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Top 10 Off-Season Getaways
We've long since said good-by to summer, but not to the shore.
Block Island, Rhode Island
While visitors flock to this island in the summer, come autumn you can have the outpost practically to yourself. The Block Island Ferry still runs a few times a day, but shops open only on weekends, and dining is restricted to four restaurants. The upside: It's a perfect time to explore the 17 miles of beachfront (all free and open to the public), hike 40 miles of nature trails, or tour the island by bike or moped; 800/383-2474 or blockislandinfo.com.
Port Isabel, Texas
Fall gives visitors a chance to experience a quieter side of Port Isabel, the oldest city in south Texas. Stay at the waterfront White Sands Motel, Marina, & Restaurant; dine at Pirate's Landing overlooking the Laguna Madre Bay (don't miss the world's largest fly-fishing rod!). Other area attractions include the Port Isabel Lighthouse, where you can climb 72 steps to the top for sprawling bay views. On November 4, the area will host the World's Championship Shrimp Cook-Off; 800/527-6102 or portisabel-texas.com.
Pink Sands, Harbour Island, Bahamas
With hurricane season ending and high-season prices a month away, what better time to visit the famed Pink Sands? This Out Island resort offers high-end amenities: private getaways (the Bimini cottage epitomizes paradise), Caribbean-fusion cuisine, and expansive Atlantic views. The high season begins December 19, but until then savvy vacationers can save up to $750 per night at this award-winning hotel, edged by―you guessed it―the Bahamas' signature pink sands; 800/407-4776 or pinksandsresort.com.
Pacifica, California
November marks the beginning of harvest season for California Dungeness crab, and you can catch your own off the 1,140-foot Pacifica Municipal Pier at Sharp Park Beach, just 15 minutes south of downtown San Francisco. No fee or license is required, but you will need to bring or rent equipment. Hike Milagra Ridge, 239 acres of Bay Area open space overlooking the Pacific, where foxes, deer, and even bobcats have been spotted; cityofpacifica.org.
Sunset Beach, Oahu's North Shore, Hawaii
Of Oahu's more than 125 beaches, this one best captures the attention of both surfers and spectators. From November to February, professional boarders flock to Sunset Beach to catch monster waves―some reaching 20 feet―that roll in from storms in the north Pacific, thousands of miles away. But you don't have to brave the breakers to have a blast. Visitors along the 2 miles of shorefront gasp as daredevils take part in competitions such as the Triple Crown of Surfing, held this month; 808/637-4558 or gonorthshore.org.
Ingonish, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Grab your binoculars, and head to Cape Breton for some of the best birding in Nova Scotia. Ingonish, near Cape Breton Highlands National Park, is a great place to start. Build your nest at Lantern Hill & Hollow's oceanfront cottages just off the Cabot Trail, where bird lovers can view shorebirds and seabirds, including Atlantic puffin and northern gannet; 800/565-0000 or novascotia.com.
Virginia Beach boardwalk, Virginia
More than 30 blocks of Virginia Beach's boardwalk light up each evening for the annual Holiday Lights at the Beach, beginning in mid-November. This is the only time of year cars are allowed the boardwalk. For six weeks, visitors are treated to more than 250 animated displays, including sailboats, mermaids, colorful fish, and holiday icons. Each vehicle gets a CD of holiday music to listen to on the glowing drive ($10 per car); 800/822-3224 or vbfun.com.
Sunset Beach, North Carolina
Tee up on Sunset Beach, the southernmost of North Carolina's Brunswick Islands. It's a golfer's dream, with more than 100 courses within 40 miles, and semitropical weather enjoyed year-round (autumn and winter temperatures rarely drop below 50 degrees). Take advantage of Sea Trail golf resort's "Day with the Pro" special (available October through March), or try out one of three award-winning courses within the resort; 888/229-5747 or seatrail.com.
La Jolla Cove, California
The sheltered waters of the cove, a protected marine sanctuary within the San Diego La Jolla Underwater Park Ecological Reserve, provide some of the best snorkeling and scuba diving in the area―at times, underwater visibility can exceed 30 feet. In the off-season, you can leisurely explore a submarine canyon, reefs, and shipwrecks. After all that work, close the day with dinner in the Ocean View Room at Georges California, or on the rooftop at the more casual Ocean Terrace ( georgesatthecove.com); 858/454-5718 or lajollabythesea.com.
Long Beach, Long Beach Peninsula, Washington
Don't be scared off by bad weather. This peninsula, approximately 200 miles southwest of Seattle, hosts some excellent storms―and savvy visitors. The boardwalk offers an up-close-and-personal look at the "Graveyard of the Pacific," if you can brave the wind and rain (beware of "sneaker" waves and slippery logs). For a drier storm-watching experience, the Lightship Restaurant offers a bird's-eye view of nature's glory. Photo ops are endless, and beachcombing after a storm can't be beat; 800/451-2542 or funbeach.com.


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Weekly notes from the Capitol.
Play of the Week Using his favorite tactic of persuasion, Gov. Rod Blagojevich conducted news conferences in various cities throughout the state, touting a proposed construction spending plan and/or his imposed program to offer free breast and cervical cancer screening to all women. The events apparently were an attempt to pressure legislators in the House to support the construction plan, as well as its funding source of gambling expansion, and to build a groundswell for Blagojevich's program to expand health care in various areas. In August, he said he would pay for his health care expansions through budget cuts after lawmakers rejected his proposed funding method. However, the governor's staff, apparently worried about the constitutionality of doing that, has said he will find the money elsewhere. Head Scratcher Instead of pushing to restore funding for a violence-prevention program that Blagojevich cut from the budget, two Republican lawmakers are proposing a downstate-only program to replace it. Reps. Bill Mitchell of Mount Zion and Raymond Poe of Springfield say their idea for Operation Safe Streets would be less political than the CeaseFire program, which operated in Chicago, Rockford, Decatur and 22 other cities. They contended that Democratic legislative districts got preference for CeaseFire funding, but the State Police would control Operation Safe Streets money. But isn't the State Police another agency under the governor? Quote of Note "The senators do not believe in fat." -- Senate President Emil Jones, when asked Wednesday by reporters in Chicago if there was any "fat" in the proposed capital budget for the state. Numbers to Know Two. That's the number of public hearings that House Speaker Michael Madigan, D-Chicago, said he wants to conduct on legislation that would expand Illinois' casino gambling industry. The Senate already approved the legislation. Madigan wants one hearing in Chicago and another in Springfield. No dates have been set so far. $463 million. The amount that Blagojevich cut from the state budget to pay for his expanded health care programs. The House will vote this week on restoring some, or all, of the money. Coming Up Oct. 2 to 4: The Illinois Senate and House of Representatives return to the State Capitol for the first week of a scheduled two-week "veto session." Despite that name, lawmakers may deal with other topics in addition to legislation that the governor vetoed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Global And China Electric Wire Industry 2014 Market Trend, Size, Share, Growth Research Report
The report firstly introduced Electric Wire basic information included Electric Wire definition classification application industry chain structure industry overview; international market analysis, China domestic market analysis, Macroeconomic environment and economic situation analysis and influence, Electric Wire industry policy and plan, Electric Wire product specification, manufacturing process, product cost structure etc.
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Then statistics Global and China key manufacturers Electric Wire capacity production cost price profit production value gross margin etc details information, at the same time, statistics these manufacturers Electric Wire products customers application capacity market position company contact information etc company related information, then collect all these manufacturers data and listed Global and China Electric Wire capacity production capacity market share production market share supply demand shortage import export consumption etc data statistics, and then introduced Global and China Electric Wire 2009-2019 capacity production price cost profit production value gross margin etc information.
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And also listed Electric Wire upstream raw materials equipments and down stream clients survey analysis and Electric Wire marketing channels industry development trend and proposals. In the end, The report introduced Electric Wire new project SWOT analysis Investment feasibility analysis investment return analysis and also give related research conclusions and development trend analysis on Global and China Electric Wire industry. In a word, it was a depth research report on Global and China Electric Wire industry. And thanks to the support and assistance from Electric Wire industry chain related technical experts and marketing engineers during Research Team survey and interviews.
