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Warren Buffett on the Stock Market
December 10, 2001
All the passages below are taken from Carol J Loomis' book "Tap Dancing to Work: Warren Buffett on Practically Everything, 1966-2012: A Fortune Magazine Book"
A Buffett speech that Carol Loomis converted into an article.
Buffett's speech at Allen & Co's 1999 Sun Valley, Idaho, conclave of business leaders (see page 166 ) was so widely admired that Herbert Allen, head of the company, asked Buffett two years later for a reprise. Once again I worked with Buffett to convert his speech (given in July 2001) into a Fortune article. On the opening page, we set up the piece with a question: "So where do we stand now with the stock market seeming to reflect a dismal profit outlook, an unfamiliar war, and rattled consumer confidence?"
Buffett's discussion, an exemplar of his out-of-the-box thinking, turns to several themes he feels deeply about: the resilience of the U.S. economy; the inability of investors, very much including pension funds, to ignore the rearview mirror; the importance of price in gauging when it's time to buy.
In the two years between his first speech and the second, indeed, the Dow Industrials had dropped from 11,194 to 9,500 as the Internet bubble deflated. Just on the basis of price, Buffett's expectations for long-term stock returns had therefore improved.
But not by a lot. A chart in the article, based on a Buffett metric, showed that prices were still historically high in relation to GNP. The chart became famous: Over the years that followed I would frequently get calls and e-mails asking Fortune to update it. And in fact we ultimately did, running a new version of the chart in early 2009 (see page 286 ) when for a time it appeared that stocks would never hit bottom.CL
The last time I tackled this subject, in 1999, I broke down the previous 34 years into two 17-year periods, which in the sense of lean years and fat were astonishingly symmetrical. Here's the first period. As you can see, over 17 years the Dow gained exactly one-tenth of one percent.
Dec. 31, 1964: 874.12
Dec. 31, 1981: 875.00
And here's the second , marked by an incredible bull market that, as I laid out my thoughts, was about to end (though I didn't know that).
Dec. 31, 1981: 875.00
Dec. 31, 1998: 9181.43
Now, you couldn't explain this remarkable divergence in markets by, say, differences in the growth of gross national product. In the first period that dismal time for the market GNP actually grew more than twice as fast as it did in the second period.
1964-1981: 373%
1981-1998: 177%
So what was the explanation? I concluded that the market's contrasting moves were caused by extraordinary changes in two critical economic variables and by a related psychological force that eventually came into play.
Here I need to remind you about the definition of "investing," which though simple is often forgotten. Investing is laying out money today to receive more money tomorrow.
That gets to the first of the economic variables that affected stock prices in the two periods interest rates. In economics, interest rates act as gravity behaves in the physical world. At all times, in all markets, in all parts of the world, the tiniest change in rates changes the value of every financial asset. You see that clearly with the fluctuating prices of bonds. But the rule applies as well to farmland, oil reserves, stocks, and every other financial asset. And the effects can be huge on values. If interest rates are, say, 13%, the present value of a dollar that you're going to receive in the future from an investment is not nearly as high as the present value of a dollar if rates are 4%.
So here's the record on interest rates at key dates in our 34-year span. They moved dramatically up that was bad for investors in the first half of that period and dramatically down a boon for investors in the second half.
Dec. 31, 1964: 4.20%
Dec. 31, 1981: 13.65%
Dec. 31, 1998: 5.09%
The other critical variable here is how many dollars investors expected to get from the companies in which they invested. During the first period expectations fell significantly because corporate profits weren't looking good. By the early 1980s Fed Chairman Paul Volcker's economic sledgehammer had, in fact, driven corporate profitability to a level that people hadn't seen since the 1930s.
The upshot is that investors lost their confidence in the American economy: They were looking at a future they believed would be plagued by two negatives . First , they didn't see much good coming in the way of corporate profits. Second, the sky-high interest rates prevailing caused them to discount those meager profits further. These two factors, working together, caused stagnation in the stock market from 1964 to 1981, even though those years featured huge improvements in GNP. The business of the country grew while investors' valuation of that business shrank!
And then the reversal of those factors created a period during which much lower GNP gains were accompanied by a bonanza for the market. First, you got a major increase in the rate of profitability. Second, you got an enormous drop in interest rates, which made a dollar of future profit that much more valuable. Both phenomena were real and powerful fuels for a major bull market. And in time the psychological factor I mentioned was added to the equation: Speculative trading exploded, simply because of the market action that people had seen. Later, we'll look at the pathology of this dangerous and oft-recurring malady.
Two years ago I believed the favorable fundamental trends had largely run their course. For the market to go dramatically up from where it was then would have required long-term interest rates to drop much further (which is always possible) or for there to be a major improvement in corporate profitability (which seemed, at the time, considerably less possible). If you take a look at a 50-year chart of after-tax profits as a percent of gross domestic product, you find that the rate normally falls between 4% that was its neighborhood in the bad year of 1981, for example and 6.5. For the rate to go above 6.5% is rare. In the very good profit years of 1999 and 2000, the rate was under 6% and this year it may well fall below 5%.
So there you have my explanation of those two wildly different 17-year periods. The question is, How much do those periods of the past for the market say about its future?
To suggest an answer, I'd like to look back over the 20th century. As you know, this was really the American century. We had the advent of autos, we had aircraft, we had radio, TV, and computers. It was an incredible period. Indeed, the per capita growth in U.S. output, measured in real dollars (that is, with no impact from inflation), was a breathtaking 702%.
The century included some very tough years, of course like the Depression years of 1929 to 1933. But a decade-by-decade look at per capita GNP [which is presented in the chart on the facing page] shows something remarkable: As a nation, we made relatively consistent progress throughout the century. So you might think that the economic value of the U.S. at least as measured by its securities markets would have grown at a reasonably consistent pace as well.
That's not what happened. We know from our earlier examination of the 1964-98 period that parallelism broke down completely in that era. But the whole century makes this point as well. At its beginning, for example, between 1900 and 1920, the country was chugging ahead, explosively expanding its use of electricity , autos, and the telephone. Yet the market barely moved, recording a 0.4% annual increase that was roughly analogous to the slim pickings between 1964 and 1981.
Dec. 31, 1899: 66.08
Dec. 31, 1920: 71.95
In the next period, we had the market boom of the '20s, when the Dow jumped 430% to 381 in September 1929. Then we go 19 years 19 yearsand there is the Dow at 177, half the level where it began. That's true even though the 1940s displayed by far the largest gain in per capita GDP (50%) of any 20th-century decade. Following that came a 17-year period when stocks finally took off making a great five-to-one gain. And then the two periods discussed at the start: stagnation until 1981, and the roaring boom that wrapped up this amazing century.
To break things down another way, we had three huge, secular bull markets that covered about 44 years, during which the Dow gained more than 11,000 points. And we had three periods of stagnation, covering some 56 years. During those 56 years the country made major economic progress and yet the Dow actually lost 292 points.
How could this have happened? In a flourishing country in which people are focused on making money, how could you have had three extended and anguishing periods of stagnation that in aggregate--- leaving aside dividends--- would have lost you money? The answer lies in the mistake that investors repeatedly make---that psychological force I mentioned above: People are habitually guided by the rear-view mirror and, for the most part, by the vistas immediately behind them.
The first part of the century offers a vivid illustration of that myopia. In the century's first 20 years, stocks normally yielded more than high-grade bonds. That relationship now seems quaint, but it was then almost axiomatic. Stocks were known to be riskier, so why buy them unless you were paid a premium?
And then came along a 1924 book slim and initially unheralded, but destined to move markets as never before written by a man named Edgar Lawrence Smith. The book, called Common Stocks as Long Term Investments, chronicled a study Smith had done of security price movements in the 56 years ended in 1922 . Smith had started off his study with a hypothesis: Stocks would do better in times of inflation, and bonds would do better in times of deflation. It was a perfectly reasonable hypothesis.
But consider the first words in the book: "These studies are the record of a failure the failure of facts to sustain a preconceived theory." Smith went on: "The facts assembled, however, seemed worthy of further examination. If they would not prove what we had hoped to have them prove, it seemed desirable to turn them loose and to follow them to whatever end they might lead."
Now, there was a smart man, who did just about the hardest thing in the world to do. Charles Darwin used to say that whenever he ran into something that contradicted a conclusion he cherished, he was obliged to write the new finding down within 30 minutes. Otherwise his mind would work to reject the discordant information, much as the body rejects transplants. Man's natural inclination is to cling to his beliefs, particularly if they are reinforced by recent experience---a flaw in our makeup that bears on what happens during secular bull markets and extended periods of stagnation.
To report what Edgar Lawrence Smith discovered, I will quote a legendary thinker John Maynard Keynes, who in 1925 reviewed the book, thereby putting it on the map. In his review, Keynes described "perhaps Mr. Smith's most important point… and certainly his most novel point. Well-managed industrial companies do not, as a rule, distribute to the shareholders the whole of their earned profits. In good years, if not in all years, they retain a part of their profits and put them back in the business. Thus there is an element of compound interest (Keynes' italics) operating in favor of a sound industrial investment."
It was that simple. It wasn't even news. People certainly knew that companies were not paying out 100% of their earnings. But investors hadn't thought through the implications of the point. Here, though, was this guy Smith saying, "Why do stocks typically outperform bonds? A major reason is that businesses retain earnings, with these going on to generate still more earnings and dividends, too."
That finding ignited an unprecedented bull market. Galvanized by Smith's insight, investors piled into stocks, anticipating a double dip: their higher initial yield over bonds, and growth to boot. For the American public, this new understanding was like the discovery of fire.
But before long that same public was burned. Stocks were driven to prices that first pushed down their yield to that on bonds and ultimately drove their yield far lower. What happened then should strike readers as eerily familiar: The mere fact that share prices were rising so quickly became the main impetus for people to rush into stocks. What the few bought for the right reason in 1925, the many bought for the wrong reason in 1929.
Astutely, Keynes anticipated a perversity of this kind in his 1925 review. He wrote: "It is dangerous… to apply to the future inductive arguments based on past experience, unless one can distinguish the broad reasons why past experience was what it was." If you can't do that, he said, you may fall into the trap of expecting results in the future that will materialize only if conditions are exactly the same as they were in the past. The special conditions he had in mind, of course, stemmed from the fact that Smith's study covered a half century during which stocks generally yielded more than high-grade bonds.
The colossal miscalculation that investors made in the 1920s has recurred in one form or another several times since. The public's monumental hangover from its stock binge of the 1920s lasted, as we have seen, through 1948. The country was then intrinsically far more valuable than it had been 20 years before; dividend yields were more than double the yield on bonds; and yet stock prices were at less than half their 1929 peak. The conditions that had produced Smith's wondrous results had reappeared— in spades. But rather than seeing what was in plain sight in the late 1940s, investors were transfixed by the frightening market of the early 1930s and were avoiding re-exposure to pain.
