text:
The Forex world is constantly evolving and during its weekly trading hours there is a wealth of news a trader must keep on top of if they want to make the most money possible. Indeed, because the market can be affected by a number of dynamics, it is essential they know exactly what's happening at all times in order to avoid any unprofitable deals.
For example, let's assume the US Dollar is trading well against the Great British Pound during the first half of the week. This would be a good time to invest some money and reap the benefits of a positive market condition. However, by Wednesday a series of negative news stories emerge from the UK and affect the country's economic performance. These dynamics then adversely affects how well the two currencies are trading. At this point it's important to know what's just happened because it will influence whether or not someone should cease trading this currency pair for a while or continue.
Knowing the value of each currency based on various internal and external factors is crucial and the reason why FXBrokerSearch.com's Forex news centre is a vital resource. Drawing on a number of resources, our information section provides the latest information and data from which users can refine their trading activity.
Beyond shifts in the currency market itself, FXBrokerSearch.com's new section has been designed to give traders an insight into the best offers and promotions. By monitoring each of our 200+ Forex brokers we're able to quickly tell users about the latest updates and bonuses.
By compiling all this current data into one portal we believe investors will be able to make even more money in the Forex market. Indeed, thanks to our dedicated team of analysts and experts, users can find out the latest market developments as well as the best deals in the industry. Putting all this together should help everyone gain a better understanding of the market, which in turn should give them the ability to make even more money.
District Judge Charles Breyer asked whether HP officials, including Chief Executive Meg Whitman, were getting too broad of a pass from potential shareholder claims related to ..
John Stoltzfus, Oppenheimer, sees plenty of investment opportunities in Europe, but Robert Luna, Surevest Wealth Management, thinks the U.S. is the better bet. ..
Bill Gross, who built Pimco into a $2 trillion asset manager and became one of the world's best-known bond investors, quit the firm he co-founded on Friday after his flag ..
The CEO of biotech firm United Therapeutics discusses the outlook for biotech and need for public-private partnerships. ..
The USPS is seeking approval from the Postal Regulatory Commission to deliver fresh groceries to private residences. The Postal Service submitted a proposal for a two-year tes ..
Wendy's shares are down 6 percent on the year and have underperformed both the broader market and competitors. Will its newest innovation move the needle? ..
Data showing the U.S. economy grew at its fastest pace in more than two years in the second quarter boosted the dollar and U.S. stocks on Friday while news that high-profile i ..
Asian shares came under heavy pressure on the heels of a broad selloff on Wall Street. ..
Activist investor Starboard Value LP said on Friday it has acquired a significant stake in Yahoo Inc (YHOO.O) and urged the struggling Internet company to cut costs, monetize ..
A faster pace of business spending and sturdier export growth than previously estimated were the two main factors behind the upward revision to U.S. Consumer spending growth w ..
Risk Disclosure: fxBrokerSearch.com will not be held liable for any financial loss or damage caused by users acting upon any information contained within this website, not limited to and including: all numerical data, quotes, charts and buy/sell signals. Moreover, please be advised that Forex trading is one of the most volatile investment forms in the world and all trades should be placed with full consideration of the risks and costs.
fxBrokerSearch.com does not support nor encourage the execution of any investments. Trading with a margin is high risk endeavour and not suitable for everyone, therefore, each investor should carefully consider all relevant trading conditions, such as experience, risk and cost, before taking part in any type of trading, including Forex.
While every effort has been made to ensure all our data is as accurate as possible, fxBrokerSearch.com cannot be held responsible for any prices that are not in line with real-time data. Indeed, the currency exchange market is constantly changing and all CFDs (stocks, indexes, futures) and Forex prices are set by market makers.
This means advertised prices may not be accurate and could differ from the actual market conditions. For this reason it is not appropriate to rely on any data presented by fxBrokerSearch.com for the purposes of trading.
Based on these conditions, fxBrokerSearch.com will not be held responsible for any losses incurred through trades conducted in light of data presented on this site.


text:
The advancement in video on DSLR's, as well as on mirrorless cameras is making amazing breakthroughs, we might actually soon be shooting our stills from a video recording. i.e. a real world example is shooting a wedding. Could we be shooting the wedding as a video, then taking the exact shot that will make the bride extremely happy, and having the ability to never missing "that shot". This could also be applied to forms of photography as well, when getting the perfect shot can be so challenging.
The emergence of 4K footage has the basis for doing exactly this! or is it ?
I had a chance to work with the Canon 1DC a few weeks and, courtesy of Mr Anton Nelson (@AntonNelson) took the following footage of this bird.
The video above has been slowed down by 4 times and repeated so that you are able to see the action, when played you will see that the bird blinks, something that would be impossible to capture using normal techniques, even with a high speed shutter, or is not guaranteed. Let us look at taking a frame out of the 4K footage out of the tools that we know.
The .MOV file is just opened up into Photoshop, just the same as a regular file
As the bird wasn't moving, it will be simple to extract this frame from the sequence. Make sure the the play head (the red bar) on the timeline, is parked over the part that you are wanting to extract. Make sure that you have the exact frame, use the zoom in/out controls (marked Red below) to do this. You can now see the individual frames (marked Yellow below), (you can also split the clip at either side of the play head as well, then delete the pieces that are not required)
Next we need to mark the start frame point and the out frame point. Once the play head is in the correct place, then right click on the top blue handle and a fly out menu (marked Red below) should appear. Select "Set start of work area".
Move the play head forward by one frame and do the same, by selecting the "Set end of work area" (marked Red below).
Now that we have the one frame selected, we are able to extract it from the clip.
To extract the frame from the sequence, select from the menu tool bar, File / Export / Render Video. The following dialog box will be displayed. Notice that the initial selection will be for a video. However, we want to extract a JPG file. Open the combo box that currently says "Adobe Media Encoder" and select "Photoshop Image Sequence".
This option will change the dialog box and enable the selection of images. Select format "JPG" and click on the settings to select the quality required (also change the name of the output). Notice the document size is 4K (i.e. 4096 pixels) and the work area (both from and to) is a single frame number (hopefully the one that was selected previously). Click on the Render button to create the JPG file.
See below the actual image that has been extracted from the movie file.
You are also able to use Lightroom for the extraction of a frame from a DSLR or AVCHD file
Just import the .MOV file into Lightroom (4 or 5) and open in the Library module (videos are not allowed in the Development module), locate the frame and choose "Capture Frame" (marked Red below). Lightroom will create the frame for you, you just need to export it.
So I hope you can see that there is a very useful side to the new 4K footage that we are starting to see output from these types of cameras.
There are a couple of technical challenges that i would like to point out. Most of the time when we are shooting video on the DSLR it will be a 1/50 second (twice 25fps), therefore you are shooting on a slow shutter speed. This helps with the fluid motion of video and creates a dreamy look to your film. This isn't good for stills, it means that you will most likely create blurry shots, depending on what you are shooting. So what is it good for, well many things, but to be honest to get sharp images out, then i would stay with things are are not moving (also verified by Mr Timothy Allen and Mr Anton Nelson has has tried this for real!).
So there you go, it's a very viable option depending on what you are shooting and trying to capture. Have fun with that and why not try it for your self.
I want to shout out to Anton for supporting me and inspiration on crating this blog post, Anton is an experienced film maker and works with clients such as Paul Oakenfold, Ørjan Nilsen, Armada music.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
La-Z-Boy Announces Fiscal 2013 First-Quarter Conference Call
Aug 09, 2012, 04:15 ET
MONROE, Mich., Aug. 9, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- La-Z-Boy Incorporated (NYSE: LZB) will report its fiscal 2013 first-quarter operating results after the close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange on Tuesday, August 21, 2012, and will hold its quarterly investor conference call at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time the following day, Wednesday, August 22, 2012.
The dial-in phone number for the live conference call will be (877) 407-0778 for persons calling from within the U.S. or Canada, and the number for international callers will be (201) 689-8565. The call will also be webcast live and archived on the Internet, and will be available at http://investors.la-z-boy.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=92596&p=irol-calendar. A telephone replay will be available for a week following the call. This replay will be accessible to callers from the U.S. and Canada at (877) 660-6853 and to international callers at (201) 612-7415. Enter account #286 with Conference ID #398488.
Additional Information
This news release is just one part of La-Z-Boy's financial disclosures and should be read in conjunction with other information filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is available at: http://investors.la-z-boy.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=92596&p=irol-sec. Investors and others wishing to be notified of future La-Z-Boy news releases, SEC filings and quarterly investor conference calls may sign up at: http://investors.la-z-boy.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=92596&p=irol-alerts&t=&id=&.
Background Information
La-Z-Boy Incorporated is one of the world's leading residential furniture producers, marketing furniture for every room of the home. The company has three reportable operating segments: upholstery; casegoods; and retail. The La-Z-Boy Upholstery Group companies are Bauhaus, England and La-Z-Boy. The operating units in the Casegoods Group consist of two groups, one including American Drew, Lea and Hammary, and the second being Kincaid. The company-owned retail segment includes 85 of the 312 La-Z-Boy Furniture Galleries® stores.
The corporation's proprietary distribution network is dedicated to selling La-Z-Boy Incorporated products and brands, and includes 312 stand-alone La-Z-Boy Furniture Galleries® stores and 553 independent Comfort Studios®, in addition to in-store gallery programs for the company's Kincaid, England and Lea operating units. Additional information is available at http://www.la-z-boy.com/.
Contact: Kathy Liebmann 734-241-2438 [email protected]
SOURCE La-Z-Boy Incorporated


text:
Titles About "Others", Page: 2/124
Pictures from Internet About "Others"
Some "Others" pictures randomly collected from internet, have been added to make the entire page aesthetically richer. All of these pictures may not be related to our site.
Let us help you to deliver your inquiry about the topic of Others to the supplier(s) quickly.


