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overbooked(redirected from overbook)
Also found in: Dictionary.
A situation in which investors show so much interest in a new issue of a security that demand exceeds supply. Before a new issue, underwriters canvass potential investors, who may or may not book an order to buy a portion the new issue. If investors order more shares than there are shares being issued, the security is said to be oversubscribed. This may affect the price when the security is actually issued.
See oversubscribed.


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Stevens alumna wins LRET Scholarship
Maggie Hayes '09, a graduate student in naval architecture at University College London who brings a multi-disciplinary and sustainable approach to ship design, has won a prestigious scholarship from the Lloyd's Register Educational Trust, the London-based charitable foundation.
Hayes, who studied naval engineering as an undergraduate at Stevens, hopes one day to design passenger ships with advanced diagnostic systems that are highly maneuverable, energy efficient and less polluting.
The LRET Scholarship will support her research on commercial ships and private vessels as she pursues a master's degree at UCL. She plans to spend the next several months on a team there designing an environmentally friendly cruise ship to navigate through fjords, among other projects.
"Maggie is in our opinion one of the strongest academic students, but she was also very compelling to us because of her interest in green issues," said Richard Bucknall, senior lecturer at UCL and course director of the university's master's degree program in marine engineering.
Scholarship winners, who receive £10,000 (equal to $16,000 in U.S. dollars) toward their studies, are nominated by the faculty at their respective academic institutions and then considered for final approval by the trust, which provides funding each year to advance education, research and training worldwide within the transportation industries, engineering and technological disciplines.
Hayes, who grew up within walking distance of bustling New York Harbor in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, has known since high school that she wanted to design ships, a field she viewed as an intriguing hybrid of several engineering disciplines. But it was several vacations aboard cruise liners that sharpened her focus on sustainable practices.
"I wanted to design a green cruise ship, because I figured there has to be a better way of doing things. These boats are enormous colossi that end up half-filled and cause ecological problems by stirring up silt. We need smaller ships," she said. "There is also the overconsumption and waste represented by the midnight buffet. And while there is a lot of recycling, there could be more."
Hayes added that her interests are not limited to design, but also include the industry's sociological and economic impacts.
"The ships come into the harbor for a couple of hours and flood the place with tourists, but then they're gone. The workforce is built around cruise ships, but it's not a stable driver of these economies," she said. "I would also like to see them run in a way that is more economically friendly to the places they stop. I would like to see longer visits and encourage people to get to know these places better."
Hayes arrived at UCL last fall with a Bachelor of Engineering degree and several years of marine and naval research under her belt. As a top student admitted to the Stevens Scholar Program, she worked alongside her professors throughout her undergraduate years on projects such as devising and testing hulls with reduced resistance and designing unmanned surface vehicles for possible military use.
"She assisted us admirably on many model testing projects," said Raju Datla, a Research Associate Professor of civil, environmental and ocean engineering and Hayes' faculty advisor.
She brought a holistic approach to her senior design project, a 160-foot yacht outfitted with a sky sail system operating high in the atmosphere to save deck space and take advantage of powerful air currents. The model included a device to harness wind energy generated by the boat's propellers and incorporated environmentally friendly features such as counters fabricated from recycled glass rather than stone. Intended for group ownership, its highly flexible format allowed owners to easily reconfigure rooms for different uses.
Hayes said she was eager to pursue her master's degree at UCL following graduation from Stevens because of "its highly competitive naval design program."
There are also longstanding synergies between the two universities, which regularly exchange faculty and students. In 2002, the two teamed up to win a bid from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, which works closely with the British Royal Navy, to establish a university consortium to enhance education and basic research in ship design, a field that faces a massive wave of retirements, said Michael Bruno, Dean of the Schaefer School of Engineering and Science. Along with other consortium partners, they are researching and designing multi-hull vehicles for enhanced efficiency, among other projects.
The two schools' skill sets are complementary, Bucknall said.
"Stevens brings real expertise in hydrodynamics to design features such as ship resistance and hull optimization, while we understand naval requirements, such as how ships operate, at what speed and with what number of people, as well as basic design elements," he noted.
After earning her master's degree from UCL, Hayes plans to apply to master's degree programs in environmental engineering so that she can design all aspects of boats.
For now, however, she describes herself as "incredibly honored, blown away really, to learn I've been chosen for this scholarship, because I know what a competitive opportunity it is."

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday Gourmet, Wine & Angels: Coulda. Woulda. Shoulda. Yuck.
Thursday's game was an exercise in frustration. Josh Beckett was dealing but the Angels had a very few opportunities early on and couldn't capitalize on them. Tyler Chatwood's start was okay and would even be considered good if he hadn't walked five batters, the last of which proved costly. The Angels could have scored more runs after Torii's 7th inning homer tied the game up. Erick Aybar could have been content with a double. The bullpen could have kept us in the game. And the extra innings heroics could have worked out. The umpires also could have made better calls – not all of the close ones were bad. Dustin Pedroia was safe at home *resigned sigh*, but at third? Only if running five to six feet outside the base path to avoid the tag is suddenly Kosher. Oh well, that was the fourth run and didn't matter. They would have won with three. Fans also could have been classy and not thrown money at Carl Crawford. Or, to sum it up another way, after the game, I decided that helping my husband snake the drain pipe for the washing machine was more enjoyable than watching the postgame show. But I still had high hopes for Friday when we would send Dan Haren to the mound…oh boy.
This week's Friday Night Ritual (wine, gourmet for varying definitions of gourmet dinner and the Angels game) spread: triple mushroom risotto with pancetta accompanied by a bottle of Cypher Winery's Peasant, a lovely take on a French field blend of Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre, Tannat and Counise that tastes like plums and black cherries with hints of nutmeg, vanilla and anise. Making risotto was a therapeutic decision. After the tense extra innings drama and unsatisfactory result of Thursday's game, I was anxious in the hours leading up to this evening's game and, trust me, spending half an hour stirring, stirring, ladling, stirring, carefully judging texture and stirring some more is oddly calming. And it turned out well, if I do say so myself. Which was good because, the way this evening's game went, starting it anxious might have proved fatal for the throw pillows.
Dan Haren wasn't dealing tonight, which is bound to happen from time to time, and the rest of the team wasn't backing him up consistently. Not with run support and not with defense either: a Wells bobble, Peter Bourjos with one highlight reel play and one blooper reel play, a Mathis passed ball and not a bloody one of them capable of hitting with runners in scoring position until the 8th inning. Not exactly a recipe for success. Okay, the safe call on Saltalamacchia at third blew goats, as did several others, and then he scored the first Red Sox run on the next hit. Demoralizing? Yes. But that was not a reason to fall apart for two innings. Bad calls happen. That's baseball. So get productively angry and get the next guys out.
And yet, we still almost pulled it off. Timely hits in the 7th and 8th innings, and an equally timely Saltalamacchia passed ball – darned nice of him, really, after that call at 3rd 😉 – finally put the Angels on the board and brought us within one run of catching the Red Sox. Then, it was the ninth inning with you know who on the mound. Ugh. Hank Conger got a hit though. In a déjà vu moment, we had hopes that Howie Kendrick could stick it out through another battle and get a hit this time. Who knows what might have been if Paplebon hadn't benefitted from such a generous strike call on the second pitch. Howie may well still have struck out…but he might not have. Oh well. Who knows what might have happened if the guys had settled down immediately after the botched call in the third, or if Bourjos made the catch instead of blowing it, or if Wells had made the other catch for that matter.
So, am I panicking or even particularly worried? No. It's only two games. It's April. They can't win all 162 no matter how much I would like them to and even quality players will have bad days, sometimes all at once. Am I annoyed and kind of deflated feeling? Yes. I am tired of getting beaten by the Red Sox, especially when they are playing good baseball but hardly unbeatable baseball. We should have won this one. Oh well. At least the wine and risotto were good.
So, guys, can we go get 'em the next two games? Yes, their pitching is tough but this is hardly an impossible request.