Don't think for a moment that small investors are the only ones guilty of too much attention to the rear-view mirror. Let's look at the behavior of professionally managed pension funds in recent decades. In 1971— this was Nifty Fifty time— pension managers, feeling great about the market, put more than 90% of their net cash flow into stocks, a record commitment at the time. And then, in a couple of years, the roof fell in and stocks got way cheaper. So what did the pension fund managers do? They quit buying because stocks got cheaper!
% of cash flow put into equities
1971: 91% (record high)
1974: 13%
This is the one thing I can never understand. To refer to a personal taste of mine, I'm going to buy hamburgers the rest of my life. When hamburgers go down in price, we sing the "Hallelujah Chorus" in the Buffett household. When hamburgers go up, we weep. For most people, it's the same way with everything in life they will be buying— except stocks. When stocks go down and you can get more for your money, people don't like them anymore.
That sort of behavior is especially puzzling when engaged in by pension fund managers, who by all rights should have the longest time horizon of any investors. These managers are not going to need the money in their funds tomorrow , not next year, nor even next decade. So they have total freedom to sit back and relax. Since they are not operating with their own funds, moreover, raw greed should not distort their decisions. They should simply think about what makes the most sense. Yet they behave just like rank amateurs (getting paid, though, as if they had special expertise).
In 1979, when I felt stocks were a screaming buy, I wrote in an article, "Pension fund managers continue to make investment decisions with their eyes firmly fixed on the rear-view mirror. This generals-fighting-the-last-war approach has proved costly in the past and will likely prove equally costly this time around." That's true, I said, because "stocks now sell at levels that should produce long-term returns far superior to bonds."
Consider the circumstances in 1972, when pension fund managers were still loading up on stocks: The Dow ended the year at 1020, had an average book value of 625, and earned 11% on book. Six years later, the Dow was 20% cheaper, its book value had gained nearly 40%, and it had earned 13% on book. Or as I wrote then, "Stocks were demonstrably cheaper in 1978 when pension fund managers wouldn't buy them than they were in 1972, when they bought them at record rates."
At the time of the article, long-term corporate bonds were yielding about 9.5%. So I asked this seemingly obvious question: "Can better results be obtained , over 20 years, from a group of 9.5% bonds of leading American companies maturing in 1999 than from a group of Dow-type equities purchased, in aggregate, around book value and likely to earn, in aggregate, about 13% on that book value?" The question answered itself.
Now, if you had read that article in 1979, you would have suffered— oh, how you would have suffered!— for about three years. I was no good then at forecasting the near-term movements of stock prices, and I'm no good now. I never have the faintest idea what the stock market is going to do in the next six months, or the next year, or the next two.
But I think it is very easy to see what is likely to happen over the long term. Ben Graham told us why: "Though the stock market functions as a voting machine in the short run, it acts as a weighing machine in the long run." Fear and greed play important roles when votes are being cast, but they don't register on the scale.
By my thinking , it was not hard to say that, over a 20 -year period, a 9.5% bond wasn't going to do as well as this disguised bond called the Dow that you could buy below par— that's book value— and that was earning 13% on par.
Let me explain what I mean by that term I slipped in there, "disguised bond." A bond, as most of you know, comes with a certain maturity and with a string of little coupons. A 6% bond, for example, pays a 3% coupon every six months.
A stock, in contrast, is a financial instrument that has a claim on future distributions made by a given business, whether they are paid out as dividends or to repurchase stock or to settle up after sale or liquidation. These payments are in effect "coupons." The set of owners getting them will change as shareholders come and go. But the financial outcome for the business' owners as a whole will be determined by the size and timing of these coupons. Estimating those particulars is what investment analysis is all about.
Now, gauging the size of those "coupons" gets very difficult for individual stocks. It's easier, though, for groups of stocks. Back in 1978, as I mentioned, we had the Dow earning 13% on its average book value of $ 850. The 13% could only be a benchmark, not a guarantee. Still, if you'd been willing then to invest for a period of time in stocks, you were in effect buying a bond— at prices that in 1979 seldom inched above par— with a principal value of $ 891 and a quite possible 13% coupon on the principal.
How could that not be better than a 9.5% bond? From that starting point, stocks had to outperform bonds over the long term. That, incidentally, has been true during most of my business lifetime. But as Keynes would remind us, the superiority of stocks isn't inevitable. They own the advantage only when certain conditions prevail.
Let me show you another point about the herd mentality among pension funds— a point perhaps accentuated by a little self-interest on the part of those who oversee the funds. In the table below are four well-known companies— typical of many others I could have selected— and the expected returns on their pension fund assets that they used in calculating what charge (or credit) they should make annually for pensions.
Expected Pension Fund Returns
General Motors
Yield on long-term
Government Bonds
Now, the higher the expectation rate that a company uses for pensions, the higher its reported earnings will be. That's just the way that pension accounting works— and I hope, for the sake of relative brevity, that you'll just take my word for it.
As the table shows , expectations in 1975 were modest: 7% for Exxon, 6% for GE and GM, and under 5% for IBM. The oddity of these assumptions is that investors could then buy long-term government noncallable bonds that paid 8%. In other words, these companies could have loaded up their entire portfolio with 8% no-risk bonds, but they nevertheless used lower assumptions. By 1982, as you can see, they had moved up their assumptions a little bit, most to around 7%. But now you could buy long-term governments at 10.4%. You could in fact have locked in that yield for decades by buying so-called strips that guaranteed you a 10.4% reinvestment rate. In effect, your idiot nephew could have managed the fund and achieved returns far higher than the investment assumptions corporations were using.
Why in the world would a company be assuming 7.5% when it could get nearly 10.5% on government bonds? The answer is that rear-view mirror again: Investors who'd been through the collapse of the Nifty Fifty in the early 1970s were still feeling the pain of the period and were out of date in their thinking about returns. They couldn't make the necessary mental adjustment.
Now fast -forward to 2000 , when we had long-termm governments at 5.4%. And what were the four companies saying in their 2000 annual reports about expectations for their pension funds? They were using assumptions of 9.5% and even 10%.
I'm a sporting type, and I would love to make a large bet with the chief financial officer of any one of those four companies, or with their actuaries or auditors, that over the next 15 years they will not average the rates they've postulated. Just look at the math, for one thing. A fund's portfolio is very likely to be one-third bonds, on which— assuming a conservative mix of issues with an appropriate range of maturities— the fund cannot today expect to earn much more than 5%. It's simple to see then that the fund will need to average more than 11% on the two-thirds that's in stocks to earn about 9.5% overall. That's a pretty heroic assumption, particularly given the substantial investment expenses that a typical fund incurs.
Heroic assumptions do wonders, however, for the bottom line. By embracing those expectation rates shown in the far right column, these companies report much higher earnings— much higher— than if they were using lower rates. And that's certainly not lost on the people who set the rates. The actuaries who have roles in this game know nothing special about future investment returns. What they do know, however, is that their clients desire rates that are high. And a happy client is a continuing client.
Are we talking big numbers here? Let's take a look at General Electric, the country's most valuable and most admired company. I'm a huge admirer myself. GE has run its pension fund extraordinarily well for decades, and its assumptions about returns are typical of the crowd. I use the company as an example simply because of its prominence.
If we may retreat to 1982 again, GE recorded a pension charge of $ 570 million. That amount cost the company 20 % of its pretax earnings. Last year GE recorded a $ 1.74 billion pension credit. That was 9% of the company's pretax earnings. And it was 2 1/ 2 times the appliance division's profit of $ 684 million. A $ 1.74 billion credit is simply a lot of money. Reduce that pension assumption enough and you wipe out most of the credit.
GE's pension credit, and that of many another corporation, owes its existence to a rule of the Financial Accounting Standards Board that went into effect in 1987. From that point on, companies equipped with the right assumptions and getting the fund performance they needed could start crediting pension income to their income statements. Last year, according to Goldman Sachs, 35 companies in the S& P 500 got more than 10% of their earnings from pension credits, even as, in many cases, the value of their pension investments shrank.
Unfortunately, the subject of pension assumptions, critically important though it is, almost never comes up in corporate board meetings. (I myself have been on 19 boards, and I've never heard a serious discussion of this subject.) And now, of course, the need for discussion is paramount because these assumptions that are being made, with all eyes looking backward at the glories of the 1990s, are so extreme . I invite you to ask the CFO of a company having a large defined-benefit pension fund what adjustment would need to be made to the company's earnings if its pension assumption was lowered to 6.5%. And then, if you want to be mean, ask what the company's assumptions were back in 1975 when both stocks and bonds had far higher prospective returns than they do now.
With 2001 annual reports soon to arrive, it will be interesting to see whether companies have reduced their assumptions about future pension returns. Considering how poor returns have been recently and the reprises that probably lie ahead, I think that anyone choosing not to lower assumptions— CEOs, auditors, and actuaries all— is risking litigation for misleading investors. And directors who don't question the optimism thus displayed simply won't be doing their job.
The tour we've taken through the last century proves that market irrationality of an extreme kind periodically erupts— and compellingly suggests that investors wanting to do well had better learn how to deal with the next outbreak. What's needed is an antidote, and in my opinion that's quantification. If you quantify, you won't necessarily rise to brilliance, but neither will you sink into craziness.
On a macro basis, quantification doesn't have to be complicated at all. Below is a chart, starting almost 80 years ago and really quite fundamental in what it says. The chart shows the market value of all publicly traded securities as a percentage of the country's business—that is, as a percentage of GNP. The ratio has certain limitations in telling you what you need to know. Still, it is probably the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment. And as you can see, nearly two years ago the ratio rose to an unprecedented level. That should have been a clear warning signal.
For me, the message of that chart is this: If the percentage relationship falls to the 70% or 80% area, buying stocks is likely to work very well for you . If the ratio approaches 200%— as it did in 1999 and a part of 2000— you are playing with fire. As you can see, the ratio was recently 133%.
Even so, that is a good-sized drop from when I was talking about the market in 1999. I ventured then that the American public should expect equity returns over the next decade or two (with dividends included and 2% inflation assumed) of perhaps 7%. That was a gross figure, not counting frictional costs, such as commissions and fees. Net, I thought returns might be 6%.
Today stock market "hamburgers," so to speak, are cheaper. The country's economy has grown and stocks are lower, which means that investors are getting more for their money. I would expect now to see long-term returns run somewhat higher, in the neighborhood of 7% after costs. Not bad at all— that is, unless you're still deriving your expectations from the 1990s.