text:
x weeks on, y weeks off?
Describe your average homeschool day and give new homeschoolers an idea of what to expect!
Moderators: Theodore, elliemaejune
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
- User
- Posts: 5
- Joined: Tue Jul 23, 2013 2:12 pm
x weeks on, y weeks off?
if you do year round learning with x weeks on and y weeks off, what are your x and y? TIA!
Approximately 12-13 weeks on, 4 weeks off. I never counted it in weeks. I always say that it's 3 months on and a month off, but it varies more than that. We take December off but we don't ever do any formal lessons after Thanksgiving until after New Year's. We take August off, but we stop when we've met the state requirement for days per year sometime in July and we never start again until after Labor Day.
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
Return to "A Day at Our House"
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 0 guests


text:
When owner Audrey Jones started Jones Grill in July, she had no idea what waited for her in the bushes.
�I happened to look behind the restaurant and saw a wild, pregnant cat,� she said. �Next thing you know, she has babies and we�ve got cats all over the place.�
Jones says there are up to seven or eight feral cats that come together in the shrubbery around the building on U.S. 70. Jones and staff workers will occasionally leave plates of food for the felines, but the interaction has turned into a bigger issue.
�They�re getting friendlier and getting closer to the highway,� Jones said. �I don�t want them to get run over.�
Don�s Barber and Style Shop � which sits next to Jones Grill � has dealt with some of the stray cats. One of the barbers, Ritchie Riley, said he�s seen three or four around the shop.
�You never know what could happen and you definitely can�t have trash around,� Riley said. �They will get in there easily.�
The barbershop�s owner, Donald Creech, says someone needs to pick them up.
�They probably need to get rid of them,� Creech said. �They can get around peoples� cars and I�m scared one could get in someone�s motor.�
Lenoir County SPCA board member Susan Picard said the shelter has problems taking in some of the cats. Although some feral felines can be friendly, quite a few are the opposite way.
�We can�t keep them with all of the adoptables if they become unsociable and aggressive,� Picard said. �If they�re a risk to the workers, we can�t allow them to come in.�
Picard also said it can be difficult to tell whether the cat is acting wild because of its nature or because of someone trapping it.
�I have nine cats and if they were trapped, they could behave aggressively,� Picard said. �It�s a hard decision trying to determine between feral and fearful.�
Denise Hilton, the campaign manager of Alley Cat Rescue, a national organization that helps to protect and save cats, sent a message to The Free Press on Monday. It stated, �We do have a (capture and release) program. Each cat is fixed, vaccinated, dewormed, de-fleaed, ear tipped, and micro-chipped. The cost to the caretaker is $50 for males and $60 for female cats. We do not re-trap and update rabies shots.
�On occasion, if a cat becomes ill, we will update the vaccines while the cat is at the veterinarian�s office. I believe the number of cats we have fixed or saved is over 20,000.�
Jones is hoping to find people with humane solutions in ridding the cats from the area.
�I just don�t want to see them put down,� Jones said.
Junious Smith III can be reached at 252-559-1077 and email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at @JuniousSmithIII.


text:
This website is no longer being updated. Please go to GOV.SCOT
Register to receive email news alerts, daily digest, weekly roundup or Topic newsletters.
Read the comments
The National Conversation was launched in August 2007 and ran until November 2009. It invited all shades of opinion to contribute to the constitutional debate so that, ultimately, the people of Scotland can make an informed decision on their future.
There were hundreds of meetings around the country where Ministers faced questions from the public. More than 5,000 comments were sent to blogs on this website.
It culminated in a public consultation on a draft Referendum Bill which set out proposals for a referendum on extending the powers of the Scottish Parliament.
The draft Bill included proposed ballot papers for a two question referendum.
The first question asked whether the Scottish Parliament should have more devolved responsibility. The consultation paper offers two alternatives for this question.
The second question asked whether the Scottish Parliament should also have its powers extended to enable independence to be achieved.
Go to the draft Referendum Bill
Learn more about the consultation
February 2010 Draft Referendum (Scotland) Bill consultation
November 2009 White Paper - Your Scotland, Your Voice
Page updated: Wednesday, October 08, 2014


text:
Jalen Rose On How Athletes Go Broke!
"After watching the 30 for 30 film 'Broke,' Jalen Rose explains to David Jacoby how athletes that sign multi- million dollar contracts often end up without a penny. Hint for future millionaires, don't start a record company, a clothing line or loan anyone money." - Grantland.com
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


text:
|your cart is empty
In Stock
Cinco Caballeros[CD]
~ Oscar Alem n
Product Notes
Oscar Marcelo Aleman, singer, dancer, entertainer, and guitarist extraordinaire, was born in Northern Argentina on February 20, 1909. At the age of six, he was dancing and singing with his family's folk ensemble, the Moreria Sextet. By the age of ten, after his mother had died and father had comitted suicide, he found himself an orphan working sporadically as a dancer and musician on the streets of Santos. In 1924 Oscar met and began working with Brazilian guitarist Gaston Bueno Lobo. The duo was signed to the prestigious Argentine Victor label and performed under the name Los Lobos. On occasion, they would add violinist Eleven Verdure and recorded under the name Trio Victor. In the 1930's, having discovered American Jazz via Eddy Lang and Joe Venuti, Oscar moved to Paris where he was immediately hired by Josephine Baker to lead her band, the Baker Boys at the Cafe de Paris. This provided him an incredible opportunity to play regularly with American Jazz musicians who would come to see Josephine and sit in with her band. Oscar later formed his own nine-piece band which would play nightly at the Le Chantilly, just across town from where Django Reinhardt and his partner violinist Stephane Grappelli would be performing at The Hot Club of France with their Quintet. Although these two geniuses of the guitar never recorded together, they became close friends. In 1939, jazz critic Leonard Feather visited Paris. He returned to America raving about his new 'discovery' and stated, 'Aleman has more swing than any other guitarist on the continent.' Oscar relocated to Buenos Aires in the early '40s and continued to record and perform with both a swing quintet, as well as with a nine-piece orchestra. In 1972 at age 63, Oscar recorded a new album which met rave reviews and helped re-launch his career with the reissue of many of his previous recordings, along with concert dates and television appearances. He continued to teach and perform in his native Buenos Aires until his death in 1980.


text:
Press Quotes
»If there's anything that could be considered the Promised Land of Independent Cinema in Europe today, it is Oldenburg.«
- Accred - L'actualité des festivals de cinéma
»The Oldenburg Film Festival, the German Sundance, is on a good track. Indeed on a very good one, because in terms of boldness and daring it is far ahead of the competition.«
- Welt am Sonntag
»Just as impressive as the films was the festival itself, which, under the inspired direction of Torsten Neumann, combined intelligent cinephilia with a laid-back atmosphere of democratic equality.«
- Sight and Sound
»The Filmfest Oldenburg - renown for its determination, cinephilia, and openness for the extremes - impresses with its brilliant programming.«
»A Festival that has always been known for its sheer inventiveness, playfulness and an affinity for intelligent genre fare that is uncommon on the festival circuit.«
- The Hollywood Reporter
»Germany's northern town of Oldenburg hosts one of the few European festivals strong enough to focus purely on independent filmmaking.«
- 100 Essential Film Festivals - by Xavier Rashid
»Alongside Venice and Toronto, Oldenburg is considered one of the most important Autumn Festivals for Independent Cinema«
- de Telegraaf
»Oldenburg sets itself apart from the mob of mid-sized international festivals. As Oscar-winning director Volker Schloendorff put it: Oldenburg is clearly THE young German Festival.«
- The Hollywood Reporter
»The Oldenburg Film Festival gives the gift of glamour to its city, and in doing so, it has created a charisma that inspires stars to return year after year.«
- Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung


text:
FICPAYou Are Here:
Quick CPE Search
CPE Policies
Share Printer Friendly
Text Size: A A A A
COVID-19 Risk-Free Registration
In these difficult and uncertain times for everyone we've made a few adjustments to our cancellation policy. Your health and safety are our primary concern and due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding coronavirus, FICPA will not charge a cancellation fee if you decide to not attend in-person event based on concerns around your health or travel.
Seminars, Conferences, & Accounting Shows
Conference and Seminar Materials – EZMaterials
Instead of picking up paper manuals at FICPA CPE events, you'll be able to download the EZMaterials as searchable PDFs to your laptop, tablet or other device seven days before the event. Click here for frequently asked questions about FICPA EZMaterials.
Registration Volume Discount
If five to seven people from the same firm or organization register for the same event (FICPA Simulcast, Seminar, Conference or Accounting Show), each registered person is eligible for a 15% discount off the registration fee. Or, if eight or more people from the same firm or organization register for the same event (FICPA Simulcast, Seminar, Conference or Accounting Show), each registered person is eligible for a 20% discount off the registration fee. To receive the discounts, the FICPA must receive ALL registrations at one time (not one at a time). Upon registration of five to seven people or eight or more people, then the respective discounts will be applied. These discounts do not apply to nonmember fees or late fees and they may not be used in conjunction with other discounts.
Substitutions, Transfers, No Shows and Cancellations
Substitutions: A registrant may substitute another member up to the beginning of the first morning session of the presentation. If a nonmember substitutes for a member, the nonmember will be charged the applicable nonmember fee.
Transfers: A registrant may transfer his/her registration to another presentation. Registrants transferring within 5 days of the presentation date are required to pay a transfer fee of $55. If transfer is within 3 days of the event, the registrant may also be subject to the cost of food and beverage purchased as a result of registrant's commitment to attend said event.
No Shows: No refunds will be granted for cancellations on the day of and/or after the event.
FICPA reserves the right to cancel an event for unforeseen circumstances or for insufficient enrollment. If your event is canceled, we will notify you at least five days in advance of the scheduled date. You have the option to transfer your fee to another event, to keep your funds in Money on Account or to receive a full refund. Please allow 10 business days for refund processing.
American Institute of CPAs Member Discount
AICPA members in good standing are eligible for a discount of $30 off of the course fee on select courses developed by the AICPA. To receive the discount, be sure to specify that you are an AICPA member in good standing when registering for an AICPA developed course. The discount applies to all 8-hour and 16-hour courses developed by AICPA and can be applied to the actual course fee. It is not transferable to other fees or surcharges. Discount must be requested at the time of registration. This discount will not be applied after registrations are received.
Early Bird Price
The deadline for the Early Bird Price is moving from 10 days prior to an event to 30 days before the event. This change is an opportunity for the FICPA to better manage the costs associated with these events. Keeping prices low by better managing our costs allows us to keep registration costs as low as possible, so we can continue to bring you quality CPE at an affordable price.
Remember to register for CPE events 30 days prior to take advantage of the Early Bird Pricing. That is a $55 savings!
Courses may be canceled by the FICPA one week prior to the course date if they fail to meet the minimum attendance. In the event of a cancellation, you will be notified by phone and given the option of transferring to another course or receiving a full refund.
No Smoking
The FICPA is dedicated to providing a comfortable and productive learning environment for participants. This goal can be achieved through ongoing efforts to protect nonsmokers and to help participants adjust to smoking restrictions. Smoking is prohibited in all FICPA CPE programs. "Smoking permitted" areas shall include areas allowed by the facility or by Florida law outside the classrooms. In addition, no smoking is allowed within the lunch areas.
Communication Devices
To maintain a comfortable and productive learning environment for participants, unnecessary distractions within the classroom must be avoided. All disruptive communication devices are prohibited from all FICPA CPE courses.
Special Accommodations
In accordance with the American Disabilities Act (ADA), the FICPA will try to reasonably accommodate anyone disabled and in need of special services. Please indicate on the registration form if registering by mail, fax or Internet and someone from the FICPA staff will contact you. If registering by phone, please inform the Member Services representative. Special meals or other requests are handled on-site by the FICPA.
Special Notes
Most meeting rooms vary in temperature throughout the day and generally are cool as rather than warm. Dress casually and comfortably; take a jacket if you tend to chill easily.
Children younger than 16 are not permitted at FICPA CPE events.
Consent to Use Photographs
Attendance at FICPA events constitutes an agreement by the registrant for the use and distribution of the attendee's image or voice in photographs or video (both now and in the future).
OnDemand Products
Purchasers may request a refund for OnDemand products. Refunds are granted based on:
Complaint Resolution
Contact the Member Services with any complaints regarding OnDemand products. These can be sent to [email protected] or by calling (800) 342-3197.
FICPA Chapter Meetings
For FICPA Chapter Meetings, please contact your local chapter for their specific policies.
Quality Assurance Service
What is the Quality Assurance Service?
The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) has established the CPE Quality Assurance Service (QAS). QAS is a method for reviewing the standards and insuring the quality of self-study programs. Beginning July 1, 1999, the Florida Board of Accountancy required all self-study programs to be QAS approved to be eligible for CPE credit for Florida licensed CPAs.


