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We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies. More details can be found HERE
Please be aware that opening times and rules for each attraction may vary. We recommend to check individual attractions' websites before your visit, for any update on Covid-19 measures and opening times.
London Transport: Most attractions in Zone 1
Get a London Travelcard
We recognise that some of our customers have bought your passe(s) well in advance of your specific travel dates, and many attractions have temporarily closed due to COVID-19. As a result, our supplier has now extended all passes for up to 2 years from the date of purchase. Please note the extension only applies if your passe(s) hasn't been activated or refunded!
Enjoy the best of London's attractions while saving time and money with The London Pass — a hassle-free sightseeing credits package that lets you explore over 80 attractions including The View from the Shard, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Windsor Castle and much more!
With access to some of the city's most popular and iconic sights — including must-see museums, palaces, historic buildings, castles and tours — it's the ultimate London tourist pass.
Please note: Your London Pass® will be instantly available as soon as you place your order. The pass is activated the first time you use it. The pass has an activation period from when you purchase until one calendar year from your purchase date. Once your pass has been activated, it is valid for the consecutive amount of days purchased.
This product is sold by VisitBritain and is provided by our supplier, The Leisure Pass Group.
Please note:
If you want to visit several London attractions in a short period of time (and save time and money while doing so), this sightseeing pass is the perfect option for you!
The London Pass is your ticket to more than 80 of the capital's best sights and attractions, all for one great-value price!
Once you've received your pass, head to the attraction of your choice, scan your pass at the gate and start exploring. (Yes, it's really that easy!) The pass will automatically activate at the first attraction you visit, and pass credits will be deducted as you enter each attraction. Your pass automatically expires at the end of your chosen duration.
The London Pass gives you access to 80+ sights and attractions. You can view the complete list in the 'London Pass Attractions' tab.
The View from the Shard
Tower of London
Westminster Abbey
Windsor Castle + Free return train journey from London Paddington via Slough (After 12:30pm only)
Kensington Palace and The Orangery (Please note Kensington Palace is not open from 6-17 January 2020)
Hampton Court Palace + Skip-the-line access
ZSL London Zoo + Skip-the-line access
Shakespeare's Globe Theatre Tour & Exhibition
Churchill War Rooms
London Bridge Experience and London Tombs + Skip-the-line access
Thames River Cruise
St Paul's Cathedral + Skip-the-line access (Please note that the Whispering Gallery will remain closed until atleast December 2019)
Tower Bridge Exhibition + Skip-the-line access
Royal Mews
Royal Albert Hall - guided tour
Royal Observatory
Banqueting House
Jewel Tower
Wellington Arch
Apsley House
Benjamin Franklin House
Eltham Palace
The Wernher Collection at Ranger's house
National Army Museum
Freud Museum
The London Transport Museum
Household Cavalry Museum
Charles Dickens Museum
London Motor Museum
Guards Museum
Foundling Museum
Science Museum - Imax Theatre
Handel House Museum
London Canal Museum
Royal Air Force Museum
Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising
Old Operating Theatre, Museum and Herb Garret
Fan Museum
Florence Nightingale Museum
The Jewish Museum
Pollock's Toy Museum
Keats House
Museum of Comedy
The London Museum of Water and Steam
Body World (New to the London Pass!)
Golden Hinde
HMS Belfast
Kew Gardens + Skip-the-line access
Cutty Sark
ArcelorMittal Orbit
Chelsea Physic Garden
London Wetland Centre
Chislehurst Caves
Bicester Village Shopping Express
The Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace
Courtauld Gallery
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art
Wembley Stadium Tour
Arsenal Stadium Tour
Chelsea FC Stadium Tour
Beefeater Gin Distillery Tour
Wimbledon Tour Experience & Museum
Twickenham Stadium Tours & Museum of Rugby
London Bicycle Tour Company Bicycle Tour
Jason's Canal Boat Trip
Rock 'n' Roll Walk
Royal London Walking Tour
National Theatre Backstage Tours
Brit Movie Tours
Curzon Cinemas (Chelsea, Mayfair, Soho and Bloomsbury)
The London Brass Rubbing Centre
Namco Funscape
Queens Ice and Bowl
Museum of London (free guidebook)
All Hallows by the Tower (free visitor guide)
Southwark cathedral (free visitor guide + discount at the restaurant)
National Maritime Museum (free visitor guide)
Museum of London Docklands (free guidebook)
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir (free paying Exhibition)
The National Gallery (free audio guide)
The National Portrait Gallery (free paying exhibition or free visitor guide)
Tate Modern (free audio-guide)
Foyles Bookshop (free copy of London Unfurled when you spend £25 in store)
Please Note:
Your London Pass® has a daily "credits value" reflecting maximum gate prices (a total value of attraction entries) for adults of 175 (1 day), 275 (2 days), 350 (3 days), 430 (4 days), 530 (5 days), 605 (6 days) and for children of 125 (1 day), 175 (2 days), 225 (3 days), 275 (4 days), 300 (5 days) and 350 (6 days). That is, the cumulative individual entrance cost of the individual attractions you visit in one day must not exceed your "credits value".
Please note: Each London Pass holder can choose one Hop-On-Hop-Off bus tour operator - either Big Bus London or Golden Tours, once selected you can not switch between operators. The choice is entirely up to you! The touris valid for one calendar day.Whle there are skip-the-line privileges at selected attractions, you may still be required to undergo security checks prior to entrance.
Once you've placed your order, you'll be taken to a page to download your digital pass, you'll also be emailed this. This can be viewed on your mobile phone or printed. Please contact us if you haven't received your email confirmation within 2 working days.
Digital Passes are non-cancellable, non-refundable and non-exchangeable.
Plan your trip to London with our essential guide to the city
London can be overwhelming - if you're a first-timer, check out our guide to the essential sights!
Go beyond the velvet ropes and snap candid photos with all your favourite A-list celebrities, sports superstars and influential icons.
Buy before you fly! A pocket-sized map of central London with a handy Tube map included
Enjoy a fantastic aerial view of London from the highest viewpoint in western Europe


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New Jersey
Citibank ATM, Winslow, NJ
Citibank provides financial products and services to both individuals and businesses. Citibank strives to offer high quality products and services, and focuses on continuously innovating the products and services it offers so you can rest assured that the team at Citibank will provide you with the best financial advice.
KeywordsFinancial Services, Bank, ATM Cash Withdrawals Only, ATM Wheelchair Access
ServicesATM - Cash withdrawals only, ADA-Americans with Disabilities Act, ATM - Wheelchair access
FacilitiesATM-Wheelchair access, ADA-Americans with Disabilities Act, ATM-Cash withdrawals only
The company Citibank ATM is listed in the following categories:
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Nearby Citibank branches
- Citibank ATM
0.93 mi375 Bellevue Ave
08037 Hammonton
- Citibank ATM
1.09 mi214 N. White Horse
08037 Hammonton
- Citibank ATM
1.35 mi100 12Th Street
08037 Hammonton
- Citibank ATM
9.95 mi1445 S Blk Hrse Pk
08094 Williamstown
- Citibank ATM
9.95 mi1445 S Blk Horse
08094 Williamstown

subset: commoncrawl


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How Greenwheels works.
Traffic jams, pollution, rising costs. Cars are convenient, but they also create problems now and then.
Fortunately, Greenwheels has a solution. This is how it works: Greenwheels has a fleet of shared cars parked in 1,800 easily accessible locations throughout the Netherlands. You can pick up and return a car whenever it suits you. Our car-sharing concept can save you lots of trouble and money. Because with Greenwheels, you have flexible access to a car without the high costs of maintenance, insurance, road tax and parking. And it's also a lot more environmentally friendly.
- Registering and searching for a carREGISTER NOW
First you need to register with Greenwheels Business. After we have received a completed registration form, we will collect a deposit from you.
Users who have registered with an OV chip card will be able to book a Greenwheels commercial vehicle directly. Users who have opted for a Greenwheels card will receive their card by post within three business days. You can easily search for cars and make a reservation online on our website.
- Opening and starting your car
To unlock your Greenwheels car, simply hold your card in front of the card reader behind the windscreen or use the app.
Enter your PIN into the on-board computer in the glove compartment. Take the key out of the on-board computer and start the car like any other car. Always check the car for damage and make sure it is clean before you drive off.
- Making a stop, parking and locking your car
Always lock your car when you make a stop on your route. At the end of your trip, simply park your car back in its official parking spot.
You don't have to pay for parking if you leave the car in its own booked parking bay. Insert the key in the on-board computer and lock the car by holding your Greenwheels card in front of the card reader behind the windscreen or by using the app.
Greenwheels users share cars with each other. Therefore it is important to pay attention to the following rules.
- All users are required to pay a one-off deposit of €225,00. The deposit will be returned when you end your subscription.
- Registration with your own OV chip card is for free; a Greenwheels card costs €25,00.
- Invoices can be viewed on My Greenwheels. If you wish to receive your invoices by post we charge an extra fee of €2,00 per invoice.
- To purchase a subscription you need to be at least 18 years old.
- Subscriptions are subject to a notice period of 30 days.
- On a private subscription, it is possible to activate 3 drivers per subscription. Each driver needs to use his/her own card.
- On a business subscription, you may register with as many users as you wish up to 100 users.
- Optional: Own risk package from €350,00 to €75,00 for €4,00 per reservation.
Fuelling up
If the fuel tank is less than a quarter full, it is time to fill up the car. Whenever you fill up the car it is important to write down the mileage, because you need to enter the mileage when you pay. As soon as you turn off the engine, remove the tank card from the board computer. The PIN code for the fuel card will appear on the display. Fill up the car. You can find the instructions on how to fill up your car on the back of the lid. Remember to put the fuel card back in the board computer when you're finished.
Avoid additional charges.
No one wants to be charged extra, so make sure you take account of the following:
Always return your Greenwheels car on time.
You can extend your reservation via our Customer Service, website, app or the on-board computer. If someone has already booked your car, we will inform you when you need to return the vehicle. If the car is returned too late, causing a problem for the subsequent user, a fee of € 25 will be charged.
Do not violate any traffic rules.
Fines for traffic offences are for the account of the user. In addition, an amount of € 10 per fine will be charged for administrative expenses.
Always leave your car in its own booked parking bay.
Always return your car to its original location, so that the next user knows where to find it. If you are unable to do this, please call to let us know. Users who leave their cars in a different location without reporting back to Greenwheels will be charged € 25.
Make sure there is enough fuel in the tank.
Cars that are returned must have at least a quarter tank of fuel. If you leave your car with less fuel, you will be charged € 25. The fuel costs will be paid by us and then charged to you in accordance with the kilometres driven.
Report any damage in a timely manner.
Check your car for damage before you drive off. If you find new damage, please call us to report this, so that we know you are not responsible. The user's excess per damage claim is € 350 The liability can be reduced to € 75 per damage event by paying an additional fee of € 4 per reservation.
Return your car clean both outside and inside.
If a car is returned unclean, we will have to send out one of our employees to clean it, in which case you will be charged €25 for cleaning expenses. Please call us to report any cleanliness issues that you observe immediately (i.e. before you drive off), so that we know you are not responsible.
Do not smoke inside the car.
Everyone wants to drive a fresh-smelling car. If any evidence is found of smoking in a Greenwheels car, Greenwheels has the right to charge a fee of € 25.


