text:
Matthew Anthony are delighted to bring to the market this superbly positioned two bedroom detached bungalow. Accommodation comprises; an entrance hall, south/west facing living room, dining room opening into the kitchen, two double bedrooms, a refitted shower room/WC and additional separate WC. Modern convenience including double glazing, central heating, off road parking and a garage with electric door, power and lighting. The property also benefits from a quiet rear garden. Located in high sought after South Ferring, the beach is just a few minutes walk away, whilst Ferring village itself, where you'll find a Co-op convenience store, doctors surgery, library, dentist and village hall, is approximately one mile away.
Double glazed front door opening into:Entrance HallFitted carpet, radiator, airing cupboard, storage cupboard, coving to textured ceiling with two pendant lights. Doors opening to:Dual Aspect Living Room - 16'11" (5.16m) x 13'4" (4.06m) Into BaySouth facing double glazed window, further West facing double glazed window, TV point, fitted carpet, radiator, four wall lights, coving to textured ceiling with pendant light.Dining Room - 9'11" (3.02m) x 6'7" (2.01m)Double glazed French doors opening onto rear garden, fitted carpet, coving to textured ceiling, opening into:Kitchen - 9'11" (3.02m) x 9'1" (2.77m)Matching base and eye level units comprising single bowl sink with mixer tap and drainer inset into work surface, integrated electric oven and hob with extractor canopy above, space for fridge, part tiled walls, double glazed window, coving to textured ceiling, double glazed door giving side access.Master Bedroom - 12'11" (3.94m) x 11'0" (3.35m)Built in wardrobes with sliding doors, double glazed window to the side, further double glazed window to the rear, fitted carpet, two radiators, coving to textured ceiling with pendant light.Bedroom Two - 11'11" (3.63m) x 11'0" (3.35m)Double glazed window to front, further double glazed window to side, storage cupboard, fitted carpet, radiator, coving to textured ceiling with pendant light fitting.Refitted Shower Room/WCMatching suite comprising tiled walk in shower enclosure with sliding glass door and mains shower, wash hand basin with mixer tap and upboards under, low level push button flush WC, tiled walls, obscured glass double glazed window, coving to textured ceiling with two lights.Separate WCLow level flush WC.Front GardenAttractive brick paving providing a driveway for multiple vehicles.Rear GardenPrimarily laid to lawn with flower beds bordering. Gates giving access to both sides. Single glazed wooden door giving side access to garage.GarageElectric up and over door. Power and lighting. Single glazed window to the rear, side door giving access to rear garden.NoticePlease note we have not tested any apparatus, fixtures, fittings, or services. Interested parties must undertake their own investigation into the working order of these items. All measurements are approximate and photographs provided for guidance only.
The Energy-Efficiency Rating is a measure of a home's overall efficiency. The higher the rating, the more energy-efficient the home is, and the lower the fuel bills are likely to be.
The Environmental Impact Rating is a measure of a home's impact on the environment in terms of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions - the higher the rating, the less impact it has on the environment.
Property ID: 1013


text:
More and more businesses and organisations are training their staff to use mindfulness techniques to improve their performance and well-being.
Mindfulness practice teaches us how to be fully present in each moment rather than worrying about the past and future. We connect ourselves to the moment simply by breathing and being aware.
The obvious danger here is that it all sounds like airy-fairy hippy nonsense with no real connection to the hard-edged world of work. We will help you cut through all of that, because when companies like Google and General Mills and global ass-kickers the US Marine Corps. start using mindfulness techniques, you'll realise that there are genuine benefits.
What are the benefits?
There are many. Greater relaxation. Increased focus. Reduced stress. Easier relations between colleagues. Improvements in customer service. Great dollops of creativity. Heightened flexibility and responsiveness.
Once you move your business and the people in it so that they live for the moment, the possibilities are endless.
We offer training and support to help you and your teams explore mindfulness techniques. From one-to-one coaching, short team-building sessions or long-term group mentoring, we'll be here to help you on your journey.
While you're thinking things over, why not have a poke around some of our musings.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Title I FAQs
What is Title I? Title I is the largest federal aid program for our nation's schools.
How long have schools been given Title I funds? Title I began in 1965 under President Lyndon B. Johnson as part of his "War on Poverty".
What is the purpose of Title I? Title I money was given to districts to help students in schools affected by poverty. It was intended to help close the achievement gap between schools in affluent neighborhoods and schools from poor communities.
What does Title I money do for a school? Title I money can be used in two different ways in a school. In one program, called a Targeted Assisted Program, the money is used to provide support for students targeted as low performing in reading or math. Another type of Title I program is called a Schoolwide Program. In a schoolwide program, Title I money is used to benefit all of the children in a school. A schoolwide program is guided by the schoolwide program plan and a school leadership team. All of Dorchester School District Two's Title I schools operate a schoolwide program. Title I money is typically used to provide extra staff, materials or professional development for these schools. The program specifically supports reading and math.
How might Title I help my child? A child attending a Title I school in Dorchester 2 may receive assistance in reading or math from a Title I teacher or assistant. A Title I Assistant is often called a paraprofessional. Paraprofessionals often work in class with teachers and assist teachers with instruction. They might work with small groups of students or one on one with a child. Title I teachers often team teach with classroom teachers or conduct small classes for students with unique learning needs. The Title I program works closely with the classroom teacher and other programs in a school to help all children be successful in reading and math. Children also benefit from training teachers receive or curriculum materials that is paid for with Title I funds.
How is a school eligible to receive Title I money? The federal government measures a schools poverty level by the number of students receiving free or reduced lunch. In Dorchester School District 2, a school who has more than 40% of the student population on free or reduced lunch qualifies to have a Title I program.
How is a child eligible for Title I services? All children attending a Title I school operating as a schoolwide program are eligible to receive services from Title I. Thus, in a schoolwide program, all students are Title I students and all teachers are Title I teachers. How Title I resources and staff are used in a schoolwide program is decided by the school leadership team and guided by the schoolwide program plan.
What is a schoolwide program plan? Many people in Dorchester 2 refer to this document as the school's "SWP Plan." This document is the written plan a school submits to the district and state department that explains how the schoolwide program will operate. It identifies the major schoolwide goals the Title I resources will be targeted towards. A "SWP Plan" also gives direction for professional development and parental involvement. To view a specific school's schoolwide program plan please visit their school webpage.
What Schools in Dorchester Two receive Title I services? Twelve of the district's fifteen elementary schools receive Title I services. They are listed below.
Alston-Bailey Elementary School
Dr. Eugene Sires Elementary School
Eagle Nest Elementary School
Flowertown Elementary School
Joseph R. Pye Elementary School
Knightsville Elementary School
Newington Elementary School
Oakbrook Elementary School
Spann Elementary School
Summerville Elementary School
William M. Reeves Jr. Elementary School
Windsor Hill Arts Infused Elementary School


text:
Carina Bosch (carinabos)
Carina Bosch
Natural Burn http://naturalburnreview.com - Natural Burn
San Franciscohttp://naturalburnreview.com
They call the author Fabian Eddington. His family everyday life in Michigan.
ScoopHot is a premium lead generation platform. Businesses use ScoopHot for their Brand Marketing, Product Marketing and for Lead Generation. You can Blog, Bookmark, Post events, Use Polls for Market Research, Ask questions, and more!. Lets buzz what's hot about your business...


text:
Now showing items 1-10 of 349
Prognostic factors in 1,138 Iranian colorectal cancer patients
Background and aim: The incidence of colorectal cancer is increased in Iran in recent years and colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer in both sexes. The aim of this study is to define the prognostic factors ...
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Relationship between inflammatory factors (IL6, TNFα, hs-CRP) and Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension in patients with COPD: A Cross sectional study
Background: Inflammatory mechanism appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of various types of human pulmonary hypertension such as idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and PAH associated'' with connective tissue disease. Although ...
Congenital anomalies and termination of pregnancy in Iran
The aim of this study was to document some epidemiological features of termination of pregnancy for birth defects in Iran. We studied 603 pregnant women who were diagnosed/recommended for the termination of pregnancy as ...
Traffic injury deaths in West Azarbaijan province of Iran: A cross-sectional interview-based study on victims' characteristics and pre-hospital care
This study highlights the socio-demographics and death circumstances of victims of fatal road traffic injuries (RTIs) in one Iranian province. A representative sample of cases was selected from a national register and ...
Resistance to single-agent chemotherapy and its risk factors in low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasms
Aim Gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN) is a rare disease which is classified into high- and low-risk groups. While the high-risk patients require combination therapy, the low-risk groups respond to single-agent ...
Occurrence of haemophilia in Iran
[No abstract available]
Melasma and its association with different types of nevi in women: A case-control study
Background: Very little is known about possible association of nevi and melasma. The study objective was to determine if there is an association between melasma and existence of different kinds of nevi. Methods: In a ...
The Meaning of collaboration, from the perspective of iranian nurses: A qualitative study
Background. Interdisciplinary collaboration among nurses is a complex and multifaceted process, an essential element in nursing, which is crucial to maintain an efficient, safe, and viable medical setting. The aim of this ...
Nonword repetition in schizophrenia: Semantic long-term memory supports phonological loop: Letters to the Editor
[No abstract available]
Presence and significance of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in Iranian patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Background and Purpose: Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), a recently discovered DNA virus, was first identified in patients with non-A to -G hepatitis following blood transfusion. Transmission is generally via the ...


text:
For those of you who haven't already registered for the next Math Encounters presentation, we are happy to announce that Susan Goldstine will be presenting "The Fabric of Symmetry: Connecting Mathematics and Fiber Arts" on Wednesday, February 7.
About the talk: What do knitting, embroidery, and beadwork tell us about symmetry? What does symmetry tell us about design in textiles? Join us in an exploration of contemporary mathematical fiber arts with Susan Goldstine, Professor of Mathematics at St. Mary's College of Maryland and Associate Editor of the Journal of Mathematics and the Arts. Special introduction by Robert P. Crease, Chair of the Department of Philosophy, Stony Brook University.
MoMath is pleased to offer two sessions of the upcoming Math Encounters presentation. The first will begin promptly at 4:00 pm, with light refreshments served afterward. The second will begin promptly at 7:00 pm, with light refreshments served beforehand, at 6:30 pm. Both presentations will be held at MoMath, which is located at 11 E 26th Street in Manhattan.
Note that if you are waitlisted, you will not be admitted to the seating area until all registered participants have been accommodated.
Register for the 4:00 pm presentation
Register for the 7:00 pm presentation
To learn more about Math Encounters, visit mathencounters.org.
The ATOMIC Mission is to ensure that every Connecticut student receives world-class education in mathematics by providing vision, leadership and support to the K-16 mathematics community and by providing every teacher of mathematics the opportunity to grow professionally.


