied by a Business Forum, and together these events demonstrate the strong commitment of the countries towards real results. The Initiative is underpinned by an Investment Fund, which Latvia has joined.
The outcome of this Initiative will be a strong backbone for our economies through connectivity projects that boost the Transatlantic link and cooperation between EU member states.
This is important, because throughout the 20th and first decades of the 21st century, political changes in Central and Eastern Europe have significantly outpaced infrastructure development. The Three Seas Initiative is an instrument that continues the crucial work of reducing disparities within the EU and facilitating cohesion, so that our region becomes an even better place to live.
On 4 May, Latvia marked thirty years since its restoration of independence and return to the democratic and independent family of European nations. The past three decades have been full of challenges, achievements and lessons learned. Moreover, the recent effort to curb the spread of COVID-19 has been one of the most complicated and unexpected struggles in our experience. Nevertheless, we have to remember that behind every solved problem, there are many visible and invisible steps based on patience and resilience.
Our region is on the crossroads of geopolitical interests. There is a permanent need for perceptiveness in identifying solutions to new challenges and for making good use of opportunities. During times that demand courage and strategic vision, the Three Seas Initiative Summit and Business Forum represent an important step forward. See you in Tallinn in October!
Video statement by H.E. Mr Egils Levits, President of the Republic of Latvia "On the Three Seas Initiative"
President of Latvia: The outcome of this Initiative will be a strong backbone for our economies
Massive gap in infrastructure investments in Central and Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe
Countries in Central and Eastern Europe have a 1.15 trillion euro gap in infrastructure investments compared to Western Europe.
A landmark study to be released by IMF
The IMF will soon release a landmark study that examines infrastructure gaps and assesses the potential returns of infrastructure investment in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.