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A saint is one who has been recognized for having an exceptional degree of holiness. While the English term "saint" originated in Christianity, historians of religion now use the term "in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people,"[1] with the Jewish Tzadik, the Islamic Mu'min, the Hindu rishi or guru, and the Buddhist arhat or bodhisattva also referred to as saints. Depending on the religion, saints are recognized either through official church recognition or by popular acclaim (see folk saints).[1][2]
In Christianity, "saint" has a wide variety of meanings, depending on its usage and the denomination. The original Christian usage referred to any believer who is "in Christ" and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth.[3] In Orthodox and Catholic teachings, all Christians in heaven are considered to be saints, but some are considered to be worthy of higher honor, emulation, or veneration, with official church recognition given to some saints through canonization or glorification.[4]
- 1 General characteristics
- 2 Christianity
- 3 Other religions
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
General characteristics
The English word saint is from the Latin sanctus, in origin a term in indigenous tradition connected to the name of the god Sancus, but in Christian context used to translate the Greek ἅγιος (hagios), derived from the verb ἁγιάζω (hagiazo), which means "to set apart", "to sanctify" or "to make holy".[5] The word appears 229 times in the Greek New Testament, and 60 times in the corresponding text of the King James Version.[6]
As used by the apostolic authors of scripture, saint did not refer to deceased persons who have been granted sainthood, but rather to living persons who had dedicated themselves to God.[5]
The word was originally a technical term in ancient Roman religion, but due to its "globalized" use in Christianity, the modern term (in English or Romance languages) is now also seen as translation of comparable terms for people "worthy of veneration for their holiness or sanctity" in other religions.
Many religions also use similar concepts but different terminology to venerate individuals worthy of honor in some way,[1] Author John A. Coleman (Society of Jesus, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California) wrote that saints across various cultures and religions have the following family resemblances:[7]
- exemplary model
- extraordinary teacher
- wonder worker or source of benevolent power
- intercessor
- a life often refusing material attachments or comforts
- possession of a special and revelatory relation to the holy.[8]
The anthropologist [9] Lawrence Babb in an article about Sathya Sai Baba asks the question "Who is a saint?", and responds by saying that in the symbolic infrastructure of some religions, there is the image of a certain extraordinary spiritual king's "miraculous powers", to whom frequently a certain moral presence is attributed. These saintly figures, he asserts, are "the focal points of spiritual force-fields", exerting "powerful attractive influence on followers but touch the inner lives of others in transforming ways as well."[10]
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The Catholic Church teaches that it does not make or create saints, but rather, recognizes them.[11] In the Church, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been formally canonized (officially recognized) by the Catholic Church, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven.
By this definition, there are many people that the church believes to be in Heaven who have not been formally declared saints but who are otherwise referred to as saints, since they are believed to be completely perfect in holiness.[12] Unofficial devotions to uncanonized individuals take place in certain regions.[13] Sometimes the word "saint" is used to refer to living Christians.[14]
In 993, Pope John XV was the first pope to proclaim a saint. At the request of the German ruler, he canonized Bishop Ulrich of Augsburg on 31 January 993. Before that time, saint cults had been local and spontaneous.[15] Pope John XVIII then declared a cult of five Polish martyrs.[15] Pope Benedict VIII would later declare the Armenian hermit Symeon a saint, but it was not until the time of Pope Innocent III that popes claimed an exclusive monopoly on the canonization of saints.[15] Walter of Pontoise was the last person in Western Europe to be canonized by an authority other than the Pope; he was canonized by Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen in 1153.[16][17] A decree of Pope Alexander III of 1170, gave the prerogative to the pope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned.[16]
One Catholic website states that "There are over 10,000 named saints and beatified people from history, the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox sources, but no definitive head count".[18]
Rev. Alban Butler published Lives of the Saints in 1756, containing 1,486 saints. The latest edition of this work, edited by Father Herbert Thurston, S.J., and British author Donald Attwater, contains the lives of 2,565 saints.[19] Monsignor Robert Sarno, an official of Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, expressed that it is impossible to say the exact number of saints.[20]
In his book, Saint of the Day, editor Leonard Foley, OFM, says this of saints: "[Saints'] surrender to God's love was so generous an approach to the total surrender of Jesus that the Church recognizes them as heroes and heroines worthy to be held up for our inspiration. They remind us that the Church is holy, can never stop being holy and is called to show the holiness of God by living the life of Christ."[21]In his book, on Making Saints, author Kenneth L. Woodward notes the following:
A saint is always someone through whom we catch a glimpse of what God is like—and of what we are called to be. Only God "makes" saints, of course. The church merely identifies from time to time a few of these for emulation. The church then tells the story. But the author is the Source of the grace by which saints live. And there we have it: A saint is someone whose story God tells.[22]
The veneration of saints, in Latin, cultus, or the "cult of the saints", describes a particular popular devotion or abandonment to a particular saint or saints. Although the term "worship" is sometimes used, it is intended in the old-sense meaning to honor or give respect (dulia). According to the Catholic Church, Divine Worship is properly reserved only for God (latria) and never to the saints.[23] They can be asked to intercede or pray for those still on earth,[24] just as one can ask someone on Earth to pray for them.
A saint may be designated as a patron saint of a particular cause or profession, or invoked against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official statements of the Magisterium.[25] Saints are not thought to have power of their own, but only that granted by God. Relics of saints are respected in a similar manner to holy images and icons. The practices of past centuries in venerating relics of saints for healing is taken from the early Church.[26]
For example, an American deacon claimed in 2000 that Blessed John Henry Newman interceded with God to cure him. The American, Jack Sullivan, asserted that after addressing Newman he was cured of spinal stenosis in a matter of hours. In 2009, a panel of theologians concluded that Sullivan's recovery was the result of his prayer to Newman. According to the Catholic Church, to be deemed a miracle, "a medical recovery must be instantaneous, not attributable to treatment, disappear for good."[27]
Once a person has been declared a saint, the body of the saint is considered holy.[28] The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics.[28] Some of the saints have a symbol that represents their life.
In Church tradition, a person who is seen as exceptionally holy can be declared a saint by a formal process, called canonization. Formal canonization is a lengthy process often taking many years, even centuries.[29]
The first step in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life, undertaken by an expert. After this, the report on the candidate is given to the bishop of the area and more studying is done. It is then sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome.[30]
If the application is approved, the person may be granted the title of "Venerable".[30] Further investigations may lead to the candidate's beatification and given title of "Blessed."[30] At a minimum, two important miracles are required to be formally declared a saint. These miracles must be posthumous.[30] Finally, when all of this is done the Pope canonizes the saint.[30]
In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a 'cloud of witnesses' that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey (Hebrews 12:1). The saints are seen as elder brothers and sisters in Christ. Official Anglican creeds recognise the existence of the saints in heaven.
So far as invocation of the saints is concerned,[31] one of the Church of England's Articles of Religion "Of Purgatory" condemns "the Romish Doctrine concerning...(the) Invocation of Saints" as "a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God". However, each of the 44 member churches in the Anglican Communion are free to adopt and authorise their own official documents, and the Articles are not officially normative in all of them (e.g., The Episcopal Church USA, which relegates them to "Historical Documents"). Anglo-Catholics in Anglican provinces using the Articles often make a distinction between a "Romish" and a "Patristic" doctrine concerning the invocation of saints, permitting the latter.
In high-church contexts, such as Anglo-Catholicism, a saint is generally one to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated) a high level of holiness and sanctity. In this use, a saint is therefore not a believer, but one who has been transformed by virtue. In Catholicism, a saint is a special sign of God's activity. The veneration of saints is sometimes misunderstood to be worship, in which case it is derisively termed "hagiolatry".
Some Anglicans and Anglican churches, particularly Anglo-Catholics, personally ask prayers of the saints. However, such a practice is seldom found in any official Anglican liturgy. Unusual examples of it are found in The Korean Liturgy 1938, the liturgy of the Diocese of Guiana 1959 and The Melanesian English Prayer Book.
Anglicans believe that the only effective Mediator between the believer and God the Father, in terms of redemption and salvation, is God the Son, Jesus Christ. Historical Anglicanism has drawn a distinction between the intercession of the saints and the invocation of the saints. The former was generally accepted in Anglican doctrine, while the latter was generally rejected. There are some, however, in Anglicanism, who do beseech the saints' intercession. Those who beseech the saints to intercede on their behalf make a distinction between "mediator" and "intercessor", and claim that asking for the prayers of the saints is no different in kind than asking for the prayers of living Christians. Anglican Catholics understand sainthood in a more Catholic or Orthodox way, often praying for intercessions from the saints and celebrating their feast days.According to the Church of England, a saint is one who is sanctified, as it translates in the Authorised King James Version (1611) 2 Chronicles 6:41
Now therefore arise, O LORD God, into thy resting place, thou, and the ark of thy strength: let thy priests, O LORD God, be clothed with salvation, and let thy saints rejoice in goodness.
In the Bible, only one person is expressly called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD." (Psalms 106:16-18) The apostle Paul declared himself to be "less than the least of all saints" in Ephesians 3:8.
Eastern Orthodoxy
In the Eastern Orthodox Church a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven, whether recognized here on earth, or not.[4] By this definition, Adam and Eve, Moses, the various prophets, except for the angels and archangels are all given the title of "Saint". Sainthood in the Orthodox Church does not necessarily reflect a moral model, but the communion with God: there are countless examples of people who lived in great sin and became saints by humility and repentance, such as Mary of Egypt, Moses the Ethiopian, and of course Dysmas, the repentant thief who was crucified. Therefore, a more complete definition of what a saint is, has to do with the way that saints, through their humility and their love of humankind, saved inside them the entire Church, and loved all people.
Orthodox belief considers that God reveals his saints through answered prayers and other miracles.[4] Saints are usually recognized by a local community, often by people who directly knew them. As their popularity grows they are often then recognized by the entire church. The formal process of recognition involves deliberation by a synod of bishops.[4] If successful, this is followed by a service of Glorification in which the Saint is given a day on the church calendar to be celebrated by the entire church.[32] This does not, however, make the person a saint; the person already was a saint and the Church ultimately recognized it.
It is believed that one of the ways the holiness (sanctity) of a person is revealed, is through the condition of their relics (remains). In some Orthodox countries (such as Greece, but not in Russia) graves are often reused after 3 to 5 years because of limited space. Bones are washed and placed in an ossuary, often with the person's name written on the skull. Occasionally when a body is exhumed something miraculous is reported as having occurred; exhumed bones are claimed to have given off a fragrance, like flowers, or a body is reported as having remained free of decay, despite not having been embalmed (traditionally the Orthodox do not embalm the dead) and having been buried for some years in the earth.
The reason relics are considered sacred is because, for the Orthodox, the separation of body and soul is unnatural. Body and soul both comprise the person, and in the end, body and soul will be reunited; therefore, the body of a saint shares in the "Holiness" of the soul of the saint. As a general rule only clergy will touch relics in order to move them or carry them in procession, however, in veneration the faithful will kiss the relic to show love and respect toward the saint. The altar in an Orthodox church usually contains relics of saints,[33] often of martyrs. Church interiors are covered with the Icons of saints.
Because the Church shows no true distinction between the living and the dead (the saints are considered to be alive in Heaven), saints are referred to as if they were still alive. Saints are venerated but not worshipped. They are believed to be able to intercede for salvation and help mankind either through direct communion with God, or by personal intervention.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Ὅσιος, Hosios (f. Ὁσία Hosia) is also used. This is a title attributed to saints who had lived a monastic or eremitic life, and it is equal to the more usual title of "Saint".
Oriental Orthodoxy
The Oriental Orthodox churches ‒ the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Tewahedo Church, the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church ‒ follow a canonization process unique to each church. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, for example, has the requirement that at least 50 years must pass following a prospective saint's death before the Coptic Orthodox Church's pope can canonize the saint.
|The Reformation
|Pre-Reformation movements
|Reformation era movements
In many Protestant churches, the word "saint" is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar in usage to Paul's numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible.[34] In this sense, anyone who is within the Body of Christ (i.e., a professing Christian) is a 'saint' because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Many Protestants consider intercessory prayers to the saints to be idolatry as an application of divine worship that should be given only to God himself is being given to other believers, dead or alive.[35] Many Protestant sects also consider the practice to be similar to necromancy as the dead are believed to be awaiting resurrection, unable to do anything for the living saint.
Within some Protestant traditions, "saint" is also used to refer to any born-again Christian. Many emphasize the traditional New Testament meaning of the word, preferring to write "saint" to refer to any believer, in continuity with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.
In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors specific saints, including some of those recognized by the Catholic Church, but in a qualified way: according to the Augsburg Confession,[36] the term "saint" is used in the manner of the Catholic Church only insofar as to denote a person who received exceptional grace, was sustained by faith, and whose good works are to be an example to any Christian. Traditional Lutheran belief accounts that prayers to the saints are prohibited, as they are not mediators of redemption.[37][38] But, Lutherans do believe that saints pray for the Christian Church in general.[39] Philip Melancthon, the author of the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, approved honoring the saints by saying they are honored in three ways:
- 1. By thanking God for examples of His mercy;
- 2. By using the saints as examples for strengthening our faith; and
- 3. By imitating their faith and other virtues.[40][41][42]
The Lutheran Churches also have liturgical calendars in which they honor individuals as saints.
While Methodists as a whole do not practice the patronage or veneration of saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are saints, but mainly use the term to refer to bibilical people, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints, such as the Twelve Apostles, John Wesley, etc. Although, most are named after geographical locations associated with an early circuit or prominent location. Some Methodist congregations observe All Saints Day if they follow the liturgical calendar. Many encourage the study of saints, that is, the biography of holy people.
The 14th Article of Religion in the United Methodist Discipline states,
- The Romish doctrine concerning purgatory, pardon, worshiping, and adoration, as well of images as of relics, and also invocation of saints, is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word of God.
John Wesley, the theological father of world Methodism, did not practice or permit Catholic practices associated with the veneration of the Virgin Mary or prayers to saints.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The beliefs within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) with regard to saints are similar but not quite the same as the Protestant tradition. In the New Testament, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the "latter days", before the Second Coming of Christ, and is used to distinguish the members of the LDS Church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.[43] Members are therefore often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS", and among themselves as "saints".[44]
Other religions
The use of the term "saint" is not exclusive to Christianity. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized within their tradition as having fulfilled the highest aspirations of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many world religions.
African diaspora
Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodou, Brazilian Umbanda, Candomblé, and other similar syncretist religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshiped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the deities. The name santería was originally a pejorative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms.
Buddhists hold the Arhats and Arahants in special esteem as well as Bodhisattvas and Buddhas.
There are many men and women in Hinduism who are revered as saints. Like many religions, Hinduism has no formal canonization process, with numerous individuals reaching the status of saint among their followers and among Hindus in general. Hindu saints are also variously called gurus, sadhus, rishis, swamis, and other names.[45]
"Sant" is unrelated to the false cognate English "saint". Traditionally, "sant" referred to two specific groups: a group of Vaishnava poet-saints in Maratha between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, and a loose group of "nirguna bhakti" believers in Punjab and Rajasthan from the fifteenth century on.[46][47][48]
In Sufism, the major wali (friend of Allah) is considered master in the art of spiritual purification. Many Sufis hold the title Hadrat (literally Presence, a title of respectables) in esteem. Scholars have also noted the parallels between the regard for some Sufi figures in popular Muslim observance and Christian ideas of sainthood. In some Muslim countries there are shrines at the tombs of Sufi saints, with the observation of festival days on the anniversary of death, and a tradition of miracle-working.[49]
The term Tzadik "righteous", and its associated meanings, developed in Rabbinic thought from its Talmudic contrast with Hasid ("Pious" honorific), to its exploration in Ethical literature, and its esoteric spiritualisation in Kabbalah. In Hasidic Judaism, the institution of the Tzadik assumed central importance, combining former elite mysticism with social movement for the first time.
The concept of sant or bhagat is found in North Indian religious thought including Sikhism. Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Nanak, and others are widely regarded as belonging to the Sant tradition. Some of their mystical compositions are incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib. The term "Sant" is still sometimes loosely applied to living individuals in the Sikh and related communities.[50]
See also
- Calendar of saints
- Communion of Saints
- Congregation for the Causes of Saints
- Coptic saints
- Gnostic saint
- Hagiography
- Hallow
- Icon
- Intercession of saints
- List of Bodhisattvas
- List of canonizations
- List of saints
- List of American saints and beatified people
- List of Breton saints
- List of Hindu saints
- List of Jesuit Saints
- List of Russian saints
- List of Sufi saints
- Martyrology
- Patron saint
- Catholic saints of Canada
- Saints of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
- Tzadik
- ^ a b c "Historians of religion have liberated the category of sainthood from its narrower Christian associations and have employed the term in a more general way to refer to the state of special holiness that many religions attribute to certain people. The Jewish hasid or tsaddiq, the Islamic Mu'min, the Zoroastrian fravashi, the Hindu rsi or guru, the Buddhist arahant or bodhisattva, the Daoist shengren, the Shinto kami and others have all been referred to as saints."Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion (in Тоҷикӣ). Sainthood (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. p. 8033.
- ^ "Veneration of saints is a universal phenomenon. All monotheistic and polytheistic creeds contain something of its religious dimension... " Issachar Ben-Ami (1998). Saint Veneration Among the Jews in Morocco. Wayne State University Press. p. 13.
- ^ Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, "saint", ISBN 0-8024-9697-0, "Christians in general are 'saints' in NT usage, and the term is common in reference to the inclusive membership of a local church . . . Other references in the NT equate Christians in general with 'saints' . . . All these are identified as saints because they are in Christ Jesus."
- ^ a b c d Bebis G [1]
- ^ a b "Saints - Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology". Biblestudytools.com.
- ^ point of view?"Sola scriptura"What does the word "saint" mean in the Bible from a Protestant . Retrieved December 19, 2012.
- ^ Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. p. 239
- ^ Coleman, John A. S.J. "Conclusion: after sainthood", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. pp 214-217
- ^ Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. page 239
- ^ Babb, Lawrence A. "Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play", in Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. pp 168-170
- ^ The Catechism of the Catholic Church From the Knights of Columbus website
- ^ What is a saint? Vatican Information Service, 29 July 1997
- ^ Folk_saint from Citizendium
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church (Second Edition)". Scborromeo.org. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
- ^ a b c Luscombe, David and Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2004. New Cambridge Medieval History: C.1024-c.1198, Volume 4. p. 12.
- ^ a b William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (Murray, 1875), 283.
- ^ "Alexander III". Saint-mike.org. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
- ^ All About Saints at Catholic Online (USA) FAQs- Saints and Angels
- ^ "Religion: 2,565 Saints". Time. 1956-08-06. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ "Keeping Saints Alive". CBS News. 2010-04-04.
- ^ Saint of the Day edited by Leonard Foley, OFM, (Cincinnati: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2003), xvi. ISBN 0-86716-535-9
- ^ Woodward, Kenneth L. (1996). Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't, and Why. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 13.
- ^ Scully, Teresita Do Catholics Worship Mary? on American Catholic.org
- ^ The Intercession of the Saints on Catholic.com
- ^ Patron Saints from Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) on Wikisource.org
- ^ Acts 19:11-12
- ^ Jenna Russell, "Marshfield man's prayer an answer in sainthood query", The Boston Globe April 28, 2009, B1,4.
- ^ a b Relics Catholic Encyclopedia on NewAdvent.org
- ^ Table of the Canonizations during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II on Vatican.va
- ^ a b c d e http://people.howstuffworks.com/question6191.htm
- ^ "Article XXII". Eskimo.com. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
- ^ Frawley J The Glorification of the Saints in the Orthodox Church at Orthodox Church in America, Syosset, New York
- ^ Hopko T "The Orthodox Faith"
- ^ "Beloved of God, Called to Be Saints", New Testament Gospel Doctrine Teacher's Manual. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. p. 150.
- ^ "The Sin of Idolatry and the Catholic Concept of Iconic Participation". Philvaz.com. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
- ^ A Confession of Faith Presented in Augsburg by certain Princes and Cities to His Imperial Majesty Charles V in the Year 1530
- ^ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 14-30
- ^ Smalcald Articles-II 25
- ^ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 9
- ^ Apology of the Augsburg Confession XXI 4-7
- ^ Lutheran teaching
- ^ Augsburg Confession XXI 1
- ^
- ^ M. Russell Ballard, "Faith, Family, Facts, and Fruits", Ensign, Nov 2007, 25–27
- ^ Robin Rinehart (1 January 2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 87–90.
- ^ Karine Schomer; W. H. McLeod (1 January 1987). The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 2–3.
- ^ Jacqueline Jones (2009). Performing the Sacred: Song, Genre, and Aesthetics in Bhakti. ProQuest. p. 7.
- ^ The authoritative Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., has an entry for "sant", with Sanskrit etymology, and one for "saint", but does not cross-reference them in any way
- ^ Michael Gilsenan (1973). Saint and Sufi in Modern Egypt. Oxford.
- ^ Dwyer, Graham (2002). The Divine and the Demonic: Supernatural Affliction and Its Treatment in North India. New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 25.
- Beyer, Jürgen, et al., eds. Confessional sanctity (c. 1550 - c. 1800). Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003.
- Bruhn, Siglind. Saints in the Limelight: Representations of the Religious Quest on the Post-1945 Operatic Stage. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1-57647-096-1.
- Cunningham, Lawrence S. The Meaning of Saints. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980.
- Hawley, John Stratton, ed. Saints and Virtues. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
- Hein, David. "Saints: Holy, Not Tame." Sewanee Theological Review 49 (2006): 204-17.
- Jean-Luc Deuffic (éd.), Reliques et sainteté dans l'espace médiéval [2]
- O'Malley, Vincent J. "Ordinary Suffering of Extraordinary Saints", 1999. ISBN 0-87973-893-6
- Perham, Michael. The Communion of Saints. London: Alcuin Club / SPCK, 1980.
- Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. Insight on the Scriptures: Volume 1. Brooklyn,: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1988.
- Woodward, Kenneth L. Making Saints. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Further reading
- Trigilio (PhD, ThD), Rev. John; Rev. Kenneth Brighenti, PhD (2010). Saints for Dummies. p. 363.
- Hebert (S. M.), Albert. Saints Who Raised the Dead: True Stories of 400 Resurrection Miracles. Illinois: TAN Books. p. 335.
- Gallick, Sarah: 50 Saints Everyone Should Know
External links
- Today's Saints on the Calendar
- Saints' Books Library
- Orthodox Saints and Martyrs of the Ancient Church
- Saints and Their Legends: A Selection of Saints
- Biographies of Saints and Gurus in the Indian Tradition
- Saints engravings. Old Masters from the De Verda collection
- WorldHeritage articles needing clarification from October 2013
- Articles needing additional references from October 2009
- All articles needing additional references
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009
- CS1 Тоҷикӣ-language sources (tg)
- All articles lacking reliable references
- Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013
- Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters
- Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata
- Saints
- Sainthood
- Religious terminology
- Titles and occupations in Hinduism


