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A target for South Africa's business expenditure on research and development based on industry structure
David Walwyn
Graduate School of Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The importance of migrating the South African economy from its present dependence on resource-based industries towards more knowledge-intensive economic activities has been repeatedly emphasized in many policy documents over the last decade. A higher business expenditure on research and development (BERD) is fundamental to this restructuring. Although the present level of expenditure, expressed as a percentage of total research and development (R&D) expenditure is higher than in most countries with similar levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), this comparison is misleading. BERD, as a percentage of industry value added, is low by international standards, especially when one considers that many of South Africa's leading industries, such as in the highly important sectors of food, metal products and petrochemicals, compete in a global market place and should be investing at levels equivalent to or even higher than their direct competitors. I analyse the structure of South African industry at sub-sector level in this paper and develop a target for manufacturing BERD, based on the industry structure and international benchmarks for such industries. As a result, I propose that manufacturing BERD should be at least R12.5 billion (an 85% increase on the 2004 values), equivalent to 0.9% of GDP (2004 rand values). I recommend that this target be incorporated into the strategic plans of the departments of Trade and Industry and of Science and Technology as an important goal for this sector and in the monitoring of their existing policy instruments, such as the recently introduced tax credit for R&D.]]>
The recent Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) review of South Africa's innovation policy is one of several documents to emphasize the 'importance of restructuring the South African economy away from its present heavy dependence on resource-based industries towards more knowledge intensive economic activities'.1 Similar sentiments are expressed in the National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF), which identifies the main weakness in the economy as being 'the relatively poor performance of non-traditional tradable goods and services that are generally the most low-medium skill-intensive sectors'2 and then defines a number of strategic programmes aimed at overcoming this weakness.
Innovation in the broader sense, and especially research and development (R&D) in its narrower sense, has an important role in this restructuring, a role that has been stated clearly in the National R&D Strategy published in 2002.3 This document called for a doubling of government investment in science and technology over the period 20048,4 with more gradual increases thereafter, thereby raising the gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)/gross domestic product (GDP) to just above 1%. Although this value is not as large as many of the developed countries, the additional expenditure as outlined by the strategy sent a strong signal to South African researchers and others of the government's commitment to building a comprehensive and sustainable public R&D sector in support of a knowledge economy. This would raise the national investment to somewhat over 1%, not yet as large as many of our competitors, but enough to signal an appropriate, comprehensive and sustainable strategy for a knowledge economy, South Africa's current research community and the new generation that will be required to achieve our goals.
Subsequent to the publication of the National R&D Strategy, government expenditure on R&D (GovERD) has indeed increased substantially, rising from R2.268 billion in 2001/25 to R3.855 billion in 2004/56 and R5.404 billion in 2005/6.7 Similar targets have not been determined for the level of South Africa's business enterprise expenditure on research and development (BERD). Although this level has been rising, BERD as a percentage of value added (referred to as the R&D intensity) has been falling. Furthermore, this intensity within much of the sector is only a fraction of the equivalent sector in other high and middle income countries, and is certainly well below the levels required to support the Department of Science and Technology's (DST's) Ten Year Plan, presently under development.8
This discussion on the total BERD, and especially business R&D intensity, raises a number of important questions such as: what is the appropriate level of BERD for South Africa, and especially at this juncture in the economy's restructuring? A high level of expenditure may well be an imperative, but how much higher? What is the desired level of R&D intensity and hence expenditure in order to reach the targets of the Advanced Manufacturing Strategy, the National R&D Strategy, the Ten Year Plan, the National Industrial Policy Framework and other similar strategic documents?
This paper outlines an approach to determining the desired BERD for South Africa, based on its present industrial structure and a set of assumptions in respect of the country's transition to a knowledge economy. It is noted that R&D intensity is defined as the ratio of R&D expenditure to manufacturing value added, following the approach of the IDEA project9 (see following section), and not R&D expenditure to turnover or sales, which is the normal use of the term. In all other cases, the standard definitions for the various expenditures on R&D, such as BERD and GovERD, are applied; more information on the definition of these terms can be obtained from the source references.1,6
The method used for this analysis has been developed as part of the Indicators and Data for European Analysis (IDEA) project, which was funded by the European Union and looked broadly at Methodologies, Tools and Approaches Relevant for the Preparation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Science and Technology Policies.911 The project has identified, in particular, a number of deficiencies with the GERD/GPP indicator and has pointed out various ways in which the comparison of R&D expenditures across different countries could be improved.9 For instance, we note that the direct comparison of BERD across different countries is 'problematic' due to differences in industrial structure. A method for normalizing BERD data based on the structure of a country's manufacturing industries has been proposed.]]> The principal assumption of the approach is that R&D intensity is dependent on the industry sub-sector. A firm operating in the food sub-sector will, on average, allocate a different percentage of turnover or value added from one in the pharmaceuticals sector. Decisions on R&D expenditure at firm level are based on factors such as product life cycles, product margins, R&D gain, industry-level competition, cluster-level resources and research incentives.12 Many of these factors are consistent within a specific industry sub-sector and it is thus reasonable to define a characteristic or expected R&D intensity for a particular sub-sector based on data derived from manufacturing and R&D surveys.
Although the approach is simple in concept, its execution is complicated by the fact that the value-added and R&D data for a large cross section of countries is for the most part unavailable, or if it is available, is not directly comparable. Different countries use different industry classifications and many countries do not undertake regular manufacturing surveys. Fortunately, the OECD does collect and manage an excellent database covering R&D expenditure, although this covers only the OECD countries and some nations with observer status.13,14 The data for manufacturing value added were obtained from a variety of sources, including web sites for the national statistics agencies (such as www.ssb.no/english/).
A benchmark R&D intensity has been calculated for each sub-sector, based on actual ratios of R&D expenditure to manufacturing value added for a number of countries. This value has then been compared with the equivalent sub-sector in South Africa and an 'expenditure differential' calculated, where this differential represents the additional R&D expenditure which is recommended for that sub-sector. The recommended manufacturing BERD is calculated by adding each differential over the total sector.
The validity of this approach depends in turn on the soundness of its various assumptions. First, it assumes that the prevailing national industrial structure is largely rational and reflective of the resources and competitive strengths of the country. This is a valid perspective, given that it is generally easier to succeed in areas where there are existing competencies than in areas where one needs to build new competencies from an initially low level of expertise.
Second, it assumes that the R&D requirements for success or dominance of a sub-sector within a developing country are equivalent to a similar company operating in a developed country. Comparative studies of R&D intensity by country, with reliance on data from mostly the rich nations, are often questioned from this perspective. The large companies, however, which in turn form part of the main sub-sectors, must compete internationally, whether they are located in a developing or a developed country. In South Africa, companies such as SAB Miller, De Beers and Sasol are major international players and need to set their benchmarks against their competitors in the main economies, if they are to compete successfully.
Third, it assumes that the average sub-sector level R&D intensity is representative of the majority of the firms within the relevant sub-sector. For instance, if the distribution of R&D expenditure is highly skewed within any single sub-sector and across its full range of member companies, the average R&D intensity will not accurately reflect the average performance in that category. Unfortunately, this assumption cannot be validated without obtaining firm-level R&D expenditure through individual surveys. However, it is highly likely that the median and the average R&D intensities are somewhat different in certain sub-sectors due to the dominance by a single large company. The weakness of the assumption, namely, that the R&D expenditure distribution is normal, is also highlighted in the original publication.9
Finally, this approach assumes that the benchmark R&D intensity represents a sufficiently large comparative sample of countries, and hence can be used safely as a benchmark. It could be argued that the benchmark should not be the median or the average of the country sample, but the highest intensity within the sample. This is a valid position for two countries whose R&D intensities across a range of industry sub-sectors are largely similar. In this analysis, however, the South African level of R&D intensity is on average only 20% of the average within the comparator sample. Attaining only the average will be a large adjustment for South African manufacturing companies and it is considered unrealistic to use the best-in-class as a target benchmark.
Industry structure
It is necessary to discuss the structure of the South African economy briefly, and in particular the manufacturing sector, before presenting the South African R&D intensity data. The latter is a dominant sector and has been so for over fifty years, accounting for about 18% of the GDP (2004 data15; see Fig. 1).]]>
The manufacturing sector, the values for which are reported using the International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) revision 3, is dominated by the major sub-sectors of food products and beverages (ISIC 15 and 16), refined petroleum, chemicals, coke and nuclear fuel (ISIC 2325) and base metals, fabricated metals, machinery and equipment (ISIC 27 and 28) (2004 data16; see Fig. 2). Manufacturing BERD shows a rather different profile (2004/5 data6; see Fig. 2), indicating that R&D intensity does not correlate with sub-sector size.
The most research-intensive sector is that of radio, television and communication equipment (ISIC 32 and 33), although the level of R&D intensity is only one third of the international average for this sector (see Fig. A in supplementary material online for a comparison of all the sub-sectors against the U.S. data). The industry structure and its R&D intensity reflect the economic history of the country, and its predominantly resource-based and low-to-medium skills structure. Almost absent are the high R&D intensity industries of telecommunications, instruments, pharmaceuticals and transport equipment (especially aircraft). The dominant sectors generally have a low R&D intensity, leading to the overall conclusion that South Africa's BERD is well below the international benchmarks. This aspect of BERD is discussed in more detail in the next section.]]>
An international comparison of manufacturing research intensity
Several countries have been analysed in order to develop a benchmark R&D intensity for each manufacturing sub-sector, as mentioned in the previous section on methods. Ideally, the countries in the sample should have included a range of middle and high income countries, and especially those nations with which South Africa is normally grouped for comparative purposes (such as Brazil, India, Poland, Greece and Spain). The sample is severely constrained by the availability of suitable data, however. Despite the seeming importance of manufacturing value added, there are very few published data on sub-sectors for many countries. As a result, the following states are selected (references for the sources of the data, in all cases for 2004, are given in brackets): U.S. (BERD14,17 and manufacturing value added18); Norway (BERD14 and manufacturing value added19); Germany (BERD14 and manufacturing value added20); Australia (BERD14 and manufacturing value added21).
The derived R&D intensities confirm the observations of similar studies9,10 of this nature, these having noted the large variation in R&D intensity both across industry sub-sectors and between countries (see Fig. B in supplementary material online). Moreover, the distribution is not normal and it has been recommended previously that the median, rather than the mean, should be used in order to calculate the benchmark or comparator value.9 However, the mean of the four countries is used in this study, owing to the small sample size, with the exception of 'textiles, clothing and leather goods', where Norway has been excluded because of its outlier status.