Table of Contents
Chapter One Electric Wire Industry Overview
1.1 Electric Wire Definition
1.2 Electric Wire Classification and Application
1.3 Electric Wire Industry Chain Structure
1.4 Electric Wire Industry Overview
Chapter Two Electric Wire International and China Market Analysis 2.1 Electric Wire Industry International Market Analysis
2.1.1 Electric Wire International Market Development History 2.1.2 Electric Wire Product and Technology Developments
2.1.3 Electric Wire Competitive Landscape Analysis
2.1.4 Electric Wire International Key Countries Development Status 2.1.5 Electric Wire International Market Development Trend
2.2 Electric Wire Industry China Market Analysis
2.2.1 Electric Wire China Market Development History
2.2.2 Electric Wire Product and Technology Developments
2.2.3 Electric Wire Competitive Landscape Analysis
2.2.4 Electric Wire China Key Regions Development Status
2.2.5 Electric Wire China Market Development Trend
2.3 Electric Wire International and China Market Comparison Analysis
Chapter Three Electric Wire Development Environmental Analysis 3.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
3.1.1 China GDP Analysis
3.1.2 China CPI Analysis
3.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
3.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
3.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
3.5 Other Regions Economic Environmental Analysis
3.6 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
Chapter Four Electric Wire Development Policy and Plan
4.1 Electric Wire Industry Policy Analysis
4.2 Electric Wire Industry News Analysis
4.3 Electric Wire Industry Development Trend
Chapter Five Electric Wire Manufacturing Process and Cost Structure 5.1 Electric Wire Product Specifications
5.2 Electric Wire Manufacturing Process Analysis
5.3 Electric Wire Cost Structure Analysis...
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Beautiful Color Bold Liquid Lipstick
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The nervous system in antiquity
This overview of the nervous system in antiquity shows that whereas neuro-anatomy had its heyday in the 4th and
3rd centuries BC (the Alexandrian School) and was later consolidated by Galen in the 2nd century AD, neurophysiology
remained largely mired in erroneous concepts. While the descriptions of neurological disease often produced quite
apt clinical pictures, poor understanding of pathophysiology resulted in ineffectual therapy. The embryonic origins of
modern neurology lie in the gradual evolution of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in antiquity. Closely allied
to the early understanding of the nervous system was the contested issue of where the control centre of the body
(hegemonikon) was located. These are the issues that we review.
The body's control centre
The need to place all actions of the body under the control of a single centre or principle (hegemonikon – a term coined by
the Stoics) was pervasive in Western antiquity.1 Although the head (brain) was favoured by many, entities such as the chest,
heart, liver, blood and the pneuma ('vital spirit') also had their supporters. Hippocrates stated that the diaphragm, which was
favoured by some, could not be seriously considered because it did not contain a cavity2 (presumably to house the soul or 'vital
In Ancient Egypt, the heart was considered to be the chief organ of the body. The brain was viewed as being of little
importance – at best, the producer of mucus during illness,subsequently discharged through the nose.3,4 In Mesopotamia,
the liver was thought to be the seat of the soul.5 In Greece,the so-called Presocratic philosopher-physicians (6th and 5th
centuries BC) laid the foundation of empirical science that led to the Hippocratic era. Alcmaeon of Croton, a contemporary
of Pythagoras, favoured the head (and brain), as did Diogenes and Democritus.6 Parmenides6 and the influential Sicilian,
Empedocles,1 however, thought that the soul was seated in the thorax or the blood surrounding the heart.
The Hippocratic Corpus (mainly 5th and 4th centuries BC)
presented divergent views. In The Sacred Disease (chapter 19),the brain is called the centre of bodily functions but, in a later
text (The Heart, chapter 7), the left ventricle of the heart is the seat of the soul. In Diseases Book II, higher bodily functions are
ascribed to both the heart and the brain.
While Plato favoured the head, Aristotle placed the hegemonikon in the heart, stating that a bloodless brain could
not house the soul. During the 4th century BC, the Stoics,Epicurians, Praxagoras and Diocles all nominated the heart,
while Strato placed the seat of the soul between the eyebrows.
At the onset of the Hellenistic era (late 4th century BC), the cardiocentric consensus (heart as control centre) gradually
receded, as influential Alexandrians such as Herophilus and Erasistratus brought evidence of an encephalocentric
hegemonikon.1 Erasistratus thought it might be located in the meninges rather than the brain.1 Chrysippus (3rd century
BC), however, still favoured the heart,7 while Asclepiades (1st century BC) taught that there was no hegemonikon, since the
senses controlled all bodily activities.1
In the Roman era, influential figures such as Galen1and Rufus (2nd century AD)7 strongly defended the
encephalocentric approach, but Lucretius (1st century BC) and Alexander of Aphrodisias (2nd century AD)1 were
cardiocentrists, defending a point of view that persisted through medieval times and was still reflected by Shakespeare
in his play The Merchant of Venice (III.ii.63): 'Tell me where is fancy bred, or in the heart, or in the head'?8
Phrases such as 'heart and soul', 'with all my heart' and 'heartfelt grief' have their origin in the cardiocentric view of
the past.
In Ancient Egypt, the brain was considered unimportant and there was no real knowledge of the nervous system. During the
mummification process, the brain was destroyed and removed via the nose and through the cribriform plate.3 But in the
Edmund Smith Papyrus, the brain is identified as an organ,4and limited neuro-anatomical features such as the meninges,
cerebrospinal fluid, surface blood vessels and convolutions,which were observed through open skull wounds, are mentioned.3 Similarly, Mesopotamian writings reveal no significant neurological knowledge.7
Greece (Classical era)
In pre-Hippocratic times, the philosopher-physician Alcmaeon of Croton (6th century BC) probably took the first tentative
steps towards exploring the brain and nervous system. He possibly dissected animals, and was said to have examined an
excised human eye. He linked the senses functionally to the brain and postulated passages connecting the eyes, ears, nose
and tongue (taste) with the brain. He might have described the optic nerve.1
The Hippocratic Corpus (the foundation document of empirical medicine) contains little on neuro-anatomy,
knowledge of which was gained from general observation and limited animal (but no human) dissection.1 Two membranes
covering the brain (the dura and pia mater, but not the arachnoid) were described; these membranes partially divide
the brain down the middle into the right and left hemispheres.
Apparently based on dissection of the goat, the brain was said to be oedematous and foul-smelling.1,2 The spinal cord was
described as attached to the brain and of the same consistency,differing from that of bone marrow. The fluid under the brain
membranes (meninges) was found to be confluent with that covering the spinal cord.9 Passages through the skull and
meninges linking the eyes and ears to the brain were noted,but no such passage to the nose. Blood vessels, ducts and
nerves were confused – phlebes were described as hollow tubes carrying various fluids, and neura were solid structures
(including nerves, tendons and ligaments). Semen was believed to originate in the head and to be conveyed in neura. The eye
was thought to consist of three tunics (sclera, choroid and retina) and to be nourished by the brain through the hollow
optic nerve.9
Although not medically trained, Aristotle (4th century BC) performed extensive animal dissections and confirmed that
the main brain consisted of two hemispheres. He described a lesser brain (parenkephalon (cerebellum)) behind the main
brain (encephalon (cerebrum)). The brain was thought to be covered by two meninges and to contain few blood vessels. He
also found that some animals had small cavities (ventricles) in the cerebrum, and mentioned the presence of a few nerves
originating in the brain (cranial nerves).1 The concept of the neuron still included tendons and ligaments besides nerves.
He reported that men had larger brains than women and that,relative to body size, man had the largest brain of all creatures.7
Praxagoras (4th century BC) claimed that blood vessels terminated as nerves, so supporting the argument that the heart
was the central controlling organ.7 He and Philotimus believed that the brain was merely an outgrowth of the spinal cord.1
Vindicianus later wrote that Diocles (4th century BC, sometimes called the second Hippocrates) had said that the right half of
the brain controlled sensation and the left side, intelligence.10
Alexandria (Hellenistic era)
Up to the Hellenistic era, all knowledge of neuro-anatomy had been based purely on animal dissections. The heyday of
neuro-anatomy dawned when Herophilus and Erasistratus commenced human dissection (probably even vivisection)
of condemned criminals, under patronage of the Ptolemaic pharaohs in the newly established city of Alexandria (332
BC). However, with the probable exception of Eudemus (3rd century BC), Numisianus and Marinus (2nd century BC),
subsequent Alexandrian physicians did not continue systematic human dissection.1 Virtually all the extensive original writings
of Herophilus and Erasistratus were destroyed, and our knowledge of their contributions is based on comments by later
authors such as Theophilus, Oribasius, Rufus, Vindicianus and – in particular – Galen.6 Herophilus and Erasistratus probably
dissected as many, or more, animals than humans, which is indicated by occasional errors in their reported findings, e.g.
the description of the presence of a rete mirabilis anastomosis at the base of the human brain – a structure found in angulated
animals but not in humans. But it can be stated confidently that the basis of human neuro-anatomy was laid by the two
Alexandrians.1 Illustrations were used for the first time in history to clarify descriptions, a technique later disapproved of
by Galen.8 Both performed vivisection on animals (and possibly humans) to verify the function of parts of the brain and nerves.