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Legal Nurse Consultants / LNC Experts Serving Manitoba
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Experts that assist attorneys with medical case review, understanding medical terminology, and other healthcare issues. Legal Nurse Consultants/ LNC are registered nurses with specialized training to assist with medico-legal issues, expert witness testimony and consulting. Legal Nurse Consultants / LNC experts serve as expert witnesses and forensic consultants in Manitoba legal matters, and provide expert reports and testimony for judges, attorneys, lawyers, law firms, insurance companies and government agencies in Federal and state court trials and arbitrations in Manitoba.
The listings below are of Legal Nurse Consultants / LNC experts serving Manitoba.
Expert ListingsMedical Advisors, Inc./Tech. Network Cons. Svcs.
Rhonda Grallnick, RN, BSN
Blue Bell, PA
Fully credentialed Scientific, Technical, Medical & Engineering experts in a full range of specialized fields. A support team of highly trained paralegals, strategists, nurses, and others are dedicated to your case. Experts nationwide. Free consultation.
Mary Meinhard Associates Medical Legal Consulting
Mary Meinhard RN-BC, BS, JD, CLCP, LNCC, MSCC
June Lake, CA
Services include: Organizing, analyzing and summarizing medical records; identifying appropriate standards of care; determining case merit; summarizing costs; analyzing costs for reasonableness; identifying/locating appropriate experts; preparing persuasive, credible reports; formulating deposition/trial questions; and, expert testimony.
CP LegalMed Consulting
Constance J. Paine
San Diego, CA
I'm Constance (Connie) Paine, the founder and CEO of CP LegalMed Consulting. In 2006, I recognized that I could use my 35 years of experience in the medical field to fill a recognized need for medical advice in the legal arena. So I started CP LegalMed Consulting, a comprehensive service that offers the medical expertise needed for assessment, review, analysis, and research of medical-cases.
Botham Consulting Services, LLC
Phillip Botham MSN, RN, CWON
Cullowhee, NC
Phillip Botham MSN, RN, CWON is a nationally recognized Certified Wound and Ostomy Nurse with over 30 years of experience in the field of nursing. He currently leads a team of eight Wound Ostomy and Continence Nurse clinicians and ten Vascular Access Insertion Nurses at a 750 bed academic medical center in the southeastern United States. Phil teaches the specialty practice of wound and ostomy care to nursing and medical students, as well as practicing clinicians. He is a content expert in practice standard setting, program development, monitoring of best practices, and compliance with regulatory requirements related to wound and ostomy care. Phill has received awards and recognition for developing quality and patient safety programs focused on pressure injury prevention and treatment. With a passion for teaching bedside clinicians the fundamentals of wound and ostomy care, Phill enables organizations to improve clinical practices and work processes, resulting in outcomes consistently exceeding industry benchmarks.
Medi-Legal Consultants, Inc.
Laura Burchell-Henson
Lakeside, CA
I have been licensed as a RN for 30 years. I have consulted on more than 1000 medical related cases. I have consulted on cases related to pressure ulcers, falls, over medication of sedatives, delay in treatment and delay in notification of a physician, just to name a few. I have been deposed more than 145 times, I have testified at trial 25 times.
Labsci Associates LLC
Thomas Tempske, CLS, JD, CHC
Oviedo, FL
Thorough expert review and opinion of patient charts and medical laboratory analytical data in matters of alleged laboratory error or negligence, or where lab testing may be material to a malpractice case. I work with both plaintiff and defendant attorneys to clarify technical issues and lab operation.
Colorado Care Consultants
Yolanda Anderson, RN, BSN, CEN, CPEN, CLNC
Lakewood, CO
Emergency Department RN for 30+ years. Knowledgeable about all aspects of Hospital Care and Standards of Care for Physicians, Nurses and ancillary personnel. Clinically active in emergency Department care for 30+ years for infants, pediatrics, adults and geriatrics; Trauma, Cardiac, Neurology, Surgical, EMTALA and general Emergency Care. Able to review charts for merit, do chronologies, research medical care, document Independent Medical Exams, and more. Experienced in Depositions and Trials. Conscientious and detail-oriented.
Georgia Persky Consulting LLC
Georgia Persky
Harrison, NY
Georgia J. Persky RN, MBA, PhD, CLNC, is a seasoned nurse with over 40 years of broad Clinical Nursing experience (inpatient and surgical) and 25 years of Senior Leadership in Healthcare Organizations. Expertise include Nursing, Hospital, Nursing Home and Home Health Agency, Fall Protection, Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Wrongful Death, Healthcare Practices and Records, Legal Nurse Consultants / LNC


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About Us
Company HinaMach located in Zhoushan city, China, which is called capital of screw. We have been dedicated in designing and manufacturing screws and barrels for injection molding machines and extruders for over 30 years. We can manufacture almost all kinds of screws and barrels!
World Center Screws and barrels manufacturing center of the world is located in our city Zhoushan (China). Around 70% screws and barrels of the world are manufactured in China, and 70% of Chinese screws and barrels are manufactured in Zhoushan city. Extensive experience and a long period for the production of screws and barrels allow us to provide reliable quality in the shortest time.
Our Production HinaMach – a modern company with high-tech production line and skilled workers. The company's specialists perfectly master all the subtleties and nuances of designing, production and fixing of screws and barrels for extruders, injection molding machines, blow molding machines and granulators. Each screw is designed individually according to the requirements of customer, the processing material and the operating conditions. Many of our specialists periodically receive trainings, and now they are successfully working in our company.
Our Principles The basic principles of our work – the highest quality and best services. HinaMach aims to be the most reliable and profitable partner. High quality and best price make HinaMach different from other manufacturers.
5000 m2 – modern factory and office of HinaMach
12 steps - 12 steps for manufacturing every screw(except special screw): Blanking – Tempering treatment(72 hours) – Rough turning – Finishing turning – Milling thread – Polishing thread – Grinding screw – Nitriding treatment(120 hours) – Straightening treatment – Final polishing – Final grinding – Detecting
30 years - We have been dedicated in designing and manufacturing screws and barrels for injection molding machines and extruders for over 30 years


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The city of Lisbon is a heady mix of old buildings covered with painted tiles, grand squares and a labyrinth of narrow alleys. Spreading over seven hills, the city certainly has its own charm, offering a diverse range of attractions from religious sites with rich historical values to construction marvels of modern Lisbon.
1. An old man was seen looking at a postcard picture of Lisbon along the shopping street at Baixa .
2. A monument of King John I situated at the Praça da Figueira Square.
3. A view of Castle of Saint George which sits at the highest hill in Lisbon. The castle is one of the main historical and touristic site of Lisbon.
4. A wide angle shot of Gare do Oriente. Also known as Oriental Station, it is one of Lisbon's major railway station and transport terminal.
5. Designed by Santiago Calatrava, the station was completed in 1998 for the World Expo.
6. Two passengers were seen waiting for the next train. Gare do Oriente has an annual turnover of 75 million passengers and is considered the world's busiest station.
7. Located at Praça do Comércio square, the Rua Augusta Arch is situated near to the Tagus River. After the great 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, the square was completely remodeled to indicate its new role in the economy of Lisbon while the arch was built to commemorate the city reconstruction.
8. A closer view of the upper section of the arch.
9. A street performer wearing a hand drawn mask performing at the Bairro Alto shoping district.
10. A bus station at the upper level of Gare do Oriente which serves both local and intercity destinations.
11. Some random shots taken around the city of Lisbon.
12. A very animated street performer dressed in black was giving out balloons during an opening ceremony for a bathroom product outlet.
13. Another street performer in white was attached to a huge balloon on his body for the same event. At one point, he was nearly thrown off balance due to the strong wind.
14. A reflection of the building at Praça do Comércio from the huge glass panel at Museum of Design.
15. Jerónimos Monastery is a very prominent monastery located near to the shores of Belem. The architectural theme revolves around maritime elements intricately carved on limestone.
16. A fountain at Praça do Império, featuring a pair of horses from the symbol of the zodiac.
17. Monument to the Discoveries (Padrão dos Descobrimentos) was built to celebrate the Portuguese who took part in the Age of Discovery during the 15th and 16th centuries. It is located next to the Targus river where many ships once departed.
18. On both sides of the monument, huge figures were carved to represent monarchs, explorers, cartographers, artists, scientists and missionaries from the Age of Discovery. A man was seen posing on the side ramp at the lower left corner of the picture.
19. A closer look at some of the figures.
20. A picture of the Hard Rock Cafe building located near to Praca dos Restauradores.
21. Casa Das Bifanas offers a good range of local food. As with most restaurants in Lisbon, breads are usually served with several choices of butter. Casa Das Bifanas also includes a mini sardine spread for the bread.
22. Not surprisngly, local seafood is widely available such as the popular Portuguese grilled fish.
23. These snails are available only on certain seasons (June till August) and are reputedly very healthy food due to its low calorie count.
24. Pedestrians crossing the road towards the Vasco da Gama Shopping Centre.
25. Another view of the shopping centre from the exit of Oriental Station.
26. Vasco De Gama is Lisbon's finest mall with over 100 shops within the complex. Featuring a large transparent roof and modern architectural design, many shoppers enjoy the scenic view of the sea on the upper level. Photography was strictly prohibited and these shots were taken before the securities reminded me to put my camera away.
27. Built in the 16th century, the Belem Tower is now listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Located along the Tagus River, the site was once a defense fortress which has now become a major tourist attraction.


