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Criminal Justice: Overview
Abstract and Keywords
The criminal justice system traces its roots to ancient times. When the 13 original colonies were formed, they brought many of the laws and legal processes from England. Traditionally, the criminal justice system is viewed as including law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections. However, state legislatures and Congress must be viewed as essential components of the criminal justice system because they pass laws that influence the other three components. A number of controversial practices and policies exist within the criminal justice system. Social work, which has had a long involvement in the criminal justice system, including spearheading the creation of the juvenile justice system in the United States, is involved in all phases of the criminal justice system.
Keywords: law enforcement, probation, parole, judiciary, corrections, capital punishment, restorative justice
The criminal justice system traces its roots to the Sumerian Code and the Code of Hammurabi (Allen, Latessa, & Ponder, 2013). When the American colonies formed, they transported many criminal laws and practices from England. Children and adults were dealt with similarly by the early, fledgling criminal justice system. Child-care advocates from the Progressive Era were able to initiate some separation of children from adults during the development of reformatory institutions. In Chicago in the late 19th century, social workers from Hull-House provided educational services to youth in detention centers. These settlement house workers envisioned a system just for juveniles and collaborated with the Chicago Bar Association and the Illinois Conference of Charities and Corrections to lobby successfully the Illinois legislature to create the first juvenile court in 1899 (Alexander, 1997). Demonstrating the influence of the settlement workers at Hull-House, the first juvenile court was located across the street; the first juvenile court probation officer was a settlement house worker from Hull-House (Alexander). In the 1920s settlement house workers from Cleveland, Ohio, advocated for women who were incarcerated at the Ohio Reformatory for Women, as did other social workers who were actively involved with discharge planning for adult offenders (Alexander, Butler, & Sias, 1993).
Traditionally, the criminal justice system has been envisioned as consisting of three components: law enforcement, judiciary, and corrections. Law enforcement officers, represented by the police, arrest offenders. The judiciary tries these offenders and determines whether they are guilty or not guilty. For those offenders who are adjudicated guilty, corrections manage them by probation, incarceration, and parole. Corrections may be further divided into institution based (that is, prison or reformatories) and community based (that is, probation, parole, home confinement, and residential program).
Another important component of the criminal justice system is the legislative arena, which includes state legislatures and Congress. State legislatures and Congress determine behaviors that are criminal in the first place and the sentences to be meted out for those found or pleading guilty. For instance, stalking, computer solicitation of sex with a minor, viewing child pornography on the Internet, and racketeering are relatively new crimes. Legislatures have passed laws that have created new categories of crime, for example, related to various forms of sexual assault and drug possession.
Some laws have been changed to decrease the number of offenders, such as possession of small amounts of marijuana and the killing of one's spouse in response to domestic abuse.
Components of the Criminal Justice System
Law Enforcement
Police officers, deputies, state troopers, border patrols, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) make arrests and initially charge individuals. Most law enforcement officers see their jobs as to protect and serve the community. In 2011, there were 698,460 law enforcement officers (FBI, 2012). Of this total, 88.2% were male and 11.8% were female (FBI, 2012). In 2012, 48 law enforcement officers were killed feloniously in the line of duty (FBI, 2013a). Twenty-two of these officers were killed in the South (FBI, 2013a).
The best source for determining the number of crimes in the United States is data collected by the FBI for the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victim Survey (Allen et al., 2013). These data tell us whether crime has increased or decreased over the past year. However, some crimes are not known to the police or are underreported; some do not have individual victims; and some victims may not report crimes, such as domestic assaults.
Since the 1930s, the FBI has submitted yearly reports about statistics regarding yearly arrests for various crimes. Local jurisdictions report their arrests in their jurisdictions. Although not every jurisdiction in the United States participates in this activity, most do, and the Uniform Crime Report offers the best official statistics about crimes in the United States. However, there are still some crimes that are not reported to local law enforcement. Crimes are categorized into Part I crimes, the most serious, and Part II crimes, the other serious crimes. Part I crimes are also called index crimes. These Part I or index crimes are murder/manslaughter, rape, armed robbery, aggravated assault, arson, burglary, larceny–theft, and motor vehicle theft. These crimes are further broken down into violent or personal crimes, consisting of murder, rape, armed robbery, and aggravated assault. Property crimes are grouped; this grouping entails arson, burglary, larceny–theft, and motor vehicle theft. Part II crimes are all crimes that are not considered Part I crimes. The number of crimes is presented by rate, typically per 100,000, which allows comparison of large cities with small cities.
Overall, in 2012, citizens committed 1,214,462 violent crimes, an increase of approximately 0.7% from the amount of violent crimes in 2011 (FBI, 2013b). Still, the number of crimes in 2012 was almost 13% lower than the number of crimes in 2008 and 12% lower than the number of crimes in 2003 (FBI, 2013b). In 2013, the overall violent crime rate was 386.9 violent crimes per 100,000, similar to the rate of violent crimes in 2011 (FBI, 2013b). Of violent crimes, aggravated assaults accounted for 63% reported to law enforcement in 2012; 29% were robberies, almost 7% were rape, and 1.12% were murder (FBI, 2013b). Firearms were used in approximately 70% of murders, 41% of robberies, and 22% of aggravated assaults (FBI, 2013b). In 2012, 84,376 forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement, constituting 52.9 per 100,000 females (FBI, 2013b). The number of rapes was about 0.2% higher than in 2011, 7% lower than in 2008, and 10% lower than in 2003 (FBI, 2013b).
To improve data collection regarding crime, the FBI created the National Incident-Based Reporting System. Its purpose is to improve data collection from the Uniform Crime Report. The system provides more detailed information for each single crime occurrence. Employed to its full potential at the agency level, the National Incident-Based Reporting System tells precisely when and where a crime takes place, what form it takes, and the characteristics of its victims and perpetrators. This system is better able to assess the scope of the nation's crime problem. For example, in 2012 there were 5,001,060 criminal incidents in the United States (FBI, 2013c). This total yielded 5,734,653 offenses, 6,050,049 victims, and 4,556,193 known offenders (FBI, 2013c).
On a directive from Congress, in 1992 the FBI began reporting data on hate crimes in the United States. In 2012, a total of 1,730 law enforcement agencies stated that 6,718 offenses occurred to be categorized as hate; these constituted 5,796 hate crimes (FBI, 2013d). These offenses involved 7,151 victims and 5,322 offenders (FBI, 2013c). Particularly, 49.2% of these hate crimes were racially motivated (FBI, 2013d). The second percentage, 19.2%, was motivated by sexual orientation (FBI, 2013c). Religious bias was third and represented 17.4% (FBI, 2013c). Twelve percent concerned ethnicity or national origin bias (FBI, 2013d). Racially, 66.1% represented anti-bias and 22.4% were anti-White bias (FBI, 2013c). In addition, Sandholtz, Langton, and Planty (2013) reported and compared hates crimes from 2003 to 2006 and from 2007 to 2011. The majority of hate crimes were racially based, comprising over 60% from 2003 to 2006 compared to about 55% from 2007 to 2011 (Sandholtz et al., 2013). Unlike the statistics in the previous paragraph, these researchers had a category of association hate crimes, which represented slightly less than 30% from 2003 to 2006 and slightly more than 30% from 2007 to 2011 (Sandholtz et al.). Religious-based hate crimes increased from 10% from 2003 to 2006 to slightly more than 21% from 2007 to 2011 (Sandholtz et al.). There was a slight increase in hate crimes based on sexual orientation, from 16% from 2003 to 2006 to approximately 18% from 2007 to 2011 (Sandholtz et al.).
The judiciary consists of the trial process, which generally involves the judge, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and juries. However, most cases are decided by plea bargains and only a small number of cases actually go to trial. Estimates are that more than 90% of cases are decided by plea bargains or nolo contendere, that is, a plea meaning that the defendant does not wish to contest the charges (Lynch, 2003). In 2002, a total of 1,114,000 adults were convicted in federal and state courts for felonies. Approximately 94% of this total was in state courts and 69% were sentenced to incarceration either in prison or in the local jails (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006).
The judiciary may decide whether to try a juvenile in juvenile court or adult court. In some states the legislatures have taken this decision out of the hands of prosecutors and judges and mandated that some juveniles and children as young as 12 years be tried as adults if these children have been accused of murder or other very serious offenses (Allard & Young, 2002).
The judiciary is also involved in cases in which a convicted defendant has filed an appeal for his or her conviction or sentence. This is especially so in capital cases where the death penalty has been imposed. A capital case may be in state and federal appellate courts for 15 to 20 years before a death sentence is actually carried out. Often, the U.S. Supreme Court is the final court in a death penalty case but the Court may refuse to intervene and decide a case. Snell (2013) reported that at the end of 2011, a total of 3,082 individuals were under the death sentence. More than half of persons sentenced to death were in California, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania (Snell). Most persons under the death sentence were White, a total of 55%; 42% were Black and 14% were Hispanic (Snell). Only 2% of persons under the death sentence were female. From 2000 to 2011, the percentages of persons under the death sentences remained unchanged (Snell).
At the end of 2005, almost 5 million adult men and women were under the control of federal, state, and local probation and parole jurisdictions. Of this total, about 4,162,500 were on probation and about 784,400 were on parole. In terms of incarceration, at the end of 2005, a total of 2,193,798 prisoners were held in federal or state prisons or in local jails. The incarceration rates for racial groups were as follows: African American males, 3,145 per 100,000; Latino males, 1,244 per 100,000; and White males, 471 per 100,000. An analysis of trends shows that incarceration in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s.
Glaze and Herberman (2013) documented that 6,937,600 offenders were under the supervision of the adult criminal justice system at the end of 2012. This number was the fourth consecutive decline in the correction population (Glaze & Herberman). Although Glaze and Herberman did not report race and sex data in their tables, they did provide data from 2000 to 2012 on placements in community corrections and percentages of crimes for several years. For example, the United States had 3,060 per 100,000 adults supervised by the correctional system in 2000, but that amount decreased to 2,870 per 100,000 in 2012 (Glaze & Herberman). The United States had 2,160 per 100,000 adults under community supervision in 2000 compared to 1,980 adults per 100,000 in 2012 (Glaze & Herberman). In terms of the incarcerated population, there were 920 adults per 100,000 in 2000 compared to 920 per 100, 000 in 2012 (Glaze & Herberman). However, in 2006, 2007, and 2008, the United States had 1,000 adults per 100,000 incarcerated (Glaze & Herberman). According to traditional practice, probation constituted the most utilized sanction by the criminal justice system.
The Bureau of Justice defines probationers as offenders confined in the community in lieu of incarceration as well as those allowed to remain in their homes (often with electronic monitoring). Parolees are offenders supervised in the community after serving a prison term. Parole boards decide whether to release inmates to community-based parole supervision. The federal government and some states have abolished parole.
State Legislatures and Congress
Legislative bodies are often overlooked as part of the criminal justice system, but they make laws and decide what criminal conduct is. Prior to 1990, there was no law forbidding stalking. A police officer in Ohio was convicted of multiple counts of stalking–fourth-degree felonies (State v. Barnhardt, 2006). In addition, laws regarding computer behaviors have been enacted, and police officers are now on the lookout for cybersex predators. Also, legislatures have authorized adult trials for some children who have been accused of serious crimes, such as school shootings; adult trials have occurred for children as young as 12 years. Since the 1980s, Congress has actively persuaded states to reform some of their laws by tying the receipt of federal funds to changes in states laws. For example, most states have Megan laws, which require states to notify neighbors when sex offenders have moved into their neighborhoods. In addition, some states have passed laws permitting civil commitment of sex offenders to prevent these offenders from being released from prison confinement. Last, some states have passed laws, such as Three Strikes, permitting the sentencing of felons who have been convicted three times to receive life sentences.
Controversies within the Criminal Justice System
A number of controversies exist within the criminal justice system, at all levels and in all components. In law enforcement, the primary criticisms are racial profiling and police brutality. Studies have been conducted on the extent to which race is a factor in police stops of minorities, particularly African Americans, both on streets and on highways. Widely publicized, brutal incidents involving African Americans or people of color and police officers, many of whom are White, make matters worse. Prominent examples include the Rodney King beating by officers in California; the Abner Louima incident, in which a Haitian was sodomized with a stick while in police custody; the Amadou Diallo incident, in which Diallo was fired at 41 times and killed; and more recently, the incident in New York when Sean Bell was shot at more than 50 times and killed after he and his friends left a bachelor party. These incidents, as well as many other incidents that do not make the news but are known within the African American community, make it difficult for law enforcement to establish a collaborative and trusting relationship with the African American community to address crime in the community (Alexander, 2005b).
Racial and Ethnic Disparities Exist in the Criminal Justice System
African Americans are overrepresented among those incarcerated (Mauer, 2006). Reports have been issued on the high number of African Americans who are under the control of prisons, probation, and parole (Mauer). The high number of African Americans in prisons cannot be viewed in isolation because it is the judiciary system that sends them to prisons and it is the law enforcement system, backed sometimes by laws passed by the legislatures, that initiates entrance into the judiciary system.
To illustrate, since the 1980s, differential, and what some characterize as discriminatory, laws punish possession of crack cocaine more seriously than possession of powder cocaine. Cocaine is an expensive drug, and many users are actors, actresses, athletes, and business executives, many of whom are White. Crack cocaine was developed to make cocaine affordable for poor people—poor Whites, Latinos, and African Americans. Crack cocaine is punished more harshly than equal amounts of powered cocaine. With the help of racial profiling, a high number of African Americans are stopped, searched, and arrested for possessing crack cocaine. Although African Americans have complained since the 1980s, most legislatures have failed to act or make the punishments more equal.
To illustrate this point, a U.S. District Court judge, who was a drug policy adviser to the first President Bush and who then advocated for tough laws for crack cocaine crimes, stated that "the policy had gone too far and was undermining faith in the judicial system" (Apuzzo, 2006, p. A7). Trafficking in 500g of powder cocaine carries a five-year sentence but it takes only 5g of crack cocaine to get a sentence of five years—a 100-to-1 disparity. Judge Reggie B. Walton noted that crack is an inner-city drug and cocaine is a suburban drug; the differences in punishment are unconscionable and "contributed to the perception within minority communities that courts are unfair" (Apuzzo, p. A7).
The Federal Sentencing Commission has asked Congress thrice to address the sentencing disparity between cocaine and crack but it had refused to do so. Congress has not even been willing to increase the punishment for cocaine (Apuzzo, 2006), although it proclaimed to have a war on drugs. This failure to increase the penalty for cocaine possession may be attributable to race because it affects mostly Whites (Alexander, 2005b).
However, in 2010, President Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced the disparity between powder cocaine and crack cocaine (Lee, 2010). In 2013, President Obama used this law to reduce the sentences of 8 federal prisoners and pardoned 13 others (Flatow, 2013).
Some observers point to the high number of African Americans involved in drugs, violent crimes, and weapons possession as to why there are disproportionately more African Americans than Whites in prison. Alexander (2005b) points out that Whites commit most of the violent crimes in the United States, use the most drugs, and are more likely to be arrested for possessing weapons. The FBI defines serious crimes or Part I crimes as (a) murder or manslaughter, (b) rape, (c) aggravated assault, (d) armed robbery, (e) burglary, (f) arson, and (g) theft; violent crimes include the first four. In 2003, 61% of those arrested for violent crimes were White and 37% were African American (U.S. Department of Justice, 2004). Although this pattern has been shown consistently, many Americans still believe that African Americans are responsible for the most serious crimes in the United States. As an illustration, African Americans constitute approximately 33% of persons arrested for sex crimes, but they are frequently depicted as the common rapists, an image that has a long history in the United States. However, although Whites are more likely to be arrested for drug crimes and weapons possession, they do not go to prison in numbers comparable to their arrests. The same pattern is found among White juveniles; they too are not committed to juvenile incarceration proportionately.
Snyder (2012) presented a fairly comprehensive table on arrests. It described the number of arrests by sex, race, and perpetrator status, including whether the perpetrator was an adult or juvenile. As an illustration, in 2010, a total of 9,792,190 males were arrested compared to 3,329,920 females. Of the total number of arrests, 11,479,470 adults were arrested and 1,642,650 juveniles. By race, 9,122, 010 were White and 3,655,620 were Black. The statistics involving race mirrored the statistics and arguments made by Alexander (2006). Some conservatives explain the overrepresentation of Blacks in the criminal justice system as being the result of Blacks committing more violent crimes, carrying weapons illegally, and being involved with drugs. Alexander (2006) disputes this assertion. Of the most serious crimes in 2010, the only crime in which Blacks exceed Whites was robbery, 62,020 to 48,310 (Snyder). The murder numbers were slightly higher for Whites than for Blacks, 5,540 to 5,430 (Snyder). For forcible rape, Whites outnumbered Blacks by 13,210 to 6,300 (Snyder) and Whites also outnumbered Blacks in arrests for aggravated assaults, 260,770 to 136,400 (Snyder). In terms of drugs, there were 1,093,910 Whites arrested and 519,830 Blacks (Snyder). For weapons violations, 92,630 Whites were arrested compared to 63,710 Blacks (Snyder).
It may not be well known that many African Americans are incarcerated in prisons located in rural areas; as a result, their incarceration benefits rural communities for census purposes and grants obtained at the expense of urban areas from where most prisoners come. Stinebrickner-Kauffman (2004) was one of the first to question the legality of the census bureau counting prisoners where they are incarcerated. Alexander (2005a), picking up on Stinebrickner-Kauffman's argument, explored other implications of this phenomenon, noting how additional monies have been used to help rural communities. He argued that most offenders commit their crimes in their own communities and in fact have damaged their communities. Thus, if money is generated from incarceration, then it should go to the community in which the damage has been done. In fact, this is the central argument of restorative justice, which seeks to motivate offenders to repair the harm they have done to the community (Alexander, 2006).
There is also the issue of the collateral damage done to the African American community by the get-tough-on-crime campaigns (Mauer, 2003, 2006). Convictions and imprisonment for a large number of African Americans carry considerable damage, such as loss of voting rights and employment discrimination. Pager (2003) sought to test the impact of an antidiscrimination law in Wisconsin that banned discrimination against ex-felons when the convictions had nothing to do with a job being sought. She tested for entry-level jobs requiring only a high school education. On the basis of a tactic long used to detect housing discrimination by landlords, Pager gave Whites and African Americans the same profile of drug convictions and prison sentences. She then gave another group of Whites and African Americans no criminal records when they applied for jobs in the city of Milwaukee. Her dependent variable was whether an employer called the applicant offering a job after the interview. Pager found that 34% of Whites without records received callbacks, compared with 17% of Whites with a criminal record. For African Americans, 14% of those who had no criminal records received callbacks, compared with 5% of African Americans with criminal records. Simply put, a White man with a criminal record has a better chance of getting a job than does an African American man without a criminal record. This discrimination occurred in a state with protective legislation, which means that discrimination may be worse in states without such laws.
Other controversial issues in the criminal justice system involve sex offenders and especially child molesters. Indeed, some child sex offenders have killed children in the process of assaulting and molesting them. As a result, there has been an outcry to pass legislation that protects children. The two most popular laws have been community notification and restriction of sex offenders from living too close to schools, playgrounds, and community centers (Hundley, 2007). Quoting Allison Taylor, the executive director of the Council on Sex Offender Treatment of the Texas Department of State Health Services, Hundley reported that sexual assaults cannot be stopped by passing an ordinance and there is no evidence that proximity to a school, playground, or child-care center contributed to recidivism by sex offenders. To date, no study has reported that these measures effectively protect children. Children are more likely to be sexually molested by a family member, a neighbor who is not a convicted child molester, a teacher, or a coach (Alexander, 2004). Further, the more popular laws concerning where offenders can live establish 1,000 feet as the boundary. But no research has been reported that shows that children are more likely to be molested within 1,000 feet as opposed to more than 1,000 feet away (Alexander, 2010).
Capital punishment also remains a controversial issue. Society has endeavored to find the most humane method of executing prisoners. In these endeavors, various forms of executions have been tried and subsequently abandoned, including firing squad, hanging, the gas chamber, and the electric chair. Lethal injection was believed to be the most humane method of execution, but even that has come under attack because of some botched executions in Florida and California, wherein executioners could not find veins. Moreover, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that executing individuals who were younger than 18 years of age at the time they committed their crimes violated the cruel and unusual clause of the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (Roper v. Simmons, 2005). In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that executing someone who is mentally retarded also violated the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Atkins v. Virginia, 2002). Advocates are seeking a further narrowing of capital punishment by arguing that it is cruel and unusual to execute individuals who were mentally ill at the time they committed their crimes.
Another issue involving capital punishment is that many prisoners have been released from death row and prison because of wrongful convictions. Much of the impetus to this movement has been generated by the Innocence Project, headed by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld (The Innocence Project, 2007). This project focuses on using DNA to prove that some convicted persons on death row and in prison were in fact innocent of their crimes. The Innocence Project has a web site where it keeps a running total of the persons who have been exonerated. Special issues in criminal justice and law review journals have been devoted to wrongful convictions (Alexander, 2007).
Social Workers' Involvement in the Criminal Justice System
As social work was emerging as a profession in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some social workers expressed doubts about workers being involved in the criminal justice system because of the lack of self-determination of clients and possible conflicts with social-work values (Alexander, 1997). Criminal justice is not the most popular area for practice among social-work students and professionals. Lennon (2005) reported that only 713 of 26,137 undergraduate students (2.7%) and only 798 of 37,052 postgraduate students (2.2%) were placed in field settings involving criminal justice.
Still, social workers occupy a number of positions inside and related to the criminal justice system. Social workers are employed as institutional counselors and juvenile and adult probation and parole officers. One of the more prominent positions held by social workers is victims' advocate in the legal process. As society became more responsive to victims and their families, a number of prosecutors' offices began to employ social workers to assist and support victims and families in the courtrooms during trials, at sentencing, and at the time of parole hearings.
In prisons, social workers are typically employed in mental-health units to work with inmates with psychiatric problems. In some states, social workers have become prison wardens.
Some social workers are employed by public defenders offices to work with indigent defendants who need mental-health treatment, substance-abuse treatment, or other specialized services. Also, in the area of employee assistance programs, some social workers have contact with law enforcement officers and provide counseling to them. The counseling may help police officers address challenging issues in their personal lives or difficulty coping with a traumatic incident, such as a shooting.
Social workers must address issues of limits of confidentiality with a duty to warn. As an example, the U.S. Supreme Court case of Jaffee v. Redmond et al. (1996) involved the issue of whether a social worker's counseling with an officer was protected as privileged information. In this case, a police officer shot and killed a man and saw a social worker to deal with the trauma. The officer was sued by the family of the deceased, and the plaintiff's lawyer attempted to get the information from the social worker, setting up a legal issue for the U.S. Supreme Court to decide.
Social workers have been prominent in the area of restorative justice—a growing trend. One web site reported the addresses of 86 organizations that embraced some aspects of restorative justice (Restorative Justice Online, 2005). Within the School of Social Work at the University of Minnesota, social workers have established the Center for Restorative Justice and Mediation. Furthermore, numerous social workers have written about restorative justice (Adams, 2004; Beck & Britto, 2006; Burford & Adams, 2004; Gumz, 2004; Holtquist, 1999; Umbreit, Coates, & Vos, 2004; van Wormer, 2003, 2006).
In conclusion, the criminal justice system has expanded considerably since the 1970s. The United States incarcerates a high number of its citizens, with minorities being overrepresented in the prison system. Furthermore, the United States executes more persons than other industrialized countries do. Social workers played a prominent role in the creation of the first juvenile court in 1899 and currently act as victims' advocates with the legal system. Recently, social workers have played a prominent role in humanizing the criminal justice system by espousing and embracing restorative justice.
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Stinebrickner-Kauffman, T. (2004). Counting matters: Prison inmates, population bases, and "one person, one vote." Virginia Journal Social Policy and Law, 11, 229–305.Find this resource:
Umbreit, M., Coates, R. B., & Vos, B. (2004). Restorative justice versus community justice: Clarifying a muddle or generating confusion? Contemporary Justice Review, 7(1), 81–89.Find this resource:
U.S. Department of Justice. (2004). Crime in the United States, 2003. Washington, DC: Author.Find this resource:
van Wormer, K. (2003). Restorative justice: A model for social work practice with families. Families in Society, 84(3), 441–448.Find this resource:
van Wormer, K. (2006). The case for restorative justice: A crucial adjunct to the social work curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 26(3/4), 57–69.Find this resource:
Further Reading
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). Occupational outlook handbook, 2006–07 edition. Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. Retrieved December 29, 2006, from http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/enus/economy/workforce/docs/OOH_2006.pdf/


