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See QuickFacts for easy-to-read facts about Calcium.
Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is found in some foods, added to others, available as a dietary supplement, and present in some medicines (such as antacids). Calcium is required for vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion, though less than 1% of total body calcium is needed to support these critical metabolic functions [1]. Serum calcium is very tightly regulated and does not fluctuate with changes in dietary intakes; the body uses bone tissue as a reservoir for, and source of calcium, to maintain constant concentrations of calcium in blood, muscle, and intercellular fluids [1].
The remaining 99% of the body's calcium supply is stored in the bones and teeth where it supports their structure and function [1]. Bone itself undergoes continuous remodeling, with constant resorption and deposition of calcium into new bone. The balance between bone resorption and deposition changes with age. Bone formation exceeds resorption in periods of growth in children and adolescents, whereas in early and middle adulthood both processes are relatively equal. In aging adults, particularly among postmenopausal women, bone breakdown exceeds formation, resulting in bone loss that increases the risk of osteoporosis over time [1].
Intake recommendations for calcium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [1]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing the nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender, include:
The FNB established RDAs for the amounts of calcium required for bone health and to maintain adequate rates of calcium retention in healthy people. They are listed in Table 1 in milligrams (mg) per day.
* Adequate Intake (AI)
Milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich natural sources of calcium and are the major food contributors of this nutrient to people in the United States [1]. Nondairy sources include vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, kale, and broccoli. Spinach provides calcium, but its bioavailability is poor. Most grains do not have high amounts of calcium unless they are fortified; however, they contribute calcium to the diet because they contain small amounts of calcium and people consume them frequently. Foods fortified with calcium include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and cereals. Selected food sources of calcium are listed in Table 2.
* DV = Daily Value. DVs were developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to help consumers compare the nutrient contents among products within the context of a total daily diet. The DV for calcium is 1,000 mg for adults and children aged 4 years and older. Foods providing 20% of more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nutrient Database Web site lists the nutrient content of many foods. It also provides a comprehensive list of foods containing calcium.
** Calcium content varies slightly by fat content; the more fat, the less calcium the food contains.
*** Calcium content is for tofu processed with a calcium salt. Tofu processed with other salts does not provide significant amounts of calcium.
In its food guidance system, MyPlate, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that persons aged 9 years and older eat 3 cups of foods from the milk group per day [3]. A cup is equal to 1 cup (8 ounces) of milk, 1 cup of yogurt, 1.5 ounces of natural cheese (such as Cheddar), or 2 ounces of processed cheese (such as American).
Dietary supplements
The two main forms of calcium in supplements are carbonate and citrate. Calcium carbonate is more commonly available and is both inexpensive and convenient. Due to its dependence on stomach acid for absorption, calcium carbonate is absorbed most efficiently when taken with food, whereas calcium citrate is absorbed equally well when taken with or without food [4]. Calcium citrate is also useful for people with achlorhydria, inflammatory bowel disease, or absorption disorders [1]. Other calcium forms in supplements or fortified foods include gluconate, lactate, and phosphate. Calcium citrate malate is a well-absorbed form of calcium found in some fortified juices [5].
Calcium supplements contain varying amounts of elemental calcium. For example, calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight, whereas calcium citrate is 21% calcium. Fortunately, elemental calcium is listed in the Supplement Facts panel, so consumers do not need to calculate the amount of calcium supplied by various forms of calcium supplements.
The percentage of calcium absorbed depends on the total amount of elemental calcium consumed at one time; as the amount increases, the percentage absorption decreases. Absorption is highest in doses ≤500 mg [1]. So, for example, one who takes 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements might split the dose and take 500 mg at two separate times during the day.
Some individuals who take calcium supplements might experience gastrointestinal side effects including gas, bloating, constipation, or a combination of these symptoms. Calcium carbonate appears to cause more of these side effects than calcium citrate [1], so consideration of the form of calcium supplement is warranted if these side effects are reported. Other strategies to alleviate symptoms include spreading out the calcium dose throughout the day and/or taking the supplement with meals.
Because of its ability to neutralize stomach acid, calcium carbonate is found in some over-the-counter antacid products, such as Tums® and Rolaids®. Depending on its strength, each chewable pill or softchew provides 200 to 400 mg of elemental calcium. As noted above, calcium carbonate is an acceptable form of supplemental calcium, especially for individuals who have normal levels of stomach acid.
In the United States, estimated calcium intakes from both food and dietary supplements are provided by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2006 [6]. Mean dietary calcium intakes for males aged 1 year and older ranged from 871 to 1,266 mg/day depending on life stage group; for females the range was 748 to 968 mg/day. Groups with mean intakes falling below their respective EAR—and thus with a prevalence of inadequacy in excess of 50%—include boys and girls aged 9–13 years, girls aged 14–18 years, women aged 51–70 years, and both men and women older than 70 years [1,6]. Overall, females are less likely than males to get adequate amounts of calcium from food [7].
About 43% of the U.S. population (including almost 70% of older women) uses dietary supplements containing calcium, increasing calcium intakes by about 330 mg/day among supplement users [1,6]. According to NHANES 2003–2006 data, mean total calcium intakes from foods and supplements ranged from 918 to 1,296 mg/day for people aged 1 year and older [6]. When considering total calcium intakes, calcium inadequacy remains a concern for several age groups. These include females aged 4 years and older—particularly adolescent girls—and males aged 9 to 18 years and older than 51 years [1,8]. At the other end of the spectrum, some older women likely exceed the UL when calcium intakes from both food and supplements are included [1].
Not all calcium consumed is actually absorbed in the gut. Humans absorb about 30% of the calcium in foods, but this varies depending upon the type of food consumed [1]. Other factors also affect calcium absorption including the following:
Some absorbed calcium is eliminated from the body in urine, feces, and sweat. This amount is affected by such factors as the following:
Inadequate intakes of dietary calcium from food and supplements produce no obvious symptoms in the short term. Circulating blood levels of calcium are tightly regulated. Hypocalcemia results primarily from medical problems or treatments, including renal failure, surgical removal of the stomach, and use of certain medications (such as diuretics). Symptoms of hypocalcemia include numbness and tingling in the fingers, muscle cramps, convulsions, lethargy, poor appetite, and abnormal heart rhythms [23]. If left untreated, calcium deficiency leads to death.
Over the long term, inadequate calcium intake causes osteopenia which if untreated can lead to osteoporosis. The risk of bone fractures also increases, especially in older individuals [1]. Calcium deficiency can also cause rickets, though it is more commonly associated with vitamin D deficiency [1].
Although frank calcium deficiency is uncommon, dietary intakes of the nutrient below recommended levels might have negative health consequences over the long term. The following groups are among those most likely to need extra calcium.
Postmenopausal women
Menopause leads to bone loss because decreases in estrogen production both increase bone resorption and decrease calcium absorption [10,24,25]. Annual decreases in bone mass of 3%–5% per year frequently occur in the first years of menopause, but the decreases are typically less than 1% per year after age 65 [26]. Increased calcium intakes during menopause do not completely offset this bone loss [27,28]. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen and progesterone helps increase calcium levels and prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Estrogen therapy restores postmenopausal bone remodeling to the same levels as at premenopause, leading to lower rates of bone loss [24], perhaps in part by increasing calcium absorption in the gut. However, because of the potential health risks associated with HRT use, several medical groups and professional societies recommend that postmenopausal women consider using medications, such as bisphosphonates, instead of HRT to prevent or treat osteoporosis [29-31]. In addition, consuming adequate amounts of calcium in the diet might help slow the rate of bone loss in all women.
Amenorrheic women and the female athlete triad
Amenorrhea, the condition in which menstrual periods stop or fail to initiate in women of childbearing age, results from reduced circulating estrogen levels that, in turn, have a negative effect on calcium balance. Amenorrheic women with anorexia nervosa have decreased calcium absorption and higher urinary calcium excretion rates, as well as a lower rate of bone formation than healthy women [32]. The "female athlete triad" refers to the combination of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Exercise-induced amenorrhea generally results in decreased bone mass [33,34]. In female athletes and active women in the military, low bone-mineral density, menstrual irregularities, certain dietary patterns, and a history of prior stress fractures are associated with an increased risk of future stress fractures [35,36]. Such women should be advised to consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D. Supplements of these nutrients have been shown to reduce the risk of stress fractures in female Navy recruits during basic training [37].