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The days of Doctors' reputation of having a bad handwriting are ending. You will not be writing anymore. Medicare is forcing all medical practices and hospitals to go paperless by 2012. That will be a revolutionary change in the way we practice medicine. There will be no more bulky medical records. You will not have […]Read more »
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Many a times, an inexperienced physician is excited to find an offer of physician job where partnership is offered after the first year. Now just because he is going to become a partner aka owner of the medical practice, is not the formula for success. Timing of partnership in a medical practice is very crucial. […]Read more »
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La Paz
Few cities in the world have as spectacular a setting as La Paz. Glimpsed for the first time as your bus or taxi crawls over the lip of the narrow canyon in which the city sits hunched, it's a sight that will leave your lungs gasping for oxygen they can't have. At over 3500m above sea level, amid a hollow gouged into the Altiplano, it's a scene of stunning contrasts: a central cluster of church spires and office blocks dwarfed by the magnificent icebound peak of Mount Illimani rising imperiously to the southeast. On either side, the steep valley slopes are covered by the ramshackle homes of the city's poorer inhabitants, clinging precariously to even the harshest gradients.
With a population of around 835,000, La Paz is the political and commercial hub of Bolivia and the capital in all but name (technically, that honour belongs to Sucre). Though protected to some extent from the tides of globalization by its isolation and singular cultural make-up, La Paz feels very much part of the twenty-first century, its manic bustle and offbeat, cosmopolitan feel luring travellers back time and again. Founded as a centre of Spanish power in the Andes, La Paz has always had a dual identity, with two very distinct societies – the indigenous and the European – coexisting in the same geographical space. Hi-tech international banks and government offices rub shoulders with vibrant street markets selling all manner of ritual paraphernalia for appeasing the spirits and mountain gods that still play a central role in the lives of the indigenous Aymara.
The Aymara, in fact, make up not only the majority of the city's population, but also that of El Alto, La Paz's militant, red-brick alter ego, which continues to outstrip it in terms of rural migrant-boosted population, and often media coverage. For them, working life in La Paz is conducted largely on the streets, and at times the whole place can feel like one massive, sprawling market. Though you'd imagine the exigencies of life at high altitude would make the pace of life quite slow, in reality it's often more frantic than Buenos Aires or Rio, not least during the winter Fiesta del Gran Poder, when young and old alike dance in riotous celebration of the sacred and the profane.
Horrendous congestion and belching-black pollution notwithstanding, most visitors find La Paz's compelling street life and tremendous cultural energy warrant spending at least a few days here, even if conventional tourist attractions are limited to a scattering of colonial palaces, plazas and churches in the centre of town. The city's museums, while perhaps not fully doing justice to Bolivia's fascinating history and culture, are nevertheless much improved from only a decade ago, and likewise warrant at least a day or two's browsing. The absence of green areas, meanwhile, is more than redeemed by the sight of Illimani, tantalisingly glimpsed through breaks in the urban sprawl.
Brief history
La Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de la Paz – "The City of Our Lady of Peace" – was founded on October 20, 1548 on the orders of Pedro de la Gasca, the supreme representative of the Spanish Emperor in Peru, to commemorate the end of almost ten years of bitter civil war between rival Spanish factions fighting over the combined territories of Alto and Bajo Peru. Sited in the Choqueyapu valley, the city developed an economy based on commerce rather than mining.
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
The merchants of La Paz grew rich through the trade in coca from the Yungas to the mines of Potosí, and the city also prospered as a waystation on the route between the mines and the coast, and between Lima and Buenos Aires. By 1665 some five hundred Spaniards were living in La Paz, with a much larger indigenous population housed on the other side of the fledgling city across the Río Choqueyapu. In 1781 an indigenous army led by Tupac Katari twice laid siege to La Paz, though the city survived and held out until it was relieved by the army sent from Buenos Aires that finally crushed the rebellion.
By the time Bolivia's independence from Spain was finally secured in 1825 (see Argentina attacks), La Paz was the biggest city in the country, with a population of forty thousand. Though Sucre remained the capital, La Paz was increasingly the focus of the new republic's turbulent political life. In 1899 the growing rivalry between the two cities was resolved in a short but bloody civil war that left La Paz as the seat of government, home to the president and the congress, and the capital in all but name.
The twentieth century
The first half of the twentieth century saw La Paz's population grow to over three hundred thousand. In 1952 La Paz was the scene of the fierce street fighting that ushered in the revolution led by the MNR, or Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario. The sweeping changes that followed further fuelled the city's growth as the Aymara population of the Altiplano, released from servitude by the Agrarian reform, migrated en masse to the metropolis. This migration from the countryside profoundly changed the character of La Paz, quadrupling its population to over a million and transforming it into a predominantly Aymara city, albeit still ruled by a wealthy European-descended minority.
The twenty-first century
While this ethnic and geographical gulf is hardly without precedent in Latin America, age-old tensions reached a boiling point over the first half of the decade, with violent civil disturbances toppling a series of neo-liberal presidents. Plans to export natural gas via a Chilean pipeline prompted the first "gas war" in 2003 (see Bolivia's first indigenous president). Further unrest over the unresolved gas issue erupted in May and June 2005 with hundreds of thousands of indigenous protestors massing in La Paz, effectively cutting off the city and effecting the resignation of then-president Carlos Mesa.
The reign of Evo Morales
With the 2005 election of Bolivia's first (and it's looking increasingly likely, most enduring) indigenous president, Evo Morales, the Aymara finally achieved real political power and the traditional campesinos vs the state ferment was superseded, to some extent, by a wider geo-political cultural spat between the radical Altiplano and the right-wing lowland departments of Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz and Tarija. Yet while much of the violence and unrest has taken place far from the capital, demonstrations by discontented miners, pensioners, fuel protestors, hunger strikers in the main Post Office and indeed anyone at all who feels hard done by, underlines the fact that La Paz, in its strategic relation to El Alto and the Highland Aymara communities, remains a vital crucible for popular protest.
La Paz
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There are lots of opinions on this topic, but if I had to pick just one of the two, I'd still pick a website – with qualifications.
First, look at what they are. A Facebook page is a social media networking platform. It consists largely of a place to share news, announcements, photos, gossip, you name it – it's out there. It can be as casual or as professional as you like. I strongly recommend that if you have a Facebook page, you create one for personal use and an author page for professional use and you try not to mingle the two together too much. Maybe that seems like overkill today, but the more people who read your books and follow your pages, the more important it becomes to keep your private information private. As much as we don't like to think about it, there are people out there who are a little unbalanced and you don't want to be sharing pictures of your grandkids with them.
A website, on the other hand, is a more "fixed" platform. I work with journalists every day and while they do look at your Facebook page, they also go straight for your website to see if you've posted press information there. As you probably know, journalists often work around the clock and on deadline. If they're working on a story and can't find the info they need, they'll find it elsewhere. Your website is the first impression you'll make on a lot of people. The good news is, there are no rewrites in real life, but you can work and rework the content on your website until it really shines.
In both instances, I come across pages that look professional and even more that don't. As with any area of business, find out what you're good at and staff your weakness. Your brand and your professional appearance are NOT the place to cut corners and save money. With all the freebies available today, it's tempting and I know few writers are independently wealthy, but if every time someone checks you out online they find information that looks more DIY (do it yourself) than professional, that's exactly how they'll think of you.
We all want to know and do business with people who are on the road to success. Maybe you're not there yet, but you need to look like you're the person you want to be. An author who shows up in shorts and flip flops may be a fun person and a great writer, but the impression is probably someone who isn't that serious about his or her professional appearance.
Take some time and do a search for author websites. Don't just look at one, look at several and keep an objective eye. It's best to look at authors you don't know personally and visit a few pages on their sites.
- What do you like?
- What don't you like?
- Do you find any typos?
- Is the information up to date?
- Do you find information there that would be helpful if a journalist was writing up a quick article to announce an upcoming event?
- Is there something missing?
- What could be done to improve the site?
Once you've visited a few, go back and look at your own site. Do you think it gives the impression of you and your work that you want it to?
If you use Facebook and/or Twitter, visit some author pages there and see what kind of impression they make. Do they post things that would be of interest to their readers? Do they include a variety of photos and links that are in good taste?
Usually the best gauge of what any of your pages should be is what interests you, and what works for others. We all have different tastes and opinions, but if you're drawn to particular posts and pages, chances are similar posts and pages will work for you.
Don't hesitate to ask trusted friends for their thoughts, but also get input from others within the writing industry. Most of my family have no idea what works on webpages and FB for writers, but other writers should have some good ideas. Good luck with your project!