Herophilus' impressive findings included the following:6,10
1. A description of skull sutures.
2. Two layers of meninges (the dura mater and pia mater) covering the brain, the outer one involved in the formation
of the tentorium cerebelli, and lining the intracranial venous sinuses. This included the prominent junction of sinuses
named the lênos (wine vat) (Galen renamed it the torcular Herophili; however, this structure is rarely prominent in
man, and the term could represent another example of animal anatomy corrupting knowledge of human anatomy).
3. Differentiation between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Herophilus considered the latter to be responsible for motor activity and equilibrium.
4. The 2 lateral brain ventricles, their openings into the 3rd ventricle, aqueduct of the midbrain and the 4th ventricle,
and the choroid plexus (resembling the fetal choroid membrane) lining these spaces.
5. The 4th ventricle was considered to be the seat of the soul,and details such as a pen-like cavity in its floor (calamus
scriptorius – probably the aperture into the spinal column) were described.
6. The origin of the spinal column from the brain, the pineal body (resembling a pine cone), the structure of the eye and
at least some of the cranial nerves (optic with optic chiasma,oculomotor, trigeminal, facial, auditory and hypoglossal
nerves) were identified.
7. His detailed study of nerves (distinguishing between motor and sensory nerves) was a fundamental contribution.
However, he still considered the optic nerve to be hollow,and included tendons and ligaments as terminal extensions
of nerves in muscles (this part of the complex mechanism then supposedly enabling voluntary motor activity).
We know more about Erasistratus' neurological concepts as he was quoted more extensively by Galen (often critically)
because he dared to differ from Hippocrates.7 Largely agreeing with Herophilus' neuro-anatomy, he taught that the
brain's convolutions related to mental ability (therefore more convolutions in man than in animals, and in the cerebellum
rather than the cerebrum). He claimed that not only the optic nerve but all sensory nerves were hollow to enable the flow of
'psychic pneuma' (see below); sensory nerves originated in the meninges and motor nerves in the brain.1,6
Marinus (2nd century BC) made a detailed study of the cranial nerves, describing the olfactory nerve structure, and a
large nerve descending from the lower brain into the thorax (either the vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerve).6
Roman era
With human dissection virtually discontinued in Hellenistic times, the subsequent Roman era brought little enhancement
of human neuro-anatomical knowledge. At the turn of the 1st century AD, Rufus of Ephesus reviewed known medical
information and, although misconception regarding the neuron persisted, he elegantly described the brain, spinal cord and
nerves as an interconnected nervous system.7
Galen (2nd century AD), the most prominent physician of Roman times, whose views became dogma in the medieval
era, wrote extensively on medical matters, including the nervous system. His views on neuro-anatomy were based on
existing knowledge (mainly the Alexandrian findings) as well as extensive personal dissection of animals (oxen and apes in
particular) but not humans. He largely confirmed the work of Herophilus and most of that of Erasistratus. Until then, the
ventricles had been much studied, the brain substance being seen as little more than supporting tissue. Galen now described
the corpus callosum, thalamus, septum lucidum (separating the lateral ventricles), and the fornix in the roof of the 4th ventricle
– the latter he accepted as the centre of the hegemonikon. The pituitary gland and its stalk attached to the 3rd ventricle floor
were described; like Herophilus, he wrongly placed a retiform plexus at the base of the human brain.1
Galen gave a good description of the blood vessels of the brain. The optic nerve and most (but not all) other nerves
were believed to be hollow. The spinal cord was said to be a bundle of nerves running together from the brain down the
vertebral column to the rest of the body and emerging from its bony cage through intervertebral foramina. He still considered
ligaments and tendons as equivalents of nerves, and stated that while sensory nerves were soft and arose from the cerebrum,motor nerves arose from the spinal cord and were hard; nerves arising from the junctional area could be either soft or hard. He was adamant that brain convolutions had no qualitative relationship to brain function.7,11
Post-Galenic writers of antiquity (e.g. Oribasius) quoted their predecessors without adding significant new knowledge.5
Neurophysiological hypotheses largely revolved around concepts regarding the nature and function of pneuma (air) as
'vital spirit' essential for life, which entered the body mainly during breathing but also through pores in the skin. Originally
postulated by Anaximenes (6th century BC),1 the concept was supported by Democritus who taught that pneuma was
transmitted by semen.12 Diogenes' view (that pneuma was breathed in with air and transmitted through the body in blood
vessels as well as other ill-defined passages, enabling cognition and intelligence) became widely accepted.1 The Hippocratic
Corpus described pneuma as a major enabling factor in brain function, entering the brain through blood vessels, but also
directly via pneumatic channels from the mouth and nose.2
Aristotle stated that, as the central controlling organ of the body, the heart (through 'innate heat') converted pneuma (in
blood) to 'connate pneuma', which was the 'generative heat' in semen, but also enabled organs to experience sensation.
In view of its considered bloodlessness, the brain was therefore unimportant in this process. Its main role was seen
as thermoregulatory – keeping the body cool. Although Praxagoras referred to 'psychic pneuma', this important concept
was first formulated by Diogenes (4th century BC) who, as promoter of the heart as seat of the hegemonikon, claimed
that 'psychic pneuma', formed in the heart, spread through the body's vessels to effect voluntary motion. Interruption
of this flow resulted in disease. The Stoics made a major contribution to the pneuma theory by stating that it was a
multifaceted changeable force, capable of inter alia becoming 'vital pneuma' (the soul itself) or 'psychic pneuma' (responsible
for consciousness and intelligence). The brain played no direct role in all this.1
Erasistratus taught that 'psychic pneuma', converted from ordinary pneuma in the meninges, was the vital force necessary
for nervous function.1 Herophilus apparently believed that 'psychic pneuma' was formed in the choroid plexus of the lateral
ventricles (out of 'natural pneuma') from where it permeated through to the 4th ventricle (command centre) and activated all
nerve action (there being a 'sensory pneuma' for sensory nerves,and 'motor pneuma' for motor nerves). Praxagoras' hypothesis
was that voluntary and involuntary movement, spasms,palpitations and tremors were due to arterial (not nervous)
activities. Galen's views, which remained in vogue for the next millennium, represented a further evolutionary development,which stated that a 'pneuma-like substance' absorbed in the lungs reached the heart where, under influence of 'innate
heat', it converted to 'vital pneuma', which passed to all organs via the arteries. On reaching the brain, this was converted to
'psychic pneuma' in the retiform plexus or choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles. 'Psychic pneuma' could also be formed in
the brain ventricles from pneuma absorbed directly through the nose (and cribriform plates). 'Psychic pneuma' then permeated
the ventricular system and the cerebellum in particular,activating nerves by flowing through them; it also passed via
the optic nerve to the eye. The role of pneuma in interaction with the soul or activation of neuro-psychiatric functions was
not elaborated on by Galen.6,8
Other mechanisms
The popular hypothesis of antiquity (that health was dependent on an equilibrium between body humours and
basic elements) also held for neurophysiology. Scarborough13 suggests that the concept of four humours (blood, phlegm,
yellow and black bile) probably originated with Thales (early 6th century BC), while Alcmaeon first stressed the
importance of an internal equilibrium of natural phenomena.10
Empedocles added four basic elements (water, fire, earth and air)12 and Philistion ascribed four qualities (hot, cold, dry
and moist) to these elements.10 Disease would then result from internal imbalances, which in turn could be caused by
external factors (such as excessive variation in temperature or humidity, trauma, incorrect diet or physical activity) or the
blockage of passages that conveyed the humours and elements.