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Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
An owner's original tax basis in an asset, adjusted for various events during the period of ownership. The costs of capital improvements are added to the original basis (which is normally the price the owner paid for the asset). The costs of damage or deprecation are subtracted from the original basis. Adjusted basis is used to calculate the owner's capital gain or loss for income tax purposes if the property is sold, or an inheritor's tax basis if the asset passes at the owner's death.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dolezal however... Is not contributing to a single one of those things.
KREM 2 News asked to address the public sentiment that she misrepresented her race."I can understand that. And like I said, it's more important to me to clarify that to the black community, and with my executive board, than it really is for me to explain it to a community that I quite frankly don't think understands the definitions of race and ethnicity," said Dolezal.
Two thoughts I'd like to offer to the debate:One, concerning any parallels between Ms. Dolezal's case and trans people: Those analogies may hold water, but only up to a point. If someone feels they are a different gender inside than what their body looks like that's about them, and them alone. If someone who is white feels like a black person inside that is, again, about them alone. But if someone tells people for a fact that they are of African-American heritage they are not just making a statement about themselves. It is also a statement about their family and ancestors and while Ms. Dolezal may feel black inside, that does not give her the right to misrepresent her parents' ethnicity.
But To justify not explaining herself by saying that a certain community doesn't even get the definitions of race and ethnicity? That's a bit rich. White people not really getting what it is like to be black? That I could accept. But just saying that people outside the black community are not capable of even understanding the definitions of race and ethnicity? I find that rather insulting and being quite contrary to what I feel a person in her position should actually try to achieve, i.e. a better understanding of these terms and related problems in the general public.
Kylie you also mentioned Japan briefly, and honestly I think that in itself is a very interesting discussion, and in part it relates to what I've been saying. Popular opinion does influence how people judge a situation.
What is "black"?Someone asked.Black is a very vague term that has been used to describe people of Sub Saharan descent and share facial features that are typically associated with them. In America, being "black" is about sharing the same ancestral history, traditions, and culture that has come with being separated from our ethnic roots and re-creating what are ancestors knew and were forced to conform to. You can't just wake up one day and say that you're black.Being a black American is an experience and doesn't even necessarily apply to people in Latin America who share the same ancestral background. However, its very easy for us to identity for say (examples) a black person from Brazil, Panama, Cuba, etc. Because our ancestors were on the same boats, stripped of same cultural similarities and forced to learn a new language and culture and build from that.
It offends me that someone would just say they're black to find the very few benefits that I receive for being a black person in America (which isn't a lot). Its fine to appreciate a different culture, integrate, learn, and accept, but its not beneficial to them.
It's taken a lot for black American's to find a culture, a voice, and a meaning. Its not something you can just feel, its something that is an experience and birth. There are a lot of hardships with being black and I'm pretty sure no one wants to just have those issues for no reason, its insane.
As I've said previously, its always trended for a white person to nap their hair and wear it how we would, but never get the same ridicule like we do for having the hair we were born with and having to wear it certain ways so it won't fall out. A lot of black people get fired or asked to change their hair to a more professional appearance because apparently keeping it braided, dreaded, or natural isn't professional and seen dirty. It's okay for a white person to tan to darken their skin, but dark skin on someone who can't help it is considered ugly.
@Kylie: I'm honestly not sure what to say to you because I don't think you're actually reading to understand. I think you're reading to comment and that's where I become very frustrated. I was very clear in my post what i means to be black in America as a descendent of African slaves.
Alright. I'm only going to say this once. Black africans do not call themselves "black" the whole black thing was something white people came up with in the first place. Africans know themselves based on their tribe and nationality. HOWEVER there is a global black awareness for anyone who is from Africa and the Americas to find commonality, because in reality a lot of Africans do not black people from America and blame us for our history and culture and often times think we have forgotten our roots. So there is a different identity and I honestly don't know why people like you have such a problem with black American's identifying how they want and how our history and culture means so much to us. It's actually incredibly hurtful.
If you don't understand, I don't have to sit here and try to make you understand where we're coming from.
You would probably understand more if you actually looked through our history in depth and then tried to understand black history aside from the watered down American history version. Seriously, I don't know what you want and I don't think you're listening.
Black American's did not come up with black, white, etc...White American's did. They called my ancestors Negroes because they wanted to make them feel as alienated as possible. The only reason African-American is around was because black Americans were sick of being called Colored and wanted a connection to their ancestral homeland. This was part of the movement to find pride in their skin, hair, heritage, culture, and history that we call "black pride" and people think thats racist because they don't even know what it means. When you're punched down so much in your own goddamn country and have so much hate for the own skin you live in because another group of people are afraid of you or think lowly of you, pride needs to happen. There is Irish Pride, Hispanic Pride, Asian Pride, etc and no one raises an eyebrow.
So I think you think that black people don't want to be considered American and what is black and this and that and I've explained it the best that I can and you don't get it.
(I really wish I was as skilled at making speeches and presenting my point as you all, I feel like a child trying to talk in a room of adults with doctorates. )
Rachel used her white identity when she sued because it was convenient.
I don't know what you are talking about, LB. I've read your posts. Here and elsewhere. You are as eloquent as any. More importantly, what you say is well reasoned. It's not how you say things, but what you say that really matters.
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Conservation and Environment in South Africa: Monthly Updates
Monthly Updates from 2017
This month, the rains came to an end. 2017 has seen a good rainy season and hopefully this will lead to more food and water sources for the upcoming dry season in winter. Only time will tell.
Happy New Year to all our dear volunteers from the Conservation team in Botswana! We wish you all the best for the year to come and we hope that nature conservation will be on everybody's resolution list. Here in Botswana, 2017 started by being hot and green. The rains have been abundant, filling up our natural waterhole completely and leaving the bush green.
Monthly Updates from 2016
Rain is finally here – this is wonderful news for the wildlife and the villagers. In a few days, the bush has transformed from a desperate lifeless area to a nice green one. The wild herbivores and omnivores are eating grass and leaves, moving away far in the bushes. Before the rains, we could see about 100 elephants in one day, but now we barely see one because the vegetation is has become dense. Water is now all around us and it has filled up all of the temporary waterholes.
In Botswana recently, we have been desperate for rain. Sadly, there has been no significant rainfall in the last two months. The lack of rainfall is concerning, especially for the wildlife. There are a number of consequences: food and water become hard to find and fires become more prevalent. In a drought, fires are our worst enemy at the Botswana Conservation Project. Volunteers and staff recently fought a bush fire and we also watered the bush to provide food for the wildlife. The current landscape is heart breaking. To have a better idea of how it looks during a drought, please follow this link.
Water is a valuable asset in Africa and for the rest of the world too. Water is everything in Africa and without it our wildlife will not survive the dry season between May and September. In our area we have several permanent and temporary sources of water.
It has been an amazing two months. Our volunteers encountered a rare sighting of mating lions (Panthera leo) and at night we could hear their magnificent roar. While we were sleeping in our tents we experienced such a spectacular moment, we heard their roars close by and could feel it through our whole body. We also hope that in 110 days, lion cubs will be around and our volunteers and staff will have the pleasure of seeing them in the wild.
The dry season is coming and the typical weather with it. Cold night and sunny day were such a pleasure after our really hot summer. We had an amazing sighting; two brother cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) have been spotted hunting together near the area where the female was spotted a month ago. We are hoping for the best for this rare, vulnerable and threatened species.
More Monthly Updates? View all Monthly Updates entries from 2016