Individuals with lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy
Lactose intolerance refers to symptoms (such as bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea) that occur when one consumes more lactose, the naturally occurring sugar in milk, than the enzyme lactase produced by the small intestine can hydrolyze into its component monosaccharides, glucose and galactose [38]. The symptoms vary, depending on the amount of lactose consumed, history of consumption of lactose-containing foods, and type of meal. Although the prevalence of lactose intolerance is difficult to discern [39], some reports suggest that approximately 25% of U.S. adults have a limited ability to digest lactose, including 85% of Asians, 50% of African Americans, and 10% of Caucasians [36,40,41].
Lactose-intolerant individuals are at risk of calcium inadequacy if they avoid dairy products [1,38,39]. Research suggests that most people with lactose intolerance can consume up to 12 grams of lactose, such as that present in 8 ounces of milk, with minimal or no symptoms, especially if consumed with other foods; larger amounts can frequently be consumed if spread over the day and eaten with other foods [1,38,39]. Other options to reduce symptoms include eating low-lactose dairy products including aged cheeses (such as Cheddar and Swiss), yogurt, or lactose-reduced or lactose-free milk [1,38,39]. Some studies have examined whether it is possible to induce adaptation by consuming incremental lactose loads over a period of time [42,43], but the evidence in support of this strategy is inconsistent [38].
Cow's milk allergy is less common than lactose intolerance, affecting 0.6% to 0.9% of the population [44]. People with this condition are unable to consume any products containing cow's milk proteins and are therefore at higher risk of obtaining insufficient calcium.
To ensure adequate calcium intakes, lactose-intolerant individuals and those with cow's milk allergy can choose nondairy food sources of the nutrient (such as kale, bok choy, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, collards and fortified foods) or take a calcium supplement.
Vegetarians might absorb less calcium than omnivores because they consume more plant products containing oxalic and phytic acids [1]. Lacto-ovo vegetarians (who consume eggs and dairy) and nonvegetarians have similar calcium intakes [45,46]. However, vegans, who eat no animal products and ovo-vegetarians (who eat eggs but no dairy products), might not obtain sufficient calcium because of their avoidance of dairy foods [47,48]. In the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, bone fracture risk was similar in meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians, but higher in vegans, likely due to their lower mean calcium intake [49]. It is difficult to assess the impact of vegetarian diets on calcium status because of the wide variety of eating practices and thus should be considered on a case by case basis.
Many claims are made about calcium's potential benefits in health promotion and disease prevention and treatment. This section focuses on several areas in which calcium is or might be involved: bone health and osteoporosis; cardiovascular disease; blood pressure regulation and hypertension; cancers of the colon, rectum, and prostate; kidney stones; and weight management.
Bone health and osteoporosis
Bones increase in size and mass during periods of growth in childhood and adolescence, reaching peak bone mass around age 30. The greater the peak bone mass, the longer one can delay serious bone loss with increasing age. Everyone should therefore consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D throughout childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. When calcium intake is low or ingested calcium is poorly absorbed, bone breakdown occurs as the body uses its stored calcium to maintain normal biological functions. Bone loss also occurs as part of the normal aging process, particularly in postmenopausal women due to decreased amounts of estrogen.
Osteoporosis, a disorder characterized by porous and fragile bones, is a serious public health problem for more than 10 million U.S. adults over the age of 50, 80% of whom are women. (Another 34 million have osteopenia, or low bone mass, which precedes osteoporosis.) Many factors increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including being female, thin, inactive, or of advanced age; smoking cigarettes; drinking excessive amounts of alcohol; and having a family history of osteoporosis [50].
Various bone mineral density (BMD) tests are available to measure the amount of calcium and other minerals in bones in the spine, hip, and/or forearm. The T-score from these tests compares an individual's BMD to an optimal BMD (that of a healthy 30-year old adult). A T-score of -1.0 or above indicates normal bone density, -1.0 to -2.5 indicates low bone mass (osteopenia), and lower than -2.5 indicates osteoporosis [51]. Although osteoporosis affects individuals of all races, ethnicities, and both genders, women are at highest risk because their skeletons are smaller than those of men and because of the accelerated bone loss that accompanies menopause.
Osteoporosis is most associated with fractures of the hip, vertebrae, wrist, pelvis, ribs, and other bones [52]. An estimated 1.5 million fractures occur each year in the United States due to osteoporosis [53]. Supplementation with calcium plus vitamin D has been shown to be effective in reducing fractures and falls (which can cause fractures) in institutionalized older adults [1,54]. However, among community-dwelling postmenopausal women with no symptoms of bone disease such as osteoporosis, daily supplementation with 1,000 mg or less of calcium and 400 IU or less of vitamin D will not help to prevent bone fractures [55]. Among these healthy individuals, intakes of both nutrients at recommended levels are important to overall bone health as one ages, but greater amounts appear to provide no additional benefits to bone.
Regular exercise and adequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D are critical to the development and maintenance of healthy bones throughout the life cycle. Both weight-bearing exercises (such as walking, running, and activities where one's feet leave and hit the ground and work against gravity) and resistance exercises (such as calisthenics and that involve weights) support bone health.
In 1993, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized a health claim related to calcium and osteoporosis for foods and supplements [56]. In January 2010, this health claim was expanded to include vitamin D. Model health claims include the following: "Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis" and "Adequate calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life" [56].
Cancer of the colon and rectum
Data from observational and experimental studies on the potential role of calcium in preventing colorectal cancer, though somewhat inconsistent, are highly suggestive of a protective effect [1]. Several studies have found that higher intakes of calcium from foods (low-fat dairy sources) and/or supplements are associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer [57-60]. In a follow-up study to the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study, supplementation with calcium carbonate led to reductions in the risk of adenoma (a nonmalignant tumor) in the colon, a precursor to cancer [61,62], even as long as 5 years after the subjects stopped taking the supplement [63]. In two large prospective epidemiological trials, men and women who consumed 700–800 mg per day of calcium had a 40%–50% lower risk of developing left-side colon cancer [64]. But other observational studies have found the associations to be inconclusive [60,65,66].
In the Women's Health Initiative, a clinical trial involving 36,282 postmenopausal women, daily supplementation with 1,000 mg of calcium and 400 International Units (IU) of vitamin D3 for 7 years produced no significant differences in the risk of invasive colorectal cancer compared to placebo [67]. The authors of a Cochrane systematic review concluded that calcium supplementation might moderately help prevent colorectal adenomas, but there is not enough evidence to recommend routine use of calcium supplements to prevent colorectal cancer [68]. Given the long latency period for colon cancer development, long-term studies are needed to fully understand whether calcium intakes affect colorectal cancer risk.
Cancer of the prostate
Several epidemiological studies have found an association between high intakes of calcium, dairy foods or both and an increased risk of developing prostate cancer [69-75]. However, others have found only a weak relationship, no relationship, or a negative association between calcium intake and prostate cancer risk [76-79]. The authors of a meta-analysis of prospective studies concluded that high intakes of dairy products and calcium might slightly increase prostate cancer risk [80].
Interpretation of the available evidence is complicated by the difficulty in separating the effects of dairy products from that of calcium. But overall, results from observational studies suggest that total calcium intakes >1,500 mg/day or >2,000 mg/day may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk (particularly advanced and metastatic cancer) compared with lower amounts of calcium (500–1,000 mg/day [1,81]. Additional research is needed to clarify the effects of calcium and/or dairy products on prostate cancer risk and elucidate potential biological mechanisms.