text:
Department of Human Evolution
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
04103 Leipzig
phone: +49 (341) 3550 - 350
fax: +49 (0341) 3550 - 399
e-mail: streiber@[>>> Please remove the brackets! <<<]eva.mpg.de
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
|Date/place of birth:
|7th October 1975, Linz
Research Brief
I am a biological anthropologist with a primary research interest in palaeoanthropology. I study the evolution of developmental patterns. My aim is to understand what makes us human by comparing our own species with our closest living and fossil relatives. As fossils are usually found broken into many pieces, and only partially complete, a central topic of my work is the virtual reconstruction of fossils using computed tomographic scans. I am a specialist for fossil reconstruction, and the statistical analysis of shape — a set of methods called «geometric morphometrics».
My publications explore different aspects of ontogenetic and phylogenetic shape changes — in particular the evolution and development of the brain and the imprint it leaves in the bony braincase. Alteration of endocranial shape in the hominin lineage is likely to reflect evolutionary changes in the organisation of structures of the human brain. However, brain tissue doesn't fossilize, so the underlying biology has remained elusive. My research addresses this challenging question through an interdisciplinary approach that brings together analysis of fossil skulls, ancient genomes, brain imaging and gene expression.
Current Academic Positions
|Since 2015
|Senior Scientist (W2) - Research Group Leader
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,
Leipzig, Germany.
|Since 2019
|Fellow of the Max Planck School of Cognition
|Since 2017
|Extended Faculty
KLI Institute for the Advanced Study of Natural Complex Systems
|Since 2017
|Affiliated Researcher
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
The Netherlands.
|Since 2001
Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna
|Habilitation at the Dept. of Anthropology,
University of Vienna, Austria.
Thesis title: Evolution & Development of the hominin skull.
|Ph.D. (doctor rerum naturalium) at the Department of Anthropology,
University of Vienna, Austria (with honors).
Thesis title: Statistical and geometric reconstruction of hominid crania: reconstructing australopithecine ontogeny,
supervised by G.W. Weber, F.L. Bookstein and H. Seidler.
|Master's Degree (Mag. rer. nat.) in Anthropology
at the Institute for Human Biology (now Dept. of Anthropology), University of Vienna, Austria (with honors).
Thesis title: Using Semilandmarks on surfaces and curves in three dimensions to model human neurocranial shape,
supervised by H. Seidler and F.L. Bookstein.
Past Academic Positions
|Associate Professor (Status-Only Appointment),
Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto
|Research Fellow,
Department of Human Evolution,
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,
Leipzig, Germany.
|Postdoctoral Marie Curie Fellow
at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,
Department of Human Evolution,
Leipzig, Germany.
|Post-Doc Stipend
at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,
Department of Human Evolution,
Leipzig, Germany.
|Ph.D. research fellowship
funded by a grant of the Ministry of Culture Science & Education Austria,
and the Austrian Council for Science and Technology.
|Ph.D. research fellowship
funded by the project «Parameterised reference models forhominoid skulls»,
the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF).
Academic Awards & Recognitions
|ISI Higly Cited Researcher Thompson Reuters Essential Science Indicators (http://highlycited.com)
|Poster prize,
150 years of Neanderthal discoveries conference,
|Student prize for best oral presentation,
European Anthropological Association,
Research Grants
|Since 2019
|Evolution of Hominoid Brain connectomics
(PIs: C. Crockford, P. Gunz, D. Haun, N. Weiskopf,
A.D. Friederici, A. Anwander)
|MaxNet Cognition:
Phenotypic analysis of 1000 human brains:
47 000 €
|Minerva Foundation Research Grant (with Alon Barash):
Virtual reconstruction of fossil crania
|Austrian Council for Science and Technology
New Perspectives in Anthropological Studies (PI Horst Seidler).
Co-PI on the geometric morphometrics section: 522 000 €
|2001, 2004
|Travel Grants of the "Österreichische Forschungsgemeinschaft".
|Member of the Paleoanthropological Research Team;
fieldwork in the Ethiopian Galili-Region.
|Since 2017
|Elected Representative Scientific Council (Human Science Section) of the Max Planck Society
|Since 2013
|Board member European Society for the Study of Human Evolution (ESHE)
|Editorial Board, Journal of Human Evolution
|Elected representative for the fellows (graduate students and postdocs) of the Marie Curie Research Training Network «EVAN»


text:
Welcome to Watch List, where we identify five things on TV to watch while you stay at home this weekend and wish America a Happy Birthday. Happy Birthday, US of A! Two hundred thirty-four years of good livin' and we STILL haven't been hit by a meteor! We rule! LET'S GO!
WIMBLEDON: WOMEN'S FINALS – 9:00AM Saturday (NBC) It's Serena Williams time again, as the top ranked women's tennis superstar takes a break from shilling really ugly jewelry on HSN to casually destroy everyone on the court. If Serena beats evil Russian Vera Zvonareva (who is almost certainly a KGB operative and carrying some kind of dangerous microfilm on her person), it will be her second consecutive Wimbledon title, her fourth Wimbledon title overall and her 13th major title overall. Good gravy. Bust out the strawberries and cream (always sounds dirty) and settle in to watch our girl make some history abroad. The men's final follows on Sunday morning. ANTICIPATION: BABY GOT BACKHAND
AMERICA CELEBRATES JULY 4TH AT FORD'S THEATER – 9:00PM Tonight (ABC) Join Ty Burrell of "Modern Family" as he hosts Kelly Clarkson, Lionel Ritchie, Dick Van Dyke, the cast of Broadway's "Mary Poppins" and a seemingly endless and random list of additional people -- including Lassie, Bela Lugosi, Joan of Ark, Heathcliff the Cat, the "I love you, man!" guy from the old Bud Light ads, Moses and perhaps Ben Vereen. ANTICIPATION: BIZARRE!
MACY'S 4TH OF JULY FIREWORKS SPECTACULAR – 9:00PM Sunday (NBC) You have three options for televised fireworks on Sunday night. You can go for PBS' "Capital Fourth," which is hosted (as always) by Jimmy Smits. That one's good because you get the 1812 Overture and real cannons firing BLAMMO!!! Or you can go for CBS' Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular (see below). Or you can opt for the New York celebration on NBC, featuring Leann Rimes both singing and stealing your boyfriend, Enrique Iglesias, and… BIEBER? BIEBER BIEBER BIEBER! OMG BIEBER! HIS HAIR COULD DEFEAT THE BRITISH ALL OVER AGAIN! WE LOVE YOU, BIEBER! And not only do you get Bieber, you also get… THE CAST OF TWILIGHT! GAHHHHH! TWILIGHT AND BIEBER AND WHAT IF BIEBER WERE A VAMPIRE TOO THAT WOULD BE SOOOO DREAMY! So yeah, there's that. ANTICIPATION: BIEBER!
BOSTON POPS FIREWORKS SPECTACULAR – 10:00PM Sunday (CBS) Hosted by Craig Ferguson this year, because nothing emphasizes America's independence like a dude who hails from a country that's still colonized by England. ANTICIPATION: KILTY!
BEHIND THE MUSIC: JENNIFER LOPEZ – 9:00PM Sunday (VH1) Or, in the case of J-Lo, "Behind the Behind." And really, I'd say Jennifer Lopez' career has deservedly reached this juncture. Is there anyone else here that wishes she never bothered to try and become a singer? She was doing so well as just a straight actress lady. Then she cut a record and it was all downhill from there. I WISH SHE HAD NO MUSIC TO BE BEHIND. ANTICIPATION: BEHIND!
Weekend Watch List: FIREWORKS EXPLODIN'!
Welcome to Watch List, where we identify five things on TV to watch while you stay at home this weekend and wish America a Happy Birthday. Happy Birthday, US of A! Two hundred thirty-four years of good livin' and we STILL haven't been hit by a meteor! We rule! LET'S GO!


text:
A special thank you to reporter Stephen Hooker with WIS-TV who visited Lexington Medical Center yesterday to shoot a news story about the "behind the scenes" aspects of our Pink Glove Dance video.
There are only three days of voting left in the Pink Glove Dance video contest! Lexington Medical Center is in the lead — out of 135 entries and with more than 50,000 votes — but it's close, so we need your help! Vote for our video by going to this link.