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News Release
California Firm Recalls Dried Sausage Products Due To Possible Contamination With Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin
Congressional and Public Affairs
Adam Tarr
(202) 720-9113
WASHINGTON, Dec. 19, 2013 – Lee Bros. Foodservice Inc., a San Jose, Calif., establishment, is recalling 740 pounds of sausage products that may be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today.
The following products are subject to recall: [View Label]
- 16 oz packages of Lee's Sandwiches brand Pork Sausages produced on 2/11/13 with an identifying code "042P" printed on the back of the package
- 16 oz packages of Lee's Sandwiches brand Pork and Chicken Sausages produced on 2/12/13 with an identifying code of "043PC" printed on the back of the package
Each package bears the establishment number "Est. 11041" inside the USDA Mark of Inspection. The products were sold at the wholesale and retail level in Arizona, California, Oklahoma, Nevada, Texas and by phone orders.
The problem was discovered by FSIS personnel during a food safety assessment. The inspector was reviewing processing records and found that the water level in the product may have been high enough to allow for the production of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. FSIS has received no reports of illnesses associated with consumption of these products. Individuals concerned about an illness should contact a physician.
FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness checks to ensure that steps are taken to make certain that the product is no longer available to consumers. When available, the retail distribution list(s) will be posted on the FSIS website at www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls.
Consumers and media with questions about the recall should contact the company's Customer Service line, at (800) 640-8880.
Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov or via smartphone at m.askkaren.gov. "Ask Karen" live chat services are available Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ET. The toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and Spanish and can be reached from l0 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. The online Electronic Consumer Complaint Monitoring System can be accessed 24 hours a day at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem.
|USDA Recall Classifications
|Class I
|This is a health hazard situation where there is a reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause serious, adverse health consequences or death.
|Class II
|This is a health hazard situation where there is a remote probability of adverse health consequences from the use of the product.
|Class III
|This is a situation where the use of the product will not cause adverse health consequences.