Cardiovascular disease
Calcium has been proposed to help reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by decreasing intestinal absorption of lipids, increasing lipid excretion, lowering cholesterol levels in the blood, and promoting calcium influx into cells [1]. However, data from prospective studies of calcium's effects on CVD risk are inconsistent, and whether dietary calcium has different effects on the cardiovascular system than supplemental calcium is not clear. In the Iowa Women's Health Study, higher calcium intake from diet and/or supplements was associated with reduced ischemic heart disease mortality in postmenopausal women [82]. Conversely, in a cohort of older Swedish women, both total and dietary calcium intakes of 1,400 mg/day and higher were associated with higher rates of death from CVD and ischemic heart disease than intakes of 600–1,000 mg/day [83]. Other prospective studies have shown no significant associations between calcium intake and cardiac events or cardiovascular mortality [81]. Data for stroke are mixed, with some studies linking higher calcium intakes to lower risk of stroke, and others finding no associations or trends in the opposite direction [81,83].
Several recent studies have raised concerns about the safety of calcium supplements with respect to CVD. Xiao and colleagues reported that men who took more than 1,000 mg/day supplemental calcium had a 20% higher risk of total CVD death than men who did not take supplemental calcium, but supplemental calcium intake in women was unrelated to CVD mortality [84]. In a reanalysis of data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), Bolland and colleagues found that calcium supplements (1,000 mg/day) taken with or without vitamin D (400 IU/day) increased the risk of cardiovascular events in women who were not taking calcium supplements when they entered the study [85]. Other studies have also shown that people who take calcium supplements have an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction [86-88] and coronary heart disease [89]. However, the authors of a 2013 analysis of WHI clinical trial data combined with data from the WHI observational study, which followed over 93,000 postmenopausal women for about 8 years, concluded that "there was little evidence for an adverse influence of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the risk for myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, total heart disease, stroke or total cardiovascular disease" [90].
Scientists hypothesize that any adverse effects of calcium supplementation on the cardiovascular system could be mediated through hypercalcemia which can occur when excessively high calcium intakes override normal homeostatic control of serum calcium levels [83]. Hypercalcemia has been associated with increased blood coagulation, vascular calcification, and arterial stiffness, thereby raising CVD risk [84,85,91,92]. High calcium intakes can also increase circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events [83]. Supplemental calcium, in particular, causes an acute increase in serum calcium levels, and some researchers hypothesize that this abrupt change, rather than total calcium load, could be responsible for the observed adverse effects [85].
Many scientists have questioned the strength of the available evidence that links supplemental calcium intake with CVD risk, noting that researchers have only considered CVD outcomes in secondary analyses of trial data and these outcomes have not been the primary endpoint of any calcium supplementation trials to date [91,93]. In their 2012 review of prospective studies and randomized clinical trials, Wang and colleagues concluded that calcium intake from diet or supplements appears to have little or no effect on CVD risk but the available evidence does not allow for a definitive conclusion [91]. The possibility that calcium supplements might harm the cardiovascular system has become a topic of much debate within the scientific community and warrants further investigation.
Blood pressure and hypertension
Several clinical trials have demonstrated a relationship between increased calcium intakes and both lower blood pressure and risk of hypertension [94-96], although the reductions are inconsistent. In the Women's Health Study, calcium intake was inversely associated with risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women [97]. However, other studies have found no association between calcium intake and incidence of hypertension [81]. The authors of a systematic review of the effects of calcium supplements for hypertension found any link to be weak at best, largely due to the poor quality of most studies and differences in methodologies [98].
Calcium's effects on blood pressure might depend upon the population being studied. In hypertensive subjects, calcium supplementation appears to lower systolic blood pressure by 2–4 mmHg, whereas in normotensive subjects, calcium appears to have no significant effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure [81].
Other observational and experimental studies suggest that individuals who eat a vegetarian diet high in minerals (such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium) and fiber and low in fat tend to have lower blood pressure [48,99-102]. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study was conducted to test the effects of three different eating patterns on blood pressure: a control "typical" American diet; one high in fruits and vegetables; and a third diet high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products. The diet containing dairy products resulted in the greatest decrease in blood pressure [103], although the contribution of calcium to this effect was not evaluated. Additional information and sample DASH menu plans are available on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Web site.
Kidney stones
Kidney stones in the urinary tract are most commonly composed of calcium oxalate. Some, but not all, studies suggest a positive association between supplemental calcium intake and the risk of kidney stones, and these findings were used as the basis for setting the calcium UL in adults [1]. In the Women's Health Initiative, postmenopausal women who consumed 1,000 mg of supplemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D per day for 7 years had a 17% higher risk of kidney stones than subjects taking a placebo [104]. The Nurses' Health Study also showed a positive association between supplemental calcium intake and kidney stone formation [105]. High intakes of dietary calcium, on the other hand, do not appear to cause kidney stones and may actually protect against developing them [1,105-108]. For most individuals, other risk factors for kidney stones, such as high intakes of oxalates from food and low intakes of fluid, probably play a bigger role than calcium intake [109].
Weight management
Several studies have linked higher calcium intakes to lower body weight or less weight gain over time [110-113]. Two explanations have been proposed. First, high calcium intakes might reduce calcium concentrations in fat cells by decreasing the production of two hormones (parathyroid hormone and an active form of vitamin D) that increase fat breakdown in these cells and discourage fat accumulation [112]. Secondly, calcium from food or supplements might bind to small amounts of dietary fat in the digestive tract and prevent its absorption [112,114,115]. Dairy products, in particular, might contain additional components that have even greater effects on body weight than their calcium content alone would suggest [116-121].
Despite these findings, the results from clinical trials have been largely negative. For example, dietary supplementation with 1,500 mg/day of calcium (from calcium carbonate) for 2 years was found to have no clinically significant effects on weight in 340 overweight and obese adults as compared with placebo [122]. Three reviews of published studies on calcium from supplements or dairy products on weight management came to similar conclusions [81,123,124]. A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials published in 2006 concluded that neither calcium supplementation nor increased dairy product consumption had a statistically significant effect on weight reduction [123]. More recently, a 2009 evidence report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality concluded that, overall, clinical trial results do not support an effect of calcium supplementation on weight loss [81]. Also, a 2012 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found no benefit of an increased consumption of dairy products on body weight and fat loss in long-term studies [124]. Overall, the results from clinical trials do not support a link between higher calcium intakes and lower body weight or weight loss.
Excessively high levels of calcium in the blood known as hypercalcemia can cause renal insufficiency, vascular and soft tissue calcification, hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in the urine) and kidney stones [1]. Although very high calcium intakes have the potential to cause hypercalcemia [83], it is most commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy [1].
High calcium intake can cause constipation. It might also interfere with the absorption of iron and zinc, though this effect is not well established [1]. High intake of calcium from supplements, but not foods, has been associated with increased risk of kidney stones [1,104,105]. Some evidence links higher calcium intake with increased risk of prostate cancer, but this effect is not well understood, in part because it is challenging to separate the potential effect of dairy products from that of calcium [1]. Some studies also link high calcium intake, particularly from supplements, with increased risk of cardiovascular disease [83-89].
The Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for calcium established by the Food and Nutrition Board are listed in Table 3 in milligrams (mg) per day. Getting too much calcium from foods is rare; excess intakes are more likely to be caused by the use of calcium supplements. NHANES data from 2003–2006 indicate that approximately 5% of women older than 50 years have estimated total calcium intakes (from foods and supplements) that exceed the UL by about 300–365 mg [1,6].
Calcium supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications. This section provides a few examples. Individuals taking these medications on a regular basis should discuss their calcium intake with their healthcare providers.
Calcium can decrease absorption of the following drugs when taken together: biphosphonates (to treat osteoporosis), the fluoroquinolone and tetracycline classes of antibiotics, levothyroxine, phenytoin (an anticonvulsant), and tiludronate disodium (to treat Paget's disease) [125-127].
Thiazide-type diuretics can interact with calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplements, increasing the risks of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria [126].
Both aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids increase urinary calcium excretion. Mineral oil and stimulant laxatives decrease calcium absorption. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, can cause calcium depletion and eventually osteoporosis when they are used for months [126].