text: Bring Autumn to your Kitchen November 4, 2016 | RecipesIt's Autumn. And here in Montalcino, that means it's time for mushrooms. In particular, Porcini mushrooms. It's very common to see lone searchers heading into the woods looking for these spontaneous fruits of the land. A great dish for the cool autumn... Read more >


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Lunchbox snacks
Keep hunger pangs at bay with these healthy, yummy lunchbox nibbles
Nutrition and extra info
- kcal-
- fat-
- saturates-
- carbs-
- sugars-
- fibre-
- protein-
- salt-
- bean dip with veggie sticks
- raspberry banana smoothie
A member of the rose family, raspberries have a wonderfully intense, sweet taste, and many…
- cinnamon custard plums
A fragrant spice which comes from the inner bark of a tropical tree. When dried, it curls into…
- apricot yogurt granola pots
A relative of the peach, nectarine, plum and cherry, apricots are fragrant, with a soft, velvety…
- carrot & pineapple muffins (all ingredients for recipes below)
The carrot, with its distinctive bright orange colour, is one of the most versatile root…
Bean dip with veggie sticks 5 of 5-a-day, low fat. Whizz 215g can drained butterbeans, squeeze lemon juice, 1 small crushed garlic clove, 1 tbsp each chopped parsley and mint, 2 tsp olive oil and 1 tbsp water. Serve with vegetable dippers made from 1 celery stick, 1 carrot and ½ red pepper - wrap in a damp piece of kitchen paper to stop them drying out (serves 1).
Raspberry banana smoothie Whizz 85g raspberries together with 1 chopped banana and 150ml orange juice until smooth (serves 1).
Cinnamon custard plums Put 1 tbsp honey, 1 tsp butter, 2 quartered plums, few drops vanilla extract, pinch ground cinnamon and 2 tsp water in a dish. Cover with cling film, pierce, microwave for 3 mins on High. Once cooled, put fruit in a container and spoon 2-3 tbsp custard on top. Seal and refrigerate (serves 1).
Apricot yogurt granola pots Mix 200g oats, 2 tbsp honey and 1 tbsp sunflower oil in a baking tray. Spread out and bake at 200C/180C fan/ gas 6 for 7 mins. Stir, bake for 7 mins more. Cool. Mix with 150g dried fruits (enough for 8 servings). For one serving, mix 100ml natural yogurt with 1 tbsp sugar-free apricot jam in a container. Store granola in an airtight container and portion into a small bag when packing lunchbox.
Carrot & pineapple muffins Sift together 140g self-raising flour, 85g wholemeal flour (reserving about 2 tbsp of the bran), ½ tsp bicarbonate of soda, 2 tsp ground cinnamon and a pinch salt. In another bowl, beat 150ml sunflower oil with 100g golden caster sugar. Add 200g mashed cooked carrots, 3 canned pineapple slices, cut into cubes, 2 tbsp pineapple juice from the can, 1 egg and 1 tsp vanilla extract. Mix in 50g sunflower seeds. Fold dry mix into the wet one. Cut out a dozen 10cm squares of baking parchment and place in the holes of a muffin tin. Spoon mixture into tin, sprinkle with bran and a few sunflower seeds. Bake at 200C/ 180C fan/gas 6 for 20-25 mins or until a skewer comes out clean. Leave to cool (makes 12).
Recipe Tip
Transporting your snacksFreeze a carton of juice or a smoothie to keep the rest of the lunchbox cool – it should defrost by lunchtime, ready for drinking. A mini thermos is a great way to keep food warm and lets you send your child to school with all kinds of soups and stews during the colder months.


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Yes, it was THAT time of year again folks. Jimmy Canned Corn with lots of helpers! We bought 10 dozen ears of the finest organic sweet corn from farmer M. It was picked at 8 a.m., shucked at 9:00 and safely pressure canned before lunch.
Just cut off the kernels with a sharp knife, pack them uncooked into pint or quart jars, top with boiling water or veggie stock, leaving a generous inch of headspace, and pressure can them according to your guidebook.
Do your pressure canning outdoors in the garage because it's 100 degrees out and the old air conditioner inside can already barely keep up.
Let the jars cool for a day and then wash off the hard water deposits left behind during canning. Don't store them with the rings on, just the flat part of the lid. The rings need to be washed again right now, and if you leave them on all year, some of the jars will be really hard to open, and some lids might even rust through, unsealing.


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In honor of our 40th Anniversary match versus FC Dallas on Saturday and our Hall of Fame induction of Johnny Moore, we're teaming up with Gordon Biersch to give away a throwback Moore t-shirt.
The shirt, which features our original jersey and Moore's No. 8, will be given away to 2500 fans in attendance of Saturday's match.
Additionally, a throwback shirt will be available for purchase at the game.
The shirt is a replica of the Quakes training jersey which, coincidentally, is what the team wore in their first-ever match in club history because their jerseys weren't ready in time.
You won't want to miss this one-time chance to rock some vintage Quakes gear. Buy your ticket today and arrive early!


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Hi, do you have Macedonia-Liechtenstein?
You´ve been very helpfull to me with qualifying matches! Thank you VERY much!
Siento mucho que aparezca como nuevo post el partido: Athletic Bilbao vs Atlético Madrid, yo solo queria agradecerte el buen trabajo que realizas al subir buenos post, gracias nuevamente
your 2nd half file for sevilla/las palmas is labeled "real madrid-betis"...
was the wrong file uploaded?
is it the correct file but with a bad title?
thank you!
can you please upload today's match of leganes and getafe in la liga?
also here: do you can upload the full match: US Open - Kerber vs Osaka?
Can you upload a english version or premium sport version for genoa - juventus ?
Thanks .
thanks for capping the chilean league !
could you also cap the uruguayan which is also on arenavision in , please ?
thanks for the help
have a nice day
thanks for the chilean championship games . hope you continue . regards
do not forget to record the chilean championship starting this week . thanks .
Hello can you get and upload a GP America Highlights from espn?
thank a lot
Junior Member
Senior Member