Table 1 (online) shows the R&D intensities across the manufacturing sector for South Africa, the average of the reference countries and for a previous study.9 As may be expected, the technology-intensive industries of radio, television and communication equipment, refined petroleum, and transport equipment have high R&D intensity, whereas the more mature and low-technology sectors such as textiles, food and wood products have much lower R&D intensities (in the order of 1.5%), especially when compared with total manufacturing (average R&D intensity of 5.9% in the reference countries). The most R&D intensive industries within each of the sub-sectors are air transport, pharmaceuticals and 'instruments' (as defined by ISIC), with calculated values of about 30%, 25% and 20%, respectively.9
The South African manufacturing R&D intensity is on average about 20% of the benchmark value, which confirms the earlier observation that R&D expenditure in the business sector is considerably below the international norms, and especially when compared with those countries against which we compete in international markets. It is unrealistic and even non-strategic to expect that the total manufacturing sector should engage in R&D at the international norm; indeed, very few countries would follow such an approach, even while having the resources and infrastructure that would make it possible. I propose that a more selective approach is followed with this analysis, which is based on the principle that the R&D intensities of three dominant sub-sectors (accounting for 60% of the manufacturing sector) should be at 100% of the benchmark value. Plotting the sub-sector intensity data against the cumulative value added, as shown in Fig. 3 and Table 2 (online), has followed this approach.
]]> The role of other actors
Clearly the business sector, which includes both the private sector and state-owned enterprises, has an essential role to play in the migration of the South African economy to a knowledge economy. This transformation is not dependent only on the business sector and the BERD, however. It requires the simultaneous and often leading contribution from other actors including government departments, the higher education sector and public research institutions. For instance, increased government expenditure on R&D (GovERD) can be an important stimulus for BERD, as has been shown in the analysis of other economic growth success stories such as the Finnish mobile phone industry.22
The OECD review1 on South Africa's innovation policy makes several (perhaps an overwhelming number of) recommendations for the various actors. Notwithstanding the need for initiatives to address issues such as 'increasing the degree of specialization and differentiation between functions within the vertical structure of government' within the context of a call for increased BERD, the following three priorities are considered as requiring the most urgent attention:
Re-examining the major national innovation priorities and missions.
Improving the funding of university research by government.
Strengthening the human resource base for science, technology and innovation through addressing the problems in the higher education sector.
The ten-year plan is a bold document in several respects; it sets a stretching target for the GERD/GDP ratio from its present levels of around 1% to a new level of 2% by 2018. Furthermore, it calls for a 80% increase in the export of high and medium technology products and services as a proportion of total exports, a 150% increase in U.S.-registered South African patents, and a 130% increase in the number of PhD graduates per year, reaching 2200 graduates by 2018. In the words of the OECD reviewers, it is 'government pointing with the whole hand'.23
The improved funding of university research is perhaps even more important than a clear articulation of the main national innovation priorities. The universities are absolutely central to an effective and efficient national system of innovation. These institutions are the dominant performers of basic research, the results of which have an unexpected and sometimes radical impact on existing markets and social structures, and also feed the subsequent activities of the research and innovation value chain. The overall system cannot function without fundamental or basic research, and the associated training of young scientists, engineers and technologists in research practice and methods.
The increasing reliance of many universities on contract income, the generally below-market remuneration rates of academics, and the precarious financial situation of many of these institutions are all strongly indicative of the under-funding within this sector. Although the DST, through its Research Chairs and Centres of Excellence programmes, has attempted to address the problem, the controversy of inadequate funding remains a Department of Education issue. It is essential that the department articulates a clear vision for the tertiary education sector, that it stabilizes the funding mechanisms, and motivates from Treasury for increased grant funding of university research, based on its well-proven social and economic returns.
As has been argued in this paper, it is important that the business sector responds to the need for increased BERD and expands its R&D programmes. However, this increased expenditure will not happen in the absence of the required human resources, which brings us to the third and final priority as identified by the OECD review. The higher education sector faces a number of problems in respect of its output of research qualifications, including the recruitment of a suitably gifted and motivated cadre of post-graduate students, adequate grants for doctoral students, the conversion of higher-degree registrations into actual qualifications and the adequate supervision of post-graduate students. All of these issues need to be addressed by bodies such as Higher Education South Africa, the Department of Education and the institutions themselves.
The existing initiatives by the DST to grow and strengthen R&D within all parts of the system will almost certainly act as an important stimulant to its other components. R&D is, after all, a bet on the future; it is a prospect but not the guarantee of a future return. The clear signal by government to share this risk and shoulder its portion should help to bring in the business sector. It is now time for such a response, if we are to reach the goals of advanced manufacturing and knowledge-intensive goods and services. The support of the business sector through increased R&D expenditure is essential and urgent.
It is apparent from this analysis of South Africa's BERD based on industry structure that the business sector is under-investing in R&D and it is recommended that BERD should be increased to R12.5 billion (an 85% increase on the 2004 values), thereby raising the important ratio of BERD/GDP to 0.9%. The present values of both parameters are R6.77 billion and 0.49%, respectively (2004/5 values6). In particular, the BERD within the important sub-sectors of basic metals, fabricated metal products, machinery & equipment; food products, beverages and tobacco products; and refined petroleum, coke and nuclear fuel, should be increased by R631 million, R464 million and R4.6 billion, respectively.
The need for a higher BERD has already been recognized by government and underlies motivation for the recent introduction of a tax credit system for R&D expenditure. Although it is too early to judge, the current response by South African companies to the tax scheme has been slow, and the pace of uptake certainly needs to be increased if the migration of the economy to a knowledge economy is to be realized. It will be important to study and learn from the experiences of other countries with tax credit systems In this regard. Three reviews of such systems, operating in Canada,24 Norway25 and Spain,26 have recently been published. The Norwegian study is especially relevant, showing that subsidies for applied research do indeed stimulate and improve the quality of private sector R&D, but subsidies or credits for experimental development (used here in the strict sense of the OECD's Frascati Manual) tend to substitute private R&D. Also of interest to the South African case is that the Canadian study concluded that a mixture of R&D grants and tax credits (as presently exists in South Africa) is more effective than grants alone. The Spanish study concluded that businesses receiving R&D tax credits achieved a value-added growth rate that was higher than businesses that did not receive the credits, although the growth rate difference was rather small (35%).]]> Close monitoring of the tax credit system will be important over the next few years. Despite strong overall expenditure on innovation activities,27 South African companies continue to show resistance to investing in R&D, and especially 'far from market' research, the benefits of which are hard to quantify, and take many years to realize. We show in this paper that there is an important need to stimulate BERD, which is presently somewhat below its benchmark levels. Based on the experiences of other countries, the tax credit system should help to raise the level of this important indicator, thereby facilitating the achievement of economic transformation targets which have been so clearly articulated in all of the recent industrial policy documents.
1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2007). OECD Review of Innovation Policy, South Africa. Paris. [ Links ]
2. Department of Trade and Industry (2007). National Industrial Policy Framework. Pretoria. Available online at:www.thedti.gov.za/nipf/NIPF_ r2.pdf [ Links ]
3. Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (2002). South Africa's National R&D Strategy. Pretoria. Available online at www.dst. gov.za/publications-policies/strategies-reports/ reports/sa_nat_rd_strat.pdf [ Links ]
4. There are some inconsistencies within the National R&D Strategy on the exact time frame for this doubling of investment. However, the DST Ten Year Plan (available online at www.dst.gov.za/ publications-policies/strategies-reports) confirms that the 2008 target for GERD/GDP was 1% and sets a new target of 2% by 20018.
5. Department of Science and Technology (2004). South African National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (2001/2 Fiscal Year). Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria. [ Links ]
6. Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (2006). National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (2004/5 Fiscal Year). Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria. Available online from: www.hsrc.ac.za. [ Links ]
7. Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (2007). High Level Key Results, National Survey of Research and Experimental Development (2005/06). Department of Science and Technology, Pretoria. Available online from: www.hsrc.ac.za [ Links ]
8. Department of Science and Technology (2007). Innovation towards a Knowledge Economy; the Ten Year Plan for South Africa (2008 to 2018). Pretoria. Available online from: www.nstf.org.za/content_main/ 10_year_innovation_plan14_august_2007.pdf [ Links ]
9. Smith K. (1998). Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators. IDEA Paper Series No. 5, STEP Group, Oslo. Available online from: www.step.no/old/ Projectarea/IDEA/Idea5.pdf [ Links ]
10. Sandven T and Smith K. (1998). Understanding R&D Intensity Indicators. IDEA Paper Series No. 14, STEP Group, Oslo. Available online from: www.step.no/old/Projectarea/IDEA/Idea14.pdf [ Links ]
11. Sirilli G. (1998). Conceptualising and Measuring Technological Innovation. IDEA Paper Series No. 1, STEP Group, Oslo. Available online from: www. step.no/old/Projectarea/IDEA/Idea1.pdf [ Links ]
12. Hartmann G.C., Myers M.B. and Rosenbloom R.S. (2006). Planning your firm's R&D investment. Research Technology Management 49(2), 2536. [ Links ]
13. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2007). Main Science and Technology Indicators, vol. 2007-1. Paris. [ Links ]
14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006). Analytical Business Enterprise Research and Development Database (ANBERD). Paris. [ Links ]
15. Statistics South Africa (2007). Gross Domestic Product; First Quarter 2007. Statistical Release P0441, Pretoria. Available online from: www. statssa.gov.za. [ Links ]
16. The South African 2004 data for manufacturing value added are simply not available. For the purposes of this article, the data were obtained by assuming the same industry structure as reported in 2001 (Statistics South Africa's 'Large Sample Survey of the Manufacturing Industry', Report No. 30-02-01) and adjusting the value added for the increase in GDP as reported in Statistical Release P0441.
17. Wolfe R.M. (2007). Research and Development in Industry: 2003. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, NSF 07-314, Arlington, VA. [ Links ]
18. US Census Bureau (2006). Annual Survey of Manufactures; Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries 2005. Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. [ Links ]
19. Statistics Norway (2007). Annual National Accounts 1970 to 2006; Output by Kind of Main Activity at Basic Prices. Statistics Norway, Oslo. Available online at: www.ssb.no/english/subjects/09/01/ nr_en/tabe-06.html [ Links ]
20. Statistisches Bundesamt (2007). NACE Rev. 1, 19912003, Berlin. Database obtainable from www.destatis.de/themen/e/thm_accounts.htm [ Links ]
21. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006). Manufacturing Industry Manufacturing Industry: Industry Performance by ANZSIC Class, 2001-02 to 2004-2005. Australian Bureau of Statistics Cat. No. 8221.0. Available online from: www.abs.gov.au/ [ Links ]
22. Walwyn D. (2007). Finland and the mobile phone industry: a case study of the return on investment from government-funded research and development. Technovation 27, 335341. [ Links ]
23. This expression was used in reference to the Korean innovation policies during the plenary discussion of the OECD workshop on its report covering South Africa's innovation policy.
24. Berube C. and Mohnen P. (2007). Are Firms That Received R&D Subsidies More Innovative? Working Paper Series No. 2007-015, United Nations UniversityMERIT, Maastricht. [ Links ]
25. Clausen T.H. (2007). Do Subsidies have Positive Impacts upon R&D and Innovation Activities at the Firm Level? TIK Working Paper on Innovation Studies No. 20070615, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, Oslo. [ Links ]
26. Duchc N., Montoliod D. and Mediavillae M. (2007). Evaluating the Impact of Public Subsidies on a Firm's Performance: a Quasi-Experimental Approach. Document de Treball 2007/3, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona. Available online from www.pcb.ub.es/ieb [ Links ]
27. Department of Science and Technology (2007). South African Innovation Survey 2005 Highlights. Pretoria. Available online from www.hsrc.ac.za/ CCUP-59.phtml [ Links ]
Received 11 October 2007. Accepted 20 April 2008.
This article is accompanied by supplementary tables and figures online at www.sajs.co.za
Supplementary material to:
Walwyn D. (2008). A target for South Africa's business expenditure on research and development on industry structure. S. Afr. J. Sci. 104, 340344.]]>