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"Cathy and Tony's new take on the seemingly simple and yet immensely satisfying concept of food and wine pairings makes it easy for both the novice and the professional to get so much more than the sum of vino plus comestibles. Most interesting to me are the lesser known wines from the Iberian peninsula and the killer yet easy to make snacks that accompany them. I'll take one of everything, please."
—Mario Batali, author of Molto Italiano
"With the popularity of small plates growing every day, this book by 'team Mantuano' will help you fill your table like the finest chefs do in their kitchens."
—Bobby Flay, author of Bobby Flay's Mesa Grill Cookbook
"Having witnessed Chef Tony at work, I can safely say he is indeed a magician. Tony's approach is both elegant and breezy making this cookbook of secrets, also known as Wine Bar Food, a must-have addition to any kitchen. Plus, there are loads of delicious recipes for vegetarians like me."
—Todd Oldham, designer
"There is no better Italian restaurant in America than Spiaggia; Tony Mantuano has always been committed to the truest flavors and finest pairings of wine for his extraordinary cuisine. Now, with Wine Bar Food, he makes that same standard of inspired excellence available to home cooks and wine lovers everywhere."
—John Mariani, food and travel correspondent for Esquire Magazine and author of the Dictionary of Italian Food and Drink
"I can only imagine the fun Cathy and Tony Mantuano had bar-hopping their way through Mediterranean culinary capitals researching these mouthwatering recipes that transport your mind and taste buds all at once. These bar bites are for non-fussy cooks and guests who have the confidence to enjoy what is rustic and what is local."
—Danny Meyer, author of Setting the Table


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The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) publishes the results of a weekly applications survey that covers roughly 50 percent of all residential mortgage originations and tracks the average interest rate for 30 year and 15 year fixed rate mortgages as well as the volume of both purchase and refinance applications.
The purchase application index has been highlighted as a particularly important data series as it very broadly captures the demand side of residential real estate for both new and existing home purchases.
The latest data is showing that the average rate for a 30 year fixed rate mortgage (from FHA and conforming GSE data) declined 8 basis points to 4.12% since last week while the purchase application volume increased 4.8% and the refinance application increased 12.10% over the same period.
With rates at or near generational lows (including the 10-year T-Bill) and the FOMC members becoming more dovish by the day, it will be interesting to see where rates will go as clear details of QE3, likely to be focused more on long term rates, are revealed.
The following chart shows the average interest rate for 30 year and 15 year fixed rate mortgages since 2006 as well as the purchase, refinance and composite loan volumes (click for larger dynamic full-screen version).


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One of my first posts was about my Irish Brick wall for my great-great-grandfather Timothy Creeden. The only records I have for him are after his arrival in the US and they just state his origin as "Ireland". I knew that there were other Creeden families in Clinton County, Ohio where I found my first records for Timothy, but I couldn't find any definite links to the other families.
The family I thought had the best possibility of being related to Timothy was headed by Patrick Creedan in the 1860 US Census for Clinton County, Ohio.
Timothy was born in 1846 and this says that a daughter Johanna/Joanette was born in 1846. The Timothy listed here was born in 1853 and the place of birth was listed as Ohio. I didn't think this was the right Timothy at first, but kept it open as a possibility.
The 1870 census shows that Johannah was born around 1851, so what if Timothy and Johannah's ages had been switched in the 1860 census?
Timothy moved to Mercer County in the mid 1880s and Patrick's son John lived there in his later years. I also saw a Roseanna Creeden in the Mercer County census listings for 1900-1920, but her death certificate didn't have her parents' names. She was in the Mercer County Infirmary during that time and listed as insane.
I have been unable to find Timothy's death certificate or an obituary. The church records were destroyed by fire, so I thought there might be some information in the funeral records. A couple of researchers in Mercer County found that those had also been destroyed, but mentioned that there was a probate record for a Timothy Creeden that was the guardian of a Roseanna Creeden.
I knew that FamilySearch had added Ohio Probate Records a few months ago, but I hadn't made much use of them yet. The records are not searchable, but I found that many of the volumes had an index of names. According to FindAGrave, Patrick Creedan died in June 1883, so I decided to try and find his will.
The Probate Records I found established a fairly certain link between my Timothy and Patrick's family! Patrick's will left shares to his sons Timothy, John, Patrick William and to his daughter Hannah Jane. He also left his daughter Julia's share to Timothy as her "full brother" and due to Julia being a "religious in the convent of the Sisters of Charity". He left two shares to his daughter Rosanna "in consequence of her feeble minded condition" and left his grandson Elija Bernard his daughter Johanna's share due to her being deceased.
I followed a trail of Settlement Records, Testamentary Records, and Guardian's Bonds that showed Timothy was named guardian of Roseanna shortly after Patrick's death. According to one record, the case was moved to Mercer County when Timothy moved his family and ward there around 1885. I also found the corresponding probate record in Mercer County that showed he was guardian of Roseanna.
I think this is a pretty good case that Patrick Creeden, born 1814 in Ireland is Timothy's father. The only Creedens I've found in Mercer County are Timothy, John, and their families and Roseanna. I have a note from another researcher that Patrick married Hannah Jane Hoover in 1851, so if that is correct, she was Patrick's second wife and is not the mother of Timothy or Julia. I still don't know a location in Ireland or the identity of Timothy's mother, but it is exciting to finally have a few family members for him!
Monday, November 12, 2012
Monday Madness - Cracks in my Irish Brick Wall
All articles on this blog are © Copyright 2018 by Kathryn - Posted at 12:30 AM
Labels: Brick Walls, Creeden
4 comments:
Nice blog. I'm new at this and a little overwhelmed. I'm a good researcher, but a work in process when it come to blogging and writing. GeneaBloggers is just what I needed to do that more. Keep up the good work. I'm following people like you.ReplyDelete
Thanks Grant! I'm still learning how to do this too. GeneaBloggers has a lot of resources for us, so you've found the right place!ReplyDelete
That's an exciting find! I too have a pretty sizable Irish Brick Wall and continue to hack away at it. Your story is hope that more information can be found on my family. Thanks for sharing!ReplyDelete
Thanks Joe! I've found quite a bit more out since this post, so I'll do an update next week. Good luck in your search!ReplyDelete
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The Illusion of Identity in Lars Von Trier's Antichrist
Lars von Trier suggests that the terrible and the horrific are not to be found in the abnormal behaviour of an outsider, but within our relationships, and the play of domination and submission in everyday life.
Lars von Trier's last film instigated a variety of responses that divided the audiences and the critics. Many considered it to be an exercise in bad taste and a misogynistic narrative, while others defended it as a masterpiece. The simplistic dichotomies of the discussions have paralysed any serious investigation of the interrelation of aesthetics, politics and anti-humanism.
If we turn our attention to his filmography, we realise that von Trier's films present narratives that incorporate concerns about the medium's ability to represent history, certain genres' tendency to flatten out the inherent social contradictions, the manipulation of new technologies and a general aspiration to combine elements of classical cinema with an avant-gardist refusal of commodification. Equally important is to acknowledge that in spite of having been classified as a director who is part of the European Art Cinema Tradition, von Trier does not hesitate to engage into a dialogue and thus experiment with mainstream cinema, in order to reshape the relationship between film production and reception.
In light of these considerations, we can see Antichrist as a film that thematises the medium itself and in particular the horror-film genre. The film consists of four chapters, a prologue and an epilogue. It tells the story of a grieving couple -- He (Willem Dafoe) and She (Charlotte Gainsbourg), since the characters are nameless -- whose little child dies after climbing out of his crib, while its parents are making love. After the death of their child, the couple retreats to a cabin in the woods as a means of overcoming the wife's grief.
Contrary to their expectations, they are entangled into a situation, which is beyond their control. Instead of healing themselves from their grief, they come face to face with inexplicable events that blur the boundaries between illusion and reality. The husband attempts to cure his grief-stricken wife using psychotherapy methods based upon a rational explanation of fear.
Throughout their therapy sessions, one senses that he tries to control and master her feelings rather than cure her. Moreover, it turns out that she, who has been writing a thesis on misogynism, has identified herself with her subject, to the extent that she considers female nature to be essentially evil. Meanwhile, he finds pictures of their son in which his shoes are always on the wrong feet, something that makes him suspicious of his wife's caring for their child. Consequently, their relationships turns out to be acrimonious -- something that leads to a series of violent events, which involve some of the most problematic and challenging scenes.
At one point, she attacks him and hits his testicles. While he is unconscious, she drills a hole through his leg and bolts a grind-stone through the wound. After a long chase scene, she regrets the pain she caused him and brings him back to the cabin. In a moment of recollection of her son's death, we are given the impression that she saw what happened but did not act. At this point, she cuts her clitoris; later on he strangles her and burns her into a pyre.
As the reader can understand, the film raises plenty of questions, but provides no answers, expecting the audience to assume a more active role and participate in the hermeneutical process. Taking as a starting point the manipulation of the horror-film genre, we can observe that Antichrist, draws on one of its main motifs, that is, misogynism.
Mainstream horror films have repeatedly incorporated misogynist elements. Women are normally shown as passive beings, whose very passivity becomes a sight of fascination. Part of the spectatorial pleasure, therefore, lies in the viewing of the very moments that produce horror, such as the scenes of excessive physical and sexual violence, which lead to the production of screaming points.
Michel Chion has offered a very stimulating analysis of the screaming point, arguing that certain films employ all the means available, in order to reach that point and create fascination. "The screaming point is where speech is suddenly extinct, a black hole, the exit of being." [The Voice in Cinema, by Michel Chioin, p. 24, trans. by Claudia Gorbman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)] Von Trier's film on the other hand, does not proceed to manipulate the female body as a spectacle of fascination, and the screaming points are not the culmination of a causal chain of events, but the very exploration of the limits of comprehensibility.
From this perspective, Antichrist employs horror film tropes, but the difference lies in the fact that horror is not produced by dint of an outsider, who enters the lives of the main characters, who are oblivious to the disaster that will follow. This is the most classic pattern of thriller-narration, which resorts to juxtapositions between normal and aberrant behaviours and thus, to molar polarisations between good and evil.
By contrast, von Trier suggests that the terrible and the horrific are not to be found in the abnormal behaviour of an outsider, but within our human relationships, and the play of domination and submission in everyday life. The film's narrative accomplishes that by constantly frustrating the audience's expectations. At one point, the two characters are shown lying in bed listening to noises that seem to prepare the ground for a horrible event, while later on we realise that it is the sound of the acorns falling into the roof. When He encounters a talking fox and a wounded deer, we expect something shocking to occur, but action is deferred once again.
All the horrible things taking place are not instigated by an outsider but by the relentless confrontation between him and her. The clash between the sexes becomes an allegorical illustration of the opposition between rational reason and emotions. He attempts to cure her grief by means of a logical explanation of her fears, while she seems to defy his methodology. Her conception of herself, her fears, her pain and grief cannot be separated by her somatic material reality. Throughout her grief her body responds in unpredictable ways. Physical pain and insomnia are rapidly followed by impulsive sexual desires.


