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Prepaid Legal Services is a company that has been offering legal service and a business opportunity to North American families for many years. Legal counsel and advice from qualified lawyers is available to all and every member with just a call to their toll-free number. Many people find Prepaid Legal services a preventive solution to an unforeseen legal affair. However, there are those that consider the company simply because of the potential profit. In this review we will be focusing only on the business opportunity and compensation plan.
Prepaid Legal is considered to be one of the biggest network marketing companies ever. Their business opportunity is a multilevel marketing design, also viewed as a pyramid structure. It is a tiered compensation plan where distributors can build a downline to earn residual income. As a member you can also make commission from direct sales, plus ongoing compensation for all active members enrolled by you. Override commissions are also given when others in your organization sign up new members. Prepaid Legal believes their business opportunity is designed so that anyone with an honest desire for success can do it, regardless of background or experience.
Prepaid Legal has been around for quite some time and still teaches the same method of approach to reach success. Their business opportunity encourages distributors to grow using their so-called warm market method by sharing the membership with those that you relate with every day such as family, friends and work colleagues. They also teach their members to use the 3 foot rule, which means they are supposed to talk to anyone and everyone within 3 feet around them about prepaid legal services and their business opportunity.
I believe one should take advantage and even take risks when it comes to a business opportunity. However, taking risks does not mean doing the same thing over and over and expect the same result when times have changed. One has to adjust with change to be able to achieve success in today's market. The fact is that anyone and everyone could certainly make a lot of money and be very successful marketing prepaid legal services, all with the right knowledge and skills to advertise and promote in today's market.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Therefore, when I casually let it drop that I have spent not one, not two, but THREE entire afternoons in the girls' class, all the other Montessori parents look at me with shock and admiration and they say, "How? How did you manage that?"
It's all about the skillz, my friends. In my case, my skillz at gluing stuff to other stuff, as I spent an EXTREMELY busy three afternoons teaching 30 children, ages three to six, the fine art of decoupage.
The result? Awesomeness: In several previous class sessions, the children had the opportunity to do a pattern-making work using the metal insets. They drew on tracing paper with colored pencils, and could decorate their pattern however they liked. Later, one of the teachers cut around each pattern and set them aside for me.
Montessori lessons are basically taught one-on-one or one-on-thirty, so that children tend to either do things as a class, such as Spanish or music or community meetings, or with the sole attention of the teacher or a classmate. We set up my decoupage station as a work that children could choose one time, so that I stayed with the decoupage and when a child wanted to choose that work, she would go put on her smock and get in line. This was a little tiring for me, since I basically repeated the same three actions with 30 children in a row, but I still think it was the best way to give them the optimum process-oriented experience and still come away with a beautiful product to be auctioned off in a school fundraiser later this month.
Here Willow demonstrates the basic preschool decoupage technique:
On a table, I laid out every single decorated pattern that we had to work with. When it was a child's turn, I asked her to choose any pattern that she wanted. When she had one, I then asked her to choose any spot on the entire box to put her pattern, as long as it did not cover up another child's name (more on that later). Overlapping another pattern was fine:
When the child had a spot chosen, I handed her a sponge brush and let her dip it into a dish filled with Mod Podge. Then, I instructed her to paint the spot where she wanted to put her pattern all over with glue. After that, she laid down her pattern and I helped her smooth it out (not making a big deal about creases or bubbles--these are preschoolers here, and it was important to me that the project, while nice, authentically look like it had been created by preschoolers), and then I had her dip her brush back into the Mod Podge and paint over her pattern again. Decoupage is nice because you don't have to be neat or precise with the glue--as long as I kept drips and bubbles at bay, each overlapping layer of Mod Podge served only to strengthen the whole. In between kids during the three days, I painted the entire surface of the box several times with Mod Podge again, for a nice, durable surface.
Although I reserved the top of the box entirely for the decorated patterns, each child had also written her name on tracing paper, and a teacher had cut all of them out, so after each child had decoupaged her chosen pattern, I helped her find her name among all the other names, and then instructed her to find a spot on the sides of the box, not overlapping another child's name, to decoupage her own signature:You can see Sydney's signature just to the right of the big pattern in the middle there below:
And there's Willow's near the top on one side:This turned out to be a really excellent project to do with a large group of small children. Decoupage is simple enough, and forgiving enough, to really be done by a small child without being over-directed by an adult, and yet the result is quite sturdy and really pleasing.
AND it'll get you inside that Montessori Dutch door.


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Henry Lawson
Henry Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922 / Grenfell, New South Wales)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
His Brother's Keeper
By his paths through the parched desolation,
Hot rides and the terrible tramps;
By the hunger, the thirst, the privation
Of his work in the further most camps.
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
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Tagged: Howard Nemerov
Corpus Christi Carol
Hello once again and thanks for stopping by. I am pleased to report that this entry finds me in much better spirits than some of my postings of the recent past. As a team, my teammates with the RockHounds and I have been on a bit of a roll and, as of yesterday, found ourselves in first place in the Texas League's Southern Division. Although we lost a close one yesterday to Corpus Christi, we battled back from a slow start and had a chance to win it in the ninth inning so it was another fairly well played game. I'm not sure what effect that has on our place in the standings either, but obviously we are well positioned going forward. I have personally been performing much better of late, mostly due to adjustments made to my delivery allowing me to throw strikes more consistently. I have also been catching some of the breaks required to put up a sustained stretch of good performance, which has been a welcome change and sort of plays into the "make your own luck" mentality. Hopefully it will be more of the same for the next five weeks as the regular season winds down and the playoffs potentially begin.
Away from the field, I spent the past week with my parents and my brother, who drove down to Midland from Minnesota for the most recent string of home games. I hadn't seen my mom or my brother since January or my dad since March, highlighting one of the major drawbacks to the minor league lifestyle: the immense amount of time spent away from family and friends. We managed to take in the Odessa Art Museum, which I was mildly impressed with, but other than that there wasn't really much time for extracurricular activities unfortunately. It did prompt me to plan a future visit to the Museum of the Southwest, which I ran into accidentally when I made a few wrong turns on the way to the library the other day. Other than that I have just been chipping away here and there at the Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry and redirecting my reading time into MCAT study time on the off-chance I decide to take it this offseason to have in my back pocket for the future. With that, I will leave you with the customary poetry, three short poems in lieu of the standard one, and bid you enjoy.
Because You Asked about the Line Between Prose and Poetry
by Howard Nemerov
Sparrows were feeding in a freezing drizzle
That while you watched turned to pieces of snow
Riding a gradient invisible
From silver aslant to random, white, and slow.
There came a moment that you couldn't tell.
And then they clearly flew instead of fell.
by Carl Sandburg
The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
The Eagle
by Lord Alfred Tennyson
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ringed with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.


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Possible Duplicate:
Should I say "Your order is now complete" or "Your order is now completed"?
What is better, "complete" or "completed"?
I want to know which sounds the most encouraging. Which of these two promotes more of an elation or satisfaction of accomplishment.
Personally I'm leaning towards "completed" as the "d" suffix bring a more substantial and abrupt ending, which to me more clearly signifies the significance of the accomplished item.


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Current information on your security procedures: change your TAN procedure now
The requirements of the Second European Payment Services Directive (PSD2) make it necessary for all banks to replace the iTAN (paper-based TAN-list) as a security procedure and to replace it with modern procedures such as the convenient photoTAN procedure. Please understand that we have to adapt to the regulatory changes and that in future you will only be able to execute your orders using procedures such as the free photoTAN.
In this context, a note will soon be displayed in online banking after you log in. You are asked to decide on a new TAN procedure for the approval of your transactions in online and mobile banking. It is best to choose the free photoTAN procedure now to approve transfers, standing orders and direct debit returns in online and mobile banking simply and conveniently.
To set up photoTAN, select "Security procedures" > "request photoTAN procedure now" > "request activation letter" in online banking. Then download Deutsche Bank's free "photoTAN" app from the respective App Store.
More information about photoTAN can be found at: deutsche-bank.de/photoTAN.
For questions about activation, we are also available around the clock at (069) 910-10029.


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If you are already a customer, you may login to retrieve your shopping cart.
A premium mixture of cashews, pecans, almonds, pistachios, and macadamias. The family who packs them for us roasts them to peak flavor, and adds the perfect amount of salt. Pure snacking enjoyment! This mixture is peanut free, but if you're a peanut fan, try our DLM Roasted Peanuts.


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That's a whole lot of galleons. The first installment of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" raked in over $61 million on Friday, according to early estimates.
The midnight showings raked in much of the earnings, with a staggering $24 million, the Associated Press reports.
That still puts "Deathly Hallows" in third place for the record of midnight debuts, with "Twilight: Eclipse" and "Twilight: New Moon" holding the top two spots with $30 million and $26.3 million, respectively.
U.S. & World
Stories that affect your life across the U.S. and around the world.