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Alabama Wins BCS Championship
21-0 Win Over LSU Gives Saban His Third Title
Jeremy Shelley kicked five field goals and Trent Richardson broke a 34-yard touchdown run late in the fourth quarter as No. 2 Alabama beat No. 1 LSU 21-0 on Monday night - the first shutout in BCS title game history.
Richardson swept around left end and raced down the sideline to the end zone with 4:36 left for the first touchdown between the Southeastern Conference rivals in more than 115 minutes of play and one overtime period.
Alabama (12-1) had put it away before that as Shelley kicked field goals of 23, 34, 41, 35 and 44 yards in the first three quarters to make it 15-0, matching an all-bowl record. He also missed two field goals and an extra-point attempt.
But this time, the missed kicks didn't matter to the Tide.
The Tigers (13-1) and Tide met on Nov. 5 in what was dubbed the Game of the Century, and the Tigers won a touchdown-less, defensive standoff, 9-6 in overtime. Alabama went 2 for 6 on field goals in Tuscaloosa.
Richardson, the Heisman Trophy finalist, ran for 96 yards on 20 carries and offensive player of the game A.J. McCarron passed for 234 yards as the Tide had no problem moving against LSU's second-ranked defense in the nation - just not into the end zone.
Alabama's top-ranked defense didn't need much help. With All-American linebacker Dont'a Hightower leading the way, the Tide held LSU to 92 total yards and five first downs.
For the Tide, it's the second BCS championship in the last three years under coach Nick Saban, who also won a title at LSU in 2003.