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Commons:Derivative works
Many creative works are derivative works of something else, entitled to their own copyright. A derivative work is one which is not only based on a previous work, but which also contains sufficient new, creative content to entitle it to its own copyright. However, if the underlying work is still copyright protected, the original copyright holder must also license the underlying work for reuse. In other words, a derivative work is not merely a work that is "based on" another work, a derivative work is considered a new work because of some significant amount of additional creativity that went into its production— all subsequent works based on another, previous work but lacking substantial new creative content are merely considered copies of that work and are entitled to no new copyright protection as a result and should not be referred to as "derivative works", as this has a very specific meaning in copyright law.
In either case, unless the underlying work is in the public domain or there is evidence that the underlying work has been freely licensed for reuse (for example, under an appropriate Creative Commons license), the original creator of the work must explicitly authorize the copy/ derivative work before it can be uploaded to Commons.
In summary: you cannot trace someone else's copyrighted creative drawing and upload that tracing to Commons under a new, free license because a tracing is a copy without new creative content; likewise, you cannot make a movie version of a book you just read without the permission of the author, even if you added substantial creative new material to the storyline, because the movie requires the original book author's permission— if such permission were obtained, however, the movie would likely then be considered a derivative work entitled to its own novel copyright protection. "Derivative", in this sense, does not simply mean "derived from", it means, "derived from and including new creative content which is entitled to a new copyright."
What is a derivative work?Edit
Derivative works, according to the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101, are defined as follows:[1]
- "A 'derivative work' is a work based upon one or more pre-existing works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications, which, as a whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a 'derivative work'".
In short, all transfers of a creative, copyrightable work into a new medium (i.e., from book to movie) as well as all other modifications of a work whose outcome is a new, creatively original work (e.g., from Shakespearean play into a modern rendition of a Shakespearean play with new wording or characters) are considered derivative works entitled to their own, new copyrights. Who is allowed to create such works? According to U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 106:
- "(T)he owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following: (...) (2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work".
Unlike an exact copy or minor variation of a work (e.g. the same book with a different title), which would be considered a mere copy and would not result in a new copyright, a derivative work creates a new copyright on all original aspects of the new version. Thus, for example, the creator of The Annotated Hobbit holds a copyright on all of the notes and commentary he wrote, but not on the original text of The Hobbit, which is also included in the book, the copyright to which is owned by the Tolkien Estate. The original Estate copyright still holds, and then the annotations also acquire a new and independent copyright of their own. Likewise, the corporation that holds the copyright to Darth Vader (i.e., Walt Disney) has the exclusive right to create or authorize any derivative works of that character, including photographs or drawings of him which portray him in novel and creative ways, since (as court decisions put it) that is one aspect of the copyright holder's work that they might want to exploit commercially. In the same manner, anyone can make a movie based on The Bible, and may make their own movie called "The Ten Commandments" based on the Biblical chapter Exodus, but may not make a new version of the 1956 film, "The Ten Commandments", even with substantial new creative input, without getting permission of Paramount Pictures (the copyright holder).
If I take a picture of an object with my own camera, I hold the copyright to the picture. Can't I license it any way I choose? Why do I have to worry about other copyright holders?Edit
By taking a picture with a copyrighted cartoon character on a T-shirt as its main subject, for example, the photographer creates a new, copyrighted work (the photograph), but the rights of the cartoon character's creator still affect the resulting photograph. Such a photograph could not be published without the consent of both copyright holders: the photographer and the cartoonist.
It does not matter if a drawing of a copyrighted character's likeness is created entirely by the uploader without any other reference than the uploader's memory. A non-free copyrighted work simply cannot be rendered free without the consent of the copyright holder, not by photographing, nor drawing, nor sculpting (but see Commons:Freedom of panorama).
Locations such as theme parks usually allow photography and sometimes even encourage it even though items of copyrighted artwork will almost certainly be included in visitors' photos. Such policies, however, do not automatically mean that such photos can be distributed under a public domain dedication or a free content license; the intent of a venue allowing photography may be to facilitate photography for personal usage and/or non-commercial sharing on social networking sites, for example. (See this discussion.) Also, the legal concept of de minimis can apply in such a setting: if the subject of your theme park photograph is your daughter eating an ice cream but someone in a Mickey Mouse costume can be seen in the background, this is not considered infringement nor a derivative work so long as it is clear from the photograph that you are interested in the girl and the frozen treat rather than the oversized rodent, and you may even market that image commercially (though you must be sure that Mickey really is "de minimis" and his presence must not make that image more useful, more interesting, or more marketable than it would be without him).
If I take a photograph of a kid who is holding a stuffed Winnie the Pooh toy, does Disney own the copyright in the photo since they own the Pooh design?Edit
No. Disney does not hold the copyright on the photo. There are two different copyrights to be taken into account, that of the photographer (concerning the photo) and that of Disney (the toy). You have to keep those apart. Ask yourself: Can the photo be used as an illustration for "Winnie the Pooh"? Am I trying to get around restrictions for two-dimensional pictures of Pooh by using a photo of a toy? If so, then it is not allowed.
Be aware, though, that Disney's protection strategy both relies on author's right (artistic property) and trade mark (extended to protect a design). The actual legal analysis would be more subtle in that case. While Disney does not hold a copyright on the photo, there may be an infringement on Disney's copyright of Pooh by virtue of copying via the photograph. As virtually all photography is considered to involve at least a modicum of creativity on the part of the photographer, in fact you may have created a derivative work without permission.
Isn't every product copyrighted by someone? What about cars? Or kitchen chairs? My computer case?Edit
No. There are special provisions in US copyright law to exempt utility articles to a wide degree from copyright protection:
The second part of the amendment states that
- "the design of a useful article [...] shall be considered a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article."
A "useful article" is defined as "an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information." This part of the amendment is an adaptation of language added to the Copyright Office Regulations in the mid-1950's in an effort to implement the Supreme Court's decision in the Mazer case.
In adopting this amendatory language, the Committee is seeking to draw as clear a line as possible between copyrightable works of applied art and non-copyrighted works of industrial design. A two-dimensional painting, drawing, or graphic work is still capable of being identified as such when it is printed on or applied to utilitarian articles such as textile fabrics, wallpaper, containers, and the like. The same is true when a statue or carving is used to embellish an industrial product or, as in the Mazer case, is incorporated into a product without losing its ability to exist independently as a work of art. On the other hand, although the shape of an industrial product may be aesthetically satisfying and valuable, the Committee's intention is not to offer it copyright protection under the bill. Unless the shape of an automobile, airplane, ladies' dress, food processor, television set, or any other industrial product contains some element that, physically or conceptually, can be identified as separable from the utilitarian aspects of that article, the design would not be copyrighted under the bill.
The test of separability and independence from "the utilitarian aspects of the article" does not depend upon the nature of the design—that is, even if the appearance of an article is determined by aesthetic (as opposed to functional) considerations, only elements, if any, which can be identified separately from the useful article as such are copyrightable. And, even if the three-dimensional design contains some such element (for example, a carving on the back of a chair or a floral relief design on silver flatware), copyright protection would extend only to that element, and would not cover the overall configuration of the utilitarian article as such.
- From Cornell University Law School notes on US Code 17 § 102; content primarily taken from a U.S. Government work
- Note that while the commentary above was apparently written while some language was an amendment which had not then been enacted, it was subsequently enacted and can be found in 17 USC 101.
Sculptures, paintings, action figures, and (in many cases) toys and models do not have utilitarian aspects and therefore in the United States (where Commons is hosted) such objects are generally considered protected as copyrighted works of art. A toy airplane, for example, is mainly intended to portray the appearance of an airplane in a manner similar to that of a painting of an airplane.[2] On the other hand, ordinary alarm clocks, dinner plates, gaming consoles— as well as actual, full-scale planes— are not generally copyrightable... though any design painted on the dinner plate would likely be subject to copyright protection, as would an alarm clock in the shape of Snoopy the dog.
It is possible for utilitarian objects to have aspects which are copyrightable, but there is no clear line in US law between works which are copyrightable and objects which are not.[3] A white paper on copyright and 3D printing mentioned several US court rulings that were each about whether a functional object had artistic elements that were "physically or conceptually" separable from the object's functional aspects and therefore copyrightable. The whitepaper suggested a consideration for determining if specific elements of a utilitarian object are copyrightable under US law: if an object has non-functional elements, then those elements are more likely to be copyrightable if the design of the elements was not influenced by utilitarian pressures.[4]
Different countries may have different definitions: German law has a term called Schöpfungshöhe, which is the threshold of originality required for copyright protection. In the vast majority of national jurisdictions, the level of originality required for copyright protection of works of applied arts does not differ from the one for the fine arts.[5] It is higher in Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Slovenia, and Switzerland.[5][6] There is no legal definition for this threshold, so one must use common sense and existing case law.[7]
Instead of copyright protection, utilitarian objects are generally protected by design patents, which, depending on jurisdiction, may limit commercial use of depictions. However, patents and copyright are separate areas of law, and works uploaded to Commons are only required to be free with respect to copyright. Therefore, patents of this kind are not a matter of concern for Commons.
Photos of people in costumes of copyrighted characters may or may not be copyrighted.[8] See Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter (Costumes and cosplay) for more information. These should be decided on a case-by-case basis using the separability test.[3]
It is prohibited to copy text from non-free media like copyrighted books, articles or similar works. Information itself, however, is not copyrightable, and you are free to rewrite it in your own words. Quotations are allowed if they are limited in size and mention the source.
In the United States, many maps are in the public domain. The most common cases are:
- The map was created by the US government: The federal government is the greatest source of public domain maps in the United States. Federal agencies are creating maps all the time and works that US government employees create (as part of their jobs) are not protected by copyright.
- The map's copyright has expired: All maps published in the United States before 1925 are in the public domain because their copyrights have expired.
- The map was published before 1989 without a copyright notice: Copyright notices used to be mandatory. If a work was published without a proper notice, it went into the public domain unless the copyright owner corrected the problem within a specific period of time. A valid copyright notice on a map had to consist of at least these 2 elements: the copyright symbol ©, the word "Copyright," or the abbreviation "Copr." and the name of the copyright owner. (Example: © Lenny Longitude). Maps published from January 1, 1978 through March 1, 1989 also had to include the publication year. (Maps published before 1978 did not need to include the date).
- The map was not eligible for copyright in the first place: Not all maps get copyright protection in the United States. There are "originality" and "minimal creativity" requirements for copyright in the US. If the components of the map are "entirely obvious" the map will not be copyrightable. For example, an outline map of the state of Texas, or one of the US showing the state boundaries is not copyrightable. (Not creative.) Ditto maps that use standard cartographic conventions, like a survey map. (Not original.)[9]
Even for maps which are copyrighted, not all the contents are subjected to copyright. The problems arise from the tension between the principle that maps are protected and two other basic principles: namely, that copyright does not protect facts and that copyright does not protect systems. Traditional maps are pictorial representations of geographic and demographic facts organized to allow the user to readily understand and easily extract the factual information portrayed. The factual information, such as boundary lines and locations of landmarks, is supposedly unprotected. The organizing principle for presenting the information will often, if not always, be deemed an unprotected system or idea. Thus, many maps will apparently contain only unprotected elements.