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Michigan Tech Ice Rink Goes Green
Question: What can make both ice and heat and reduce Michigan Technological University's carbon footprint while doing so?
Answer: Michigan Tech's new ice-making system at the John J. MacInnes Student Ice Arena. The ammonia brine-based system not only makes ice for the hockey rink, it heats the rink's sub-floor, preventing frost from forming under the insulated concrete slab. Heat generated as the ammonia is compressed to be used as a refrigerant heats 100 percent of the hot water used in the arena and maintains a comfortable water temperature for the nearby swimming pool and dive tank.
Michigan Tech replaced its ice-making system last summer, removing the building's original Freon 22 direct system and installing an ammonia brine indirect system.
The reviews of the ice from rink users have been positive, but the most impressive part of the new system might be its reduced impact on the environment and the University's budget.
"What you have is the most environmentally-friendly and energy-efficient system available," said Mark Rodorigo, owner and CEO of Commercial Refrigeration of Virginia, Minn., which did the initial installation of the new system. "We replaced the Freon R-22, which is an ozone-depleting chemical, with anhydrous ammonia, an all-natural substance. Plus, we're reclaiming the waste heat. You have reduced your carbon footprint tremendously."
Here's how it works. A calcium chloride (saltwater) brine is chilled by the anhydrous ammonia refrigerant in a large shell and tube heat exchanger called the "chiller." The brine leaves the chiller and is pumped through 13 miles of tubing inside the rink's concrete slab. It leaves the mechanical room at 12 degrees Fahrenheit and returns a few degrees warmer back into the chiller.
Heat is created when the ammonia is compressed to be used as a refrigerant, producing a high-temperature gas that travels to three large water tanks that heat all the hot water used in the arena. The gas also feeds into a titanium-plated heat exchanger that heats the swimming pool and dive tank.
The last step in the ice-making process is the final cooling of the gas by an evaporative condenser. Because going through the water tanks and heat exchanger has already cooled the gas somewhat, the condenser requires less energy, water and chemicals.
The subfloor is heated using the waste heat from the compressor crankcase oil. The hot oil is pumped through a small heat exchanger, where it is cooled. The heat is then sent through the rink subfloor to prevent frost from forming under the insulated concrete slab.
Dave Nordstrom, Michigan Tech's associate athletic director and building manager for the Student Development Complex and ice arena, is extremely pleased with performance of the new ice plant. "This new system is not only better for the environment, it's going to save the University thousands of dollars," said Nordstrom.
Early estimates put the annual savings at $40,000.
"Anhydrous ammonia is a lot cheaper than R-22," Rodorigo explained. "You're also saving money on heating your hot water, your swimming pool and your subfloor. And you're saving money on water and chemicals used in the evaporation condenser because you're not emitting as much heat into the atmosphere.
"I would think that a lot of other universities would be looking at this system."
The John J. MacInnes Student Ice Arena was built in 1971. It is home to the Michigan Tech Huskies hockey team and is used for many other purposes as well, including high school and youth hockey games, figure skating, concerts and the University's spring commencement.
Michigan Technological University is a public research university, home to more than 7,000 students from 54 countries. Founded in 1885, the University offers more than 120 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science and technology, engineering, forestry, business and economics, health professions, humanities, mathematics, and social sciences. Our campus in Michigan's Upper Peninsula overlooks the Keweenaw Waterway and is just a few miles from Lake Superior.