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The Museum ProjectPhotographs by Atta Kim
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In "The Museum Project," Korean photographer Atta Kim commandeers average scenes--city streets, department stores, freight depots and forests--and turns them into exhibition spaces. On display are people crammed into acrylic boxes, stacked in sets, on end, or sometimes alone. In selecting his subjects and isolating them in their boxes, Kim aims to "detach them from reality; to display and deconstruct at the same time my own concept of the world." Kim compares his efforts to that of an archaeologist, sifting through the cultural strata in order to unearth and hold up exemplary objects for our contemplation. "The Museum Project" is comprised of a number of series, such as "War Memorial," "Sex," "Suicide," and other human typologies, each intended to highlight a particular mode of behavior or belief. In certain series, the subjects are isolated from their natural settings, each display case simply framed and offset by backdrops in primary colors. The resulting images are curious and startling, straddling the indeterminate ground between performance, photography, and an alternate form of anthropology. "The subject of history is, finally, nothing but human beings," Kim says. "[The] great order of... the cosmos is that all kinds of acts conducted by human beings are always watched by someone."
Atta Kim was born in Korea in 1956. He graduated from Changwon University with a Bachelor of Science degree and has been actively photographing since the mid-1980s. He has had solo shows at the Samsung Photo Gallery, Seoul; the Nikon Salon Gallery, Tokyo; the Yechong Gallery, Seoul; and has been included in numerous group exhibitions, including shows at the Museum of Contemporary Photography in Chicago; The Odens Foto Triennale in Odens, Denmark; the Australian Centre for Photography; the twenty-fifth Sao Paolo Bienal; and FotoFest in Houston.