The issue was the object of several court cases. The tension among traditional copyright principles as they apply to maps has been heightened by Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Company, Inc. The Feist decision follows standard copyright dogma to the conclusion: copyright protects only expression, not facts; the expression protected must be the product of intellectual creativity and not merely labor, time, or money invested; the protected elements of the resulting work are precisely those that reflect this intellectual creativity, and no more. This is the conclusion of a court of law on the issue.[10]
As a result of the court decisions, following parts of a map are in the public domain, and may be used freely:
- Place names: Those are not copyrightable.
- Colors: For example, the colors representing area features on a topographic map, such as vegetation (green), water (blue), and densely built-up areas (gray or red). Colors are not copyrightable, either.
- Symbols and map keys: Cannot be protected by copyright, even if the mapmaker invented truly original ones.
- Geographic or topographic features: Those are facts, and facts are not copyrightable.
- Elements copied from other maps: (say, from a public domain USGS map). Whatever new information the mapmaker added will be protected by copyright (the selection, arrangement of the info), but the elements that were copied (the elements of a USGS map used as a starting point, for example) will stay in the public domain.[9]
However, some of these maps may be protected by copyright. A map is not copyrightable if the idea it expresses could only be done in one way. The court found that there was сreativity involved in the idea here was to bring together the available information on boundaries, landmarks, and ownership, and to choose locations and an effective pictorial expression of those locations. But the protection that each map receives extends only to its original expression, and neither the facts nor the idea embodied in the maps is protected.[11]
While the above applies to the United States, it is not clear if it is applicable to other countries. In the European Union Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases has been approved. However, neither the directive, nor any of the national laws promulgated after its approval clearly specify that elements represented on maps qualify as databases.
In Germany a verdict of the court in München of November 9, 2005, stated that, according to the German Copyright Law[12] topographic maps are to be considered databases, as defined in art. 87 of the law and the information is protected according to the provisions regarding databases. This also refers to the length of the protection of databases which is significantly shorter than the protection of copyright.[13] In any case, the copyright for databases according to the Directive is of fifteen years, implying that, regardless of the interpretation, the information on maps which could be interpreted as being database related expires in 15 years after the publication of the map.
I know that I can't upload photos of copyrighted art (like paintings and statues), but what about toys? Toys are not art!Edit
See also: Category:Toys related deletion requests
Although the scope of copyright varies between countries, it is a misconception that copyright applies solely to "art". Instead, copyright typically applies to a larger variety of works; to use the United States, where WMF servers are located, as an example: copyright protection is available to "original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression"[14] Indeed, toys generally are original (owe their origin to an author), have authors (human creators), and are fixed in a tangible medium (wood, fabric, etc.)
The question, then, is whether toys are to be treated as vehicles and furniture: exempt from copyright protection on the basis of being utilitarian objects. Indeed, some countries, such as Japan,[15] generally consider toys to be utilitarian objects and therefore ineligible for copyright. Other countries, such as the United States, however, do not consider toys to be utilitarian objects. Accordingly, paintings, statues and toys are all works subject to copyright whose photographs would require permission of the original creator to be hosted on the Commons. Just as you cannot upload pictures of a sculpture by Picasso, you cannot upload photographs of Mickey Mouse or Pokémon figures.
The legal rationale in the United States has been established in numerous cases. "Gay Toys", for example, found "a toy airplane is to be played with and enjoyed, but a painting of an airplane, which is copyrightable, is to be looked at and enjoyed. Other than the portrayal of a real airplane, a toy airplane, like a painting, has no intrinsic utilitarian function."[16] Additional rulings have found, for example, "it is no longer subject to dispute that statues or models of animals or dolls are entitled to copyright protection"[17] and "There is no question but that stuffed toy animals are entitled to copyright protection."[18]
Similarly, dolls' clothing has been found to be copyrightable in the US on the grounds that it does not have a utilitarian function of providing protection from the elements or preserving modesty in the manner that clothing for humans does (the latter is a "useful article.")[2] Numerous lawsuits have shown that Mickey Mouse or Asterix have to be treated as works of art, which means they are subject to copyright, while a common spoon or a table are not works of art. Artistic elements of these items could be copyrighted, but only if it's separable from the utilitarian elements.[9] Some toys are also too simple to meet the threshold of originality, for example, the Kong dog toy.[19] "A toy model that is an exact replica of an automobile, airplane, train, or other useful article where no creative expression has been added to the existing design" is not eligible for copyright protection in the United States.[20]
In other cases, the "separability" test may be needed (see Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.). When uploading a picture of a toy, you must show that the toy is in the public domain in both the United States and in the source country of the toy. In the United States, copyright is granted for toys even if the toy is ineligible for copyright in the source country.[21]
But Wikimedia Commons isn't commercial! And what about fair use?Edit
Wikimedia Commons is not a commercial project, but the project scope requires that every single file be licensed for possible commercial reuse and be free of third-party copyrights. Fair use arguments are not allowed on Commons. "Fair use" is a difficult legal exception that exists only for pictures that are used in a certain limited context; it is never applicable to entire databases of copyrighted material.
But how can we illustrate topics like Star Wars or Pokémon without pictures?Edit
Admittedly, it may be difficult or even impossible to illustrate such articles. However, the articles can still be written. Their lack of illustrations will not affect the vitality of Wikimedia's projects, and there are plenty of topics with opportunities to create illustrations which do not violate third-party copyrights. Even your own drawing of Pikachu cannot be published under a free license.
Some Wikimedia projects allow non-free works (including derivatives of non-free works) to be uploaded locally under fair use provisions. The situations in which this is permitted are strictly limited. It is vital to consult the policies and guidelines of the project in question before attempting to invoke fair use claims.
What about images of copyrighted characters in public domain works?Edit
Sometimes individual works featuring copyrighted characters (such as Mickey Mouse or Superman) enter the public domain. Although the works themselves are in the public domain, any portions that include the copyrighted characters are still restricted by copyright law.[22][23] This concept even extends to non-sentient "characters", such as the Batmobile.[24] Derivative representations of characters are protected by copyright law in the United States until the original work that created the character is no longer copyrighted.[25] This protection is separate from trademark protection.
I've never heard about this before! Is this some kind of creative interpretation?Edit
Actually, no. Photographs of, say, modern art statues or paintings cannot be uploaded either, and people accept that. If we accept the legal standard that comic figures and action figures can be considered as art and thus are copyrighted, we are just applying the standard rule here.
See also: Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter.
How does this policy concern the selection of images that are allowed on Wikimedia Commons?
- Comic figures and action figures: No photographs, drawings, paintings or any other copies/derivative works of these are allowed (as long as the original is not in the public domain). No pictures are allowed of items which are derivatives from copyrighted figures themselves, like dolls, action figures, T-shirts, printed bags, ashtrays etc.
- Paintings with frames: Paintings that are in the public domain are generally allowed (see Commons:Licensing). Frames are 3-dimensional objects, so the photo may be copyrighted. Remember: Always provide the original creator's name, birth and death date and the time of creation, if you can! If you do not know, give as much source information as possible (source link, place of publication etc.). Other volunteers must be able to verify the copyright status. Furthermore, the moral rights of the original creator—which include the right to be named as the author—are perpetual in some countries. In either case you need permission from the author to create a derivative work. Without such permission any art you create based on their work is legally considered an unlicensed copy owned by the original author (taking from another web site is not allowed without their permission).
- Cave paintings: Cave walls are usually not flat, but three-dimensional. The same goes for antique vases and other uneven or rough surfaces. This could mean that photographs of such media can be copyrighted, even if the cave painting is in the public domain. (We are looking for case studies here!) Old frescoes and other paintings on flat surfaces in the public domain should be fine, as long as they are reproduced as two-dimensional artworks.
- Photographs of buildings and artworks in public spaces: Those are derivative works, but they may be OK, if the artwork is permanently installed (which means, it is there to stay, not to be removed after a certain time), and in some countries if you are on public ground while taking the picture. Check Commons:Freedom of panorama. If your country has a liberal policy on this exception and learn more about freedom of panorama. Note that in most countries, freedom of panorama does not cover two-dimensional artworks such as murals.
- Replicas of artworks: Exact replicas (even poor ones) of public domain works, like tourist souvenirs of the Venus de Milo, cannot attract any new copyright as they do not have the required originality. Hence, photographs of such items can be treated just like photographs of the artwork itself.
- Photographs of three-dimensional objects: always copyrighted, even if the object itself is in the public domain. If you did not take the photograph yourself, you need permission from the owner of the photographic copyright (unless of course the photograph itself is in the public domain).
- Images of characters/objects/scenes in books: subject to any copyright on the book itself. You cannot freely create and distribute a drawing of Albus Dumbledore any more than you could distribute your own Harry Potter movie. In either case you need permission from the author to create a derivative work. Without such permission any art you create based on their work is legally considered an unlicensed copy owned by the original author.
- Fan art: See Commons:Fan art
See alsoEdit
- Collages are combinations of multiple images arranged into a single image
- Screenshots are a type of derivative work
- ↑ U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 101. Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ a b Pearlman, Rachel (2012-09-17). IP Frontiers: From planes to dolls: Copyright challenges in the toy industry. NY Daily Record. Retrieved on 2014-06-21.
- ↑ Weinberg, Michael (January 2013). What's the Deal with Copyright and 3D Printing? 9. Public Knowledge. Retrieved on 2016-09-22.
- ↑ Weinberg, Michael (January 2013). What's the Deal with Copyright and 3D Printing? 13. Public Knowledge. Retrieved on 2016-09-22.
- ↑ a b Summary Report: The Interplay Between Design and Copyright Protection for Industrial Products 4–5. AIPPI.
- ↑ VSL0069492. Retrieved on 29 October 2013.
- ↑ Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices - Chapter 500. University of New Hampshire School of Law.
- ↑ Commons:Deletion requests/Images of costumes tagged as copyvios by AnimeFan#Comment by Mike Godwin
- ↑ a b c [1] Public domain maps]. Public Domain Sherpa. Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ Dennis S. Karjala - Copyright in electronic maps - Jurimetrics Vol. 35 (1995) pp.305-415
- ↑ Mason v Montgomery Data et al. The Federal Reporter Volume 967 2d Edition (1992). Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (Urheberrechtsgesetz).
- ↑ [2] Landgericht München I - Datenbankschutz für topografische Landkarten
- ↑ 17 U.S. Code § 102. Subject matter of copyright: In general. Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ "Farby" doll is judged not to be a work of art. Sendai High Court (9 July 2002). Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ (Gay Toys, Inc. v. Buddy L Corporation, 703 F.2d 970 (6th Cir. 1983)
- ↑ Blazon, Inc. v. DeLuxe Game Corp., 268 F. Supp. 416 (S.D.N.Y. 1965)
- ↑ R. Dakin & Co. v. A & L Novelty Co., Inc., 444 F. Supp. 1080, 1083-84 (E.D.N.Y. 1978)
- ↑ Kong Design (20 September 213). Retrieved on 2019-04-17.
- ↑ Compendium III § 313.4(A)
- ↑ HASBRO BRADLEY, INC. v. SPARKLE TOYS, INC., 780 F.2d 189 (2nd Cir. 1985).
- ↑ Siegel v. Warner Bros (2009)
- ↑ Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. v. American Honda Motor Co. (1995)
- ↑ DC Comics v. Mark Towle (2013)
- ↑ Warner Bros. v. AVELA (2011)
External linksEdit
- Case studies
- http://www.ivanhoffman.com/beanie.html (Citing a court case in which photographs of Beanie Baby dolls are treated as derivative works)
- http://www.benedict.com/visual/batman/batman (Citing a court case in which Warner Bros was accused of copyright infringement for filming a statue inside a building)
- http://lawspace.stmarytx.edu/files/original/Gorman.pdf (Eric D. Gorman: How to determine whether appropriation art is transformative "fair use" or morely an unauthorized derivative?)
- Other useful sites
- Derivative Works :: Topics :: Lumen (formerly Chilling Effects)
- L.H.O.O.Q.--Internet-Related Derivative Works
- US Copyright Office Circular 14 - Copyright in Derivative Works and Compilations
- Compendium II: Copyright Office Practices - Chapter 500 (What's copyrightable and what's not in the area of visual arts)
- Australian Copyright Council's Online Information Centre has many downloadable guides covering aspects of copyright.