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Wendy - I luv the Bug. What year? I'm guessing '72. After having restored two myself ('65 and a black '68), I really wanted one as a toad. The other half was adamant against it, wanting a little more comfort, A/C and 4 doors. My head still turns at any and all old bugs - I salivate a nice black ones like yours.
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With some effort, I ended up being able to adjust it out on the alignment rack. It seems to work great now.
I spent a ton of time piecing this all together for my '63 Impala to avoid buying a kit and I saved a lot of money. I had a suprisingly hard time finding some of this. This should work for any '58 - '64 Chevy full size with manual steering, from what I understand. The origional factory power steering cars need an adapter for the draglink and a manual pitman.
Any pump and hose setup you choose to go with should work, I got mine from junkers for free.
605 Gear Box Conversion Bracket -- Harmons - B698011
CPP makes one
Ecklers has one too PN# 553005
I found mine on ebay for pretty cheap
605 Gearbox Remanufactured - Al Cardone 27-6506
Any parts store should be able to get it, but they're frequently out of stock. I found mine on Amazon
The steering shaft setup is a ujoint that's 3/4" 30 spline to 3/4" 36 spline and then an 18" 3/4" 36 to 36 spline shaft.
Eclkers sells a kit PN# 553030
Or, I'm sure you could piece something together from Speedway or Chassis Shop
|I believe you have the Pittman arm installed 90 degrees off. Turn the wheels straight ahead, remove the Pittman arm from the box, center the steering box, and reinstall the Pittman arm. It will fit on 4 ways on GM boxes.
It sure sounds like it to me.
Have you heard about CPP's 500 series box? It completely eliminates the slave cylinder and is a direct bolt in with no frame modifications required.
The boxes they sell are new boxes and not rebuilt like most (if not all) the ones you will find at the parts stores. It's about three times the price but well worth it imho.
I'm not sure what the original ratio was but the 605 box is 12.7:1 and the 500 is 14:1
605 gearbox issue
Is it possible to assemble a Saginaw 605 power steering box off a tooth? I converted my 63 impala using all the parts that were suggested and I get 2 turns to the right and a little over 1 turn to the left.
The gearbox was a reman I got from O'Rilley (cardone 27-6506). I'm using the correct drag link and pitman, according to everything I've read. The only thing that I can think of that makes any sense is the gearbox was assembled wrong. I'd just like to know that that's even possible to do before I go ripping it apart.
Any info would be greatly appreciated.
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Christian Churches Together in the USA is a broad coalition of more than forty national Christian denominations and organizations ranging from the Coptic Orthodox Church to the Conference of Catholic Bishops to The Episcopal Church to the International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Cooperative Baptist Fellowship is also a member.
Christian Churches Together held their annual meeting recently, January 29-February 1, in Austin, Texas, where they adopted a statement on immigration reform. This statement is below. You can also read the press release here.
Statement on Immigration Reform
Christian Churches Together in the U.S.A.
February 1, 2013
Austin, Texas
Christian Churches Together in the U.S.A., representing the breadth of Christian churches and denominations in the U.S., gathered in Austin, Texas, for its annual meeting to focus on the challenge of immigration reform. We heard from "dreamers," a variety of immigrants and experts on immigration issues. Through a process of prayer, reflection and discernment of God's call, we agreed on a statement that provides principles for just and humane immigration reform. In this hour, as our nation launches a national debate seeking immigration reform, we call upon people of faith, people of good will, elected officials in Congress and the President of the United States to work together to enact just and humane immigration reform legislation in 2013.
As Christian leaders and Christian communities, we engage in this debate as followers of Jesus Christ, who commanded us to "welcome the stranger," (Matthew 25:35) and advised that "just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me." (Matthew 25:40)
As Christians we believe that all will be judged, in part, by the way they treat strangers in their midst. "When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory. All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats at the left." (Matthew 25: 31,32a) We acknowledge that members of our own faith communities have been complicit in the establishment and reinforcement of our current system through active political engagement and apathetic inaction. As a moral matter, we cannot tolerate an immigration system that exploits migrants, is inhospitable, and fails to offer immigrants the full protection of the law.
While immigration is often viewed as an economic, social, or legal issue, it is ultimately a humanitarian and spiritual issue that directly impacts millions of unauthorized immigrants and the entire fabric of our society. The Bible frequently commands us to treat the immigrant justly. Further, every person is created in the image of God and possesses inestimable value. It is therefore paramount that our national immigration system protects the basic human rights and dignity of all persons. Sadly, our current system fails to meet this test and requires comprehensive reform now.
The timing of our statement on immigration is ever more poignant given that our country is celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation. We are reminded that there are those in our nation whose forebears were brought here involuntarily through the unjust institution of slavery. There are also those who lived here long before others arrived who experienced the denial of their basic human rights. Each day in our congregations and communities, we bear witness to the effects of a system that continues this legacy of separation of families and the exploitation, abuse, and deaths of migrants. This suffering must end. Therefore, in our relentless effort to achieve a more perfect union, we urge our elected officials to enact immigration reform consistent with the following principles and policies:
Pathway to Citizenship
The 11 million individuals now in the U.S. without authorization should be given an opportunity to earn citizenship, if the individual chooses. Many have built equities in our nation and have contributed to the economic and social fabric of this country. Such reforms would ensure that families are not separated and that the undocumented population can fully enjoy the rights and responsibilities of U.S. citizenship. (Leviticus 18:33-34)
Family reunification
Family reunification should be the cornerstone of our nation's immigration policy. Immigrant families have helped build this nation economically and socially, and will continue to do so. We support changes to the family-based immigration system, which expedite the reunification of families. Family-based visa categories should not be eliminated or reduced and the current lengthy backlogs should be addressed. (Mark 10:9)
Enforcement and due process
Enforcement measures should be just and include due process protections for immigrants. We support the right of our nation to defend our borders and to ensure the integrity of the workplace through immigration enforcement. However, for over twenty-five years, our nation has pursued an enforcement-only policy toward immigration, with severe humanitarian consequences. At the same time that our nation has spent billions of dollars on immigration enforcement, the number of undocumented in the nation has more than tripled. Millions have been incarcerated unnecessarily, thousands of families have been separated, and thousands have died attempting to enter the United States. We urge Congress to review our enforcement policies and restore due process protections to immigrants and their families in a way that respects their God-given dignity, including reform of our detention laws. (Exodus 1:1-22)
The human dignity and image of God has been further violated as a result of the cooperation between local law enforcement and federal immigration agencies that leads to racial profiling of people suspected of being in the U.S. without authorization. Immigration laws should be reformed and implemented in a way that does not facilitate racial profiling. Enforceable detention standards and reforms should be established and include the review of partnerships between the federal government and for-profit prison corporations.
Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Refugees and asylum-seekers should receive special protection as particularly vulnerable migrants because they are fleeing persecution. The United States has a moral obligation to continue to provide protection to ensure refugees and asylum-seekers are able to find safety in the United States through the appropriate processes and not at heightened risk of being returned to their persecutors. There should be improvements to the asylum process to ensure asylum-seekers are not detained upon arrival and are given a fair opportunity to express a fear of persecution. There should also be more robust support of the refugee resettlement program and adequate resources to help refugees integrate upon their arrival to the United States. We are also mindful of the millions of families and individuals waiting for resettlement, living, raising families, and dying in temporary refugee camps and the many who perish attempting to reach those camps. (Matthew 2:13-18)
Root Causes
In order to find a long-term solution to the problem of unauthorized immigration, the root causes of such migration should be examined. Persons should be able to find employment in their home countries in order to sustain their families in a place that is free from fear and violence. At a minimum, Congress and the Administration should review our international economic policies to ensure that they do not encourage unauthorized migration and do not eliminate living wage jobs in sending countries. Our country should help to foster job opportunities and respect for human rights in the countries from which many immigrants come. (Isaiah 2:1-4; Micah 4:1-5)
As Christian Churches Together, we recommit ourselves to be promoters and examples of justice, showing hospitality and love for the immigrant; for we know we may be "entertaining angels without knowing it." (Hebrews 13:2) We call for our nation to engage in an immigration debate that is conducted in a civil manner and does not dehumanize immigrants. We will speak out and educate communities about the past and current contributions of immigrants in building and growing this nation. Finally, we will work with our elected officials to ensure that, consistent with the aforementioned policies and principles, the human rights of immigrants are protected in any final legislation.


