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The Regulation of Health Information Privacy in Australia
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1 The Regulation of Health Information Privacy in Australia A description and comment Prepared by Professor Colin Thomson JANUARY 2004 I N V E S T I N G I N A U S T R A L I A S H E A L T H
2 National Health and Medical Research Council Privacy Committee The Regulation of Health Information Privacy in Australia A description and comment Professor Colin Thomson January 2004
3 Commonwealth of Australia 2004 Paper-based publications This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra, ACT 2601 or posted at Commonwealth of Australia 2004 Electronic documents This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests for further authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra, ACT 2601 or posted at ISBN Print: Online: To obtain details regarding NHMRC publications contact: Phone: Toll Free Extension 9520 Internet:
4 Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Summary v vii PART ONE Privacy Regulation in Australia Overview 1 PART TWO The Privacy Act 1988: Commonwealth and ACT 3 PART THREE The Privacy Act 1988: Private Sector 11 PART FOUR States/Territories with Private Sector Privacy Legislation Australian Capital Territory 24 Victoria 28 New South Wales 35 PART FIVE State/Territory Legislation/Regulation in the Public Sector Australian Capital Territory 41 New South Wales 41 Northern Territory 45 Queensland 48 South Australia 53 Tasmania 54 Victoria 56 Western Australia 58 iii
5 Contents PART SIX National Health Privacy Code 59 PART SEVEN International European Parliament and Council of Europe 67 United States of America 70 New Zealand 71 Canada 80 iv
6 Introduction INTRODUCTION In mid 2003 the NHMRC identified privacy as a priority issue that needed investigation. Specifically, NHMRC was being told that the privacy framework surrounding health information in Australia was restricting health and medical research and health care delivery. These messages were coming from researchers, health consumers, medical practitioners, data custodians and human research ethics committees. Mindful of the intention to review the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2001 two years after its introduction, the NHMRC agreed that it would be timely to investigate these claims with a view to providing a detailed, reasoned and evidencebased submission to the review of the privacy legislation. NHMRC established a working committee with three major tasks: 1. Undertake an analysis of the privacy framework in Australia, as it relates to health information. 2. Undertake consultation with NHMRC s stakeholders to document their attitudes towards and perceptions of the privacy framework as well as their experiences. 3. Prepare a submission to the review of the privacy legislation when the review is announced. The first task above is the subject of this paper. The NHMRC commissioned Professor Colin Thomson, NHMRC Consultant in Ethics, to: 1. Examine and document privacy regulation in Australia at the Commonwealth, as well as the State and Territory level. Regulation includes legislation, codes of practice and guidelines. 2. Identify and document elements of that regulation, on a state by state basis, that have potential to impinge upon the conduct of activities that NHMRC is committed to promote or for which NHMRC has responsibility namely: Public health and medical research Providing public health advice Maintaining high ethical standards in research. 3. Examine privacy regulation in comparable overseas jurisdictions, including the European Union, with a view to identifying whether these issues have arisen overseas and, if so, whether any action has been taken to address them. Are alternative models available to address undesirable impacts? v
7 Introduction The research for this paper took place during August and September The legislation and other documents cited were accessed at that time and, especially where these were in draft form, may have been superseded by the time of publication. This paper does not purport to provide legal advice to the reader. It is intended only as a description of the various privacy provisions relevant to health information and, in places, includes analysis of or comment on those provisions. vi
8 Summary SUMMARY 1. Privacy regulation refers to legislative or administrative schemes of regulating the handling of certain information about citizens by public and private agencies and organisations. Information privacy or data protection are expressions sometimes used to refer to such schemes. 2. Information privacy protection typically involves limits or conditions on the collection, storage, access, use and disclosure of personal, identifying information. Some regulatory schemes are general in that they apply to any such information: others are specific in that they apply only to some categories of such information, usually health information. 3. The underlying public policy issue that underlies these regulatory schemes is the balance between, on the one hand, the public interest in protecting individual privacy and, on the other, the public interests in using that information for the benefit of others. 4. In Australia, the regulatory schemes can be conveniently represented in the following table. JURISDICTION PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR - PRIVATE SECTOR - GENERALLY HEALTH Commonwealth Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Australian Capital Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records (Privacy Territory Health Records (Privacy and Access) Act 1997 and Access) Act 1997 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) New South Wales Privacy and Personal Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records information Protection Information Privacy Act Act (in force 2004) Health Records and Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Information Privacy Act 2002 (in force 2004) Northern Territory Information Act 2002 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Queensland Information Standards 42 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) (general) & 42A (health) South Australia Information Privacy Principles Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Tasmania Information Privacy Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Principles 1997 Victoria Information Privacy Act 2000 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records Act 2001 Health Records Act 2001 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Western Australia Health Act 1911 section Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Criminal Code sections Confi dentiality of Health Information Committee * The table does not record the fact that all jurisdictions also use regulatory schemes, often legislative, to govern the use or disclosure of information gained by public employees in the course of their duties. vii
9 Summary 5. Public sector regulation of privacy in Australia is of three types: confidentiality or secrecy provisions. All nine jurisdictions have such regulation that can apply generally, eg to all employees and all information or specifically, eg to some employees and to specific types or registers of information. privacy legislation or regulation applying to all public agencies. The Commonwealth, the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Victoria have legislation of this type. All other jurisdictions, except Western Australia, have relied on administrative guidelines. These would generally be treated as subject to other legislation, a status that is made explicit in Queensland. health information privacy legislation that limits handling of health information. New South Wales and Victoria have such subject specific legislation, while Northern Territory includes such information specific controls in the general legislation. 6. These schemes limit agencies by requiring them to abide by a set of principles as to collection, storage, security, access, use and disclosure of personal or health information. Generally speaking, the principles prohibit use or disclosure of such information for purposes other than that for which the information was collected ( secondary purposes ) unless there is consent, an emergency, a law enforcement justification or an administrative determination, either specific to the case or by a standing direction or exemption. The criteria for such directions or exemptions are not always made clear but, where it is, it is usually referred to as the public interest. 7. The Commonwealth, New South Wales and Victorian schemes provide for an external, situation specific, review stage in permitting use and disclosure of personal information for medical research (Clth) or health information for a variety of purposes (including research) (NSW and VIC) where consent, emergency or law enforcement justifications are not available. This stage relies on Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) to consider specified matters and determine whether or not, in their opinion, the public interest in the proposed use, eg research, outweighs or does not outweigh the public interest in protecting privacy. However, even where an HREC does conclude that the public interest balance is in favour of the use or release, the public sector agency that holds the information may still decline to use or disclose it in the manner that the HREC has approved. 8. Private sector regulation of information privacy is of two types: the Commonwealth Privacy Act limits some private sector organisations in relation to handling of any personal information and private sector health service providers in their collection, storage, access, use and disclosure of health information. in NSW and Victoria, state legislation limits private sector health service organisations in collection, storage, access, use and disclosure of health information. viii