Out of all the films, the only one grossing over $100 million in its opening weekend domestically was "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire," the fourth film in the seven book saga. Hollywood.com analyst Paul Dergarbedian thinks this film has the chance to do the same.
The seventh film chronicles wizarding friends Harry, Ron, and Hermione as they battle through seemingly impossible odds to destroy Horcruxes, relics left by Lord Voldemort that contain fragments of his soul. Without first destroying this fragments, Voldemort cannot be defeated.
Selected Readings: Entertainment Weekly, AP, MuggleNet


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Hillary Rodham Clinton is helping initiate a public service campaign encouraging Hispanic families to read, sing and talk more to their young children so they're better prepared for school.
About a quarter of all babies and toddlers in the US are Hispanic, but these kids are half as likely to have family members read to them and a third less likely to have songs sung to them than white, non-Latino children, according to a recent report by the Robert R. McCormick Foundation.
The effort is part of the "Too Small to Fail" campaign started last year by the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation and Next Generation, a San Francisco-based non-profit. A partner in the effort is Univision Communications Inc., a New York-based Spanish language network that will run a series of public service announcements and news programs with segments focused on the topic.
Clinton was expected to participate in the campaign launch Tuesday at a bilingual Head Start program in East Harlem in New York. Clinton, a longtime supporter of early childhood programs, is a former secretary of state, first lady, and senator of New York. She is considering another White House bid in 2016 and expects to make a decision later this year.
The focus is simple: tackling what's known as the "word gap" by encouraging Hispanic families to focus on these activities for at least 15 minutes daily.
Research published by the late University of Kansas researchers Betty Hart and Todd Risley in the '90s highlighted the phenomenon in which children in professional families hear an average of 30 million more words by the time they were 4 than children of parents accepting public assistance, and 15 million more words than children from working-class families.
Children with less exposure are more likely to start school behind their peers and not catch up.
Hispanic children are also more likely than their white peers to face other barriers such as poverty, frequent moves and hunger.
About a third of Hispanic children live with parents without a high school degree. Many of these parents don't understand the power of reading, singing and playing with their young children, said Sandra Gutierrez, national program director of Abriendo Puertas/Opening Doors, based in Los Angeles.
Others, particularly immigrants, are reluctant to do educational activities in Spanish because they want their children to learn English, but the enrichment in Spanish would be good for their children, said Delia Pompa, senior vice president for programs at National Council of La Raza. Both Gutierrez and Pompa serve on the "Too Small to Fail" advisory board.
Pascuala Natalia Leal, 25, a mother of three who immigrated from Mexico as a young girl, said she thinks some low-income parents feel inadequate to teach the kids. At the same time, she said, families she knows either can't get their children into a Head Start program because of long wait lists or they travel long distances each day so their children can participate.
"There's a lot of lack of information for families and parents," said Leal, whose daughter attends the Head Start in East Harlem. She planned to attend the event Tuesday.
Jose Pagan, 35, a father of two born in Puerto Rico, said many parents are just busy working so they can pay for basic necessities, but said: "you have to make time for your child." His child also attends the Head Start program.
A large percentage of U.S. children don't have access to pre-school. In his State of the Union, President Barack Obama renewed his call for universal access to pre-K.


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Part 1 of a six-part series
Twenty-five years after the Canadian government apologized to Japanese-Canadians for the Second World War internment of nearly 23,000 B.C. residents, The Vancouver Sun relates a fascinating untold story from the period. The six-part series by Stewart Muir draws from interviews, thousands of documents and archival photos, and access-to-information requests. The title, Merciful Injustice, is inspired by a passage from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice that is quoted in the series.
On Friday, January 16, 1942 at 8:30 p.m., a tall, skinny man and two friends approached the Uno family confectionery store on the northwest corner of 4th and Alberta.
War had made the nighttime city an eerie place. In this little pocket of Fairview some called Kawamuko, windows of the worn clapboard houses and a nearby sawdust depot and fishing lure factory were blacked out. Automobile headlights were masked to allow only a 3-inch by 1/4-inch slit of illumination.
Air raid regulations, a precaution after Japan's recent attack on Pearl Harbor, were in full force. The whole west coast of North America was on edge.
In the living room connected to the store by a curtained doorway, the Uno family was listening to sentimental crooner Lanny Ross on his radio variety show. Yoshiyuki (Yoshi for short), at 27 the oldest child, sat on a couch between his youngest sister, Yaeko, and brother Yuki and explained the latest worrying developments.
On a Friday evening, unmarried 20-somethings might have had other plans, but with all the trouble lately the Uno children were staying closer to home — although the youngest, Bobby, was away that evening.
As the door opened off the street into the store, a bell jangled and 51-year-old Oiyo Uno hurried out to serve the customers as she did at least 100 times a day, leaving her children and husband Kosaburo in the living room.
At the sight of the three men standing in her store, she recoiled in recognition.
"What do you want?" she said to the tall young man, who seemed intense and nervous. His two friends were behind him.
"Cigarettes," he replied.
The man had thick and wavy brown hair sweeping upward in a spectacular wave and wore a white shirt and green sweater with a burgundy ascot that lent him a sophisticated air. His dark green trousers were too short and patched on the right knee.
He pulled out a dark, long-barrelled revolver.
It was just the kind of crime that had been happening around the city lately — robberies targeting Japanese-run businesses.
On Jan. 2, Japanese confectionery stores on East Cordova and Hawks Avenue were robbed within a few minutes of each other by two grimy men armed with a knife, a spike and a file.
They got $10 in one and $25 in another, but in one case left behind a hat and coat when the clerk fought back, locking himself inside his own store with one of the robbers. The intruder was only freed when his accomplice broke the window.
Three days later, The Sun reported that windows were broken at two Japanese stores. The confectionary store of E. Kariya at 595 Richards was vandalized by a "six-foot-tall woman" smashing a window, and a slab of wood was thrown into the Jubilee Grocery at 3302 West Broadway.
A week before, The Sun reported that "natty bandits" armed with a "small automatic" robbed a drugstore in the heart of Little Tokyo. The two well-dressed men got away with $50.
The "jittery condition" of people on the coast had worsened a prevailing racism that Japanese Canadians had always felt. Even for a minority used to being attacked, some said it was their worst beating since the infamous 1907 riot.
By this time, social life among Japanese residents of Vancouver had "declined to a bare minimum," according to a Japanese newspaper report. People were staying home, wary of agitated whites. Business was slowing down and Japanese were losing their jobs, increasingly turning to the Japanese Corps of the Salvation Army for help.
It felt like suspended animation, said one writer.
Ominously, a delegation from B.C. was in Ottawa to demand that B.C.'s Japanese population — even the Canadian-born — be moved inland because of fears they would act as saboteurs if Imperial Japan attacked the west coast as it had Hawaii.
Not everyone felt this way. The city's newspapers engaged in a furious, polarized debate about the right course of action.
The night of the robbery and over the weekend, Vancouver residents were rattled by the sound of gunfire, mysterious blasts, human wailing and the screaming of sirens. Rumours spread through the city. Vancouver was a city exposed in a nation at war, and the Uno family were among those jittery Japanese whose lives were about to change forever.
The Uno family was a model of immigrant success and a lot like other Japanese shopkeepers who had been in the news. They were honest, stable, churchgoing strivers.
Kosaburo Uno was a native of the Lake Biwa area northeast of Osaka, in Shiga prefecture — a region that provided many immigrants to B.C. They were unlike the coastal Japanese immigrants who went into fishing. Uno was a farmer and his first Canadian job was on a dairy farm, but his real goal was to live in the teeming, cosmopolitan boom town of Vancouver, where more than one tenth of the population was Asian when he arrived in 1900.
Kosaburo was typical of many other immigrants of that time. He found work in the sawmills of False Creek and became a Canadian citizen. By 1906, aged 28, it was time to start a family. Men like Kosaburo chose so-called picture brides from Japan — young women they did not know whom they would journey home to meet and marry before returning to Canada.
For the young women in such relationships, it was a way to do abroad what they could not do at home — make money, help their parents, succeed.
Oiyo was 16 years old and three months pregnant with the first of six children when she arrived in Vancouver with her husband aboard the Kaga Maru in May 1907. Kosaburo could read and write but Oiyo could not.
By that fall an anti-Japanese movement in the city was able to whip up racist mobs. They attacked Little Tokyo. Family lore tells how Kosaburo grabbed whatever was at hand and took to the streets with other Japanese men — many of them millworkers and no pushovers — to defend their neighbourhood, which they did with great effectiveness.
Politicians caved to the protests, and while the Japanese who had already emigrated established themselves, white resentment against their success in B.C. grew. Canada slammed the door on further immigration from Japan.
The first Uno child, a girl, was born in a cabin at 5th and Alberta. Though the oldest fell ill and died in the 1920s, the marriage produced two more girls and three boys.