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The sheltered little harbour at Porthgain on the North coast between St Davids Head and Strumble Head confirms the beauty of the area, for the visitor has to pinch himself to accept that this is not indeed a small cove in Devon or Cornwall, combining fishing with another industry which has left substantial industrial archaeology behind.
On one side of the harbour are cottages and a popular pub called The Sloop while on the other, towering over the stout stone quay, are the remains of the massive chutes of the crushing plant of a once flourishing granite quarry.
Porthgain must have been a noisy place when the quarry business was at its height and thousands of tons of stone of various sizes thundered down those chutes into the holds of the steamers wharfed below. This is Cerys Matthews country for the Welsh singer, songwriter, broadcaster and author, famed for her background as former lead singer of the rockband Catatonia, although born in Cardiff, spent her childhood hereabouts. She returns at regular intervals to soak in the atmosphere and chill out in her beloved Porthgain and nearby Llanrhian.
Porthgain started life as a little cove to which limestone was imported to burn in the kilns for use on the land as a neutraliser for the acid soil of the area. A certain amount of fishing was also carried on there, particularly for crabs and lobsters, and local legend has it that there were quite a few clandestine cargoes of spirits and tobacco too. The lime trade continued for several centuries as also did the export of cargoes of slate from the nearby quarries at Abereiddy to the north, which developed in the late 18th century. But in the mid 19th century the slate trade fell on bad times and the 17 or so vessels regularly using the port began to find cargoes elsewhere. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the harbour was fully developed and the small Penclegyr granite quarry to the west came into its own. Until 1900 this hard, green granite had been used mainly for paving and building stone, but the local brick works was flourishing and so many traction engines were hauling bricks to the construction of the new railway line from Clarbeston Road to Fishguard, that the local District Council demanded compensation from the quarry company for damage to the local roads.
The massive stone crushing works seen at Porthgain today were built, with a tramway linking the plant to the quarry half a mile away, and the harbour was soon packed with steamers taking the various grades of roadstone away to Bristol, Devon, Newhaven, Newport and Haverfordwest. Prosperity reigned until World War One when the conflict caused a slump, while the World War Two period benefited from a demand for stone to build the many airfields which sprang up in the county. It was all downhill after that, and in the 1950s the National Trust acquired the workings, which remain as a monument to an industry with a very chequered history.
It is the sheer scale of the industrial legacy possessed by Porthgain that stops the visitor in his tracks, for this was no ordinary village industry like the many to be seen around this coast, but a manifestation of the industrial revolution to dwarf all others in such a rural setting.
The massive brick-built bins and cliffside chutes which took cascades of crushed stone from the crushing plant at the top to the quayside and the steamers at the bottom, are truly impressive, and this once quiet lilttle fishing village must have been a noisy hive of activity in the first 30 years of the last century.
Some of the hardest igneous stone in the county was hauled by tramway from the quarries at nearby Abereiddi for crushing into five different grades of road stone and aggregate. Until the mid 19th century the harbour was a little tidal creek, rather like Abercastle to the north, where ships beached to pick up cargoes of slate from the quarries at Trwyncastell or to drop limestone for slaking in the limekilns before being carted to the surrounding farms. There were no quays then, and the high water mark lay somewhere opposite the present Sloop Inn.
But by the 1890s a brickworks had been built to produce the materials to build the massive crushing plant and chutes and the 1891 census listed only 40 quarrymen and brickworkers living in Porthgain and Abereiddi. Work began in 1898 on the long-awaited harbour improvements, the public having been invited two years earlier to subscribe to the tune of £30,000.
By 1905 the harbour was more or less complete and there was a further extension to the west pier five years later. The boom years were between 1910 and 1931, and in 1910 there were 330 shipments of granite roadstone from the harbour, going to Bristol and the West country, the West Wales ports and the South of England. The books recorded shipments to Braunton, Bideford, Lynmouth, Newhaven, Margate, Whitstable, Faversham, Deptford, Greenhithe, Newport, Belfast, Haverfordwest, Milford Haven, Swansea, Southampton, Dublin and Rye. Around the time of the First World War Porthgain was producing around 70,000 tons of roadstone a year, but army recruitment caused a fluctuation in trade, and in 1919 the workforce was down to fewer than a dozen men. The construction of a new railway station at Mathry, which was more convenient to Treffgarne Quarry, combined with district council apathy towards Porthgain, saw the operation grind gradually to an economic halt and it finally closed down In 1931.