text:
Piers Morgan made his debut Monday night in the 9 PM hour on CNN, filling the timeslot left vacant by Larry King, and the show brought in more than 2 million viewers for the network.
The former tabloid editor and original "Celebrity Apprentice" winner came in second behind Fox News Channel's "Hannity," by a few hundred thousand viewers. Piers came in above MSNBC's "Rachel Maddow Show."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: From Tabloids To Primetime: Piers Morgan
U.S. & World
His ratings in comparison to Larry King's were high – bringing in a jump in audience by 219% over CNN's fourth quarter average in 2010.
Piers was no doubt helped in his stellar ratings by his first guest – Oprah Winfrey – who opened up about a number of the topics she's addressed in the media lately, including her friendship with Gayle King, her childhood ambition to become a fourth grade teacher, and how much she's given to charity (at her estimate, more than 0 million).
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Brit Pack: Hot Shots Of Stars From The UK!
Piers Tweeted live during his first show, giving Twitter readers updates over what topics were coming up in his pre-taped interview.
"Watch Oprah's eye contact - she never looks away from me," he wrote.
At another point, Piers Tweeted Michael Vick, asking him to say, 'Yes' to his interview request. Piers Tweeted "Hey @MikeVick - how about it? I'll cut you in for 0," after he and Oprah – who is also pursuing a sit-down with the football star who was jailed for his involvement in a dog-fighting ring – made a wager over who would get him first. Piers and Oprah bet 200 British pounds.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Oprah! Ellen! Regis! TV's Favorite Talk Show Hosts
The Brit then went on to reTweet a host of praise he received for his interview, and when Ryan Seacrest asked his own followers for their opinions on Piers' debut, Piers chimed in himself, calling it "brilliant."
On Tuesday morning, Piers went wild on Twitter over his reviews, asking his followers to help him find a bad review of his show.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Queen Of TV Talk — Oprah Winfrey
"Come on, I need a REALLY rough one. A review so vile it's going to make me go and jump off Brooklyn Bridge, after immolating myself," he wrote.
What he eventually found was a meek adjective he took issue with.
"OK, reviews deteriorating nicely now. New York Times says I'm 'timid'. WHAAATTT???? Never had such despicable slur," he Tweeted.
For Tuesday's show, Piers has lined up a pre-taped interview with Sirius XM shock jock Howard Stern. On Wednesday, he'll have Condoleeza Rice. On Thursday, he reportedly is bringing in controversial Golden Globes host Ricky Gervais, in another pre-taped interview. Friday's show will feature father / son humanitarians Nick and George Clooney.
In related Piers news, he recently told Entertainment Weekly that he has added to his "Banned List." Heather Mills, whom Piers claimed he introduced to Paul McCartney, MSNBC's Keith Olbermann, Tony Blair's wife Cherie, and his fellow "America's Got Talent" judge Howie Mandel have all joined Madonna as unwelcome guests.
Piers opened up to Access Hollywood's Billy Bush last week, revealing for the first time, why Madonna got a lifetime ban from his show.
"Madonna and I, we've never really seen eye-to-eye," Piers said. "There was a bread roll throwing incident in London in the mid '90s; there was an incident at a hotel in the south of France [at] the Cannes Film Festival involving a photographer and a bodyguard; there's been an incident involving a pub owned by her recently departed husband, Guy Ritchie, where my brother was the manager."
But that isn't the only reason she's been banned. Piers claimed he lost a scoop on a Madonna story due to her rep.
"You know the worst thing Madonna did to me? Madonna's publicist once said to me, 'Listen to me, Madonna is not pregnant,' when I was running a newspaper. And I said, 'Are you sure?' She said, 'Listen to me, Piers. Madonna is not pregnant.'
"The next day, they announced [the news] on a rival newspaper's website," Piers continued. "There's a series of crimes."
A rep for Madonna's rep did not respond to a previous request for comment from Access over Piers' claim.
Copyright 2011 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Piers Morgan Shows Off His New Domain
PLAY IT NOW: How Will Piers Morgan Set Himself Apart From Larry King?
More from Access: [ Piers Morgan 'Piers Morgan Tonight' TV ]