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All my life, I have struggled with my weight. I think it started when I was about 10. I was always overweight from that point on, and it was hard for me. It was the typical story - I saw other girls I wanted to look like, and tried so hard to look like them. I had a very different body type, and that was another setback. I have done countless programs - Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, my own diet plans - and yet I always ended up gaining it back if I strayed. They worked, don't get me wrong. It was just very hard to maintain.
From about late 2010 to mid-2011, I was following my own plan. I was monitoring my calories, eating well, exercising almost daily, and making sure I was constantly moving. My job at the time was not as demanding as the one I have now, but I worked hard despite feeling tired after a long day. I felt so much better about myself. I lost about 20-25 pounds in that time, and I met my husband when I was at my smallest. Since then so much has happened - a new career, moving in with Jason, lifestyle changes - and now I am at my biggest. I'm over 200 pounds, which was unheard of for me before now. I lost weight before the wedding, but afterward, it came back on and then some. Due to certain medicine, lack of time and activity, and lack of energy, my body has become what it is now. I've been noticing more and more how much strain my body is under. I am short, so there is a lot of weight to carry for my stature.
I always blamed this on the cancer. I blamed my thyroid and constantly fluctuating levels. I blamed the medicine I took for almost a year that made me so lethargic I didn't care what I ate, therefore making me gain so much weight. I blamed myself.
As my mom says, I have the tools. This is true. I've always had the knowledge. It has been accumulating for over a decade of dieting, weight loss plans, and personal experience.
Three days ago, I had an awakening. I have had this before, but this is different. I had started to accept my body this way, but I think about my health and how much my body hurts just from climbing a hill. I can't live like this. So, I made a decision:
I won't.
This is the turning point. Over the last three days, I have watched my calories using MyFitnessPal, and I am starting to go back to Jazzercise with my mom. I already have lost about three pounds. I'm feeling better already. It's really hard working out with my body this way, but I won't let it stop me.
Next time I blog, it will be about the blood work results. I promise.
Until then, friends, I wish you love, happiness and - most importantly - good health.


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Leslie Hope has joined the cast of Revolution as... the President?
Even though there is no longer a United States, there is still a president in the NBC series. The 24 alum will portray President Foster, the tough and seasoned leader of the powerful Georgia Federation, who may be the key to the revolution taking hold, TVGuide.com has confirmed.
6 things to know about Revolution's return
Hope, who portrayed Teri Bauer on 24 and whose other credits include ABC's The River and The Mentalist, will first appear in Episode 14, which will air this spring.
Revolution returns Monday, March 25 at 10/9c on NBC.


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Wouldn't it be just great if you could find the most useful tweets and links about the hottest most interesting topics online, all in one place? Wouldn't it be just convenient if you could link that valuable information to the tweeple who posted it so you can have continuous access to his/her tweets by following him/her accordingly?
Below you will find our fourth specialized well researched list of 50 Top Twitter Tips and Links divided into 5 distinctive categories: 1) Social Media & Technology, 2) Marketing & Advertising, 3) Design, 4) SEO, 5) Motivational & More.
1. Social Media & Technology Tips & Links:
- @jentanbernardus: 25+ Most creative social media icon sets – http://bit.ly/2eifdf
- @Labrina1020: Can Social Media Increase Web Traffic? : Bizzia – Business News …: Create a Facebook Fanpage for your business. http://bit.ly/aHrEE
- @AllThingsM: A red mist about social media http://bit.ly/108rJC
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- @keithmays: PR Communications: Fighting The Good Fight In Social Media http://bit.ly/8BAVS
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- @david_hughes: RT @Barb_G: Wakeup call to companies who are still avoiding social media: Google Sidewiki brings it to your website.
- @socialstarman: #4 Compilation of Social Media Marketing Traffic Tips – Traffic through Social Media Campaigns http://bit.ly/3TX5dN
- @CHRISVOSS: Why Your Business Should Focus on Social Media and NOT Google Rank http://bit.ly/bYwOZ
Bonus (funny video): @sarahamam: Social Media Addicts Association Meeting – http://bit.ly/18Eyv3


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This data site contains personnel information, including salaries, for public school districts in the State of Washington. Data was provided to The Spokesman-Review by the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction in response to a public records request. More information regarding this database can be found here.
Salary data for this person is also available for other school years:
Credits: Mike Tigas, Jody Lawrence-Turner
Data: State of Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI)
More Information: view the FAQ
Salaries for public school employees are considered "public record," in accordance with Washington State's Public Records act, RCW 42.56. An exception is made in the case of victims of domestic violence. Please contact the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction for more information.