Hippocrates' consolidation of these theories remained dogma throughout antiquity, although the early Alexandrians
disagreed with mainly the humoural theories.14
Aristotle believed that the brain's main function was that of cooling the body and the hot heart in particular.1 Hippocrates
stated that the spinal cord was indeed warmer than the brain,1and Galen confirmed the brain's supposed cooling function.7
Plato maintained that the brain was the body's controlling organ, and that the soul consisted of three parts – the main
or rational soul was in the brain, but the heart and upper abdomen also housed components.7
Neurological illness
Although the symptoms and signs of disease were often quite well described, ignorance about relevant pathophysiology barred the ancients from prescribing effective therapy.
Recognisable neurological illnesses included the following:
Papyri from ancient Egypt mention unilateral facial palsy which could be Bell's paralysis, unilateral headache possibly
compatible with migraine, and a variety of paralyses caused by cranio-spinal injury.3 The Hippocratic Corpus devotes a
book to epilepsy (The Sacred Disease), clearly describing variants of the disease.2 Erasistratus recognised apoplexy1 and, 800
years later, Caelius Aurelianus differentiated it from epilepsy,hysterical conditions, 'paralysis' and 'general lethargy'. The
latter two conditions clearly represented a hodge-podge of illunderstood neurological problems which, like most illnesses,
were blamed on disequilibrium within people or abnormal pneuma.16 Head wounds received prominent attention but there
was limited comment on neurological complications, although Hippocrates did describe contralateral convulsions.17 Headache
was recognised as a complex symptom associated with many diseases,18 and Hippocrates attributed mental disease to
derangement of the brain.2 In the 1st century AD, Celsus19 recognised four kinds of insanity: melancholia, progressive
'foolishness of the spirit' (possibly dementia), illusions in an otherwise healthy person, and 'phrenitis' (delirium associated
with fever). Hydrophobia (rabies), first described in Hellenistic times, was clearly defined by Caelius Aurelianus.16
François P Retief, Louise Cilliers
François Retief is former Dean of the Medical School of the University of the Free State and Rector of MEDUNSA. He has
retired as Rector of the University of the Free State, where he is currently a Research Fellow.
Louise Cilliers is Senior Professor and Head of Classical Languages at the University of the Free State, and Editor of Acta Classica.
1. Rocca J. Galen on the Brain. Leiden: Brill, 2003: 17-63, 77-188, 254-356.
2. Hippocrates. The Sacred Disease, ch 6: 17-19.
3. Nunn JF. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996: 43-93, 179.
4. Sigerist HE. A History of Medicine. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955: 353.
5. Major RH. A History of Medicine. Springfield: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1954: 31, 200-211.
6. Von Staden H. Herophilus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989: 159-206, 248, 314.
7. Clark E, O'Malley CD. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1968: 1-18, 141-150.
8. Clarke E, Dewhurst K. An Illustrated History of Brain Function. Oxford: Sandford Publishers,
1972: 2-8.
9. Hippocrates. Places in Man, 2.1-3, 3.5, 4.0, 10.2, 32.1.
10. Longrigg J. Greek Medicine from the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age. London: Duckworth, 1988: 69,
76, 86-88, 107.
11. Singer C. Galen on Anatomical Procedures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956: 234-236.
12. Nutton V. Ancient Medicine. London: Routledge, 2004: 45-55, 92-93, 121-122, 179.
13. Scarborough J. Medical and Biological Terminologies. Norman: University Oklahoma Press,
1992: 216.
14. Smith WD. Erasistratus' dietetic medicine. Bull Hist Med 1982; 56: 378-409.
15. Hippocrates. On Diseases II. p.5.
16. Caelius Aurelianus. Acute and Chronic Diseases. Drabkin IE (translator). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1950: chapters 4-137.
17. Hippocrates. Injuries of the Head, ch. 19, 21.
18. Caelius Aurelianus. Acute and Chronic Diseases. Drabkin IE (translator). Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1950: chapters 4-183.
19. Celsus. De medicina III, 18.3-19.
SOURCE http://www.samj.org.za


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Man Found Guilty For Role In Gas Station Owner's Killing
Seamus Coyle Helped Conspire To Kill William Porter
The first person to go to trial in the planned killing of a Towson gas station owner was found guilty by a jury on Monday.
Seamus Coyle is one of six people charged with planning and carrying out the killing of William Ray Porter, who was shot and killed in March at his Hess gas station in the 1600 block of Joppa Road. He died the next day at Shock Trauma.
Coyle is the nephew of Porter's wife, Karla, who has been charged with orchestrating the slaying.
A jury took less than two hours to convict Coyle on Monday of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder.
Prosecutors said that Coyle conspired with Karla Porter to have the gas station owner killed by Coyle's best friend, Walter Bishop. The state told the jury that Coyle facilitated two meetings between Bishop and Karla Porter and that he was the broker and go-between for his aunt.
"We're pleased with this outcome. It was a difficult case, but one we thought was important to put on. It was clear that this defendant was not present at the scene of the crime, but we felt he was such an important go-between with some of the other co-defendants that it was important that he also be punished and held accountable for his part in this conspiracy," said Baltimore County state's attorney Scott Shellenberger.
Court charging documents said that Karla Porter lured her husband to the gas station, then called Bishop, who drove to the gas station with several others. The charging documents said that Bishop shot Porter.
Prosecutors said a series of cell phone calls between the trio in the days leading up to the killing helped prove that Coyle aided and abetted the two in killing William Porter.
"No one thought that she was really going to do it," said defense attorney Roger Harris during the trial. "(Coyle) has a lot of reasons to call his aunt and get calls from Bishop. He never denied that Bishop and Porter talked to each other or that he sometimes said that one of them wanted to reach the other on occasion. What he denies is that he was doing that with some knowledge that they were actually going to kill Ray Porter."
Karla Porter's brother, 53-year-old Calvin Lee Mowers; her sister, 51-year-old Susan Datta; and two other men were also charged with first-degree murder.
Meanwhile, Harris said he'll file a motion for a new trial.
Coyle could be sentenced to life in prison with parole.


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Sentencing delayed in 1957 baby death case
Ruby Klokow convicted of killing her infant daughter
Sentencing has been delayed for a 76-year-old Sheboygan woman convicted of killing her infant daughter more than 50 years ago.
Ruby C. Klokow was to have been sentenced Monday. But Sheboygan County authorities say her sentencing has been rescheduled for May 1 at the request of her attorney. But when Klokow is sentenced, she might not serve much time.
Klokow pleaded no contest in February to charges of second-degree murder in her daughter's 1957 death. Prosecutors agreed to recommend a sentence of 45 days in jail and 10 years of probation, citing her age and medical issues.
When the baby's death was initially investigated, Klokow told detectives the 6-month-old girl rolled off the couch and bumped her head. The death was ruled accidental, but the case was reopened when her adult son came forward with stories of horrific child abuse.
Defense attorney Kirk Obear says Klokow is remorseful about her daughter's death.


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Welcome to
Heart of Tyler is the community's only 501(c)3 non-profit group completely dedicated to the revitalization of downtown.
Our volunteer-driven organization partners with the City of Tyler, our members, business owners, property owners, community agencies and others to revitalize the downtown area. Thousands of hours of volunteer time are dedicated annually to projects such as arts development, business assistance, design projects, special events such as Festival on the Square and more.
Since the 1980s, Heart of Tyler has spearheaded projects that have now totaled to more than $100 million+ in reinvestment in downtown.
Take a look at this website to find out more about our organization and how you can help revitalize Downtown…the Heart of Tyler!


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Richard Hatch
Richard Hatch is a celebrity unlike any other celebrity I have profiled here. He became famous as the $1,000,000 grand prize winner of the first installment of the hit reality show, Survivor back in 2000. He went from parading around discussing his Survivor victory and hosting a $300k+ radio show host gig after Survivor to serving a prison sentence for tax evasion and spouting conspiracy theories to deflect criticism from himself.
Hatch was born on April 8, 1961 in Rhode Island. Hatch is an openly gay man and searched for direction for many years as a young adult. He spent five years in the United States Army, two of which were at the United States Military Academy where he studied management. However, Hatch dropped out of the Military Academy after two years. Hatch also spent some time studying Oceanography and Marine Biology at Florida Institute of Technology, and General Studies at George Mason University, and a Masters' program in Education and Counseling at Providence College in Rhode Island.
Hatch adopted a son named Christopher because his gay lover was incapable of bearing his children. However, Hatch experienced some parental difficulties and was arrested and charged with child abuse in April 2000, after his son alleged to a school official that his father had pushed his face in the ground while doing push-ups. The charges were dropped a month later after a judge ruled that Hatch's son had exaggerated the details of the incident.