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The FTD® Soul's Splendor™ ArrangementS15-4470
The FTD® Soul's Splendor™ Arrangement is a rich display of the love shared throughout the life of the deceased. Brilliant red roses are elegantly displayed in a white designer plastic urn and accented with lush greens and red satin ribbon to create a beautiful tribute to honor your special relationship.
- For U.S. and Canada deliveries only
- Delivery Information
All items featured on this site represent the types of arrangements we offer and may vary depending upon availability in certain regions. Substitution Policy


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Get your download while it's hot. It would be cool to hit #1 in Romance / Time Travel. It's currently at #3.
Get your download while it's hot. It would be cool to hit #1 in Romance / Time Travel. It's currently at #3.
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Free shipping in Australia ::: We ship worldwide ::: Please click here for current delivery times and methods :::
Regular price
This sweet profile of a French Bulldog with pink flower collar is one of a series of brush drawings of animals by Shell Sherree called Petal Pies.
This piece has bold yet elegant fluid lines and is graced by a single gold ink droplet of happiness and animation.
Your artwork is signed on the reverse and accompanied by a personalised, signed Certificate of Authenticity.
This is an original artwork - a one-of-a-kind piece hand-drawn and hand-painted with love and happy vibrations, packed snugly and sent to you directly from my studio to your home. While fine art prints of this might become available, there is nothing like having an original artwork in your home. And once it's gone, it's gone.
Note: This artwork is for private use – a beautiful piece of original art to frame and hang on the wall. Excludes commercial use, copyright transfer, reproduction rights and so on. If you had something else in mind, please let me know and we'll chat further. Many thanks!


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When Rachel and Lish proposed an ornament swap so close to Christmas, I couldn't resist crafting on a deadline, so I whipped up a whole bunch of these cardboard LED robot ornaments on Sunday morning. I used what I had at hand- some cardboard, spray paint, and a whole bunch of LEDs. Since I can't resist the urge to document my crafts, enjoy this video and see the complete how-to on Make: Projects.
Subscribe to the CRAFT Podcast in iTunes, download the m4v video directly, or watch it on YouTube or Vimeo.


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Family pleads for driver to come forward after fatal hit-and-run
Baltimore father, grandfather, aspiring businessman fatally struck by car
Loved ones of a man struck and killed in a hit-and-run driver in northeast Baltimore are pleading for the driver to come forward.
Relatives described Delma Leroy "Lee" Barnes as an aspiring businessman about to open his own convenience store.
"He would give you his last penny in his pocket. He done (sic) so many tremendous great things for people," said Celeste Ireland, Barnes' sister.
They said the 35-year-old dedicated father and grandfather to five children was always smiling and laughing.
"He was funny. He played jokes all the time," said Barnes' fiance, Laticia Hill. "He put everything together. From birthday parties to family functions (and) any holiday, everybody knew that Lee was going to be there."
Barnes' life came to an end at about 1:45 a.m. Saturday in northeast Baltimore when he was struck by a car at the Shell gas station near the corner or Frankford Avenue and Sinclair Lane. Relatives said Barnes got out of a car driven by a friend and walked into the store to buy water.
Someone struck Barnes and took off as he walked back to the car.
"We're just having a really, really hard time with dealing with someone so nice and sweet (as) he was that did so much for people, that wouldn't even hurt nobody, that died such a hideous and senseless death," Ireland said.
Relatives said they believe the driver of the car intentionally hit Barnes, but police would not confirm that.
Police said detectives are reviewing surveillance video in the area, and they're interviewing potential witnesses.
"We hope justice is found, and we find out who did this to my brother because it's really sad, and it really did a toll on our family," said Malieka Barnes, Barnes' sister. "I hope they find the killer. I hope they find who did it to my brother.
Police said the car fled north on Frankford Avenue and that two women were inside. Police described the car as a black four-door Mazda with Maryland license plates with a partial number of 5183 or 5189.


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An eager "Seinfeld" fan re-creating Kramer's famous entrance took down part of the door frame to the just-opened replica of Jerry's Upper West Side apartment.
The video, which has gotten more than 150,000 views on YouTube, shows Tim McGeever spin through the door and take out part of the purple frame with his backpack.
"I came, I saw, I broke (by accident!)," McGeever wrote on YouTube where he shared the clip. "You might say I took my Kramer impression one step too far at Hulu's #seinfeldapartment...within hours of opening. Enjoy my spin-crash humiliation!"
U.S. & World
McGeever told TODAY.com that he got the idea from the staff at the Hulu-created pop-up, which opened the same day all 180 "Seinfeld" episodes were released on the streaming site.
"While I was standing in line, the anticipation was building," he said. "I had very little time to plan it, aside from knowing I wanted to do some slide/twist maneuver. Before I knew it I was inside, along with a smattering of debris. So you might say, it was equal parts planned and spontaneous."
He said he was "mortified" and was received by a mix of anger and laughs from onlookers.
"Then I realized, no, Hulu was encouraging this behavior, they built this set, and they have a lot of money. I'm fine. Now how do I get out of here!?" he told TODAY.com.
Fans were ushered out of the room and McGeever was able to quietly sneak out of the recreated set.
The replica takes "Seinfeld" lovers through a real-life model of the apartment. Fans can see different items such as the Monk's Cafe table and booth, the Festivus Pole and George Costanza's photo shoot set from different episodes. There is also a canvas "brick wall" full of signatures from the show's many stars, guests and crew.
The free pop-up event, called "Seinfeld: The Apartment," is open through this weekend from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. at Milk Studios, 451 West 14th Street, in Chelsea.


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McKinney Roe's $25 Gift Certificate
Thinking of a gift for someone? Get them a Gift Card from your favorite restaurant. You can order them right online or pick them up at any of your restaurant locations. You may redeem your gift cards at any of our sister restaurants as well.


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The U.S. retail sector right now resembles a war zone as companies announce mass store closures hand over fist, but one retailer is growing -- Dick's Sporting Goods. Not only is Dick's opening new stores, but massive new innovation inside those stores is fueling growth. The competition between Nike and Under Armour at Dick's is sparking innovation for both brands, while cutting down its fitness equipment section and adding wearable device shops will keep Dick's from going to the retail grave.
More from Video
Conagra Brands Looks Tastier After Its Upgrade to Buy
CAG has hung onto the bulk of its recent gains, and could rise to the $50 area, according to the charts and indicators.
Biogen Bulls Get a Lift From Quant Upgrade and Strengthening Charts
Breaking down an approach to the long side of this biotech stock.
Is Renewable Energy the Defensive Stock Opportunity You're Missing
AMSC CEO discusses that and China challenges.
Takeda Pharmaceutical CEO Talks Big Pharma Trends
One of pharma's biggest CEO's talks M&A action on the exchange.
Real Money Video Wrap: Citi Surges as View of Stability Saves Sentiment
Citi overcame a mixed print to send its stock surging on Monday.


text: We were very sorry to hear of sound editor Paul Apted's passing this July 4th to colon cancer. Less of a recognizable name than his father Michael (director of such films as The World Is Not Enough and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader), Paul was nevertheless a veteran of the film industry, working on both numerous high profile and smaller scale films over the past two decades. He was 47. Continue reading


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A question that many new gluten-free eaters ask themselves.
Do I really need to go out and buy a new toaster? Will I really get sick from crumbs?
The above questions are asked at the same time that the overwhelming feeling of what has my life become? starts to set in.
Do you have a dedicated gluten-free toaster? I do. I went out and got one the day I went gluten-free. If I was going to do this whole change my lifestyle thing, I was going to do it right. That's just the kind of person I am though. I don't half-*** anything, so I definitely wasn't going to cut any corners as I got myself healthy. No way, no how.
But, not everyone feels the way I feel. Maybe they don't get the same symptoms from gluten that I do, and see this all as a bunch Read More »