In the larger enclave of Little Tokyo, they had a name for this Fairview satellite — they called it Kawamuko, which meant "across the river." It was a reference to False Creek, not a river at all but a busy industrial inlet lined with sawmills and teeming with ships.
Once settled in, the family occupied a number of different dwellings over the years, but never one more than a couple of blocks away from the Japanese Methodist church at 6th and Columbia that they attended.
Most of the local Japanese families lived in an area bounded on the east and west by Ontario and Cambie streets and on the north and south by Third and Sixth avenues. There was a similar enclave in Kitsilano where the occupants of houses on 1st and 2nd Avenues between Fir and Burrard were almost all Japanese.
Late in life, Kosaburo would look back fondly on a "pleasant and enjoyable" life in raising a young family and working up from a cabin to apartment to house.
Around them in the neighbourhood lived more than 80 other Japanese families. Given the large family sizes of the day, this could easily have meant a population of 500.
Long gone today are the Methodist church and school at 6th and Columbia that were Kawamuko's focal point. Some of the shiplap-sided houses remain, but most have been replaced by small factories, warehouses and various commercial activities.
By 1925, the family ran and lived in a grocery store at Columbia and 5th. Fourteen per cent of the city's confectionery stores were Japanese-run, a high proportion explained by racism that steered Japanese into small businesses because they were blocked from professional fields.
Business was good enough that a few years later they bought a 16-unit apartment building and the bungalow that fronted it, intending to open a store in the house.
With what the street directory called the "Jap School" right next door, it seemed like the perfect location to sell candies and pop. But this proved to be a rare wrong move for the Unos. Despite having purchased shop furnishings, they were refused a business licence.
So instead, in 1930 the Unos rented the corner shop at 305 West 4th and outfitted it as a confectionery store serving mainly Japanese customers. It was not a good time for their trade. From 1928 to 1931, one confectionery store in five closed across the city as the Great Depression began. But with Kosaburo's wages, other investments, and the fact that his wife could raise a family while running the store, they made a go of it.
Oiyo Uno knew enough English to understand people, but felt less comfortable expressing her thoughts in her adopted language.
Her store's wares included bread, milk, pop, tobacco, penny candy, basic groceries, laundry soap, produce and Japanese favourites like kamboko, a cured fish paste.
By 1942, Kosaburo and Oiyo had done well for themselves. They owned a car, the confectionery business, an apartment building, and a share in the Japanese-owned furniture manufacturing business. Yoshi worked as a polisher and his brother Yuki as a sander at the factory.
The Uno children dressed well and often went on excursions to local pleasure spots like Bowen Island, Kitsilano Beach and Happyland at Hastings Park.
The family had the trappings of middle-class comfort for the era, including a radio and — from 1940 — a telephone. Popular, sociable Yoshi even had a separate phone line by 1941.
Yoshi's 24-year-old brother, Yuki, was first baseman for the legendary Asahi All-Stars, the championship Japanese baseball squad that overwhelmed powerful white teams with a dazzling style of play they called "brain ball." He was what every Japanese boy in Vancouver longed to be.
Japanese immigrants' children saw themselves as loyal Canadians who could operate fluently in broad B.C. society.
By the 1930s, a fashionable young Japanese woman like Haruko Uno could step lively through downtown. The eldest Uno daughter, she lived at home and was happy with the independence and freedom that came from her job at an all-Japanese cardboard box factory. She often shopped on Hastings or Granville.
Nearly six per cent of the city's prewar population was described as Oriental. Yet they also faced racism and barriers every day. Even an honours degree from UBC was insufficient to qualify a Japanese person for a good job.
Haruko's brother Yoshi had dreamed of becoming an accountant but this was a non-starter because of his race. He settled instead for helping part-time with the bookkeeping at Advance Furniture Manufacturing, the factory the Uno family owned a share of and where he also worked for nine years as a polisher.
By early 1941, even before Canada was at war with Japan, the Uno children who regularly ventured outside the Kawamuko colony were feeling the rising hostility.
Two photos of Haruko, taken several years apart, probably by professional street photographers who sold keepsake snapshots, evoke the changing mood.
One shows an attractive, confident young woman on Granville Street in 1938. She is dressed to the nines and it's as if the street belongs to her.
The other image, taken on West Hastings three years later in May 1941 — when Japan was bombing cities in China, London was taking a battering in the Blitz and the Holocaust was well underway — suggests a different mood.
It shows Haruko and her younger sister Yaeko on Hastings Street, walking toward Woodward's department store after shopping at The Bay.
If they seem tense and worried, they were well aware of the growing hostility toward them as Japanese-Canadians living in Vancouver.
On those downtown streets, wrapped up in much greater conflicts, a collision was brewing between their world and that of a desperate and foolish group of young men.
"This is a holdup," the gunman said, pointing the gun at Oiyo Uno. She opened the cash register and, as his accomplices scooped out $2 in change, she retreated toward the door at the rear of the shop that led to the Uno family's living quarters.
"They came back," she cried out in Japanese — the men who had been casing the joint.
It was the third time the store had been robbed, but the immigrant shopkeeper had never before faced a weapon.
The tall man pushed her aside and went to the back of the store toward the living room doorway, which was screened by two sliding half-doors between the store and the living room.
He fired his gun. The bullet travelled through the wood door toward the couch where Yoshi Uno sat between his brother and sister. "Ouch!" he cried, grabbing his hand. He had been shot.
Peering through the curtain, the gunman fired again. This time the bullet entered Yoshi's left elbow and tore through the flesh all the way up to the shoulder. The wounded man fell back, then got up and rushed out to the store with his brother behind him.
Within a minute, one man lay dying. An extraordinary tale had begun. As it unfolded over coming weeks, months and years, it paralleled the transformation of a city, a nation and a people.
Monday: Who were the killers?


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UK insolvencies have risen sharply in the past quarter as the recession starts to hit small businesses. But the headline figure is distorted by one group that accounted for 729 separate managed services businesses that all went into administration.
There were 4,607 compulsory liquidations and creditors' voluntary liquidations in England and Wales in the fourth quarter of 2008 - up 11.9 per cent on the previous three months and 51.6 per cent compared to the same period a year ago.
For the whole of 2008, that equates to one in every 150 companies going into liquidation.
There were 2,428 other corporate insolvencies in the fourth quarter - 261 receiverships, 2,018 administrations and 149 company voluntary arrangements. In total this was a huge 220 per cent increase on the last quarter of 2007.
But the figures are not all they seem. An Insolvency Service spokesman told The Reg: "These figures are distorted because of a big increase in firms going into administration. In fact, 729 companies, out of 2,018, were all related to one group." BDO Stoy Hayward lumped all the companies, rendered inefficient by changes to tax law, into one administration process.
In England and Wales 29,444 people became insolvent in the fourth quarter of 2008 - up 18.5 per cent on last year. These were made up of 19,100 bankruptcies - up 22.2 per cent - and 10,344 Individual Voluntary Arrangements - up 12.2 per cent.
For the whole of 2008 there were 106,544 individual insolvencies, which was about the same as in 2007 and equates to one in 400 people. More numbers from the Insolvency Service here.
John Wright, National Chairman of the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), said:
"These figures show a worrying trend for small businesses, which are facing rising costs and a decrease in trade. Small businesses are doing all they can to survive the recession and hold on to their staff. Over 40 per cent of small businesses believe that they are the sector to help pull us out of recession.
"We predict that up to 120 small firms will go to the wall each day so the Government needs to step up and help. Time is of the essence for small businesses confused by legislation and burdened by time and cost in implementing it. The FSB calls on the Government to put a halt to new and amended legislation in April to help small businesses concentrate on holding onto staff and staying alive during the downturn.


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How to Say Serious Things
Matters of Fact and of Fiction: Essays 1973-1976
The title of Gore Vidal's latest collection of lively essays written for magazines and reviews mainly between 1973 and 1976 has a dark inner meaning. Half of the pieces deal with the shrinking hopes of our novelists, half with American political history; but the politics and politicians have become fictions and the novelists have been either taken over or driven out by the public appetite—natural under the circumstances—for fact. The politicians have grabbed even love—in the form of self-love—from the novelists, as one sees in the wildly funny short piece on one of England's most visible treasures, the Earl of Longford, toiling toward canonization via publicity on television. The piece ends with the lines "Pray for us, Saint Frank. Intercede for us, and teach us to love ourselves as you loved you."
Gore Vidal is a glancing wit who has the good essayist's art of saying serious things personally and lightly. Where others lumber along earnestly in professional prose, he rides gaily in and quickly unhorses his man. He is not one of those brutal wits, bloodied but unbowed, who destroy themselves when they destroy others. He is a moralist whose subject is hypocrisy and the clichés which provide the public with short cuts to self-congratulation. (A political example: Socialism = Sweden = suicide; no facts encourage one to take this drug.) Underneath his rapid mockery and laughter there is a passion for social justice and truth-telling, and his command of a nonchalant prose and care for the English language give his sarcasms their edge. His frivolity is on the surface; beneath it, both as a reviewer and a writer on American history, he has a well-grounded intelligence. There is nothing light-minded about his study of the Adams family or his portrait of Grant, or in his wrestlings with the theorists of the nouveau roman.