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Types of Bluetooth Headsets
In order to choose the best Bluetooth headset for your needs, the first thing you need to know is that there are different types available. There are three main types of Bluetooth headsets, which include:
- The in-ear Bluetooth headset
- The extended microphone Bluetooth headset
- The headband Bluetooth headset
Below, you will find a detailed description of each of these three types of Bluetooth headsets and how they can suit your needs.
The In-Ear Bluetooth Headset
As the name describes, the in-ear Bluetooth headset sits in your ear by way of 'ear buds.' There are two ear buds, and each one fits snuggly into the ear. With this type of Bluetooth headset, you don't have to worry about a bulky headpiece, which can be cumbersome and bothersome. The in-ear Bluetooth headset is compact, lightweight, and allows you to hear the sound from your device more clearly, as there is less of a chance of outside noise infiltrating the ear buds, as they sit right in your ear. The microphone piece is attached to the top of the ear bud. On the downside, the ear buds may be uncomfortable. There are different sizes available, so you can modify the size of the ear bud to suit the size of your ears, which will allow it to be more comfortable; however, you may not be able to find the 'perfect' size for your ears. Also, ear buds can have the tendency to fall out, which can interrupt your listening. Lastly, it may be difficult for other people to hear you, as the microphone is placed away from your mouth.
The Extended Microphone Bluetooth Headset
As the name suggests, the extended microphone Bluetooth headset has an extended microphone that comes out of the earpiece and extends down toward your mouth. This device is usually a single piece, which attaches over your ear. An ear piece fits into the ear, and the microphone extends down your cheek and to your mouth, or close to your mouth. The benefit of this design is that it allows others to hear you more clearly, as the microphone is closer to your mouth. On the downside, the piece that sits over your ear may be uncomfortable for some users. Also, because it is usually only a single piece, both ears aren't covered, which means that you will have an ear exposed, which could compromise the sound that you hear.
The Headband Bluetooth Headset
This type of Bluetooth headset is designed like a traditional pair of headphones, but unlike traditional headphones, it is wireless. It also features a microphone, which is attached to the headset, so others can hear you when you speak. The main advantage of this type of Bluetooth headset is comfort. Because they sit on the outside of the ears, they are more comfortable, and the ear pieces are usually padded, which maximizes the comfort. The headband is also adjustable, so it will be easy for you to get the right fit. On the downside, the headband style Bluetooth headset is bigger and bulkier than other types, which makes it more difficult to store.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Bluetooth Headset
There are a number of factors that you are going to want to take into consideration when shopping for a Bluetooth headset. By taking these factors into consideration, you will be able to choose the best type of Bluetooth headset for your specific needs. Some of the most important factors that you should consider include where you will be using the device, what you will be using it for, and the cost of the Bluetooth headset. To learn more about these and other factors that we think are the most important to consider when shopping for a Bluetooth headset, please keep on reading.
Where will you be using your Bluetooth headset?
One of the most important factors that you are going to want to take into consideration when shopping for a Bluetooth headset is where you will be using it. Where you will be using the device will greatly impact the sound that you will hear, and the ability for others to hear you. Consider where you visit the most and where you make most of your phone calls. For example, do you do a lot of outdoor activities, and do you make most of your phone calls while you are outside? Are you in a noisy interior location a lot? Will you be using it in a quite setting? If most of your conversational time is spent outside, such as during your commute or while you are jogging, then you are likely in a noisy environment most often while you are using your Bluetooth headset. If that is the case, you should look for a Bluetooth headset with a strong microphone and one that offers active noise cancellation. Headsets with two or three microphones are the way to go, because they dedicate one microphone to your voice and another to eliminate background noise using smart algorithms.
What will you be doing with your Bluetooth headset?
Will you be using your Bluetooth headset mostly to listen to music, or to have conversations while you are on the phone? What you will be doing with your Bluetooth headset will help you determine which type of Bluetooth headset will best suit your needs. For example, if you will be using the device mostly to listen to music, a headband set will be the most comfortable for you and offer you the best sound quality. However, if you are going to be mostly using it to make phone calls, than an extended microphone Bluetooth headset will be a good option for you. If you are using it to listen to music while you are running or doing other types of exercises, an in-ear Bluetooth headset will be the best option for you.
The Battery Life of the Bluetooth Headset
As a general rule, battery life and size are directly related when it comes to Bluetooth headsets. In other words, the bigger the device, the longer the battery life will last, and the smaller the model, the shorter the battery life will be. When determining how much battery life you need, consider how long you will be using your Bluetooth headset for. If you are going to be using it for long periods of time, you are going to want to have a device that offers a long battery life; however, if you are only going to be using it for short periods of time, a shorter battery life should work. You may be thinking that a longer battery life is always better, but do keep in mind that larger devices that offer more battery life do cost more.
The Performance of the Bluetooth Headset
Another important factor that you are going to want to take into consideration is the performance of the Bluetooth headset. When it comes to performance, the voice quality and range are important. Good quality depends on the standard that is imposed during the manufacturing of the device, as well as the material that is used. The larger the range, the further away from your device you will be able to be while using your Bluetooth headset.
The Compatibility of the Bluetooth Headset
In order for your Bluetooth headset to work properly, you need to make sure that it is compatible with your device. It is a wise idea to have an understanding of the VoIP specifications of your hardware before you go shopping for a headset. Will you be using a simple computer, a VoIP adapter, an IP phone or another device? Do you have a sound card and the stereo audio jacks? Do you have USB ports? Make sure that you have the support for the underlying standard before you choose a Bluetooth headset.
The Cost of the Bluetooth Headset
Another important factor that you are going to want to take into consideration when you are shopping for a Bluetooth headset is the cost of the device. Bluetooth headsets can vary significantly in price. Generally, the more powerful the device is and the more features it offers, the more expensive it will be. Make sure you know how much you want to spend before you start shopping so that you can avoid spending more than you want to.
The Features Bluetooth Headsets Can Offer
There are a number of features that Bluetooth headsets can offer. These features are intended to make the Bluetooth headset more efficient, and easier to use. As was mentioned above, the more features that a Bluetooth headset offers, the more expensive it will be. It is important to make sure that you understand the different features and their intended purposes so you can determine whether you want or need them, and if the added cost will be worth your while.
Here is a look at some of the most popular features that Bluetooth headsets can offer.
High Definition Sound
If you really want to have an awesome sound experience, look for Bluetooth headsets that offer high definition, or HD, sound. These headsets operate at 16 KHz as opposed to the 8 KHz that other headsets operate at. This offers a significantly better sound quality.
Noise Cancellation
If you want to cancel out other noises while you are talking, than you will enjoy a noise cancellation feature. This feature works by detecting the ambient noise and using special hardware to suppress it, blocking unwanted background noise, which can be distracting to the user and the person on the other end of the phone.
Voice Command
With voice command, you can use your Bluetooth headset simply by stating a verbal command. This will also allow you to use the mobile devices that your headset is hooked up to with a simple voice command.
The Best Bluetooth Headset Brands
There are several manufacturers that produce Bluetooth headsets. If you want the best and the most reliable headset, than you are going to want to purchase one of these brands, all of which have received high user reviews.
Jawbone is one of the best Bluetooth headset manufacturers on the market. Their products are highly quality, are extremely reliable and offer a range of features that make them efficient and easy to use.
This is another high quality manufacturer of Bluetooth headsets. Their products are state of the art, offer the latest advances, and consistently receive high ratings from those who use them.
We also really like the Bluetooth headsets that are produced by Jabra. They also use state of the art technologies and are always on the cutting edge so that they can ensure that they provide users with the highest quality products.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jumbo Lump Crab Cakes
Crab cakes are a staple in many restaurants along the Gulf Coast often appearing on brunch menus topped with a poached egg and hollandaise, one of my choices when dining out. I pick them apart to decipher the contents, if there are any other than crabmeat, to try to then recreate them at home. One…Read More