The federal government's 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "nutrients should come primarily from foods. Foods in nutrient-dense, mostly intact forms contain not only the essential vitamins and minerals that are often contained in nutrient supplements, but also dietary fiber and other naturally occurring substances that may have positive health effects. ...Dietary supplements...may be advantageous in specific situations to increase intake of a specific vitamin or mineral."
For more information about building a healthful diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's food guidance system, MyPlate.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy diet as one that:
This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific brand name is not an endorsement of the product.
Reviewed: March 14, 2013


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I am very much interested in finding out about any category theoretical work on dynamical systems and on ergodic theory. On the face of it, it seems that a categorical language can go a long way, at least this is my impression by reading the first few pages of the great book by Furstenberg, ``Recurrence in Ergodic Theory and Combinatorial Number Theory.'' I have also seen some categorical language used in Terry Tao's lectures on ergodic theory (MATH 254A : Topics in Ergodic Theory.) Does anyone know of any other work? Especially, are there non-trivial results in ergodic theory that are proven using categorical constructions and theorems?
Esfan Haghverdi

subset: commoncrawl


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Man accused of killing Hartford woman ruled competent
A Washington County man accused of killing a Hartford woman in her bedroom was found competent to continue with the criminal case.
Daniel Bartelt, 19, walked into a Washington County courtroom Wednesday morning and flashed a smile at his family.
Bartelt is charged with first-degree intentional homicide in the death of his friend, and once girlfriend, Jessie Blodgett.
In July, the young actress and musician's mother found her strangled to death in her bed at their home in Hartford.
Wednesday morning, the doctor's report came back finding Bartelt competent to continue with the criminal case.
Blodgett's mother said her family feels it's important to show up at every hearing so justice can be served for her daughter.
Bartelt remains in jail. His bail is set at $750,000. He is scheduled to back in court next month for his preliminary hearing.
Bartelt is also charged with attacking another woman in a Richfield park three days before Blodgett was killed.


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Launchers from Europe's Spaceport
A set of panels giving an overview of the three launchers from Europe's Spaceport: Ariane 5, Vega and Soyuz.
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Blade Length: 3.50"
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The train was travelling at top speed when the accident occurred. After decades of service the rail line finally snapped, buckling in front of the locomotive and forcing it off the track. Mercifully the top speed in question was a shade under twenty miles per hour, and the passengers were able to disembark safely and push the vehicle back. After a spot of ad hoc welding under an unforgiving sun, the line was back in service, and the train rolled into Phnom Penh the following afternoon – sixteen hours late, but just about in one piece. If you want your trains to take you smoothly, safely and efficiently from A to B, head to Japan. If you want the diametric opposite, come to Cambodia.
Cambodia's trains largely exist to transport freight, rather than people – most sport just one passenger carriage, which may itself be filled with livestock or other goods. Some passengers, indeed, find it preferable to sit on top of the train, clambering up in the manner of an action-movie stuntman, then clinging on for dear life as the carriage wobbles its way forward. Any discomfort is mitigated by cheery locals, waving from the fields, and stupendous views of the Cambodian countryside – on the way from Sihanoukville to Phnom Penh, the line aims straight at photogenic Mount Bokor for what seems like an eternity, then spends almost as long inching its way around the picturesque peak.
The train schedules are far from fixed, while the journey itself is sometimes free – on the day of the aforementioned accident, none of the passengers had been required to buy tickets because the stationmaster was asleep in his bedroom, which doubled as the station's ticketing booth. Such loose schedules call for the occasional burst of creativity – from some stations, late-arriving passengers can be whisked up to the train aboard a rail-adapted Honda cub. Taking the bullet train? Way too predictable.
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I can't believe it's that time again, but yes, I am having a birthday! I'm pretty sure I'm only going to be 27, but I'm giving you a discount of 47% off my entire store!! (whew, that lightening strike was close!) This sale is only Friday, May 27th and continuing through Monday, May 30th, so hurry in!
To recognize Memorial Day, check out my America the Beautiful Collection. With full kits, add ons, quick pages, hybrid albums, and clusters, there's something for everyone! Check out a few of the items below, then shop for the full collection here.
In memory of two special people I lost this month--Miss Dawn and Auntie Betty--please enjoy this free mini kit that coordinates with America the Beautiful.
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SN 6 | EP 9 | The Finale
Momentous changes threaten the owners and servants of Downton Abbey.
Available: Amazon Prime, Amazon.com, Google Play
This British drama series follows the lives of the Crawley family and its servants in the family's classic Georgian country house. The series begins with the 1912 sinking of the Titanic, which leaves Downton Abbey's future in jeopardy, since the presumptive heirs of Robert, Earl of Grantham -- his cousin James, and James' son, Patrick -- die in the catastrophe, leaving the family without a male offspring to take over Downton when the current lord dies. The point is important since Lord Grantham's children are daughters -- Ladies Mary, Edith and Sybil, but the facets of their lives and of those of the below-stairs staff -- also a highly regimented world -- have fascinating story lines.
Historical drama, Drama
Julian Fellowes
Maggie Smith,
Hugh Bonneville,
Robert Crawley
Elizabeth McGovern,


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This story appears in the January 2012 issue of National Geographic magazine.
Delicately brushing away the soil with his fingers, Aki Ra uncovers a dark green land mine buried two inches beneath the overgrown dirt road. The size of a large soup can, the mine was planted by the Khmer Rouge about 15 years ago on this ox track in northwestern Cambodia—the most densely mined region of one of the most heavily mined countries in the world.
"This is the type 69 Bouncing Betty made in China," says Aki Ra, his breath fogging the blastproof visor of his helmet. Bouncing Betty is the American nickname for a bounding fragmentation land mine. The pressure of a footstep causes it to leap out of the ground and then explode, spraying shrapnel in every direction. It can shred the legs of an entire squad.
Soft-spoken and cherubic, Aki Ra knows the inner workings of the Bouncing Betty and just about every other variety of mine. In the mid-1970s, when he was five, the Khmer Rouge separated him from his parents and took him into the jungle with other orphans. At that time, Pol Pot, commander of the Khmer Rouge, had plunged the country into chaos, closing schools, hospitals, factories, banks, and monasteries; executing teachers and businessmen; and forcing millions of city dwellers into a gulag of labor camps and farms. The small hands of children like Aki Ra were invaluable tools. He was trained to lay land mines, defuse and deconstruct enemy mines, and reuse the TNT for what are now called improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Some years later, when Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia, they dragooned Aki Ra into their army, and he was forced to fight against his former captors. When the United Nations' peacekeeping forces finally arrived in 1992, he'd been living in the jungle for some 15 years. He joined the UN as a deminer. When the peacekeepers left two years later, much of the best agricultural lands—vegetable gardens, pastures, rice fields—were still mined. Farmers trying to reclaim their fields were being blown to pieces. For a decade and a half, using only a knife and a stick, Aki Ra worked as an unpaid sapper, defusing rather than detonating land mines, reclaiming his country one square foot at a time. By his own count, he has defused some 50,000 devices: blast mines, antitank mines, bounding mines, and other explosives.
"I found a lot of mines that I laid," he says with a conflicted sense of pride and shame.
Now a certified deminer, he has his own squad, the Cambodian Self Help Demining team, partially funded by the U.S. The deminers use special metal detectors to search for explosives; that's how they found the Bouncing Betty.
Sweat is dripping off Aki Ra's face as he carefully places a small charge beside the land mine, attaches wires, and runs a thin cable a hundred yards away. Like all official demining organizations, Aki Ra's team no longer defuses land mines but detonates them in situ instead. Squatting behind a tree, he pushes the red button. The explosion is terrifying. With half a grin, Aki Ra says, "One less land mine, one less child without a leg."