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Terrigal High School
What would a world be without music? As a pianist, I have always believed that a musician's fingers have a spontaneous mind of their own. I have used the chiaroscuro effect to reflect the light/dark contours of musical expression: the unfathomable ability that music has to touch not only the physical but also the sentimental and the spiritual senses, as with an arpeggio whose individual tones can shift one's frame of mind. For some, the element of music proves more than a necessity in life – it becomes their remedy, oxygen… the quintessence of their soul.


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About this quotation
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Inspection Report
The Features of a Personalized Inspection Report
The Pillar To Post home inspection report details all major components of a home as defined in the relevant Standard of Practice and comments on its condition. For more information about the industry-leading Pillar To Post home inspection report, to find an inspector in your area, or learn about the added services we can offer as part of an inspection, contact your local home inspector.
Standards of Practice
At the beginning of your home inspection you will find a copy of the Standard of Practice applicable to your jurisdiction in your inspection binder as well as a copy of the visual inspection agreement which you signed electronically. You are encouraged to review these documents in order that you may clarify any issues with the inspector while you are on site. In this manner we can ensure that when you leave the site at the end of the inspection you do not have any outstanding concerns.
Inspection Details
The core of the report documents the condition all major items described in the relevant Standard of Practice inside and outside the home. The format contains both a checklist and comments with respect to condition, operation and recommended further action on specific issues.
Report Commentary / Additional Comments
At the conclusion of the report you'll find the report commentary, a summary of the major findings of the report.
Digital Photos
The Pillar To Post inspection report comes complete with digital color photographs and thermograms where applicable, which support the findings in the core of the report.
The Package
The home inspection report will be presented to you in a three ring binder that contains:
- The Visual Inspection Agreement
- The relevant Standard of Practice (or hyperlink thereto)
- The report
- Seasonal maintenance checklist
- Cost and repair estimate guide
- Tags to mark major shut-off valves (these would have been placed on the appropriate valves)
- Home filing system to track future repairs


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Política de Privacidad
En cumplimiento de la normativa vigente en materia de Proteccion de Datos les informamos de la incorporacion de sus datos de caracter personal, imprescindibles para el desarrollo de nuestra relacion comercial, a nuestros ficheros inscritos en la Agencia Española de Proteccion de Datos a nombre de Costa Blanca Beach Homes
Podra ejercer sus derechos de Acceso, Rectificacion, Cancelacion y Oposicion dirigiendo un e-mail a la dirección email@example.com o carta dirigida a Costa Blanca Beach Homes: Protección de datos, Av. Maisonnave, 28 BIS, 03003 Alicante.
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"Thanks again to everyone who made my dream come true".
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Interactive Story Time
Taking place between October 30th and November 2nd 2013 with two top children's authors visiting Bluestone to entertain budding readers with extracts from their books.
Award-winning writer Gareth P Jones, best known for the Dragon Detective Agency series of books and Ninja Meerkats, and Jonny Duddle, an illustrator and author best known for The Pirates Next Door, for which he won the Waterstones Children's Book Prize in 2012, and The Pirate Cruncher, will be hosting two sessions.
Hearing first hand the inspiration for classic tales is a once in a lifetime opportunity, and the two authors providing the interactive story time offer an entertaining session for all the family, as well as taking questions from the audiences during talks and book signing. It's great fun to read - and educational.
Children love stories and the Interactive Story Time is a great way to keep children focussed on just how great books are. But books are more than just a way of providing entertainment for the young and old. Reading forms an important part of a child's formative years.
From learning facts, to being able to empathise; books are integral to growing up.
More importantly, reading to children has a long impact on their lives. The OECD has revealed that children who receive early support from their parents are more likely to be ahead with their reading.
It found that children who had parents involved in reading in the early years of schooling were more likely to develop reading skills that developed into their teenage years. It also found that greater involvement between parents and children also helped reading skills.
That's why it's important for families to bond, such as on holidays or short breaks, where they spend quality time together - making free range fun breaks an ideal time for families to spend quality time together.
Events will be taking place on site at The Pavilion here at Bluestone.
Categories:Events and Whats On