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March 15, 2011- For several months, Arizona has been grappling with a budget crisis, with its deficit for this year projected to be $825 million and next year's standing at $1.4 billion. Gov. Jan Brewer (R-AZ) used the budget shortfall to cut off urgent transplant funding for sick Arizonans, some of whom died without their access to critical medical care.
Brewer has also proposed putting a dent in her budget gap by cutting funding for state universities by 20 percent and cutting half of the state's funding for community colleges. However, not all education providers are feeling the pain of Arizona's budget woes. The for-profit college industry, in fact, could receive a new tax break worth millions of dollars:
State lawmakers, who have to close a major budget gap, are considering a bill that would give University of Phoenix's parent company as well as other companies a tax break worth millions, according to some estimates…Arizona Department of Revenue estimates that the new bill could cost Arizona $33.2 million annually in tax revenue.
The main beneficiary of the tax break would be the Apollo Group, which owns the University of Phoenix, one of the largest for-profit colleges. As we've been documenting, these subprime schools make the vast majority of their revenue from the federal government, pay their CEOs huge salaries, but leave their students with crippling debt and bleak job prospects. They use intimidation and fear to recruit students, while posting profits margins of more than 30 percent


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Coleman-Adams is seeking a design professional to serve as our Design/Build Manager. Responsibilities will include design/build collaboration with local architectural and engineering firms as well as in-house design on certain projects. Must be proficient in AutoCAD and commercial design. Experience with REVIT and BIM desired. Must be a team player with excellent communication skills. Must be comfortable meeting with clients and participating in business development. Pay commensurate with experience, along with full benefits package.
We are an EEO employer.


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Posted on Aug 7
The bare foot bar is the place with the most magnificent setting for chilling on a summer evening. It is housed in the Frauenbadi, which as the name says, is a women only public bath during the day. Every Thursday, Friday and Saturday...
Posted on Aug 3
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Stop Convenience Killing Homeless Pets In North Augusta, SC
Stop Convenience Killing Homeless Pets In North Augusta, SC
0 have signed. Let's get to 7,500!
Friends of North Augusta Animals would like to petition the City of North Augusta to improve animal welfare services and initiate best practices for the homeless dogs and cats in our city.
While many surrounding cities have adopted the no-kill philosophy, North Augusta, SC remains a kill facility. The city has a single animal control officer who has other significant city service responsibilities. The city will NOT allow a volunteer program in the shelter insisting it is only a holding facility. The city; however, is only holding the animals there for death unless rescue groups and concerned citizens can work a miracle to find placement for dogs in 3 days without knowing the health or temperament of the dog(s).
Animals held by the city are NOT given veterinary care outside of city contracted euthanasia. The city will NOT allow volunteers to assist in caring for, socializing, or even photographing the dogs at the facility. The facility can ONLY be visited by appointment.
The ACO is left to decide which animals are adoptable and which are not based on his limited interaction with them at the shelter. Dogs are held for the mandated 5 day stray hold period. The dogs are then given 72 hours to find a rescue and then scheduled to be killed despite having ample kennel space available at the facility.
Please sign this petition so that we can help the dogs and cats of North Augusta by:
1) Providing veterinary health services including vaccinations, heartworm tests, and an exam to determine needed further medical care for sick/injured pets
2) End the practice of euthanasia after the stray hold and 72 hour period
3) Establish relationships with local no-kill shelters and rescues to assist when the North Augusta shelter is at capacity
4) Promote spay/neuter and responsible pet ownership through a spay and neuter voucher program and pet registration system
5) Transparency for the citizens of North Augusta regarding animal welfare practices including better communication with rescue groups, documentation of intake, adoption, transfer to rescue, and euthanasia
6) Permit an onsite volunteer program to improve the quality of life of the dogs and cats at the city shelter and lessen the burden of the only animal control officer.
Steps already taken:
1) Concerned citizens, non profit organization, and rescue groups have discussed the need for change with the city administrator
2) Presented city council with steps to take to move away from convenience killing at the city shelter and move towards becoming a no kill shelter
3) Circulated a paper petition to raise awareness and educate the public.
For more information about what we are doing to help or to get involved visit our fb page:
To contact the city council or city administrator directly you can call 803-441-4202 or email:
Robert Pettit, firstname.lastname@example.com
City Council Members:
James Adams, email@example.com
J. Robert Brooks, email@example.com
Pat Carpenter, email@example.com
Kenneth McDowell, firstname.lastname@example.com
Fletcher Dickert, email@example.com
David McGhee, email@example.com
City Administrator:
Todd Glover, email@example.com
Saving one dog will not change the world, but for that one dog the world will be forever! Help us save as many as possible in the City of North Augusta!
Complete your signature
0 have signed. Let's get to 7,500!


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Hostal Ruta de Francia, Barcelona
- Free WiFi
- Collect stamps
Place was clean and had all essential needs. Lack of air ventilation so room got a bit…
Great location. No frills but very secure building and room. Owners were wonderful!
Hostal Ruta de Francia, Barcelonafrom $51 CAD
- Double Room
- Twin Room
- Single Room
- Single Room, Shared Bathroom
- Economy Double Room
- Family Twin Room
- Family Double Room
More great choices
What's around Hostal Ruta de Francia, Barcelona
- In Eixample
- Sagrada Familia - 12 min walk
- Barcelona Zoo - 23 min walk
- Casa Batllo - 25 min walk
- Casa Mila - 25 min walk
- Palau de la Musica Catalana - 27 min walk
- Passeig de Gracia - 28 min walk
- Picasso Museum - 29 min walk
Getting around
- Barcelona Intl. Airport (BCN) - 31 min drive
- Barcelona El Clot Arago Station - 10 min walk
- Barcelona Paseo de Gracia Station - 26 min walk
- Plaça de Catalunya Station - 29 min walk
- Encants Station - 5 min walk
- Monumental Station - 6 min walk
- Glories Station - 6 min walk
At a glance
Key facts
- 13 rooms
- Check-in time 1 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check-in
- Credit card, debit card, or cash deposit required for incidental charges
- Government-issued photo ID may be required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- No parking
Payment types at the property
Other information
- Smoke-free property
At the property
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- English
- Spanish
In the room
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
Also popular with travellers from Canada
Hostal Ruta de Francia, Barcelona's small print
Also known as
- Hostal Ruta Francia Motel Barcelona
- Hostal Ruta Francia Motel
- Hostal Ruta Francia Barcelona
- Hostal Ruta Francia
- Hostal Ruta de Francia Pension
- Hostal Ruta de Francia Barcelona
- Hostal Ruta de Francia Pension Barcelona
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
This property does not have elevators.
This property advises that enhanced cleaning and guest safety measures are currently in place.
Disinfectant is used to clean the property.
Social distancing measures are in place; staff at the property wear personal protective equipment; a shield is in place between staff and guests in main contact areas; guests are provided with hand sanitizer.
Each guestroom is kept vacant for a minimum of 24 hours between bookings.Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property. The policies listed are provided by the property. This property is licensed under an applicable law. Property Registration Number HB-000502
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check-in or check-out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.72 per person, per night, up to 7 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 17 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by this property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the unit you book.
FAQs for Hostal Ruta de Francia, Barcelona
Is parking offered at Hostal Ruta de Francia? Sorry, there's no parking at Hostal Ruta de Francia. Are pets allowed at Hostal Ruta de Francia? Sorry, pets aren't allowed. What are the check-in and check-out times at Hostal Ruta de Francia? You can check in from 1 PM to midnight. Check-out time is noon. Are there restaurants at or near Hostal Ruta de Francia? Yes. Nearby restaurants include Cal Marius 449 (5-min walk), Dal Moro's (5-min walk), and Bodega Carol (6-min walk).
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Huge blow- Arsenal Star Dropped from Final World Cup List
Goonersden brings you news from top football news sites from the likes of ESPN, SkySport, Daily Mail, Daily Star and Metro… We also Analyse football, player, transfer and predict Arsenal starting line-up.
Takuma Asano is one of four Japanese players to find out today he won't be part of their final World Cup squad this summer.
Earlier this month, Japan named Asano alongside 26 others in their preliminary squad, boosting the Arsenal man's chances of travelling to the tournament.
Only 23 players can make the final squad though, and coach Akira Nishino decided to opt for experience on Thursday, dropping the 23-year-old.
Yosuke Ideguchi, Kenta Misao and Toshihiro Aoyama are the other three players from the preliminary squad to miss out. Aoyama withdrew over injury concerns, but Nishino explained why he dropped the other three in a press conference.
"All three are incredibly promising and they contributed a lot to get us to this point," he said. "But in considering their top performance level I wasn't able to include them. I think they will carry Japan in the future."
In all honesty, with the season Asano had at club level, it was surprising to see him included in the first place. The forward had a pretty terrible time with Stuttgart this year.
He made 18 appearances for the first team in 2017/18, the last of which came in December 2017. He scored one goal and provided one assist in total, and only made the squad four times in 2018.
Dropping down to the Stuttgart second team, he scored once and assisted once in two appearances. It wasn't enough to get him another first team opportunity though. Hopefully he can push on next season and get back into contention with his country.