text: Request A QuoteBuy Online RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSLThe RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL has a guaranteed output power of 30'000 mW full-color RGB and an incredible white balance. The benefits include: KEY FEATURES Very low divergence, thus very good visible even from longer distance New digital amps for the scanners - for increased scan speed and scanning accuracy New: Motorized Color Convergence Alignment available as option 30'000 mW guaranteed output power after optics despite the high power it is possible to reach a maximum scan speed of 45kpps@8° ILDA. a low divergence upgrade is available too: with the EMS-9000 scanners, the beam size grows to 10mm, but divergence reduces for perfect long distance projections. high-precision diode arrays (red, blue) provide an excellent beam divergence of less than 1.0 mrad for a low beam diameter! 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The RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL is equipped with high-speed scanners, that make the unit perfect for high professional and demanding applications. By default, the RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL is controlled via ILDA and is equipped with advanced electronics that allow for laser calibration via browser interface. The browser interface works with PC, MAC, Linux, tablet, mobile phone, etc., so the on-site calibration of this laser system is easy and does not require any physical access to the laser after set up any more. It connects via LAN (WIFI is also possible with a suitable access point) and contains calibration options or color balance, scanning position, safety features etc. Optionally the system can also be supplied with an embedded FB4 (LAN, DMX, SD card operating modes). An external remote control pad is available on request. There is an 'ILDA-IN' interface as well as an 'ILDA-Through' on the back of the device to daisy-chain the control signal. The emergency stop / interlock signal can also be daisy chained for several RTI NANO laser systems, which means that only one emergency stop is sufficient for all RTI NANO devices connected to one another. Due to the dustproof housing, the maintenance effort is very low and the device is also suitable for tough touring applications.The powerful RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL is suitable for indoor and outdoor show laser applications at concerts, festivals and other major events. Demanding graphics projections or projections over long distances are possible without any problems.The RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL is a quality product manufactured in Germany.Manufacturer:Ray TechnologiesGuaranteed Power After Optics:30'000 mWPower Red:12'000 mW / 638 nmPower Green:10'000 mW / 530 nm (OPSL)Power Blue:6'500 mW / 450 nmPower Cyan:4'500 mW / 462 nmLaser Class:4Beam Specifications (full angle):ca. 6.0 mm / <1.0 mradoptional: ca. 10mm / <0.6 mrad (LD optics)Scanner:EMS-8000 Digital: 45kpps ILDA 8°optional EMS-9000 10mm and LD optics: 34kpps ILDA 6°Scan Angle:60° max.Laser Source:Diode, OPSLOperation Modes:ILDA; optional DMX, Auto, LAN, SD-cardAccessories:Browser interface (integrated), manual, power cable; optional: detachable remote control padPower Supply:85-250 V AC 50/60 HzPower Consumption:900 WDimensions:550/385/205 mmProduct Weight:32 kgUser Manual:User Manual RTI NANO RGB 30 OPSL


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Thank you for visiting our website! Below you will be able to find the answer to Sheepskin boot brand crossword clue which was last seen on Premier Sunday Crossword, August 20 2017. Our site contains over 2.8 million crossword clues in which you can find whatever clue you are looking for. Since you landed on this page then you would like to know the answer to Sheepskin boot brand. Without losing anymore time here is the answer for the above mentioned crossword clue:
We found 6 possible solutions in our database matching the query Sheepskin boot brand
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|Comical Idle
|Water pit
|Racer Jarrett
|Having recognized the value of one's own conscious being [1978]
|Artist's mixing board
|Amber wines
|"You betcha"
|"Angie" actor Stephen
|Ollie's buddy
|Executive arm headed by António Guterres, for short [1973]
|Acer or Asus products
|Touch base on a fly
|Easy throws
|Gp. backing arms
|"Just Shoot Me!" actress [2005]
|Protest type
|Tree expert
|Christmas party quaff
|Chicago air hub
|Machine on a skating rink
|Event won by the horses at the ends of eight answers in this puzzle
|Up for debate
|Lipton drink, informally
|Actress Driver
|Booming jet of old, briefly
|Suffix with 25-Across
|Actor Liam
|Lose luster
|Tall bird
|Thus far
|Potters' materials
|Saintly glow
|A bit amiss
|"When I Need You" singer
|Long — the law
|Cookie batch, often
|Snarky laugh
|Socrates' H
|Buddhist leader
|Like neon
|New York county
|Not finished
|Petty fight
|Eke — existence
|Phys., e.g.
|Sweet drink
|Map nos.
|Opal ending
|Dol. divisions
|Model railroad size
|Lupino of old Hollywood
|Naldi of old Hollywood
|"How — Want It" (#1 hit for 2Pac)
|"The Detour" channel
|French river
|Honey drinks
|Guitarist Ted
|Table wine
|Big online investing site
|Deep divide
|"La Mer," translated
|President after Jimmy
|Part of SPF
|Sibling of a nephew
|Two, in Chile
|"That's icky!"
|"— just a number"
|Bank boxes
|Like the verb "lie": Abbr.
|Game with matchsticks
|Baby wolf
|"I Am —" (Jenner's reality show)
|Clerical title
|Incus' organ
|Pastoral poems
|Grads' event
|Sheepskin boot brand
|"Rapa —" (1994 film)
|Wrench, to a Brit
|Kindle download
|ER trainees
|Moviedom's Meyers
|Some statue sites
|Gem measures
|Yield (to)
|Home pest
|Rips off
|Sprang forth
|Congested cavity, often
|Terra — (tile material)
|The Beatles' "Sexy —"
|"Fame" star Cara
|Choir melody
|Basinger of "Batman"
|— -friendly
|— in "crossword"
|Yearbook bit
|Deep longing
Type in your clue and hit Search!
Fill the crossword solver with the word your are looking for. Use '?' for unknown letters.
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Easy turkey soup
A warming winter treat, this spicy turkey soup is a great use of Christmas leftovers - happy Boxing Day!
Nutrition and extra info
- Can be frozen
- kcal291
- fat9g
- saturates2g
- carbs27g
- sugars0g
- fibre4g
- protein27g
- salt1.78g
- 1 tbsp olive oil
Olive oilol-iv oyl
Probably the most widely-used oil in cooking, olive oil is pressed from fresh olives. It's…
- 1 large onion, halved and sliced into thin strips
Onions are endlessly versatile and an essential ingredient in countless recipes. Native to Asia…
- 1 red pepper, seeded and sliced into thin strips
- 2 tsp ground coriander
- ¼ - ½ tsp chilli flakes
- 3 tbsp basmati rice or long grain rice
- 1½ l hot turkey or chicken stock
- 250g 9oz turkey meat, cut into thin strips (leg meat will have the most flavour)
While it's the traditional Christmas bird, turkey is good to eat all year round, though…
- 410g can chickpea, drained and rinsed
- a handful of fresh coriander or flatleaf parsley, roughly chopped (optional)
Heat the oil in a large pan, add the onion and fry for 5 minutes or so, stirring every now and then until it starts to soften.
To make the soup, add the red pepper, ground coriander, chilli and rice and stir round the pan for about a minute. Pour in the hot stock, stir in the turkey and chickpeas and season well. Bring to the boil, cover and simmer for 8-10 minutes, until the vegetables and rice are tender. Stir in the coriander or parsley and it's ready. (The soup may now be cooled and frozen for up to 1 month.)
Recipe Tip
Make it your ownSizzle some chopped bacon with the onions. Pour in a splash of dry sherry before adding the stock. Any canned pulses can replace the chickpeas. Throw in some chopped sprouts – cooked or raw, it doesn't matter. For extra zing, squeeze in a little lemon juice at the end.