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On-line version ISSN 2071-0771
Print version ISSN 0075-6458
Koedoe vol.53 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Stem growth of woody species at the Nkuhlu exclosures, Kruger National Park: 2006-2010
Peter F. Scogings
Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, South Africa
An important aspect of managing African conservation areas involves understanding how large herbivores affect woody plant growth. Yet, data on growth rates of woody species in savannas are scarce, despite its critical importance for developing models to guide ecosystem management. What effect do browsing and season have on woody stem growth? Assuming no growth happens in the dry season, browsing should reduce stem growth in the wet season only. Secondly, do functional species groups differ in stem growth? For example, assuming fine-leaved, spiny species' growth is not compromised by carbon-based chemical defences, they should grow faster than broad-leaved, chemically defended species. Dendrometers were fixed at 20 cm in height on the main stems of 244 random plants of six woody species in three plots (all large herbivores excluded, partial exclusion, and control) and observed from late 2006 to early 2010. Average monthly increment (AMI) per dendrometer and season (dry, wet) was calculated and the interaction between plot and season tested per species, controlling for initial stem girth. AMIs of Combretum apiculatum, Dichrostachys cinerea and Grewia flavescens were zero in the dry season, whilst those of Acacia exuvialis, Acacia grandicornuta and Euclea divinorum were either positive or negative in the dry season. Wet-season AMI of D. cinerea and dry-season AMI of G. flavescens tended to be reduced by browser exclusion. Net AMI (sum of the seasonal AMIs) was tested per species, but results suggested that only D. cinerea tended to be affected by browser exclusion. The results also suggested that stem radial growth of some fast-growing species is more prone to reduction by browser exclusion than the growth of other species, potentially reducing their competitiveness and increasing their risk of extirpation. Finally, the usefulness of grouping woody species into simple functional groups (e.g. fine-leaved vs. broad-leaved) for ecosystem management purposes in savannas requires further consideration.
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: Growth rates of woody plants are important parameters in savanna models, but data are scarce. Monitoring dendrometers in manipulative situations over several years can help fill that gap. Results of such studies can be used to identify species prone to high risk of extirpation.
A major component of current research in savannas concerns the effects of large herbivores (especially elephants) on woody vegetation, with the ultimate objective being the development of improved management policies (Levick & Rogers 2008). Growth rates of woody plants are important parameters in models developed for the purposes of understanding savanna ecosystems and ultimately guiding the management of extensive conservation areas comprising heterogeneous savanna landscapes and mega-herbivores, but critical data on growth are scarce (Baxter & Getz 2005). Apart from the dearth of studies of woody plant growth rates under the influence of elephants, most studies of responses of woody plants to browsing in savannas have only recorded shoot growth, which generally responds positively to long-term severe browsing (Engdahl 2008; Fornara & Du Toit 2007; Hrabar, Hattas & Du Toit 2009; Makhabu, Skarpe & Hytteborn 2006; Riginos & Young 2007). Numerous short-term clipping studies have revealed the same trend (Bergström, Skarpe & Danell 2000; Fonara & Du Toit 2008a; Rooke & Bergström 2007; Tsumele, Mlambo & Sebata 2006). The response of shoots is not necessarily a real response in total plant growth, but is the result of resources being reallocated to rectify browsing-induced shifts in the root : shoot ratio (Teague 1985; Teague & Walker 1988). Numerous studies have reported negative effects of long-term severe browsing on plant height (Augustine & McNaughton 2004; Birkett & Stevens-Wood 2005; Fornara & Du Toit 2008b; Levick & Rogers 2008; Noumi et al. 2010). In contrast, very few studies have considered stem size, which has been found to either decrease or increase under long-term severe browsing (Augustine & McNaughton 2004; Dharani et al. 2008; Noumi et al. 2010; Riginos & Young 2007; Rohner & Ward 1999; Scogings 1998). The significance of stem size is that it is closely related to plant mass and therefore is likely to reflect the whole plant's response, which is important to understand because whole-plant under-compensation may indicate progressive carbon (C) exhaustion and reduced life expectancy (Hester et al. 2006; Nickless, Scholes & Archibald 2010; Teague 1988).
Spatial and temporal variations in resource availability are important considerations for understanding plant responses to browsing in Africa's savannas (Sankaran, Ratnam & Hanan 2008). Savannas are seasonal systems characterised by alternating wet and dry seasons of several months each (Kutsch et al. 2008). Water, and hence nutrients, are most available when elevated soil water drives a pulse of nitrogen (N) mineralisation at the start of the wet season (Jacobs et al. 2007; Scholes, Bond & Eckhardt 2003). Plant growth is therefore confined to the wet season, but is intermittent because of fluctuating resources that limit growth (Williams et al. 2009). In addition to the temporal variation in resource availability, soil fertility varies spatially from sandy soils to clay-rich soils (Hopcraft, Olff & Sinclair 2009; Scholes et al. 2003). Conventionally, clay-rich savannas are described as being dominated by 'fine-leaved', spiny, tannin-poor, 'palatable' species, whilst clay-poor savannas are said to be dominated by 'broad-leaved', spineless, tannin-rich, 'unpalatable' species (Kutsch et al. 2008; Scholes 1997). Whether mineral N is always available in the soil (e.g. clay) or is only available when mineralised by soil organisms, water is needed in both cases to mobilise N for plants (Jacobs et al. 2007; Williams et al. 2009 and references therein). Plants on both soil types could therefore experience temporary periods of 'rich' resource availability in otherwise 'poor' resource conditions, regardless of whether the soils are perceived to be 'fertile' or not (Jacobs et al. 2007). Hence, it is distinctly feasible that 'fine-leaved' and 'broad-leaved' species, which may be intuitively expected to respond differently to each other, may not differ consistently in their responses.
The primary aim of this paper is to report stem girth growth of six ubiquitous woody species in the Acacia nigrescens - Combretum apiculatum savanna of the Kruger National Park during the period 2006-2010. In doing so, the paper aims to explore the question: what effect does browsing and season have on woody stem growth? The following null hypothesis was formulated to guide the analysis: browsing does not reduce stem growth in either the wet season or the dry season. The hypothesis was tested by analysing data compiled from dendrometer observations between the fourth and eighth years following the establishment of the Nkuhlu Large-scale Long-term Exclusion Experiment (NLLEE). Hence, it was not only possible to collect valuable data on woody stem growth in a semi-arid savanna, but other unanswered questions fundamental to understanding the functioning of savannas could be addressed in an experimental context. Because contrasting soils existed at either end of the catena on which the experiment was situated, it was also possible to consider potential influences of soil types on woody stem growth. Furthermore, because the suite of species used in the study comprised both 'fine-leaved' and 'broad-leaved' species, it was possible to explore whether or not patterns of stem growth reflected traditionally recognised functional groups of woody species. This paper represents the first documentation of data on stem growth rates of a suite of woody species in relation to large mammal herbivores in African savannas.
Study area
The NLLEE (24º58'S, 31º46'E) is adjacent to the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, South Africa (O'Keefe & Alard 2002). The climate is semi-arid subtropical with two broadly distinct seasons: a hot, occasionally wet, growth season (October-April) and a warm, dry, non-growing season (Williams et al. 2009). Mean annual rainfall (MAR) at Skukuza, 30 km west of Nkuhlu, is approximately 550 mm. Average daily temperatures at Skukuza are 15.7 ºC in June and 26.6 ºC in January (http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/conservation/scientific/weather). Average minimum temperature in June is 5.7 ºC and average maximum temperature in January is 32.6 ºC. The topography is an undulating landscape, 200 m - 230 m above mean sea level, derived from granite and covering the sequence of terrain morphology from footslope to crest. The crests and middle slopes are characterised by shallow, sandy, coarse soil overlying rock, whilst the footslopes below the seepline are characterised by deep, sodic, duplex soil, which is a typical pattern on catenas in granite-derived, semi-arid landscapes (Grant & Scholes 2006; Khomo & Rogers 2005). Sodic soils in the study area comprise shallow (< 15 cm) sand overlying impermeable clay and have high pH (> 8.5) and reduced hydraulic conductivity (Grant & Scholes 2006; Khomo & Rogers 2005; Tarasoff, Mallory-Smith & Ball 2007). Sodic soils are therefore regarded as stressful environments for vegetation, which is sparse, but regarded as more attractive than crest vegetation to large herbivores, especially grazers and mixed feeders (Levick & Rogers 2008; Tarasoff et al. 2007). It is unclear if the attractiveness of sodic patches to herbivores is because the vegetation is inherently more nutritious, or because it offers other attractions such as predator vigilance, water, dietary salts or anti-acidosis minerals (Abrahamson 1999; Khomo & Rogers 2005). Nevertheless, trampling, excretion and defoliation are thought to maintain the vegetation in a nutritious vegetative state (Grant & Scholes 2006).
Plant communities were described by Siebert and Eckhardt (2008). Abundant woody species (nomenclature follows Schmidt, Lötter & McCleland 2007) include Acacia grandicornuta, Euclea divinorum, Spirostachys africana and Pappea capensis on the sodic footslopes and Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia exuvialis, Acacia nigrescens, Combretum apiculatum, Combretum hereroense, Combretum zeyheri, Grewia flavescens, Grewia bicolor, Lannea schweinfurthiiRhigozum zambesiacum, Ormocarpum trichocarpum and Philenoptera violacea on the sandy middle slopes and crests. Most of the woody species are deciduous and shorter than 10 m. Common mammal herbivores (nomenclature follows Skinner & Chimimba 2005) include impala (Aepyceros melampus), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius), black rhino (Diceros bicornis), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), plains zebra (Equus quagga), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), steenbok (Raphicerus campestris), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and scrub hare (Lepus saxatilis). Elephant, impala, kudu, giraffe, black rhino and steenbok include substantial woody vegetation in their diets. Elephant density in the study area fluctuates, but has been estimated to be 0.5 km-2 - 2.0 km-2, which is considered to be high (Grant et al. 2008). A breeding herd of 30-40 impala, several impala bachelors, two black rhino and an unknown number of steenbok reside in the study area, whilst low numbers of giraffe and kudu occur occasionally.
Design and procedure
Experimental exclusion plots were established in 2002 on the premise that exclusion of large herbivores (especially elephants) would allow their effects on components of the ecosystem to be determined (O'Keefe & Alard 2002). The experiment covers 139 ha and is intended to be maintained for at least 25 years. Owing to the scale of the experiment, it was not practical to replicate treatments (Jonsson et al. 2010; Levick & Rogers 2008). One exclusion plot (approximately 70 ha) excludes all herbivores the size of hares and larger, whilst a second exclusion plot (approximately 44 ha) excludes elephants (and also giraffe due to their height), but not other herbivores (O'Keefe & Alard 2002). The two exclusion plots are separated by a control area (approximately 25 ha) open to all large herbivores. Therefore, if excluding either elephants or all large herbivores shows similar responses then it can be inferred that the main source of the effect is elephants (Engdahl 2008; Jonsson et al. 2010). If excluding elephants shows a different response to excluding all large herbivores then it can be inferred that the main source of the effect is not elephants.
Manual dendrometers (Agricultural Electronics Corporation, Tucson, USA) were used for the study. Each dendrometer consisted of a metal band (3 mm × 0.75 mm) of user-defined length attached to a spring-loaded vernier gauge graduated to 0.1 mm precision. The dendrometers were attached at a height of 20 cm above ground on the main stems of 244 randomly selected individuals of three 'fine-leaved' species (A. exuvialis, A. grandicornuta, D. cinerea) and three 'broad-leaved' species (C. apiculatum, E. divinorum, G. flavescens) in both exclusion plots as well as in the control area. The fitted trees were in areas protected from fire. The selected species were amongst the most abundant woody species in the study area. Several extra dendrometers were deployed in the control area compared to the exclusion plots to allow for anticipated losses over the anticipated years of monitoring (e.g. by animals uprooting or felling plants, or damaging the instruments by chewing or rubbing on them). A GPS was used to randomly locate sites in a grid of 30 m × 30 m cells. An anomalous basaltic outcrop covering approximately 15% of the partial exclusion plot was excluded from sampling. One tree of each study species was located in each grid cell on condition that it was, (1) closest to the grid-cell centre, (2) taller than 2 m and (3) neither obviously stressed by disease, disturbance or neighbours, nor obviously growing in a nutrient-enriched patch such as a termite mound or hollow.
The minimum height of selected G. flavescens plants was 1.5 m because it seldom grew taller than 2 m. If any condition was not met for the closest tree, then the next closest tree that met the conditions was sampled. Girth (mm) of the dominant stem was measured before positioning a band on the stem. The vernier gauges were initially set at approximately 5 mm to allow for possible shrinkages to be recorded and were reset whenever they reached > 25 mm. The dendrometers were observed (to 0.1 mm) at intervals of one-three months, depending on logistical constraints, from September 2006 to February 2010. Total rainfall at Skukuza in 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 was below MAR, but in 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 it was above MAR (Figure 1). Furthermore, monthly rainfall during the second half of three of the wet seasons included in the study period was below the long-term average for each month. Not all dendrometers were operational for the whole study period because of failure or damage. Increments between successive observations were calculated for the operational period of each dendrometer.