Six of the seven articles on fiction are on the dilemma of the modern novelist and the first is a hilarious examination of "The Top Ten Best Sellers." It gives us the Genesis of a wit's bleak argument that will develop:
The bad movies we made twenty years ago are now regarded in altogether too many circles as important aspects of what the new illiterates want to believe is the only significant art form of the twentieth century…. Most of these books [the ten best sellers] reflect to some degree the films each author saw in his formative years…. Certainly none of the ten writers (save the noble engineer Solzhenitsyn and the classicist Mary Renault) is in any way rooted in literature.
Even Solzhenitsyn gingered up his Tolstoy in August 1914 with some very bad film sequences, as Vidal later on shows. The famous fire in Hollywood was described as a "holocaust"—"the style you see must come as naturally as that"—and since Gore Vidal himself worked a bit on Ben Hur and was able…
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Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
versão On-line ISSN 2224-9435
versão impressa ISSN 1019-9128
J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. vol.82 no.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Vulture rescue and rehabilitation in South Africa: an urban perspective
V NaidooI,*; K WolterII,III; I EspieIV; A KotzeIV,V
IBiomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
IIRhino and Lion Wildlife Conservation Non-profit Organisation, Skeerpoort, South Africa
IIIDe Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust, De Wildt, South Africa
IVThe National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
VDepartment of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
South Africa is home to 9 vulture species, of which 7 are endangered. While the cause of the population declines remains largely speculative, a vast amount of effort has been dedicated towards the protection of populations by ensuring sustainable and safe food sources for the various colonies. Limited focus was placed in the past on efforts related to the rescue and/or rehabilitation (R&R) of injured birds and the release of these birds back into the wild. This paper provides an overview of the causes, the impact and success of 3 organisations involved in R&R efforts of vultures in the Magaliesberg mountain range and surrounding areas over a period of 10 years. Study material included 162 Cape griffon (CGV) and 38 African white-backed (AWBV) vultures. Datasets include the number, sex and age of birds received, the reason the vultures were brought in for R&R, surgical interventions performed and outcomes of rescue efforts. The CGV dominated the rehabilitation attempts. Results further show that a large number of apparently healthy birds were presented for veterinary treatment. The R&R data clearly indicate that the major cause of injuries was birds colliding with overhead pylons, as a high number of soft tissue and skeletal injuries were observed. The study also shows that successful releases of rescued birds are possible. It is concluded that urbanisation has had a major negative impact on vultures around the Magaliesberg mountain range.
Keywords: African white-backed vulture, Cape griffon vulture, Gyps , Magaliesberg, rehabilitation, rescue, vultures.
Vultures are characterised by their large size, large featherless heads, curved beaks and are known for being high fliers17. They are further differentiated from other raptors by being predominantly carrion feeders that only resort to predation in times of extreme food shortages5,13,17. Being scavengers, vultures are important components of healthy ecosystems where their major contributory ecological role is to devour carcasses thereby preventing the spread of diseases8, 16, 17, 24. The family is made up of the old-world (accipitrid) and the new-world (cathartid) vultures with the former, also known as griffon vultures, being the true descendants of the vulture species. The latter, such as the condor and black vulture, have evolved from the stork family1,30. Despite their important role in ecosystem health, vulture numbers throughout the world have declined at a rapid rate with southern Africa being no exception, having 7 of the 9 species listed in the Red Data Book4,9,12,14,15,18,24,26.
Of the 9 vulture species in southern Africa, the Cape griffon vulture (Gyps coprotheres ) (CGV) and the African white-backed vulture (G. africanus ) (AWBV), are the most abundant, with the former being near-endemic only to this region9,30. The CGV is currently listed as vulnerable and the AWBV near-threatened with the latest estimates placing the AWBV at 270 000 individual birds in Africa and the CGV at approximately 4000 breeding pairs in southern Africa9. While the AWBV and CGV are of markedly different size (5.5 kg versus 9 kg), the species share a number of similarities that include lifetime pairing, breeding once a year with on average the production of 1 egg per year17. Phylogenetic studies suggest that the 2 species are genetically closely related28. Unconfirmed reports from Namibia suggest interbreeding between the 2 species to produce hybrids (Rare and Endangered Species Trust (REST), Namibia, pers. comm.). The only major difference between the 2 species is their nesting sites as the CGV nests on cliff faces while the AWBV prefers nesting in trees.
Both species face major threats within the southern African region that include poisoning, electrocution, power-line collisions, habitat destruction, insufficient food resources, disruption of breeding sites and the illegal collection of body parts for traditional medicine2,6,10,11,17,20.In an effort to prevent the decline in the number of birds, various initiatives to contribute to the conservation of the species were put in place. One of these initiatives is the so-called vulture restaurants, which in collaboration with the local farming community provide carcasses to vultures to supplement their food resources17,20. Other efforts include educational material such as posters and booklets advising farmers on the use of eco-friendly products and creating awareness around vulture poisonings, attempts by the national energy provider (ESKOM) to research and erect vulture-friendly pylons, the promotion of vulture ecotourism and the rescue and/or rehabilitation (R&R) of injured or poisoned birds collected in the field. This paper focuses on the causes, the impact and successes of rescue and/or rehabilitation (R&R) efforts of birds as a valid component of vulture conservation in southern Africa in a semi-urban environment.
Study area
The study area in Pretoria and the Magaliesberg mountain range is semiurban and under intense housing development, e.g. a major golfing estate is present 1.5 km from a major breeding area on the Magaliesberg cliffs (Figs 1 and 2). This area is home to 10 % of the total CGV population and includes approximately 400 breeding pairs on the cliffs7. AWBVs are not known to breed within the study area.
Participating organisations
The 3 organisations that contributed data to this study are the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust (De Wildt), the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (NZG) and the Vulture Programme of the Rhino and Lion Wildlife Conservation NPO (R&L). While undoubtedly vulture rehabilitation is occurring throughout the country, there was a concerted effort by these organisations to dedicated vulture conservation in the region. For the purposes of this study, rehabilitation was defined as the process of restoring sick or injured birds to a normal life by therapy and ensuring fitness prior to final release back into the wild. Rescue is similarly defined as rehabilitation, except that these birds were not released into the wild. The former was ascertained as a result of the tagging process which allowed for the resighting of released birds. To obtain an understanding of the management of the birds during rehabilitation, a description of each of the facilities follows:
De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust (De Wildt)
De Wildt focuses on cheetah conservation and breeding. In addition, endangered species such as the African wild dog and vultures are part of the collection. Vultures at this facility include CGVs (n = 50) and AWBVs (n = 8) that are housed in five5m × 10m × 3m(L × B × H) aviaries. The birds are mainly grounded with limited flight. Artificial perches comprising tree stumps and wooden logs are provided. The facility has housed birds for nearly 20 years, with animal record keep-ing extending back to 2002. Data are captured into a purpose-built Office Excel (MS Office) spreadsheet. Individuals of both vulture species were presented to the facility for rehabilitation and were either collected by De Wildt staff from the Magaliesberg colony and surrounding areas or received from outside organisations where more advanced veterinary care was lacking.
Veterinary care of injured birds was provided by a full-time veterinarian at an on-site veterinary clinic. Injured birds were housed in individual pens until released into the wild. For specialised veterinary procedures, assistance was provided by the Exotic Animal Clinic at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH) run by the Faculty of Veterinary Science of the University of Pretoria. In most cases, after receiving specialist care, vultures were returned to De Wildt facility for after-care.
National Zoological Gardens of South Africa (NZG)
The NZG has a record of housing, conserving and exhibiting wildlife that extends over 100 years. The facility has a large aviary (30m × 20m × 5m) (L × B × H) housing both CGV and AWBV. The aviary mimics a natural environment with a number of natural trees as well as a raised cliff with ledges suitable for breeding. Birds presented to the facility for rehabilitation originated from collections made by NZG staff and the public from the Magaliesberg colony and surrounding areas. In addition, the organisation accepted AWBVs as well as CGVs from their satellite facility in Lichtenburg which has an active vulture restaurant frequently used by both vulture species.
An on-site animal hospital and 3 full-time wildlife veterinarians are responsible for the daily health care of the animal collection. It also has an extensive animal record-keeping system linked to the International Species Information System (ISIS). As with De Wildt, the more specialised veterinary procedures were referred to the OVAH whereafter birds were returned to the facility for after-care. Rehabilitated birds were either included in the animal collection or traded within the zoo community. The NZG has been successful with the captive breeding of both vulture species since 2002 and in particular the artificial incubation of eggs and hand-rearing of nestlings.