text:
10x zoom in Slim body
The small camera with a big performance. The FinePix T400 packs intelligent scene recognition, 16-megapixels and a 10x optical zoom into a body that is so compact it fits in every pocket, purse or bag.
Super slim styling in amazing colors
The FinePix T400 is sleek and slim. This 19.8mm of super slim compact body fits in your pocket or purse effortlessly.
Fujinon Wide angle 28mm & 10x Zoom Lens
Highly Regarded by Professionals World-wide
Wide Angle (28mm) 10x Optional Zoom (280mm)
A high-quality Fujinon 10x zoom lens delivers picture-perfect results across the entire zoom range, from wide-angle compositions to dramatic close-up shots.
16 Megapixels - With Vivid Colors and Clarity
An impressive 16 megapixels resolution won't miss the finest details of your subject. Images are captured sharp and clear, in vivid colors, even when printed at large sizes.
Versatile Shooting Modes
Set specific scene-based modes suited to the subject matter you are photographing. Or experiment with advanced features, like Motion Panorama.
Motion Panorama
Lets you take panorama photos as simply as 1, 2, 3! The camera automatically stitches together three consecutive shots, with simple in-frame guidance to ensure the images are aligned. The resulting image is saved to the memory card as an impressive panorama.
Natural Light & with Flash
Can't decide whether it's best to use flash? Choose this mode, press the shutter and automatically capture the same scene twice: once with high sensitivity and natural light, and the second time with Intelligent Flash. Later choose one or keep both!
Easy Upload And Searching
Share pictures with friends and family, tagging pictures and movies for upload to Facebook and YouTube right in your camera.
Share Your Images With Built In Social Networking
Don't wait until you get home to start choosing which pictures to upload to Facebook. Start the process in camera by tagging the pictures you want to share. The next time you connect to your home computer your images will upload automatically. The same goes for movie clips too, which can also be uploaded to YouTube.
Model Name
- FinePix T400
- T400 : 16.0 million pixels
- 1/2.3-inch CCD with primary color filter
- Internal memory (none)
- SD / SDHC / SDXC memory card
- Fujinon 10x optical zoom lens
- f=5.0 - 50.0 mm, equivalent to 28 - 280 mm on a 35 mm camera
- F3.4 (Wide) - F5.6 (Telephoto)
- 8 groups 10 lenses
- T400 : Approx. 7.2x (up to approx. 72x, with 10x optical zoom)
- F3.4 / F8.4 (Wide)
- F5.6 / F14 (Telephoto) with ND filter
- Normal- Wide : Approx. 45cm to infinity / 1.4 ft. to infinity; Telephoto : Approx. 2.0m to infinity / 6.5 ft. to infinity
- Macro- Wide : Approx. 3 cm - 2.5 m / 1.1 in. - 8.2 ft.; Telephoto : Approx. 90 cm - 2.5 m / 2.9 ft. - 8.2 ft.
- Auto, Equivalent to ISO 100 / 200 / 400 / 800 / 1600 / 3200
- CCD shift type
- 3.0-inch, approx. 230,000 dots, TFT color LCD monitor, approx. 96% coverage
- 1280 x 720 pixels / 640 x 480 pixels / 320 x 240 pixels (30 frames/sec.) with monaural sound.
- Zoom function can be used.
- Sounds will not be recorded during optical zoom operation.
- Li-ion battery NP-45A or NP-45B (included)
- 104.2 (W) x 58.5 (H) x 28.5 (D) mm / 4.1 (W) x 2.3 (H) x 1.1 (D) in.
- Minimum depth : 19.8 mm / 0.7 in.
- Approx. 159 g / 5.6 oz. (including battery and memory card)
- Approx. 142 g / 5.0 oz. (excluding battery and memory card)
- Approx. 160 frames (AUTO mode)
- FinePix T400
- Li-ion battery NP-45A or NP-45B (included)
- AC power adapter
- USB cable
- Hand strap
- Owner's manual


text:
Pohl Force
Pohl Force is a company which specializes in combat, tactical and survival outdoor knives. The company was established by Dietmar Pohl, who has a long term reputation as an outstanding knife designer and who is also an internationally named author. Pohl Force Tactical knives have enjoyed European-wide success and has recently established product distribution here in the USA. KnifeCenter is proud to be among the first USA dealers to carry the full line of Pohl Force knives.


text:
Music's Digital Sales Boom Comes to an End
Remember when people used to predict that digital music sales would make up for the disappearing CD? That's officially over now: Last quarter, for the first time ever, the number of digital songs sold in the U.S. declined.
Nielsen SoundScan says the drop was either one percent or .09 percent, depending on how you count, so this isn't the bottom falling out. But it does look like a peak, and it has been in the works for some time.
Earlier this year, Warner Music Group (WMG) pointed out that it was seeing its digital sales slow and argued that one reason was because the industry had raised prices on most of its songs at Apple's (AAPL) iTunes store in 2009.
That thinking is now pervasive across the industry, Billboard notes: "While consumers will still buy hit songs for $1.29, it seems that catalog tracks priced at that level are not selling as well as they were at 99 cents."
But you could also make the case that digital tracks were going to decline anyway and that the industry is better off squeezing every penny it can.
And if you want to try to find a silver lining here, you could argue that since song sales are slipping, there's no reason for the industry not to support rental/subscription models like Spotify, Rhapsody and MOG by cutting their licensing fees. But I wouldn't bet on that happening soon.


text:
FAYETTEVILLE - The University of Arkansas football team (3-4, 0-3 SEC) fell to No. 14 South Carolina (5-1, 3-1 SEC) 52-7 on Homecoming inside Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium on Saturday.
Arkansas got off to a fast start, taking the game's opening drive 64 yards in seven plays and scoring on a 6-yard touchdown run by Alex Collins to take the early 7-0 lead.
It would go down as the only score on the day for the Razorbacks, however, as the Gamecocks responded with 52 unanswered points.
UA totaled 218 yards rushing on the day, as Jonathan Williams added 61 yards on six carries and Keon Hatcherfinished the game with 69 yards on just two carries, including one run for 50 yards.
Defensively, Eric Bennett, Jarrett Lake and Braylon Mitchell each tied for the team lead with nine tackles on the day. Darius Philon finished with a career-high 3.0 tackles for loss and also added in 1.0 quarterback sack.
Chris Smith was named the 2013 Crip Hall Award winner, finishing the game with seven tackles, including four solo stops. The Crip Hall Award is given annually to the Arkansas senior with the most outstanding performance in the Homecoming game.
Sam Irwin-Hill punted the ball four times for the Razorbacks, netting 214 yards. The junior from Brisbane, Australia, recorded a 79-yard punt in the second quarter, which tied for the seventh longest punt in school history and the longest in the SEC this season.
Zach Hocker also moved into a tie for 8th on the SEC's career PATs made list, converting his one opportunity of the game to record the 161st PAT of his career.
Arkansas travels to Tuscaloosa, Ala., next Saturday for its second SEC road contest of the season against Alabama. Kickoff is set for 6 p.m. and the game will be nationally televised on either ESPN or ESPN2.
For more information on Arkansas football, follow @RazorbackFB on Twitter.