text:
- Home
- Vietnam
- Laos
- Cambodia
- Thailand
- Myanmar
- Multi Country
- Cruises
- Transfer Service
- Testimonials
- Blogs
Uthai Thani is a province abundant in natural resources, such as forests and wildlife. "Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve" here was proclaimed a Nautral World Heritage Site on 13 December 1991. The reserve has jungles, forests, plains, many streams, and most importantly, a number of rare and endangered animals.
Due to the verdant nature of the area, Uthai Thani is a province with unspoiled natural tourist destinations that are of interest to tourists everywhere. Furthermore, visitors can see the different lifestyles of locals, such as the life of raft residents on Sakae Krang River, a waterway that aided the birth of the province and which has been a lifeline for its people since ancient times. It is also where provincial trading has flourished. Life revolving around the river eventually grew from a community into the major province that it is today.
The most striking indication of the bond between the people and the river since the old days, is that in 1906, when King Rama V visited northern provinces and stayed in Sakae Krang village, the monk Phra Khru Uthai Tham Nithet (Chan) built 2 twin rafts to receive the king. This clearly showed the importance of the river and the lifestyle of the people living off it in that period.
In addition, at the end of the Buddhist Lent, Buddhists from all directions congregate in the province for a major merit-making tradition called Tak Bat Thewo at the foot of Khao Sakae Krang at Wat Sangkat Rattana Khiri. This festival has been held in Uthai Thani since ancient times.
Uthai Thani is located in the lower part of northern Thailand. Most of the province consists of forests and high mountains. It has a total area of 6,730 square kilometres.
Along both banks of the Sakae Krang River , which flows through the entire province, are numerous rafting establishments , home to many river fishermen. Hop onto a boat for a trip downstream to enjoy the scenic surroundings.
Situated at the foot of Khao Sakae Krang Mountain, Wat Sangat Ratana Khiri houses the sacred Buddha image of Phra Phuttamongkon, the city's protector and provincial treasure. From the compound, there are stairs leading to the top of the mountain, where a replica of Lord Buddha's Footprint lies. Wat Chantharam , locally known as Wat Tha Sung, was built during the Ayutthaya era. Highlights include locally drawn murals in the interior of the small hot (hall), an elaborately decorated chapel, and a vast ground with meditation halls.
The Thai Laos ethnic minorities emigrated from Burma to the small village of Coke Mor during the Rattanakosin period, and are renowned for their wide selection of locally made hand woven cloths, featuring modern and traditional design patterns.
Created a century ago and influenced by Rattanakosin period designs, Wat Mani Sathit Kapitharam (Wat Thung Kaew), contains a large holy water pond. The water was blessed by a highly revered monk, the temple's founder, and was used at the ordination ceremony for King Rama 6 and King Rama 7.
A 2-hour trek and climb is required to get to the summit of Khao Plara to view the 40 plus red, prehistoric cave paintings on the western caves, the province's prized historical treasure.
The Huay Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuary expands over Uthai Thani and Tak provinces. The densely forested park is home to many wildlife animals, some on the verge of extinction.' Highlights include the Jone Waterfall with year-round water supply. In 1991, the park was recognized as a World Natural Heritage Site.
The only forest with intact teak trees still in existence is located at Lansak District, the Pa Sak Thammachart (Natural Teak Forest) and has received government endorsement for development into a national park.
An interesting feature of the chapel wall mural at Wat Nong Khun Chat is the painting of a people wearing Western style hats, created during the reign of King Rama V. The temple is also the site of the annual pilgrimage in February paying homage to Lord Buddha's Footprint.
Viewed from a distance, the Khao Phraya Phai Rua Mountain resembles a Chinese junk boat. The forested mountainsides are dotted with complex cavern systems adorned with beautiful limestone formations and illuminated with electricity. A large sleeping Buddha image presides at the cave entrance.
The Science, Technology and Environment Center boasts a vast collection of cultural and technological machinery, including the Kingdom's first typewriter and ancient weaponry.
City Attractions
Wat Ubosatharam was originally called "Wat Bot Manorom" and is located in the municipality on the bank of Sakae Krang River opposite Uthai Thani Fresh Market. It is surmised that it was built in the early Rattanakosin period. Many historical sites and artifacts are found inside, such as wall murals in the convocation hall from the early Rattanakosin period that depict the life of Lord Buddha from birth till death. They are of exquisite craftsmanship. The murals inside the main hall are also from the same period and depict Lord Buddha showing mercy upon angels in heaven and other scenes.
Moreover, there are 3 pagodas, each from different periods and of different styles. Also of interest are the main hall, the convocation hall, the prayer building, the octagonal multi-tiered rood, the Bot Nam raft, the replica of Lord Buddha's footprint from the time of King Rama IV, a silver Buddha image weighing 30 kilograms. Gifts from King Rama V to Luang Pho Chan Wat Bot when the king visited Uthai Thani on 10 August 1906, such as a monk's bowl with a pearl-inlaid lid, a stone monk's bowl, a glazed bowl, a sack used when the king visited Europe, a wide-month urn, and a vase etc, are also on display.
Bot Nam is in front of Wat Ubosatharam on the bank of Sakae Krang River. It was built to receive King Rama V when he visited northern provinces in 1906. Originally a twin raft, it has an elongated carved apex of the gable like normal temple main halls. It also had a front part with a circular sign in Pali stating that the king visited here in good faith. In 1976, the raft was renovated and made into a single raft of floors so it is suitable for monks to use. There is an area for worshippers to sit under a four-sided roof. The sign has been moved to the middle of the front part of the roof. Today, the raft is used by raft residents for religious ceremonies such as weddings, ordinations, funeral, and merit-making activities.
Wat Sankat Rattana Khiri is at the foot of Khao Sakae Krang at the end of Tha Chang Road in the municipality. Inside the main hall is "Phra Phuttha Mongkhon Sai Sit" or "Luang Pho Mongkhon", an ancient bronze Buddha imae form the Sukhothai period in theMan Wichai posture. It is 1.5 metres wide and was made in the reign of King Lithai. In the open area of the temple is a stairway ascending to the top of Khao Sakae Krang totaling 449 steps. At the peak is a pavilion with a multi-tiered roof, housing a replica of Lord Buddha's footprint and a large bronze bell built in the reign of King Rama V. It is said that this is a sacred bell and that visitors to the province who do not ring the bell are likely to never get to see the province.
In addition, in one corner of the temple is a pavilion housing a statue of the father of King Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynastr, who was born in Ban Sakae Krang.
Getting There: From the city, take Road No. 3220 and turn left into the provincial staduum leading up the mountain. The distance is around 4 kilometres.
Rafts on Sakae Krang River reflect the lifestyle of Uthai Thani people that has always been linked with water. Water is used here to grow pandanus and for raising fish in floating baskets, particularly gourami, which has become a main occupation of the province and made it famous.
Tourists can take a boat to view the life of people living on rafts on Sakae Krang River by boarding at Lan Sakae Pier near Municipal 2 Fresh Market in Amphoe Mueang or boarding at Lan Suphannika in front of the provincial hall on Si Uthai Road. The route passes Wat Tha Sung and ends at Tambon Tha Sung where Sakae Krang River and Chao Phraya River meets. Ther are tour boats serving visitors. For more information, please contact Pan House Travel at Tel: 0-2933-0577, 0-2538-0335, 0-2538-3705.
Wat Chantharam or Wat Tha Sung is at Mu 2, Tambon Nam Sum. It is an old temple from the Ayutthaya period. It was formerly called "Wat Chan" which is the name of an abbot. Wat Chantharam later was abandoned until 1789 when the monk Luang Pho Yai came here. Villagers asked him to become the abbot of the temple and he renovated it. The first location of the temple was on the bank of Sakae Krang River. The artifact of the place is a pulpit built by Luang Pho Yai that is opposite the temple. More buildings were later added by the monk Phra Ratchaphrom Yan Nen (Luang Pho Rusi Ling Dam). The new convocatin hall is beautiful with an ornately decorated interior. The inner windows and doors have pictures of angels. His Majesty the King presided over a ceremony to officially open the building. Surronding the building is a traditional columned wall. Images of Luang Pho Pan and Luang Pho Yai, 3 times the actual size, stand at the corner of the front wall. Furthermore, the new site has a wide area as well as many pavilions with accommodation for meditation. The main hall is open during 09.00-11.45 hrs. and 14.00-16.00 hrs. daily.
Getting There: From the city, take Road No. 3265 to the ferry at Amphoe Manorom, about 6 kilometres away. Wat Than Sung is on both sides.
Local History and Cultural Museum is at the Uthai Thani Provincial Non-formal Education Centre on Si Uthai Road near the city hall. On display are prehistoric human skeletons, clothes, regalia of city lords, and the room of a Thai house and wood models. Advance reservation is necessary. For more information, please call 0-5651-1511.
Wat Thammakhosok called "Wat Rong Kho" by villagers, was built in the early Rattanakosin period. It is on Si Uthai Road, Tambon Uthai Mai in the municipality. It was used to hold rites by Uthai Thani government officials to pledge allegiance to the king as well as an execution site. The most interesting places in the temple are the chapel and the main Buddha Image hall. The chapel is of the Rattanakosin period. A tiled roof covers the building. The Buddha image here is highly sacred. There are beautiful murals inside, the works of late Ayutthaya artists. The main hall is a larger building, and is higher than the chapel. A pedestal inside has around 20 Buddha images on it. The outer windowpanes have plaster drawings of the epic Ramayana as frames. The doors have wooden floral patterns painted in bright red.
Thap Than
Ban Khok Mo Weaving Village is a small village of Thai-Lao residents whose ancestors migrated here in the Rattanakosin period. Villagers take up weaving when the harvest ends. The fabrics produced in the village are unique. They are made from Sin Tin Chok Silk, Mat Mi silk and traditional-style fabrics with floral patterns.
Getting There: From Amphoe Thap Than, take Highway No. 3013 to Amphoe Sawang Arom for approximately 11 kilometres. A 4-kilometre road leads to Ban Khok Mo. The weaving group is next to Wat Khok Mo.
Wat Thap Than was built in the Rattanakosin period around 1897. The locals have shortened the full name to Wat Thap Than. It is said that this area was where Thai troops caught up with invading forces in the late Ayutthaya period. Hence, the name of Thap Than. The monastery has a shady compund with a small chapel and main hall in the traditional style. The item of interest here is the lovely, carved door depicting an angel holding an arrow standing on a serpent, and another, of an angel tending deer holding a pike on a lion. The convocation hall has a main bronze Buddha Image in the Man Wichai posture 1.68 metres wide. The main hall houses a replica of Lord Buddha's footprint in bronze.
Getting There: Take Highway No. 3221 (Amphoe Mueang-Amphoe Thap Than) for 19 kilometres. The temple is located on the left about 1 kilometre before the Thap Than district office.
Sawang Arom
Bung Khok Chang Ancient City was a town surrounded by a moat and an earth wall. A sacred pond is at the outer corner of each wall. Artifacts unearthed here include tools, utensils and a stone scripture in Mon. Evidence points to the items being from the Dvaravati period. Objects found to date are pot fragments, black and brown jars, blades, iron spears, and colored beads made into ornaments.
Getting There: From the city, take Highway No. 3221 past Amphoe Thap Than onto Highway No. 3013 past Amphoe Sawang Arom. From there take Highway No. 3456 to Amphoe Lan Sak. The distance from Amphoe Sawang Arom is about 14 kilometres. A pagoda can be seen on the left with a ban Bueng Khok Khwai sign (this road runs straight through Bung Khok Chang.)
Lan Sak
Prehistoric coloured drawings at Khao Pla Ra can be seen at Khao Pla Ra, a mountain range with verdant jungles, no communities and natural water sources. It is also the home of numerous wild animals. It has truly lovely natural surroundings in the area around the cave, and cliffs in the southwestern part of the mountain, around 320 metres avove sea level. Colour cave drawings stretch for around 9 metres. These prehistoric drawings are of humans and animals in red and black. They show an agrarian society and are artistic expressions of people in ancient times. The drawings give insight into their lifestyle and homesteads. They are certainly invaluable as [part of the artistic heritage of the country. A number of earthenware pieces of three-legged pots and stone axes were also found in the area.
Getting There: From the city, take Road No. 333 past Amphoe Nong Chang, then take Road No. 3438 (Amphoe Nong Chang-Amphoe Lan Sak) for around 21.5 kilometres. You will see the Pla Ra Mountain range on the left. Then turn left onto an asphalt road for about 7.5 kilometres and continue on foot for about 2 kilometres up the mountain to the peak, to see the prehistoric drawings. The total distance from the city is around 51.6 kilometres.
Hup Pa Tat Cave is a large valley with an area of about 48,000 square metres. The mountain range surrounding the valley is a limestone range. Part of it is Khao Huai Sok that connects with Khao Pla Ra, about 1 kilometre away. On the way up to the cave is a margosa forest. Upon reaching the cave mouth you will see a dark cave. After a walk of around 100 metres, you will emerge from darkness and see the way down to the valley. Looking around you will see a limestone mountain surrounded by high cliffs. This enables sunlight to reach the ground only at midday. Therefore, the valley has higher humidity than other parts and this contributes to a wealth of flora. The thick jungle features gigantic shrubs of the genus Excoecaria that are similar to prehistoric trees.
Getting There: Use the same route as Khao Pla Ra. It is 300 metres before the mountain.
Khao Khong Chai Cave is on a limestone mountain range that is about 353 metres high. The range is naturally beautiful and has a large cave in front, where stone tools and earthenware pieces were discovered. It is believed that it was the dwelling of prehistoric people. The cave is now the home of numerous bats.
Getting There: From the city, take Road No. 333 past Amphoe Nong Chang. From there, take No. 3438 (Amphoe Nong Chang-Amphoe Lan Sak Route). About 2 kilometres before reaching Amphoe Lan Sak, there is a left turn into Lan Sak Witthaya School. Continue on for 500 metres to Khao Khong Chai. It is around 52.4 kilometres from the city.
Khao Phraya Phai Rua is in Mu 5 of Tambon Lan Sak. The mountain is shaped like a Chinese junk and is surrounded by a natural moat. It is covered with assorted plants and there are altogether, 12 caves leading underground. Each cave has distinctive stalactites and stalagmites, like Kaeo Cave, Si Chomphu Cave, Thong Phra Rong Cave, Ang Nam Mon Cave, Phuttha Sathan Cave, Khao Pha Raet Cave and ending with Phra Non Cave. In front of this cave is a large natural pond that is teeming with a variety of fish, plus beautiful scenery.
Getting There: From Amphoe Lan Sak, take Highway No. 3438 to Huai Kha Khaeng for avout 4-5 kilometres. A sign tells you to turn right for 4 kilometres to Phraya Phai Rua Cave.
Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve consists of almost every kind of forest found in Thailand, including mountain virgin forest, dry virgin forest and pine forest. It has a total area of about 2,780 square kilometres. The reserve covers the sub-districts (Tambon) of Rabam and Pa O in Amphoe Lan Sak; Khok Khwai and Kaen Makrut in Amphoe Ban Rai; Thong Lang in Amphoe Huai Khot; and Mae Lamung of Amphoe Um Phang in Tak. The reserve also connects with Thung Yai Naresuan in Kanchanaburi. The unspoiled nature of the reserve makes it an ideal home to various rare and endangered animals such as wild buffalo, rhinoceros, wild elephant, red gaur, tapir, leopard, wild bull, etc. In addition, it is the watershed of rivers flowing to Srinakharin Dam. Due to these attributes, Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve was named by UNESCO as a Natural World Heritage Site on 13 December 1991.
Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve has 3 points through which visitors can tour the area:
- The area around the reserve headquarters is in Amphoe Lan Sak, 34 kilometres from the district. The area has an exhibition building and the Sup Nakhasathian Memorial. The Khao Hin Daeng walking nature trail is about 4 kilometres long. There is also the Pong Thian viewpoint.
- The area around the Cyber Forest Protection Unit in Amphoe Huai Khot is the site of the Huai Kha Khaeng Nature and Wildlife Study Centre, set up by a private organization called the Suep Nakhasathian Foundation, under the approval of the Royal Forestry Department. The centre consists of a study, a nature trail that has direction and information signs, trailside exhibitions, and viewpoints, among others.
- The area around Huai Mae Di Noi Forest Protection Unit in Amphoe Ban Rai, has a nature study walking trail arranged by the Royal Forestry Department for educational purposes.
All 3 points are open to tourists who wish to visit the reserve and study nature. For more information, please contact the Wildlife Conservation Division, Royal Forestry Department, Tel: 0-2561 4292-3 twenty days in advance or Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve, P.O. Box 4, Amphoe Lan Sak, Uthai Thani 61160.
Getting There: There are 2 routes to the reserve:E nter through the reserve headquarters that is about 102 kilometres from the province, or take the Uthai Thani-Nong Chang road (Highway No. 333) past Amphoe Nong Chang to Highway No. 3438 (Nong Chang-Lan Sak) to Km. 53-54, then turn left onto a laterite road for about 14 kilometres.
Huai Khot
Cyber Waterfall is in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Reserve and tourists are permitted to visit it. The waterfall is situated amidst natural surroundings, mainly the Huai Kha Khaeng forest. The water comes from the western mountain of the reserve, resulting in a medium-sized waterfall that drops down several levels before splashing on the boulders below.
Beneath the waterfall is the Cyber Forest Protection Unit. From here, tourists must walk 105 kilometres to the waterfall.
Getting There: From Uthai Thani, take the Uthai Thani-Nong Chang-Ban Rai road for about 79 kilometres. From Amphoe Ban Rai, take Highway No. 3282 to Cyber village in Tambon Khok Khwai for another 30 kilometres. A sign, points to the waterfall, turn right and follow for 7 kilometres.
Note: The route into the waterfall is 7 kilometres long and is a rough laterite road. It is unsuitable for low cars and sedans.
Ban Samo Thong Hot Spring is in Mu 2, Tambon Thong Lang. This is a small spring that sprouts up to the surface. The hot water from underground converges to form a little stream that flows down to Than Khok Khwai or Huai Khun Kaeo. The water is clear and pungent with the aroma of sulphur. The water is so hot that it can boil an egg in 5 minutes. The Royla Irrigation Department has constructed Huai Khun Kaeo Reservoir, flooding the stream and the spring itself. However, an earth levee has been developed around the spring, and some landscaping has been done to create a good rest area for visitors. The spring has an area of 4,000 square metres and consists of 3 springs. A mineral bath is available for tourists, and nearby is a 20-metre-high Buddha Image, sitting high amidst the wonderful scenery of the area.
Getting There: From Amphoe Ban Rai, take Highway No.3282 (Amphoe Ban Rai-Amphoe Huai Khot) to Km. 41, then turn right to Ban Wang Yang Samo Thong for another 24 kilometres. The total distance from the city is 64 kilometres.
Ban Rai
Wat Khao Wong is a temple in a valley. It has a beautiful, two-storey Thai-style convocation hall. The area has been exquisitely landscaped. The monastery is the 13 th of 19 branches of Wat Sangkhathan in Nonthaburi, that have spread to places such as Chiang Mai, Um Phang, the United Kingdom, and India. The monastery was built in 1987 and has a total area of 320,000 square metres. The surrounding area is mountain and forest.
The most striking feature of Khao Wong Monastery is the 4-storey Thai-style multi-purpose pavilion. Built almost entirely of wood, the pavilion has a pond in front with many fish. Around the pond is a garden of colourful flowers. The wood used in the pavilion's construction was donated by locals, and has been transformed into a work of architecture that retains natural qualities.
The monastery has a monthly meditation class for those who are interested.
Getting There: Use the same route as if going to Phu Wai Cave. It is about 3 kilometres before the cave (there is a cooperative store selling souvenirs and free accommodation for up to 200 persons).
Pha Rom Yen Waterfall is in Ban Mai Rom Yen. The highlight of the waterfall is its uniqueness of being a limestone waterfall that falls from a cliff. It can be clearly seen from the road nearby. This beautiful waterfall flows from a small stream, 4 levels up. It is about 100 metres high. The highest level is a stream that falls down to a pool on the second level. The highest level is the level that can be viewed from the entrance. The beauty of this waterfall lies in the fact that it falls down a high cliff, splashing into mist down below. The nearby area is bright green with moss and ferns. The surrounding natural foliage provides cool shade for visitors.
Getting There: From Amphoe Ban Rai, take Highway No. 3011 (Ban Rai-Phu Bon) to the entrance of Ban Mai Rom Yen, then turn right for around 2 kilometres. Then go on foot for 400 metres from the entrance to the waterfall.
Ban I Mat-I Sai Hill Tribe Cultural Centre and Karen Village , is situated in Tambon Kaen Makrut. The centre has a house with a raised lower floor, a thatched roof, and bamboo walls. This is a replica of a Karen house for tourists to see, and there is also a room displaying the tools and utensils of Karens. There is accommodation available, plus a cultural performance if advance notice is given. Moreover, there are hill tribe volunteers to take visitors to see nearby areas. For more information, please contact Tel: 0-5652-0723, 0-5651 -2026.
The Karen village near here is Chao Wat Yang Daeng, which strictly adheres to old traditions. It leads a simple lifestyle and has a peaceful atmosphere. The interesting event of this village is the New Year Festival that is held on the fullmoon night of April
Getting There: From Amphoe Ban Rai, take Highway No. 3011 (Ban Rai-Phu Bon) for about 17 kilometres.
Tak Bat Thewo Fair at Wat Sangkat Rattanakhiri, is the most important event and is held around October. Hundreds of monks residing within the Muang district, walk down the steps from the top of Khao Sakaekrang, to accept food offerings from Buddhist devotees who gather in the ground of the temple. The fair is based on the traditional belief that the Lord Buddha on one occasion returned to earth from heaven.
Hotels and accommodation
- Local Cuisine
How to get there
* By car
a) From Bangkok, take Highway No. 32, passing Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, ang Thong, Sing Buri, and Chai Nat, then turn left at Tha Nam Oi at Km.206. From there, cross the bridge spanning the Chao Phraya River and turn left onto Road No. 333 for 16 km. The total distance is around 222 kilometres.
b) From Bangkok, take Highway No. 32 pass Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, then turn left across the bridge to Ang Thong. Go through Sing Buri, Amphoe Sapphraya, Chao Phraya Dam, Amphoe Wat Sing, Wat Tha Sung, and into Uthai Thani Market. The total distance is about 283 kilometres.
c) From Bangkok, take Road No. 340 past Suphan Buri, turn left onto Road No. 357, then right onto No. 322 past Amphoe Don Chedi. From there, turn right onto Road No. 3264 to Ban Sa Krachom. Then turn right onto Road No. 333 to Ban Rai intersection and another right to Amphoe Mueang. The total distance is about 302 kilometres.
* By bus
There are daily, regular and air-conditioned Bangkok - Uthai Thani buses during 05.00-16.00 hrs. For more information, please contact the Northern Bus Terminal (Mo Chit), Tel: 0 2936 2852-66, and Uthai Thani Bus Terminal, tel 0 5651 1914.