text:
Marka Curved Visor 6-Panel Hat
• Curved visor 6-panel hat
• 14-wale cotton corduroy
• HUF 'Marka' logo embroidery at front crown
• Adjustable self-fabric strap closure with brass clasp
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• Woven HUF flag label at back
Free ground shipping on U.S. orders over $75. We offer FedEx Ground, 2 Day, and Overnight Air. All order will be shipped within 1-2 days of placing and take 2-6 days to arrive.
We ship internationally via FedEx International Economy & Priority. Packages may take 3-10 business days (or more depending on customs) to reach its final destination. All orders shipped to international locations are subject to the respective country's tariffs and taxes and buyer assumes all responsibility for those charges.
Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more info on returns.


text:
Space for the Arctic
International stakeholders met in Copenhagen this week to discuss the contribution of space technologies to one of the regions most affected by climate change.
Rendered increasingly accessible by the melting of ice, the Arctic is being transformed from a region of primarily scientific interest into one attracting a complex set of environmental, security and commercial concerns.
Because of the Arctic's harsh environment and low population density, space systems offer unique opportunities to monitor this environment. Satellites can facilitate navigation and communications, improve marine safety and monitor changes in a very sensitive region.
The past five years have seen the lowest Arctic sea-ice extent since satellite measurements began in the 1970s. Last August, satellites saw the rare occurrence of two major shipping routes in the Arctic Ocean open simultaneously.
Over the past few years, the Arctic has attracted the political attention of its nations, as well as the EU.
Under the auspices of the Danish Presidency of the EU council, Arctic stakeholders met in Copenhagen this week for the 'Space for the Arctic 2012' conference to review the contribution of space assets to the Arctic, identify possible gaps and explore opportunities.
The event was hosted by the Centre for Polar Activities at the Technical University of Denmark, and jointly organised with the Danish Meteorological Institute, the Danish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education, ESA and the European Commission.
The Danish Minister of Science, Innovation and Higher Education, Morten Østergaard, highlighted the importance and uniqueness of space-based monitoring for the Arctic. He noted that Earth observation data products are playing an important role in climate change sciences, and derived services are contributing to a safer and more sustainable exploitation of the region.
The Kingdom of Denmark – which comprises of Denmark proper, the Faroe Islands and Greenland – plays a major role in the international governance of the Arctic owing to its location.
Last year the three parts of the Kingdom adopted a new, common Arctic strategy that sets out political priorities for the development of the Arctic. At the same time, the EU is continuing its preparations for putting an Arctic policy in place for its Members.
The Director of ESA's Earth Observation Programmes, Volker Liebig, presented ESA's Earth-observing capabilities that support operational and scientific applications in the Arctic context, showing how the results play an essential role in understanding the effects of climate change.
ESA is monitoring the Arctic with its Earth-observing satellites, such as Envisat, SMOS and CryoSat-2. Next month, the first map of changes in Arctic sea-ice thickness based on the CryoSat ice mission will be revealed.
Prof. Liebig underlined the point that securing the European financial framework for continued monitoring, especially under the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme, will be one of the priorities this year.
An on-schedule launch of the GMES Sentinel satellites will be paramount. Delays would upset and interrupt ongoing science and operational use of satellite data.
Several specific recommendations that should be taken up by the Arctic stakeholders came out of 'Space for the Arctic 2012', including higher bandwidth satellite telecommunication channels, improved satellite-based navigation systems, and trans-Arctic monitoring of sea ice and icebergs to increase safety of navigation.
Strong international cooperation will be required to make progress. Owing to the vast geographic regions involved, sharing capacities between the stakeholder countries will be essential.


text:
A "new" way of hardcoding
We are all familiar with hardcoding values when programming; mostly out of laziness or we are just not aware of potential solutions based on industries best practices and experience. There are infinite ways to hardcode values. Some are temporarily acceptable based on the cost it would take to change it. However, the majority of hardcoded values should be avoided as it makes your class less reusable, brittle, and the other 500 obvious bad reasons.
A few common examples to make my point:
URI uri = new URI("http://jlorenzen.blogspot.com");
File file = new File("/home/jlorenzen/glassfish.log");
or my personal favorite pet-peeve:
Downloads
The problem with my first two examples, is that when defined in another class as say instance variables, everyone who uses that class is now forced to those specific values. Some typical solutions include putting values in a database, properties file, var args (main), or System Properties (-D). For my HTML
 example, always use relative paths:
Downloadsl. Keep in mind that when you use a String and it's not a constant, more than likely you are hardcoding some value.
Now for all you experienced Java programmers, you may not be aware that you are hardcoding values everytime you use the Java keyword "new". When instantiating a new class, you are basically forcing users of your class (most importantly your unit tests) to use that implementation. This is what makes the Factory Pattern so useful and common. But we don't need a factory everytime we need to create a new object. An alternative is practicing Dependency Injection (Inversion of Control). DI is a way to inject an object into a class, passing the control of creating a class to someone else. An easy way to explain DI is its similar to Java's terms IS-A and HAS-A, but instead I refer to it as GETS-A. For me the most important advantage of DI is it easily allows you to write unit tests using mocks objects. Some popular DI containers are Spring, Google Guice, and PicoContainer.
Here is a naive example of code you might write today:
public class MovieManager {Now anyone wanting to use MovieManager is forced to use the MovieFinder class. This makes unit testing this class difficult without using reflection (no thanks). The alternatives are using constructor or setter injection, or passing it as a variable into the findMovie method.
MovieFinder finder = new MovieFinder();
public Movie findMovie(String zip) {
return finder.get(zip);
In summary, anytime you instantiate a new object, think about whether or not you want to limit users of your class to that implementation. DI has revolutionized my programming and if you practice it enough your code consequently gets cleaner and more usable.


text:
Cultural studies is an academic field which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies.
Description: The Review of African Political Economy is a refereed academic journal covering African political economy. It is published quarterly by Taylor & Francis since 1974. It focuses in particular on the political economy of inequality, exploitation, and oppression, whether driven by global forces or local ones (such as class, race, community and gender), and to materialist interpretations of change in Africa.
Evidence (Law) ; Witnesses
Comprend un index ; Microfiche de l'exemplaire de l'édition originale se trouvant à la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec
Evidence (Law) ; Preuve (Droit)
Supplemental catalog subcollection information: Canadian Libraries Collection; Canadian University Library Collection; Candian History
Business, commerce and finance


text:
Air Force Airman Randy K. Zuniga graduated from basic military training at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio.
The airman completed an intensive, eight-week program that included training in military discipline and studies, Air Force core values, physical fitness, and basic warfare principles and skills.
Airmen who complete basic training earn four credits toward an associate in applied science degree through the Community College of the Air Force.
He is the son of Esmerelda Zuniga of Driscoll.
Zuniga is a 2008 graduate of Academy High School in Kingsville.


text:
Super Jock 'N Jill - Redmond
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text:
Climb to seventh heaven in Kalymnos!
Kalymnos, a small island located in southeastern Dodecanese archipelago, offers rock climbing and bouldering during the whole year. Especially in September, you can enjoy pleasant climbing temperatures in combination with warm water for swimming.
Climbers began drifting to Kalymnos in the mid-1990s as word spread of giant cliffs and seaside ambience. In a matter of a few years, the island became a climber's paradise. Nowadays, there are approximately 200 walking distances in 77 climbing fields, including distinctive markings for the starting point of every trekking spot.
Kalymnos is one of the most important climbing destinations worldwide, an island that has everything a traveling climber looks for: abundance of challenging rock formations but also simplicity and authenticity. Here, the potential for new routes and new areas is enormous; less than 10% is explored, even though on Kalymnos the rock climbing experience can last for a month: surrounded by some of the finest limestone crags in the world (the Grande Grotta cave forms a giant limestone amphitheater), the island provides a huge range of climbing on slabs, big walls, overhangs, and tufas to suit every level and style.
Despite its popularity with visiting climbers, Kalymnos still remains an untouched and tranquil place. Its small towns and villages scattered along the island's coast, the endless sunshine and the limitless climbing potential of the island convinced some climbers to settle here after their first visit, in order to offer guiding services or even work in small stores.
Those who are less inclined to spend their holiday hanging from a cliff shouldn't miss the opportunity to enrich their island experiences: with several mountain trekking distances, they can explore walking trails used by locals in the past, enjoy mountain bike riding, or even go for a simple ride along the coastal route admiring the sea view.
Kalymnos also hosts world-famous festivals, such as the Climbing Festival, a non-competitive international meeting of athletes, which takes place every 2 years.
Diving lovers can further attend the Diving Festival of Kalymnos which presents a full programme of various activities on free, autonomous and organized diving; they can also see the exhibits on the island's diving history and sea life featured in the Naval Museum as well as the Archaeological Museum.
Combine rock-climbing activities with a wandering through the remains of the ancient city of Hora; hit hiking trails and discover isolated monasteries located throughout the island, or satisfy your wanderlust with a sailing around neighbouring islands and small, inaccessible bays.
Visitgreece.gr is the official tourism web site for Greece, run by the Greek National Tourism Organisation, where you'll find information on the main tourist destinations, such as cities, beaches, as well as activities, events and much more!
All content included on this site consists intellectual property of GNTO and you are not allowed to reproduce the whole or part of this work in any way.
For information please contact: email@example.com. All Rights Reserved. GNTO © 2020.


text:
Full Kelburn II Hybrid – Sealy Posturepedic (#1159)
Mattress Thickness: 13″
This mattress is taller than average. Consider purchasing with 5″ boxspring.
Returned on Comfort Exchange. Mattress was in customers home 26 days. Mattress is clean, with no noticeable use.
Mattress can be tested at every showroom. This clearance mattress has been re-bagged and is stored at the warehouse.
Comfort Guarantee is available with purchase of mattress pad/protector. Hassleless Mattress Warranty is included.


text:
PRINTER ORCHESTRA from Chris Cairns on Vimeo.
Here's a video about making the ad:
Maybe you think an artist should hold himself above commercial advertising. I'm not especially puritanical on the subject, but I don't like to see the artist's most holy songs sold out. It hurt me circa 1980 when Orange Slice — was it Orange Slice? — used "Good Vibrations." But "The Times They Are A-Changin'" is not the most sacred Dylan. And it kind of always was an advertisement. And when I think what are his holiest, unsell-out-able works, I have a hard time. If some glue company did something with "Stuck Inside of Mobile..." I think I would laugh.


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Interbike Outdoor Demo 2014 with Jenson USA
The first two days of Interbike 2014 were spent out in the desert at Outdoor Dirt Demo, where retailers got the chance to test out the latest in bicycle technology in the environment it was made for. We had a booth set up amongst the many others that participated, of course, featuring our new products for Year 8! Bicycle retailer Jenson USA came out to see what's up, and stopped by our booth. Our own Michael Drabousky was on site to show them what's new with our floor pumps, namely our Alloy Drive, CNC Floor Drive and Classic Drive which have been upgraded with new 3.5″ gauges! Check out the video below!