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Coast Protector - Crew Neck t-shirt
"With our voice, in the courts or the streets, on the water or the land. Whatever it takes, we will stop the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion." Support the movement by getting a shirt!
Original artwork by Andy Everson - K'ómoks First Nation.
Hand printed on Vancouver Island with water based two colour discharge that goes super soft after washing. 100% cotton, v-neck t-shirt. (smaller sizing than crewnecks)
More from this collection
from $15


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Boys Athlete of the Week: Logan Bailey, Hamilton basketball (video)
Logan Bailey scored a game-high 20 points to lead the Emerald Knights to a victory over Owen D. Young. The sophomore's balanced scoring from inside and outside helped the team get its second win.
Favorite food: Venison
Hobbies: Hunting, being outdoors, four-wheeling, snowmobiling
In five years: Hopefully playing basketball in college
Honorable mention:
Tom Confer
Camden wrestling


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Oct 20, 2006
Day 19- Welcome to the house of fun
Where was I? Oh yeah- that House of Wax. The flick from Dark Castle. The flick starring Paris Hilton and her eerie dead eyes. The flick starring some of today's brightest, freshest television faces, such as Elisha Cuthbert of television's 24. The flick wherein Elisha Cuthbert of television's 24 sports the hottest look of the last three years in horror- the medium-length brown hair/white tank top combo. Witness:
By the way, I vote for Jessica Biel.
A group of stock horror characters- the jock, the good girl, the good boy, the bad boy, the slut, and the annoying dude with the video camera- are driving to a big college football game in Baton Rouge. Their shortcut turns out to be a bust, and since it's getting late, they end up camping out for the night. Several plot devices later, they're split up and stranded. Some seek help in a weird Art Deco late '20s/early '30s-style town...a town not on the map, but home to a House of Wax nonetheless.
Yeah, that House of Wax.
And Charles Nelson Reilly help me...I loved it.
I had absolutely zero expectations for this movie- wait, that's not true. I was expecting to hate it. I tried, I really did. When the movie started and the annoying dude got out the video camera, I raised my right hand in the air. When a sequence that was prime for some mood-building was overpowered by some nameless pop-metal music shit, I prepared to raise my middle finger. But then...something magical happened, people. Something so magical and so rare, it was like...I don't know, finding a leprechaun riding a unicorn through a sea of golden Skittles.
The movie got good.
I don't mean "good" as in "scary good", although I'd be lying if I said there weren't some genuinely creepy moments.
No, I mean "good" as in "fun good"- not unlike the aforementioned House on Haunted Hill. The gore in this was pretty damn incredible- it was abundant and looked organic, ie not-CGI. There were many shots that would do Tom Savini proud, lemme tell ya- House of Wax really earns its R rating. I counted at least 5 occasions where my hands flew up in front of my face- not in rage, surprisingly, but in a disbelieving "HOLY SHIT!" kind of way- including the one deleted scene in the bonus features. Everyone is used and abused in this movie, including our Final Girl.
The bitchin' denoument eventually descends into some CGI-overblown-ness and the movie is probably too long for its own good. Yes, it borrows heavily from the classic slasher flick Tourist Trap, yes there are plot holes a leprechaun could ride a unicorn through, but man- I was floored by how much I liked it. It is, in a word, fun. The most fun I've had watching a horror flick this month- and that's saying something. How can you not like a flick that features a clip from Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, anyway? Invite your friends over, have some beer, and watch House of Wax. You'll be in for a good, gory time. I give it 8.75 out of 10 I Can't Believe It's Not Butters.
By the way, don't you think this still of a dummy from House of Wax looks like it could be a production still from a remake of the race-reversal comedy Soul Man, starring Zach Braff of television's Scrubs in role made famous by C Thomas Howell?
9 comments:
- Amanda By Night said...
I really liked House of Wax too, but goshdarnit, I like Paris Hilton. I've said it before, she's like if Courtney Love was a Rockwell. Shoot, I can't help it.
Anyway, this movie is a blatant rip off, or uh, inspiration of a neat 70s exploitation flick called Tourist Trap. But House did me proud by, and this is exactly what you said Stacie, making it fun.
And when boyfriend gets his face peeled off - YEOUCH!
We finally agree, but WHAT a film to agree on! ;)
Amanda By Night
- Stacie Ponder said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
Heeeey, I too liked the remake of "House of Wax." If you can get past expecting it to be anything like the original movie, it's not a bad ride...and yet I still wanted to see Charles Bronson pop up somewhere.
Btw, nice call on C. Thomas Howell...
- Amanda By Night said...
I always want to see Charles Bronson pop up SOMEWHERE! ;)
I always want to see Charles Bronson popping up, in horror, action, my fantasies, romantic comedies.
I saw House of Wax in the theatre and walked away muttering, "I think...I think I LIKED that!?"
Glad to see I'm not alone.
I too liked HoW in the theatre, and yes Paris was not bad. Thanks for the pics of the tough girls in tanks. I liked Jessica but Eliza has a hardness about her that is nice to see on a chick in a horror flick.
- ForsakenBySunRa said...
I tried, Stacie. I tried to watch this film. My husband Chris tried, too. He fell asleep. I soon joined him.
Were our dreams haunted by socialites and starlets with terrible acting? No..
Did they involve some bad script and cheesy 'jump-out-of-your-seat' orchestra hits? No...
They didn't even involve the wax museum itself (which was a lovely set, by the way)...No...
I'm just saying that it didn't affect our vulnerable, sleeping subconcsious minds, and that makes me sad.
Good thing Paris has a day job.
You wanna know why I liked the film?
Well, aside from the reality show MTV had which revolved around the actors (And discovering Paris can be gross by eating a peanut and regular butter sandwich), the movie reminded me of an episode of "Goosebumps". Most of the episodes had siblings going through what life hands them (In this case, Carly dealing with her delinquent brother and the prospect of moving to the big city), while dealing with freaks that teach them a little something about life.
Also, I'd like to cuddle with Jared Padalecki any day of the week. :D
- This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.


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Charitable Groups
Creative Hands
This group of crafty volunteers work exclusively with handicraft projects. Projects are made from donated materials which are then turned into useful items that are donated to various non-profit organizations.
In Stitches Quilters
If you have an unwanted quilt or a family quilt that you would like finished, the quilters are here to help! Donations are accepted and the proceeds benefit the Adult Center. Anyone interested in quilting are welcome to join the group. Each month a quilt is put on display for everyone to enjoy.
Jottings from 5TH & G
All enthusiastic writers and inspired authors are invited to join this group of talented contributing writers who submit weekly articles to the Lake Oswego Review.
Contact the ACC at 503-635-3758 for more information.


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Hot on the heels of the news that ABC's "Castle" has been renewed for a third season, the show's star, Nathan Fillion, is tickled pink. The former "One Life to Live" star — who has never shied away from the show or his soap-opera beginnings — is excited to see what new adventures the show's writers have in store for Castle, Beckett, Esposito, Ryan and the rest of the crime-solving crew.
Daytime Dial: For me, one thing that sets this show apart from others of its genre is the cast. What is it like working with the "Castle" cast?
Nathan Fillion: We're just finishing off an episode today where I get to work a lot more with Ryan and Esposito, played by Seamus Dever and Jon Huertas. When we go to rehearsal, I love it, because the guys have always worked something out — a little bit that they'll do. They always put personality into whatever they are doing. They always have a bit of a history, like they've come from someplace. Something always reflects in the history of their relationship. It's always a pleasure to watch. I always call them my Rosencrantz and my Guildenstern. Were I Hamlet, they would be my Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.
DD: I also love Susan Sullivan, who plays your mom on the show. She is hilarious!
NF: She's a real hoot. She's an actress who comes to work with incredible life built into her character. If you see her in only one scene an episode, you still have a sense that she's come from somewhere, and then she's off to do her thing. She has a life elsewhere, and she's busy and active, and her life doesn't center on what we see. I just love her energy and her comedic intelligence. Her instincts are amazing to watch. It's almost distracting. I catch myself being an audience member rather than a participant at times.
Much the same with Molly (Quinn, who plays his daughter, Alexis Castle). She's so well cast. She truly is intelligent beyond her years. She seems so much more clever than girls her age. I have to keep reminding myself that she is 15 years old. She is well adjusted and well socialized — I tell that to her parents all the time.
DD: I love that they have created a Richard Castle-written book, "Heat Wave," as a tie-in book to the show. What's the book like?
NF: It's exactly the kind of book that you'd expect Richard Castle to write based on his experiences with Det. Beckett. He is borrowing real-life experience from Castle's real life — you'll see lines that were said on the TV show appear in the book. You can see the tie-ins from Castle's real life to the book. It's really clever. It's a great idea. We even went out to do some book signings.
DD: Do you sign as Richard Castle or Nathan Fillion?
NF: Hey, if someone wants me to sign it "Richard Castle," if they want me to be a fake dude, that's fine, I can do that. However, the "Nathan Fillion" autograph is the one I've practiced since high school.
DD: Here's a question on the minds of many of my readers. Will there be a sequel to "Dr. Horrible's Sing-A-Long Blog," and will you be involved?
NF: There ARE plans for another "Dr. Horrible," and Capt. Hammer WILL be involved.
DD: Are you surprised that what started out as an underground, in-the-know kind of project has become such a cult phenomenon?
NF: I'm not surprised that it has become so popular and so well liked. That's Joss Whedon for you. He's got something going on. Whatever he touches seems to turn to gold in one way or another — if not with mainstream success, then with culture status. That's his gift; he tells stories that people yearn for. There's nothing I like more than getting involved in a Joss Whedon project and taking credit for all his hard work.
Friday, May 21, 2010
Interview: Nathan Fillion Is Riding High With Castle
Hot on the heels of the news that ABC's "Castle" has been renewed for a third season, the show's star, Nathan Fillion, is tickled pink. The former "One Life to Live" star — who has never shied away from the show or his soap-opera beginnings — is excited to see what new adventures the show's writers have in store for Castle, Beckett, Esposito, Ryan and the rest of the crime-solving crew.