10 Summary 9. These schemes operate in a similar fashion to the public sector schemes by requiring organisations to conform to sets of principles about their collection, storage, access, use and disclosure of health information. They rely on human research ethics committees to review requests to collect, use or disclose health information for secondary purposes where the consent, emergency and law enforcement justifications are not available. As with the public sector schemes, even where an HREC has concluded that the balance of the public interests is in favour of use or disclosure, the private sector organisation may decline to do so. 10. The Council of Europe, the United States of America, Canada and New Zealand have regulated for the protection of privacy. The federal regimes vary in the level of detail, but those where there is a similar level of detail as in Australia appear to have adopted a standard that is less exacting. An example of the essence of the difference is in relation to use and disclosure for a secondary purpose. This is permitted, typically, on conditions that consent is impracticable, that the purpose cannot be achieved using non-identifying information and that the information will not be published in identifying form. Reliance on ethics committee review appears to be used in the United States, some Canadian provinces and in New Zealand. However, in the United States the ethics committee s task is to waive consent, in Canada it may be specific to the privacy issue but in New Zealand it appears to be no more than the usual ethical review of the research. ix
11 Part One PART ONE PRIVACY REGULATION IN AUSTRALIA OVERVIEW Privacy and Information Privacy The concept of privacy can be related to several domains of an individual s life their physical environment, the representation of their appearance as well as information about them. The legislation to which this analysis relates is confined to information privacy the protection of the privacy of information about a person. Constitutional considerations The Australian Constitution does not expressly protect privacy nor does it contain an unambiguous head of Commonwealth legislative power on which to base legislative protection. The preamble to the Privacy Act 1988 (Privacy Act) attracts paragraph 51(1)(xxix) the external affairs head of legislative power and relies on Australia s being party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and to its membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as the requisite external affairs. The constitutional basis of the Privacy Act, especially in its extension to the private sector has not been judicially challenged. Section 109 of the Constitution provides that where there is an inconsistency between a law of the Commonwealth and a law of a State, the latter shall be void to the extent of that inconsistency. Judicial construction of this provision has concluded that the test of whether there is such an inconsistency depends on the expression of the intent of the Commonwealth Parliament when it passed the law in question. It is clear from section 3 of the Privacy Act 1988, that the parliament did not intend to affect the operation of laws of States and Territories relating to privacy that are capable of operating concurrently with the Privacy Act. It is also clear from the definition of organisation in section 6C of the Privacy Act, that it does not, with a few exceptions, purport to regulate the activities of State departments, agencies or bodies. 1
12 Part One As a result of the expression of this intent, there are legislative and administrative provisions designed to protect privacy at Commonwealth, State and Territory levels. This leads to overlapping of regulatory schemes and to the subjection of some activity to both Federal and State regulation. This also presents some difficulties in providing this analysis in a way that is useful and not unduly confusing. The following table reflects the present situation: JURISDICTION PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR - PRIVATE SECTOR - GENERALLY HEALTH Commonwealth Privacy Act 1988 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Australian Capital Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records (Privacy Territory Health Records (Privacy and Access) Act 1997 and Access) Act 1997 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) New South Wales Privacy and Personal Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records and Information Protection Information Privacy Act Act (in force 2004) Health Records and Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Information Privacy Act 2002 (in force 2004) Northern Territory Information Act 2002 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Queensland Information Standards 42 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) (general) & 42A (health) South Australia Information Privacy Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Principles Instruction 1992 Tasmania Information Privacy Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Principles 1997 Victoria Information Privacy Act 2000 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Health Records Act 2001 Health Records Act 2001 Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Western Australia Health Act 1911 section Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Privacy Act 1988 (Clth) Criminal Code sections Confi dentiality of Health Information Committee From this it can be seen that the Privacy Act is central to protection of information in the activities of Federal agencies and of certain organisations in the private sector. It will be convenient to describe and comment on the pattern of its regulation of the Federal public sector and then of the private sector, dealing in turn with complementary legislation in those States that have regulated any element of the private sector. Following that, separate descriptions and comments are provided about State regulation of State level public sector. Finally, some comparative accounts are provided of legislation in the European Community, the United States of America, Canada and New Zealand. 2
13 Part Two PART TWO THE PRIVACY ACT 1988 COMMONWEALTH AND AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY PUBLIC SECTOR By enacting the Privacy Act, the Commonwealth has regulated the protection of information privacy by requiring its public sector agencies to abide by the Information Privacy Principles (IPPs). Traditionally, before privacy became a regulatory subject, Commonwealth legislation contained general prohibitions directing public sector employees not to use or disclose information otherwise than in the course of their work. These provisions remain and some will be dealt with in relation to the conditions on disclosure in the IPPs. Date of Commencement The Privacy Act, so far as it regulates the Commonwealth public sector commenced on 1 January 1989 and so applied to all information collected from that date. The important aspect of commencement dates is that the IPPs do not apply to information collected before 1 January This may release some agencies from the constraints of the IPPs dealing with use and disclosure. Scope of application Throughout this analysis, it will be repeatedly important to establish the precise scope of privacy legislation. This can usually be achieved by identifying the entities subject to the Privacy Act and the information as to which their activities are regulated. Agencies In the Commonwealth public sector, all agencies are subject to the IPPs. These are defined in section 6 in an exhaustive manner and, for present purposes, it will be assumed that all Commonwealth agencies are included. Personal information The information to which the IPP obligations apply is defined in section 6 as personal information that is contained in a record. Both elements are defined: personal information means information or an opinion (including information or an opinion forming part of a database), whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an individual whose identity is apparent, or can reasonably be ascertained, from the information or opinion. 3
14 Part Two record means: (d) (e) (f) (fa) (g) (h) a document; or a database (however kept); or a photograph or other pictorial representation of a person; but does not include: a generally available publication; or anything kept in a library, art gallery or museum for the purposes of reference, study or exhibition; or Commonwealth records as defined by subsection 3(1) of the Archives Act 1983 that are in the open access period for the purposes of that Act; or records (as defined in the Archives Act 1983) in the custody of the Archives (as defined in that Act) in relation to which the Archives has entered into arrangements with a person other than a Commonwealth institution (as defined in that Act) providing for the extent to which the Archives or other persons are to have access to the records; or documents placed by or on behalf of a person (other than an agency) in the memorial collection within the meaning of the Australian War Memorial Act 1980; or letters or other articles in the course of transmission by post. It is in respect of personal information that is contained in a record that the IPP obligations are imposed. Intrinsic identifi ability? One essential element of the definition of personal information is that the identity of the individual is apparent, or can reasonably be ascertained, from the information or opinion. An important issue is whether this means that coded information is personal information for the purposes of the Privacy Act. Arguably it is not because the identity of an individual cannot be reasonably ascertained from the information it cannot be ascertained without using the code in addition to the information. Where coded sets of information are re-united with identifiers to create an identifying data set, the privacy principles will then apply to that data set. Guidelines by the Federal Privacy Commissioner do not clarify this issue. The Guidelines on Privacy in the Private Health Sector, at p vii, state that: The NPPs do not apply to de-identified information or statistical data sets, which would not allow individuals to be identified. By contrast, the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans (the National Statement) refers to potentially identifiable information, being typically coded information from which identifiers have been removed but can be replaced. Such information may not fall within the Privacy Act definition of personal information and, if so, would not be subject to statutory regulation. However, such information would be subject to the National Statement s standards because the National Statement does not treat such information as de-identified. 4