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|Research Area:
|International Migration
|Type of Publication:
|Master Thesis
|migration, integration, unity, diversity, aspiration, capability, autonomy, self-esteem, social inclusion
|Suzana Abrahamsson
|Alma Mater Studiorum
Supervisor (University): Bernardo Venturi Co-supervisor (University): Gustavo Gozzi Supervisor (Host organization): Antonio Ori
This paper explores how the migrants' attempt to create a meaningful life in an alien world is met through a qualitative case study conducted in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. In the light of Amartya Sen's capability approach, the study examines the migrants' genuine capacities to aspire and argues that migrants are human beings with aspirations like anyone else who, if given the capacity to aspire, cannot only contribute to the development of the 'host' country by filling gaps, or to their countries of origin through remittances, but also to their own personal lives by creating a sense of meaningfulness. Whereas the first part of the case study is based on interviews with various stakeholders in migration matters, in the scope to investigate the interrelated challenges that lie ahead of this attempt and are ought to be overcome, such as ignorance, while at the same time highlighting some of the best practices that contribute to it, such as awareness, empowerment and inclusion, the second part changes focus to the migrants' perspectives by narrating some of their aspirations, frustrations and desires, which are often overlooked, but most necessary to consider before speaking about migrants in benefit terms. In this context, the paper also stresses the importance of recognizing human diversity, that is to say the recognition of variation in experiences, values, skills and outlooks, and the need to treat everybody according to their needs and abilities rather than ethnicity or race. With regard to these points of view, the paper argues that the idea that people want to be parasites and to not make themselves useful is based on a flawed notion of what human beings are, since in reality we all seek recognition from others and being passive not only leads to phenomena such as 'brain waste', that is to say the waste of skills, and 'clientification', namely learning to become welfare clients, but eventually also to the loss of one's self-esteem. The paper thus encourages the prevailing integration policies to embrace a multidimensional capability approach by enabling capacity building tools, which in turn enable the capacity to aspire and lead one to reach one's aspirations on one's own terms and eventually become in charge of one's own life. Through its emerging recommendations, its aim is to create a foundation that the existing integration policies can take into account and build upon. The current 'refugee crisis' might still be in a so-called emergency phase, where priority is mainly given to reception rather than integration. Nevertheless, in development terms, after emergency comes recovery and reconstruction. This is the reason why the paper insists that being prepared is essential in order to not repeat previously made mistakes, which mainly has led to social exclusion rather than inclusion. The paper could thus be of relevance to policy makers and other professionals working with integration issues, both inside an outside of Emilia-Romagna and Italy. Through a small-scale study it wishes to contribute to a greater understanding of the importance of having a policy that not merely values human capital, but first and foremost the human being per se.
Full text: Tesi_Suzana Abrahamsson.pdf


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Margo sold my house for a record price, exceeding the sale price of similar homes by a large margin. She works super hard and has an incredible attention to detail. She is a great agent that produces exceptional results. More importantly, she is a wonderful person with a huge heart, who truly seeks to help people in any way she can. She is fun to be around and has a real way with people. Working with her was a real blessing – she exceeded my expectations, and I look forward to working with her again. LIST YOUR HOME WITH MARGO! You will be sooooo happy you did. She really is the best of the best.
You are here: Home / Testimonials / Michael C.


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Community members who use a nine mile stretch of Route 13 between Warren Rd. and the Village of Dryden can learn more and take the project survey HERE
The Legislature's special Transportation Committee today endorsed the Legislature's acceptance of the $14.2 million Upstate Airport Development Grant recently awarded by New York State. The measure, recommended without dissent by the committee, would accept the award and commit the County to accepting full responsibility for all additional project costs.
The project, with total cost initially projected two years ago at just over $22 million, will expand the terminal by approximately one-third, update terminal systems, and enhance security, as well as construct a federal customs inspection facility. The solar-powered airport will employ a new geothermal heat pump system, with solar covered parking constructed as part of the project.
In a detailed presentation to the committee, Airport Director Mike Hall reported that current 2018 cost projections have increased estimated total cost to $24.7 million, which would increase the projected local share to $10.5 million (from $7.8 million). Director Hall said $2.5 million in Airport revenue, from federal sources and the Airport fund balance, is already committed, and that the remaining $8 million County obligation can be supported through pending potential grant proceeds and financing based on Airport passenger facility charges.
The measure will be considered by the full Legislature June 5th.
Also today, the Transportation Committee heard from local taxi company operators, as the first step of its review of ride-hailing services in Tompkins County, nearly a year after upstate operation of services such as UBER and LYFT were authorized by New York State. Representatives of Ithaca Dispatch and Collegetown Cab companies spoke with the committee, observing that the ride-hailing services have typically concentrated their service near the college campuses, especially in the high-volume late week/weekend periods. They expressed some concern about what they see as uneven service, artificially increased rates, and an "uneven playing field" when it comes to competition between the ride-hailing services and traditional cab companies. The committee's review will continue next month.


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HARTANZAH FULL automated COFFEE ROASTERS
HSR IVANDER SERIES - FULL automated COFFEE ROASTERS
State of the art full automated coffee roasters makes your roasting process become quick and easy. Just select background roasting profile that you want to duplicate and Invader will roast full automatic according selected roasting profile.
With HARTANZAH logic control panel makes Ivander series very accurately automated coffee roaster. There are two options to operate Ivander, by selecting the roasting mode to full automated or manual mode.
The water suppression system is also one important feature from Ivander series. Built-in water pump and water sprayer nozzles on front face and three sprayer nozzles makes your non stop operation become safer.
You can easily monitor shaft collector by seeing through sight glass and also can monitor temperature inside the automated cyclone. Available in 1, 3, 5, 10, and 25 kg. .


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text: ssingh.codesupport 0 Report post Posted July 19, 2018 Hello, I am trying to run a basic systemc code which checks for the value of a given input and monitors the result. For future process of development (which might turn into a complex project), I want to execute the dut using my testbench file. I have attached the codes and the terminal output. The code is not able to pick up the correct integers or even the sc_timestamp() value. Since everything is attached, please have a look and suggest solutions. Regards SS systemc codes output Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Quad City high school basketball live with three games on December 16th
Three Mississippi Athletic Conference games highlight the ESPN Radio/QCSportsNet schedule on Tuesday, December 16th. Davenport Central and Bettendorf face off on ESPN 93.5 FM, while Davenport West debuts on KBOB 1170 against North Scott. Pleasant Valley, fresh off of a big win over Bettendorf, travels to Muscatine to take on the Muskies. All pregames will start at approximately 7:20 PM with tipoffs set for around 7:35 PM.
Davenport Central at Bettendorf (Mitch Widmeier) - ESPN 93.5 FM, www.espn935.com, and http://qcsn.co/espn935
North Scott at Davenport West (Zach Mackey) - KBOB 1170 AM and http://qcsn.co/kbob1170
Pleasant Valley at Muscatine (Joe Winkel, Tanner Rowe) - QCSportsNet (http://qcsn.co/qcsnet1)