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✔65 cute and modest wedding dresses to inspire 59
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Welcome to National Jewish Health
National Jewish Health is known worldwide for treatment of patients with respiratory, cardiac, immune and related disorders, and for groundbreaking medical research. Founded in 1899 as a nonprofit hospital, National Jewish Health remains the only facility in the world dedicated exclusively to these disorders. For the past 15 consecutive years, U.S. News & World Report has ranked National Jewish Health the #1 respiratory hospital in the nation.
Science Transforming Life
We are pioneering the new era of preventive and personalized medicine by integrating the latest scientific discoveries and coordinated care for lung, heart and immune diseases. Learn more about our initiatives in personalized medicine.
Our mission is to heal, to discover and to educate as a preeminent health care institution. Learn more about our focus on these areas.
Strategic Vision
In January 2007, our Board of Directors approved a strategic plan, which lays out a vision that will guide us as we grow and evolve during the next decade.
To remain a leader in the treatment of respiratory, cardiac and immune diseases, our focus is to:
Develop and provide innovative clinical programs for treating and rehabilitating patients of all ages and for preventing disease.
At National Jewish Health, we provide patient care that is thorough, multidisciplinary and tailored to the needs of each patient. Our staff takes the time to know our patients and really understand their conditions and concerns. Over a course of days or weeks, our doctors may spend hours with each patient, which is quite different from todays average 15 minute office visit.
Discover knowledge to enhance prevention, treatment and cures, through an integrated program of basic and clinical research.
Known for translating the lessons of basic science and applying them to human diseases, National Jewish Health attracts world-class researchers who conduct leading-edge scientific investigations. Clinical research is critical to understanding diseases and improving treatment methods. Over the years, clinically-based studies conducted at National Jewish Health have led to new and improved treatments for a number of respiratory, allergic and immune diseases.
Educate scientists, physicians, healthcare professionals, and the public.
We house three academic departments that offer and participate in various fellowship programs. We also offer Continuing Medical Education, which takes many forms to suit a broad range of professional needs and preferred learning styles. In addition to educating our peers in the medical field, we also strive to inform our patients and the general public through our Kunsberg School, patient education classes, and health publications.
Contact Us
National Jewish Health
1400 Jackson Street
Denver, CO 80206
Appointment Requests & General Information for Patients & Potential Patients
Monday - Friday, 8:00 am to 5:00 pm MST


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There is no doubt that New York State is facing a fiscal crisis, the likes of which we have not seen in decades. As a result, Governor David A. Paterson has proposed a budget that includes drastic spending cuts. Having served as member of the New York State Assembly for over fifteen years, I certainly understand the need for the state to pass a balanced budget. At the same time, there are some services that we simply cannot afford to lose and must find a way to pay for.
Senior centers fall squarely in that category.
Governor Paterson proposes to cut over twenty-five million dollars in Title XX funding. That reduction would lead to the closing of 80 to 110 senior centers in New York City. These centers are lifelines for thousands of New Yorkers.
Social workers in senior centers help seniors to access Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps, and other critical benefits. Senior centers' programming creates social interaction that helps keep seniors mentally healthy. Senior centers provide influenza vaccines, blood pressure screenings, and hearing tests. They serve over five thousand meals per day, sometimes to seniors who would otherwise go hungry. Commissioner Lilliam Barrios-Paoli, New York City Department for the Aging, has stated that about ninety percent of people who visit senior centers are poor. The proposed cut would literally hit the most vulnerable New Yorkers at a time when so many are already struggling because of the recession. Closing senior centers is an abominable way to balance the state budget.
Councilman Mark Weprin


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Your one stop shop to create, discover and get involved with community, and to stay connected to what is happening on campus!
Find events hosted by student clubs across campus that pique your interest.
Discover and join up with groups and organizations you like.
Use discussion boards, news posts, and group messaging to communicate within your organizations.


text: Roelf L Montana Park, South Africa Beretta USA Store Verified Purchase 9/5/2014 - 3:58 AM Permalink Report Abuse 1 out of 3 people found the following review helpful 5 out of 5 Excellent I live in South Africa and have a 92F I bought this and my uncle who lives in the States brought it for me. This grips is for my 92F and must say I'm very impressed with the quality of this grips, for factory grips this is worth the money. This makes a classic 92F look brand new. Thank you very much. Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes Comment | Was this review helpful? Yes | No Name Leave a Comment Submit Comment


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✔76 beautiful bedroom color schemes ideas 13
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Practicing the subjunctive begets sexual attraction in Craig Higginson's "The Girl in the Yellow Dress," a talky, clunky and pretentious South African play wherein a French-Congolese student with an unspecified past shows up at the Parisian home of an upmarket young Englishwoman, a feisty but nonetheless delicate emotional flower who's set out a shingle as an English teacher while really running away from what seems to be a veritable plethora of trauma, depressions and dysfunctions.
This interracial pair, defined by their race, talk the language of rhetoric — endlessly stretching the metaphor of the night — even as their mutual desires and needy complexities come to mean more than his past participles and her acts of gently firm correction.
That, I think, is the idea behind the script, which is receiving its American premiere at the Next Theatre. Joanie Schultz's miscast and milquetoast production does not contain much sexual (or any other kind of) tension, not least because you simply cannot believe that these two characters would be much intrigued by each other.
Schultz is lucky to have the formidable Carrie Coon, an actress of great complexity and vulnerability, in the leading role of teacher Celia (who has some mightily nice digs for a supposedly transitory ESL teacher), but her pairing with the young actor Austin Talley simply does not work on any level. Based on Celia's lines ("Should I be calling the police?"), you get the sense that Talley's gentle, hesitant Pierre is supposed to be intermittently menacing, a quality that his performance does not even remotely convey. Nor does it imply the kind of complexity that an off-beat yet hyper-articulate woman like Celia would find a pre-requisite to making herself so vulnerable to one of her two students.
Higginson clearly wants to explore how two needy people with troubled pasts struggle to find some mutual balm and a solid connection, even as their very different histories work against them. In subtler plays, this kind of exploration of racial and class identity can offer insights. And, to its credit, "The Girl in the Yellow Dress" wants to probe these issues through an international geo-political prism. But time and again, it feels like our potential understanding of two individuals is undermined by the thudding thematic agenda of the playwright, who constantly wants us to see them as victims of something bigger than themselves. To put it another way, it's a reductive reach, an example of dated dramaturgical thinking, that never feels like it adds much to our comprehension of actual human interaction. Not without a third character, anyway.
This disconnect is exacerbated by an uneven production that is inattentive to the rhythms of the piece.
Big shifts — such as when Celia suddenly confesses aspects of her past — feel inorganic and tough to believe in that moment. Crises come out of nowhere. Everything lurches. Nothing seems to flow. At one point, we see a spotlight on a bunch of flowers. At another, the ever-subtle spotlight returns to show them having wilted. Like the viewer.
When: Through Feb. 26
Where: Noyes Cultural Arts Center, 927 Noyes St., Evanston
Running time: 1 hour, 30 minutes
Tickets: $25-$40 at 847-475-1875or nexttheatre.org