15 Part Two Potential impingement on NHMRC Agency functions As a Commonwealth agency, NHMRC is bound by the IPPs. This means that in collection, access, use and disclosure of personal information for inclusion in or contained in a record, the NHMRC must meet the IPPs. Grant Process The NHMRC will collect personal information about grant applicants and, accordingly, it needs to ensure that information is necessary for or directly related to its (granting) purpose; individuals are notified of the matters in IPP 2, ie, purpose, authority and bodies to whom the information is usually disclosed; information is kept securely; it takes reasonable steps to provide access under IPP 5; it keeps a record of the nature of personal information it has; it grants access to that information; it keeps the information accurate; it uses the information only for relevant purposes and not for purposes other than that for which it was collected, (with some exceptions), and it does not disclose the information, (with some exceptions). If the purpose of the collection of this information is to assess eligibility for research grants, then the NHMRC needs to ensure that it informs applicants to whom, if anyone, it will in usual practice disclose this for the purposes of assessment. This would require disclosure about assessment panels and careful assessment as to whether information about grant applicants can be used to investigate research fraud or misconduct, on the basis that this is a purpose authorised by law, directly related to the collection purpose or necessary for the protection of the public revenue. These would seem to be readily arguable. Activities that NHMRC promotes This is likely to arise where researchers wish to gain access, for use in a project funded by the NHMRC, to personal information held by an agency. IPP 11 prevents an agency from so using the information unless: the individual concerned is reasonably likely to have been aware, or made aware under Principle 2, that information of that kind is usually passed to that person, body or agency; the individual concerned has consented to the disclosure; the record-keeper believes on reasonable grounds that the disclosure is necessary to prevent or lessen a serious and imminent threat to the life or health of the individual concerned or of another person; 5
16 Part Two (d) (e) the disclosure is required or authorised by or under law; or the disclosure is reasonably necessary for the enforcement of the criminal law or of a law imposing a pecuniary penalty, or for the protection of the public revenue. Some agencies are governed by their own legislation and this may permit disclosure under exception (d). For example, section 90 and 91AB of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 permit the Australian Electoral Commission to provide information from the electoral roll and section 29 of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Act 1987 permits some disclosure of information held by officers of the Institute. Section 95 of the Privacy Act Section 95 of the Privacy Act allows an agency to do an act that would otherwise be a breach of an IPP where that act is done in the course of medical research and in accordance with guidelines issued by the NHMRC and approved by the Privacy Commissioner. The section 95 guidelines authorise human research ethics committees (HRECs) to balance the public interest in the protection of privacy with the public interest in the proposed research. If they conclude that the latter outweighs the former to a substantial degree, they provide an agency with the basis for deciding to act, usually by disclosing personal information, in a way that would otherwise infringe an IPP or IPPs. However, an agency can, notwithstanding an HREC decision, decline to disclose the information. This exception from the obligations of Federal agencies is available only for use or disclosure of personal information for medical research. This term is defined in the Privacy Act which states only that it includes epidemiological research. The research funded by NHMRC may include research that does not fall within that definition of medical research and to the extent that this is so, personal information for such research can only be disclosed by a Federal agency acting within the IPPs. The justification for the confinement of the section 95 guidelines to medical research is not obvious, and has become less obvious since the introduction in 2001 of the National Privacy Principles (NPP) that employ the wider concept of research related to public health or public safety. Other requirements of section 95 and the Section 95 Guidelines The section 95 guidelines require the detailed provision of information by a researcher and its assessment by an HREC. The list of required information as set out in clause 2.4 is: (d) the aims of the research; the credentials and technical competence of the researcher; the data needed and how it will be analysed; the source of the data; 6
17 Part Two (e) (f) (g) (h) (j) (k) (l) the study period; the target population; the reasons why identified* or potentially identifiable* information is needed rather than de-identified* information, and the reasons why it is not proposed to seek consent to the use of personal information. [Note: Any genetic research should be conducted in accordance with the principles in 16. Human Genetic Research of the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans (1999) when considering the release of personal information, and genetic testing.] the specific uses to which the personal information used during the study will be applied; the proposed method of publication of results of the research; the estimated time of retention of the personal information; the identity of the custodian(s) of the personal information used during the research; security standards to be applied to the personal information. In particular, that personal information will be retained in accordance with the Joint NHMRC/AVCC Statement and Guidelines on Research Practice (Appendix 3), and in a form that is at least as secure as it was in the sources from which the personal information was obtained unless more stringent legislative or contractual provisions apply; (m) a list of personnel with access to the personal information; (n) the standards that will be applied to protect personal information disclosed by a Commonwealth agency. These should include the: (iii) terms of any disclosure agreement between the agency and the researcher to govern the limits on use and disclosure of that personal information; and proposed methods of disposal of the personal information on the completion of the research, and that these are in accordance with the Archives Act, 1983 for Commonwealth records and legislative requirements of a State or Territory; and standards that will be applied to protect privacy of personal information where it is made available to other researchers or third parties if that is proposed. This information significantly exceeds the information that an HREC would normally require from a researcher for the purpose of reviewing and deciding on the ethical acceptability of a research proposal and to that extent it involves an imposition on researchers that they may regard as an impediment. Further, when reviewing that information provided by a researcher, an HREC is required to consider whether it has sufficient information, expertise and understanding of privacy issues, either amongst the members of the HREC or otherwise available to it, to make a decision that takes proper account of privacy. Though plainly relevant to the Privacy Act, it is questionable whether these matters are within the scope of research ethics to which HRECs primary duties are directed. 7
18 Part Two Further, the consideration requires some skill in statutory interpretation for which the membership of HRECs was not designed. Even if this is conceded, the guidelines then require an HREC to identify and consider the IPP or IPPs that might be breached in the course of the proposed research, including whether it is necessary for the research to use identified or potentially identifiable data, and whether it is reasonable for the research to proceed without the consent of the individuals to whom the information relates. Then, the HREC is to ensure that the committee has the competence to determine if the public interest in the proposed research outweighs, or does not outweigh, to a substantial degree, the public interest in the protection of privacy. If the public interest in the proposed research does not outweigh, to a substantial degree, the public interest in the protection of privacy then the research should not be carried out. The matters that an HREC is required to consider in weighing the public interest are set out in clause 3.3: (d) (e) (f) (g) the degree to which the medical research is likely to contribute to: the identification, prevention or treatment of illness or disease; or scientific understanding relating to health; or the protection of the health of individuals and/or communities; or the improved delivery of health services; or scientific understanding or knowledge. any likely benefits to individuals, to the category of persons to which they belong, or the wider community that will arise from the medical research being undertaken in the manner proposed; whether the medical research design can be satisfied without risking infringement of an IPP and the scientific defects in the medical research that might arise if the medical research was not conducted in the manner proposed; the financial costs of not undertaking the medical research (to government, the public, the health care system, etc); the public importance of the medical research; the extent to which the data being sought are ordinarily available to the public from that Commonwealth agency; and whether the medical research involves use of the data in a way which is inconsistent with the purpose for which the data were made public; and whether the medical research requires an alteration of the format of the data of a kind that would, if used by an agency, involve a breach of an IPP. whether the risk of harm to a person whose personal information is to be used in proposed research is minimal, having regard to the elements of that research provided in response to paragraph 2.3 of these guidelines; 8
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Aggregate Products
These are the family of powder made from grinding used for human consumption. The powders are retrieved from the endosperm seeds or protein/starchy part, the germ or protein/fat/vitamin-rich part, and the bran or fiber part, where then they would then be grinded to produce the flour we all know now. Our aggregate products consist of products that we trade as per contract with factories.
Wheat Flour
Wheat or theTriticum spp. is a cereal grain, originally from the Levant region of the Near East but now cultivated worldwide.
Maize or Corn Starch
Known as Maize in Spanish and Corns in English. They are mostly originated from the US and India with special grown for highest imported quality.