Back in 2000, Hatch was working as a corporate trainer when he found out that a new reality show was auditioning contestants by asking them to send in videotapes of themselves showing off their personalities. Hatch sent in a tape and was selected to appear on the first installment of the hugely successful Survivor reality show. The first season was entitled, Survivor: Borneo.
In Survivor: Borneo, Hatch was marooned with 15 other contestants on the Borneo island in Malaysia. The 16 contestants were initially divided into tribes of 8 contestants and one contestant was voted out at the end of each episode. The contestants generally had to fend for themselves in large part and Hatch was a valuable member of his team because he was physically strong, a good swimmer and fisher, and showed leadership skills. He famously formed a secret alliance with several other of his teammates, including the crusty former Navy SEAL, Rudy Boesch.
Although Hatch was a strong contestant, he did annoy the other contestants by periodically parading around the island naked with his balls and ass hanging out for the world to see. Hatch would occasionally sit naked on logs at his tribe camp, disturbing other contestants and rendering the logs unusable and reeking of the smell of ass. About his nakedness, Hatch said, "It's funny when I hear, 'How come you're naked all the time.' I'm naked less then 1% of the time. I'd like to be naked all the time. That would be smarter in this 100 degree weather."
One of his tribe mates, Sean Kenniff, assumed that Hatch was walking around naked because he wanted to hook up with some of the other male contestants or possibly even the camera crew. Kenniff said, "If there's any horny gay men out there that want a horny guy in return, I know one."
Hatch celebrated his 39th birthday while on the island by stripping naked. Hatch said, "I'm 39 today and I had intended for quite a long time to celebrate my birthday naked."
Another tribe mate, Jenna Lewis, said, "It felt awkward sitting next to a naked gay man. If he had something to cover the butt crack area, I'd be cool with that."
Rudy Boesch said, "When I go home, if my wife asks me, 'Who was with you," I'll say the queer who ran around bare-ass half the time." Despite his disapproval of Hatch's homosexual lifestyle and nakedness on the island, Hatch said, "Me and Richard got to be pretty good friends; not in a homosexual way, that's for sure."
Hatch's secret alliance proved to be successful as he was one of the last two contestants on the show. Hatch eventually won the $1 million grand prize in a close vote over the second place contestant, Kelly Wiglesworth.
Survivor: Borea aired for 13 weeks between the end of May and August 2000 and proved to be a tremendous success. The finale of Survivor was reported watched by 51.7 million viewers, making it the second-highest viewership of any American television episode during the first decade of the 21st century, exceeded only by the finale of Friends.
The success of Survivor: Borneo made Hatch a big star in 2000 and he was showered with offers. Hatch accepted an offer to co-host "Wilde Show," a Boston morning radio show for a salary of over $320k. Hatch also wrote the motivation book, "101 Survival Secrets: How to Win $1,000,000, Lose 100 Pounds, and Just Plain Live Happily" that was published in October 2000.
Hatch was having the time of his life as a big star during the early years of this decade. He even appeared on the Australian version of the popular game show, "Who Wants to be a Millionaire," where he famously answered the $500 question incorrectly and left with no prize money.
However, Hatch's massive ego and hubris eventually led him astray as Hatch thought that he was invincible. Hatch never paid any taxes on the Survivor grand prize or the $320k+ that he received from his radio co-host gig. The IRS eventually came after he for unpaid taxes in 2005, and stated Hatch would be charged with filing a false tax return. Hatch initially agreed to plea guilty in exchange for a lenient sentence. However, Hatch withdrew from the arrangement, claiming that CBS had arranged to pay his taxes before awarding him prize money back in 2000.
Hatch's withdrawal from the plea agreement apparently pissed off the IRS, as they aggressively pursed their case against him. Hatch was indicted in 10-count indictment for failing to report income from Survivor and his radio show, as well as additional charges that he failed to report rental income from properties he owned, failed to declare an automobile he won on Survivor, used money as personal income that was paid to a charity organization he had set up, and submitted false tax statements.
A jury found Hatch guilty of tax evasion, although he was acquitted of seven bank, mail and wire fraud charges. On May 16, 2006 Hatch was sentenced to 51 months in prison, plus three years of supervised release after serving his sentence and began serving his sentence immediately. I wonder whether Hatch walked around naked throughout the prison like he did on Survivor. If so, one has to wonder whether his sphincter "survived" his prison sentence. Hatch served nearly a full 3 years in prison until being released on Thursday, May 14, 2009 to serve a period of home confinement.
On August 18, 2009, he was re-arrested and taken into federal custody for granting two supposedly unauthorized interviews with Access Hollywood and Rhode Island NBC affiliate WJAR. During the interviews, Hatch mentioned that he was broke and bitter about his predicament. Prisoners under house arrest are required to get permission from the federal Bureau of Prisons before any media contact. Hatch remained in prison until October 16, 2009 when he was released.
Notwithstanding the various felonies that Hatch committed, he maintains that he was prosecuted for committing his various felonies because "he is gay."
Richard Hatch rose from obscurity to be one of the most discussed celebrities in 2000 trough his cunning strategies that he implemented in his appearance on the smash hit Survivor: Borneo. However, Hatch quickly lost all of his money and the good will he had earned by evading taxes and then landing in prison for several years after foolishly spurning a plea agreement with the IRS. Hatch's arrogance and rapid fall from grace show that there can be no doubt that Richard Hatch is one washed-up celebrity!
*** Update - April 10, 2011 ***
Richard Hatch recently appeared on Celebrity Apprentice. Hatch made it through the fifth week before being "fired" after failing to sell artwork during a competition on the show.
Hatch was also sent back to prison for another nine months in March 2011 for tax evasion. Hatch reportedly still owes that IRS $2 million in taxes and penalties. Hatch is also being pursed by Malaysian authorities for failing to pay taxes on the $1 million he won in 2000 on Survivor. Hatch has been all but begging someone to give him the money to pay off Malaysian authorities!


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The EuroNanoForum 2013 Nanotechnology Innovation: From research to commercialisation – the bridge to Horizon2020 conference will be held in Dublin during the Irish presidency of the European Union. It will be organised by Enterprise Ireland, the government organisation responsible for the development and growth of Irish enterprises in world markets and Spinverse, a leading Finnish company that commercialises emerging technologies and creates new business by combining industrial, financial and scientific expertise with world-wide networks.
The main focus of the conference will be the commercialisation of nanotechnology, exploiting its potential for new applications, pushing it from an enabling technology through to development and on to use in end products. With Horizon2020 beginning in 2014, the conference will be used to look at how nanotechnologies will fit into the new structure within the key priority areas of Excellent Science, Industrial Leadership and Societal Challenges.
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Posted by Editor on 12/30/03
Sooke Ride Canceled!!!
Courtesy Dave McKinney
The ride from Mom's cafe in Sooke to Jordan River has been canceled. This is due to the threat of snow! (Insert scathing Westerner crack here) Elevation and tricky descents coupled with snow, ice, and wet roads make the 1/2hour drive and 3hour ride a dangerous investment. There will still be a ride that leaves from the Tillicum Mall Starbucks at 10:30 for all interested parties. Rides are continuing until the 4th of January (all leaving at 10:30 a.m. from the aforementioned Starbucks.)
There will be another training camp in Spring 2004. Hopefully, this camp will offer goodies such as training tips, athletic testing, gear and goodies, as well as a follow vehicle. Stay tuned for further developments.
Please email firstname.lastname@example.com if you need more info or if you would like to see a copy of our ride schedule.
Olympic Rules To Change for Transexuals
The IOC (International Olympic Committee) has been developing policies to address the issue of transexual (sex-change) athletes participating in the Olympics. A committee of medical experts has reportedly suggested that transexual athletes should be eligible to participate in Olympic events once a certain period of time has passed after their sex-change operation. The committee did not specify exactly how much time, saying it would depend upon the results of horomone therapy, and whether or not the effects of such therapy had worn off. The policy would cover both male-to-female and female-to-male athletes. The rules could potentially be in place for the Athens Olympics.
U.S. Cyclist Tests Positive
Adham Sbeih, a member of the Sierra Nevada-Clif Bar team tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) at the USCF Elite Track National Championships in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania on August 26, 2003. Sbeih's positive was announced by the USOC (United States Olympic Committee), along with six positives by track and field athletes. All seven athletes are disputing the findings.
|Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top


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Click on a section to learn more details about our IT Solutions.