To test the interaction between plot and season, the wet season was simply defined as the six months from November to April, whilst the dry season comprised the remaining six months. Monthly increments per dendrometer were calculated by dividing each individual increment by the number of months over which the increment had occurred. Average monthly increments (AMIs) per season were then calculated across years for each dendrometer, giving a wet-season AMI (AMIwet) and a dry-season AMI (AMIdry) for each dendrometer. Net AMI (NAMI) for each dendrometer was calculated as the sum of AMIwet and AMIdry. Each species' data were analysed separately to test effects within species using SYSTAT 10 (SPSS 2000). Two-factor ANOVA was used to test the interaction effect of plot and season on either log10(AMI + 1) or √(AMI + 1), whilst one-factor ANOVA was used to test the effect of plot on either log10 (NAMI + 1) or √(NAMI + 1), whichever transformation normalised the distribution of a species' data. Individual plants were assumed as replicates within each treatment. Therefore, pseudo-replication constrained the analyses and estimates of model parameters were viewed with caution (Underwood 1997:245). Initial stem girth was included as a covariate in all analyses, but was dropped from the model if it had no effect. In all analyses, significant effects were declared when p < 0.05, but possible trends were not ignored when 0.05 < p < 0.10 indicated marginal significance. Finally, to facilitate consideration of differences amongst functional groups of species, estimates of average annual growth per species were obtained by calculating average annual girth growth from mean NAMI × 12 and average annual radial growth though division of girth growth by π/2. Because the dendrometers used in this study are intended to be observed for several more years, a thorough quantitative analysis of annual growth rates will be appropriate after a longer series of annual data has been completed.
Mean initial girth of each plant varied amongst the study species when it was fitted with a dendrometer (Figure 2). Initial girth was largest for A. grandicornuta, followed by C. apiculatum, but was smallest for G. flavescens. Initial girth had no effect as a covariate in any of the analyses (p > 0.05). All species experienced significant effects of season on AMI (p < 0.05), whilst marginally significant interactions between plot and season affected D. cinerea (F2,72 = 2.92; p = 0.060) and G. flavescens (F2,72 = 2.58; p = 0.082). Wet-season AMI of D. cinerea and dry-season AMI of G. flavescens tended to be reduced by exclusion of all large herbivores (Figure 3). Reduction of the analysis to a simple comparison of AMIdry and AMIwet within species revealed that, whilst AMIdry was zero for D. cinerea, G. flavescens and C. apiculatum, it was negative for A. exuvialis and positive for A. grandicornuta and E. divinorum (Figure 4). When NAMI was tested per species, D. cinerea was affected only marginally by browser exclusion (F2,36 = 2.61; p = 0.087). Mean NAMI of D. cinerea was 0.97 mm (SEM = 0.226), 1.26 mm (SEM = 0.236) and 1.77 mm (SEM = 0.273) in the complete exclusion, partial exclusion and control plots, respectively.
Average annual girth growth rates of the measured trees were estimated to be 10.6 mm, 8.2 mm and 8.0 mm for G. flavescens, D. cinerea and C. apiculatum, respectively, and 6.1 mm, 6.0 mm and 5.8 mm for A. exuvialis, A. grandicornuta and E. divinorum, respectively. Correcting these estimates to account for differences in initial girth amongst the species gives values of 0.09 mm mm-1, 0.05 mm mm-1, 0.03 mm mm-1, 0.04 mm mm-1, 0.01 mm mm-1 and 0.03 mm mm-1, respectively. Narrow-stemmed species (G. flavescens, D. cinerea and A. exuvialis) were relatively faster growing than wide-stemmed species (E. divinorum, C. apiculatum and A. grandicornuta). Corresponding average annual radial growth rates (uncorrected) of the measured trees were 1.68 mm, 1.31 mm, 1.27 mm, 0.96 mm, 0.95 mm and 0.92 mm. Therefore, the slower growing trees included in the study increased girth by approximately 5.9 mm per year, whilst the faster growing trees increased girth by approximately 8.9 mm per year, corresponding to approximately 0.94 mm and 1.42 mm radial growth per year.
Discussion and conclusion
The null hypothesis that browsing does not reduce the growth of woody stem girths in either the wet season or the dry season was not rejected for the particular suite of species observed over the duration of the study at the NLLEE. Because excluding only elephants had no effect compared to the control treatment, it can be inferred that any trends associated with exclusion were not related to elephants. The most intuitive reason for not observing effects of browser exclusion is that the timing and duration of the study were not long enough to detect differences in semi-arid savannas, even though several studies across a wide range of rainfall (and soils) have shown otherwise (e.g. Augustine & McNaughton 2004; Dharani et al. 2008; Riginos & Young 2007; Sharam, Sinclair & Turkington 2006). On the other hand, no difference in stem girth growth suggests a positive effect of browsing on plant growth rate leading to compensation (Renton, Thornby & Hanan 2007).
However, the results did suggest that certain trends existed amongst the species during the study period, which are worth monitoring for some years to come as they may develop into real effects over a longer time period. For example, after several more years it is expected that negative effects of complete exclusion of large herbivores will become more pronounced (Scogings et al. in press). The trends in the data also suggest partial exclusion may have negative effects on some species, for example, D. cinerea. The observed trends in D. cinerea complement observed changes in height of woody plants in the first five years of browser exclusion (Scogings et al. in press). Both the dendrometer and height data showed D. cinerea responding more strongly than other species to browser exclusion, where exclusion of all large herbivores increased height but tended to decrease stem girth, relative to no or partial exclusion. Increasing height growth and decreasing girth may reflect increased competition for light, as is typically seen when shaded plants grow tall and thin (O'Connor 1995). The results suggest stem radial growth of some fast-growing species is more prone to reduction by browser exclusion than the growth of other species, potentially as an indirect effect through increased competition (Scogings et al. in press). After a few more years, the data will also give insights into mortality rates of each species monitored, as either direct or indirect effects of browser exclusion. The results suggested that exclusion of large herbivores may lead to increasingly adverse effects on growth rates of some species; therefore exclusion may influence drought related mortality in the long term because fast-growing plants are prone to drought stress (Pollastrini et al. 2010).
Dharani et al. (2008) measured Acacia xanthophloea trees of similar size to the ones measured at the NLLEE. Growth was faster with than without browsing, which corroborates some of the trends observed amongst species studied at the NLLEE. Riginos and Young (2007) found faster stem growth in Acacia drepanolobium with than without browsing, possibly due to elephants reducing competitive effects of grasses. In contrast, other studies have found reduced growth for several species under browsing compared to exclusion (Augustine & McNaughton 2004; Scogings 1998). The overall stem growth rates observed at the NLLEE appear to be comparable to those observed in other studies. Dharani et al. (2008) observed stem growth rates higher than the ones at the NLLEE, but Scogings (1998) observed growth rates of six species that were generally lower than similar size trees at the NLLEE. Stem growth of Grewia tenax plants over three years following browser exclusion was found by Augustine and McNaughton (2004) to be similar to that of G. flavescens plants of similar height at the NLLEE, but Acacia mellifera and Acacia etbaica had much higher growth rates compared to any of the species studied at the NLLEE. None of the aforementioned studies observed either zero or negative rates. Further research is needed before generalisations in stem growth amongst species and sites can be postulated.
Because of the complexity of savanna ecosystems, efforts to understand their functioning necessitate simplification by means of models. Much is often generalised about the ecology of woody plants in savannas on the basis of functional groups that have been traditionally adopted to facilitate such efforts (e.g. see Staver et al. 2009), although no clear definitions of the traditionally used terms exist in a savanna context. The leaf-size dichotomy usually forms the basis for further generalisations to be made about other aspects of woody species, such as the 'palatability' of woody plants in savannas. 'Fine-leaved' species are perceived to be 'palatable' because they are deemed to be poorly endowed with C-based secondary metabolites (e.g. condensed tannins) in favour of thorns or spines (Kutsch et al. 2008; Scholes 1997). The perception derives from an assumed trade-off between growth and chemical defences (Herms & Mattson 1992). The observation that many 'fine-leaved' woody species are, (1) involved in bush encroachment and (2) display stimulated shoot growth in response to browsing, may be regarded as supporting the ultimate view that 'fine-leaved', spiny species are 'palatable', fast-growing and tolerant of severe browsing, compared to 'broad-leaved' species (Moleele & Perkins 1998; Sweet & Mphinyane 1986). The validity of such generalisations has not been tested.
Although the dendrometer study was not designed to test differences amongst functional groups of species, growth rates did not obviously correspond with leaf type because 'fine-leaved' species did not grow faster than 'broad-leaved' species. Furthermore, analysis of low molecular weight phenolic compounds known to influence herbivores did not show clear distinction between 'fine-leaved' and 'broad-leaved' species at the NLLEE (Hattas et al. in press). Acacia exuvialis, in particular, is an example of 'fine-leaved' species that are well endowed with both C-based secondary metabolites and long thorns. However, growth rates did appear to be related to soil type and slope position. Acacia grandicornuta and E. divinorum, which were abundant on the clay-rich sodic soils of the footslopes, maintained slightly positive growth in the dry season, whilst species on the sandy crests either did not grow or shrank in the dry season, which is likely related to differences in the timing of water availability across the catena (Jacobs et al. 2007).
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that stem growth of woody plants in African savannas is strongly seasonal, but the effects of large herbivores on woody plant growth remains unclear and requires further research. The results also suggest that catenal position and associated differences in soil type and hydrology generally influences stem growth. Not all species within the broad functional groups of woody plants traditionally recognised in African savannas show the same stem growth patterns. Long-term monitoring of dendrometers fitted to a variety of species in manipulative situations would provide much-needed insights into growth dynamics of woody plants, which could help managers of conservation areas to identify species prone to high risk of extirpation.
The Zululand/Sweden Kruger Browse Project was funded by the National Research Foundation, University of Zululand, Agricultural Research Council, Swedish Research Council and Swedish International Development Agency. I would also like to acknowledge Tuulikki Rooke, Dawood Hattas, Luthando Dziba and Alpheus Zobolo for their enthusiastic contributions to development and implementation of the project, as well as Thandeka Mamashela, Patricia Shabangu, Ntuthuko Mkhize, Julius Tjelele, Basanda Nondlazi, Gilbert Pule, Sicelo Dludla, Andries Malate, Ngcebo Ngcobo, Frederik Engdahl and Elin Gunve for their help in the field. Scientific Services personnel, especially Adolf Manganyi, Nokukhanya Mpanza and Noel Nzima, also provided critical support for the fieldwork. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the two anonymous reviewers, who contributed to improving the manuscript.
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Hrabar, H., Hattas, D. & Du Toit, J.T., 2009, 'Differential effects of defoliation by mopane caterpillars and pruning by African elephants on the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane foliage', Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, 301-309. doi:10.1017/S0266467409005872 [ Links ]
Jacobs, S.M., Bechtold, J.S., Biggs, H.C., Grimm, N.B., Lorentz, S., McClain, M.E. et al., 2007, 'Nutrient vectors and riparian processing: A review with special reference to African semiarid savanna ecosystems', Ecosystems 10, 1231-1249. doi:10.1007/ s10021-007-9092-1 [ Links ]
Jonsson, M., Bell, D., Hjältén, J., Rooke, T. & Scogings, P.F., 2010, 'Do mammalian herbivores influence invertebrate communities via changes in the vegetation? Results from a preliminary survey in Kruger National Park, South Africa', African Journal of Range & Forage Science 27, 39-44. [ Links ]
Khomo, L.M. & Rogers, K.H., 2005, 'Proposed mechanism for the origin of sodic patches in Kruger National Park, South Africa', African Journal of Ecology 43, 29-34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00532.x [ Links ]
Kutsch, W.L., Hanan, N., Scholes, R.J., McHugh, I., Kubheka, W., Eckhardt, H. et al., 2008, 'Response of carbon fluxes to water relations in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa', Biogeosciences 5, 1797-1808. doi:10.5194/bg-5-1797-2008 [ Links ]
Levick, S. & Rogers, K.H., 2008, 'Patch and species specific responses of savanna woody vegetation to browser exclusion', Biological Conservation 141, 489-498. [ Links ]
Makhabu, S.W., Skarpe, C. & Hytteborn, H., 2006, 'Elephant impact on shoot distribution on trees and on rebrowsing by smaller browsers', Acta Oecologica 30, 136-146. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2006.02.005 [ Links ]
Moleele, N.M. & Perkins, J.S., 1998, 'Encroaching woody species and boreholes: Is cattle density the main driving factor in the Olifants Drift communal grazing lands, south-eastern Botswana', Journal of Arid Environments 40, 245-253. doi:10.1006/ jare.1998.0451 [ Links ]
Nickless, A., Scholes, R.J. & Archibald, S., 2010, 'Calculating the variance and prediction intervals for estimates obtained from allometric relationships', paper presented at the 3rd Biennial CSIR Conference, Pretoria, 30 August - 01 September. [ Links ]
Noumi, Z., Touzard, B., Michalet, R. & Chaieb, M., 2010, 'The effects of browsing on the structure of Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne ssp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan along a gradient of water availability in arid zones of Tunisia', Journal of Arid Environments 74, 625-631. [ Links ]
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O'Keefe, T. & Alard, G., 2002, Effects of herbivores and fire on riparian and upland savanna ecosystems: Field operations manual for herbivore and fire exclosures on the Sabie and Letaba Rivers in the Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Skukuza. [ Links ]
Pollastrini, M., Desotgiu, R., Cascio, C., Bussotti, F., Cherubini, P., Saurer, M. et al., 2010, 'Growth and physiological responses to ozone and mild drought stress of tree species with different ecological requirements', Trees 24, 695-704. doi:10.1007/s00468-010-0439-4 [ Links ]
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Correspondence to:
Peter Scogings
Postal address: Private Bag X1001
KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 04 Nov. 2010
Accepted: 07 Apr. 2011
Published: 08 July 2011
© 2011. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