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A joint venture owning more than 100 tugs is to be broken up so that both parties can concentrate on future growth.
Royal Boskalis Westminster (Boskalis) has signed an agreement with Chile-headquartered Sociedad Matriz SAAM to sell its equity stake in SAAM Smit Towage for US$201M.
SAAM has agreed to end the joint venture and gain 100% of tug operations the partnership has in Brazil, Mexico, Panama and Canada. This comes as SAAM Smit Towage encounters tougher market conditions, growing competition in Brazil and new towage opportunities in Canada.
SAAM will acquire 49% of the business in Mexico, Panama and Canada and 50% in Brazil. In aggregate, these operations reported revenue of US$205M in 2018 and the enterprise value of SAAM Smit Towage is US$560M.
The joint venture was formed in 2014 and has expanded its presence in Latin America and into Canada. Boskalis said it has "realised efficiency savings and commercial synergies" but the partners have discussed how to "most effectively respond to the more competitive market environment".
In October 2018, SAAM Smit Towage Brasil chief executive Pieter van Stein told Tug Technology & Business that there was greater "market turbulence" in Brazilian towage partially because of two new competing tug operators. "This does not sustain any heavy investments in new tugs for the moment," he said at that time.
This month, both parties in SAAM Smit Towage concluded that an outright sale of Boskalis' share to SAAM would be most beneficial for both parties.
SAAM Smit Towage:
SAAM chief executive Macario Valdés said it was time to "take another step forward" in his company's growth and operations as towage is a core area of its business,
"The partnership with Boskalis has been very productive," he said. "In just over four years, we have grown the business in Canada and improved our position in Brazil."
He expects SAAM can use the cash injection to "play an important role in consolidating and growing this industry" as SAAM already operates in 60 ports in the Americas.
"We perform over 100,000 towage manoeuvres each year. Every five minutes we begin a new manoeuvre somewhere in the Americas. This is a business we want to strengthen and develop for the future," Mr Valdés commented.
Boskalis expects its full year 2018 results, which will be reported on 7 March, will include an impairment on its interests in its harbour towage joint ventures of around €200M (US$226M). This includes the reported impairment from the first half year and the effects of this transaction.
Boskalis operates a global marine towage and salvage vessel fleet and has strategic partnerships in harbour towage and terminal services, including Kotug Smit Towage, Keppel Smit Towage, SAAM Smit Towage and Smit Lamnalco.
SAAM Smit Towage operates a fleet of 106 tugs, operating in 30 ports in four countries, including three of the five most important terminals in the Americas: Santos (Brazil) and Colón and Balboa (Panama).
This fleet is being expanded through acquiring newbuildings to support LNG terminal operations in Canada, while four tugs have been added to the Brazilian fleet in the last two years.
After acquiring Boskalis' equity stake, SAAM will operate a fleet of 153 tugs and operate in nine countries in the Americas.
This purchase still needs regulatory approval, but is expected to conclude in Q2 2019.
Emissions and engineroom technology will be discussed at Riviera Maritime Media's Americas Sulphur Cap 2020 Conference in Houston, in March.


text: Cabin proved rather small once Dagrim was able to get a proper feel for it, confined quarters almost cozy with its lack of light or accursed sky above. Great bear rug took up most of the floor, keeping the dwarf's steps silent as he rifled through the hammock and great chest that made up the former captain's property. Sleeping cloth was stained with more stagnant bodily fluids, shards of glass and a half-intact black bottle sprinkled beneath the actual hammock. Great chest provided the only object of interest, something that Dagrim was perhaps the best equipped to translate out of their entire crew: a journal, one laden with grudges. Paging through the earliest entries Slayer eyes over multiple names of men, beasts, and things best left never having existed; and their many transgressions against a Argun Volkson, apparent lesser chieftain of the Varg. Slapping pages aside Dagrim reaches the most recent slight against Argun: Sorcerer - Whoreson traded us a magical artifact for his life. Whole crew fell ill, first to die rose up and started killing everyone. Must flay the name from the bastard before he is killed.


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Bill Goldberg has been known as a powerhouse wrestler in the WWE and WCW but he has always had a passion for MMA. In a recent interview with Australia's Submission Radio he gave his thoughts on Brock Lesnar's possible return to the UFC as well as the recent failed drug test from Jon Jones.
Goldberg feels very strong that Brock Lesnar will in fact return to the UFC.
"I think so," he said. "I think if Brock … you know I haven't trained with Brock. I don't know exactly what he does, but if I were him I'd spend 75% of my time on stand up. I believe that if he does it properly he can go back and dominate, But if he doesn't do it properly he'll go back and the same thing will happen, you know [as happened] towards the end of his tenure. It's all about growing. It's all about being able to look at yourself in the mirror and look at your deficiencies, and be man enough, and be egoless to go out and put yourself in negative situations in training so that you could learn."
Bill Goldberg went into vivid detail on how he felt about current UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones testing positive for Cocaine and UFC President's Dana White's reaction to the crisis.
"When I saw Dana White's comment about 'this is the best thing that could have happened' you know I was appalled," he began. "But once you sit back and think about it, for Jon Jones the person this is the best thing that could have happened."
"Do I like Jon Jones as a fighter? Was I cheering for Jon Jones against Cormier? No. Do I appreciate his ability? Do I think he is pound for pound the gnarliest MMA fighter on the planet? Absolutely. Can I appreciate the fact that he's made it to that level by training his ass off, and being unique, and being innovate? Absolutely. Do I like him as a person on a post-fight interview? Absolutely not. Do I like the eye pokes and do I like the knee kicks? Absolutely not. I think that's cheap."
"I think he can be a much better fighter, and be a much better champion, and be a much better example for people to follow, if he sat back and just understood that some of things that he says and some of the things that he does need to be tweaked a little bit. And hey, I don't know Jon, but I love him to death because he's a guy that worked his ass off to make it to the top of his field. As a human being I want the best for Jon Jones.
"UFC on the other hand, what they did with this situation; until I get 100% of the information straight in front of me so I could look at it, I think passing judgment not really knowing everything, I think they dropped the ball. Because they've been fighting for what, 20 years to try and get a positive impression from everyone? From trying to get into New York state, from trying to get into these states that John McCain kept them out of years and years ago. I think it would be in their interest to do the right thing."
"And you know the definition from the commission about in-season testing and what 'in-season' means is absolutely appalling. It's ridiculous and it's a technicality, and it's something that if they would have pulled Jones from the fight, God knows how many millions of dollars they would have lost, and they would have had to refund. I can't tell you how long it's been that I have been wanting for a fight to happen such as Cormier and Jones. You know Lawler and Hendricks I definitely wanted to see that one, but there's other fights that you want to see. But if they would have taken that one off the plate then that was a huge loss for them in a lot of ways. So I understand from a business stand point why nothing was done, but it doesn't look real good from the outside looking in. So I think something has to be done.
"I know Jon Jones is going to come back bigger and better, and look at it from a wrestling stand point; a lot of people thought he was a dick beforehand, though he was a great fighter. I made the analogy yesterday; it's like I'm a car guy, I love muscle cars. And if I see a low-rider going down the street, and it's perfect, immaculate, I'm gonna appreciate it, but it doesn't mean I have to like it. So I have a lot of respect for him, but I don't like some of the things that he says and some of it, he's like a little baby sometimes, you know? That's not the way a champion is. And 90 percent of the time he's a great champion, but there's just some things that I'm not in favor of. But hey, it makes him look like a heel, and you need a heel. And does it show a character turn, and is this the thing that puts everyone back in his corner, and even the people that didn't like him before put in his corner? Hey, absolutely. But at the end of the day none of that matters. We're talking about one human being and their struggle with drugs, and I hope nothing but the best for Jon Jones."
There's no confirmed news about whether or not Brock will sign with the UFC following the expiration of his WWE contract. The winner of Gustafsson vs. Johnson is expected to be the the next light heavyweight challenger for John Jones. See the contenders battle on UFC on Fox 14.


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Mummy franchise to continue?
It's no surprise that the latest Mummy film, The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor, is trying to restart the franchise for more films, particularly as it seems to be bringing the young character up to the fore to take over from the lead.
Despite the change in location, villain and lead actress it really does look like this third Mummy film could manage to continue the trend of the previous two, but with such big changes itself can it hand over to another franchise?
It's been attempted a number of times in other franchises, most notably twice with Indiana Jones, where the established leading actor and character look to be replaced by a younger lead to try and take the franchise forward for a younger audience.
However with the Mummy franchise it's a little early for this kind of move, after all they've only had two successful films and this third one has yet to come out, and there's a lot that the third film has to do to win over audiences.
Having replaced Rachel Weisz with Maria Bello for the same character, and uprooted the Mummy franchise to China, where there aren't really Mummy's in the same sense of the word, and replaced them with a Terracotta army, and the Arab protectors with Chinese martial artists (although to be fair I'm much happier with Michelle Yeoh over Oded Fehr – no offense meant, I'm a red blooded male after all!), there's a lot of ground for the third instalment to make up with fans.
Not only have they to win the audience over with all that, but they're trying to hand the franchise over to another leading character and actor and possibly have it move from location to location – unless there's going to be more Chinese Mummy stories.
Frankly I think it has far too much to do and could really do without the hassle of the handover. However word is that the film really does concentrate on the son of Rick O'Connell, played by Brendan Fraser, and he is merely there as the support and transition character.
Now before I tell you the reason for all this talk of a new franchise, I have to remind you that when actors are signed up to lead potential franchises there are clauses already in their contract from day one for a trilogy. It happens for films that never stretch past one. It's so if the first is successful and the studio go to make a second and third that they have the leading actors ready to go, albeit with scheduling conflicts.
So the news that the young star of the film Luke Ford, playing Alex O'Connell, has a contract for three films isn't really that surprising is it? Perhaps not, but the fact that the studio are contemplating three more films with him as the lead is.
The news comes from Bloody Disgusting, and it could well be! We shall have to see how the first film performs, as they quite rightly say, but we do. If that film doesn't do well then we won't see any more for a while, if ever.
Personally I do wonder if they are trying to do too much in The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor and it's going to lose sight of the first two.