In the warfare that raged in Cambodia from 1970 until 1998, all sides used land mines. There are more than 30 different types. Villagers have prosaic names for them based on their appearance: the frog, the drum, the betel leaf, the corncob. Most were manufactured in China, Russia, or Vietnam, a few in the United States. Pol Pot, whose regime was responsible for the deaths of some 1.7 million Cambodians between 1975 and 1979, purportedly called land mines his "perfect soldiers." They never sleep. They wait, with limitless patience. Although weapons of war, land mines are unlike bullets and bombs in two distinct ways. First, they are designed to maim rather than kill, because an injured soldier requires the help of two or three others, reducing the enemy's forces. Second, and most sinister, when a war ends, land mines remain in the ground, primed to explode. Only 25 percent of land mine victims around the world are soldiers. The rest are civilians—boys gathering firewood, mothers sowing rice, girls herding goats.
Despite its horrific history, Cambodia has now become a model for how a nation can recover from the scourge of land mines. There are more than a dozen programs for demining, land mine risk education, and survivor assistance in the country. The number of men, women, and children killed or injured each year by mines (both antipersonnel and antitank), explosive remnants of war, or IEDs has fallen from a high of 4,320 in 1996 to 286 in 2010. Survivors are offered medical and vocational assistance. Every schoolchild is taught about the dangers of explosives. Contests have even been held for the best hip-hop songs about land mine awareness.
"I've been rude since I was young," a male performer boasts in one winning song. "I can only make things from bombs."
"No need to exaggerate and show off to me," the female chorus replies. "I don't care and don't want to hear about this."
Major minefields have been mapped and are being systematically demined. There's even a Cambodia Landmine Museum, created by Aki Ra. Located outside Siem Reap, a provincial capital, it displays the mines and ordnance that he deactivated. With support from Americans Bill and Jill Morse, who founded the Landmine Relief Fund, Aki Ra also cares for and educates 35 children at an orphanage.
Worldwide, millions of land mines are buried in nearly 80 countries and regions—from Angola to Afghanistan, Vietnam to Zimbabwe. That's one of every three nations. Many of them are following Cambodia's example. In 2002 almost 12,000 people worldwide were reported killed or maimed by land mines or other explosives. Since then, annual casualties have fallen to fewer than 4,200. This dramatic improvement is a direct result of the Mine Ban Treaty signed in Ottawa, Canada, in 1997, an international agreement banning the use, production, or transfer of land mines and calling for mandatory destruction of stockpiles. Today 157 countries have become party to the treaty, including Afghanistan, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Rwanda; but 39 countries have refused to join, including China, Russia, North Korea, and the U.S.
The American position is complicated. The United States has not used antipersonnel land mines since 1991, not exported them since 1992, and not produced them since 1997. But the nation has a stockpile of some 10 million land mines, and prior to the '90s, it exported 4.4 million antipersonnel land mines, an unknown number of which are still in the ground. Ian Kelly, a State Department spokesman, described the government's official position in 2009: "We would not be able to meet our national defense needs nor our security commitments to our friends and allies if we signed this convention." Nonetheless, under pressure from the United States Campaign to Ban Landmines, the Obama Administration has been conducting a comprehensive review of its land mine policy.
Despite its refusal to join the treaty, the U.S. has done more to counteract mines than any other country, spending $1.9 billion during the past 18 years through the Humanitarian Mine Action Program—roughly a quarter of the total spent on demining and other remediation activities around the world. There's been a special emphasis on helping Cambodia, which has received more than $80 million since 1993.
As in many countries, the vast majority of demining in Cambodia is done by hand. Demining machines—30-ton, dinosaur-size rototillers that flail the earth to a depth of 12 inches—are exceedingly expensive. Only three are in use, along with 50 or so dogs trained to sniff out a mine. But in the end, a human must dig it out.
Demining operations have strict protocols. Outfitted in heavy, high-collared, crotch-protecting flak jackets and thick-visored helmets, a team of 10 to 25 deminers line up along the edge of a minefield with garden tools and a metal detector. Moving forward in yard-wide lanes, they first clear the vegetation from each three-foot-square block, then sweep the ground with the detectors. They toil straight through monsoonal rains and scorching heat, moving the detectors across the ground, listening for the telltale beep.
The salary is decent for Cambodia—about $160-$250 a month—but money is not the main motivation. When Hong Cheat was five or six years old, a cow he was tending stepped on a land mine. The explosion killed his mother and father and blew off his right leg. He was surviving on the streets of Phnom Penh as a beggar when Aki Ra adopted him and trained him to be a deminer.
"I like to clear the land mines," says Cheat. "I don't want to see any more people like me in my country."
There's a new sense of hope spreading across Cambodia. The country is becoming a place where you can dream of a better life—and where sometimes, those dreams come true. Just ask Miss Landmine Cambodia.
Dos Sopheap, a young woman from Battambang Province, lost her leg to a mine when she was six years old. Her father, then a soldier, was carrying her in his arms through the forest at night when someone in front of them stumbled on a trip wire. Her leg was amputated high above the knee, and she has always used crutches with her false leg—until now.
To the tearful clapping of her family, Sopheap is taking her new titanium prosthesis for a test run around their dirt front yard, scattering the ducks and chickens. As befits a beauty queen, she is wearing a flouncy, peach-colored dress lit up like a rose by the setting sun. Her twin sisters hang on to each arm as she walks stiffly in circles, and her mother weeps.
Competing against 19 other women who had also lost limbs, Sopheap won the 2009 title of Miss Landmine Cambodia through an Internet vote based on her photo. She was awarded $1,000 in cash and a $15,000 state-of-the-art prosthesis. The beauty pageant was founded by Morten Traavik, an eccentric Norwegian theater director who organized the first contest in Angola in 2008.
"The goal is to bring attention to the global issue of land mine contamination," Traavik had told me earlier at a beauty parlor in Battambang where Sopheap was being coiffed and made up for a photo shoot, "and to make us think about how we, able-bodied people, look at disabled people, and not least how disabled people perceive themselves and present themselves."
"It was so hard to watch other children run and play in the schoolyard," says Sopheap's mother. The other children teased the young girl. But that didn't discourage her. Beautiful and quiet, she became a top student, ranking fifth in her high school class. The other kids now call her Miss Landmine, which pleases her. She hopes to become an accountant someday. Her mother later confides that Sopheap also "just wants to be like the other girls and be able to wear jeans."
People aren't the only victims of land mines. A country's economy is crippled too. More than 60 percent of Cambodians are farmers, who can't work a field if it's mined, can't earn an income, and can't feed their families. This is one reason why so many other mine-poisoned countries have struggled for so long after armed conflict has ended.
"There's a clear link between land mine contamination and poverty," says Jamie Franklin of Mines Advisory Group (MAG), one of the major demining operations in Cambodia. Franklin has a large map of the country on the wall of his office in Phnom Penh. The eastern half is splattered with thousands of tiny red and purple dots, representing U.S. bombing raids during the Vietnam War. The western half is marked with hundreds of yellow squares, representing minefields. Unexploded ordnance and minefields are huge obstacles to increased agricultural production, which the government believes is necessary for economic development and recovery.
MAG has demined thousands of acres of contaminated land during the past two decades, including the village of Prey Pros in central Cambodia, where brilliant green squares of flooded rice fields shimmer as far as the eye can see. In Prey Pros, you can hear hammers and laughter. Crops have been good for the past few years, and residents are building homes.
Thath Khiev, the village chief, bounced a naked baby on his knee while his wife stirred a cauldron of bubbling rice. Seventeen years ago, their world was very different.
"We did not have enough food to eat," Khiev tells me. "We could not grow rice on our own land because the soldiers had laid the mines." Prey Pros was once a garrison for Cambodian government forces. Two companies of soldiers were stationed here to protect a nearby bridge. To deter the Khmer Rouge, the bridge was mined and the village's rice fields were also heavily mined as a no-man's-land perimeter. Even footpaths in the village were mined. "It was very difficult," Khiev says.
MAG demined the area around Prey Pros in 1994 and 1995, removing 379 antipersonnel mines and 32 unexploded ordnance.
"Now we can walk safely to the rice fields and work freely without fear of mines," Khiev says. Tossing his grandson in the air, he adds, "It's safe for little children. If they want to swim in the river, in the lake, they can."