text:
ONE evening four winters ago Robert Immerman came home to discover the steep steps leading up to his house in Larchmont glazed with ice. Unable to make the ascent to the front door because of balance problems he had suffered since undergoing brain surgery, he panicked.
"That was it," said his wife, Minna. "That's when we knew we had to move." The couple — he is 70 and has since retired from his architecture practice; she is 66 and teaching part-time — had lived in the three-bedroom Tudor-style house for more than 30 years. Their two daughters had grown up there. They faced a tough question, one that most people eventually wrestle with: where to live in their old age.
They ruled out moving to a retirement community or an assisted-living facility outside of Larchmont. "We love our community, and most of our friends are here," Mrs. Immerman said.
So the Immermans aren't leaving town. The route they chose —to "age in place" — is becoming increasingly popular in Westchester and elsewhere.
Amy Paul, the executive director of the Center for Aging in Place Support in White Plains, said people had begun to "rethink the process of aging and to push back on stereotyping of the old."
The organization, a nonprofit established two years ago, offers grants and technical advice to aging-in-place startups in Westchester County.
"Nowadays when people get older," Ms. Paul said, "they don't want to have to go away out of sight."
She also ascribed the trend to the troubled real estate market of the past three years, which has made it more difficult to sell a house and still realize a sizable profit.
As of the 2008, 186,889 people over 60 lived in the county, out of an overall population of 953,943, according to the county planning department. By 2030, Westchester's population is expected to be 982,666, with about 243,518 residents over 60. AARP polls indicate that almost 9 in 10 Americans over 60 share the Immermans' desire to live out their lives in familiar surroundings as opposed to an institutional setting — however luxurious some care communities may be.
In Larchmont, it turned out that the Immermans' search for a housing solution coincided with the creation of At Home on the Sound, a nonprofit support network designed to facilitate aging in place.
They moved within town to a three-bedroom co-op in an elevator building, and will rely on the organization to assist them in their lives there. At Home on the Sound, which officially opens this month, will offer its clients referrals to social service and health care providers, tradespeople, drivers and housekeepers, among other services..
"As seniors," Mrs. Immerman said, "we don't want to have to go someplace else and start over. We want to stay where we are and remain a vital part of our communities."
Most efforts like At Home on the Sound refer to themselves as villages — a takeoff on the notion that it requires a village to raise a child and likewise to support older residents. Groups are often modeled after Beacon Hill Village in Boston, a pioneer in the community-based approach. About a decade old, it now has 400 members.
In Westchester, the number of older residents electing not to leave their current homes has inspired the Home Services Shop, a handyman service in Pleasantville, to add a new business division to retrofit their houses, said Kurt McKinney, the company's vice president.
Over the past two years, Mr. McKinney said, demand has increased for the installation of bathroom grab bars and chair lifts for stairs, and for the widening of doorways to accommodate wheelchairs.
In Yonkers, Alberta Blasewitz, 80, belongs to a three-year-old aging-in-place group called DeHaven on the Hudson, named after a neighborhood street. The organization serves 130 members living in condominiums and co-ops on the city's west side.
For Ms. Blasewitz, a retired secretary, membership has been critical: recently home from a three-week hospital stay, she has been able to count on friends and volunteers to drive her to the doctor, run errands, prepare food and regularly check in on her progress.
In Rye, Thomas Saunders, 65, and his wife, Emily, 66, have considered a number of options, including moving to the Carolinas or Georgia, where housing costs are lower and golf courses more plentiful. They have instead decided to remain in the three-bedroom two-bath Tudor that has been their home for 26 years.
Mr. Saunders, a retired engineer who suffered a stroke 12 years ago, said that in the final analysis it mattered more to him to remain close to his doctors in Manhattan and to the couple's daughter and three grandchildren in Connecticut.
Instead of moving, he said, they will retrofit the house as their needs dictate. Mr. Saunders is a founding member of a nascent group called Sprye, an acronym for Staying Put in Rye and the Environs.
The local aging-in-place associations rely primarily on volunteers, although some — like the three-year-old Gramatan Village in Bronxville — have at least one paid staff member who coordinates services and vets service providers' credentials.
Gramatan Village, which has with 400 members, charges $360 a year for individuals and $480 for a family. At Home on the Sound will charge a similar amount.
DeHaven on the Hudson's members pay just $25 a year, in large part because many of them rely on Social Security and small pensions, and few, if any, have significant investments, said Barbara Weinbaum, the group's president.