We rely on CPU to provide our Professional Payroll Service and Network Technical Assistance. They provide professional guidance and expertise and are always courteous and responsive. Our staff counts on CPU Inc for quick and reliable solutions for our day to day operations here at Southeast Missouri Food Bank.
Southeast Missouri Food Bank
600 State Highway H, Sikeston, MO
Since Cape Endodontics' beginning in 2009, CPU has been there right along our side, thus allowing us more valuable time to serve our patients better. Their payroll and record keeping services are top notch, and the entire support team is friendly and knowledgeable. Over the last two years we have also utilized their computer technical services and find them to be of the same high standards as their other services. Together we provide excellent service to the Heartland region.
Cape Endodontics
2502 Tanner Drive, Suite 203, Cape Girardeau, MO
We have worked with CPU for two years as our payroll service. We are experts at crafting a great mattress at a great price. CPU has done the same with payroll service. We can count on their trustworthy, dependable and timely service each week. The transition was seamless. We would recommend CPU to any business, small or large.
Campbell Mattress Company
100 Minnesota Avenue, Cape Girardeau, MO
We started with CPU just this year, and WOW! All those things you dream of when you outsource, you actually get with CPU. I needed a way to complete our payroll processes without actually having to be in the office, and I also wanted to move to direct deposit. CPU is the best in the game at this, and my staff loves the online viewing, convenience of deposit, and continuous record of their paystubs. Everybody is happy…how often can you say that! MedStop One is a big fan of CPU!
MedStop One
3065 William St., Ste 209, Cape Girardeau, MO
Wiethop Truck Sales is an international heavy and medium duty truck dealership celebrating over 60 years in business in Cape Girardeau. CPU has provided payroll services for us for many of these years. I have found that CPU provides very prompt, accurate, and dependable payroll services. With the advancement of technology and the computer, we turned to CPU for help in maintaining our information systems. They have been a great help over the years, providing computer installation and maintenance along with assistance with our internet and network connections. I would not hesitate to highly recommend CPU to anyone needing these type of services. We couldn't ask for any better service!
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Here at Dutch Enterprises, we have been relying on CPU, Inc.'s computer/technical expertise for the last 5 years. Their technicians are always professional and very knowledgeable in their field. We can always count on CPU to respond in a timely manner and minimize any down time for our business during technical
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We are pleased to be associated with CPU. We needed a network server upgrade and some new workstations in order for us to keep up with the demands of the business. CPU provided the right equipment and the technical knowledge we needed to ensure a stable network environment. Also, the backup system and the firewall they installed give us peace of mind that all of our data is secure.
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We at 36 have used CPU, Inc. since we opened and will continue to use them for their payroll services. CPU has provided excellent customer service, high-quality products, and service in a professional manner.
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36 Restaurant & Bar
36. North Main Street, Cape Girardeau, MO


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"We have our own in between Halloween party."
iHalfoween [2] is the 4th episode of Season 5 and the 98th episode overall.
This episode premiered to 2.932 million viewers.[3]
Carly, Sam, and Freddie wonder why can't you celebrate Halloween more than once a year. They decide to celebrate it halfway through the year as well as creating a new holiday termed 'Halfoween' and have a party.
Once Nevel finds out, he dresses as a purple robot and gives the "iCarlys" candy, which makes their voices deeper and freaks out many people. Because of this, they angrily split up to find out who the purple robot is. Freddie successfully finds Nevel in the iCarly studio. He calls Carly and informs her it was Nevel, but Nevel's bodyguards Dimitri and Ivan force Freddie into the robot costume. Nevel silences him and magnetically seals on the head so Freddie cannot take off the costume.
Meanwhile, Sam and Carly get their real voices back, and Freddie probably does too. After Freddie is sent downstairs, he is caught by Gibby and Spencer. Still silenced, Freddie is unable to tell his friends that it is him in the costume, not Nevel. Subsequently, he is suspended and lowered twenty times in Spencer's new game, Jerk Basket, everyone thinking that it is Nevel being punished.
After Carly and Sam feel they have their revenge, they realize Nevel was right behind them, happily watching Freddie get jerked. Nevel unlocks Freddie's robot head and they find an angry Freddie. Nevel finally feels he has had his revenge for the"iCarlys" not raising his popularity (as in not helping him again after yelling at the man in the wheelchair in iPity The Nevel). Carly pretends she feels sorry and lets Nevel stay at the party so Nevel tells Demetri and E-von that they may leave, but after they have left Carly makes Sam "dangle" him above Spencer's Jerk Basket. They finally let him fall, and he collapses into a huge pile of toys and such. All the partygoers clap and cheer as Nevel is then suspended and dropped once more.
- Reed Alexander guest stars as Nevel.[4]
- BooG!e makes an appearance as T-Bo.
- This is the second episode relating to Halloween, the first being iScream On Halloween. But, this one is a celebration halfway to Halloween, while iScream On Halloween was a celebration for Halloween itself.
- The reason why it's called iHalfoween is because it is celebrated at the halfway point between the previous Halloween and the future Halloween so Halfoween.
- Ironically, Halloween is the one holiday that is widely celebrated in America that does not actually have a "halfway" point around the year because April 31st does not exist.
- Miranda confirmed her costume as tuna sushi in this tweet: "Had fun today in my crazy tuna sushi Halloween costume!"[5]
- Lauren Day plays a character named Maddie[6]
- Nickelodeon is celebrating Half-o-ween by airing Halloween episodes/movies before the new iCarly.
- Nevel mentions that his popularity was gone after the video of the man that accidentally hurt him and ruined his loafers. This is a reference to iPity The Nevel.
- How to Rock also aired a Halloween-themed episode the same night this episode aired called How to Rock: Halloween. Also, Bucket and Skinner's Epic Adventures did too, with, "Epic Haunting."
- When Nevel enters as the purple robot, you can hear Carly in the background calling a girl named Lisa. This is a reference to Dan Schnieder's wife Lisa.
- This is the second time somebody is dressed up like Lewbert, the first was in iHurt Lewbert, when Spencer filled in for him.
- Running Gags: Gibby sleeping all the time and eating chicken wings; Spencer saying "Papperman?" after each mention of Nevel's name.
- There was a reference to Star Wars when Sam says, "Luke, I am your father." after eating Nevel's altered candy.
- It should be noted that the line, although commonly quoted that way, isn't correct. The actual phrase from The Empire Strikes Back is "No, I am your father."
- This episode marks the last appearance of Nevel.
- Also, a reference to Iron Man was made when Gibby dressed up as "Aluminium Man".
- The sushi Toro is mentioned as 'Fatty Tuna' same as in Victorious when Sikowitz calls Tori, 'Toro'.
- T-Bo says aliens creep him out, but in Carly's blog T-Bo Weirdness, it was said he loves aliens and wants to be abducted one day.
- It would be impossible to make candy that can change your voice unless Nevel found a website that can do that.
- When Freddie, Sam, and Carly are talking about the "Halfoween" party, a staff member serves their drinks. However, Carly didn't order anything.
Carly: Who says Halloween can only come once a year?
Sam: The Lords of Holidays?
Carly: Seriously, how long until October 31st?
Freddie: [checks his phone] About six months.
Carly: Perfect! We're right at the halfway point.
Sam: What are you thinkin' here?
Carly: We have our own in between Halloween party. Next Saturday.
Sam: We can call it 'Halfoween!'
Freddie: Wait-w-w-w-w-wait. Can't we get in trouble for this?
Carly: For what?
Freddie: Making up our own holiday and calling it 'Halfoween'?
Sam: What, are you afraid we're gonna get busted by the ween police?
Freddie: A little! [sips his smoothie]
Carly: [talking to a pair of shoes on the webshow] I'm sorry shoes I mean, we had a lot of fun together but, I need to move on.[strokes the shoes] It's not shoe, it's me. And don't worry you'll meet other feet. And oh, no matter what you hear, I'm not doing this because I'm about to date some newer, younger, hotter shoes. [Goes to another pair of shoes and air kisses them].
Sam: [Jumps into shot] And that's how you break up with your old shoes.
Freddie: [turns the camera to himself] All shoes for this iCarly webcast were provided by Shoe Shoe Shudio. A divisional of Tub Chemical.