As villages and rice paddies like Prey Pros have been cleared, Cambodia's economy has grown stronger. In 1999, the first full year of peace, Cambodia had a gross national income (GNI) of $10 billion and a per capita annual income of $820; 11 years later, in 2010, the GNI had almost tripled to $29 billion, and personal income had more than doubled to $2,040.
Since 1992 demining has cleared about 270 square miles, but there are still some 250 square miles of contaminated land left. Currently, 23 to 31 square miles are cleared a year, which means it will take another decade to rid Cambodia of mines and other explosives—a goal that has been achieved in less heavily mined countries like El Salvador, Honduras, and Albania.
"We simply cannot clear them fast enough," Franklin says.
Even though deminers are still busy, Cambodia is no longer a devastated nation. Cities and villages throb with industriousness.
"We have a future now," says San Mao.
Short and muscled, Mao is an elite runner. He rises at four o'clock every morning to train, threading five miles through the wet, black streets of Phnom Penh. An hour later, after changing his curved fiberglass prosthesis for a rubber foot, he goes to work, whizzing around town as a motorcycle taxi driver. At five in the afternoon, he picks up his young daughter from school, then goes out for another run. His efforts have paid off.
Nine times in recent years, Mao has won the Angkor Wat International artificial leg ten-kilometer foot race, part of the Angkor Wat International Half Marathon, which was founded in 1996 to help land mine survivors.
He doesn't run just to win races. Running has calmed his mind. He used to get headaches from thinking too much about the past. "Now I focus on making a living for just one day, on eating for one day," he says, almost smiling.
Mao was a 15-year-old farm boy in 1987 when he was kidnapped by the Khmer Rouge. Soldiers dragged him away from his family into the jungle near the Thai border, forcing him to carry ammunition and refusing to feed him. One morning he spotted fruit beneath a tree. The next thing he remembers he was lying in the mud, blood everywhere. The tree had been booby-trapped. "I cannot find anything to compare to the pain," whispers Mao. "I died there."
Three days later, unconscious but alive, he was found by other soldiers, who carried him to a hospital across the border in Thailand. Doctors amputated his leg below the knee. Upon returning to Cambodia, he began vocational training sponsored by Handicap International. That's where he met Ouch Vun, his future wife.
Today the couple live in central Phnom Penh with their daughter and ten other tenants. Their corrugated metal shack is set on stilts above a swamp with floating garbage. Inside, the walls are papered with pages from a pop culture magazine. Mao's race medals hang from nails behind the TV.
When I visit, Regina, their seven-year-old, offers me a bottle of water, then sits in her father's lap. Ouch Vun hobbles over and places a whirring electric fan before me, then awkwardly seats herself beside her husband, tucking her sarong over her artificial leg.
Vun is so shy she barely speaks. Her eyes drop when I look at her. She tells me that her right leg was blown off in 1990 when she was digging for gold with her impoverished family. "When the doctor cut off my leg, I cried for months," she says.
Regina has been watching first her father, then her mother, tell their stories. Mao is stroking her hair, Vun lightly touching her arm. Unlike her parents when they were her age, she can walk without fear of suffering the same fate.
A week later, on a mild December morning, a crowd of hundreds cheers the start of the Angkor Wat ten-kilometer race. It's a fitting location for the biggest race of its kind in Cambodia, with 50 or more runners. The famous ruins were once indiscriminately planted with land mines. Today Angkor Wat is one of the world's most popular tourist destinations.
When San Mao first comes into view, the clapping and cheering swell. Sweat streaks his cropped black hair; his round face is as calm as Buddha's. Whether he knows it or not, Mao is the embodiment of a country transcending its past. His feet, one muscle and bone, the other bowed fiberglass, are like wings. When they carry him first across the finish line, Cambodians erupt in jubilation.


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10 talking points after the 10th EHF FINAL4
HC Vardar are the winners of the VELUX EHF Champions League 2018/2019, after claiming their second title. Their journey to the trophy at the VELUX EHF FINAL4 in Cologne was magnificent and a joy to witness. Congratulations Vardar!
Here are the last 10 talking points of the season, symbolising the 10-year anniversary of the FINAL4 in Cologne.
10 is the number
There could have been no better way to finish the 10th anniversary of the VELUX EHF FINAL4 than having player number 10 score the trophy-winning goal.
HC Vardar's Latvian international Dainis Kristopans, who wears the number 10 shirt, secured the decisive goal in the 27:24 victory.
Kristopans had a great season, tallying 94 goals in the competition. Only Kielce's Alex Dujshebaev scored more – 99 – and he claimed the Champions League 2018/19 top scorer trophy, becoming the first Spaniard ever to do so.
Put your sound on and sing along - they are the champions!@HCVardar 🔊🎶🏆🎆#veluxehfcl #ehffinal4 #hellocologne pic.twitter.com/sWBx6bRp5I— EHF Champions League (@ehfcl) June 2, 2019
The Croatians make history
Croatians Ivan Cupic and Igor Karacic made history with HC Vardar this weekend. Karacic was the first Croatian awarded the VELUX EHF FINAL4 2019 MVP title.
Meanwhile, Cupic is the first player to claim the trophy three times at the VELUX EHF FINAL4. He previously took the title with Kielce in 2016 and Vardar 2017.
Parrondo in the history books
HC Vardar's coach, Roberto Garcia Parrondo, won the Champions League title for his first time as a coach. He also took the title two times as a player with BM Ciudad Real, in 2008 and 2009.
Parrondo is only the second person to win the Champions League as both a player and a coach, joining fellow Spaniard Talant Dujshebaev.
Magnificent turnaround
Vardar's victory is also interesting because of their status in the semi-final against Barça Lassa.
Vardar were seven goals behind at half-time, 9:16, before turning the tide and winning 29:27. The score at half-time was the biggest ever in a semi-final at any men's EHF FINAL4.
🔴 Meet @HCVardar , champions of the VELUX EHF FINAL4! 🙌#ehffinal4 #hellocologne #veluxehfcl— EHF Champions League (@ehfcl) June 2, 2019
📷 © EHF / Heimken, Hocevar, Lämmerhirt, Stadler pic.twitter.com/u6xBJfzRze
Vardar join Barcelona and Kiel
HC Vardar made history two years ago by winning their maiden EHF Champions League title, as they were the first Macedonian side to take the title in Europe's top competition. Winning it again in 2019, Vardar became only the third team to raise the trophy at the EHF FINAL4 in Cologne twice.
Only THW Kiel (2010 and 2012) and Barça (2011 and 2015), have achieved that in the 10-year history of the event in Cologne.
Wild celebrations from an ecstatic @HCVardar who cap off their season with the VELUX EHF FINAL4 title 🏆#veluxehfcl #ehffinal4 #hellocologne pic.twitter.com/nHMQCJgVrk— EHF Champions League (@ehfcl) June 2, 2019
No 'fourth time's a charm'
Telekom Veszprém HC are likely to have nightmares returning from Cologne. This was the fourth time the Hungarian side played the final – and the fourth time they lost.
Veszprém also reached the final in 2002, 2015 and 2016 – and they did not manage to change their fortunes in 2019.
You are the greatests for us!#WeAreVeszprem #HandballCity #AllReds #ehffinal4 pic.twitter.com/X52iUSdQIL— VeszprémHandballTeam (@mkbveszpremkc) June 2, 2019
Goal record for the bronze
The bronze-medal match where Barça Lassa beat PGE Vive Kielce 40:35 was a thriller – and saw the teams make history.
Never before have fans at the EHF FINAL4 in Cologne seen 75 goals in regular time of one match. This was also the first time in history that a team scored 40 goals in 60 minutes at the EHF FINAL4.
The previous record for a high-scoring game in the EHF FINAL4 was in 2013 – 72 goals in the semi-final between THW Kiel and HSV Hamburg, 39:33.
Difficile d'être heureux aujourd'hui malgré notre victoire face à Kielce...— Ludovic Fàbregas (@LudovicFabregas) June 2, 2019
J'espère que l'on aura la chance de revenir à Cologne prochainement 🇩🇪
L'apprentissage continue !