text:
Join us on Saturday 6th July as we take you on a trip down the yellow brick road with a themed Tea Party and 80th Anniversary screening of the The Wizard of Oz (1939).
Here you'll find an array of colours and sweet smells flowing from a dess-art* table of absolute deliciousness! After this we'll head into the cinema for a chance to win some prizes, followed by the film.
When a tornado rips through Kansas, Dorothy (Judy Garland) and her dog, Toto, are whisked away in their house to the magical land of Oz. They follow the Yellow Brick Road toward the Emerald City to meet the Wizard, and en route they meet a Scarecrow (Ray Bolger) that needs a brain, a Tin Man (Jack Haley) missing a heart, and a Cowardly Lion (Bert Lahr) who wants courage. The wizard asks the group to bring him the broom of the Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton) to earn his help.
2:30pm - Tea Party in the Grand Lobby
3:00pm - Cinema doors open/prizes
3:15pm - Film starts
5:00pm - Film ends
*No dietaries catered for.


text:
Purpose of the measure
The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a self-rating screening tool developed to detect depression in elderly individuals (Yesavage et al., 1983).
Author*: Katie Marvin, MSc. PT (Candidate)
Editors: Annabel McDermott, OT; Nicol Korner-Bitensky, PhD OT
Evidence reviewed as of before 12-01-2012
NOTE: *The authors have no direct financial interest in any tools,
tests or interventions presented in StrokEngine-assessment.
tests or interventions presented in StrokEngine-assessment.