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Angelina's Pizza in Dormont catches fire
Firefighters battle 4-alarm blaze on West Liberty Avenue
Angelina's Pizza caught fire early Tuesday morning on West Liberty Avenue, forcing two people who live in apartments above the pizzeria to flee.
The fire was reported around 5:15 a.m., and it caused morning rush-hour backups while firefighters remained at the scene for several hours, dousing the building with water from ladder trucks.
SLIDESHOW: Photos of the fire
Dormont Fire Chief Jeff Arnold said the fire appears to have started in the kitchen, but that hasn't been confirmed yet.
He said the building is a total loss after what he described as a "stubborn" fire.
"We chased it all over the place," Arnold said. "Our big problem was getting the gas shut off. We could not get the gas shut off. That's what hampered us a little bit. We finally got that shut off, and we were able to do what we could do to get the fire out. There's a lot of water in that building."
No injuries were reported.
The Allegheny County fire marshal will investigate the cause of the fire.


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Graphic Novel Review: X-Men: Primer
PUBLISHED: 14:19 03 January 2014 | UPDATED: 14:19 03 January 2014
Here come the X-Women!
Ironically for a book simply titled "X-Men", this is actually a team made up of the mutant team's female members - Storm, Jubilee, Psylocke, Rachel Grey, Kitty Pryde and Rogue – a concept which has long been mooted but surprisingly only now gets its chance in the sun.
Writer Brian Wood reintroduces Jubilee after a long absence from the series after the events of the Curse of the Mutants, with a baby boy in tow she rescued following the deaths of his parents. He also brings back John Sublime, the sentient bacterium with its origins in Earth's prehistory created by Grant Morrison during his X-Men run.
Sublime has survived by infecting different hosts throughout the centuries, and taking drastic steps to keep mutantkind in check to prevent it from becoming the planet's dominant species…
Now he willingly surrenders to his old foes the X-Men as he believes they pose the best hope of stopping his "sister" the technological virus Arkea, which has returned to Earth following millennia travelling the stars with conquest in mind…
A prior knowledge of Sublime and his motives is essential here, as is an up-to-date knowledge of the X-team's protagonists, but a quick skim through Wikipedia should bring any newbies swiftly up to speed.
There's a definite Chris Claremont feel to this series, emphasised by the inclusion of a 1989 issue of Uncanny X-Men as a bonus addition to this book. Strong and powerful women taking the lead was a regular characteristic of his stories, but here that mix of dominant female personalities results in leadership clashes between the likes of Rachel and Storm.
There's also none of the "girl power" feel you might have expected had this book been launched a couple of decades back, and the line-up of X-Men just happens to be all-female, rather that being an excuse for gender tokenism.
The over-arching theme here is that the X-Men never abandon their own, something long-forgotten characters like Maggot and Marrow might dispute, but we'll let that go for the sake of this particular story. Jubilee might have been away from the team for a long time, but she is welcomed back with open arms, and her friends and allies are prepared to lay their lives on the line to protect her in the process.
This is an old-school X-Men series which stands alone from Brian Michael Bendis' work on the two other main X-books, and is a perfect entry point for anyone looking for relatively baggage-free X-Men action (just overlook the two later issues which form part of the Battle of the Atom crossover!).
If you value what this story gives you, please consider supporting the Herts Advertiser. Click the link in the orange box above for details.