subset: commoncrawl


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To all Austrian students that protest,
to all the Students in Austria resisting!
We, the students of the Universidad Catolica of Temuco support you with assuring our solidarity!
Yesterday we also took the street in Temuco to continue our long struggle for more rights in insisting in the organisational part of our education + against financial and social barriers to study.
We think that education must be free unconditionally all over the world!
We believe devoutly that ONLY with free education a free society can be possible!
We adjure you not to give up till you have gained what you not just wish, but realize what is already yours – the RIGHT TO FREE AND EMANCIPATED, HIGH QUALITATY EDUCATION! Continue the struggle!
We'll spread the news upon other universities in Latin America and befriended organisations.
28.10.2009, Temuco CHILE


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The Executive Range of Garages
Our Executive garage offers an attractive factory applied rustic brick finish, maintenance free white PVCu cladded gables, white PVCu fascias and a 600mm (2') non opening white PVCu window. This elegant building provides the appearance of a brick built building but at a fraction of the cost and in most cases will be erected in one day.
We offer a number of optional extras to further tailor your building to suit your own specific needs, style and budget.
Apex & Pent Roof
Walls - Maintenance free, machine made 1.98 metre high x 70mm thick (6'6"x 2¾') reinforced concrete panels with simulated rustic brick finish.
Door - Horizontally ribbed canopy up and over door.
Window - One 600mm (2') PVCu non opening window fitted as standard.
Roof - Profile 5 corrugated cement fibre sheets fitted on timber roof trusses. (Garages over 12'-7" wide fitted with steel roof trusses as standard)
Apex Roof only
Gables - White Shiplap PVCu Cladding
Pent Roof only
Facias - White PVCu Cladding
Optional extras - Apex & Pent Roof
- Various styles of up and over doors in Steel or Glass Reinforced Plastic (see up and over door options)
- Tongue and groove F L & B hinged timber side opening doors
- Electronic remote control up and over door operator
- Black PVCu gutters and rainwater pipes
- Heavy duty galvanised steel roof trusses (Up to 12'7" wide garages)
- Personal side doors; available in timber, steel and PVCu
- Translucent roof sheets
- PVCu opening window 600mm (2')
- PVCu opening or non opening window 1200mm (4')
- Extra height panels, 2.29 metre (7'6") high
- Slate blue polyester coated galvanised steel roof sheets with anti-condensation fabric underside (see roof options)
Optional extras - Apex Roof only
- Coloured cement fibre roof sheets in a choice of colours
- Pantile tile effect steel roof sheets in a choice of colours
- Woodgrain PVCu gables
Optional extras - Pent Roof only
- Woodgrain PVCu front and side facias
All Prestige Sectional Buildings require a substantial level concrete base.
For prices and sizes available refer to the Prestige Price list.
Extra height and larger garages are available; details and prices on request.


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Plettenberg Bay Garden Services
Find Plettenberg Bay landscaping companies for garden design and landscaping architecture. Find other garden services in Plett for supplies and garden maintenance in Plettenberg Bay. Looking for a small garden design, zen or contemporary landscaping, rocks, plants & water features, or just a company to mow the lawn and weed the flower beds once a week, see ShowMe's listings to find garden services in Plettenberg Bay


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Kim is a Relationship Manager at Criticaleye, and acts as a trusted advisor to members to help them address key critical business and personal goals and get the most from the Criticaleye community.
Kim has over 15 years' experience in guiding and advising individuals and leadership teams through business-critical change. Originally from a head-hunting and leadership-coaching background Kim has run her own businesses and supported organisations through periods of growth and restructure and leaders through key stages of their professional development. She understands the pressures and challenges facing leaders during periods of change and how to get the most from the opportunities presented to them.
She helps members draw upon the vast knowledge and experience of the Criticaleye community to test, reflect on and resolve business and career decisions. With experience working across listed, SME, Public Sector and social enterprise organisations of both small and large scale in a wide range of sectors, she understands the challenges facing businesses going through organisational change, growth and restructuring as well as those encountering cultural transformations.
At Criticaleye she works with clients from across a broad range of sectors, enabling members to benchmark and learn from peers within and outside their industry sector.
Kim practices yoga, runs (slowly) and loves visiting museums and galleries.