Vulture Programme of the Rhino and Lion Wildlife Conservation NPO (R&L)
The R&L was established in 2006 with the aim of adding an important conservation component to vulture rehabilitation, especially investigating the survival rate of newly released rehabilitated vultures. The facility has a number of different enclosures of various sizes, all of which are fitted with perches. The largest of the enclosures (40m × 9m × 7m) (L × B × H) was sponsored by Eskom and enables the birds to fly to some extent to increase their fitness prior to release. Birds presented to the facility for rehabilitation were either collected by staff from the Magaliesberg colony or surrounding areas whereas mainly AWBVs requiring more advanced veterinary care were accepted from other organisations.
The facility also has 6 enclosures (3m × 3m × 6m) (L × B × H) for the housing of individual injured or sick birds while recuperating. All veterinary treatments are provided by the OVAH or the Veterinary Department at the Johannesburg Zoological Gardens. All birds kept or released are identified using patagial tags on each wing (Fig. 3). The tags have visible numbers as well as contact details to facilitate monitoring. This facility follows a strict release protocol by returning birds they personally collect to the wild within 7 days of recovery after receiving treatment.
Data collection
Data collected include the number, sex and age (adult, subadult and juvenile, nestlings) (Table 1) 17where possible for all birds received for rehabilitation. Injuries were classified as soft tissue or skeletal injuries (fractures), exhaustion or poisoning. Surgical interventions where necessary were described as amputations (removal of 1 or both wings), fracture repair (surgical pinning), birds that died during surgery (anaesthetic death) and birds euthanased for ethical or welfare reasons. The outcome of rehabilitation was assessed as the number of birds released. Data were collated from the patient records maintained by the respective organisations over the specified 10-year period and presented as the number and percentage of birds handled by each organisation.
The same method for determining the age of vultures widely used by the vulture fraternity (although not statistically validated), was applied by all 3 facilities. This method makes use of external characteristics listed in Table 1. The De Wildt and R&L birds were sexed according to the general morphological characteristics of the head (non-validated method). Females have a narrow head (as seen from the lateral canthus of the eyes) with eggshaped dome at the top of the skull, while the males have a more triangular, flattened head with more prominent eye sockets (Fig. 4). The NZG makes use of laparoscopy and more recently DNA technology using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to determine sex7. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood collected in EDTA tubes using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit®. Amplification of the CHD1 gene was conducted using primer sets; 2550F: 5'-GTTACTGAT TCGTCTACGAGA-3'and 2718R: 5'-ATT GAAATGATCCAGTGCTTG-3'27. PCR amplification was carried out in a total volume of 25 µℓ and included a no template control as well as positive controls for a male and female bird of known sex. PCR was conducted with Promega go Taq DNA polymerase®, which hasa 1 × buffer containing 10 mM Tris®HCl (pH 9.0), 50 mM potassium chloride (KCl) and 0.1 % Triton®X 100. The final reaction conditions were as follows: 1x P CR buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µℓ of each 2' deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), 5 pico mol (pmol) of each of the forward and reverse primer, 0.25 units (U) Taq DNA polymerase and 10 ng genomic DNA template. PCR cycling were as follows: Denaturation for 2 minutes (min) at 94 ºC , followed by 30 cycles of denaturation for 30 seconds (s) at 94 ºC, primer annealing for 30 s at 50 ºC and extension for 2 min at 72 ºC, followed by final extension at 72 ºC for 10 min. PCR products were added to tracking dye and were separated by electrophoresis ina2% agarose gel for 45 min at 100 volts in 1 x TrisBorate-Edta buffer (TBE).
A total of 163 CGVs and 38 AWBVs were received during the specified period by the 3 organisations. Age distribution for the CGV showed that 43.5 % were adults, 1.2 % subadult, 44.7 % juveniles and 9.4 % nestlings. The AWBV had a very similar distribution of adults and juveniles at 41.18 % and 47.6 % respectively. The sex ratios was evenly distributed for the CGV, and skewed towards males for the AWBV (Table 2).
De Wildt attempted rehabilitation of 85 (52.5 %) of the CGVs, mainly adult males (Table 2). The majority of the CGVs (n = 33) collected were recorded as power lines or pylon injuries which resulted in soft tissue injuries and in more severe cases, in fractures and ultimately amputations (Tables 3 and 4). In total, 26 of the 33 CGVs presented from power-line injuries required more advanced surgical intervention (Table 4). It is also interesting to note that a large proportion of birds were presented for minor reasons such as apparent exhaustion (n = 27) or birds picked up following heavy rain (n = 22).
A total of 17 (52.5 %) AWBVs were collected, most of which were adult males (Table 2). Of these, 10 were presented as a result of power-line injuries and the rest were mainly healthy with the exception of 1 chick which had fallen from a nest (Table 3). A large percentage of the AWBVs presented with injuries that required surgical interventions. This high incidence is most likely attributable to birds requiring advanced veterinary care that were collected from outside the Gauteng and North West Provinces by rehabilitation agencies. One bird was brought in for organophosphate poisoning. This specific vulture was treated with fluids and atropine and eventually recovered. In total 40 (47.1 %) CGVs and 3 (17.6 %) AWBVs were ultimately released and the rest remained in captivity (Table 5).
The NZG received a total of 32 (19.8 %) CGVs comprising 94 % adult birds of which most were males. Injuries were mainly due to suspected pylon collisions as the birds were found on the ground in close proximity to power lines (Tables 2 and 3). The NZG released 2 CGVs following treatment (Table 5). The AWBVs presented to the NZG were mainly healthy birds received from welfare organisations (Tables 2 and 3). One of the AWBVs was diagnosed with skeletal abnormalities (cortical thinning with decreased radio density) that were consistent with a calcium deficiency. The other was brought in due to a pylon injury and the 3rd was rescued after being kept as an exotic pet. The latter had its wings clipped and was not able to fly. There is no history as to how the wild bird ended up as a pet. None of the AWBVs required surgical intervention for their rehabilitation (Table 4).
The R&L accounted for 45 (27.8 %) and 10 (26.3 %) of the CGVs and AWBVs respectively, comprising mainly juveniles and nestlings. Of this a large number were received after rainy conditions which also explains the high percentage of unknown sexes for the CGV at R&L (Table 2). Although 66 % of the CGVs were received due to an inability to fly, no detectable anatomical injuries were found on clinical examination (Table 3). These birds recovered within 2-3 days after having been fed. Seven birds had to be euthanased due to severe wound contaminations and severe complications (myiasis and bacterial infection) (Table 3). In 1 incident 6 AWBVs were presented for suspected arsenic poisoning. These birds originated from a colony of 15 birds of which 9 were found dead (dead birds are not included in this study). Arsenic poisoning was diagnosed from necropsy results which showed haemorrhagic gastroenteritis, clinical signs of excitability of the live birds and recovery following treatment with penicillamine. The R&L released a total of 21 of the 45 (46.7 %) rehabilitated CGVs and 7 of the 10 AWBVs (70 %) (Table 5).
The aim of this study was to describe the efforts to rescue and/or rehabilitate vultures in the Magaliesberg area of South Africa by 3 organisations. Although the AWBV is the most abundant vulture species in southern Africa9, rehabilitation was dominated by the CGV within the 3 centres. This most likely reflects a difference in the behaviour of the 2 species, in that the AWBV nests in trees, and the CGV on cliffs. The Magaliesberg mountain range running through the greater Pretoria area and Gauteng region provides ample nesting opportunities for the CGV.
In total, 63 (38.9 %) CGVs and 10 (26.3 %) AWBVs were rehabilitated, while 68 (42.0 %) CGVs and 25 (65.8 %) AWBVs were retained in captivity. The reason for the greater skew towards retaining a bird in a captive environment stems from the huge responsibility and effort that rehabilitation requires. For rehabilitation, the major factor to consider is the fitness of the bird for free flight and survival, i.e. loss of muscle tone for flight and increase in body mass due to the deposition of fat from general inactivity. The R&L with a 51 % release rate assesses the fitness level of birds by their ability to fly in a large training aviary before release. Another factor that had a major impact on rehabilitation was the degree of injury, as evident from the poor release rate of birds with fractures - severe cases either required amputation or orthopaedic surgery. For both cases flight is not possible, the former for obvious reasons, while the latter usually resulted in slight bone mal-apposition that subsequently interfered with the precise aerodynamics required for sustainable long-distance flight21. Unfortunately, available avian orthopaedic techniques are still very inadequate to meet the precise requirements for flight.