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Behind The Scenes Pt. 2 Of "Rollerskate" By Boy Wonda, Low Key & Trick Shot In Huntsville, AL [Label Submitted]
Part 1 of "ROLLERSKATE" behind the scenes. "ROLLERSKATE" music video premiere July 12th
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
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I was casually browsing Forever 21's website and I kept finding all these wonderful outfits based around a single item: a faux leather mini skirt. They have a bunch of there website for about $15.00!! I went on that site just to look around, but left longing a leather skirt! I mean, I couldn't believe how they paired it up with all these different tops and made it look, rockerish, grunge, classy, sexy, and sophisticated. I wore a faux leather jacket last year and John absolutely hates it. Says that I'm too young to wear one, and that it makes me look old.. it's so retro.. yadda yadda. So I stopped wearing them. But now I'm longing for a faux leather skirt. Maybe he'll find it sexy? Hmm. Anyway, I just wanted to share the few of the many ways Forever21 show cased this skirt...
All from Forever21.com, I DO NOT take credit for any of these photos
So here's one of the faux leather skirts, I believe this one is $15.00
Paired with just a black dolman-style shirt. SO-perfect! I mean the black leather skirt, with a black baggy shirt and red lips, how could you not resist? I wouldn't recommend wearing the black leather skirt with just a tight black tight, little risk-A for me, but if you do I'd pair it with a boyfriend blazer..
Just a plain white dolman top with long chain necklaces. How cute!
This would be perfect for going out with friends. It's sexy, but without being so revealing.
I know this goes against what I said before about a tight shirt with a mini skirt, but look closer, they're actually shorts!! Faux leather shorts! They have those show cased all over their website with different looks. Plus she's not wearing a bare leg, she actually had tights on, which helps with being too revealing. And what's not to love about this top, it's so cute!
If you're able to, you could totally pull this off at the office, just add black tights, or even with a blazer.
This would be perfect for going out with friends and at the office, wear it with a cardigan at the office and take it off for going out with friends.
Lace and leather? Oh my. It's great together, it's two worlds completely separate, but put together. Classy vs Rocker? Put together and add red lipstick, and your ready to go out. I love it!
There's so many ways to pair one skirt with many different looks, and at $15.00 you can't beat it. I'm not trying to advertise for Forever21 I just love their website SO much.
Just wanted to share one of my favs for right now. I need a faux mini leather skirt! Let's just hope the fiance will approve haha.


text: Get it into the strike zone every time with target trainers for softball and baseball. Younger tee-ballers will have great fun with the training stand that's adjustable for a range of ages and heights. Nets and frames are portable and easy to set up on the field, in a park, or the back yard. Marked targets will help perfect techniques and collector pockets corral the balls.


text:
Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth
find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts.
There is something infinitely healing in the repeated refrains of nature —
the assurance that dawn comes after night, and spring after winter.
Rachel Carson
We know that God is everywhere;
but certainly we feel His presence most
when His works are on the grandest scale spread before us;
and it is in the unclouded night-sky,
where His worlds wheel their silent course,
that we read clearest His infinitude,
His omnipotence, His omnipresence.
Charlotte Brontë
We need the tonic of wildness…
At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all things,
we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable,
that land and sea be indefinitely wild,
unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because unfathomable.
We can never have enough of nature.
Henry David Thoreau
The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses
are still truly adjusted to each other;
who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood.
His intercourse with heaven and earth,
becomes part of his daily food.
In the presence of nature,
a wild delight runs through the man,
in spite of real sorrows…
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Adopt the pace of nature: her secret is patience.
Ralph Waldo Emerson


text:
News and Events
News Brief
Brian Brooks Wins Translational Research Award
Brian P. Brooks, M.D., Ph.D.
Dr. Brian Brooks received the 2012 the ARVO Foundation/Pfizer Ophthalmics/Carl Camras Translational Research Award. This new award was made possible by a generous donation from Pfizer Ophthalmics in honor of the late Dr. Carl B. Camras, a highly respected glaucoma specialist and a research scientist. Dr. Brooks is chief of the NEI's Unit on Pediatric, Developmental and Genetic Ophthalmology. He is one of the few clinician scientists in North America with board certification in both ophthalmology and medical genetics.
The Camras Award, which comes with a $10K prize, recognizes early career investigators who have made fundamental discoveries that could lead to novel new therapies or diagnostics. Dr. Brooks' work focusses on the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of inherited eye disease, particularly those that affect children. He has a particular interest in the genetics of uveal coloboma and in new treatment strategies to improve vision in patients with albinism.
Brian was also honored at the White House by President Obama as a recipient of the 2010 Presidential Early Career Award for Science and Engineering (PECASE), the nation's highest award for young investigators. He received the Young Investigator Award from the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology.
Posted: June 2012


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Choose Smart Holiday Eating to Avoid Holiday Weight Gain
By: Donna Quirk, MBA, RD, LD
LMC Clinical Nutrition Manager
Happy Holidays everyone!
We have all heard the statistics about holiday weight gain. You attend office parties and family get-togethers. Co-workers, family, and friends offer your favorite holiday sweets as gifts. There seems to be food everywhere!
For many of us, our holiday traditions have been passed on through generations. Many of those favorite traditions include great food. I know mine do! Here are some tips for enjoying your favorite holiday foods without the traditional holiday weight gain.
1. Listen for and live by your body's hunger and fullness cues. The best advice for maintaining weight is to eat when you feel hunger pangs and stop eating when you are comfortably full without feeling stuffed. Eating when you are not hungry means you are taking in calories your body does not need.
2. At parties, choose foods that are unique or special and bypass foods you eat all the time. We all have foods we love but don't eat frequently. Eat and enjoy those foods. You will build in moderation while having a flavorful food experience. And let's face it – you can eat those pretzels any time.
3. Consider a "one-a-day" rule. Choose one holiday favorite – a cookie or candy – a day to control calories.
4. Receiving a lot of food gifts? An abundance of food in the house does not equal eat the abundance of food right now. Freeze food gifts. You can pull them out later in the year to enjoy at home, for parties or to take to office luncheons. Another idea? Donate food gifts to a local food bank. Food banks need donations at this time of year.
5. And, finally, don't give up on exercise. Prioritize exercise! You will use the extra calories you eat, help manage holiday stress, and feel great!
Best Wishes and Happy Holidays!


text:
by Paula M. Riley
"It's really quite simple," Ron Loux, owner of Poppy's Seed Bakery, Gourmet Coffee & Tea explained. "We just listened to our customers."
Loux's customers at the Chestnut Hill Farmers' Market told Ron and his wife Bev that they didn't like having to wait until weekends (when the Farmer Market was open) to buy their breads, coffees and desserts.
After hearing this feedback for months, Ron and Bev decided to take action. Beginning Monday, Feb. 7, Poppy's Seed will be open six days a week, at 7 a.m. in the Farmers' Market. In addition to expanded hours, the store's offering is growing as well.
Poppy's Seed will expand into the front stall of the market, which most recently hosted a florist. With tables and chairs, as well as a counter bar for serving coffee, it will be selling hot breakfast sandwiches to accompany their offering of croissants, rolls, bagels, cinnamon buns, cookies, cakes and pies.
When it first opened in 2008, Poppy's Seed Bakery primarily sold bread and baked goods. Listening to their customers' requests that first year, they expanded their product line and doubled their market space so they could sell organic and gluten free products as well as gelato.
When the owner of the coffee stall just across the aisle decided to leave in August, Ron and Bev didn't hesitate to grab that space. Within just a few weeks, the former handyman from Souderton (with help from Bev) had completely renovated the stall.
Today, it is a bright open place where coffee is clearly marked and shoppers can enjoy a hot cup of any beans they sell. The selection includes 70 total different varieties of coffees – flavored coffees, organic fair trade varieties, decaf options and coffees from different regions of the world as well as loose teas.
"These days," Ron explained, "coffee is like wine was 25 years ago. People do their research, they know what they want and they recognize the quality."
He admits that he was not a coffee expert when he came into the business, but like in every other aspect of his business, he listened to his customers.
"They are the best educators you can have," he said.
Selling high quality coffee from Ethiopia, Guatemala and Columbia and loose teas from around the world, Ron believes he has something for even the most demanding nose. He explains that coffee connoisseurs, like wine connoisseurs, often judge quality of the product by its smell.
"If you can't find what you want, don't worry, I'll find it and have it for you next time you come in," Ron promised.
He is excited about the expansion of the business and happy to add another coffee and breakfast option to the area. Having bagels, pastries, hot breakfast sandwiches, a nice seating area and plenty of parking is what Ron hopes will set him apart.
"Now I can offer a convenient option for parents dropping kids off at Jenks, Christ Lutheran Day Care or anyone heading on the train to Center City," he said.
With a huge parking lot, a stall right at the front door of the market and seating both indoors and out, Ron thinks customers will love not just his selection but the convenience as well.
At this time, no other vendors are planning to remain open in the market six days a week and the other areas of the market will be roped off. Ron credits market owner Ron Pete for his support of this venture.
"He really made it easy for me!" Loux said.
Prior to opening Poppy Seed Bakery, Loux worked at Neidermeyer's for 10 years on Saturdays and holidays. He learned quickly that the Chestnut Hill Farmers' Market has an extremely loyal customer base.
"I want to be able to meet the needs of these great customers more than three days a week," he said. "I believe if I keep giving them what they want, they will keep coming back."