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Your reception area is very important and the first impression of your client. We make your workplace look bright, clean and welcoming. Our customer service makes us different from others We guarantee cleanliness and safety, we reduce the risk of germs. Get the results you deserve with this quality service, with unbeatable prices!.
Phone:(732) 777 0581
Email: email@example.com


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Wedding Dance
That special 'First Dance' is a daunting thought for many people! If you are looking to avoid that awkward shuffle, we can teach you moves to be proud of in our private wedding dance lessons. We can choreograph to a specific song you have already chosen, or we can help you choose and advise.
Each wedding dance is totally unique to you, just like your wedding. The music, choreography, and style will be specifically tailored to make you look and feel your best, whilst at the same time amazing your guests with your fancy footwork!
Just choose the package that suits you best, and we'll ensure your first dance is the best dance of to start your married life.
Our Creations:


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Hambleton Community Action provides a range of supporting services to charities and community organisations.
Please see below for the information services and support we offer.
Setting up a new group or organisation can be a scary prospect and will involve a variety of tasks and different things to consider.
Hambleton Community Action offers the following support:
- Training events and workshops
- Funding information in our regular newsletters
If you are seeking help to promote the activities or services your group offers then you may wish to get in touch. We can put articles in our newsletters and circulate items of interest via social media.
If your charity or voluntary group is in need of help and support with any aspect of your accounts then please Contact Us
Hambleton Community Action can offer an Independent Examination of Accounts service. A charge is made for this service, please get in touch for further details.
Administration support, use of our photocopier & laminator and a 'post box' service are available for voluntary groups. Please enquire for our current charges.
Many local voluntary organisations find benefits in linking up with other groups with a similar interest. We can signpost you to such groups.
Hambleton Community Action also hold a number of one-off network events (when local groups have indicated that this would be useful) and training events. We advertise these on our regular newsletter and via social media.
Membership of Hambleton Community Action is open to all voluntary and community groups, other organisations and residents of Hambleton.
Please click here to find out more information about becoming a member of Hambleton Community Action.
If we at Hambleton Community Action are unable to help you directly we will endeavour to find someone else who can. We work with partners across North Yorkshire and York, some of whom have a particular specialism. Please get in touch if we can help.


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Hi, Dom. We've had an investment visa for almost the 3 years and are considering citizenship. I just heard that if we stick with the visa, if something ever happened to my husband, I would have to leave the country immediately because I'm a just a dependent. Do you know if that's true?
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Did you know the month of February is also Financial Aid Awareness Month?
There are plenty of overlooked financing options you can use to reduce the costs of your education. Attend a "Let's Talk About Financial Aid" workshop on your campus to learn more.
There are several sessions available throughout February. Click here for details on available sessions near you!


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Is Your Tech Partner a Team Player?
Business is about relationships. One important relationship today is with a technology partner. This partner will consult on hardware, software, security, and other IT concerns. You can focus on other business priorities, but is your tech partner actually a good team player?
There are a lot of businesses that call themselves technology partners. The term can be broadly defined.
Technology vendors who sell specific hardware or software solutions will promise a partnership, but they will focus on a relationship that benefits their business goals.
For instance, they will generally try to steer you toward buying the products that they themselves make. Vendors will also bill your business for support when you need it. Yet that creates a conflict of interest: they profit from your inconvenience. That's not the type of partner you want on your team.
A True Partnership with your MSP
Managed Service Providers (MSPs) are another type of technology partner. They …


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Conference attracts record attendance
This year's Hire Industry Association of New Zealand (HIANZ) Conference engaged a record number of attendees, with the industry having experienced several prosperous years and strong growth.
A total of 390 hire company owners, managers and staff, as well as equipment and service suppliers to the industry from New Zealand and Australia attended the stimulating and informative event. Attendees enjoyed an extensive programme of workshops, guest speakers, trade show and networking opportunities.
The HIANZ Conference is an occasion where business owners, CEO'S, senior managers and employees can get together in a neutral, fun environment to discuss industry trends, legislative issues, talk with suppliers, attend workshops and catch up with old friends. The event includes a programme of Workshops, on various topics relative to the industry, to provide hire company delegates with educational material and an overview of the Association's current and future initiatives.
"This years' record attendance is a reflection of the strength of the hire industry and the relevance of trade organisations", says HIANZ CEO, Phil Tindle.
"The value of trade associations is hugely significant. Increased workload often results in less time for businesses to focus on planning and administrative functions. Less time can also make it difficult to access reliable and relevant industry support and services. HIANZ is dedicated to provide valued resources and support to our members and the industry".
"Our industry sector is still small enough to be very personal and members form lasting friendships. It's very much like joining a large family – everybody gets on well and all our events offer members a congenial and relaxed environment to come together to share and network."
The popular trade show continues to grow year upon year. Fifty-six supplier members participated and exhibited at the recent event displaying a good range of products and equipment. There were a number of new members in attendance including new supplier companies exhibiting for the very first time impressing delegates with innovative enhancements to products in existing equipment categories.
Keynote speakers included New Zealander of the Year, Mike King and the very sought-after Nigel Latta.
Business sessions and workshops were presented by Karl Varley, Building Powerful & Productive Teams & Simple Strategies to Increase Profit; Westpac Chief Economist Dominik Stephens, on State of the Nation; Debbie Mayo-Smith, How to Ease your Work-Life Imbalance & Massive Yet Effortless Productivity Gains; and Janet Brothers on OH&S.
The Hire Excellence Awards Dinner & Show is an important part of every HIANZ conference. Hosted by principal sponsor Youngman Richardson & Genie, the main purpose of the evening is to recognise excellence within the industry. It is a formal black-tie gala event that features great entertainment and is considered the grand finale to mark yet another a very successful industry event.


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Welcoming Communities: Momma's Day! Food and new friends :)
Written by Ashima Suri, Program Facilitator with TDSB Welcoming Communities (Newcomer Services)
Afra, a mother of 4, came into the culinary program not knowing what to expect. Her introduction to the parent engagement experience began with a warm cup of tea served with care from our culinary expert, Susan Ng. Once the soothing tea reached her lips, her willingness to learn something new began to expand. What was next? How could she contribute?
With gentle guidance, Afra along with other moms in the Thorncliffe Park school community began to create inspiring dishes that would open hearts …and bellies! The moms created nutritious dishes that were filled with vibrant rainbow-like colours that could make one feel like it was Spring every day!
Each week, the moms consistently came back to a safe space where they could create and contribute. They built their skills and confidence while feeling a stronger sense of belonging to their community.
Filled with emotion, Afra was eager to let us know that out of all the days of the week, she most looked forward to Thursdays. It was her day to dress up. Her day to spend some time engaging and learning. It was her time for herself – to give her the space to just be. And that was exactly what the experience at TDSB Newcomer Services – Welcoming Communities was all about.
As the last session ended, the group of dedicated mommas gave each other hugs wishing their new friends a Happy Mother's Day! They all knew inside that this was just the beginning for them and that their creativity from now on will just continue to grow.
We thank you, mommas! And can't wait to see what more will be created!
Upcoming Culinary Parent Events:
VOICES – celebrating students and parents in the Thorncliffe community
Date: Tuesday, June 19th
Time: 3:30pm – 5pm
Location: Thorncliffe Park Public School
Community Potluck! Summer and Eid Celebration
Date: Thursday, June 21st
Time: 1:30pm
Location: TBD
For more information on this and other settlement, employment, language training and skills development programs, please visit www.tdsb.on.ca/communityservices.