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Gino's Of Great Neck: Drunk on alla Vodka
I do not live or die by the specialty slice. On any given day, a good old-fashioned cheese is more than enough to satisfy my considerably-sized, pizza-craving belly. But when a pizzeria proudly boasts "over 30 different varieties of pizza" on its menu—an establishment such as Gino's Pizzeria & Restaurant of Great Neck, for instance—I'm inclined to see what all the fuss is about.
Gino's is a Great Neck slice staple. There are some who argue on behalf of nearby Francesca's, but a good friend of mine who grew up in the area passionately prefers Gino's. To her, Gino's is pizza. This is what she, and many other Great Neck locals, look to it as the benchmark for all things triangular, saucy, and cheesy.
At Gino's, "options" is a theme that extends beyond the food. You can order slices to go at the counter, or enjoy an extensive list of pies and other assorted Italian restaurant staples in the dining areas out back and upstairs. On my inaugural trip to the Great Neck joint last weekend, I chose a mix of the two: a cozy seat in the back of the house with three slices aimed straight at my face.
The results: a mixed bag of highs and lows, punctuated perfectly by vodka.
I kicked things off topping-free with a classic cheese slice ($2.30). Gino's sticks to the basics here (a mozzarella-heavy cheese blend atop a thin coating of basic tomato sauce; nothing fancy) and the result is what you'd expect: good, solid pizza. I was presented with a wonderfully browned slice, blackened at points. I'm the type who always seeks out the burnt bits, and this one more than fit that bill. Not everyone's cup of tea, of course, so be wary if you're a burnaphobe.
My second slice, the Eggplant Parmigiana ($3.75), was a disappointment. Kudos to the crust for staying strong beneath the massive amount of fried, breaded eggplant piled high on the slice, but that's where the compliments end. The dollops of ricotta tasted stale, the eggplant was mushy and not crisp, and the vast volume of toppings overwhelmed. Not recommended.
Here, we have the winner: Pizza alla Vodka ($3.75), made up of a thin layer of creamy, tomato-based sauce topped with equally thin slivers of fresh mozzarella. Nothing more, nothing less, nothing else needed. While I wouldn't say no to some fresh basil or the addition of some good prosciutto, as it stands Gino's Pizza alla Vodka is really, really tasty. It's so good, in fact, that I had to bring a second one home; it barely survived the car ride. Needless to say, I look forward to slaughtering future generations of Gino's pink-sauced slices.
(For what it's worth, you can order this slice with baked rigatoni on top—not an uncommon topping to find in the Long Island pizza scene—but I advise against it. The addition of carb-on-carb action would greatly detract from the pizza's lightness, but to each their own.)
Not straying too far from the pie selection, I rounded off my meal with a chicken roll ($5.50). For the unfamiliar, chicken rolls are just a few steps removed from calzones, stuffed to the gills with breaded chicken and mozzarella (no ricotta to be found here). It's one of the most consistently featured menu items at any Long Island pizzeria, and certainly one of my most ordered meals. Gino's take on the dish did not disappoint, sporting flavorful chicken coated in marinara and oozing, gooey mozz, all melded together in thick, doughy goodness. I do think that fifty cents is an annoying price tag for a side of the same tomato sauce that coats their slices, but it's the price you'll have to pay if you want to take the roll for a dip.
At the end of the meal, watching families at nearby tables chowing down on fresh-made 18" cheese pies ($14), I realized I was missing out: Gino's counter slices are great (well, two out of three isn't so bad), but fresh out of the oven, the pizza looked downright delicious. I would do terrible, terrible things to have a whole alla Vodka pie to myself right now. Thankfully, Great Neck is the halfway point between my hometown of Huntington and my current residence in New York City. I'll have plenty of opportunities to correct my rookie mistake down the road. But before that, perhaps a trip to Francesca's is in order...
Gino's Pizzeria & Restaurant of Great Neck
60 Middle Neck Road, Great Neck, NY (map) 516-487-1122; Gino's on Facebook
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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Behind the accolades, the celebrity and sold-out shows that painted the public life of Bruce Springsteen, was a dark depression that the Boss battled for decades, a New Yorker profile reveals.
While Springsteen was churning out chart-topping singles in the 1980s, he "was also experiencing intervals of depression that were far more serious than the occasional guilt trip about being 'a rich man in a poor man's shirt," his biographer and friend Dave Marsh told the New Yorker.
The depression began around the time he was finishing "Nebraska"—an album that eventually won a spot on the Rolling Stone's list of greatest albums of all time and instantly catapulted him into super-stardom.
The rapid move from obscurity to fame fueled his turmoil. "He was feeling suicidal," Marsh said. "The depression wasn't shocking per se ... now you are getting your ass kissed day and night. You might start to have some inner conflicts about your real self-worth."
The Boss saw a psychotherapist for 30 years to combat the depression he felt, according to The New Yorker.
His four-hour performances that would leave him physically wrecked were not just acts of devotion to his fans. He used it as an escape from his real life, driving himself with "pure fear and self-loathing and self-hatred."
Over time, however, he was able to heal. His wife, Patti Scialfa, who also admitted to having suffered from depression, said therapy helped her husband. "He was able to look at himself and battle it out."
Still, the darkness, Springsteen said, did and continues to feed his creativity.
"I do not know a single artist who does not run on that fuel," he told the New Yorker. "If you are extremely pleased with yourself, nobody would be ****ing doing it! Brando would not have acted. Dylan wouldn't have written 'Like a Rolling Stone.' … That's a motivation, that element of 'I need to remake myself, my town, my audience'—the desire for renewal."


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Bankers Not Alone in Doing Useless Jobs
Traders can relax–they're not the only people doing pointless jobs. Divorce lawyers, the makers of advertisements for cars and the manufacturers of very large handbags are among the many who are doing nothing to make the world a better place.
In the middle of last year the chairman of the U.K.'s Financial Services Authority upset many bankers by describing the jobs they did as "socially useless".
A year on, and Adair Turner is placing that judgment in a much broader context during a series of three lectures at the London School of Economics.
Turner's goal during the first lecture on Monday evening was to establish whether economic growth made people happier.
His broad conclusion was that it didn't.


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We Need to Advocate for Ourselves
Lack of Activism by Educators May Have Hurt School Districts
By Dave Arnold
School districts across America have been hit hard by budget cuts. From California to Texas to Maine, districts are struggling to make ends meet. Consequently, school officials have had to make tough choices between closures, program cuts, bus route cancellations, and layoffs of teachers and education support professionals (ESP).
Schools in at least 17 states have opted for four-day weeks. I might have to deal with that arrangement next year at my school in Brownstown, Illinois. If this is a solution I have to live with at my workplace, then I would like to think that as a school district employee I had the opportunity to voice my opinion on whether I thought it would work or not.
No Easy Answers to Fiscal Duress
As educators and Association members, we need to be active, especially during these trying times. W e should try to solve our problems at school and not expect administrators, board members, and government officials to advocate on our behalf.
We can start by campaigning and voting for pro-education candidates – from the school board and the statehouse to Congress and the White House. And once they are in office, we must hold them accountable.
I know there are no quick fixes or magical cures to the problems that affect our nation's education system, but I do know that this fix we are in did not happen overnight. This is a problem that has festered for years. We have, in part, allowed it to occur.
Who's Fault?
We share the blame as well as the stress of school districts in financial straits. Yes, us. You and me. The citizenry. It's partly our fault.
As voters we have been lax on encouraging our legislators to adequately fund education. And now here we are. Our nation's education system is crippled during a national financial crunch.
Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn said earlier this year that the state is in a "crisis of epic proportion." In his next breath, he introduced a budget that includes cutting education in the amount of $1.3 billion. He also pushed for a 33 percent hike in the state's income tax rate to avoid cuts to public schools and universities.
No one likes tax increases. But it seems like the only logical solution to adequately fund education is to raise taxes. Illinois UniServ Director, Dave Rathke, said in a recent article, "Taxes are not good, or bad, but they are necessary."
Layoffs and Cutbacks
Those cuts mean at least 17,000 K-12 jobs are at risk. Quinn says the tax hike, which would raise $2.8 billion, allows the state to catch up on this year's late payments to schools. What Quinn doesn't say is that Illinois would still be the worst state in the nation when it comes to funding education.
Every time I turn on the news or pick a newspaper I hear of another state or city in a funding crisis involving the education budget. But this isn't new. In a 2006 report, Congressman Anthony Weiner states: "When President Bush signed the FY2006 education appropriations bill into law in December 2005, he continued a tradition of shortchanging New York City, ensuring that our schools will be shortchanged over $1.9 billion less than was authorized in the NCLB Act."
According to a CNN report, the superintendent of the Kansas City, Missouri, school district defended a plan to shutter nearly half the district's schools. "No one likes closing schools. It's hard. It's tough on families, and it's certainly tough on our community," superintendent John Covington said.
No School, No Legacy
The Kansas City plan will close 29 education facilities, including 26 schools, according to a district report. Some parents voiced anger. Some students cried.
"I have an eight-year-old and a six-year-old who will be going to school with 12th-graders. I find that very inappropriate. I don't feel my children will be safe," Deneicia Williams told CNN.
Prince Jones, a senior, who will be part of the final graduating class at Westport High School, said he felt like he had "nothing" without his school.
"I have no high school legacy," he said. "I feel like I have nothing, nothing to go back to."
This might be the case for many of us now working at schools.
More Dave's columns.
Dave Arnold, a member of the Illinois Education Association, is a custodian at Brownstown Elementary School in Southern Illinois. He can be contacted at email@example.com.
The views expressed in this column are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NEA or its affiliates.
Dave's View has been discontinued following the retirement of its author, Dave Arnold. Even though new columns will not be posted, we encourage you to review past columns.