An interesting observation from this study was the large number of apparently healthy birds presented for treatment after heavy rains. The flight feathers of the birds appear to be water-logged and these birds are unable to take off after heavy rains, which is believed to have resulted from a combination of the birds being overweight from the constant feeding at vulture restaurants (14 kg has been recorded for this region for CGV dry weight) and the feathers soaked with water. The latter is not an oddity as the popular press commonly reports waterlogged feathers as a major obstacle to flight. When the increased weight from excessive caloric intake is combined with the flight behaviour of vultures, an interesting aerodynamic challenge is faced by birds - already being heavy fliers, vultures are predominantly reliant on thermal currents for take-off, soaring and mobility in an attempt to conserve energy to compensate for their weight to energy/ aerodynamic requirements for flight19,23. The added burden of being overweight in combination with the additional weight of the water interferes further with their flight characteristics. Unfortunately this also translates to non-flight in the absence of thermal currents, which restricts soaring to mid-mornings when the first thermals arise, i.e. vultures are rarely seen soaring on days characterised by overcast and cool conditions. Healthy vultures presented on rainy days also suggest that the birds were grounded and unable to fly as opposed to being injured or dehydrated. This highlights an added danger that vulture colonies have to face because of a close association with human habitation. It is likely that this would not occur in the wild and that the birds would normally return to their roosts if provided with sufficient time to fly again.
Another explanation for their non-flight may be mild poisoning that resulted from their feeding on a contaminated carcasses. The 1 group of toxins that could explain the clinical signs observed are the organophosphors, which are known to be inducers of muscle weakness. For the past 20 years the NZG has received a number of raptors, ranging from owls, hawks, eagles and 1 vulture (n = 28) which presented either in a state of collapse or with mild symptoms of incoordination and general weakness. Symptomatically it was suspected that these birds had ingested poison, but this was never confirmed by laboratory tests. Some birds recovered well with treatment and feeding and others died, but post mortem results were inconclusive of poisoning. A white-backed vulture that had collapsed and had head tremors recovered dramatically after it was treated with atropine. It is therefore speculated that general weakness in vultures could be due to ingestion of low doses of a toxin.
The rehabilitation data clearly indicate that pylons were the major cause of injuries as demonstrated by the high number of soft tissue and skeletal injuries observed. It is speculated that this may be due to the inability of the birds to see power lines, as seen in other bird species, combined with the likelihood that they are unable to gain sufficient altitude rapidly enough to avoid power lines near their foraging sites3. In total, 61 (38 %) CGVs and 16 (42 %) AWBVs were presented with these injuries. These observations therefore tend to support the earlier reported observations that the population declines of the CGV may be attributed to pylon injuries, but this is not necessarily the only cause27.
Concerning the higher number of releases of rehabilitated vultures by the R&L and De Wildt, it is clear that successful release of the rehabilitated birds is possible. More importantly , it emphasises that contrary to popular belief, vultures do not immediately imprint on handlers. When the release data of R&L were evaluated for any correlation between duration within a capture enclosure to release (results not shown), none was found. Nonetheless, the release data need to be interpreted with care, as success is defined as the failure to find a vulture carcass soon after release, i.e. inaccuracies could result from jackal or other predators devouring dead vultures before the carcasses are found. In an attempt to better investigate the impact of rehabilitation and release for future projects if funding permits, it may be of value to attach telemetric trackers (cellular or satellite) at the point of release. For the birds on which the R&L had cellular trackers attached, the death of the released bird was established by a non-movement of the GPS tracker over a few days. The GPS trackers also to a large extent overcome the shortcomings of patagial tags that may not be sighted as a result of death, non-movement through a monitoring point or loss of the tag.
With the huge inputs and dedication by various organisations, there is now a better understanding of the causes, impact and success of R&R of vultures. Of concern are the rehabilitation figures from De Wildt and R&L, which account for more than 120 birds out of a colony of just under 380 breeding pairs (17 % of the total population required medical attention) recorded over the last 10 years. This study provides 1st evidence of the impact urbanisation has had on vultures from the Magaliesberg and surrounding areas. While the data clearly indicate that rehabilitation efforts are required, they may not necessarily be having their desired impact, as the percentage of released birds remains relatively low (47.1 % for CGV and 17.6 % for AWBV). Nonetheless, the true value of rehabilitation efforts is their ability to protect the species, as even a single bird that is saved represents continued maintenance of genetic diversity within the threatened population.
Our sincere gratitude to our sponsors namely: Rand Merchant Bank, Computer Facilities, Tony & Lisette Lewis Foundation, Lomas Wildlife Protection Trust, Eskom, Aberdare Cables and Natural Encounters Inc., as well as veterinarians and volunteers who have participated in the vulture rehabilitation efforts. We would also like to acknowledge the relevant provincial agencies for their support towards this effort.
1. Avise J C, Nelson W S, Sibley C G 1994 DNA sequence support for a close phylogenetic relationship between some storks and new world vultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91: 5173-5177 [ Links ]
2. Boshoff A F, Vernon C J 1980 The past and present distribution of the Cape vulture in the Cape Province. Ostrich 51: 230-250 [ Links ]
3. Brown W M, Drewien R C 1995 Evaluation of two power line markers to reduce crane and waterfowl collision mortality. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23: 217-227 [ Links ]
4. Cuthbert R, Green R E, Ranade S, Saravanan S, Pain D J, Prakash V, Cunningham A A 2006 Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus ) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus ) in India. Animal Conservation 9: 349-354 [ Links ]
5. Devault T L, Rhodes J, Shivik J A 2003 Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos 102: 225-234 [ Links ]
6. Fernie K J, Reynolds S J 2005 The effects of electromagnetic fields from power lines on avian reproductive biology and physiology: a review. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews 8: 127-140 [ Links ]
7. Fridolfsson A K, Ellegren H 1999 A simple and universal method for molecular sexing of non-ratite birds. Journal of Avian Biology 30: 116-121 [ Links ]
8. Hugh-Jones M E, De Vos V 2002 Anthrax and wildlife. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique 21: 359-383 [ Links ]
9. IUCN 2010 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of Endangered Species. Online at: http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed December 2010) [ Links ]
10. Komen J 1991 Energy requirement of nestling cape vultures. Condor 93: 153-158 [ Links ]
11. Ledger J A, Annegarn H J 1981 Electrocu tion hazards to the cape vulture Gyps coprotheres in South Africa. Biological Conservation 20: 15-24 [ Links ]
12. Liberatori F, Penteriani V 2001 A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 101: 381-389 [ Links ]
13. Lowney M S 1999 Damage by black and turkey vultures in Virginia. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 715-719 [ Links ]
14. Martin H, Richie B W 1994 Orthopaedic surgical technique In Richie B W, Harrison G J, Harrison L R (eds) Avian medicine, principles and applications. Wingers Publishing, Florida: 1137-1169 [ Links ]
15. Meretsky V J, Snyder NFR, Beissinger S R, Clendenen D, Wiley J M 2001 Demography of the California condor: implications for Reestablishment. Conservation Biology 14: 957-967 [ Links ]
16. Mundur G 2007 Human anthrax in India may be linked to vulture decline. British Medical Journal 10: 320 [ Links ]
17. Mundy P, Butchart D, Ledger J, Piper S E 1992 The vultures of Africa. Acorn Books and Russel Friedman Books in association with the Vulture Study Group, South Africa [ Links ]
18. Negro J J, Torres M J 1999 Genetic variability and differentiation of two bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus populations and implications for reintroduction projects. Biological Conservation 87: 249-254 [ Links ]
19. Pennycuick C J 1998 Field observations of thermals and thermal streets, and the theory of cross-country soaring flight. Journal of Avian Biology 23: 33-43 [ Links ]
20. Piper S E, Mundy P, Ledger J 1981 Estimates of survival in the Cape vulture, Gyps coprotheres. Journal of Animal Ecology 50: 815-825 [ Links ]
21. Poirazidis K, Goutner V, Skartsi T, Stamou G 2004 Modelling nesting habitat as a conservation tool for the Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus ) in Dadia Nature Reserve, north-eastern Greece. Biological Conservation 118: 235-248 [ Links ]
22. Robertson A S, Boshoff A F 1986 The feeding ecology of Cape vultures Gyps coprotheres in a stock-farming area. Biological Conservation 35: 63-86 [ Links ]
23. Ruxton G D, Houston D C 2004 Obligate vertebrate scavengers must be large soaring fliers. Journal of Theoretical Biology 228: 431-436 [ Links ]
24. Sharp D 2006 Meloxicam to prevent rabies. Lancet 367: 887-888 [ Links ]
25. Swan G, Naidoo V, Cuthbert R, Green R E, Pain D J, Swarup D, Prakash V, Taggart M, Bekker L, Das D, Diekmann J, Diekmann M, Killian E, Meharg A, Patra R C, Saini M, Wolter K 2006 Removing the threat of diclofenac to critically endangered Asian vultures. PLoS Biology 4 [ Links ]
26. Thiollay J M 2006 The decline of raptors in West Africa: long-term assessment and the role of protected areas. Ibis 148: 240-254 [ Links ]
27. Van Rooyen C S, Piper S E 1997 Vultures in the 21st Century: Proceedings of a workshop on vulture research and conservation in southern Africa . Vulture Study Group, Johannesburg [ Links ]
28. Van Wyk E, Van der Bank F H, Verdoorn G H 2001 Allozyme variation in 4 populations of African whitebacked vultures (Gyps africanus ) and phylogenetic relationships between four vulture species from southern Africa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29: 485-512 [ Links ]
29. Warchol G L 2004 The trans-national illegal wildlife trade. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society 17: 57-73 [ Links ]
30. Wink M 1995 Phylogeny of Old and New World vultures (Aves: Accipitridae and Cathartidae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome B gene. Journal of Biosciences 50: 868-882 [ Links ]
31 Wolter K, Whittington-Jones C, West S 2007 Status of Cape vultures (Gyps coprotheres ) in the Magaliesberg, South Africa. Vulture News 57: 24-31 [ Links ]
Received: July 2010.