text:
Board of Trade Returns
Англо-русский словарь экономических терминов. 2001.
Смотреть что такое "Board of Trade Returns" в других словарях:
Greater Washington Board of Trade — The Greater Washington Board of Trade is a network of business and non profit leaders in Washington, D.C.From modest beginnings in 1889, the Greater Washington Board of Trade has grown into a powerful force for the Washington, D.C. region,… … Wikipedia
World Trade Center — For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). World Trade Center[1] … Wikipedia
Fair trade — For other uses, see Fair trade (disambiguation). Fair trade is an organized social movement and market based approach that aims to help producers in developing countries make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. The movement… … Wikipedia
international trade — Introduction economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and food. Other transactions… … Universalium
Live food fish trade — The live food fish trade is a global system that links fishing communities with markets, primarily in Hong Kong and mainland China. Many of the fish are captured on coral reefs in Southeast Asia or the Pacific Island nations.Consumer demandLive… … Wikipedia
Ffestiniog Railway — Heritage Railway name = Ffestiniog Railway caption = Two trains passing at Tan y Bwlch, c. 1900 locale = Wales terminus = Porthmadog linename = Festiniog Railway Company builtby = Festiniog Railway Company originalgauge = RailGauge|23.5… … Wikipedia
Economic Affairs — ▪ 2006 Introduction In 2005 rising U.S. deficits, tight monetary policies, and higher oil prices triggered by hurricane damage in the Gulf of Mexico were moderating influences on the world economy and on U.S. stock markets, but some other… … Universalium
List of Onedin Line episodes — The Onedin Line episode list shows details of the 91 episodes of the BBC television series The Onedin Line. Contents 1 Series 1 2 Series 2 3 … Wikipedia
List of Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament, 1860-1879 — This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1860 1879. For acts passed prior to 1707 see List of Acts of Parliament of the English Parliament and List of Acts of Parliament of the Scottish… … Wikipedia
United Kingdom — a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: formerly comprising Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922. 58,610,182; 94,242 sq. mi. (244,100 sq. km). Cap.: London. Abbr.: U.K. Official name, United Kingdom of Great… … Universalium
United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… … Universalium
- Norman B. Ream: Forgotten Master of Markets, Paul Ryscavage, Norman Bruce Ream was born in southwestern Pennsylvania in 1844, the son of a farmer. He exhibited a commercial sense, but the Civil War interrupted his ambitions. Wounded twice, he returned… Категория: Другие биографии Подробнее Купить за 10628 руб
- The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, Vol. 2 of 2, James D. Bulloch, Excerpt from The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, Vol. 2 of 2: Or, How the Confederate Cruisers Were Equipped English Political Parties and the Civil War. - Pertinacity of… Категория: Энциклопедии. Энциклопедические словари Издатель: Книга по Требованию, Подробнее Купить за 1487.5 руб


text:
The Scenario
There is a war raging on, one that we are all complicit in, albeit to varying degrees, and yet currently, very few governments are addressing it with the urgency required. If we were to title this war, maybe we could call it 'Our War on the World', and in this war, there are only losers.
In October, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (who are a body within the UN carrying out transparent scientific based assessments on climate change) reported that we have 12 years to take action to curb climate change. What this doesn't mean is we spend the next 12 years thinking about how we are going to act in 2030. It means we must start taking climate action immediately to reduce our chances of increasing global temperatures above 2 Degrees Celsius compared to pre industrial levels (those recorded in the 1880's).
Beyond 2 Degrees Celsius it is believed that we could reach a tipping point where inputs into the climatic system, such as greenhouse gas emissions could push these complex systems within our ecosystem out of their equilibrium, this disturbance could have surprise impacts that are non-linear, meaning our models cannot predict them and these changes could be irreversible.
Without considerable action there will be an increased risk of floods, droughts, extreme weather events, and other events affecting millions of people (more than would have otherwise been affected without the current effects of climate change); this is highlighted in the graphic below which shows the risks and impacts of these threats as temperature rises.
This is a trend we have already witnessed this year, across every populated continent around the world. In 2018, we saw California hit by the worst wildfires it has experienced in a century. Record high temperatures were witnessed across the globe, and in Europe, research suggested these temperatures were made twice as likely due to human activity. North America was hit by two particularly devastating hurricanes (Florence and Michael), which resulted in a combined cost of over $32 billion dollars. The Philippines was hit by two of the strongest storms seen in 2018, Typhoon Mangkhut killed over 7000 people. Kerala, India experienced its worst floods for a century killing 361 and affecting a population of over 5 million people. There were many more floods and droughts around the world, creating food shortages and forcing people from their homes, in Afghanistan the droughts affected over 1.4 million people.
It is happening NOW!
The front line is arbitrary in a global war where there is no tangible enemy. However, it does exist, and there are many people positioned and fighting on it.
There are those who are being affected by it. Such as the Native Americans fighting against the state or indigenous tribes in the Amazon rainforest battling deforestation companies. These people are being murdered, attacked and arrested defending their land against destructive practices and the exploitation of natural resources.
There are the "innocent casualties" of climatic events who have contributed nothing to the climate change crisis; which has been driven by the rich western and industrialised countries, but they are feeling the brunt of the impacts. They also tend to have fewer resources to help recover from these events. There are the countries such as the Maldives or Kiribati that are threatened with being submerged as a result of rising sea levels due to climate change causing the polar ice caps to melt. There are also all those affected by the increased intensity and frequency of climatic events, especially the poor, people of colour and communities subject to discrimination.
We have also seen incredible activists such as Greta Thunberg, a 16 year old girl from Sweden who has been striking against school and been the catalyst behind the climate youth strikes and Fridays for the future marches. We have also seen groups such as Extinction Rebellion bringing forward these issues into the public realm through non-violent, peaceful marches and acts of civil disobedience. They both want this issue to be viewed as a crisis, therefore creating an urgency that is required for us to avoid the worst effects of climate change. This is already having an effect with the First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon declaring a climate emergency and that Scotland will live up to their responsibility to tackle it. This action was followed by Wales the very next day making the same declaration. The UK has now declared a climate emergency, however we will have to wait and see what the actions are that follow this.
We must acknowledge we are in a STATE OF CRISIS
Climate change is happening now, and it is happening as a result of our actions. There is no question of that with 97% of scientists agreeing that climate change is caused by humans. Despite this, action from governments and businesses is pitiful, in the UK we have seen the government overturn local councils to allow fracking despite protests, they have cut solar and electric vehicle subsidies, a new coal mine was approved in Cumbria and they are allowing a third run way to go ahead at Heathrow. Their actions show their lack of understanding and political will to truly address this issue with the urgency and in the manner it deserves, regarding the scenario we are facing.
Many of us have not felt the significant physical threat of climate change, therefore it does not appear on our radar. Without any obvious direct and physical threat; an enemy, we have failed to be galvanised into action. It is sad that without that immediate threat of an issue we are unable to act appropriately. It's a bit like that deadline that you know is coming and if you worked at it each day it would be manageable, but instead we are leaving it to the last minute, however the stakes of this deadline aren't a bad mark, it could be the human races' existence on the planet.
Our governments have the information, the reports, the advisors and scientists, which are all pointing in one direction, that we must act urgently now! Yet they continually fail to take decisive action on this, or even be bold enough to communicate these threats to the general public. The lack of urgency associated with climate change can be seen in the continuation of conventional behaviours or 'business as usual' from governments, corporations and even individuals. The government fails to communicate the destruction that is being caused not only by massive corporations but at the consumer level too. For example, the UK government will promote healthy eating to combat obesity but do not promote conscious eating or any other lifestyle changes in order to combat the more serious issue of climate change.
We need governments prepared to take decisive action and we as citizens have to be prepared to make sacrifices. We can do it, because we have acted selflessly and decisively before. In times of crisis, we have seen action.
We Must ACT NOW
You look at any war time scenario, people group together against a common enemy, they take actions and make sacrifices that in normal circumstances they would not. No, Climate change is not the same type of crisis, however it is a "common enemy" and a crisis unlike any other we have faced, and it needs addressing regardless.
When looking back on the World War II, rations were widely implemented and adopted. In fact in the 1940's the UK made wasting food an offence. In comparison we now live in a time of excess, for example globally 1/3 of all food is wasted. Maybe we need governments to implement resource rations or legislation or changes to support responsible resource use. How many single use items are bought ? How many things are just replaced? How many of us think of our actions and the consequences of the things we consume? We must return to a time when ingenuity and the art of "making do" were widely practiced. We must adopt practices and behave in an appropriate way to help tackle this crisis.
We have seen governments around the world respond rapidly to crisis in the past. In the 1970's it was found that CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbon) released into the atmosphere were accumulating in the stratosphere and breaking down the ozone layer. The ozone layer is important for protecting us and other organisms against harmful ultraviolet radiation which can increase the incidence of skin cancer in humans and genetic damage to organisms. The Montreal Protocol introduced in 1978 was an international agreement to phase out these CFC's by banning the production of ozone depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. This has been successful and in 2017 the ozone layer reached the smallest size it had been since 1998. The reason that it has taken this long for the reduction is due to the rate at which the depleting compounds decay.
We have witnessed this type of crisis response and adaptive behaviour towards a climate issue recently and on a fairly large scale in the form of Cape Town, South Africa. The water crisis in Cape Town left people facing the threat of 'Day Zero' where water would no longer run from their taps. This crisis didn't discriminate in the way that it would affect everyone, therefore people came together, forms of government intervention were introduced, limits were set, there was ever the creation of a water police unit, and across the 3 years of drought Cape Town reduced its water consumption by 60%, due to this and significant rainfall experienced for 2 months this issue is no longer the same level of threat and 'day zero' has been pushed back, although it is still having to be managed.
I see climate change as the first issue that has the potential to draw us together as a species in order to overcome it. This is an 'external' threat that is, and will continue to affect us all. It is affecting you, your parents, your children, your family, your friends and, will affect future generations to come. Will you join together and stand up for the survival of ALL beings of the earth. The first thing we must acknowledge is that we are in a CRISIS. The longer we wait to address it, the more dire the consequences.
The climate clock continues to tick, we are a minute to midnight and without action, we as a species will be brought to what could be our demise.


text:
James Mullinger immediately asked to return to Glasgow Square after his well-received show last year and he will do so on Feb. 8 at 8 p.m.
The second stop on his "Almost Canadian Tour," Mullinger is not only a comedian but also a father, editor, cover model in England and inspiration for the full length movie The Comedian's Guide to Survival.
Moving to Saint John, N.B., from Berkshire, England to provide his children, River and Hunter, a better life, Mullinger is proving that it is the people who make a life enjoyable, and hilarious.
Being told New Brunswick does not like comedy, he has proven otherwise by selling out shows, the biggest of which was for 5,000 spectators in Harbour Station and throughout the Maritimes. With a resume as long as he is tall, his primary goal now is to sustain what he is doing by providing for his family by making people laugh.
Over the last 15 years, Mullinger has visited New Glasgow several times yet has not yet enjoyed our famous pizza. His mission this week is to taste Pictou County pizza as well as a donair he has heard so much about.
Studying for his Canadian citizenship, this comedian strives to be recognized as a New Brunswicker instead of that guy from England. Meeting a lot of the Maritime community for material for his magazine, Maritime Edit, Mullinger is a true ambassador of Saint John and the Maritimes as a whole.
Seeing Mullinger on stage it may be easier to see that he was not an athletic child than it is to understand he was not very sociable or academic in his school years. With energy to spare, and a positive mindset that helps ensure he arrives to every show despite the weather, he states proudly: "If something doesn't exist and you want it to, create it."
Since moving to Eastern Canada, 'create' is what he has done. Most prominent of all, Mullinger has created a buzz of positivity within everyone he meets. In the CBC special City on Fire, viewers hear Nikki Payne say, "You have ignited an excitement in me I haven't had in years."
To purchase tickets for his Almost Canadian Tour stop in New Glasgow contact the box office.