Merci à nos supporters d'avoir fait le déplacement 👏#ViscaBarça 🔵🔴 pic.twitter.com/kjEAxXL5dc
First time Kielce leave empty handed
PGE Vive Kielce are the only team returning from the EHF FINAL4 in Cologne empty handed – and they do it for the first time, after losing the bronze-medal match against Barça 35:40.
Kielce had never lost a 3/4 placement match in Cologne before. They won the bronze medal in 2013 (31:30 against THW Kiel) and 2015 (28:26 against Kiel).
Nie udało się wygrać brązowego medal @ehfcl, ale drużyna zostawiła na parkiecie dużo serca! Dziękujemy Wam za to, że byliście z nami cały sezon i przez ostatni weekend w Kolonii!#gramyrazem #AllForOne #Kielce #dawajDawaj #handball— PGE VIVE Kielce (@kielcehandball) June 2, 2019
fot. @PatryckPtak pic.twitter.com/sBEObUfoiO
It's all for the fans
Without the supporters, the EHF FINAL4 event in Cologne would not be the same. The fans have been amazing all season and did not disappoint when they were most needed.
Mad scenes outside the team hotel in Cologne! @HCVardar #hellocologne #ehffinal4 #veluxehfcl pic.twitter.com/oW25OorIgg— EHF Champions League (@ehfcl) June 2, 2019
After the final with our fans.#WeAreVeszprem #AllReds pic.twitter.com/xtdRcW5vGR— VeszprémHandballTeam (@mkbveszpremkc) June 2, 2019
Mil gràcies per el què ens heu donat, i per el què ens heu demostrat aquest cap de setmana!🙏🏻❤— Victor Tomas (@VictorTomas8) June 2, 2019
Gracias por lo que nos habéis dado y nos habéis demostrado este fin de semana.
Thanks for everything you have done for us and for what you have made us feel this weekend. pic.twitter.com/Lbu8rWlqV5
Tak kielczanie wspierają drużynę na Stadionie Lekkoatletycznym podczas wspólnego oglądania meczu!#gramyrazem #handball @ehfcl #dawajDawaj #Kielce— PGE VIVE Kielce (@kielcehandball) June 1, 2019
fot. @ABMprojekt pic.twitter.com/RilAJwQhQC
Did the fans predict the title?
The VELUX EHF Champions League All-star Team 2018/19 was unveiled before the first match of the EHF FINAL4 in Cologne. Interestingly, the soon-to-be champions dominated the team voted for by the fans.
Parrondo was voted the best coach and four of his players were also named in the team: goalkeeper Dejan Milosavljev, left wing Timur Dibirov, right back Dainis Kristopans and right wing Ivan Cupic.
Dibirov and Cupic appeared in the All-star Team for the second time. Dibirov was voted the best left wing in the 2013/14 season and Cupic was the 2012/13 All-star right wing.
Author: Andri Yrkill Valsson / cg


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Stampede Earn A Point In Shootout Loss At Tri-City
KEARNEY, NE -- Tony Calderone's goal with 1:17 left in regulation tied the game 2-2, but the Sioux Falls Stampede came up on the short end of a five-round shootout and fell 3-2 to the Tri-City Storm Friday night in the first of two games this weekend at the Viaero Event Center.
The Herd (21-12-4) earned a point in the shootout loss and pulled within two points of third place Sioux City in the Western Conference.
Keith Burchett scored the Herd's other goal in regulation while David Jacobson stopped 33 of 35 shots in goal for the Herd who are 1-5-2 in their last eight games.
After a scoreless first period in which the Storm outshot the Herd 10-8, the Stampede registered the first goal of the game 4:03 into the second when Burchett tallied his 13th goal of the season. Newly acquired defenseman Garrett Cecere earned the assist on the goal as he held the puck inside the right circle and waited patiently for Burchett who was wide open inside the left circle and one-timed the pass past Tri-City goaltender Hayden Lavigne to make 1-0.
Just two minutes later things got a bit ugly as off a face-off, Stampede forward Dennis Kravchenko was mugged by Storm center Drew Mayer which created several fights at one time. Mayer and Jalen Schulz were sent to the showers while Ed McGovern and C.J. Franklin were also sent off early. Franklin was given a fighting major and game misconduct while McGovern was handed a game ejection after being the third man in on a fight. The mess resulted in the Stampede having a five minute 5-on-4 power play, but the Herd were unable to muster anything on the advantage for the rest of the period and took a 1-0 lead into the locker room.
Tri-City controlled much of the third period and evened the score at 4:09 when Chris Wilkie took a pass from Christian Horn in the left corner and beat Jacobson through the pads to tie the game 1-1. It stayed that way until 16:07 when Wilkie struck again, this time a shot from the right point went off a Stampede leg and past Jacobson to give the Storm a 2-1 advantage. The Herd would pull Jacobson in the final two minutes for an extra attacker and it paid off with 1:17 remaining when Calderone picked up a loose rebound and backhanded it into the back of the net to tie the game 2-2.
The Herd would benefit from a too many men on the ice penalty against the Storm in the final seconds of regulation and had 1:53 of a 4-on-3 advantage to begin overtime. The Herd controlled play during the whole power play, but couldn't get the bounce they needed and were unable to score. The game would eventually go to a shootout where the Herd got a goal in round 1 from Kravchenko, but the Storm tied it in round 3 on a goal from Wilkie. The Herd were unable to score in round 4 and 5 and the Storm took the game in the fifth round when Daniel Labosky backhanded a shot past Jacobson's glove side to earn the victory, 3-2.
The Storm outshot the Stampede 36-30 and went 0-for-5 on the power play while the Stampede were 0-for-3. These two teams will meet again in the second game of the weekend series on Saturday at 7:05 PM
Courtesy: Sioux Falls Stampede


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$300 price tag its wallet-friendly for an unlocked phone
Largest display in a Nokia Lumia phone so far
Good value, Decent performance
4G smartphone on a budget
Svelte metallic design, Pentaband radio
Thinnest smartphone in the world
Stylish, powerful enough for most uses
The Ascend P6's physical design is impressive but it has too many other issues to recommend
'The HTC Desire 601 is a phone that gets close to the sort of specs you'd get in a top-end One-series phone, but at a slightly lower price.'
'The viewing angles of this IPS LCD screen are also quite decent.'
'capable dual-core processor'
Want BoomSound and Zoes but without the expense?
'All said, the display is actually of passable quality and offers an overall proper color reproduction, though there is a barely detectable cyan tint to it and viewing angles are just poor. '
Great bang for your hard-earned buck
Thin, with a big, bright screen, a zippy processor
Fast quad-core processor delivers great performance
Large 5-inch screen, but compact build
Beefy 1.5-gigahertz quad-core chip
Terrific for videos, games, and reading
Deep integrated S Pen features
Smooth UI with plenty of useful touches
Enormous battery, Expandable memory
Great design
Well built
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· Deliverytime: usually it needonly 2 -7 working days after receiving payment, for large quantity and OEMorders, it is about 15-25 working days. 10~21 days by standard airmail 7-10days by EMS express.
· Package:plastic bags to boxes or as your requests;
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Without giving away anything for the three or four people who've yet to see the film, there are some tear-jerking scenes in the gripping "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2."
Maybe the waterworks are spurred by the deaths of characters we've become attached through via all those books and movies. Or maybe we're shedding tears over the end of the series and lost youth – Harry's and perhaps our own.
If we're guilty of reading too much into what's a visceral impulse, that's nothing compared to a scientific finding that basically pegs the end of the all-but-forgotten 1979 remake of "The Champ" as the saddest movie scene of them all. In fact the scene is so sad, shrinks use it in experiments on sadness, according to a fascinating recent story on Smithsonian.com, which we stumbled onto via Moviefone.