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SEATTLE — With all the excitement about turnovers and touchdowns being scored on defense and special teams, it was easy to overlook the performance of Seattle running back Marshawn Lynch.
But Lynch set a team record for yards per carry and a personal best for yards in a season during the Seahawks' 58-0 rout of Arizona on Sunday at CenturyLink Field.
Lynch ran the ball 11 times for 128 yards and three touchdowns. His average of 11.6 yards per carry smashed the team record of 8.9 set by Sherman Smith in a game against Atlanta in 1976, the Seahawks' inaugural NFL season.
And he brought his season total to 1,266 yards, topping the 1,204 yards he had last season.
Rookie backup Robert Turbin also topped 100 yards for the Seahawks, gaining 108 yards on 20 carries. Altogether, Seattle rushed for 284 yards, the fourth-highest total in team history.
It was the first time Seattle had two backs top 100 yards in the same game since 2005, when Shaun Alexander and Maurice Morris did it in a game against Houston.
"The system works. That was awesome," Seattle fullback Michael Robinson said. "Marshawn has been through this before, but to see Turbin's face, knowing he had 100 yards, his first 100-yard game, it was definitely gratifying to see."
Speaking of 100 yards
Seattle tight end Anthony McCoy had 105 yards on just three receptions, the first 100-yard game of his three-year career and the first 100-yard receiving game by any Seahawk this season.
His biggest play was a 67-yard reception on the last play of the first quarter, most of which was an impressive run after the catch.
"He made an unbelievable play," Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson said. "He's really, really improving every week, every game. As I throw to him more and more, we're really clicking."
Flynn sighting
Seattle backup quarterback Matt Flynn threw his first regular-season passes for the Seahawks, completing five of nine for 68 yards after the game became a blowout.
Flynn signed with Seattle in the off-season as a high-profile free agent but couldn't beat out Wilson, who earned the starting job as a rookie.
Seattle coach Pete Carroll acknowledged that it might have looked bad having Flynn throwing the ball with Seattle leading by 40-plus points, but he said he had to let him see some real action.
"Matt just needs to throw the ball around some. We did a little bit of everything," Carroll said. "Just to get him a chance to get some confidence. Hopefully, everybody understands that."
At least publically, Arizona coach Ken Whisenhunt said he wasn't upset about it.
"They're doing their thing," he said. "I have no comment on that other than to say it's our job to stop them, and we didn't get that done."
Guard rotation
Absent injuries, it's unusual to see an NFL team rotate offensive linemen during a game, but the Seahawks did so as John Moffitt and rookie J.R. Sweezy shared time at right guard.
With James Carpenter out for the season, the Seahawks moved Paul McQuistan to left guard, his more natural position, and used both Moffitt and Sweezy on the right side.
"Just let both guys play," Carroll said. "They're working hard, they competed all week at it, and we were just letting them go at it. You don't always get that opportunity, but that's what we did today."
Big hit
Seattle wide receiver Sidney Rice said he had no problem with the huge hit he took from Arizona safety Rashad Johnson after an 18-yard reception in the fourth quarter.
Johnson was called for a personal foul after stopping Rice dead in his tracks by slamming his shoulder into Rice's chest.
Rice, who was not shaken up, said he thought it was a clean hit.
"I don't think he leveled his helmet or anything. He just caught me in my chest," Rice said.
He was asked what a defensive back is supposed to do in that situation to avoid a penalty call.
"I have no idea. You can ask the league that," Rice said. "I don't know what it is. It was a clean hit."
All the breaks
As evidence that Seattle got every conceivable break, consider that the only way you can score on a muffed punt is if the ball goes into the end zone before you recover it because you cannot advance a muff.
And that's exactly what happened in the second quarter.
Arizona's Patrick Peterson muffed a punt at the Arizona 12-yard line. The ball pinballed off several players, and Seattle's Malcolm Smith caught it like a basketball rebound just as it crossed the goal line to make the score 31-0 with his first career touchdown.
"I don't know how I ended up with the ball," said Smith, who also made his second straight start at linebacker. "I know the ball was flipping around. Jeremy Lane tipped it up, it tipped off of someone's hand, and then there was like three of us going up for it. It was like a jump ball and I tipped it my way and caught it.
"I guess I was in the end zone."
Injury report
Carroll said Seattle safety Chris Maragos suffered a hamstring strain, but that the team otherwise came out of the game healthy.
Linebacker Leroy Hill, who was inactive last week because of an ankle injury, did suit up and was available if needed. Carroll, however, opted to start Smith again and give Hill some more rest.
"He was ready to play," Carroll said of Hill.
"He had a good workout before, so we dressed him in case we needed him, but we would rather hold him if we could."
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text: Check out this fantastic timelapse of Microsoft's original headquarters being built. Back in 1985, when planners plotted out the rising company's campus, Microsoft figured it'd need 88 acres of land in a forest near a one-stoplight suburb of Seattle called Redmond. The first office complex was a total of four star-shaped buildings you see in the video, built over the course of 7 months. Now, its 125-building campus sprawls over 500 acres — a city unto itself. [Microsoft]


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– Sara Emery Acting Chair of Program Committee HFMA (Healthcare Financial Management Association, Metropolitan Philadelphia Chapter)