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Brantley Price graduates
- Details
- Category: School
- Published on 22 July 2013
- Written by Mount Vernon Optic-Herald
Brantley A. Price of Mount Vernon graduated on Saturday, Dec. 15, 2012 from Texas A&M University - Commerce. He received his bachelor of science degree in sports and
recreational management. For more information, see the July 18 edition of the Mount Vernon Optic-Herald.


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Courses Currently Taught
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Peer-reviewed Publications
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I am interested in social behavior, learning and their physiological substrates.
Currently, I am working with Syrian (golden) hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus). The ancestral stock of these two domesticated rodent species came from very different environments: arid for hamsters, mesic (moist) for rats. There seem to be different physical and physiological adaptations associated with those different conditions. Hamsters have cheek pouches for carrying large quantities of food to store in their burrows. Rats do not amass large stores of food in their burrows. Hamsters also conserve water by producing extremely concentrated urine. We have investigated differences in motivation to work for food and water in these two species.
I have also worked with golden hamsters because of their extensive use of body odors in social communication. Using olfactory cues present in tiny amounts of glandular secretions, hamsters and many other species can easily tell a male from a female. Moreover, golden hamsters appear able to recognize their relatives (even if they have not met them before) and distinguish between otherwise similar individuals, a phenomenon known in the scientific literature as individual recognition. My recent research concerns hamsters' social learning and social memory, the very basis upon which social behavior and social organization rests.
This leads to the interesting question of how the mammalian brain processes information about our social companions. I have investigated the role of the parts of the cerebral cortex and of subcortical areas such as the amygdala in discrimination of individual odors and in learning and remembering sexual and aggressive interactions.
Before these lines of work, I studied social behavior in primates. Among those primate species were titi monkeys (Callicebus moloch), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).
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Bankrupt Detroit plans to sell $185 million in bonds to improve street lighting, according to a Standard & Poor's analyst. The issue will test investor willingness to lend to the city after some agreed in April to accept about 74 percent of what they were owed.
The Michigan Finance Authority will offer the bonds, secured by a utility users tax, on behalf of Detroit's Public Lighting Authority on June 25, analyst Jane Ridley said. The debt is rated A-, the seventh-highest investment grade, according to an S&P report.
Detroit's general obligations are rated D by S&P, the bottom of the scale. The former U.S. automaking capital's $18 billion in debt led to the largest U.S. municipal bankruptcy. Some bondholders will receive 74 percent of $388 million they're owed, under a mediated agreement.
The lighting authority was created in February 2013 to replace a city department and was authorized to issue debt to repair a system that left swaths of the city in darkness, with an estimated 40 percent of its 88,000 lights broken.
A $60 million bond sale in December financed the replacement of thousands of broken, outdated street lights with LED lights. The authority had planned to use the new bond issue to pay off the December debt and finance more lighting repairs.
The bond sale was approved by U.S. bankruptcy Judge Steven Rhodes as part of the city's restructuring plan to improve services.
The lighting bonds are backed by $12.5 million collected annually in a utility users tax levied by Detroit. The city doesn't get access to the revenue until monthly debt service obligations are met, according to the S&P report. That priority is "a key credit strength" that supports the investment grade, Ridley said in the report.
Chris Christoff and Brian Chappatta write for Bloomberg News.


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On March 21, 1790, Thomas Jefferson belatedly arrived in New York City to assume his duties as the first Secretary of State after a five-year ministerial stint in Paris. Tall and lanky, with a freckled complexion and auburn hair, Jefferson, 46, was taken aback by the adulation being heaped upon the new Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton, who had streaked to prominence in his absence. Few people knew that Jefferson had authored the Declaration of Independence, which had yet to become holy writ for Americans. Instead, the Virginian was eclipsed by the 35-year-old wunderkind from the Caribbean, who was a lowly artillery...
Thomas Jefferson: The Best Of Enemies
Jefferson was visionary and crafty. In Hamilton, he met his match. How the rivalry lives on.
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If you are here, you are probably looking for a way to get a yummy dinner on the table in the shortest amount of time possible.
Well, that is what we do best!!
For more delicious and easy recipes like these one, be sure to sign up for our weekly newsletter (sign up by clicking the red bar at the top of the screen).
If you are looking for MORE Slow Cooker Freezer Meals, be sure to check out our other post:
10 MORE Slow Cooker Freezer Meals
in 90 Minutes or Less!
Well, this baby has still not made her appearance yet . . .
And I am going to make it super easy for you!
I have included a shopping list that you need to make these meals,
a printable recipe for each meal,
step-by-step instructions,
and side dish ideas!
8 Slow Cooker Freezer Meals that can be made in 1 Hour!
(Bonus: They actually taste good and are approved by my family!)
To get started, make sure that you have a slow cooker. Any simple one will do – but this one is our favorite:
Now onto the recipes!
1 package mild taco seasoning mix
1 (16 oz) bag frozen corn
1 (16 oz) can black beans drained and rinsed (you could use kidney beans or pinto beans)
2 (14 oz) cans stewed tomatoes
1 (8 oz) can tomato sauce
1 (4 oz) can diced green chilis
Brown meat and onion, drain. Let meat cool for a minute, then dump into a resealable gallon-sized freezer bag.
When ready to eat, remove from freezer and thaw in fridge for 24 hours. Cook on HIGH for 1-2 hours or LOW for 2-3 1/2 hours.
Hearty Beef Stew
4 carrots, sliced
4 red potatoes, cut into large cubes
1 package dry onion soup mix
2 cans 98% fat-free cream of mushroom soup
1 (8 oz) can tomato sauce
1 (10 oz) package frozen green peas
Place all ingredients in a resealable gallon-sized freezer bag. Mix together and zip bag closed. When ready to eat, remove from freezer and thaw in fridge for 24 hours. Cook on LOW for 7-10 hours (or HIGH for 5-6 hours).
Serve with 3 Ingredient Parmesan Rolls.
(I double-bagged this stew because it stuffed the freezer bag to the brim! Better safe than sorry!)
Juice from 2 limes
1 bunch fresh cilantro, chopped
1 (16 oz) bag frozen corn
2 minced garlic cloves
1/2 red onion, chopped
1 can black beans, drained and rinsed
1 tsp cumin
Honey Sesame Chicken
4 boneless, skinless chicken breasts (thighs would be fine too) – about 1 ½ to 2 pounds
Salt and pepper to taste
1 cup honey
½ cup soy sauce
½ cup diced onion
¼ cup ketchup
2 tablespoons vegetable oil (could also use olive oil or canola oil)
2 cloves garlic, minced
¼ teaspoon red pepper flakes (optional – doesn't really add heat, just adds more flavor)
4 teaspoons cornstarch dissolved in 6 Tablespoons water
Sesame seedsDirections:
Place all ingredients (except cornstarch and sesame seeds) in a resealable gallon-sized freezer bag. Mix together and zip bag closed. When ready to eat, remove from freezer and thaw in fridge for 24 hours. Spray slow cooker with non-stick cooking spray. Pour contents of bag inside the slow cooker.Cook on low for 3-4 hours or on high 1½ ? 2½ hours, or just until chicken is cooked through. Remove chicken from crock pot, leave sauce. Dissolve 4 teaspoons of cornstarch in 6 tablespoons of water and pour into crock pot. Stir to combine with sauce. Replace lid and cook sauce on high for ten more minutes or until slightly thickened.Cut chicken into bite size pieces, then return to pot and toss with sauce before serving. Sprinkle with sesame seeds and serve over rice or noodles with a side of Oven-Roasted Parmesan Broccoli.*You can also sprinkle more red pepper flakes on top if you want more heat.
Salsa Verde Chicken
1½ lbs boneless, skinless chicken breasts
1 (16 oz) jar green salsa (I used this one)
1 (14 oz) can chicken broth (I used reduced sodium)
1 medium onion, diced
½ teaspoon cumin
2 cloves garlic, minced
1 (4 oz) can diced green chilis
salt and pepper to taste
To make this a freezer meal, place all ingredients into a resealable gallon-sized freezer bag. Lay bag flat in the freezer. When ready to use, remove bag from the freezer and place in the fridge and let it thaw for 24 hours.Spray slow cooker with non-stick cooking spray. Dump the contents of the bag into the slow cooker and cook on low for 5-6 hours or high for 3 hours (if you use frozen chicken breasts, add an hour onto the cooking time).Shred the chicken using two forks and mix with remaining liquid in the slow cooker. Serve as filling for tacos, burritos, salad, nachos – anything goes! Serve with Mexican Street Corn Salad.
Swedish Meatballs
1 (10¾ ounce) can cream of mushroom soup
2 cups beef broth
1 cup fresh, sliced mushrooms
½ cup diced onion
1 teaspoon garlic powder
2 tablespoons A1 Steak Sauce
½ teaspoon paprika
½ teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon pepper
1 (28 ounce) bag frozen homestyle meatballs
1 cup sour cream
To make this a freezer meal, place all ingredients except for the sour cream into a resealable gallon-sized freezer bag. Lay bag flat in the freezer. When ready to use, remove bag from the freezer and place in the fridge and let it thaw for 24 hours.Spray slow cooker with non-stick cooking spray. Dump the contents of the bag into the slow cooker and cook on high for 4-6 hours or low for 8-10. Mix in sour cream the last 30 minutes of cooking. Serve over rice or mashed potatoes with a side of Balsamic Asparagus.
You can print the shopping list off here.
-Don't forget to add Ziploc gallon-sized freezer bags to your shopping list!
-All of these recipes can lay pretty flat, making them easy to stack in your freezer (they really won't take up much room).
-They seem to work best in the slow cooker if you can let them thaw in the fridge for about 24 hours before serving them. If you are not able to thaw them beforehand, plan on them cooking for a lot longer in the slow cooker.
-Each of my recipes feeds my family of four (2 adults and 2 kids) for dinner and then we usually have two leftover lunches for the next day. If you are only making food for 2, you could easily split these meals in half.
-Slow Cooker Liners will make clean up a breeze!
If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask! We will be able to respond more quickly if you send us an email: [email protected]This post was updated April 2016 and three of the recipes were changed. If you would like the old recipes that were included in the first post, CLICK HERE.