text:
This direct mailer was designed for Jaldi.com, an e-commerce website stocking domestic brands.
The goal was to inform national brand and retail managers about Jaldi.com, which promised easy setup for greater sales. The message was that the Jaldi.com would enable greater sales hits, just like a dartboard with an enlarged bull's-eye.
Direct mail
Client: The Sales Machine, Euro RSCG Delhi
Direct mail marketing
Skills: concept | print design


text:
Whirlpool Duet 4.5-cu ft High-Efficiency Stackable Front-Load Washer with Steam Cycle (White) ENERGY STAR
Whirlpool 4.5 Cu. Ft. Front-Load Washer (Lunar Silver) ENERGY STAR
Which is better? Comparison of Whirlpool WFW97HEDW VS Whirlpool WFW9470WL washers. Compare the characteristics of each product and make your choice. Below you can see the most important specifications that you should check before purchase.


text:
A couple of Super Glide bikes with the Tank Lift Kit installed:
A couple of Super Glide bikes with the Tank Lift Kit installed:
Our Harley Low Rider Tank Lift Kit gives this bike a sweet custom look.
"You can dramatically alter the appearance of your bike for way under a $100 bucks. Try that with any other aftermarket product."–Annette, Moreno Valley, CA
See the Harley FXDX Tank Lift Kit in action:
"After chopping my FXDX®, it looked good. But something was missing. It just didn't look right with the tank at stock height. Then I discovered Tank-Lift. Now it's a Bad-Ass chop!"–Vic, Motown, CA
Behold the beauty of the FXD Tank Lift Kit on these bikes.
"For a couple of bucks, It took my stock FXD and gave it a righteous look!"–Gary, Moreno Valley, CA
(641) 680-8656
© Chopper Style, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Iowa website design by www.bigimprint.com.


text: xcite 0 Report post Posted December 10, 2017 Hi. I've noticed that after last update some sensor items dissapeared from "LCD Items", and dissaperead very oddly. I didn't checked all items but noticed two of them dissapeared: "CPU Clock" and "GPU Clock". And they dissapeared only under "Graph" and "Gauge" options in items: But they're visisble under "Sensor item" and "Simple sensor item": Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
To ensure diners' safety and prevent the spread of coronavirus, please expect a phased re-opening of restaurants on our site.
Some will remain temporarily closed and others may reopen slightly re-purposed to comply to social distancing measures.
Whilst we endeavour to update all details on our site, restaurant information, opening hours, menus, experiences and certain privileges expressed may vary until business is able to return as usual.
Thank you for your patience and support.
William Drabble has firmly fixed himself at St James's Hotel and Club gaining a prestigious Michelin star only one year after opening Seven Park Place. Seven Park Place by William Drabble has been refurbished taking inspiration from the Art Deco period, and stylish updates have been made in both restaurant and bar, transforming Seven Park Place into an intimate, sophisticated and modern venue with a perfect atmospheric dining area for guests to savour an elevated Michelin-starred experience. The restaurant is set between two sumptuous dining rooms in the historic quintessential English gentlemen's club (but of course women are welcome now!). William's dishes are modern French in style but are made up of primarily British ingredients. He is passionate about using the best seasonal ingredients from specialist suppliers and menus change regularly to reflect the seasons.
The World of Fine Dining
free download
For the latest awards, ratings, interviews, news and insider restaurant information
See our newsletter archive here.
Follow us on