Accepted: January 2011.
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: email@example.com


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Citadel: Cerberus Retribution
Top Contributors: Samuel-IGN, Bob, Andrew Nelson + more
Citizens on the Citadel are preparing to carry out some sort of assassination at the C-Sec office in the Presidium Commons. Go there and look for suspicious activity.
Starting Point
You can speak to the bickering angry citizens at the Presidium Commons. These guys are available some time after Priority: Perseus Veil.
Mission Details
- 5000 credits
After initiating the quest, you'll now find Captain Aaron Sommers sitting in the C-Sec office of the Presidium Commons. With high enough Paragon/Renegade leanings, you can access the special persuasion options to earn the respective Morality points.


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Just one tiny thing...blowing on a solder joint (cooling it quickly) will not cause it to be a "cold solder" joint. What it will do is cause larger grain structures in the joint. This is not a good thing as cracks can more easily propagate through solder joints with large grain structures (over ones with smaller grain structures). Cold solder is not fully liquifying the solder during the soldering operation. Basically applying solder with both liquid and solid phases. If some readers are interested in soldering, the industry standard (if they're so inclined to look it up) is J-STD-001 by IPC. For under $300, this amp looks like it gives great value to performance. Cheers
The Marvelously Addictive Bottlehead Crack
Bottlehead Crack OTL DIY Headphone Amp ($279)
Over the years, I've stopped by the Bottlehead booth at shows to say "Hi!" to Doc B. numerous times, and each time I make a special point to have a listen to the Bottlehead Crack. This sweet little OTL amp never fails to impress.
It uses a 12AU7A as its input stage, and a 6080 in a cathode follower configuration as its output stage. The output is capacitively coupled (the only cap in the audio path), and has an output impedance of about 120 Ohms making it an amp suited mainly for higher impedance headphones. (I'd suggest 300 Ohms and up, but some will find it fine for cans down to 100 Ohms.) The power supply is a simple unregulated supply, with a full-wave solid-state diode bridge rectifier, and a C-R-C-R-C supply filter. It really doesn't get much simpler than this.
Additionally available is the Speedball upgrade kit ($125), which is a constant current source for the plate circuit of the 6080. I've got the kit, but won't be installing it until I've put the Crack through the full measurement routine. Once measured, I'll install the Speedball, and then measure again. After that, it'll be "game on" for further upgrades, tweaks, and tube rolling. Because it's so simple, the Crack is the perfect platform for novice DIYers to play around with and listen to the sound changing as various upgrade parts are explored. And expert DIYers will experience a delightful walk in the audio park. Just great fun!
Building the Crack
What a joy! I really couldn't believe how simple this amp was to construct. The main chassis is a laser cut aluminum plate and all components are mounted to this plate. All the parts for the build come in plastic bags, including a few Hershey's Kisses to make the process even sweeter. (Thanks Doc!) I found no missing parts in my kit. The wire used was 20 gauge solid core wire, which stripped and soldered easily.
The manual for the kit comes in .pdf form on a CD, and I found it to be thorough and extremely detailed. It included a picture and a clear explanation for every step. Wire lengths specified were all just slightly long, which is good just in case you cut the conductor while stripping by mistake. Not really a problem, though, as I had more than a foot of each color wire remaining when done. I found no outright errors in the build instructions, but I do have a couple of notes:
- Page 8) Desoldering braid (Solder Wick) and socket wrenches are listed as optional tools. I think you'll find need for them.
- Page 11) When inserting the power switch, I just pressed it into place. Unfortunately, the plastic is a little brittle and one of the mounting tabs broke. I suggest you gently squeeze the tabs together when inserting this switch to reduce the stress on the tabs during installation.
- Page 12) Safety Ground. It says: "Insert a #8 screw through the hole..." I would add "Insert the #8 slotted screw" as there are a couple of #8 screws that might get confused.
- Page 23) Last step. It says: "Cut a 2 inch piece of red wire ..." I used white wire as it appears to be part of the left channel connection between the plate of the 12AU7 and the grid of the 6080. White wire has been a properly used convention in the kit elsewhere for the left channel.
- Page 38) The manual didn't tell me to do this, but I used some clip leads to attach my volt meter to the supply rail to monitor the voltage when I turned the Crack on for the first time. I expected about 170 Volts but when I flipped the switch I saw the meter whoosh past 170 VDC and blow through 200 Volts. I immediately turned off the unit to see if something was wrong. Unfortunately, I didn't have the presence of mind to realize that an unregulated supply was going to ramp up quickly but once the tubes started to conduct would relax back down to its normal voltage. Phew!
Rather than write a lot of words about how to strip wire, solder, and de-solder parts, I've done a little video on the next page with fairly complete instructions. You'll also find my comments on the sweet sound of this addictive little amp.
>>blowing on a solder joint (cooling it quickly) will not cause it to be a "cold solder" joint. What it will do is cause larger grain structures in the joint
I'm confused on your usage of the word "grain structures"... higher cooling rates almost always results in finer microstructure (smaller grains, thus more grain boundaries). Are we on the same page or am I misreading something here?
For soldering, the ideal cooling profile is 1-2'C per second. Anything more will lead to larger grain structures and less reliable solder joints in the end.
By larger grain structures, you mean more grain boundaries correct?
Thank you so much for the review, the video and the resourceful links. I bought this amp a few weeks ago to pair with my Sennheiser HD650/800 headphones. I have to admit I'm a little intimidated with initiating my first DIY project. At the very least, I feel inspired.
Totally agreed on the rewarding part. When my kids are a bit older, I'll be getting back into DIYing as a hobby.
I had an opportunity to try the Crack. You're right about matching it with a high impedance headphones. I liked it with the Beyer DT880PRO/600. It was full sounding, smooth, but only a little warm. The Crack with the DT880/250 sounded meh. There were no HD650 to try it with, but based on your review, I guess it's a match for 300 ohm headphones and above.
Other cans that I've tried with below approval results were LCD2 and T50RP Mad Dog. A friend told me that the Crack just won't work with ortho-dynamic headphones. I'll just hold on to his word since I know so little about electronics.
Clearly, the tubes of the Crack did a great job of delivering detail and oomph while also softening the edges of the sound somewhat.
Are you certain that's because of the tubes & not the high output impedance?
Glad you are giving the amp some well deserved attention. Great match for the HD650s and HD800s.
I just want to see how high the second harmonic is :D!
Prob. the most neglected (de)soldering accessory. But I don't DIY (de)solder w/o 'em.
Several brands out there, but some leak, and can cause a mess. Kester makes the best one I've used. The felt tip is probab. the most useful:
Great article, Tyll.
Please update this article once the speedball mod is complete!
I have the Quickie. Also very enamored by it. I'm trying to get Doc to get more of his gear reviewed! I think bottlehead stuff is fantastic.
First off, where was that helpful video guide when I was looking to build one of these?
I hadn't soldered in years, but after hearing stuff like the Schiit Valhalla and reading up about the Bottlehead Crack, I decide that an OTL amp was worth having for my HD650... so I built a Crack with the Speedball upgrade. An initial problem was that I was lacking most of the tooling needed, so I had to pick up a soldering iron, a dmm, etc. etc. ... which wasn't cheap, but stuff I wanted to have anyways.
So, I was pretty close to being a pure rookie at this, took a stab at it and built things up over a few nights. Got to the initial stage of the Crack build and things seemed to be working decently. Unfortunately, I shorted something while testing on the way to the Speedball upgrade and blew a fuse. Bought some replacement fuses, completed the build and then... had decent volume on one ear and hardly any on the other. Voltages were off for one channel and the works. A botched build, somehow.
And then began the (longer than I'd like to admit) time of sitting on the project, tinkering here and there... testing all my solder points, etc. Eventually I figured that I'd get this thing working *someday*, so I went ahead and put in an order for some extra tubes at thetubestore.com. When those tubes arrived, I popped some in the sockets, replacing the ones that came with it, and *boom*, it worked! It was the tubes! (Kinda hard to know that that was the problem with only one set of tubes, you know.) And the tubes definitely have an effect on the sound of the unit.
So now I have this for some tubey goodness and a Burson Soloist for going solid state for my HD650. They both pretty much exude the qualities you'd expect. The Crack+Speedball has a great, colored, tube sound to it while the Soloist is exact, precise, crisp and very detailed. Which one I prefer depends on what I'm listening to.