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Sold Out
Step into the shower and be enveloped by the scent of Bulgarian roses and honey. This must be one of the best smelling silicone free shampoos - in fact, the entire range smells heavenly! A must try if you want to smell like roses all day long!
Contains high quality Damask Rose extract from the Rose Valley in Bulgaria, and 12 organic ingredients including Jojoba oil and Honey. Not a fully organic product as it contains some sulphates.
For best results, use with Kose Rose of Heaven Shampoo
Made in Japan
Sold Out
This whitening mask from Kose moisturises and brightens skin tone. This mask contains hyaluronic acid to lock in moisure, citric acid, chamomile extract, and peppermint extract. Fragrance and colouring free. Does...
Sold Out
This moisturising mask from Kose claims to make skin as soft as a baby's. This mask contains moisturising glycerin, chamomile extract, sorbitol and peppermint extract. Fragrance and colouring free. Does...


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Jan 26, 2016
This week we talk I Kill Giants, the return of The Flash and The
X-Files, the debut of Legends of Tomorrow, Humble Bundle, and the
arrival of the Gravy Baby.
Also, check out friend of show Goadkicker: The Podcast!
The Golden Age. The Silver Age. The Gravy Age? Your biweekly comics podcast!
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A dream vacation turned in to a nightmare for passengers aboard the Norwegian Spirit last week when weather and sewage took over the trip.
The cruise left Southampton, England, on Sept. 27, when passengers were expecting a two-week cruise with stops in the Netherlands, Norway, Iceland and Ireland.
However, those stops were ignored when Norwegian Cruise Line said that bad weather forced the ship to cancel four of its nine original planned stops, including all the stops to Iceland.
Passengers weren't only upset with the missed ports of call, they were also perturbed over numerous toilets unable to flush, creating a smell of sewage.
The people soon took to social media to express their anger, with one person even starting a Twitter account, NCLHELL, and YouTube page, NCL Hell2019, featuring photos and videos of what was happening on-board.
"We need a captain, we need someone in power here," a passenger is heard saying in a video as security tried to calm the protesting passengers.
In one video, passengers are seen shouting and holding signs saying "we want refund" in the ship's main atrium.
Customers were also seen protesting in front of the reception desk after they were instructed to call the cruise line's headquarters for more information about the rest of the trip.
Cody McNutt and his girlfriend Katasha Jones left the cruise three days early after missing several ports of call, and frustration over his toilet not flushing, according to The Washington Post.
The ship finally returned to Southampton on-schedule Friday.
According to CBS News, tickets for the cruise started at $1,200, but at the end of the trip the only money Norwegian Cruise Line was offering its customers was a 25% credit toward a future trip.
The Norwegian Spirit was built in 1998 and was recently refurbished in 2017. It has a guest capacity of 2018 with a crew of 912.


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Comments by Cristina Sette
Session had four presenters, Emerson Ndovisai Zhou (IFAD - PAMA), Danilo Saavedra (FUNICA), Adrian Marbaniang (NERCORMP), and Kevin Gallagher (FAO).
Emerson (IFAD) presented a work he is involved in Africa, with market chain and support to farmers. The KS activities his project is currently carrying out are:
- Disseminate what they were doing
- Bring stakeholders together
- Document lessons
- Record what goes inside the project
- Use consultants
- Workshop
- Printed documents (e.g. policy briefs)
- Reflection
- Disseminate what is working
- Media (radio, video/tv) to bring awareness; publish stories (newspaper) at national and IFAD level
- Training
- Local workshops
- Forums
- Reach farmers
- Platforms (national level) for discussions
- There isn't a KM department or a focus person for KM
- Right KM tools
- Involve stakeholders (local stakeholders)
- Web as repository
- Project implementation team (consultants)
- One department taking the leadership
- KM is important to improve project; feeding into M&E cycle
Danilo from FUNICA in Nicaragua presented a project related to food security in Nicaragua. He emphisized that the project had the incentives they had for KM were the following:
- Resources/investments
- Technological assistance
- Improve the organization
- Farmer field school
- Farmer to farmer (lead by National farmers organizations. They have their own methodologies)
- Involve other institutions to support the project
- Each institution look at KM to reduce poverty
- Work with farmers
Adrian from NERCORMP in India presented a project they call "Systematization" which is a participatory tool for evaluate projects, which builda pool of knowledge and documents lessons learned. Website: www.enrap.org.in
The project phases are:
- Preparatory
- Grounding
- Documentation (achieved through field visits, reporting, and post documentation)
- Identify areas/topics
- Facilitators for each topic
- Team assigned to an area
- Team plan activities and present for feedback
- Field visits by the team where they interact with the community
- Reporting/documenting (it is a challenge)
- Look at all resources (other types of reports)
- Present
- Pos documentation
- Policy briefs
Some of the lessons were:
- Participatory tool. Community evaluate themselves
- Disseminate to other project areas
- Identify topic must be done carefully
- Sometimes we sounded too vague and we were not sure what to do
- Make people write is difficult
- Timing must be planed carefully
- Having a KM specialist is good
- Communication must be linked with M&E
- The topics are chosen at district level
- We asked ourselves if after the project if has been any changes
- Doing this exercise requires time and funds
Kevin from FAO presented his work with farmer field schools in Sierra Leone.
The project consisted of introducing different methods with the FFS approach, build confidence/groups, and transfer knowledge.
Kevin's expereince with KM were as following:
- Farmers own the knowledge
- Farmers build business schools (agricultural business center)
- Takes time to develop the processes and to build confidence
- Focus on integrated pest management
- FFS is a group of people who meet in the field
- Farmers facilitate the procecss
- Experts can present
- Self organized
- Cost
- Radio
- Up taking low in some countries (no promotion at international level, e.g. FAO and World Bank)
- Info available but documentation expensive