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Wisconsin...Tornados...and other "fun" stuff! (Pt. 1)
A good friend of mine (who i'll call BoB, cause thats his name) lived in that good ol' cheese state where the cows ain't as smart as ours or give better cheese, but go moo just the same.
I was invited to go and visit Bob, his brother and Philis the girlfriend of said brother. So i packed up, threw my mountain Bike in a box and flew on over.
Now Bob worked the late shift and so did his bro.
One night around 8 or so as we were just relaxing and talking(Philis and i), and her daughter watching tv in the next room when over it came a tornado alert that one was in the neighboring area and possibly gonna touch down so to be prepared etc.
Of course everyone has a basement for such times but this whole tornado thing was new to this SoCal Homeboy! It was new and exciting to me, but scary as heck! What happened next was just plum loco!
Another alert came over the newsflash and our area was now being threatened. We were ready to head on down when i heard this distant roar...or like a train sound. It was more like a wailing sound as the winds blew harder and harder. By now, this wailing was getting louder and louder and i thought that it now in our back yard!! It was!
But as it turns out, the siren was by the back area just outside the yard and when it started up it must have been facing in the opposite direction cause lil by lil it became louder and ME, not knowing that, thought it was the tornado coming through the back door!!
So anyway, we all went down and just waited til it passed....and it did.
Everything went as quickly as it came. That was the norm at times there. wow!
When Bob(which really is his name) got home, he said there was alot of flashing emergency lights etc. over about 2 blocks from the house. So him and i jump into his car to go have a look. We could have just walked but he had to go to the store ok.
Well what i saw was just too strange!
The whole block was gathered at this one empty lot that i quickly found out was once a home and all that was left standing was the fireplace, which i heard saved some family member's life. It really was the strangest thing though, To see the houses on either side and across the street totally untouched! Amazing! But the next day would be even more mind blowing!
I wanted to see what it looked like the next day , so i jumped on my bike and rode on over, and there was the same ol' crowd again gathered there along with now stacks of new lumber. These people (neighbors) were rebuilding it all over again!!! This was routine!
I was so amazed by this! Now thats what i call some real people and good neighbors!!!
Wish i could see that here...but then it would have to start with me now wouldn't it? I'll be a good L.A. kinda freak and let someone else bother...i mean ...uh...help out.
What can i do anyway?? naw...i'll pass!
Man.. What a fricken cop-out huh? (gee..how 60's)
Well........now do whatever i can in my lil neighborhood, from buying a few bags of aspalt and filling in some street "dents/holes" by my house , to jumping on any fresh grafitti before it even has time to dry {at times}. Or just leaving bag of lemons on some neighbors gate. It ain't no big thang and i dig it!
SEE.....i say to myself... Fool!...you CAN do something besides Ignore or just bitch, bla...bla...bla...
Yeah...what i experienced first hand over in Milwauki gave me a good kick in the butt for sure. I think its great too! Heres yours! (j/k) Don't get me wrong...I'm still Ignorant (hey, I heard that! who said arogant?) as far as i'm concerned! Just a tiny bit more better for it. I'm not really interested in who benifits from it either, I just know....I do ,(and some others) and thats just cool with me too!
So Boys and Girls, what did we just learn from Mr. Rudedogs excellent adventure in cheeseland?
Thats right!....absolutly positively without
a single doubt.......(please fill in da blank)
*or if you see a neighbors house hit by a tornado (in L.A.?)Pleazeee don't go loot it ! But go see if anyones left alive and help them out first.......then rush it!! Dibbs on the toaster!
(bad-bad rudedog!)


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My sister and I are obsessed with a show. A lot of shows, actually, but one in particular.
And for some reason we don't really like MasterChef Italia, or MasterChef UK, or even MasterChef US. But we just can't get enough of MasterChef Australia! As far as the food goes, all the contestants from all the countries manage to come up with some incredible looking (and tasting, I'm sure) dishes. But be it the good looking lads, or the amazing judges that you can't help but love, MasterChef Australia is one of those shows that we would choose over anything!


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A mini gold rush has descended on Northern California
When asking seasoned miners about this year's so-called gold rush in Northern California, it can be a challenge to obtain trustworthy information.
"People who are smart don't advertise what they've found," said Bob Van Camp, better known as "Digger Bob." "If you're finding nuggets in an area, you don't tell anyone about it; I've made that mistake before."
After all, if you're a professional miner looking to make your fortune, it's the nuggets you're after. Flakes and dust are milquetoast – and altogether worthless – compared to heavy chunks of the shiny yellow stuff.
Northern California was pelted with record rainfall this winter, and miners predicted that once all the water washed away, gold would be left in its wake. It appears that their predictions are panning out.
"Folks are finding more gold — 'flood gold' — than usual this year," said Diana Clayton, president of the Shasta Miners & Prospectors Association, which owns seven claims throughout Northern California and boasts about 350 members.
"Many of our members have been mining for decades," Clayton said. "They really know the area. And they know there's been changes."
Bryant Shock, co-owner of Gold Prospecting Adventures in Jamestown, Calif., estimates that there's been a quarter increase in professional miners heading up north – a sure sign of a legitimate gold rush, he says.
So too, Shock has seen bigger chunks of the mineral unearthed this season than in recent years, and not just near streams and rivers. Heavy rainfall triggers slides, he explained, which create cutouts in the hills and deposit small bits of gold in gulches and ravines.
"I've heard of people walking along, kicking the dirt and finding a piece of gold," Clayton added. She said a Shasta Miner recently uncovered a nugget half the size of her pinkie finger – that's a biggie.
Clayton wasn't about to let SFGATE in on the location of the prized chunk – "That's like asking fishermen where they found their best catch!" – but she did mention the prospects surrounding the Oroville Dam, where miners believe gold is buried in the bedrock and dirt washed away when the spillway flooded.
SEE ALSO: Dramatic new images show scale of damage to Oroville Dam spillway
"There's good gold in that gravel," said professional miner Mike Abernathy definitively.
Aspiring miners should take pause before heading to Oroville with a pan in their hand and visions of riches on their minds. The region surrounding the spillway is completely inaccessible to the public, and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) vehemently refutes the treasure hunters' chatter.
"The river channels affected by the flooding were extensively mined during the late 19th and 20th centuries, and having high flood waters would not expose additional gold," a BLM spokesperson told SFGATE over email.
Nonetheless, a miner can dream — that's what this gold hunting business is all about anyway. Odds of making a fortune in the goldfields of California are slim-to-none, but that's not really the point.
Said Clayton, "It's about having fun and maybe getting lucky."
Read Michelle Robertson's latest stories and send her news tips at email@example.com.


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The exhibition features more than 20 works from a private collection created by the artist V. Lebedev for the "Window of Growth"
in the brightest period of his work, i.е. in the 1920s.
LEBEDEV Vladimir Vasilievich
People's Artist of the RSFSR. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Arts of the USSR
14 (26) .05.1891, Petersburg - 11/21/1967, Leningrad
He worked in Petersburg in the studio of FA Rubo and attended the drawing, painting and sculpture school of MD Bernstein and LV Sherwood (1910-1914), studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Petersburg (1912-1914). Member of the Society of Four Arts. Collaborated in the magazines "Satyricon", "New Satyricon". One of the organizers of the ROSTA Window in Petrograd. In the early 1920's, Lebedev worked in the poster department of the Petrograd "Window of GROWTH". The placard clarity has passed into the children's book illustration, which the artist has been engaged in since 1921.
At the turn of the 1920s-1930s, Lebedev's creative work showed a rejection of graphics in favor of painting, which is not without the influence of the changed demands of the time. In the 1930s, he worked on portraits and still lifes.
In 1931, several works of Lebedev were sharply criticized in the press, and five years later he, along with V.Konashevich, became the object of gross attacks in the article "On Painful Artists" (Pravda, 1936, March 1). The article, which served as a signal for the persecution of the Leningrad artists of the children's book, was part of a broad ideological campaign directed against a number of artists.