text:
Deixis and Pragmatics
Summary and Keywords
Deictic expressions, like English 'this, that, here, and there' occur in all known human languages. They are typically used to individuate objects in the immediate context in which they are uttered, by pointing at them so as to direct attention to them. The object, or demonstratum is singled out as a focus, and a successful act of deictic reference is one that results in the Speaker (Spr) and Addressee (Adr) attending to the same referential object. Thus,
(1)A:Oh, there'sthat guy again (pointing)B:Oh yeah, now I see him (fixing gaze on the guy)
(2)A:I'll have that one over there (pointing to a dessert on a tray)B:This? (touching pastry with tongs)A:yeah, that looks greatB:Here ya' go (handing pastry to customer)
In an exchange like (1), A's utterance spotlights the individual guy, directing B's attention to him, and B's response (both verbal and ocular) displays that he has recognized him. In (2) A's utterance individuates one pastry among several, B's response makes sure he's attending to the right one, A reconfirms and B completes by presenting the pastry to him. If we compare the two examples, it is clear that the underscored deictics can pick out or present individuals without describing them. In a similar way, "I, you, he/she, we, now, (back) then," and their analogues are all used to pick out individuals (persons, objects, or time frames), apparently without describing them. As a corollary of this semantic paucity, individual deictics vary extremely widely in the kinds of object they may properly denote: 'here' can denote anything from the tip of your nose to planet Earth, and 'this' can denote anything from a pastry to an upcoming day (this Tuesday). Under the same circumstance, 'this' and 'that' can refer appropriately to the same object, depending upon who is speaking, as in (2). How can forms that are so abstract and variable over contexts be so specific and rigid in a given context? On what parameters do deictics and deictic systems in human languages vary, and how do they relate to grammar and semantics more generally?
Keywords: indexicality, demonstratives, pronouns, anaphora, deictic typology, interaction, pragmatics, space, perception, common ground
1. Deixis and the Grammar
There is a large literature on deixis in several fields. Some linguists and philosophers have called such expressions "indexicals" (Benveniste, 1974; Eco et al., 1988; Husserl, 1978; Morris, 1946; Peirce, 1955 cf. Searle, 1969). Others call the same class of expressions "shifters" (Jakobson, 1971[1957]; Jespersen, 1965[1924]; Silverstein 1976), and in this essay we will call them all "deictics" (Fillmore, 1997; Hanks, 1983, 1990). Each of these descriptive terms points analysis in a different direction.
'Indexicals' are defined in terms of individuation of a demonstratum, without description, as suggested above (Bar Hillel, 1954; cf. Kaplan, 1989; Nunberg, 1993; Searle, 1969, p. 80). This approach is less prominent in the descriptive linguistic literature, where close analysis of individual 'deictic' or 'demonstrative' systems, or cross-language comparison of systems, reveals many conventionalized features. For the empirically committed linguist, actual deictic forms and arrays always combine sheer indexical functions with symbolic information, of several sorts.
Deictics (including demonstratives and pronouns) are distinguished by grammatical category as in N or ADV (of space, time, manner), and this marking provides crucial information about how the demonstratum is integrated into the phrase, clause, or sentence in which it occurs. Is it a place, path, actor, an object, a way of doing something, or a time frame? In languages that mark case, gender, number, concord, and so forth, grammatical category information leads to a whole array of other morphosyntactic marking, most of which adds more specific information about the referent. This is all the more true in deictics that are arrayed in closed class paradigms, which implies that they share certain features but are distinguished by others.
A first step in analyzing deixis in any language is therefore to note the existence of contrasting expressions of the same category, as in English the, this, that, these, those, (this here, that there) and their Hausa analogs, as shown in Table 1:
Table 1. Hausa deictics.
Prox to Spr (immediate field)
Distal to Spr/ Prox to Adr
Prox to Spr
(non-immediate field)
Distal to Spr
In some languages, like French, such series are transparently composed of combinations of a small set of morphemes, as in ici, là, voi-ci, voi-là, ce-ci, ce-la, ces, ceux-ci, ceux-là, celle-ci, celle-là, etc. Yucatec Maya is another clear illustration:
Table 2. Yucatec deictics (partial).
Locative Adverb
This kind of proportionality or analogical formation of lexemes in sets is so strong that some scholars have proposed to define deictics by paraphrasing them in terms of one another, as in "this is the one here now," "here is the place of I now," "there is the place of you or he" (Fillmore, 1997; Frei, 1944; Kurylowicz, 1972; Lyons, 1982; compare Russell, 1940; Reichenbach, 1947). Suggestive evidence for such a claim might be the fact that in many languages, forms in one category are transparently derived from those in another, as in Quechua (kay 'this' > kay-pi 'here,' chay 'that [medial]' > chay-pi 'there,' haqay 'that [dist]' > haqay-pi 'there [dist]' (Calvo Perez, 1999; Lasater, n.d.). Similarly, Mandarin demonstratives are monomorphemic, whereas spatial adverbs are derived by suffixation: zhè 'this, high accessibility' > zhèr, zhèli 'here,' nà 'that, low accessibility' > nàr, nàli 'there' (Tang, 1999). Temporal deictics may be derived from spatial ones, as in Yucatec tol-akhéak-o' 'back then [remote past]' < tol-o' 'out there [remote]', or from non-deictic lexemes (cf. 'today,' 'yesterday,' aujourd'hui, Maya behé'ela'e' 'today (lit. 'road.here.it.is')).
In highly compositional languages such as Nungubuyu (Heath, 1980), Santali (Zide, 1972) and Malagasy (Anderson & Keenan, 1985), deictic words may be composed of five or more morphemes. Heath (1980) reports that in Nungubuyu, four basic roots distinguish Proximal, Accessible (to Adr), Distal and Anaphoric in both demonstrative and adverbial categories, with the adverbs derived from the nominals by suffixation. These are subdivided into + ≠ ∅ Concrete (precise vs. vague reference), + ≠ ∅ Kinetic (trajectory vs. location), + ≠ − Centric (where +Centric is subdivided into Centripetal ≠ Centrifugal, and −Centric is used for transverse relative to the Spr's field of vision). The nominal forms are further subdivided by + ≠ ∅ Absolute (which Heath glosses as 'definiteness'), gender (masc, fem), number (sg, dual, pl) for human referents, and an additional five noun classes for non-humans. Among the most elaborate systems reported in the literature is Inuktitut (Denny, 1982, pp. 371–372). In this language, there are twelve deictic roots, distinguishing 'Out of field' ≠ 'In-field' and within In-field, Away (non-prox) ≠ At (prox). In-field Away is then split into three values: Bounded (Exterior ≠ Interior) ≠ Vertical (Inferior ≠ Superior) ≠ Horizontal. The In-field categories are further divided by a binary opposition between Restricted (equidimensional, punctual) ≠ Extended (elongate, mobile, regional). Further modifications (by inflection or derivation) yield over six hundred and eighty-five deictic words.
In general, the more compositional a deictic paradigm, the more transparent are the functional distinctions between forms, and the greater the likelihood that given morphemes or distinctions recur across categories, resulting in a high degree of proportionality.
Cross-cutting these contrasts is one between deictics that can be lexically expanded, as in "this, this man, this man who you saw." In this series, simple this is "pronominal" and the other two phrases are adnominal uses of the demonstrative. In the adnominal cases, the lexical expansion provides descriptive information about the demonstratum, in a sense filling in the semantics to complement the leaner indexical. In many of the world's languages, these two functions correspond to distinctive demonstrative or adverbial forms, as in Mulau, a Daic language, and Japanese (Diessel, 1999, p. 59). In twenty-four of the eighty-five languages Diessel (1999, p. 58) sampled, pronominal and adnominal usages are marked by different categories. In Turkish and Lezgian, the same deictic roots are used in both functions, but the pronominal forms inflect for case, whereas the adnominal ones do not.
All of these grammatical facts are relevant to the claims that referential deixis forms a subsystem within the grammars of human languages and that when inflected, derived, or lexically expanded, deictics convey a great deal of information, much of which is directly relevant to identifying the demonstratum. Bare roots are predictably less rich in information than stems, phrases, or constructions.
Deictics in many languages may be combined into constructions in which distinct, coreferential, or mutually reinforcing forms co-occur. This is illustrated by (non-standard) English 'this here book,' and (standard) Yucatec leti' ela' [the.one this] = 'this very one' and leti' e hé'ela' < 'the one the here.it.is' = 'this here one.' In the spatial series in Maya, there is a distinction between two proximal forms, the one Punctate (té'ela' 'right here/there') and the other Regional waye' 'here' [region including me now]. For simple locative deixis, the two forms are opposed, but there is a commonly used construction in which they are combined: té'e waya' < 'right.there here' = 'right there' [point within region of 'here']. In one class of constructions, including the ones just cited, two or more deictics corefer to the same object, but each deictic contributes its own distinctive information.
In other cases, one and the same deictic root or word is duplicated for added emphasis. Consider the following examples, from Maya, in which the directive deictic hé'el=o' 'there it is' (look!) occurs in four different shapes, in which both parts of the construction may be duplicated. In the bottom five phrases, the standard negative marker is added. No deictic derived from the root hé'e may be semantically negated; to do so would be equivalent to saying "There it isn't" (look!). Instead, by adding the negative to the directive, the result is a more emphatic directive. Notice in the examples, that the longer and heavier the construction, the more pragmatic effects arise. Whether one derives these effects from inferences or some other mechanism, there is clear iconicity in the relation between the increasingly elaborate marking of the form and the increasingly elaborate effect. Parentheses enclose rough, purely heuristic glosses of the conveyed pragmatic effect.
It is standard in the literature to distinguish between endophoric and exophoric deixis. In exophoric usage, the deictic (token) denotes an object in the extralinguistic context, as in "here, have a sip" (extending beverage to addressee). By contrast, in endophoric usage, the deictic refers to an object of discourse (often nowhere materially present on scene). Anaphoric usage of a deictic is an example of this, as in "So you went to Boston, did you like it there?" Notice in this case that there is interpreted as coreferential with Boston, and if one switches the city to Chicago, the reference of the deictic shifts with it. The distinction between endo- and exophoric uses can be difficult to draw, and there are arguably blended cases, yet there are clear cases where different deictic categories have different valences. In Maya spatial deictics there are five (bimorphemic) stems, of which waye' 'here' [region which includes me now] is invariantly exophoric, and tí'i 'there' [where we said] is invariantly endophoric. The interest of this distinction, beyond the fact that languages encode it, is that endophoric usage engages the memory more centrally, whereas exophoric engages the senses. The referent is cognitively accessible, but not perceptually accessible. Moreover, the cognitive access in question must be shared by the parties. It is "common ground," whereas not all exophoric deixis picks out objects already given to both participants.
The linguistic expression of deixis extends far beyond these initial distinctions. Taken together however, they make up what can be called the grammatical skeleton of deixis in any language: grammatical category features, paradigmatic oppositions among roots and stems, inflection, derivation, proportionality across categories, pro-X vs. ad-X structures, the broad issue of constructions in which multiple coreferential forms combine and the interaction between endophoric and exophoric. Viewed in this context, natural language deixis is obviously not the same as philosophically defined indexicality: deixis blends indexicality with a hefty dose of other information about the referent, the search domain and the grammatical role it plays in the sentence.
2. Functional Structure of Deixis
Most of the linguistic literature on deixis follows Buhler (1934) in distinguishing three parts in the elementary speech event: the Speaker, the Addressee, and the Object talked about. In Figure 1, the Spr–Adr relation consists of the reciprocal orientation of the two parties and the contact established between them, such as reciprocal gaze in face-to-face interaction. This relation may be marked by a high degree of common ground and mutual knowledge, or by relevant asymmetries (of perceptual field, social status, knowledge of the matter at hand, rights and responsibilities, and so forth). The regular alternation of I, you, we, and (s)he in dialogue is a handy indicator of the reciprocal Spr–Adr relation.