Freddie: [turns the camera to him again] Halfoween is a new holiday invented by us here at iCarly as a way of celebrating Halloween at the halfway point between the previous Halloween, and the future Halloween.
Sam: [sneaks up behind him] Any reproduction of Halfoween without written consents from iCarly Enterprises will result in the arrest and beating of your mother and or cat.
Freddie [imitating Lewbert, in his Lewbert costume] Happy Halfoween! BLEEHHHHH!
Freddie: Do the thing you did!
Sam: Yeah, yeah, yeah, do it!
Guy dressed as Freddie: In five, four, three, two...
Girl dressed as Sam: I'm Sam!
Large guy dressed as Carly: And I'm Carly!
Carly: No you're not!
Sam: [Deep voice] Luke, I am your father!
Carly: [Deep voice] Stop playing around!
Sam:[Deep voice] Why you so uptiiiiiiiiight?
Carly: [deep voice] Ahhhhh! [picks up pillow] You got wing sauce on my pillow!
Gibby: Relax, this is just a dream.
Carly: [frustrated] Ahhhhhhhhhhh!
Freddie: Who are you?
Nevel: An old friend ... who will now dramatically remove his robot head. [takes the head of his costume off ]
Nevel: Demetri, E-von! Help Mr.Benson out of his clothes
Freddie: What! [looks at Demetri and E-von] No, nooo! I have a wart! I...
Nevel: No one can hear you scream in a purple robot costume.
[Freddie tries to take the head off]
Nevel: You can't take the head off. It's magnetically sealed.
[Boy looks at Sam weirdly]
Sam: [in the deep voice] Don't be afraid... I just want to eat you!
[Boy runs away screaming]
Nevel: [yells angrily, dangling over a giant laundry basket] Get me down from here right now!
Carly: [smiling, looking to Spencer] You heard him.
Freddie: Going down!
Spencer: [pulls rope]
Nevel: [shrieks and falls into giant laundry basket]
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Aceh: Nationalism verse Separatism
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Joined: 15 May 2005
Location: Indonesia
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Posted: 15 May 2005 at 1:32am
The conflict between Indonesia gov n GAM (Hasan Tiro's separatism organization) is still going on...
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Country Perspectives
One day, in September 1953, Teungku Muhammad Daud Beureuh chose to take a rebellious position against the Republic of Indonesia. The consideration that based this decision was probably a feeling of hurt and betrayal of the people of Aceh by the Unitary State of the Indonesian Republic. The decision to proclaim an Islamic State/Moslem Indonesian Troops was a behavior that emerged from feelings that Aceh has been betrayed in a very painful way. On the other hand, Prime Minister Ali Sastramidjaja subjectively saw that it was precisely Aceh and Beureuh who rebelled and betrayed the Indonesian Republic.
It is interesting to re-scrutinize the expressions of the people of Aceh at that time, as noted by Van Dijk in his book about the Islamic State, which portrays that whilst they truly do not want to separate themselves from their brothers, they can�t accept being treated as a stepchild in a house named the Republic of Indonesia.
This was clearly defined when Teungku Beureuh answered questions related to the causes of their revolt, as excerpted by AH Geulanggang, that the disarray of the law in effect at that time was what caused the revolt. At that time Beureuh advised the Republic�s leaders to not use force but to cope with the main problem and improve the foundations of their country.
This is what also caused the DI/TII movement to demand from the government of the Indonesian Republic, as formulated in the Batee Kureng charter, that Aceh be given self-autonomy, except in matters of foreign policy, defense and economy.
Discussions on the differences of these opinions have never been completed, although an accord in 1962 was reached to end the revolts in Aceh. The government issued amnesty, abolition and rehabilitation to all adherents of Teungku Beureuh and reinstalled its leaders to their original status, as was before they joined the DI/TII movement.
Implicitly, the adherents of the DI/TII members feel that they have reobtained their rights as citizens and that they are innocent. Yet, what the government did next was to always give DI/TII members special treatment and their roles in politics and the government always experienced difficulties. They seemed to have always been purposely set aside in their political roles.
Twenty years later on December 4, 1976, Hasan Tiro � who is a loyally adherent toward Teungku Beureuh and who spent almost 30 years of his life in the US � proclaimed the Independent Aceh state. What based Hasan Tiro�s and friend�s actions, according to their confessions, were instigated by two things. First, that Aceh is considered an area that is still churning as a continuation of the late Aceh is considered an area that is still churning as a continuation of the late Aceh kingdom and that never surrendered sovereignty towards the Dutch until 1942 when the Japanese invaded it.
Hence, Aceh as a matter of fact can not be included as part of the former Dutch territories when the Unitary State of the Indonesian Republic formed itself based on it. According to this train of thought, Aceh has the right to return its governance towards a monarchy and that the government be held by the descendents of the former Aceh leaders.
Historically, Teuku Tjik Di Tiro Muhammad Saman was the one who received the mandate (Sikureueng seal) from the last sultan of Aceh, Muhammad Daud, before he, representing himself, surrendered and was in the end exiled to Ambon and then sent back to Batavia where he passed away. Hasan Tiro is Syeh Saman�s grandson and feels very entitled towards the position of leading the kingdom of Aceh.
Hasan Tiro was then made to cancel his intention to continue Aceh�s monarchy possibly due to an agreement between Aceh�s ulamas � consisting of Teungku Ahmad Hasballah Indrapuri, Teungku H. Hasan Kruenkale, Teungku Jakfar Lam Jabat and Muhammad Daud Beureuh � who chose to stay within the Unitary State of the Indonesian Republic and disregarding the urging of Mansur Ph.D. who resides in East Sumatera, to establish an independent state.
Yet, Hasan Tiro found a different reality once he returned to Aceh from exile in 1976 that could be thought of as the second factor to Hasan�s movement to proclaim an Independent Aceh which was the economic, political, social, cultural and national development situation that was assumed it was not sustaining the hopes of the people of Aceh and made them severely suffer. Hasan�s disappointment towards this reality galvanized his intentions to separate from the central government�s hegemony and proclaim the Independent Aceh state on December 4, 1976.
So, there was in fact two basic reasons as to why the Independent Aceh movement began, namely historical legitimacy and social-economic realities that made the people of Aceh severely suffer. These are the subjective views of the Independent Aceh�s party.
Had the Indonesian Republic not approached this matter with violent response and bullets, but by empathetically opening discussions, the feelings, views and restlessness of Aceh and Hasan Tiro�s party could have been proportionately negotiated within the constitutional limits that could have yielded tolerable political compromises.
It is regrettable that Soeharto�s government along with his political advisors chose weapons as a means towards settlement. This decision, to this, caused more disarray to the problem of Aceh.
The question now is whether Ache still has the potential and opportunity to reconcoct the potentiality of nationhood that was in near disarray into an organization called the Unitary State of the Indonesian Republic or has all the opportunities toward that end have all been closed?
Emotionally, the answer may be easy to guess, because what has emerged and flourished within the people of Aceh is a new format derived from the causes that instigated Tuengku Beureuh to revolt against the Republic then, in December 1953. The social-political and security realities in Aceh for the last ten years were what caused its people to galvanize its choice to confirm its friendship towards the Indonesian Republic as in two neighboring countries. Aceh is inclined to be the eleventh member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) rather than being an object of various forms of discrimination and violence by people who confess the same nationality.
This choice is easily understood since the people of Aceh no longer feel that the Indonesian National Army (TNI) � its own flesh and blood � can no longer exhibit hospitable attitudes towards them. They assumed this choice as being blessed by the Habibie administrations whose deeds were at odds with what he had promised on March 28, 1999 that gave them a bit of hope.
So what�s next?
My opinion is that the Aceh is problem be resolved by means that do not rely on bullets and authority. Let more civil ways resolve existing differences of perceptions and opinions. This condition is important to restore this problem within a framework of nationalism and that Aceh be given an equal place as part of a country that is built on mutual consensus. Aceh can not be positioned as a conquered area and a region that is always set aside � especially by its brothers in Java � either economically, politically, socially, governmentally and so forth. This condition will reopen an opportunity for a new consciousness to emerge where the people would in fact choose to unite under a choice that offers security, tranquility, orderliness, prosperity and equality towards gaining the best opportunities for their livelihood. if by choosing to live with one means that one will be placed as master of authority whilst the other as slave or a party that is continuously controlled, then truly by no means can this association be justified.