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Members monitor short wave precinct transmissions as patrol cars are dispatched throughout the area.
"We assist in electric wire down situations, car accidents, and fires by blocking off traffic and pedestrians," explained Louis Kirchtessner, GCOP president, while patrolling in a GPS-equipped SUV on a recent night.
"We act as the eyes and ears of the community," added Kirchtessner, a nine-year veteran of GCOP. "When we see something in progress – a burglary, a mugging, an auto or other accident, acts of vandalism, or spot a wanted or missing person – one member contacts 911 while the other alerts the desk sergeant at the 104th Precinct."
GCOP also helps the police in crowd and traffic control for street festivals and parades and sets up flares in emergency conditions, such as EMS calls and motor accidents.
Last Tuesday night, four two-man teams met at a rendezvous street where the patrol supervisor designated general assignment areas. Among that night's objectives was to paint over recently spotted graffiti sites.
Cars are kept in the same general location for quick back-up in case anyone needs assistance after spotting something in progress. Members remain in contact via handy two-way radios.
At about 8:30 p.m., Raymond Hartmanpotted a woman who fell on a Myrtle Avenue sidewalk.
"Before we could stop the car, she was helped up by pedestrians," he said. "The important thing is to be on the scene, or nearby, when accidents happen."
Fresh graffiti was spotted on walls and metal roll-down doors along Myrtle Avenue. GCOP members jumped out of their cars, photographed it for the record, and then spray painted over the vandalism.
Camille Venezia, GCOP treasurer, cleaned off a door and a wall at Myrtle Avenue and 70th Street in Glendale.
"I spotted this graffiti three days ago and now that it's been documented, it's history," he stated.
What happens when someone's caught in the act?
"We hold the graffiti vandal there until the police arrive," Venezia said. "They take pictures and paint samples before they arrest him. Then it's up to the district attorney – based on age and previous record - what action is taken."
With graffiti vandalism a crime, perpetrators 16 years and older are charged with a felony. Older teenagers or adults may get fines or jail term imposed on them by the judge. With juveniles, however, the parents must pick them up at the precinct where, after receiving a stern warning on property damage, they are usually released.
Graffiti vandalism is a major challenge borough and citywide and a big concern of GCOP.
"We see a lot of graffiti ourselves, people report it to us, and we work closely with the 104th vandal squad and other neighborhood and city organizations to combat it," said John Kablack, a seven-year member and sergeant at arms of G-COP.
On the local level, each precinct has a graffiti officer whose job is to take reports, maintain files, and follow up on leads.
"It's important to make graffiti reports because the precinct commanding officer has to answer for all these incidents, and when he has a lot of graffiti in his area it doesn't look good for him," Kirchtessner advised. "It's a quality of life issue that can go unnoticed and ignored if not reported."
Happily, graffiti reports have been down for the last quarter in the 104th Precinct. The drop could be cyclical, or simply because graffiti vandals don't like to work in wet weather.
On the recent patrol, a GCOP car stopped at the isolated 80th Street underpass – monitored frequently by the 104th and the 112th precincts - which revealed many traces of painted-over old graffiti.
"Trestles and overpasses are prime targets so they must be cleaned up regularly," explained Kirshtessner, as he photographed fresh graffiti from the car window for the file.
Two GCOP cars linked up at 88th Street and 74th Avenue near s Home Depot store. Councilwoman Elizabeth Crowley and Michael Miller, a candidate for the 18th Assembly District, existed to observe a graffiti-stained wall.
"I'm here to lend my support to GCOP, which has become the patrolling model for other precincts," Crowley said. "They have been offering a sense of security for the community for 33 years by their presence, and are lending a helping hand to other groups."
Frank Kotnik, ex-president and 20-year GCOP member, said that the group came into being during the city fiscal crisis and big service cuts of l976. Today, it boasts 75 members, including three original members.
"During 9/11, we freed up a lot of police officers to do important work," Kotnik said.


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Last week's big blizzard offered yet more proof that our electricity infrastructure is antiquated, even downright dangerous.
Last week's big blizzard offered yet more proof that our electricity infrastructure is antiquated, even downright dangerous. But all that snow and blow also became an opportunity to see how we can improve our prospects with smart planning, forward thinking, and savvy investments.
First, let's celebrate our community's emergency response teams, including many volunteers, who did an amazing job. I was at Dennis-Yarmouth High School Saturday night and again Monday afternoon, where hundreds of people needing shelter filled the gym. I saw scores of gestures of kindness and support, compassionate care for people and pets alike.
And let's applaud power company frontline crews from near and far, who did their best to battle us back to normal. We deeply appreciate their hard work and commitment.
But let's take a big step back and understand that our power grid, built like a giant spider's web threading through swaying trees and across windswept expanses, strung together on telephone poles that in many cases are decades old, is so vulnerable that with every big storm, we are knocked out.
That doesn't have to be the case.
Everyone understands that when the wires are buried, the power stays on. But doing that kind of work means investing for the future, not just maximizing short-term returns. It means planning now for tomorrow's needs.
Utility companies are responsible to their shareholders, who often are focused on the quickest and best return on their private investments. That is their ownership structure, That is their financial mandate.
And so we don't see our antiquated power lines improved and protected with long-term investments that eat into short-term profit. Instead, we see a grid that cannot stand up to the big storms that inevitably come. And then we see emergency shelters, property damage, even loss of life -- and heroic responses from the public sector, and private volunteers.
For similar structural reasons, we also see a nuclear power plant in Plymouth that has been shut down multiple times in the last few months for "minor" mechanical problems, shut down again during the storm. Because the plant remains profitable to its investors, we remain dependent on aging, centralized technology.
I love the idea (not original to me) of doing a study to figure out the true costs and reasons of power outages like we've just faced. What is the real cost of businesses being closed, homes damaged, schools shuttered, people transported and sheltered, even lives lost?
And then, what would be the cost to fortify the existing system, as well as bury lines, foot by foot, region by region, prioritizing the most vulnerable spots?
My guess is that the infrastructure investments we could make now (investments we should have made years ago) will pay for themselves many times over. And that would be just as true for every kind of infrastructure investment we could make, from roads and bridges to schools and public transportation. It's just that the payback brings returns to our communities and neighborhoods, rather than to stockholders in the utility companies.
If this means that as consumers, we see the costs of future investments showing up in next month's utility bill, I would suggest the following:
Make that bill transparent. Show exactly how much of what we pay is going to investment, how much to operations, and how much to corporate profit and executive salaries.
When it comes to innovation, construction, and management, our private sector achieves amazing results. But when it comes to priorities for energy production, distribution, and long-term capital investment, the "free market" needs real direction.
That's the role of government. And if anyone still has doubts about that, look at the fragile power lines overhead, and remember this week's blackout.


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October 15, 2011
Members of the Baldwin Junior High School band perform while marching in the Maple Leaf Festival parade Saturday morning.
Stories this photo appears in:
Weather, long parade highlight annual Maple Leaf Festival
Another near-record size crowd came into Baldwin City to enjoy arts, crafts, food and a warm fall weekend during the 54th annual Maple Leaf Festival.
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