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travel: kansas city… (2012)
Two years ago, I offered my opinion on eating in Kansas City. It's time I update that post.
But this time, I'm not just going to throw you a list of my favorite places to eat. This time, I'm going slightly deeper than that.
Recently, Saveur Magazine's editor in chief, James Oseland, put Kansas City on the horizon of America's culinary landscape.
As a native and resident, I reserve celebration, but hope for its arrival. Oseland's portension is no fait accompli.
Yes, we have come quite a ways, here in the heartland of America. Never mind the eighties or nineties, not even a decade ago, Kansas City's food scene was fairly desolate.
And now, it's burgeoning.
Yet, despite its recent growth, if I am to take an honest look at what has changed, I'm not sure that many of my fellow Kansas Citians would want to know my conclusions.
But, I care. So, at the risk being branded an elitist, a self-styled prophet without honor, I'll tell you what I really think. This is not the first time I've raised this issue on my blog. But this time, I do so with heightened scrutiny.
* * *
* * *
Sadly, the dining public here remains relatively myopic, concerned more with hype than quality. And, quite frankly, few in the food and beverage industry here have done much to change that, complacent to feed the complacent. Sure, the middle tier has widened, the competency has increased. We are looking, ever more, like a big city.
But the problem is that we're not looking like our own city. There is little here that you won't find elsewhere, done just as well, or better, or without confusion. We are not growing our own culinary identity the way other cities our size, or smaller, have: Portland, Austin, Charleston, New Orleans. We have not their character nor personality. Few rise to the top.
Why is this? Is the land between our coasts forever doomed to suburban mediocrity, a field of wallflowers to be overlooked and over-flown? Have we no stories to tell, no soul to share? Are we bound by some irrational and puritanical asceticism that makes us resist the pleasures of eating? Judging by our waistlines, I think not.
I won't speak for other cities in the Midwest, but I'll tell you what I think of my city's culinary scene: it's fractured, detached from itself. I see very little meaningful dialogue or interaction happening here. Less time seems to be spent on building a community together, and more of it devoted to trying to recreate another's, each clamoring to be the first to bring us what the world has already offered elsewhere. We deserve better than big city leftovers. Where's Team Kansas City?
While many of my readers may think of me as a champion for my hometown, a bridge for its virtues abroad, most who know me in Kansas City would call me its harshest critic. I would like to think that I'm both for same reason: I want to see Kansas City become a more exciting and diverse place to eat and drink. After all, it is my most frequent destination.
But, more importantly, it is my home.
After sifting through the noise, only a few among our local foodways really stood out. Their passion and devotion is evident in their product. They chase neither fame nor fortune, but rather quality, or their own voice, at the very least. Fearless and fierce, they each produce something that is unique, something that is both theirs and Kansas City's, and no one else's.
Don't misunderstand me – we have a lot of good chefs, restaurants, and food producers in Kansas City who serve our city well, who make a quality product. But the following roster makes me especially proud to be a Kansas Citian, which is why many listed below are my first stop or mention when visitors arrive from afield. Should our city ever be your destination, I commend them to you.
* * *
The field is wide, your options are many. We are the capital of barbecue, after all. But there is one barbecue restaurant to rule them all: Oklahoma Joe's. Nowhere else in our city will you find such a fine collection of smoked meats and sides all in one place. LC's on Blue Parkway is famous for their burnt ends – and indeed, they are very good, as are their wedge fries, which have a crust-lover's crust. Not a mile down the road from LC's, Big T's has amazing burnt ends as well, plus fat, juicy rib tips. And I probably prefer the coleslaw and baked beans at Arthur Bryant's to an other's. But at Oklahoma Joe's, you'll find the most consistent and satisfying barbecue in our city. Their chicken is amazing – it's so juicy you'd think it was cooked sous vide. Their ribs are a must. And their pulled pork and burnt ends, which I hadn't tried until recently, are just as good as any in our city, if not better. Ask anyone I know and they'll tell you that I don't wait for food. But I've waited on line – often for more than an hour at a time – for Oklahoma Joe's; be prepared. There are two locations. The one inside of a gas station on the corner of 47th Avenue and Mission is iconic. If you're in Kansas City, go.
* * *
You must go early or go not at all. Fred Spompinato makes the finest bread in Kansas City. But he only bakes three days out of the week (Thursday, Friday, and Saturday). And he closes his little bread shop, Fervere, as soon as he has sold his last loaf, which is often quite early – sometimes, before noon. I rarely eat bread in the U.S., because it's rarely worth its weight in calories. But the bread at Fervere is worth the early morning rise. He makes about a dozen different loaves. My two favorite are the "Whole Grain Travel" – dense but soft, nearly all grains and seeds – and the "Orchard" – a hearty, caramelized, almond-shaped loaf with meaty pockets of dried fruit and walnuts.
* * *
"Sustainable" is not just a word that Sarah Hoffman and Jackie Smith carelessly throw about on those velvety, green bluffs above Weston, Missouri (a forty-minute drive north of the city). It's a way of living for them and their sheep at Green Dirt Farm. And it means a lot of hard work. But, for their efforts, they have to show the finest lamb meat and sheeps' milk cheese in our area. If you're a passerby, you can find their cheeses (I love them all) and lamb products at local stores and farmers' markets (or order their meat, by the locker, from their website). But, the best way to have them both, and experience the farm, is to attend one of their Farm Table dinners. Tony Glamcevski oversees this series, which draws some of Kansas City's best chefs out of their kitchens to cook at the farm almost weekly throughout the temperate months. Guests eat communally at one long table in a barn, with a view of the setting sun and the sound of bleeting sheep. It's truly a farm table.
* * *
Passing downtown Kansas City, heading southbound on I-35, look to your right and you'll see a smokestack rising proud and tall above the rest. This is home to Boulevard Brewing Company, one of Kansas City's finest companies. Founded in 1989 by John McDonald, Boulevard now distributes its rainbow of bottles – everything from ales to stouts, wheat beers to porters – all over the United States. You won't have a problem finding their beer, both bottled and on tap, in our city. You can also take a tour of their brewing plant and get a taste of their beers at the home office. I particularly like their Smokestack Series, especially the Tank 7 Farmhouse Ale and the Sixth Glass Belgian Ale.
* * *
I love restaurants that unpackage childhood for you. They're not concerned with the fancies, or the trends. They feed you and make you long for a nap. You'll find many simple luncheonettes and eateries in Kansas City, and my very favorites include the siblings, Happy Gillis (in Columbus Park) and Genessee Royale (in the Stockyards District, f.k.a. West Bottoms), both owned by Todd Schulte and Tracy Zinn, and Kitty's Café on 31st Street in Midtown. The first two are akin, although Happy Gillis, which started out as a soup delivery, is slightly more bohemian than Genessee Royale, which, despite being located in a refurbished gas station in our city's charmless warehouse district, manages to be quite winsome. Both serve the kind of food only a sick or snow day would justify, but better: fluffy Monte Cristos, warm egg and cheese sandwiches on English muffins, velvety tomato soup with thick and gooey grilled cheese sandwiches, corned beef and potato hash, blondies, and Mississippi mud pies. Both also serve breakfast. Kitty's is crankier, more blunt. You order your pork tenderloin sandwich – two battered (not breaded) and fried cutlets – with or without hot sauce, with or without pickles, and with or without fries, and to go or not to go. That is all. If you don't take it away, you'll be eating it at a short counter with a half-dozen people hovering over you. There would be more of them, but they're standing outside because they can't fit inside. This place is small, and it's only open for lunch.
* * *
You can pet the calves at Shatto Milk Company, and learn about how Leroy and Barb Shatto's family-run and owned company produces its dairy products at their farm in Osborn, Missouri (about a 40 minute drive north of the city). You'll find their dairy in almost ever grocery store in the city. It has a sweet, butterfat content that is richer and fresher than most of what I find in the cartons and bottles nearby (their dairy can go from cow to shelf in little as 12 hours). I drink it, make ice cream with it, and bake with it.
* * *
Which Came First?
Jay and Carol Maddick raise some of the finest looking hens I've ever seen at Campo Lindo Farm. Free to roam, their birds are healthy, happy, and delicious, full of flavor that makes stocks stewed with them brim with what the Chinese call xuan (apologies, but English has no such equivalent, and umami isn't accurate). The demand for them among local chefs is often so high that Campo Lindo chickens are a scarce commodity. That's because the Maddicks insist on doing it all themselves – everything from raising the chickens to processing them – to ensure quality. They also harvest, weigh, and package their eggs, which can be found at local farmers' market.
* * *
We are surrounded by the farmland of America. It is not as lush or forgiving as the region below us, nor the paradise that is California to the West. But our fields are sown with seeds yearly, all the same. Thankfully, a few farmers do so responsibly and sustainably, against the weight of commodity and subsidized giants. Thane Palmberg's family started selling their vegetables at Kansas City's City Market in 1932. And you'll find him there, still, arriving faithfully every weekend from DeSoto, Kansas with crates of produce stacked in the bed of a grizzly green behemoth that might have driven off the set of *M*A*S*H*. At other farmer's markets around town, you'll find Jim and Deb Crum of Crum's Heirlooms Farm in Bonner Springs, Kansas. Both Jim and Deb manage full time jobs and still find time to till the land. I don't know how they do it. I guess passion is a fine substitute for sleep. Their produce is prized, but they're most famous for their tomatoes, which are annually showcased by Kansas City's chefs, some of who have been known to devote entire menus to them. Both the Crums' and Palmberg's vegetables and fruits can be found on the menus of almost every locally owned restaurant in the city.
* * *
Fine Dining
One is an institution, commissioned by Hallmark, designed by Warren Plattner, and ordained by James Beard. It is The American Restaurant, now in its thirty-eighth year, a stately ship of classics with curved brass railings and James Beard Award-winning chef Debbie Gold at its helm. The other is a youngster by comparison, but no less important to Kansas City's dining scene. It is bluestem, Colby and Megan Garrelts's seasonal reminder that the Midwest is just as far or close as you want it to be.* Both are standard bearers for excellence in cooking in Kansas City, continually ranking among their national peers. They make Kansas Citians demand for better elsewhere. If you're in the mood for refinement, start here, at the top.
* * *
Ice Cream
I love ice cream. And, against the tide of plasticky frozen yogurt shops filled with squealing preteens on their mobiles (which threatens to drown Johnson County), swim Christopher Elbow's glacé (two locations), and Murray's Ice Cream (in Westport). Both are locally owned and operated and use high quality ingredients (glacé uses local, Shatto dairy – see above), and offer creative and delicious flavors. Murray's have more wit, with names like "One Drunk Monk" (Frangelico ice cream with hazelnuts and chocolate flecks) and "3 Nuts in a Tub" (vanilla ice cream with chocolate covered peanuts, walnuts and almonds). Elbow's flavors are more self-explanatory: Gorgonzola, pretzel, and goat cheese & fig, for example. Of course, you'll find your vanillas and chocolates too – Elbow's chocolate ice cream and sorbet are particularly good (formerly the pastry chef of The American Restaurant, Christopher Elbow is probably more well-known in Kansas City for his chocolates, which are excellent too).
* * *
* Is it fair that I mention bluestem, since I co-authored and photographed the restaurant's cookbook with the Garreltses? I'll let you decide.
18 Responses to "travel: kansas city… (2012)"
This post made me incredibly homesick. Thanks for turning your lens (literally/figuratively) back to Kansas City and presenting the post in an interesting way!
Fantastic post. Well done. Thoughtful. I miss KC already.
Passionate. I wish you were a restarant critic in my hometown of Atlanta.
Happy New Year! Doc Lawrence
All VERY worthy above-at the top of their fields, but can't believe you didn't mention Michael Smith's 2 establishments, and also Justus Drugstore-yes it is outside town but I'd heard he's bringing an outpost into town
Hypothetically, if someone were to come visit you, how many days would it take (realistically) to eat through this list?
Another great post, Bonjwing. Never having been to KC, I can't personally attest to your recommendations, but I know you well enough to be comfortable with all of them. As for bluestem, I also know you well enough to know that you wouldn't have done the book if you weren't convinced of their quality. It absolutely should be mentioned here!
It is difficult for any city nowadays to stand out culinarily. Those that do, tend to have something really unique about them as a destination and have forged an identity over a long period of time. Unfortunately, the vast majority of our country is mired in mediocre (at best) eating, preferring the known (chains) over the unknown. It sounds, though, as if, despite its flaws, KC has more going for it food wise than most comparably sized cities in this country.
as a former KCMO resident I sure hope you chug SodaVie all the time. Its the one thing I miss most about KC.
@MD Moles: I am guessing the Epicure left absent these restaurants for the same reasons I would. Restaurant Michael Smith lacks the finesse to match restaurants such as The American and bluestem. Extra Virgin, while normally having a select few interesting and well-executed dishes, is inconsistent, lacks follow-through, is at a loss concerning professional service and atmosphere/decor and is probably just a plain tired concept. Justus Drugstore will never be more than mediocre, with a chef whose pedigree can never match his pretense…recently opened Story in Prairie Village is much better than the Drugstore and time will tell if it can improve to a higher level. I do believe that the young Rieger Hotel Grill and Exchange is a rustic and simple concept similar to those on the coasts that has room to grow into itself in a city that will constantly be behind on the times. That being said, I have faith that KC can soon grow from a third-rate food town to the second tier.
@Marion Brewer and Matt: Thank you. I hope you make it home soon.
@Doc Lawrence: If that's a compliment, thank you.
@David: Perhaps four days, a week at most. Depends on how hard you want to push it. Almost half of this list are farmers.
@Docsconz: As always, you provide immense perspective. Thank you.
@Andrew Switzer: Yes, I have had SodaVie. They are a great, local company!
@M.D. Moles: Joel S. has a good assessment.
There is no place like home. Thank you for your post. It brought a smile to my day.
@amasimp: Indeed.
When you are back try Story in Prairie Village…Delish!
Got to Fervere today at 1 pm, only about 8 loaves left but plenty of samples. I did take home a Cheese Slipper and Polenta. We ate the Cheese Slipper with some chili tonight, it was great! We will be making French Toast with the Polenta tomorrow morning, I can only imagine how good it will taste.
Thank you for bringing this to my attention……….a place to go for bread.
Bonjwing, New to your blog (behind the times like the rest of KC, I guess). Found it fascinating. Already knew about most of your recommendations, but just jotted down a couple of which I was unaware. What I liked most about your blog was how well-thought-out and well-written it was. So many blogs (especially food blogs) are all pictures and little substance. How refreshing to find a blog that is as much a pleasure to read as it is to look at!
Visited Story for a Fried Chicken lunch and found it exceptional…the most delicate and well seasoned chicken I have ever experienced! M Purcell
Anybody know an authentic Chinese (preferable BBQ or seafood) in the KCMO environs? In the STL area we enjoy the Royale Chinese BBQ on Olive a few blocks east of the I-170. Thanks. Jim
Thanks for sharing this information! I hear there is some outdoor travel in kansas. How long does it take to get there from Utah?
We are traveling this summer to your town from the Windy City and are looking to experience the best that your town as to offer. Thanks for this post and please let me know if there are a few more you would now add to this list. Thank you.