The problem lies on how the Habiebie administration actually deals with this situation clear � mindedly which will then have to be implemented in actual steps to exhibit confidence to the people of Aceh that they are still considered a part of the nation. This action has to be understood and believed by its people as work done whole heartedly and not just a momentary political consumption for certain hidden interests. But unfortunately, the problem has already protracted into a far wider degree, in which any symbol or representation of the government of the Indonesian Republic is seen as manifestation of tyranny, hostility and degradation towards the existence and dignity of the people of Aceh. This is what bases most of the peoples assumption to quickly obtain an opportunity, to decide its own fate through a referendum mechanism.
Problems never handled to completion should be taken up again, including the essence of Aceh�s dissatisfaction, which up to this time has based many resistance movements. This means Jakarta is being asked for its willingness to begin political talks involving components of the community along with the conflicting parties in a negotiating forum that guarantees freedom of speech. The consequence is that any result of these discussions and talks binds the people involved. Hence, the representatives of the participants involved in the discussions and talks should actually be of the existing groups of society in reality.
I see no other way but to quickly complete talks regarding differing perceptions and opinions at this moment. If not, it might be possible that the price we have to pay for the delay and reluctance to enter negotiations will be too expensive; we might even put our country�s existence and integration on the line. This may be the core problem that has to be faced and completely dealt with to end the continuing polemic between separatism and nationalism now shaping the history of the Indonesian nation.
I am convinced that room for this can still be created only if each party is willing to leave some wishes and desires towards a permanent and complete resolution. We still might evade disaster.
Edited by semar
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How to use your tyre mobility kit
Remembering to keep on top of regular checks with your Volkswagen can be difficult at times, especially when you have so many things to think about. Here at Volkswagen, we have created these short videos to help show you how quick and easy it can be.
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School must be back in session. Stories about students violating dress codes are in the news.
This week, a 5-year-old Oklahoma boy was asked to turn his University of Michigan T-shirt inside-out at school because it featured an emblem for an out-of-state school.
The dress code at Wilson Elementary in Oklahoma City forbids "clothing bearing the names or emblems of all professional and collegiate athletic teams" except for Oklahoma colleges and universities, according to the NY Daily News. The guidelines were created because some sports logos are supposedly associated with gangs.
School dress codes are nothing new. Many people probably remember those more conservative days when boys weren't allowed to march through the school doors in blue jeans and girls were forbidden from wearing pants. (And yes, they even wore skirts on snowy days and walked 10 miles uphill, both ways, to get to school…)
To keep up with the more relaxed, casual clothing trends, dress codes have evolved over the years. School administrators are no longer concerned about whether pants are pressed. They just want boys wearing their trousers around their waists, not their ankles. T-shirts were once forbidden, but now they're daily attire—although most schools have rules addressing inappropriate logos. For example, a teen at a high school in New York was asked to not wear a T-shirt featuring a giant mug of frothy beer.
Sometimes schools make news headlines for their unusual, outrageous or downright hilarious dress codes, and sometimes the students breaking these rules get media attention. Above, we've put together a list of the 10 most talked-about dress code controversies. Are these rules outrageous or reasonable?


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The Jazz Arts Collective, Mainstream and Contemporary Ensembles will perform their final concert of the season at the New Holland Brewing Company on Tuesday April 20th at 7:30.
The Jazz Arts Collective is the premier large jazz ensemble at Hope College. Directed by Director of Jazz Studies, Dr. Brian Coyle, the Collective places a creative focus on ensemble communication and improvisation. Comprised of a rhythm section and flexible wind instrumentation, this select group performs compositions and arrangements from across the full spectrum of music. The Collective's repertoire ranges from the great historical jazz composers such as Duke Ellington and Charles Mingus, to works by modern jazz masters like Vince Mendoza, Jim McNeely and John Hollenbeck. The group also frequently performs commissions, works by emerging young composers, and originals by Hope College faculty and students. The ensemble also collectively reinterprets and re-imagines the music from the twentieth century classical repertoire.
The Mainstream and Contemporary Ensembles are the top performing combos at Hope College. Both ensembles have several recordings to their name and have toured both nationally and internationally.
The Mainstream Ensemble under the direction of Dr. Robert Hodson will be touring and performing in Japan this coming July.


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An Anthem debit card gives you access to your funds at Anthem and non-Anthem ATM's. Best of all, Anthem will reimburse you for ATM fees you incur, up to 3 per statement period.
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Three churches are for sale as one new congregation looks for a new home
EASTON – Sandy and Edward Rollo live right around the corner from St. Mark's Episcopal Church.
Their two children were confirmed there. Sandy has been worshipping at St. Mark's since 1976.
But the final worship service at the graceful old church with simple stained glass windows was May 11. It is now for sale.
St. John's of Taunton and St. John the Evangelist of Mansfield are also being sold. All three Bristol County Episcopal churches are merging into one – the Bristol Trinity Episcopal Church. It's also known as the Bristol Cluster. That's because the three churches have been in a "cluster" relationship – sharing sermons and space since the early 1990s.
The new congregation is leasing space from the Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in North Easton.
"I'm going to the first service on June 15," said Sandy Rollo.
There are about 70 members combined from all three churches who attend Sunday services. Since October, the members have been rotating between the three church buildings for weekly services.
Fewer congregants and aging churches led to the merger process.
"It will be better for all of us," Rollo said. "Now we can put our faith to good use instead of worrying about where our next dollar is coming from."
Money has not been the only worry for the Rev. Jan Walden, the missioner for the Bristol Cluster.
"My primary goal is to look outward and help the community," Walden said.
Projects such as food drives, care packages to U.S. troops and backpacks for school kids are outreach programs all three church groups have taken part in.
"I hope not to be focused on counting nickels and noses," said Walden.
The Episcopal Diocese will oversee the sale of all three churches Walden said. The monies from the sales will be going back to the Bristol Cluster, she said. For now, they plan to rent space in the Lutheran church for the next three years.
Closing the other churches has been an emotional journey for the parishioners.
"There are second and third generations of families that won't see their kids married or baptized in the churches they were," Walden said.
She recently told some members their memories are not in a building, they are inside themselves.
"I told them to gather up their memories because we are 're-homing,'" said Walden.
The Bristol Trinity Episcopal Church will initially be worshiping in the chapel of the Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. The new church offers features that are needed, Walden said, including being fully accessible and offering lots of space.
"We are taking a new step in a bold way and it's exciting."


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Publication Archive
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cepStudy: Comprehensive examination of EU policy proposals affecting the economy.
The Commission wants to introduce a EU-wide reporting obligation for securities financing transactions, tighten rules on the rehypothecation of securities and extend the information requirements for investment funds.
The Commission wants to harmonise the protection of trade secrets in the Member States. The proposed Directive contains, in particular, standard definitions of trade secrets and of their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure as well as possibilities for obtaining redress for any infringement.
The European Commission wants incentives for demand-side flexibility in electricity markets ("demand response") to be increased thereby contributing to network stability. For this purpose, electricity consumers will be increasingly offered variable real-time electricity tariffs. The Commission also points out, in connection with demand response, the required investment in network infrastructure and consumer concerns about data protection.
The European Commission is proposing national ceilings on the emission of certain air pollutants for the period from 2020 and from 2030 and is extending these to other pollutants. The Member States must set up national "air pollution control programmes". These have to contain details of the proposed measures to reduce air pollutants. Intermediate emission levels to be achieved by 2025 will also be introduced.
The Commission wants to hold an open debate on the possibilities of mobile health and, in particular, to establish whether and what problems exist in relation to extending the sector. It calls on the public to answer a list of 23 questions.
The European Commission identifies in a report the developments and problems of road haulage in general and the cabotage rules in particular. Cabotage refers to domestic commercial haulage operations carried out by a haulier established in another Member State. Cabotage is only allowed in the EU as an exception. According to the European Commission the cabotage provisions raise problems because they limit hauliers in increasing their efficiency, they restrict the markets accessible to hauliers and they cause empty runs. Therefore the Commission calls for relaxing the cabotage provisions.
In the EU, operators of fixed installations and aviation companies are only allowed to emit greenhouse gases where they have emission rights. The fall in the price of emission allowances results, in the Commission's view, from an "imbalance between supply and demand". It wants to remove this imbalance by introducing a "market stability reserve". Depending on market conditions, stabilisation of the allowance market will be achieved either by removing allowances from the market and placing them in the reserve, or by releasing them from the reserve and channelling them into the market.