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Thursday, October 11, 2018
Goalie Announcements (Oct 11)
It's a weird stretch in the early part of the NHL schedule, where there are 12 games tonight, no games on Friday night and then another 14 games on Saturday and they finish with three games on Sunday. Very up and down, if you ask me.
The schedule may just be evening out for some of those teams that haven't played a whole lot yet. Edmonton, New Jersey, Florida and Tampa Bay have only played once each, so far this year. I would imagine that this schedule loopiness has something to do with that in one way or another.
With 12 games on the docket, there's a lot to get to, so let's have at it!
Cam Talbot (Mike) versus Jaroslav Halak (Stacey M.)
The Oilers came directly from Sweden down to the eastern seaboard of the US to continue on a road trip to start the season, before heading back for their home opener. All indications are that they'll send Cam Talbot back to the crease for game two, while the Bruins will counter with their number two, Jaroslav Halak.
In the overall standings, this game is 18th versus 14th, with Jesse holding a 3-point lead over Stacey's team heading into the night. 4 points is enough to be a swing game in the standings, between goalie starts, especially with the extra points for shutout an ever-present possibility.
Semyon Varlamov (Wilton) versus Carter Hutton (Wes)
Interesting match-up in Buffalo tonight, when the Avalanche go in to take on the Sabres. We know the Avs are coming along well in their rebuilding and it looks like we can start saying the same for the Sabres. They're at different points in the rebuild process, where the Avalanche are now becoming a contending team again, making the playoffs last year, and the Sabres have some of the young players in place, showing off what they can do. Do they have the goaltending though?
Two pool teams with 9 points each this week go head-to-head with their goalies in this one. Wilton's team sits in 7th and Wes' is in 16th, 6 points between each other and both have eyes on big prizes this season. It's another step in a long journey to the end of the year.
Joonas Korpisalo (Clayton) versus James Reimer (Dale C.)
It's an all-pool match-up for the Panthers' home opener tonight, with the visiting Blue Jackets in town to take them on. The Jackets will be sending their number two, Joonas Korpisalo out to face the Panthers, while the cats have little choice in sending James Reimer out to greet them, with their 1A on the IR.
It's two pool teams at opposite ends of the standings spectrum, as Clayton's team leads the pool for the Mover & Shaker this week with 14 points, while Dale's team is down in the race for the Basement Dwelller with only 2 points.
Pheonix Copley (N/A) versus Keith Kinkaid (Neil)
The Devils will have their home opener tonight and they will get a Capitals team that played last night, winning at home against Vegas, as their opponent. Keith Kinkaid will get the team's second start of the season, just like getting the first, which is good news for Neil, who sits with 7 points this week, right in the middle of the Mover & Shaker race.
Aaron Dell (Troy) versus Henrik Lundqvist (Scott)
The Sharks are going to let Aaron Dell run with the job in the crease for a little bit, since Martin Jones has been a bit shaky to start the season. Dell will make consecutive starts tonight, lining up against Henrik Lundqvist and the Rangers, who are not exactly on the best of starts of their own, winless in their first three games of the year.
Troy and Scott are separated by only 2 points in the standings, which makes this into a pretty good swing game in the standings tonight. Troy's team has had a good start to the week, registering 10 points, but Scott could really use the help, having only 6 points, so far, this week.
Malcolm Subban (Eric) versus Casey DeSmith (N/A)
We're expecting to see Malcolm Subban get his first start of the season for the Golden Knights, as they head to Pittsburgh on this current road trip of theirs. Subban has appeared once in relief already this year, but this will be his first start and only Eric's second goalie start of the season to date. Eric's team is sitting with 8 points this week, 6 points back of the weekly lead and his goalie will be looking to help turn the tides for a struggling Vegas team.
Jack Campbell (N/A) versus Carey Price (Stacey M.)
The Montreal Canadiens will be having their home opener tonight at the Bell Centre and it should come as no surprise, as Carey Price is set to take the crease for the home team. They will welcome a Kings team that is working without their number one and/or a pool goalie, which should help with proceedings in this celebration of a new year. Stacey M. is hoping for positive things out of her team and her goalie, as her team needs a boost from the 6 points they have this week.
Frederik Andersen (Derek B.) versus Jimmy Howard (Tony)
The Red Wings get the daunting task of trying to slow down the Maple Leafs tonight at the Little Caesar's Arena and it will be on Jimmy Howard to get in the way of a lot of rubber coming from the visitors. Frederik Andersen will likely have to be sharp as well, the Wings haven't been slouches out there, so it won't be the easiest of tests tonight.
Derek's team has been looking a bit sharper after a slow Week One, picking up 10 points already this week, but Tony's team has been just a bit better, already at 13 points in the week and up to 5th place in the standings.
Anders Nilsson (N/A) versus Andrei Vasilevskiy (Dale C.)
The Tampa Bay Lightning will welcome the traveling Vancouver Canucks and since it's only the Bolts' second game of the year, you can expect nothing but the best out of their lineup tonight, including their number one goalie, Andrei Vasilevskiy. After a really slow start in the crease for Dale's team in the past week and a bit, he gets two starts tonight from his Florida-based keepers, trying badly to play catch-up in the standings. His team opens up in 23rd place, already 26 points out of 1st.
Mike Smith (Brian) versus Jake Allen (Steve)
The Flames and Blues will clash in St. Louis tonight and it has some potential to be a pretty good game. The Flames have won their last two games, while the Blues are still winless in two games played, both teams will be sending out their number ones to get that much-needed win.
Brian leads Steve in the overall standings by 7 points, 28-21, and neither team has really found their groove in Week Two, just as yet. It is a busy night worth of action, so getting a goalie start will go a long ways to jump-starting their weeks.
Connor Hellebuyck (Jeremy) versus Pekka Rinne (John P.)
It's a Vezina Trophy-type of match-up tonight in Nashville, when the Winnipeg Jets and Nashville Predators go toe-to-toe. Connor Hellebuyck versus Pekka Rinne... it's a clash of the titans, early on in the regular season! When these two collided in the playoffs, it made for one hell of a series, where the Jets came out on top. I don't think the Predators have forgotten that.
John had a pretty good start to the season, but Week Two needs a bit of a boost, so he could really use a win from the home side to make up some of that ground lost in the first three nights of the week. Jeremy, on the other hand, is keeping pace with the leaders, opening up the night in 4th, only 5 points out of 1st.
Cam Ward (Scott) versus Devan Dubnyk (Wes)
The Blackhawks are off to a rocking start, while the Wild are off to a rocky start to the season, both teams somewhat doing the opposite of what was expected of them, but it is still early on in the year to get too excited about it. Ward has been dynamite for the Blackhawks as their defacto number one, while Dubnyk hasn't yet won a game for the Wild, looking to change those fortunes here right away.
Both pool teams get their second start of the night in the last game on the schedule, as both Scott and Wes are looking to climb into the top 10 after Thursday night's action. Scott's team sits 11th, losing a tie-breaker for 10th, while Wes' team is in 16th, only 2 points out, but no tie-breaker in his favour, so he'll need help. This game will be a big one for both.
Posted by opiatedsherpa at 4:00 PM
Labels: avalanche, blackhawks, blue jackets, blues, bruins, capitals, flames, golden knights, jets, lightning, maple leafs, oilers, panthers, predators, rangers, red wings, sabres, sharks, starting goalies, wild