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Cars/Vehicles Shipping Prices to Gambia (Banjul)
|Vehicle Type
|Roro (Price/Cost)
|Saloon Car
|4X4 & Jeep
|Max Dim (25 CBM)
|Van (Short)
|On Request
|Max Dim (30 CBM)
|Van (Medium)
|On Request
|Van (Long)
|On Request
Container Shipping to Gambia (Banjul)
|Container Type
|Container (Price/Cost)
Please note that the price and cost above is for port to port shipping only. This does not include loading, haulage and clearing cost. If you would need this extra service please ask for a quote.
Our car shipping service to Gambia is very competitive, just like our Sea Freight to Africa. Cargonaija can help you with shipping any of the following : car, Van, Truck, 4×4 runner, Jeep, from the UK to Gambia. In case you're looking for a prudent way to send your vehicle ,we are your best point of contact.
Email us: email@example.com
If you're shipping car for the very first time, there are host of information you need to familiarize yourself with. Cars, Van, Truck etc are shipped by RORO and via Container. Generally, the difference in both is the price and the type or value of the vehicle you're shipping. Vehicle shipping by RORO method is the ideal shipping method for cars of lower value and Container car shipping method is the ideal method of shipping luxury cars. If you're thinking of going into the business of car dealership back in your home country, you may want to explore the cheaper option.
To ship a vehicle to Gambia, we need to know what the dimension of the vehicle is. Click here to know what your car dimension is, Once you have known your vehicle dimension, other information we will require from you are listed below.
1) Is the car, van , truck to be shipped has all the export document?
2) Does the car, van , truck to be shipped year of registration in line the Gambian government requirement for shipping cars into this country?
3) Is there Road tax on the vehicle? If no, such car will require to be towed and additional cost will be applicable.
4) Are you putting some personal stuff onto the car, vehicle, Van , truck etc? Generally, the weight load together with the Van shouldn't exceed 3 Tons or (300okg), so as to save yourself from unnecessary hassle. In this case you need the container car shipping method as supposed the RORO car shipping method. The only downside to this is the safety of the goods loaded on it when it arrives at the port of destination in Gambia.
Please feel free to contact us by phone or by email.
Cargonaija Vehicle shipping to Gambia Delivery and Payment Terms.
We accept full payment from customers shipping their vehicles
Vehicle ownership document ( Log book) is required from customers.
We require name customers name and address.
Consignee's name and address also required
Customers must provide the car/vehicle chasis number.
We require 48 hours notice for pre book your shipment.
Non runner cars are not accepted for Roro shipping .
Customers must notify us if other stuffs are loaded in the car.
Our liability is limited to £195, customers shipping their vehicle are advised to take adequate Marine insurance on the vehicle to be shipped.
Customers are to deliver their vehicle to the port of shipment. Any vehicle to be shipped by RoRo method must be drivable. In case of containerised vehicle shipping, such vehicle must be drivable if not, customer shipping the vehilce will bear the cost of recovery.
Please contact us if you still have further questions.
Please be aware that we provide vehicle pick up from anywhere within London and fuel surcharge applies if we are to collect from Manchester, Coventry, Milton Keynes, Southampton, Portsmouth, Northampton and Birmingham, Norwich, Leeds, Newcastle and Liverpool.
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text:
Serious Eats Neighborhood Guides: Matt Fisher's Ridgewood
Locals' guides to New York neighborhoods.
Pitmaster Matt Fisher, half of the team behind Fletcher's Barbecue, lives in a neighborhood that respects tradition as much as the 'cue he practices. He moved to Ridgewood, a melting pot of German and Italian immigrants, thirteen years ago. The area, which was once considered Brooklyn and is now Queens, borders Bushwick and Williamsburg. As those neighborhoods have become pricier, Ridgewood has diversified, becoming even more of a multi-ethnic, self-sustaining destination full of delicious Eastern European and Latin American eats.
Matt's Picks
Breakfast: Stanley's Pierogi is a wholesaler that has a teeny tiny retail takeout counter. The pierogis are fresh, hand-made daily. We buy them and pop a couple packs in the freezer. They make a bunch of different seasonal pierogies: blueberry, sour cherry, etc, and then the regulars. I love the potato and cheese, fried in a big cast iron skillet with caramelized onions and sour cream. Twelve or fourteen of those, maybe some kielbasa, is breakfast, with NPR on. They also make awesome pelmeni, which are like Eastern European tortellini.
Coffee: If I want a good mocha or something like that, I go to Barcey's. They say they're in Bushwick, but I think of it as Ridgewood; it's really close to me. If I want good coffee, that's what I do. I stumble to Dunkin' Donuts for the extra large coffee in order to get me to Barcey's.
Pizza: There's a place called Rosa's that has a super-good slice. I usually get a grandma slice, and one of their Neopolitan slices. They don't deliver; it's definitely an on-the-go spot.
Dive bar: There's a place called Caskey's. I go for anything in a relatively clean glass. It's a slow-burn kinda place—Thursday through Sunday, that's when the action is thick.
Delivery: Estrella del Mar does some really good seafood. I don't eat much seafood myself, but I'd feel comfortable ordering shrimp or something from them. I usually get pork adobo, or chicken with rice and beans. It's homestyle, really interesting, fresh, and well-seasoned.
Ice cream: Carvel is around the corner from me. I have three customer appreciation cards that get punched out every time I buy an ice cream cake. I love anything that has the chocolate cookie crumb—I don't even know how they make it. Fudgy the Whale is the one to eat, tail first. Eddie's Sweet Shop isn't quite in Ridgewood, but it's a pretty close drive. It's a super old-school ice cream parlor. I almost exclusively do the straight-up hot fudge sundae, or a caramel or butterscotch sundae, with extra whipped cream, which is absurd since you're eating frozen cream. If you're in Ridgewood, you have to go at least once.
Italian: If I was going to sit down, I'd go to this old-school place called Joe's. It's a white tablecloth, red sauce, waiters in vests and black tie, super-ridiculous neighborhood joint. I say that endearingly; they take what they do really seriously. It's not gourmet, but it's really satisfying. I like the pasta or chicken parm...everything is super garlicky. For me, it's a date night spot, after a couple bottles of Chianti.
Burger: Bosna Express has been there forever, and it's my can't-miss spot. They have a lamb and beef burger that's gigantic, and it's served on a pita with lettuce, tomato, avjar (which is like a red pepper spread), and chopped red onion. It's right at the base of the steps to the M train—I've learned the hard way not to take it on the train unless I'm okay with making a mess.
What's New On Serious Eats
German: There's an old restaurant called Zum Stammtisch that's been in the neighborhood forever: it's one of the holdovers from when Ridgwood was a German area. I get the Krainerwurst, which is hickory smoked pork sausage on a platter that comes with potato salad and sauerkraut. I also love the smoked pork chops. My wife gets the spaetzle and the weiner schnitzel, and my brother gets a platter of wursts.
They recently opened a retail store next door where they sell meats and cheeses, and this mustard called Bauer's. Bauer's Mustard had a production facility on Metropolitan that's since gone, but their mustard is still available in gourmet stores. I loved that when I hopped off the bus, I walked past where people were hand-bottling these little gems in a hidden part of Queens. It's a sharp, bright, grainy, hearty grain mustard that's really distinctive: it's fresh, untamed, and made locally. I make my own mustard, and it's kind of inspired by Bauer's.
Peruvian: There's a cool park by me with chess boards, little sprinklers for the kids and pets and whatnot, and ballfields for soccer and volleyball, called Cleveland Park. There's some Peruvian/Ecuadorian people who are starting to set up some vending, with a little grill, and this woman who used to cook out of a shopping cart. Now they have a food truck that does Peruvian potatoes, kebabs, sandwiches, and corn. It is hard to miss, as there are only a handful of vendors there at all.
Tacos: Taqueria el Fogon is pretty straight-up, with really nice quesadillas. The al pastor and chorizo are really good. They do a good Mexican style breakfast too. And they deliver.
Date night: When I'm on my way to work, I get smacked in the face with the smell of fresh bread from Grimaldi's. Someone is roasting coffee, there's bread baking, and I remember that there's a really cool old neighborhood around me. When my wife and I were still dating, we'd go get pizza dough from Grimaldi's, some fresh mozzarella from this market called Valentino's that has almost exclusively Italian products, a couple bottles of wine, and have a really nice night.
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text:
Lionel Richie: Keep your clothes on until you have a hit
Richie says young artists are going for shock value
Topher Gauk-Roger | 9/19/2013, 9:26 a.m.
CNN Lionel Richie is back and ready to hit the stage.
The crooner is gearing up for his "All The Hits All Night Long" North American tour, which kicks off Wednesday in Hollywood, Florida. CNN caught up with Richie at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles during the singer's final rehearsals for the 19-date tour. It's there the music legend advised fans not to be fooled by the tour's name.
"If they're waiting for all night long, let me tell you, I gave that up a long time ago," Richie told CNN. "I always used to say to them, all night long went all night long when 'All Night Long' was out. Now it's down to a fierce 30 minutes, but if you want anything after that, I can pretty much guarantee an hour-45 to two hours solid."
Richie promises the tour will be a mix of classic hits and fan favorites, ranging from his Commodores days to his 2012 release, "Tuskeegee." To keep fans on their toes, the hit maker has a list of 14 songs to choose from each night. Richie compares planning out his shows to coaching a professional sports game.
"It's like going to a football game and you know the plays," he said. "So when I call out a different play, they'll go to it."
Richie's last album found him recreating his biggest hits as collaborations with some of country music's top names. Who does he want to jump on stage with him during this tour? The list is extensive.
"Bruno Mars. Come on Bruno, where are you? Sting. I could do Kenny Chesney any day of the week. Tim McGraw. I'm sure these guys were in the Commodores at some time. I just have to go back to see if their pictures were there, because they're so familiar. The beautiful part about it is that the one thing they say to me when they meet me is, 'I know every song.'"
With Mars confirmed to perform at the 2014 Super Bowl halftime show, Richie has no doubts the 27-year-old will do a great job.
"My boy is going to kill it. Are you kidding?" Richie said. "Listen, Bruno is the real deal. And what I love about him the most is that he's a songwriter. He'll take care of business. I'm not worried."
As a music industry veteran, Richie has some sage advice for those up-and-comers who resort to shock tactics when hitting the stage.
"I've always said this -- this is my little anecdote -- but once you start taking off your clothes, that means you've got to have a hit record," he said. "You've got to back it up with something. My philosophy is -- I'm the other way around. Give me the hit record first and you don't have to take off your clothes. Taking off the clothes means, 'I need that hit record.'"
The "Hello" singer admits he's still surprised to see younger fans in the crowds at his concerts.
"There are days I have to stop, blink, and turn around just for a moment to say, 'OK, that's right, it has been that long,'" Richie said. "There was the 21-year-old in the front row when the Commodores started and there's the 21-year-old in the front row now."
"The greatest thrill of this to me is what started out to be just, 'Can we meet some girls on campus at the university?' ended up being a career, and the songs still work. The music's been around long enough where the next generation is taking possession of it."
™ & © 2013 Cable News Network, Inc., a Time Warner Company. All rights reserved.


text:
|December 18, 1998, 01:10 AM
Junior Member
Join Date: October 16, 1998
Location: waltham, ma, 02454
Posts: 13
I have seen adds for leather gloves with lead powder in the knuckle area. Has anyone used these, are they effective, or just extreamly concealble toys.
|December 18, 1998, 01:23 AM
Senior Member
Join Date: October 9, 1998
Location: Hotels
Posts: 3,667
I have used them for training purposes. Shadow box, etc.
I have used them while working out on a heavy bag, too.
The really make you feel fast after you take them off, I don't know how much value it really is, though.
The cheap pair I have are kinda awkward for actually wearing around town. I havevn't messed with them in a long time.
|December 19, 1998, 09:42 PM
Join Date: November 2, 1998
Location: Colorado
Posts: 20,731
I bought a pair over 15 years ago at a very reasonable price b/c six of us got together and got a volume discount.
They're nice and you can punch a wall and not hurt. Never used it on anybody (gloves weren't permitted in my early days and when they were, leaded ones were strictly forbidden). I should also add that I won't use them today since it's a big lawsuit if I'm caught (don't need gimmicks, just technqiue).
Buy the American made ones since those cheap Taiwanese gloves tend to be poorly stitched. Also please be careful as some states prohibit owning them if you're not a cop.
[This message has been edited by 4V50 Gary (edited 12-19-98).]
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