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Strava over-estimates Calories
Does anyone else notice that the calorie info on Strava is a huge overestimate from the amount of calories you actually burn? Sometimes the estimated calories burned on Strava after I upload my ride is 2 to even over 3 times what I actually burned. What algorithm is used and why is there such a discrepancy?
Today alone I did a ride where I only burned 1,500 kcal according to my Garmin computer (which is actually really about 800 additional calories burned over my basal rate.) Strava states I burned 3,100 kcal. My Garmin 810 with all of my personal info, HR data, VO2 Max, FTP, etc I know is much more accurate.
How could Strava possibly calculate anyone who rides for only 45 miles stayed in Z2 70% of the time, Z3 15%, and Z4 for only 1% could possibly burn over 3,000 calories? I know it is not accurate, but there are people who do depend on this as their only means of calculating calories burned. Without a HR monitor it exaggerates even more. It would have indicated that I burned well over 4,000 calories, when I actually burned less than 1,000.
BTW, when the ride is uploaded on GarminConnect, the calories info is the same as that on my bike computer.


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Enter your search criteria into the boxes below, then click the search icon or press Enter. In the What box, enter the job title, keywords, or job posting number. In the Where box, enter a city, state or zip code. In the Within box enter the number of miles around the location entered. If either the Where or Within boxes are going to be used, then both boxes are required. To narrow your search results, use the "Refine Search" filters on the left by selecting a category. The number next to each filter indicates the number of results currently in the system using that filter, plus your current search criteria. If zero jobs meet the criteria, the filter will not display for selection. Results do not include indeed.com jobs. Filters can be removed by selecting the link you want to remove in the "Filtered By" section. Searches can be saved by entering a unique name in the Label field and selecting the "Save search as" button.
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Outside Sales Representative (7451409)
Last Updated: 2020-08-09
Employer: Charter Communications/SpectrumLocation: Belleville, IL
At A Glance
- Full-time sales role good for students, grads, and people who appreciate flexibility, with potential for advancement and no ceiling on commission bonuses.
- A role that is ideal for flexible, goal-oriented communicators who thrive on meeting new people and being on the move.
- Benefits include paid comprehensive training…
Account Executive (7451367)
Last Updated: 2020-08-09
Employer: Charter Communications/SpectrumLocation: Belleville, IL
Do you enjoy being on the go and out of the office? Are you self-motivated, independent and goal oriented? This is an exciting opportunity to enter the technology and entertainment world as a Spectrum Business Account Executive. We offer exceptional career mobility and our superior products, reputation for service, and…
- Registered Apprenticeship


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From the Britain's The Daily Mail comes another story of a "miraculous" recovery by a patient who was declared brain dead by the attending doctors. Of course, organ donation has a starring role.
They were told there was no chance of their son surviving after he suffered devastating injuries in a car crash.
But Steven Thorpe's parents refused to give up hope – despite four specialists declaring that the 17-year-old was brain dead.
Convinced they saw a 'flicker' of life as Steven lay in a coma, John and Janet Thorpe rejected advice to switch off his life support machine.
They begged for another opinion – and it was a decision that saved him.
A neurosurgeon found faint signs of brain activity
And of course, the link to organ donation:
'The doctors were telling my parents that they wanted to take me off the life support. The words they used to my parents were "You need to start thinking about organ donations".
Yes, of course the doctors wanted the family to be thinking about organ donation. I guarantee someone of the staff at the hospital started their own thinking about organ donation within minutes of the EMT arrival of a brain injured patient.
Steven is now 21, a graduate and clerical trainee. Despite losing use of his left arm and "extensive reconstructive surgery to his face" including having both his nose and eye socket rebuilt, Steven says he considers his survival as "a full recovery" and is very grateful that his parents were adamant to bring in another opinion.
The hospital issued a statement to The Daily Mail,
'The injury to Steven's brain was extremely critical and several CT scans of the head showed almost irreversible damage.
'It is extremely rare that a patient with such extensive trauma to the brain should survive. We were delighted to see Steven recover.'
The article does not state whether the hospital told Steven's parents, as they urged them to donate 'dead' Steven's organs, that he had "almost irreversible damage." When a grieving family is told to start thinking about organ donation, they think their loved one is dead, not almost dead. But time and again, stories like this show us that to an unfortunate number of medical workers, "almost dead" = "dead dead".
Dr. Piper, the General Practitioner whose involvement saved Steven's life notes, "I am astonished with the outcome but one worries that this may happen more often than we know."
I'm worried too.
h/t to Lifesitenews whose own article on this story includes several references to similar recent "miraculous" recoveries. Furthermore, they have a dozen similar articles linked at the bottom of their post. Educate yourself and check it out.


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According to NASA's article on the test, this is a big step toward sending a manned mission to Mars:
NASA successfully tested the first deep space RS-25 rocket engine for 500 seconds March 10, clearing a major milestone toward the next great era of space exploration. The next time rocket engine No. 2059 fires for that length of time, it will be carrying humans on their first deep-space mission in more than 45 years.
This is all part of a plan to send humans to Mars by 2030, which NASA has laid out in this beautifully illustrated image:


text:
Entering the UK
Before you leave for the UK
Check what documents you'll need to enter the UK.
You're from an EEA country or Switzerland
You can enter the UK with either a valid passport or national identity card issued by an EEA country.
You're not from an EEA country
You must have a valid passport to enter the UK. It should be valid for the whole of your stay.
You may also need a visa, depending on which country you're from.
Check if you need a visa to enter the UK.
You may also need a visa if you're 'transiting' or travelling through the UK, for example you're changing flights at a UK airport.
Applying for a visa
You must apply for your visa before you arrive in the UK.
Travelling with children
You may be asked at the border to prove the relationship between yourself and any children travelling with you, if you do not seem to be the parent, for example if you have a different surname.
You can prove this with:
- a birth or adoption certificate showing your relationship with the child
- divorce or marriage certificates if you're the parent but have a different surname from the child
- a letter from the child's parent giving permission for the child to travel with you and providing contact details, if you're not the parent
Before you board
Your 'carrier' (for example airline or transport provider) will check your passport and other travel documents. They'll send this information electronically to Border Force.
You can ask to see the information about you that's been sent by carriers. You'll have to pay a £10 fee.


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Elder Koichi Aoyagi
Elder Koichi Aoyagi was sustained a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on April 4, 2009, at age 64. At the time of his call, he had been serving as a member of the Eighth Quorum of the Seventy in the Asia North Area.
Elder Aoyagi attended Kanagawa University for two years majoring in foreign trading. He received a real estate license from the Japan Real Estate Academy. After receiving his license, he worked for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a real estate manager and a construction manager in the Asia North Area office in Tokyo, Japan. He also worked as an assistant recorder in the Tokyo Japan Temple. In addition to working for the Church, he worked as a sales chief at Nippon Sangyo Trading Co. Ltd. and senior sales manager at Young Living Japan Co. Ltd. Currently, he is retired.
Since joining the Church in 1962, Elder Aoyagi has served in numerous Church callings, including full-time missionary in the Northern Far East Mission, ward Sunday School teacher, branch president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, mission president's counselor, stake president, mission president, high priests group leader, sealer, bishop, regional representative, president of the Tokyo Japan Missionary Training Center, and Area Seventy.
Koichi Aoyagi was born in Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan, on March 24, 1945. He married Shiroko Momose in September 1970. They are the parents of four children and grandparents of ten grandchildren. Elder and Sister Aoyagi reside in Chiba-ken, Japan.
General conference talks
Full Name Koichi Aoyagi
Born March 24, 1945
Place of Birth Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan


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For My Friends at, and the Fans of "Dear Thyroid"
Oh, to be loved that much.
Adelina is a full-time wife, mother, practice manager, and medical transcriptionist. After receiving an ultrasound and countless biopsies, she was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer on December 11, 2009. She successfully underwent surgery on December 29, 2009, and had her first radioactive iodine treatment in February 2010. Following treatment, Adelina now sees her doctor once a year for follow-up. She has been doing well, and refuses to let cancer slow her down.
Dori is 26 years old. She was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer at the age of 17 on June 1, 2006, just three days prior to her high school graduation. Dori endured two radioactive iodine treatments and two surgeries to remove her complete thyroid and 39 total lymph nodes from her neck. She is now under close watch by her doctors, and only time will tell if the cancer stays at bay.
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