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A last-minute addition to a proposal for a Department of Homeland Security would punish malicious hackers with life in prison. The U.S. House of Representatives approved the bill, which would reshape large portions of the federal bureaucracy into a new department. Inserted into the Homeland Security bill, the 16-page Cyber Security Enhancement Act (CSEA) expands the ability of police to conduct Internet or telephone eavesdropping without first obtaining a court order, and offers Internet providers more latitude to disclose information to police.
Citing privacy concerns, civil liberties groups objected to portions of CSEA. "There are a lot of different things to be concerned about, but preserving Fourth Amendment and wiretap standards continues to be a critical test of Congress' commitment of civil liberties," said Marc Rotenberg, director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center.
Speaking of the Fourth Amendment, a federal judge has ruled that law enforcement officials went too far when they tried to use evidence gathered by a known hacker to convict someone of possessing child pornography. The decision is believed to be the first to say that hacking into an Internet-connected home PC without a warrant violates the amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
The decision came out of a case in which a hacker uploaded a file to a child porn newsgroup that made it possible to track who downloaded files from the service. The uploaded file contained the SubSeven virus, which the hacker used to remotely search people's computers for porn.
On the other side of the spectrum is an electronic greeting card that has all the hallmarks of a mass-mailing computer virus. The FriendGreetings e-mail misleads a victim into downloading an application--ostensibly to view a Web card--and then sends itself to every e-mail address in the victim's Outlook contacts file. A few systems administrators already blame the mass-mailing e-card for swamping their network.
Yet it will be hard to prosecute the company that created the card: The viral card is protected by a license agreement that tricks unsuspecting users into clicking "Yes" and consenting to have the program send itself to all their e-mail contacts. Without the license agreement, the program would be considered a virus, but with the code wrapped in what could be a prosecution-proof vest.
Capellas leaves HP
After helping along the $20 billion merger between Compaq Computer, where he was chief executive, with Hewlett-Packard, HP President Michael Capellas jumped ship to the capsized WorldCom to take over as CEO. Capellas said he is leaving in part because the merger integration is ahead of schedule, and he tried to reassure his colleagues of that in an e-mail sent to all HP employees.
HP Chief Executive Carly Fiorina said that Capellas had "reached a natural transition point" with the company, which he joined when HP swallowed Compaq earlier this year. Fiorina said that her company won't hire another president.
With the departure, HP joins a growing roster of high-profile Silicon Valley companies without a clear No. 2 executive. Beyond the question of succession, some analysts wondered Monday whether Fiorina might be taking on too much responsibility by not replacing Capellas. But Fiorina said she can handle the dual roles as chief strategist and day-to-day operations chief.
"The position of president will not be replicated, period," Fiorina said during an interview alongside Capellas. As for who her likely successor would be, Fiorina said it's "way too early" to start thinking about such plans. "I've only been here three years and I'm not yet 50." But, she added, "We have a very deep bench here."
Oracle flexes muscle
As Oracle kicked off its annual OracleWorld conference this week in San Francisco, there were still plenty of IT managers fuming over an impending ultimatum over a key software upgrade. This summer, Oracle plans to discontinue support for version 10.7 of its business applications, giving customers the choice of paying for a costly upgrade to version 11i--or losing technical support for the older software.
After the "de-support" date, clients using version 10.7 will not be able to call Oracle for help when they encounter problems with their systems. Nor will they have access to electronic documentation and software patches. "We're doing the upgrade, but we're not happy about it," said one IT executive. "It's expensive, and we expect very little return on investment."
Oracle launched another assault as it urged thousands of IT managers to ditch Microsoft and IBM e-mail systems in favor of Oracle's Collaboration Suite. A new version of the collaboration program--a set of e-mail, calendar, Web conferencing and voice-mail tools--is set for arrival in June. Oracle plans to add instant messaging, online whiteboard and other online teamwork applications to the new release.
In launching this product, Oracle is gearing up to give Microsoft a run for its money. Introducing special prices here, Oracle sought to persuade customers of Microsoft Exchange Server version 5.5 to switch to Oracle Collaboration Suite rather than upgrade to Exchange Server 2000, the latest version of Microsoft's e-mail server.
Oracle CEO Larry Ellison used his keynote speech at the convention to chide the information technology industry for making life difficult for corporate IT managers. An industrywide lack of software interoperability, reliability and quality, as well as overly complex products have resulted in "a scarcity of information at the dawn of the information age," Ellison said in an address beamed via satellite from Auckland, New Zealand, where he's competing in the America's Cup sailing race.
Ellison said information fragmentation, brought about by businesses installing ever-greater numbers of incompatible computer systems, is among the biggest problems facing companies today. He urged companies, as Oracle itself has done, to consolidate their IT operations onto fewer databases and to quit customizing packaged business application software.
Gadget goings-on
The price may be right for Gateway's $3,000 plasma television, but the company is having trouble filling orders, prompting some grumbles from early customers. The company said that it is seeing "minor delays" in shipping the 42-inch screen Plasma TV that was introduced earlier this month as part of a broader push into digital electronics.
Analysts noted at the time that the $3,000 price was seen as groundbreaking for the plasma screens, which often fetch thousands more. But shipping delays caused by the recent port strike have been compounded by higher-than-expected demand, Gateway said.
Sony will attempt to break some ground of its own when this spring with RoomLink, which allows networking of PCs, TVs and stereo receivers with relative ease. RoomLink, which is already available in Japan and which will hit U.S. shelves next spring, is essentially a networking hub for swapping data between disparate devices.
With it, music or digital photos stored on a PC hard drive can be played on a stereo or TV. Likewise, the hard drive can function as a personal video recorder. Connections can be made with cables or wirelessly through Wi-Fi. It will sell for around $199, Sony said. Eventually, these networks will likely expand beyond the home so customers can download music from home to a cell phone or MP3 player.
HP plans to introduce on Monday two iPaqs: One is the smallest, most affordable iPaq yet, and the other, a deluxe model with fingerprint recognition and two forms of wireless connectivity. The iPaqs offer a new high end and a new low end to HP's lineup. The low-end model is far slimmer and lighter than previous iPaqs.
The iPaq Pocket PC h1910 will sell for $299, in line with a new handheld from ViewSonic. However, it is still considerably more expensive than a low-end Dell Computer device that will debut next week for $199 after rebate. A slightly more powerful Dell model will sell for $299.
Also of note
Microsoft unveiled a new instant messaging service aimed at corporate customers, jump-starting belated efforts by the software giant to tap the fast-growing new market for the hugely popular technology...The software giant also confirmed that is has scratched plans for a major overhaul to an upcoming version of its Windows operating system for servers...Actor Kevin Spacey unveiled an online initiative to help aspiring filmmakers and screenwriters get their foot in the door?Internet wine sellers won a courtroom victory when a federal judge struck down a New York state law banning wine shipments from out-of-state wineries to New York state residents?Microsoft raised its stakes in the gaming market with an elaborate new online service for its Xbox video game console?Intel hopes that its recently released 3GHz Pentium 4 will give computer buyers something they haven't had in a while: a reason to buy a new computer.