text:
The most common cause of fungal meningitis in humans, Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A, is a basidiomycetous yeast with a bipolar mating system. However, the vast majority (>99.9%) of C. neoformans serotype A isolates possess only one of the two mating type alleles (MATα). Isolates with the other allele (MATa) were recently discovered and proven to mate in the laboratory. It has been a mystery whether and where C. neoformans strains undergo sexual reproduction. Here, we applied population genetic approaches to demonstrate that a population of C. neoformans serotype A clinical isolates from Botswana contains an unprecedented proportion of fertile MATa isolates and exhibits evidence of both clonal expansion and recombination within two partially genetically isolated subgroups. Our findings provide evidence for sexual recombination among some populations of C. neoformans serotype A from sub-Saharan Africa, which may have a direct impact on their evolution.
The population structure and biology of a microbial species are determined by the extent, if any, to which recombination contributes to its genetic variation. In clonal microorganisms, populations consist of one to several distinct clones or lineages, sexual reproduction is absent or limited, and evolution occurs only through the accumulation of favorable spontaneous mutations within independent lineages (28, 43, 44, 50). Sexual reproduction offers the opportunity to generate robust individuals more rapidly. In sexually reproducing populations, favorable combinations of mutations arising in different lineages may be lost through subsequent recombination (30). Many fungi exhibit a mixture of both clonal reproduction, which can be favored under uniform growth conditions, and sexual recombination, which can be advantageous in changing environments (9, 42, 50).
The frequency of recombination in natural populations of human pathogens can affect the evolution of infectious diseases and thereby have an impact on public health (21, 36). In predominantly clonal populations, clinically relevant phenotypes, such as virulence or resistance to antibiotics, are associated with particular clones or lineages, whereas in recombining populations, in the absence of inbreeding or assortative mating, clinically important traits are distributed among unrelated individuals.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast that often causes life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals, such as patients with AIDS (10, 31). The five serotypes of C. neoformans differ in their global distributions: serotype A is ubiquitous, serotype D is global but more frequent in Europe, serotype AD is rare but global, and serotypes B and C are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition to their geographical distributions, the serotypes also differ in their ecological characteristics, clinical manifestations, and several in vitro phenotypes (10, 31). The most common and serious clinical manifestation of infection is meningoencephalitis, which occurs with any of the serotypes. However, serotype A (C. neoformans var. grubii) is responsible globally for more than 90% of cryptococcal infections and more than 99% of cases in patients with AIDS (10, 31). The highest incidence of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus and C. neoformans occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, where cryptococcosis is the leading cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS, among whom the incidence is approximately 45% and mortality approaches 40% (6, 17).
Cryptococcosis is acquired by inhalation of airborne cells of C. neoformans from the environment, but the source and nature of the infectious propagules have not been resolved. Serotypes A, D, and AD are isolated worldwide from avian excreta, soil, and vegetative debris, whereas serotypes B and C are thought to be associated with various tropical trees (10). Both desiccated yeast cells and basidiospores, which result from sexual reproduction or haploid "fruiting," are small enough (<5 μm) to reach the alveoli to establish infection. The extent to which basidiospores are produced in nature is unknown, but experimentally produced basidiospores are highly infectious (37).
C. neoformans is a haploid basidiomycetous yeast with a bipolar mating system. Sexual reproduction is governed by a single mating type locus with two alternative alleles, MATa and MATα (26). However, the occurrence of sexual reproduction in natural populations is unknown. In an Australian population of serotype B, both mating types were found in equal proportions in the same environmental niche, yet this population was extensively clonal and exhibited little diversity and no evidence of genetic recombination (18).
Until 3 years ago, all clinical and environmental isolates of serotype A that had been examined possessed only the MATα allele, a fact which would seem to exclude the possibility of sexual reproduction. However, the population structure of serotype A could not be explained solely by mutation and clonal expansion (9, 52). Analyzing representatives of different multilocus genotypes for associations among loci provides a common method for distinguishing between the null hypothesis of recombination and the alternate hypothesis of clonality (9, 28, 41, 44). In a recombining population, loci that are physically unlinked are distributed randomly among the individuals. Conversely, clonal populations usually are characterized by linkage disequilibrium or nonrandom associations among physically unlinked loci. Population genetic analysis of multilocus genotypes of 222 serotype A isolates showed no statistically significant linkage disequilibrium among the loci, indicating that recombination might be occurring in this population (7, 9). Another commonly used method for distinguishing clonality from recombination is to compare gene genealogies, or phylogenetic trees, constructed from polymorphisms within gene sequences (22, 28, 52). In a clonal population, the genealogies of unrelated genes will be congruent, but in recombining organisms, the genealogies of unrelated genes may differ. Multiple gene genealogies of C. neoformans revealed significant incongruences, which might be explained by recombination and hybridization (51, 52). Recent reports revealed the existence of rare MATa isolates of serotype A and demonstrated their ability to undergo a sexual cycle (20, 27, 33, 45). However, only 3 of >2,000 isolates examined had mating type MATa; therefore, the occurrence of sexual reproduction in nature has been a mystery (33, 45, 46).
Here, we analyzed the genetic structure of a population of 139 serotype A isolates from patients with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Using multilocus genotypes and DNA sequence data, we provide evidence for population subdivisions and for both clonal expansion and recombination. This population included 14 fertile MATa serotype A isolates that undergo sexual reproduction and recombination in the laboratory. These findings provide supportive evidence that serotype A strains may be sexually recombining in sub-Saharan Africa, a finding which has considerable implications for the evolution of the pathogen C. neoformans.
Yeast strains, maintenance, and serotyping.The 139 strains used for this study were isolated from patients with AIDS in Botswana and obtained by L. Barth Reller, Duke University Medical Center. Isolates were colony purified, confirmed to be C. neoformans by standard morphological and physiological criteria (23), and maintained on yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) agar medium (Difco, Baltimore, Md.) at 30°C. Isolates were serotyped with commercial monoclonal antibodies (Iatron, Tokyo, Japan) and by PCR amplification with serotype-specific primers and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) (see below). For mating assays, in addition to the clinical isolates from Botswana, the following laboratory tester strains of C. neoformans were used: H99, serotype A, MATα; KNA14, serotype A, MATa; JEC21, serotype D, MATα; and JEC20, serotype D, MATa (33). Additional laboratory strains of serotypes A, D, AD, B, and C were used as comparative controls for AFLP genotyping and phylogenetic analyses (52).
DNA manipulations.A pure culture of each yeast isolate was grown on a YPD agar plate for 48 h. Genomic DNA was extracted from each isolate with a Camgen yeast genomic DNA purification kit (Whatman BioScience, Cambridge, United Kingdom) as prescribed by the manufacturer's instructions. The mating type of each isolate was identified by PCR with mating type- and serotype-specific primers that amplified portions of the STE20a or STE20α allele of serotype A or D (designated STE20aA, STE20αA, STE20aD, or STE20αD) (25, 27, 48, 53).
Mating assays.To test for sexual reproduction and determine mating types, strains were crossed in the laboratory with reference strains (H99, KNA14, JEC21, and JEC20) as described previously (33). To isolate basidiospores, each serotype A MATa strain from Botswana was mated with the serotype A MATα reference strain (H99). Portions of cocultures producing basidiospores were excised and transferred to a fresh YPD agar plate, on which individual basidiospores were dissected by micromanipulation and cultured for subsequent evaluation.
Flow cytometry.To establish the ploidy of isolates, the relative DNA content was measured by flow cytometry and compared to that of H99, the haploid reference strain of serotype A (11, 40).
AFLP.AFLP markers were generated as described previously (4, 47) with the following modifications. Restriction and ligation reactions were carried out simultaneously overnight at 37°C with 25-μl volumes consisting of 1× ligation buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), 40 mM NaCl, 0.2 mg of bovine serum albumin/ml, 4 μM MseI adaptor, 0.4 μM EcoRI adaptor, 5 U of EcoRI (Promega, Madison, Wis.), 2 U of MseI (NEB, Beverly, Mass.), 0.2 U of ligase (Invitrogen), and 100 ng of genomic DNA. Samples from representative reactions were electrophoresed in 1% agarose to ensure that DNA was completely digested. Each reaction mixture was diluted 1:2, and 2 μl was used for the pre-PCRs, which were performed as described previously (4).
Two primer combinations, EcoRI-AC-FAM/MseI-G and EcoRI-TG-FAM/MseI-G, were used for the selective PCR. The selective EcoRI primers were labeled at the 5′ end with 6-carboxyfluorescein (6FAM). The primer sequences were as follows: EcoRI-AC-FAM, 5′-6FAM-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAC; EcoRI-TG-FAM, 5′-6FAM-GACTGCGTACCAATTCTG; and MseI-G, 5′-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAG. The selective PCR conditions were 5 min at 95°C; 9 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 65°C for 30 s, with a decrease of 1°C every cycle, and 72°C for 1 min; and 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 56°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min. Each PCR mixture contained 12 μl of 1× PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM deoxynucleoside triphosphates, 1 μM each primer, 0.065 μl of Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen,), and 2 μl of a 1:11 dilution of the DNA restriction-ligation mixture.
The selective PCR products were diluted 1:21 in sterile water and electrophoresed by using an automated sequencer (ABI 3700; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) under the default run module for GeneScan version 3.7 according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data were collected and fragment sizes were determined by using GeneScan version 3.1 analysis software and a 500 TAMRA internal size standard (Applied Biosystems). Data were analyzed by using Genographer version 1.6 software (3) and scored manually. Polymorphic bands were defined as bands of the same size that were present in some but not all isolates. To assess the reproducibility of the AFLP method, DNA was extracted, and the AFLP reaction and analysis were performed on at least two separate occasions for each isolate. In replicate analyses, 92% of the AFLP bands were identical (data not shown). Only intense and reproducible bands were scored for the analysis of population structure.
Gene sequencing.From a strain of each genotype, portions of the laccase (LAC1) gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) region between the large subunit of ribosomal DNA and the 5S genes were obtained by PCR as described previously (12, 52). PCR products were purified and sequenced by using an ABI 3700 sequencer with Big Dye terminators (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were generated from both DNA strands, aligned, and optimized visually.
Data analysis.The genetic relatedness among the isolates was evaluated by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis with Euclidian distance measures through the use of Community Analysis Package 2.4 (PISCES Conservation Ltd., Hampshire, United Kingdom). We applied the method of Nei and Li to analyze genetic distances of restriction fragment data (32) and generated a dendrogram with the neighbor-joining algorithm by using PAUP (38). Phylogenetic analysis of the IGS and LAC1 genes was also performed by using PAUP. Maximum-parsimony trees were identified by using heuristic searches based on 100 random sequence additions for each region. Statistical support for phylogenetic groupings was assessed by bootstrap analysis with 500 replicate data sets. The parsimony tree length was tested by using 1,000 permutations (38). To evaluate the associations among loci in each sample, we used the index of association (IA), the new unbiased estimate of multilocus linkage disequilibrium (rd) (9, 28), and the parsimony tree length test (2, 9). For this text, maximum-parsimony trees were identified by using Dollo parsimony criteria (14). IA and rd values were calculated by using Multilocus 1.2 software, and 1,000 artificially recombined data sets were used to determine the statistical values of the test (1).
Unexpected proportion of MATa strains of C. neoformans serotype A in Africa.To investigate the population genetic structure of C. neoformans in Africa, we analyzed 139 strains of serotype A (C. neoformans var. grubii) that were isolated in 2000 and 2001 from patients with AIDS in Botswana. AFLP analysis with two independent primer pairs confirmed that they were serotype A and that none was serotype D, AD, B, or C (4). PCR analysis of the mating type locus-specific STE20 gene revealed that 14 isolates were MATa. These isolates produced the appropriate amplicon only with the serotype A MATa (STE20aA) primer pair and failed to produce any PCR product when tested with the primer pairs specific for STE20aD, STE20αD, or STE20αA. Genomic DNA from each of the other 125 isolates was amplified only with the STE20αA primer pair (data not shown), indicating they were all serotype A MATα.
In mating assays, all 14 serotype A MATa isolates were fertile. When crossed on V8 or carrot juice agar with serotype A or D MATα tester strains, each produced dikaryotic hyphae and basidia with long chains of basidiospores (Fig. 1). Control crosses with MATa tester strains were all negative for hyphal formation and sexual reproductive structures (data not shown).
Flow cytometry was used to determine the relative DNA contents and ploidy of the 14 MATa isolates as well as representative MATα strains from Botswana. Twelve MATa isolates and most MATα isolates were haploid. Two MATa isolates and three MATα isolates contained slightly larger amounts of DNA and thus might be aneuploid (data not shown).
Sexual reproduction of African isolates produces recombinant progeny.To confirm fertility, we crossed a Botswanan serotype A MATa isolate [Bt63(gen19)] with reference laboratory strain H99 (serotype A MATα), isolated single basidiospores by micromanipulation, and cultured them on fresh medium, where they germinated to produce individual progeny colonies. Subsequent analyses of 15 of these progeny colonies by PCR with mating type-specific primers (see above) and mating assays revealed a 1:1 segregation of the mating type alleles (χ2 = 0.067, P > 0.5) (Fig. 2). We also observed segregation of AFLP markers among the progeny; the parental and nonparental genotypes of the progeny are illustrated in Fig. 2. Five of seven additional crosses produced similar results (data not shown). The other two crosses, involving MATa isolates Bt131 and Bt142, produced progeny with AFLP genotypes that were identical to the parental H99 genotype (data not shown), which may have resulted from insufficient sampling or the induction of haploid fruiting by the proximity of H99 to these MATa isolates (49).
AFLP and MDS analyses reveal two distinct subpopulations.AFLP genotypes were used to analyze the population structure and diversity of the clinical isolates of serotype A C. neoformans from Botswana. By use of 29 polymorphic markers, 34 AFLP genotypes that differed by two or more bands were identified (see Table 1 in the supplemental material). Twelve AFLP genotypes were unique, and 22 were represented more than once. The 14 MATa isolates consisted of eight different AFLP genotypes. Each of these 14 MATa isolates had identical MATa and/or MATα clones.
Nonmetric MDS provided a representation of the genetic relationships among the isolates (Fig. 3). MDS estimates the similarity relationships among isolates in Euclidian space, does not imply phylogenetic relationships among isolates, and has an advantage over clustering methods because genetically intermediate isolates are plotted as spatially intermediate (19). As shown in Fig. 3, the isolates grouped into two well-separated clusters, group I and group II. Group I could be subdivided into two smaller clusters, subgroup IA and subgroup IB. Two isolates with unique genotypes (gen33 and gen34) contained AFLP patterns characteristic of both major groups and may have arisen from recombination between groups I and II (Fig. 3); fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis confirmed that these isolates were haploid. The same three clusters (IA, IB, and II) were also confirmed by two additional statistical treatments: the Nei-Li measure of genetic distance, which was designed to analyze data based on restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (32), and the neighbor-joining or unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering algorithm (39) (data not shown). All but one of the MATa isolates (gen24) was associated with group I, which was also characterized by a larger number of unique genotypes and greater diversity (Fig. 3 and 4).
Multigene sequence analysis confirms two distinct subpopulations.Our AFLP analysis delineated two major groups. As an independent assessment of the validity of these groups, we compared portions of two well-characterized nucleotide sequences of C. neoformans: the IGS region of ribosomal DNA (13) and the laccase (LAC1) gene (52). Both nucleotide sequences were obtained from a representative of each of the 34 AFLP genotypes. For the IGS region, 722 nucleotides could be aligned, and 20 were phylogenetically informative. For the LAC1 gene, 516 nucleotides could be aligned, and 7 were phylogenetically informative. The genealogy of each region was inferred by maximum-parsimony analysis (39), and the resulting trees are depicted in Fig. 4.
A single most-parsimonious tree was obtained for the LAC1 gene sequences. This tree comprises two well-supported clusters that accurately correspond to groups I and II, identified by AFLP analysis (Fig. 3 and 4B). The LAC1 sequence of one of the putative hybrid AFLP genotypes, gen33, was indistinguishable from those of the other group II genotypes, whereas the LAC1 sequence of the other putative hybrid AFLP genotype, gen34, was not associated with either major clade (Fig. 4B).
Among the 34 AFLP genotypes, the IGS region was significantly more divergent. More than 3,000 most-parsimonious trees were obtained. Nevertheless, the two major groups identified by both AFLP and LAC1 sequence analyses were clearly recognizable. With the exception of two isolates, isolates in AFLP genotypic groups I and II formed two distinct clades, and their separation was supported by a bootstrap value of 65% (Fig. 4A). The exceptions, isolates with genotypes gen19 and gen21, were associated with group I according to AFLP and LAC1 sequence analyses but were separate in the IGS region phylogeny (Fig. 3 and 4). Both of these genotypes include isolates with the MATa allele (Fig. 4A). Both putative hybrid AFLP genotypes (gen33 and gen34) clustered with group II (Fig. 4). Additional genealogical analyses of the IGS region and LAC1 gene by other methods (i.e., neighbor-joining, UPGMA, and maximum-likelihood methods) produced the same phylogenetic patterns as the maximum-parsimony method (data not shown).
Evidence of recombination within African populations.Statistical analyses of linkage disequilibrium of the AFLP loci provided evidence for recombination within populations (8, 9, 28, 50). Separate analyses were performed on all 139 isolates (including redundant genotypes), as well as the clone-corrected sample, which included only one representative of each AFLP genotype. IA and rd were estimated for the entire sample and also for each group circumscribed by the MDS analysis (Fig. 3) (8, 9). The two hybrid genotypes, gen33 and gen34, were excluded from the subgroup analyses. Artificially recombined data sets were used to determine the statistical values of the test (9).
When all of the isolates were included in the analysis, the IA and rd values were significantly higher then zero (P < 0.01) for the entire data set as well as for the individual clusters, IA, IB, and II. IA and rd values that were significantly different from zero suggested that recombination is rare or absent (9, 28). For the clone-corrected data sets, the IA and rd values were still significantly higher than zero for the entire sample (P < 0.01), but both values were nearly zero when calculated independently for both group I and group II (P = 0.11 and P = 0.2, respectively) (Table 1). The results were even more statistically significant when calculated independently for both subgroup IA and subgroup IB (P = 0.95 and P = 0.4, respectively) (Table 1). Therefore, the null hypothesis of recombination was not rejected for the individual subgroups (28).
Nonrandom associations among alleles in the population was also evaluated by phylogenetic methods (41). The Dollo parsimony model does not allow parallel or convergent gains of the derived conditions and is appropriate for the estimation of phylogenetic relationships between closely related species or populations based on restriction site data (15, 39). When all 34 representatives of each multilocus AFLP genotype were included in this analysis, more then 3,000 most-parsimonious trees were found. A strict consensus tree generated from these trees was almost completely unresolved (data not shown); however, the observed length of this tree was significantly shorter than the length of the tree derived from the randomized data (P = 0.01) (Table 1). The parsimony tree length test with Dollo parsimony criteria was used to evaluate the associations among loci in a sample (2, 9). When genotypes from the three clusters (IA, IB, and II) were analyzed independently, the observed lengths of the trees were not significantly different from the lengths of the trees obtained from the randomized data (P = 0.32, P = 1, and P = 0.44 for subgroup IA, subgroup IB, and group II, respectively) (Table 1). This finding indicates that the null hypothesis of recombination cannot be rejected for any of the three clusters. When all of the isolates from group I were analyzed simultaneously, the length of the tree was significantly shorter than the length of the tree obtained from the randomized data (Table 1). This finding indicates stronger associations among alleles in subgroup IA and subgroup IB. Similar results were obtained when the parsimony tree length test with Wagner parsimony criteria was used (data not shown).
The population structure of a sample of clinical isolates of C. neoformans serotype A from AIDS patients in Botswana was determined, and the results support hypotheses for both clonal expansion and recombination in this population. Clonal reproduction was previously recognized in C. neoformans, as strains with identical genotypes were isolated from the environment and infected humans (5, 7, 16). The overrepresentation in the population of certain genotypes is a common feature of clonal structure (44). In the sample analyzed here, five genotypes comprised 45% of the total number of isolates (Fig. 4). Another indication of clonality is the calculation of considerable linkage disequilibrium (or nonrandom association) among the loci in the population. The IA and the rd are calculated estimates of linkage disequilibrium (or nonrandom association) among the loci; if there is no association between the loci, these values approach zero, whereas these values are much higher in clonal populations. When all of the isolates, including those with redundant genotypes, were included in the analyses, the IA and rd values of the entire sample as well as those of the individual subgroups were significantly higher than zero, consistent with clonality (28, 41, 42, 44). The existence of identical or nearly identical genotypes also might be explained by inbreeding within isolated populations (28). Indeed, the presence of MATa and MATα isolates with the same AFLP genotypes could reflect inbreeding. The possibility of inbreeding in subgroup IB is consistent with the large number of MATa and MATα isolates with identical genotypes and the presence of genetically distinct isolates (Fig. 3).
This investigation also provides evidence for recombination among the isolates in the population. The population contained isolates of both mating types that produced recombinant progeny in laboratory crosses. Nevertheless, MATa isolates represented only 10% of all of the isolates, a finding which would be unlikely for a population with substantial sexual reproduction (41). Several hypotheses could account for the unequal numbers of MATa and MATα isolates. Sexual reproduction might not occur in nature at the present time; that is, extant MATa isolates might reflect a history of sexual recombination (43). Alternatively, the biased ratio of MATa and MATα isolates could be attributed to selective pressure favoring the propagation of MATα isolates. Selection might not be strong enough to completely eliminate all MATa isolates from the population but might be sufficiently powerful to produce a biased distribution of MATα alleles (34). For example, the MATα allele has been linked to enhanced virulence of C. neoformans serotype D strains (24), and MATα strains therefore may have a selective advantage in the host. However, recently constructed congenic serotype A MATa and MATα strains were equally virulent in mice (33). Other factors, such as haploid fruiting of MATα strains (49), might contribute to the preponderance of this mating type. Environmental samples from sub-Saharan Africa should be analyzed to test this hypothesis. Last, the observed mating type bias might be artifactual: although MATa isolates represented only 10% of all of the isolates, they amounted to 36% of the isolates of subgroup IB; the latter value is not statistically different from a balanced segregation of mating types.
Analysis of the AFLP and recombination data divided this clinical sample of serotype A isolates into three partially distinct genetic clusters (IA, IB, and II). Sequence analysis of portions of the IGS region and the LAC1 gene supported only the two major groups (I and II); however, this apparent failure to discern subgroups IA and IB is not surprising, as AFLP genotypes are more discriminatory and thus more likely to reveal recent changes in the population structure (35, 42). The existence of genetically distinct subgroups within serotype A has been reported elsewhere (4, 29). The mechanisms that promote genetic isolation of these groups are not well understood. Since strains from our clusters could successfully mate in the laboratory, factors other than reproductive barriers, such as ecological or geographical separation, might have contributed to their isolation.
When one representative of each genotype (i.e., clone-corrected data sets) was used to calculate the IA and rd values for subgroups IA and IB and group II, both values were not significantly different from zero (Table 1). Therefore, the null hypothesis of recombination cannot be rejected for any subgroup, suggesting that recombination might have occurred between members of the same lineages but not between isolates of different, more distant groups (9, 28). The analysis of clone-corrected genotypes is appropriate because asexual reproduction is preponderant (10, 50). Therefore, the presence of multiple clones in the same environment is inevitable and, to detect occasional recombinational events between individuals in the population, clone-corrected samples are required (28).
Both population genetic and phylogenetic approaches detected no linkage disequilibrium among the alleles of strains within the genetic subdivisions of our sample (Table 1). The data support the hypothesis that recombination may occur in genetically isolated subpopulations of serotype A C. neoformans. Members of these separate populations also may come into contact to produce hybrid strains, such as gen33 or gen34 strains (Fig. 3). Since only clinical isolates were examined, we cannot determine their origins. Analysis of environmental isolates of C. neoformans from Botswana will clarify the impact of geographical and other ecological factors on the formation of subpopulations.
There are several, nonexclusive explanations for the inordinate prevalence of cryptococcosis in Africa. For cultural, financial, and public health reasons, it is likely that the diagnosis is not timely and treatment is less available. In addition, AIDS patients in Africa may be more susceptible or more exposed to C. neoformans than AIDS patients in other parts of the world. Another possibility is that strains of C. neoformans in Africa are more virulent. Our findings demonstrate that clinical isolates of serotype A from patients in Botswana are genetically more diverse, separable into genetic subdivisions, and capable of sexual reproduction and recombination. The population structure and discovery of a high proportion of MATa isolates imply sexual reproduction and recombination as a mechanism for generating diversity and possibly the emergence of strains with enhanced virulence. These results also suggest that similar mechanisms to generate diversity may function in other human pathogenic fungi capable of sexual reproduction, such as Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis.
We thank L. Barth Reller for the Botswanan isolates, Lori Kestenbaum for technical assistance with processing the strains, and Dmitri Kazmin, Leonid Dzantiev, and Joan Henson for critically reading the manuscript.
This investigation was supported by the following grants from the National Institutes of Health: AI44975, AI25783, and AI50113. Joseph Heitman is a Burroughs Wellcome Scholar in molecular pathogenic mycology and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
- Received 26 August 2003.
- Accepted 3 October 2003.
- Copyright © 2003 American Society for Microbiology