The Spr-Obj relation is established by the act of deictic reference itself, in which the Obj is individuated by the Spr's deictic act. The Spr may already have an established relation to the Obj; she may own it, have it in her hand, be close to it, or be looking at it. In traditional egocentric approaches to deixis, this Spr-to-Obj accessibility relation is the defining one. Yet in a successful, fully consummated deictic exchange, the Adr must also establish a relation to the Obj. At the completion of the utterance, if not before, the parties must attend to the same Obj, achieving what Clark, Schreuder, and Buttrick (1983) have called joint attention focus. For this reason, deictic usage is highly sensitive to the access that both parties have to the Obj. Asymmetries in any of the Spr–Adr, Spr–Obj or Adr–Obj relations can affect a Spr's choice of deictics.
There is widespread agreement in studies of natural language deixis that indexicality designates the context dependency between utterances and speech contexts, and that deictics are a special kind of indexical, used to make reference to single objects or groups of objects in relation to the context of utterance. We can schematize this as in Figure 2, where the 'Indexical ground' is the contextual zero-point, or pivot relative to which the deictic points to the focal object.
One of the best known features of deictics is that they shift in reported speech, so that "I like it here" (said in context 1) becomes "Bill said he liked it there" (said in Context 2). Note that Person, Tense and Locative deictics all shift in reported speech (hence the term "shifter" coined by Jesperson and adopted by Jakobson). Using Figure 1 as a guide, reported use is a transposition of the original indexical ground from an earlier Context 1 to the subsequent Context 2 in which it is reported. By contrast, when speech includes direct quotation, the same relational structure is in play, but in an inverse manner: the original linguistic forms are reproduced verbatim in the quotation, but their reference is displaced away from the quoting context. Therefore, if Ben quotes Sebastian saying "I'll be here tomorrow," then the 'I', 'here' and tomorrow' denote Sebastian (not Ben), the time and place of Sebastian's utterance (Context 1, not context 2 of Ben's utterance). The alternation of participants in face-to-face interaction, as each party is Spr, then Adr, then Spr, etc., displays the same transposition of indexical ground. In dialogue and reported speech, the relational values of 'I', 'you, 'this,' and 'that' do not vary systematically according to who is speaking; it is the indexical ground that alternates (Hanks, 1990).
This three-way distinction raises two key questions. First, what kinds of relational features are encoded in deictic types? The standard view holds that relative contiguity (this = proximal, that = non-proximal, and so forth) is fundamental, and other pragmatic effects are incidental to deixis or derived from contiguity by metaphorical extension (Anderson & Keenan, 1985) or contextual inference (Levinson, 1983). For careful assessment of these alternatives, argued with data from Lao, see Enfield (2003, 2009). More recent work argues that the basis of deixis is not spatial contiguity, but rather accessibility. What matters is not where the object is, but how the participants have or gain mutual access to it (Hanks, 1990, 2005; Himmelmann, 1996; Janssen, 1995, 2002; Leonard, 1985; Mondana, 2005). Spatial contiguity can support accessibility, but so can perception (via any of the senses), prior talk and memory, salience (cognitive or perceptual), evaluative stance, relative familiarity with the object, and in some cases ownership of the object by a participant.
The second major question bears on how one defines the indexical ground. As noted, a dominant tradition in the analysis of deixis assumes that the zero-point, or ground is Spr, as in "'here' is a place close to me." (compare Evans, 1982, Chapter 6; Gale, 1964; cf. Russell's description of "egocentric particulars," 1940). Most traditional grammars and typologies make the same assumption (e.g., Anderson & Keenan, 1985), and Benveniste's (1966, 1974) anchoring of indexical reference in subjectivity makes the same move (compare Lyons, 1982, p. 121). Presumably, the rationale is that, among the multiple factors in any context, the Spr has a special centrality. But when describing actual deictic practice, it is essential to take into account the other two relations as well: Spr–Adr and Adr–Obj (Hanks, 1990, 1992, 2005). Asymmetries between participants, common ground (Clark & Marshall, 1981; Clark, Schreuder, & Buttrick, 1983; Enfield, 2006), and audience design have a strong impact on the use and understanding of deictic tokens. The same interactive factors may be partially conventionalized in the semantics of deictic types, as displayed in Tables 3-6.
Table 3. Distinctive origos for deixis.
Table 4. Three origos in Cebuano2 (Wolff, 2009, p. 198).
dí a
'is here near me (but not near you)'
ní a
'is here (near you and me)'
ná a
'is there (near you but not near me)'
tú a
'is there (far from both of us)'
di dtu
'there (far away)'
Table 5. Demonstratives in Quileute3 (Andrade, 1933, pp. 246, 252).
Demonstrative pronouns/Determiners
demonstrative advbs
near Spr
yü x :o
yü k:o
xo 'a
near Adr
yi tca
yi tca
so 'o
near s+a
sa 'a
sa 'a
away from s+a
Table 6. Demonstratives in Japanese (Kuno, 1973, p. 27).
near to the speaker
nearer to the hearer
far from both the speaker and the hearer
3. Spatial Access to the Deictic Object
Work done at the Max Planck Institute, Nijmegen has demonstrated significant complexity in the spatial domain of deixis, and a growing literature on deictic typology reinforces that impression that even spatial deixis is much more subtle than simple contiguity. Table 7 shows some of the attested distinctions, summarized by Diessel (1999).
Table 7. Spatial relations: Object to origo (cf. Diessel, 1999, p. 51).
In systems apparently based on relative proximity, the 'middle' term(s) are the first point of contention: Does an erstwhile 'middle distance' deictic shift its Origo (the reference point on which deictic relationships are based) from Spr to Adr (mid = close to Adr, or mid-range from Spr)? Does it introduce some other parameter (like perceptibility of the Obj)? Ignoring the addition of a preposition, think of English here, there, over there as three degrees of distance. Is simple 'there' more focally mid-range from Spr, or is it better analyzed as Prox to Adr (who might define the Origo for mid-range)?
In systems that include a distinction between static Obj and mobile Obj, a new set of distinctions becomes relevant: is "that one" approaching us, fleeing from us, or traversing our field (Centripedal, Centrifugal, Transverse)? Moreover, if the Obj is static, is it above us or below us? This is the Elevation parameter in Table 7. Finally, in an ecology with salient topographic features, does one or another feature characterize the referent especially well? Features of the natural environment, like rises in the land, or coastlines, are sometimes conventionalized in deictics, although this appears to be rare.
Tables 8–11 illustrate a few paradigms reported in the linguistic literature. A glance at the linguistic forms themselves will show that these are paradigmatic sets with parallel formation. Note the presence of three or more degrees of remove from Origo, the shift of the Origo from Spr to Adr (Tables 8, 11), and the combination of verticality, interiority, or visibility with the dimension of relative contiguity. The implication is that a universal vocabulary for describing deictic systems must distinguish these parameters, rather than assimilating them all to contiguity.
Table 8. Demonstrative adverbs in Lahu4 (Mastisoff, 1973, pp. 110–101).
chò 'here'
ô 'there'
cô 'over there'
nô 'up there'
mô 'down there'
Table 9. Ronga5 three basic terms, with 3rd elaborated.
tihomu leti
'ce boeuf-ci'
tihomu letu
'ce boeuf-là (là où tu es)'
tihomu letiya
'ce boeuf là-bas, loin'
tihomu letiyã
'ce boeuf très loin'
tihomu letiyaa
'ce boeuf à l'horizon'
Table 10. Interiority: Spatial deictics in Yucatec Maya.
té'e(l-) a'
'right here (immediate)'
té'e(l-) o'
'there (non-immediate)'
to(l-) o'
'out there (exclusive)'
way- e'
'(in) here (inclusive)'
tí'- i'
'there (anaphoric)'
Table 11. Verticality and visibility in Khasi6 (Nagaraja, 1985, pp. 11–12; Rabel, 1961, p. 67).
demonstrative pronouns
demonstrative adverbs
m.sg (u 'he')
f.sg (ka 'she')
pl (ki 'they')
(ša 'to')
medial (near h)
The Interiority feature in Maya, Table 7 is meant to capture the fact that waye' '(in) here' always refers to a region inside of which the Spr finds herself. For instance, this room is a waye' for me now; the building, the city, the part of the country are all potential waye', whose regional scope varies. What never varies is that the Spr is within the region denoted at the moment of utterance. From this it follows that a Maya Spr cannot point to a body part and say "it hurts waye'" (since the Spr is not entirely within the body part). Similarly, "let's go waye'" is ill-formed, since, wherever the Spr is, he is already waye'. The correct forms for demonstrating punctual or nearby places deploy té'ela', 'here/there,' usually produced with co-speech pointing.
4. Perceptual Access to the Deictic Object
Perception is obviously critical to our apprehension of space, and directed gaze can embody the turning of cognitive attention, especially when a deictic Object happens to be accessible in the sensory field of interaction. The question is whether the role of perception and attention in deictic practice is part of the language or merely part of the human context in which language is used. Straightforward as it is, this distinction can be subtle in practice, because an object that is accessible to touch is thereby also proximal. One within view may be distal, it may be both audible and out of sight, or audible but also known, or again it may be accessible to smell (like a forest fire) yet of uncertain location, and so forth. How does one decide which of the simultaneous relations is the one foregrounded by the deictic utterance? This kind of multiplicity poses major challenges for the pragmatics of deixis, and it requires a combination of linguistic analysis and participant observation where one can note the lead-up and response as well as the target utterance in its actual deictic field. It also requires metalinguistic discussion with native speakers of utterances and everyday interactions, in order to gauge their standards and expectations (Hanks, 2009).
At the level of linguistic categories and features, there are many reports in the literature of deictic systems with dedicated perceptual forms, as illustrated in the next set of paradigms. By far the most common perceptual modality for deixis is vision, although touch and hearing play a role. In all cases of which I am aware, it is the perceptual access of the Spr or the access shared by Spr + Adr that is marked, not the Adr's access. Thus, whereas spatial contiguity may be computed relative to Adr, as in the "medial" forms above, perceptual access does not appear to shift Origo in this way (Diessel, 1999, pp. 41–42). One does not use a Visible deictic to denote an Object the Adr can see but the Spr cannot.
Table 12. Perceptual access to referents: Visibility.
In languages like Quileute, Kwakwa'la, and Crow, both Visible and Invisible are marked, whereas in Santali, West Greenlandic, and Ute. It is Invisible that receives a dedicated form. It appears that no language has a special form marking Visible unless it also has one for Invisible. This suggests that visual access is the normal state of affairs, and the use of simple proximal or distal forms in a language with an overt Invisible, pragmatically implies that the object is within sight. Table 13 displays what Diessel (1999, p. 42) takes to be the most common alignment.
Table 13. Visibility in Ute7 (Givon, 1980, p. 55).
sg. animate
pl. animate
The series of deictics we have called "presentative" in Maya illustrate a provocative blend of directivity and perception-based evidentiality. The forms are shown in Table 14. Note first that this series is distinct from the spatial deictics and that all four forms are derived from the same root hé'e(l-). When combined with -a' Immed, o' non-Immed or -be' Peripheral sensory, the resulting stems are not merely referring expressions (it is here), but have the full force of directives (here it is, take it!; there it is look!; there it is, listen! or smell it!). Hence I have labeled them Ostensive Evidentials (OSTEVs). By contrast, when the same root is combined with the empty placeholder suffix -e', the result is not even a referring expression, but rather a modal marking Spr certainty without perceptual evidence.
Table 14. Ostensive evidential deictics in Yucatec (Hanks, 1990, 2007).
base – TD
gloss (approximate)
ostensive evidential
'here it is (tactual)'
ostensive evidential
'there it is (visual)'
hé'e- be'
ostensive evidential
'there it is (audible)'
'surely (certain)'
The R values conveyed by the OSTEVs are explicitly evidential in that they are centered on qualitatively different kinds of perceptual access to referents (Chafe & Nichols, 1986; Dendale & Tasmowski, 2001; Guentchéva, 2007; Hanks, 2012). The category embodies a scale of evidence, from tactual through peripheral sensory, and at the lowest end, certainty without current evidence. It is tempting, in light of typology, to analyze hé'ebe' as marking simply that the Object is not within sight of the Spr, hence Invisible as in the languages in Table 15. Unfortunately, this will not suffice because the form marks both Invisible and Perceptible. A couple of examples from my fieldwork will illustrate ordinary usage of these forms. Margot is an adult bilingual mother of four, whose first language was Maya. Pilar and Elena are co-resident sisters-in-law, and both are monolingual Maya speakers. Margot was in the yard with a hose, watering plants, when I come out of house with filthy hands raised needing to wash them. She held out the hose for me to rinse my hands, saying:
Pilar was in front of her kitchen. and Elena was across the yard doing laundry. At the time, Chiki, Elena's child, was on the far side of Elena's house, invisible to Pilar but in clear sight of Elena. Her utterance invites Pilar to come and see for herself.
It was evening, and I was sitting with Elena in her kitchen, by the cooking fire. We heard Pilar patting masa 'corn paste' into tortillas in the next-door kitchen, across the courtyard and out of sight. In the example, Elena remarks that Pilar is making tortillas and just then we hear another slap of her hand.
5. Cognitive Access to the Deictic Object
Deictics in any language are also used under circumstances in which neither spatial location nor sensory access is available to help the Adr zero in on the referent. This is the case, for instance, when a deictic is used endophorically, to corefer with some antecedent expression in the prior discourse. In many languages, including English, the erstwhile distal forms 'that' or there' may be used for anaphoric coreference with a prior NP or locational. In some languages, dedicated forms are specialized in anaphoric deixis. As pointed out earlier, all varieties of endophoric deixis rely on memory, background knowledge or anticipation, rather than spatial location or perceptual access. We will term this dimension "cognitive access." Anaphora is distinctive in that the reference is controlled by sequence: the antecedent is earlier in the discourse and must be retrieved, and there are subtle interactions between the form of an anaphoric expression, the sequential structure of the interaction, and how far back in discourse one needs to look for its antecedent (Hanks, 1990). This may motivate the fact that the same forms used for anaphora are often used to designate the path one has traversed (I came that way, from there) as opposed to the prospective forward path (I'm heading this way, over here). Table 15 displays the varieties of cognitive access to the deictic referent.
Table 15. Cognitive access to object.
Nunggubuyu, Yucatec Maya, English, etc.
Reference to discourse
Yucatec Maya, English
Yucatec Maya, English, etc.
Focality, salience
Hausa, Yucatec Maya
Yucatec Maya
Ewondo, Nunggubuyu, Crow, Yucatec Maya
Closely related to anaphora is the use of deixis in direct reference to a prior utterance. Here there is no coreference between the deictic and the antecedent, but a simple direct reference to the antecedent itself.
Such reference to discourse is very common in response position, and in closing routines in talk in interaction (so there you have it, that's that, that's what I wanted to tell you). In Maya, the Visible OSTEV hé'elo' 'there it is (look!) is routinely used to bring an episode or interaction to a close, or mark that a conclusion has been reached. By contrast, lelo' b'èey 'that's how it is,' leti' 'the one' and letielo' 'that's the one' are all used in response position to assent with a prior statement without bringing the episode to a close.
A third variety of cognitive access is what some linguists call pragmatically controlled anaphora. The term is unfortunate because pragmatically controlled reference is not necessarily governed by discourse sequence, as is anaphora proper. Instead, in what Schegloff has dubbed "Recognitional" usage, the Spr assumes that the Adr will be able to identify the referent without further description or gestures. What underlies the Adr's access is background knowledge, hence memory, but not short-term memory of an antecedent in discourse. Consider two illustrations attested in Maya.
Father arrives home from travel and notices that one of his four children is not around, and so he asks his spouse:
The conveyed meaning of this utterance was to ask where the child in question was, that is, neither spatial nor perceptual access was available to either himself or his spouse. Rather, he knew that she would recognize which of the four children he was asking about. Similarly, it is routine in Maya to refer to one's spouse as leti' 'the one,' without any recent antecedent, because although this form fails to mark gender or any other distinguishing feature of the referent, one's spouse is, as it were, cognitively accessible at all times.
In (10), I have just asked Margot to make me a couple of hammocks that I will purchase and give as gifts. She asks me whether I want them to turn out like the ones I had already bought from her in the past.
Anaphora, reference to discourse and recognitional deixis are varieties of cognitive access that rely on memory and common ground and allow speakers to refer to Objects nowhere accessible in the spatial or perceptual fields of interaction. Other uses rely more on relative salience, attention focus or the imagination. These are the "forward looking" counterparts of the varieties of endophora that depend upon prior experience. For instance, in (11), (l)e máak a' 'this guy' refers to an individual unknown to the Adr and nowhere on scene. The use of the Immediate demonstrative lela' 'this' indexes high focus, prospective deixis to an individual who is not present, but who will be close at hand once the Spr gets his hands on him.
The parameter labeled Resolution indicates the relative precision or lack of precision in the deictic reference, as in the English constructions "it's over there (somewhere)" (vague, regional) vs. "it's right there" (precise, punctual). Once again, there are languages in which this distinction is categorized in the deictic types, independent of relative distance, yielding arrays of opposed forms. Tables 16 and 17 show two such languages.
Table 16. Ewondo:8 Resolution in Demonstrative Adverbs (Redden, 1980, p. 145).
set 1 (precise)
set 2 (vague)
near s
near h
away from s+h
far away from s+h
Table 17. Crow: Resolution at ±3 degrees of remove (Graczyk, 1986).
'right here'
'right there'
'not exactly there'
'around there'
'over there'
'right over there'
'over there'
'way over there'
'in that area'
The role of Cognitive Access in deictic practice is broader than these examples suggest. Arguably, all deictic reference, whether spatial, perceptual, retrospective, or prospective, depends upon the cognitive process of orienting the interactants' attention on the object. Part of this is the parameter Resolution, which narrows or broadens the scope of attention focus (cf. floodlight vs. laser pointer). But in ordinary interaction, one can make proper deictic reference to an object that is nowhere physically present in utterance space or the perceptual field. Instead, it may be cognitively present only in mental space. It is erroneous to rule out such uses as metaphorical extensions from spatial contiguity, as in traditional accounts, because languages may intersect space with cognitive access. This is evidence that the parameters are independent. Yet there are also regular patterns whereby forms that ordinarily rely on spatial or perceptual accessibility are deployed for sheerly cognitive access. These can be summarized in the simple tendency that medial or distal deictics are used for retrospection (anaphora, memory), while Immediate or proximal forms are used for prospection (cataphora, anticipation).
In Yucatec Maya, each of the grammatical categories of deixis has one (and only one) form that is dedicated to cognitive access simplicter. In the spatial series, the form is tí'i' 'there (endophoric),' which is used to refer to a place just mentioned (hence anaphoric) or known from background knowledge (hence recognitional). Tí'i' indicates nothing about the location of the referent, other than that it is known. In the nominal series, leti' 'the one' picks a known individual or object irrespective of spatial or perceptual accessibility, e.g., one's spouse. It is opposed to lela' 'this' and lelo' 'that,' both of which prototypically convey spatio-perceptually relevant information. In the OSTEV series, the assurative modal hé'ele' indexes an epistemic stance of certainty, itself based on prior experience or some other cognitive warrant. It has none of the directivity, singularity of reference, or perceptual values of the other OSTEVs. (12) is a reassuring prediction, and (13) an experience-based generalization. (14) illustrates one speaker's gloss of the import of the form.
In the manner adverbial series, bey 'thus, like so' lacks the concreteness of beya' 'like this' (showing) and beyo' 'like that' (reference to discourse or to a state of affairs known by both parties). Rather, as a one-word utterance, it expresses what an English speaker might express by "Yeah," "got it," or "Right." As a common "backchannel device," simple "bey" conveys that the Adr is paying attention and understanding, not necessarily agreeing with the Spr.
6. Interactive Shifts in Deictic Practice
The different kinds of access outlined above are integral to deictic practice, in which cognitive, spatial, and perceptual access to objects of reference undergird interactants' ability to accomplish joint attention. They all contribute to the coordination of the interactants and their ability to pick out the same objects, that is, to agree on what they are talking about. Even when an object is available for the senses, it is the focusing of attention on that object that the deictic utterance accomplishes, whether it is already attended to or newly projected as a focus. This is especially evident in interactional sequences in which the parties have asymmetric access to the Object, and the Adr must figure out what or where the Spr is pointing to. The final example is an exchange I participated in and recorded, in Maya. In the example, Florencio (nickname Lol) and Fidelia, husband and wife, are talking with me about relations between nuclear families in the multi-family homesteads in which Maya people often live. Residence is patrilocal and the sons and their wives coreside in the larger home of the sons' father. Sisters-in-law are ranked in authority according to the birth order and prestige of their husbands. Each nuclear family pays for its own food, and each wife cooks at her own hearth. On the day in question, Margot, the senior wife and mother of four, had gone to the city, and I wondered who had prepared the dinner and where it was cooked. Lol explained that his wife Fidelia had prepared it, at her own hearth. Note that he refers to her with simple leti' 'the one," as expected, and that he refers laconically to her hearth as té'elo' 'there.' The locative deictic functions spatially to denote the place where she cooked, but Florencio simultaneously assumes that I will recognize where he means without further clues. He presumes both spatial and cognitive access. I was initially confused because the two women's hearths were side-by side and Fidelia's was the closer one to us, although we could not see it from where we were seated, inside her house. Why had Lol construed her hearth as té'elo' (non-Immediate) rather than té'ela' (Immediate) in light of the actual contiguity relations?
My query displays my lack of recognition, and in response, Lol reformulates the spatial deictic, upgrading the non-Immed recognitional té'elo' to the Immed, punctual directive construction té' way beya', which can be roughly glossed 'right there (inside our) here like this (gesturing)'. This simple exchange demonstrates the co-operation of spatial and recognitional deixis, and the fluency with which Lol shifts the frame of reference from recognitional to a much more precise spatial relation amplified by a visible gesture. It is the asymmetry in our respective knowledge—the lack of common ground—that his utterance rectifies. In the phrasicon of Maya deixis, the two formulations are opposed and they imply different relations between Origo and Object. If the meaning components of deictics were only spatial, it is difficult to see how one and the same referent could be simultaneously 'there' and 'right here' for the same speaker under the same circumstances. But space is only part of the story, and in interaction, the Origo is dynamic, not static. Lol's reformulation of the hearth is coreferential with his earlier deictic, but it construes it in terms of a different relation to us.
The challenge for a pragmatics of deixis is that in interaction, Sprs routinely shift between deictic construals of Objects from one utterance to the next, expanding and contracting the deictic field, transposing the Origo, or activating different modalities of access. This results in conversational sequences in which deictics that are normally opposed to one another are used to demonstrate one and the same Object, but under a different perspective. The study of these processes yields powerful evidence of the relations between semantics and pragmatics, and the functional requisites of deictic practice.
Further Reading
Buhler, K. (1934). Sprachtheorie. Jena, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Find this resource:
Clark, H. H., Schreuder, R., & Buttrick, S. (1983). Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(2), 245–258.Find this resource:
Diessel, H. (1999). Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Find this resource:
Enfield, N. J. (2003). Demonstratives in space and interaction: Data from Lao speakers and implications for semantic analysis. Language, 79(1), 82–117.Find this resource:
Fillmore, C. (1997). Lectures on Deixis. CSLI publications.Find this resource:
Friedrich, P. (1979). Structural implications in Russian pronominal usage. In Language, context and the imagination (pp. 65–125). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Find this resource:
Goodwin C. (2003). Pointing as situated practice. In S. Kita (Ed.), Pointing: Where language, culture and cognition meet (pp. 217–242). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (1990). Referential practice: Language and lived space among the Maya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (1996). Language form and communicative practices. In J. Gumperz & S. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 232–270). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (2005). Explorations in the deictic field. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 191–220.Find this resource:
Haviland, J. B. (1996). Projections, transpositions and relativity. In J. Gumperz & S. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (pp. 271–323). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Hill, C. (1982). Up/down, front/back, left/right: A contrastive study of Hausa and English. In J. Weissenborn & W. Klein (Eds.), Here and there: Cross-lin-guistic studies on deixis and demonstration (pp. 13–42). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Find this resource:
Himmelmann, N. P. (1996). Demonstratives in narrative discourse: A taxonomy of universal uses. In B. Fox (Ed.), Studies in anaphora (pp. 205–254). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Find this resource:
Jaggar, P., & Buba, M. (1994). The space and time adverbials NAN/CAN in Hausa: Cracking the deictic code. Language Sciences, 16, 387–421.Find this resource:
Kaplan, D. (1989). Demonstratives. In J. Almog, H. Wettstein, & J. Perry (Eds.), Themes from Kaplan (pp. 481–563). New York: Oxford University Press.Find this resource:
Lakoff, G. (1990). There-constructions. In Women, fire and dangerous things (pp. 462–585). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Find this resource:
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Lyons, J. (1982). Deixis and subjectivity: Loquor ergo sum? In H. Jarvella & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 101–124). New York: John Wiley.Find this resource:
Rommetveit, R. (1974). On message structure. London: Wiley.Find this resource:
Schegloff, E. (1972). Note on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction (pp. 75–119). New York: Free Press.Find this resource:
Silverstein, M. (1976). Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In K. Basso & H. Selby (Eds.), Meaning in anthropology (pp. 11–55). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Find this resource:
Anderson, S., & Keenan, E. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 3, grammatical categories and the lexicon (pp. 259–308), Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Andrade, M. J. (1933). Quileute. In F. Boas (Ed.), Handbook of American Indian languages, (Vol. 3, pp. 151–292). New York: Columbia University Press.Find this resource:
Bar Hillel, Y. (1954). Indexical expressions. Mind, 63(251), 359–379.Find this resource:
Benveniste, E. (1966). De la subjectivité dans le langage. In Problèmes de linguistique générale (Vol. 1, pp. 258–266). Paris: Gallimard.Find this resource:
Benveniste, E. (1974). Le langage et l'expérience humaine. In Problèmes de linguistique générale (Vol. 2, pp. 67–78). Paris: Gallimard.Find this resource:
Boas, F. 1911. Chinook. In F. Boas (Ed.), Handbook of American Indian languages (Smithsonian Institution, 2 vols., pp. 559–678). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Find this resource:
Buhler, K. (1934). Sprachtheorie. Jena, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Find this resource:
Calvo Perez, J. (1999). Pragmatica y gramatica del Quechua Cuzqueño. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolome de las Casas.Find this resource:
Chafe, W., & Nichols, J. (1986). Evidentiality: The coding of epistemology. Vol. XX. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Find this resource:
Clark, H. H., & Marshall C. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. L. Webber, & I. A. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10–63). New York: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Clark, H. H., Schreuder, R., & Buttrick, S. (1983). Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(2), 245–258.Find this resource:
Dendale, P., & Tasmowski, L. (2001). Introduction: Evidentiality and related notions. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(3), 339–348.Find this resource:
Denny, J. P. (1982). Semantics of the Inuktitut (Eskimo) spatial deictics. International Journal of American Linguistics, 48(4), 359–384.Find this resource:
Diessel, H. (1999). Demonstratives: Form, function and grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Find this resource:
Eco, U., Santambrogio, M., & Violi, P. (1988). Meaning and mental representations. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Find this resource:
Enfield, N. J. (2003). Demonstratives in space and interaction: Data from Lao speakers and implications for semantic analysis. Language, 79(1), 82–117.Find this resource:
Enfield, N. J. (2006). Social consequences of common ground. In N. Enfield & S. Levinson (Eds.), Roots of human sociality, culture, cognition and interaction (pp. 399–430). Oxford: Berg.Find this resource:
Enfield, N. J. (2009). The anatomy of meaning: Speech, gesture and composite utterances. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Evans, G. (1982). The varieties of reference. New York: Oxford University Press.Find this resource:
Fillmore, C. (1997). Lectures on deixis. Stanford, CA: CSLI.Find this resource:
Frei, H. (1944). Systèmes de déictiques. Acta Linguistica, 4, 111–129.Find this resource:
Gale, R. M. (1964). Is it now now? Mind, 73(289), 97–105.Find this resource:
Garvey, C. (1964). Malagasy introductory course. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Find this resource:
Givon, T. (1980). Ute reference grammar. Ignacio, CO: Ute Press.Find this resource:
Graczyk, R. (1986). Crow deixis. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago.Find this resource:
Guentchéva, G. (2007). L'énonciation médiatisée II. Le traitement épistémologique de l'information: Illustrations amérindiennes et caucasiennes. J. Landaburu (Ed.). Paris: Peeters.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (1983). Deixis and the organization of interactive context. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Linguistics, Department of Anthropology, The University of Chicago.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (1990). Referential practice: Language and lived space among the Maya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (1992). The indexical ground of deictic reference. In A. Duranti & C. Goodwin (Eds.), Rethinking context: Language as an interactive phenomenon (pp. 43–77). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted from Papers from the Parasession on Language in Context. Chicago Linguistic Society, 1989. Also reprinted in Italian translation as "La base indessicale del riferimento deittico," in Introduzione alla linguistica antropologica (a cura di Barbara Turchette) (pp. 209–246). Milano: Mursia Editore SpA.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (2005). Explorations in the deictic field. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 191–220.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (2007). The evidential core of deixis in Yucatec Maya. In Z. Guerncheva (Ed.), L'énonciation médiatisée, tome II. Paris: Peeters.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (2009). Fieldwork on deixis. Journal of Pragmatics, 41(1), special issue on Emancipatory Pragmatics, W. F. Hanks, S. Ide, & Y. Katagiri (Eds.), 10–24.Find this resource:
Hanks, W. F. (2012). Evidentiality in social interaction: Foreword. Special Issue of Pragmatics in Society, 3(2), 169–180.Find this resource:
Heath, J. (1980). Nunggubuyu deixis, anaphora and culture. In J. Kreiman & A. Ojeda (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on pronouns and anaphora (pp. 151–165). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Find this resource:
Himmelmann, N. P. (1996). Demonstratives in narrative discourse: A taxonomy of universal uses. In B. Fox (Ed.), Studies in anaphora (pp. 205–254). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Find this resource:
Husserl, E. (1978). The origin of geometry. In T. Luckmann (Ed.), Phenomenology and sociology: Selected readings (pp. 42–70). New York: Penguin.Find this resource:
Jakobson, R. (1971) [1957]. Shifters, verbal categories and the Russian verb. In Roman Jakobson: Selected writings. Vol. 2: Word and language. The Hague: Mouton.Find this resource:
Janssen, T. (1995). Deixis and reference. In Morphology: A handbook on inflection and word formation (Handbuch zur Sprache und Kommunication). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Find this resource:
Janssen, T. (2002). Deictic principles of pronominal, demonstrative and tense deictics. In F. Brisard, (Ed.), Grounding: The epistemic footing of deixis and reference. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Find this resource:
Jespersen, O. (1965) [1924]. The philosophy of grammar. New York: W. W. Norton.Find this resource:
Kaplan, D. (1989). Demonstratives. In J. Almog, H. Wettstein, & J. Perry (Eds.), Themes from Kaplan (pp. 481–563). New York: Oxford University Press.Find this resource:
Kuno, S. (1973). The structure of the Japanese language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Find this resource:
Kurylowicz, J. (1972). Universaux linguistiques. In L. Heilman (Ed.), Proceedings of the eleventh congress of linguists. Bologna, Italy.Find this resource:
Lasater, A. (n.d.). Notes on Quechua deixis. Unpublished manuscript, Summer Institute of Lingusitics of the Linguistic Society of America, Berkeley, 9 pages.Find this resource:
Leonard, R. (1985). Swahili demonstratives: Evaluating the validity of competing semantic hypotheses. Studies in African Linguistics, 16(3), 281–293.Find this resource:
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Lyons, J. (1982). Deixis and subjectivity: Loquor ergo sum? In H. Jarvella and W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 101–124). New York: John Wiley.Find this resource:
Mastisoff, J. (1973). The Grammar of Lahu. Berkeley: University of California Press.Find this resource:
Mondana, L. (2005). La constitution de l'origo déictique comme travail interactionnel des participants: Une approche praxéologique de la référence spatiale. Intellectica, 41–42, 75–100.Find this resource:
Morris, C. (1946). Signs, language and behavior. New York: Braziller.Find this resource:
Nagaraja, K. S. (1985). Khasi: A descriptive analysis. Pune: Deccan College.Find this resource:
Nunberg, G. (1993). Indexicality and deixis. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16(1), 1–43.Find this resource:
Peirce, C. S. (1955). Philosophical writings of Peirce. J. Buchler (Ed.). New York: Dover Publications.Find this resource:
Rabel, L. (1961). Khasi: A language of Assam. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.Find this resource:
Redden, J. E. (1980). A descriptive grammar of Ewondo. Carbondale: University of Illinois Department of Linguistics.Find this resource:
Reichenbach, H. (1947). Elements of symbolic logic. New York: Macmillan.Find this resource:
Russell, B. (1940). An inquiry into meaning and truth. London: Allen and Unwin.Find this resource:
Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Silverstein, M. (1976). Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In K. Basso & H. Selby (Eds.), Meaning in anthropology (pp. 11–55). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Find this resource:
Tang, H. (1999). The grammar of demonstratives in Mandarin conversational data: A case study. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27(1), 69–103.Find this resource:
Wolff, J. U. (2009). Cebuano. In K. Brown & S. Ogilvie (Eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world (pp. 197–199). Oxford: Elsevier.Find this resource:
Zide, N. (1972). A Munda demonstrative system: Santali. In J. M. C. Thomas & L. Bernot, (Eds.), Langues et Techniques, Nature et Sociétés I. Approche Linguistique (pp. 267–274). Paris: Editions Klincksieck.Find this resource:
(2.) An Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines.
(4.) A Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Southwestern China (cited in Diessel, 1999, p. 43, Table 26).
(5.) A Bantu (Niger-Congo) language spoken in Mozambique.


text:
Cornerstone Family Ministries, Inc. is an interdenominational Christian faith-bases 501(c)3 non-profit organization based in Tampa, Florida.
USDA Non-Discrimination Statement
In accordance with Federal Law and U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability.
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call toll free (866) 632-9992
(Voice). Individuals who are hearing impaired or have speech disabilities may contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339; or (800) 845-6136 (Spanish).
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Contact Us
A Child's Chance for Change
Fun Ways to Help
Make a Gift
Needs List
Wonder Walk 2020
to reserve a space for your team or for more information
Top Golf 2019
Wonder Walk 2018 Photos
Event Calendar
Upcoming Events
Sign up for our Newsletter
Volunteer Opportunities
Volunteer List
Mission, Vision & Values
Annual Report 2017-2018
Our History
Our Board & Staff
Our Programs
Children's Nutrition Program
Child Care Food Program
Care Packages For Kids
Children's Nutrition Academy
Cooking With Kids
Cornerstone Faith Connection
Cornerstone Early Learning Connection
Rosa Valdez Early Learning Center
Our Video