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Feeling good and staying hungry
We're going to Boston feeling good about being up 2-0, but we're staying hungry. We won't be satisfied until this is over. We're going to enjoy these two wins, but we know how dangerous the Red Sox are, and we've got a job to finish now.
So many guys came through in this second game, but you have to start with Jered Weaver. Man, he was dealing. I've got a great view out in center field, and he was on his game, just like John Lackey in Game 1. Weaver's been doing it all season, and he really brought it out on the big stage. And that was great to see, after the way he's performed all year long for us.
We're having fun, playing our game. It's something we're talking about. Let's have fun and let our God-given ability take place.
Josh Beckett is a big-game pitcher, one of the best. It's not easy to beat a guy like Beckett. His ball was moving, like usual, but we had some great at-bats and scored some runs.
How about Vladimir Guerrero, going the other way for a big hit and then drawing that walk to get our seventh inning started. We were having a lot of fun with Vladdy over that. The big man really came through. He's a Hall of Famer.
Then Howard Kendrick comes in to run for Vladdy and steals a big bag. Beckett's quick over to first, so it's not easy to run on him. Howie got a nice jump and beat it cleanly. Then Maicer Izturis, who hadn't even played for about a week, walks up and does what he does – he slammed that huge base-hit to center field for the lead.
Maicer is one of those quiet guys people don't pay much attention to, but he can play the game. He does it all, and he's a guy you want up there in a big situation, because he's so cool.
Big Mike Napoli goes old school and takes a pitch in the back, and that keeps it going. And then Erick Aybar — what a season he's had — he goes up and crushes that ball to center field, and he's flying to third base. That's the way we play the game, hard, aggressively. Aybar's not scared. He loves to compete.
We know all about the Red Sox. Those guys are not going to let up. They've been down before and come back. We can enjoy this now, but starting Sunday, forget that and go out and play the game.
The next one is at noon on Sunday, East Coast time, and we've got a day to get adjusted and be ready. I might have a cup of coffee before that one. Hopefully, we'll all get some good sleep and be ready to go.
9 Comments
The last two games are two of the best the team has played all season from all ends of the game. Safe travels to Boston, keep we'll all be cheering you on back home. Go Angels!!!!
Hey Torii! Great game tonight. That catch you made out in center field was amazing. I feel so lucky to be a part of this. The atmosphere at the game tonight was tangible – the crowd hasn?t been this loud since 2002. I feel as though this is our chance. We?ve played brilliant baseball against Boston these first two games and I think we can keep this going through the third and hopefully into the ALCS. Thank you for being such a team player and for always staying optimistic! I?ll be cheering you on in game three!
The last two games are two of the best the team has played all season from all ends of the game. Safe travels to Boston, keep up the intensity, we'll all be cheering you on back home. Go Angels!!!!
Congratulations!! Angels opened the door…….go to Boston with the same fire and passion. When you are in the zone and play hard, take full advantage and play the game that you know best. WOW!!! The fans were all there to cheer and be PROUD!! This is a new year 2009
We are proud of you and the guys for a job well done here at home. Now lets finish this thing!
Congratulations on advancing to the ALCS Torii! You and the Angels have worked hard to get where you are and it's all been for Nick Adenhart R.I.P. Great job this 2009 season and see you in New York for the ALCS!
Hey Tori! I like the way you greeted Nick onto the field in the 9th inning so he could celebrate the win on the field with his Halos. He came through the door off the Green Monster to join his Halos and you very courteously shut the door behind him!
Now that is another Halo Victory!!!
Great win Halos!
Hey Torii, Stay hungry and take it to the Yankees. You guys are playing awesome baseball. Best to all of you.
Todd ( Angel fan living in Seattle )
Here come the YANKEES
Let's get behind and cheer the YANKEES
They're gonna learn to fear the YANKEES
Everyone knows they play to win, cause
They're the New York YANKEES
Show them today why you're the YANKEES
No other way when you're the YANKEES
Wadda ya say we win a brand, new, ballgame
We're gonna shout when ya powder the ball
We're gonna scream, "put it over the wall"
The other teams gonna know what it means to play the Y.A.N.K.E.E.S
We love the Yankees
Shout it out loud , We Love The YANKEES
We're really proud of our YANKEES
And we're gonna win today
2, 3, 4, Hit, Run, Fight, Score, Go! Go! Go!
We're gonna shout when ya powder the ball
We're gonna scream "put it over the wall yo"
The other teams gonna know what it means to play the Y.A.N.K.E.E.S
We love the Yankees
Shout it out loud, We Love The YANKEES
We're really proud of our YANKEES
And we're gonna win today
Y.A.N.K.E.E.S. Yes
Y.A.N.K.E.E.S. Yes


text:
PARIS (Reuters) - French insurer AXA (AXAF.PA) is seeking buyers for some U.S. life insurance assets that could be worth some $500 million, Bloomberg News reported, citing three unnamed sources.
AXA has hired investment bank Morgan Stanley to find a buyer for the assets, which include the remants of the Mony Group Inc, a business that AXA acquired in 2004, the news service said.
An AXA spokesman declined comment.
Following the $1.5 billion takeover, Mony's network of financial advisers was folded into AXA's own and the unit has mostly stopped selling life insurance.
In November, AXA cut its profit outlook in a sign of how low interest rates have squeezed life insurers which are committed to minimum payouts to customers.
Reporting By Christian Plumb. Editing by Jane Merriman


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I would like to say a huge thank you to you and all of the MGN team that helped with Grainne's spectacular birthday this weekend. From our very first meeting to the party you were amazing and it was a pleasure to work with you. I will spread the word about MGN and look forward to our next fantastic event with you guys.
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Designed for student teachers, general education teachers, and teachers of dual-language classes, this new edition of Teaching English Language Learners in Elementary School Communities is now aligned with the standards developed by TESOL. This book also addresses teachers' expectations of English Language Learners, solutions for the dual-language classroom, how to encourage active participation and social integration, mixed-language whole-class teaching, small groupwork, involving families and communities in school activities, and assessment-an invaluable resource for teaching English Language Learners. FEATURES OF THE FOURTH EDITION INCLUDE: A sociocultural framework that centers around social learning, rather than a psychological framework that centers around individual learning. Applicability to dual-language education in addition to student teaching and regular education. New! View of being a good language learner in the context of a social classroom. New! Chapter on assessment practices, highlighting the multiple roles of oral and written language assessment.Faltis, Christian J. is the author of 'Teaching English Language Learners In Elementary School Communities A Joinfostering Approach', published 2005 under ISBN 9780131194427 and ISBN 0131194429.[read more]
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