text:
The Close-It Summit is the premier event for those trying to use new technologies to close the skills gap in the American workforce. Burning Glass will be participating in multiple events at and around Close-It this week in Washington, D.C., including:
The Future of Work and the Rise of Hybrid Jobs, a panel organized by General Assembly on our Blurred Lines report and its implications for the workforce. Our CEO Matthew Sigelman will be one of the panelists at the event, scheduled for 6:30 pm Wednesday at the General Assembly offices in Washington (1133 15th Street NW, The Penthouse). This will be free and open to the public.
At the Close-It Summit, Burning Glass staff will be part of three panels on Thursday:
Recognizing the Power of Cross-Sector Skills will focus on identifying and capitalizing on the common set of foundational skills required across virtually all jobs. CEO Matthew Sigelman will be one of the panelists.
Retail: How Can We Help You Today? Will discuss how major retailers are exploring the possibility of an industry-wide credential useful to retailers across different segments of the industry. Steve Lynch, Director of Workforce and Economic Development at Burning Glass, will moderate.
Information Technology: The Technology of Information for Working Learners Today will cover how the IT world is trying to open new pathways to employment and advancement in this critical sector for the U.S. economy. Dan Restuccia, Chief Analytics Officer at Burning Glass, will be a panelist. For background, check out our Cybersecurity Jobs 2015 report.
To put a cap on the session, Matt Sigelman will also moderate the closing plenary session, Demand More: What's Next?, a discussion with leaders from sectors ranging from advanced manufacturing to retail.
We hope to see you there—and if we don't, you can follow the discussion on Twitter using the hashtag #demandmore.