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More Success for the Human Rights Team in Ghana
Our Human Rights volunteers in Ghana have recently been involved with the moving case of Kweku Nartey. This case is the second major success that the Projects Abroad Human Rights office has witnessed.
This is just one of the many cases of injustice that our volunteers campaign for every day.
Kweku was falsely accused of making death threats to his employee; he was then kept in detention for 6 months with no proof or evidence. Whilst the government failed to provide a trial, Kweku could do nothing. Prisoners in Ghana are not provided with meals, and rely entirely on being visited by family or friends to supply nourishment or money. Human Rights volunteer, Nadine, asked Nartey when he had last eaten a proper meal. '6 months ago', was the stark response. During his time in detention he relied on the generosity of other prisoners who did receive food provisions.
After a long battle for freedom, the Projects Abroad volunteers waited in great anticipation for Nartey's verdict, which granted him liberty. However, as volunteer, Amber Russell, explains - Nartey is 'free from the physical walls of custody, but is still chained by the reality of a failed justice system'.
The Projects Abroad Human Rights office in Ghana aims to get involved with and raise awareness for many other cases like this one.


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Nancy A. Collins has authored over 20 novels and novellas, numerous short stories, and worked on several comic books, including a two-year run on Swamp Thing. She is a recipient of the HWA's Stoker Award and the British Fantasy Society Award, and has been nominated for the Eisner, John Campbell Memorial, World Fantasy & International Horror Guild Awards. Best known for her ground-breaking vampire character, Sonja Blue, which heralded the rise of the popular Urban Fantasy genre, her works include the best-selling Sunglasses After Dark, the Southern Gothic collection Knuckles And Tales, & the Vamps series for Young Adults. Her most recent novel is MAGIC AND LOSS, the third installment in the critically-acclaimed Golgotham urban fantasy series. She is currently the writer for Dynamite Comics' VAMPIRELLA series.


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Jerome David - June 30, 2019
Blessed to Bless
Scripture References: 1 Peter 3:8-14
From Series: "Strangers: Loving from the Margins"
It's clear that Christianity is not in the driver's seat of cultural influence. The church is not the center of town or the voice of the public conscience. Biblical values are now intolerant and offensive. Christianity is continually being pushed to the side. And yet we still long for this world to know who Jesus is, but where do we start? Come and journey with us this May through August as we learn in the book of 1 Peter that we are indeed strangers in this land who have amazing opportunities to love from the margins.


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Summary and Keywords
Like all decision making, foreign policy decision making (FPDM) requires transferring meaning from one representation to another. Since the end of the Cold War, students of FPDM have focused increasingly on historical analogies and, to a lesser extent, conceptual metaphors to explain how this transference works. Drawing on converging evidence from the cognitive sciences, as well as careful case studies of foreign policymaking, they've shown analogy and metaphor to be much more than "cheap talk." Instead, metaphor and analogy are intrinsic to policymakers' cognition.
This article traces the development of this growing literature. So far, FPDM has treated analogy and metaphor separately. It has also paid far more attention to the former than the latter. By contrast, the article argues that analogy and metaphor are not only similar, they are equally essential to cognition. It defines and compares metaphor and analogy, analyzes their socio-cognitive functions in decision making, and charts the evolution of analogy and metaphor research in FPDM. It also suggests the utility of a constructivist-cognitive synthesis for future work in this area.
Keywords: metaphor, analogy, foreign policy, decision making, cognitive science, constructivism, political psychology
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