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Parasitic Twins
Parasitic twins, a specific type of conjoined twins, occurs when one twin ceases development during gestation and becomes vestigial to the fully formed dominant twin, called the autositic twin. The underdeveloped twin is called parasitic because it is only partially formed, is not functional, or is wholly dependent on the autositic twin.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders, Reproduction
"Induction and Patterning of the Primitive Streak, an Organizing Center of Gastrulation in the Amniote" (2004), by Takashi Mikawa, Alisa M. Poh, Kristine A. Kelly, Yasuo Ishii, and David E. Reese
"Induction and Patterning of the Primitive Streak, an Organizing Center of Gastrulation in the Amniote," (hereafter referred to as "Induction") examines the mechanisms underlying early amniote gastrulation and the formation of the primitive streak and midline axis. The review, authored by Takashi Mikawa and colleagues at Cornell University Medical College, was published in Developmental Dynamics in 2004.
Format: Articles
Subject: Publications
General Embryological Information Service, published annually by the Hubrecht Laboratory, 1949-1981
The General Embryological Information Service (GEIS) was an annual report published by the Hubrecht Laboratory in Utrecht, The Netherlands from 1949 to 1981 that disseminated contemporary research information to developmental biologists. The purpose of the annual report was to catalog the names, addresses, and associated research of every developmental biologist in the world. Pieter Nieuwkoop edited each issue from 1949 until 1964, when Job Faber began assisting Nieuwkoop. Bert Z. Salome joined the editing team in 1968 before Nieuwkoop ceased editing duties in 1971.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organizations
J. B. v. M. B. (2001)
In 2001, the Supreme Court of New Jersey decided a dispute between a divorced couple over cryopreserved preembryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) during the coupleÕs marriage. The former wife (J.B.) wanted the preembryos destroyed, while her former husband (M.B.) wanted them to be used for future implantation attempts, such as by an infertile couple. In J.B. v. M.B. (2001), the court declined to force J.B. to become a parent against her will, concluding that doing so would violate state public policy.
Format: Articles
Subject: Legal
Seed Banking 1979-1994
In the early twentieth century, scientists and agriculturalists collected plants in greenhouses, botanical gardens, and fields. Seed collection efforts in the twentieth century coincided with the professionalization of plant breeding. When scientists became concerned over the loss of plant genetic diversity due to the expansion of a few agricultural crops around mid-century, countries and organizations created seed banks for long-term seed storage.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organizations
"How do Embryos Assess Risk? Vibrational Cues in Predator-Induced Hatching of Red-Eyed Treefrogs" (2005), by Karen Warkentin
In 'How do Embryos Assess Risk? Vibrational Cues in Predator-Induced Hatching of Red-Eyed Treefrogs' (2005), Karen Warkentin reported on experiments she conducted to see how red-eyed treefrog embryos, Agalychnis callidryas, can distinguish between vibrations due to predator attacks and other environmental occurrences, such as storms. Though the ability of red-eyed treefrogs to alter their hatch timing had been documented, the specific cues that induce early hatching were not well understood.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments, Organisms
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840)
In eighteenth century Germany, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach studied how individuals within a species vary, and to explain such variations, he proposed that a force operates on organisms as they develop. Blumenbach used metrical methods to study the history of humans, but he was also a natural historian and theorist. Blumenbach argued for theories of the transformation of species, or the claim that new species can develop from existing forms.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Study of Fossilized Massospondylus Dinosaur Embryos from South Africa (1978-2012)
In 1978, James Kitching discovered two dinosaur embryos in a road-cut talus at Roodraai (Red Bend) in Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa. Kitching assigned the fossilized embryos to the species of long necked herbivores Massospondylus carinatus (longer vertebra) from the Early Jurassic period, between 200 and 183 million years ago. The embryos were partially visible but surrounded by eggshell and rock, called matrix. Kitching said that the eggs were too delicate to remove from the matrix without damage.
Format: Articles
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Vertebrates
The hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that regulates cell growth and differentiation during embryonic development, called embryogenesis, in animals. The hedgehog signaling pathway works both between cells and within individual cells.
Format: Articles
Subject: Theories
Lysogenic Bacteria as an Experimental Model at the Pasteur Institute (1915-1965)
Lysogenic bacteria, or virus-infected bacteria, were the primary experimental models used by scientists working in the laboratories of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, during the 1950s and 1960s. Historians of science have noted that the use of lysogenic bacteria as a model in microbiological research influenced the scientific achievements of the Pasteur Institute's scientists.
Format: Articles
Subject: Organisms, Experiments
Edward Drinker Cope's Law of Acceleration of Growth
The Law of Acceleration of Growth is a theory proposed by Edward Drinker Cope in the US during the nineteenth century. Cope developed it in an attempt to explain the evolution of genera by appealing to changes in the developmental timelines of organisms. Cope proposed this law as an additional theory to natural selection.
Format: Articles
Subject: Theories
"On the Permanent Life of Tissues outside of the Organism" (1912), by Alexis Carrel
'On the Permanent Life of Tissues outside of the Organism' reports Alexis Carrel's 1912 experiments on the maintenance of tissue in culture media. At the time, Carrel was a French surgeon and biologist working at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City. In his paper, Carrel reported that he had successfully maintained tissue cultures, which derived from connective tissues of developing chicks and other tissue sources, by serially culturing them.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments
Title X Family Planning Program (1970–1977)
The Family Planning Services and Public Research Act of 1970, often called Title X Family Planning Program, is a US federal law that provides federal funding for family planning services to low income or uninsured families. The US federal government passed the law, Public Law 91-572, in 1970 as an amendment to the Public Health Services Act of 1944. The Act created the Office of Population Affairs (OPA) under the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (here called the Secretary).
Format: Articles
Subject: Reproduction, Legal
Paul Kammerer (1880-1926)
Paul Kammerer conducted experiments on amphibians and marine animals at the Vivarium, a research institute in Vienna, Austria, in the early twentieth century. Kammerer bred organisms in captivity, and he induced them to develop particular adaptations, which Kammerer claimed the organismss offspring would inherit. Kammerer argued that his results demonstrated the inheritance of acquired characteristics, or Lamarckian inheritance. The Lamarckian theory of inheritance posits that individuals transmit acquired traits to their offspring.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments, People
Susceptibility Assay
Charles Manning Child designed an experimental test, the susceptibility assay, to measure the effects of different toxins on developmental processes. The susceptibility assay measured an organism s vulnerability to death when it was submerged in a noxious solution. The assay involved immersing an organism in a solution that contained a depressant or inhibitory substance, such as alcohol, and then measuring the responses of the organism. Child interpreted these measurements as revealing information about the relative levels of metabolic activity within the organism.
Format: Articles
Subject: Technologies
In re Marriage of Witten (2003)
In re Marriage of Witten, decided by the Iowa Supreme Court in 2003, held that neither Tamera nor Arthur (Trip) Witten could use or destroy several cryopreserved preembryos created during their marriage using in vitro fertilization (IVF), unless the former couple could reach a mutual agreement. Tamera and Trip Witten, unable to conceive conventionally during their marriage, had attempted to start a family together using IVF at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) in Omaha, Nebraska.
Format: Articles
Subject: Legal
"Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line" (1996), by Keith Campbell, Jim McWhir, William Ritchie, and Ian Wilmut
In 1995 and 1996, researchers at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, cloned mammals for the first time. Keith Campbell, Jim McWhir, William Ritchie, and Ian Wilmut cloned two sheep, Megan and Morag, using sheep embryo cells. The experiments indicated how to reprogram nuclei from differentiated cells to produce live offspring, and that a single population of differentiated cells could produce multiple offspring. They reported their results in the article 'Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer from a Cultured Cell Line' in March 1996.
Format: Articles
Subject: Experiments
Fate Map
Early development occurs in a highly organized and orchestrated manner and has long attracted the interest of developmental biologists and embryologists. Cell lineage, or the study of the developmental differentiation of a blastomere, involves tracing a particular cell (blastomere) forward from its position in one of the three germ layers. Labeling individual cells within their germ layers allows for a pictorial interpretation of gastrulation. This chart or graphical representation detailing the fate of each part of an early embryo is referred to as a fate map.
Format: Articles
Subject: Processes
The Gradient Theory
The gradient theory is recognized as Charles Manning Child's most significant scientific contribution. Gradients brought together Child's interest in development and his fascination with the origins of individuality and organization. The gradient theory grew from his studies of regeneration, which were largely based on work he conducted with marine invertebrates, such as the ascidian flat worm, planaria and the hydroid, tubularia.
Format: Articles
Subject: Theories
VACTERL Association
VACTERL association is a term applied to a specific group of abnormalities involving structures derived from the mesoderm. Although the defects of this disorder are clearly linked, VACTERL is called an association rather than a syndrome because the exact genetic cause is unknown. "VACTERL" is an acronym, each letter standing for one of the defects associated with the condition: V for vertebral anomalies, A for anal atresia, C for cardiovascular anomalies, T for tracheoesophageal fistula, E for esophageal atresia, R for renal anomalies, and L for limb defects.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders
The Y-Chromosome in Animals
The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the development of new microscopic and molecular techniques, including DNA sequencing, enabled scientists to confirm the hypothesis that chromosomes determine the sex of developing organisms. In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. Beginning in the 1980s, many studies of human populations used the Y-chromosome gene sequences to trace paternal lineages.
Format: Articles
Subject: Reproduction, Theories
The term morphogenesis generally refers to the processes by which order is created in the developing organism. This order is achieved as differentiated cells carefully organize into tissues, organs, organ systems, and ultimately the organism as a whole. Questions centered on morphogenesis have aimed to uncover the mechanisms responsible for this organization, and developmental biology textbooks have identified morphogenesis as one of the main challenges in the field. The concept of morphogenesis is intertwined with those of differentiation, growth, and reproduction.
Format: Articles
Subject: Processes
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Aristotle studied developing organisms, among other things, in ancient Greece, and his writings shaped Western philosophy and natural science for greater than two thousand years. He spent much of his life in Greece and studied with Plato at Plato's Academy in Athens, where he later established his own school called the Lyceum. Aristotle wrote greater than 150 treatises on subjects ranging from aesthetics, politics, ethics, and natural philosophy, which include physics and biology. Less than fifty of Aristotle's treatises persisted into the twenty-first century.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
St. George Jackson Mivart (1827-1900)
St. George Jackson Mivart studied animals and worked in England during the nineteenth century. He also proposed a theory of organismal development that he called individuation, and he critiqued Charles Darwin's argument for evolution by natural selection. His work on prosimians, a group of primates excluding apes and monkeys, helped scientists better investigate the Primate group.
Format: Articles
Subject: People
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a human disorder in which an individual's genetic sex (genotype) differs from that individual's observable secondary sex characteristics (phenotypes). A fetus with AIS is genetically male with a 46,XY genotype. The term 46,XY refers to the chromosomes found in most cells of the fetus. Most cells have a total of 46 autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes, and a pair sex chromosomes, XX for genetic females, or XY for genetic males.
Format: Articles
Subject: Disorders