By the way Tyll, Was the WA3 barebones stock? The one currently available at the Woo site? I'm asking since there used to be a wa3, a wa3+, and of course tube rolling options.
I being a newb, was wondering if one of these Bottleheads could be used as a preamp for a PA between a D/A system to warm up the sound. Just mainly wondering about the impedance and output levels.
Did you have had the Speedball upgrade yet? I'm using the crack with the 6080 stock tubes. Don't know whether to take the tube rolling route or install the speedball..Either way, I'm satisfied with the Stock, just curious about how better can it get.
Thanks for the review.
Would you be able to describe your perceptions of how the Crackhead and WA3 compares to the WA2?
Will Crack do well with Grado PS 1000? Thanks for the advice
Hello from Portugal,
I am wondering if the Philips Fidelio X1 combines perfectly with the Bottlehead Crack OTL, because I have found on Amazon a Philips Fidelio X1 with a lower price than the Sennheiser HD600 and I cant decide wich one is the best buy.
Thanks in advance,
Nuno Bartolomeu
P.S Congratulations for the Website that help us decide the best article we can buy.
Isn't the X1 30 Ohms? The Crack doesn't sound very good with low impedance headphones
i have the hd650s and will use my laptop as my source for music...what is a good DAC that will work with both the bottlehead and a pair of adam x5 speakers..ideally i dont want to unplug one to listen to the other..thanks


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SYNDESMOS is the World Fellowship of Orthodox Youth. It is a federation of Orthodox youth movements and theological schools around the world. The organization works under the blessing of all the local canonical Churches to serve the Church by promoting unity, witness, and renewal. Syndesmos, in Greek, means bond of unity.
SYNDESMOS was founded in 1953 to encourage contacts among Orthodox youth movements in Western Europe, Greece and the Middle East. The fellowship is now made up of 121 Member Movements. These are various Orthodox youth organizations and movements and theological schools from more than forty different countries. The member movements, each blessed by their local bishop, belong in one of three categories: Affiliated, Federated, or Associated. Since 1992, youth movements of the Oriental Orthodox have joined the fellowship as federated members, with their own vice-president.
The highest organization of SYNDESMOS is its General Assembly. The assembly consists of representatives of all the Member Movements within SYNDESMOS. The assembly meets at least every four years. The first assembly was held in 1953 in Sevres, France and since then each assembly has been held in a different city as well as a different country in the world.
Administration of fellowship between meetings of the General Assembly is through the Board of Administration which is composed of sixteen individuals. These individuals are elected by the General Assembly and serve as volunteers.
Day-to-day operations are administered by an Executive Committee that consists of the president and four vice presidents. These officers oversee the operation of the General Secretariat staff and plan and implement the decisions of the General Assembly and the Board of Administration.
Financial resources for SYNDESMOS are received through annual membership fees and donations from Orthodox churches as well as from other Christian churches, individuals, and grants from the European Commission.
SYNDESMOS coordinates activities of the member movements on an international scale through a Calendar of Events. Additionally, multi- and bi-lateral activities and events are organized by member movements themselves, although these may not involve the SYNDESMOS Secretariat.
Information of activities and events both upcoming as well as past is available on-line through the fellowship's site.


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Check out reviews left by other students or leave your own review. You could win a free scholarship.Add your Review
Malachi from Fort Worth, TX
Reviewer is A current student here.
1 of 4
Categories Comments Campus Safety
There really is nothing to get yourself hurt in.
Great for these types of students
Any student spiritual and looking for a place to have a more quiet life.
Share any unusual traditions or locations on campus
You are kinda forced into a social club but are not forced to participate.
Bang for the buck
Great cost for what you are coming for.
What to do for fun
Spend time with friends, watch sport games, campus events, devo, communion, York College Movie night, and students hanging out.
Food and Dining
Good food but SOOOOOOOOOOOOO repetitive.
Dorm Life
Great when you know people and if you don't you immediatly get to know them.
Academic Rigor
Good difficulty in classes but not too difficult.
Tips for prospective students
Get involved in something otherwise it will seem much more boring.
In three sentences
A great small college to get to know everyone on the campus. Teachers truely care about the students. A bit strict.
Dustin from Silver Lake, KS
Reviewer is A current student here.
1 out of 1 people found this review useful. 2 of 4
Categories Comments Campus Safety
extremely safe campus. it is well lit everywhere at night and everything is within walking distance. since i have been here i have never had a reason to be afraid of anyone at any time.
Clubs and Activities
the clubs here are a great thing to get involved with. we don't have sorrorities or fraternities, instead we have clubs that are based off the greek system. there is also intramurals all year round and you don't have to be in a club to participate, so it allows for fun for everybody. there are also many religious activities throughout the week. from fca meetings monday nights to devotional on wednesday nights to communion on sunday nights. there are plenty of opportunities for you to embrace your religion fully on this campus.
Great for these types of students
students that want more than just your average education. students that want to either create or strengthen their relationship with god.
Share any unusual traditions or locations on campus
there is chapel for about 30 minutes every weekday at 10 a.m. this is mandatory and you can only miss a certain amount before you get fined or kicked out.
What to do for fun
there is not always a lot to do for fun when you are in york, so you have to get creative in what you do. however york is in a great place because only 45 minutes both ways is lincoln or grand island, so if you get too bored you can always find something to do there.
Food and Dining
the cafeteria is catered by a private company that hires students on campus to work. that means that you have many options that are usually pretty good in taste. you always have the option of a salad or deli sandwich, so even if you dont like the many options you can make your own meal. then there is the desert bar that is filled with homemade cakes, cookies, and other things. i think that the cafeteria at york provides great balance with good taste.
Dorm Life
the dorms are tough to live in your first year here because of the shell shock from the rules. after you get used to the rules and you start finding your niche with the people around you the dorms are great to live in. you will get the opportunity to have your own induvidual room, which is really nice to study and have the ability to get away every once in a while. when you make it to the apartments your junior year then you are living the life! you get to start living more like an adult with your own kitchen and dining room with 3 other roommates who all have their own bedrooms. it's a great experience that will prepare you for life outside of college.
Academic Rigor
i love the classes at york college. mostly because the professors make them fun and easy to follow. every professor here wants you to succeed, not only in class but in life as well, so they will make time to work with you whenever you are struggling with anything. the only exception i have is with the bible course you are required to take.
Tips for prospective students
1. you should come in to school with an open mind. there are a lot of rules, but they are there for a reason. 2. get involved in campus activities. this atmosphere provides you with an opportunity unlike any other college campus. you have the chance to meet and know every single person as long as you apply yourself and open up. 3. listen. the people here know what they are talking bout especially when it comes to god, so don't blow them off. open your ears and give them a chance because listening to these people will impact your life more than any class ever could.
In three sentences
york college is a great place to go to school if you like the small town atmosphere. professors and students really want to know you on a personal level so you will have the opportunity to make relationships that last a lifetime. this school is church of christ, therefore you have the ability to get closer to god while you strive to get your degree.
Megan from Grand Island, NE
Reviewer is A current student here.
4 out of 4 people found this review useful. 3 of 4
Categories Comments Great for these types of students
Any student who: - Wants a loving atmosphere that will foster a close, personal relationship with the Lord - Likes to be crazy and meet tons of new people - Is looking for awesome opportunities to participate in missions around the world - Wants to learn, grow, and develop as a person Should come to York College because that's the kind of awesome things that happen here!
Tips for prospective students
1. Give it a chance, even if you think York isn't your kind of place, you'll never know unless you visit! 2. If you're considering York, (or any college, really) visit for high school days at least once before making a decision. High school days is the best way to meet prospective classmates, other students and faculty, and it will really give you a feel for the atmosphere and whether or not this college is a good fit for you. 3. Don't let finances discourage you from a college you would really like to go to. There are all kinds of student loan programs and scholarships available to help you make your dreams come true.
Bang for the buck
While York is a private college and, therefore, more expensive than other colleges, it's totally worth the money. Very few of the freshmen have to share a dorm and upperclassmen can live in very nice 4-bedroom, 2-bathroom apartments on campus. Plus, there are numerous scholarships available for various activities and academics here at York. If you want to come here, you can find a way!
Am enjoying being here
I was super scared when I first came here, but everyone is so welcoming and encouraging, I knew within the first day that this was definitely the right college for me!!
Am learning a lot
The classes are great here and all the teachers are so willing to help.
Chelsea from Thedford, NE
Reviewer is Accepted here and planning to attend soon. Reviewer has been to campus.
1 out of 1 people found this review useful. 4 of 4
Categories Comments Great for these types of students
Christian students who are looking for a small town, small college, nice professors and students, and other fellow Christians.
Will enjoy being here
York College is set in a small town with friendly people, which is similar to my home town.
Will learn a lot
I think I will learn a lot from York College, because the professors seem to really care about their students.