Forgive us, though, if we're snickering, especially given the subject material. At the end of the movie, a boy (Ricky Schroder, before he was known as Rick) cries over his dead boxer dad (Jon Voight, before he was known as Angelina Jolie's father), begging him to "Wake up!" The movie, though, is otherwise largely forgettable, and lacks the fuller emotional punch packed by the 1931 original starring Jackie Cooper and Wallace Beery.
We're not heartless. Far from it. But the strongest tear-provoking scenes in our memory are associated with, frankly, much better films than the 1979 "Champ" reboot: The beginning of "Up" and the end of Charlie Chaplin's "City Lights." "Bambi" and "Old Yeller." "E.T." and "Saving Private Ryan."
The most emotional moments are driven by stories and characters we're deeply connected to, as shown by the response to the end of the "Harry Potter" movies, the most successful film series in Hollywood history (check out this Daily Beast collection of videos of fans crying and tweeting their accounts of blubbering over the finale). The reaction also speaks to the power of the communal experience of sitting in the dark with strangers and letting the tears flow unabashed.
Or to paraphrase the end of "Love Story," perhaps the most shameless cinematic tearjerker of them all, crying in the movies means never having to say you're sorry.
Hester is founding director of the award-winning, multi-media NYCity News Service at the City University of New York Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former City Editor of the New York Daily News, where he started as a reporter in 1992.


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——-we will never forget
words and music by:Phillip Morgan
A Song for the People of China
A song was heard in China
in the city of Beijing.
In the spring of 1989
you could hear the people sing.
And it was a song of freedom
that was rising in the square,
the world could feel the passion of
the people gathered there.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
For many nights and many days
waiting in the square.
"To build a better nation"
was the song that echoed there.
"For we are China's children,
we love our native land,
for brotherhood and freedom
we are joining hand in hand."
Oh children,blood is on the square.
Although our shoulders are still weak, although death for us is still seemingly too harsh to bear, we have to part with life, we have no choice, when history demands us to do so. Romantic fantacy of suffering can only be diapelled by suffering in reality. It is with spirit of death that we fight for life. It is with the desperation of saving this dispirited and selfish nation. We are offering ourselves – if we are not willing to die, who will?)
Then came the People's army
with trucks and tanks and guns.
The government was frightened
of their daughters and sons.
But in the square was courage and
a vision true and fair,
the Army of the People would not harm
the young ones there.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
On June the 3rd in China,
in the spring of '89,
an order came from high above
and passed on down the line.
The soldiers opened fire,
young people bled and died,
the blood of thousands on the square
that lies can never hide.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
For four more days of fury
the people faced the guns.
How many thousands slaughtered
when their grisly work was done?
they quickly burned the bodies
to hide their coward's shame,
but blood is thick upon their hands and
darkness on their names.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
There are tears that flow in China
for her children that are gone.
There is fear and there is hiding,
for the killing still goes on.
And the iron hand of terror can
buy silence for today,
but the blood that lies upon the square
cannot be washed away.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
Oh children,blood is on the square.
Tiananmen Massacre. The 1989 Student Democracy Movement, Beijing China.
Video: Tank man protester in Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 in China


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A Lovely Weekend
Friday night I went to see the Local Natives at the Music Box (formerly known as the Henry Fonda).
As soon as they came on stage I found myself going "awwww!"… They're all such cutie pies! My fave song from their set was their closer "Sun Hands". They all have so much energy, especially the 'stached one. I wish we didn't sit behind such wacked out people though. The entire night I saw arms flailing as they tried to mimic the drummer and "feel the music".
Did some knitting Saturday (I added two more stripes after the picture was taken). I thought it'd be nice to see what it would look like on so tried to put it over the mannequin…Failed though since I couldn't get it past the shoulders. The circs I'm using are 32″ and I was too lazy to switch them out. Lily stopped by to see what I was up to!
She wanted up on the couch (ahem, car seat) so I had to oblige.
And it was then I realized she doesn't ask for much…only company ❤
The last bunch of photos were taken with a new lens I picked up today. I'm in LOVE.


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Bigfoot movies don't get much sillier than Snow Beast, the 1977 TV movie about a mutant Bigfoot attacking a small town during its Winter Carnival. Here are our favorite Snow Beast moments, including the "deadly log rolling attack."
I love how the logs roll down the hillside and everybody just stands there watching them roll and going, "Uh, I guess we should step a few feet back to get out of the way of those logs." Until suddenly the logs knock over a Winnebago and impale a guy. Also great is the way the Bigfoot can't handle a flimsy barn door, and the way he carefully impales himself on a ski pole.
This movie's liberal use of "Bigfoot cam," which at one point just consists of the ski pole bobbing around on the camera for like three minutes as the Bigfoot dies slowly from ski-impalement, is pretty classic too. We only glimpse the creature a few times — which is probably a good thing considering how cheap it looks.
But this film also has great dialogue, including "Why are you being so facetious?" and the whole "You hired me to kill Bigfoot. Talk about friendship" scene in the hot tub. I think all conversations about slaughtering Bigfoot should take place in a sauna —- it's just more dramatic that way.
Here's the whole movie:


text:
When I read Tamura Jones' post on Google+ this morning about the closing down of TheOldReader I had a feeling of Deja Vu. (You can read the story at TheOldReader Blog).
I read the blog post then opened up TheOldReader in my browser, there was a message in a red banner at the top of the screen
" We have disabled user registration at The Old Reader, and we might be making the website private. If we do, unfortunately your account will not be transferred to the private site, so you might want to export your subscriptions as OPML and start looking for an alternative solution. More details are in available in our blog: http://blog.theoldreader.com"
That's it, my short honeymoon with this product that I enjoyed using was over. I totally understand the reasons why the volunteers who hosted the site have made this tough decision and I thank them for their efforts.
I needed to find an alternative and quickly. I went to TheOldReader settings and downloaded an OPML file of my feeds because I have only two weeks more access. I will be following my own advice and doing this regularly from my new reader. Not wanting to let the grass grow under my feet I registered with InoReader that was recommended by a few people around the traps.
My OPML file has been imported to InoReader and it looks as though all my Folders and Feeds (and in alphabetical order too) are there. The interface looks familiar (Google reader comes to mind) and I already feel comfortable navigating the site. Although it doesn't have an Android app yet it has a mobile browser interface so I can use that on my mobile devices.
I may have missed reading a few blog posts during the migration but I can live with that.
I hope this is the beginning of a long relationship not just a short fling.
Tuesday, July 30, 2013
The Honeymoon is over
3 comments:
- Rosemary said...
I've moved to AOL Reader for now. It's still in Beta testing with some associated problems, of course, but the forums list the requests for features and fixes, you can vote on which ones you want, and there is a status indicator to let you know if they are working on it, considering it, etc.
So far so good. It looks and acts a lot like Google Reader.
- August 1, 2013 at 8:53 AM
- Kristin said...
I moved when the servers went down a week or so ago. I don't like what I'm using as much as the Old Reader, but I'm not paying anything for it either.
- August 1, 2013 at 10:58 AM
- GeniAus said...
Hope you find your new readers more than satisfactory Rosemary and Kristin.
- August 1, 2013 at 2:09 PM
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text:
Sopexa 2014 Tasting: Bargains Amid White Wines
Who says you can't get a good bottle of wine under $15? A panel of journalists and sommeliers converged in London this past week to taste more than 170 French wines for the Sopexa 2014 Absolutely Cracking French Wines Tasting. White wines emerged as a...Read more »


text:
Ellen Page showed she preferred the natural look with this nude lip.
Ellen Page Long Straight Cut with Bangs
Ellen Page showed off her naturally straight locks with side-swept bangs at SXSW.
Browse: Ellen Page | Nude Lipstick | Long Straight Cut with Bangs
Popular Lookbooks see all looks »


text:
lay (something) at (one's) door(redirected from laid this at your door)
lay (something) at (one's) door
To assign blame or responsibility to one for something. The mayor wasn't directly involved, but the voters are going to lay this scandal at his door. We're short-staffed, so my boss is laying a lot of random stuff at my door.
lay something at someone's doorand put something at someone's door
1. Fig. to blame a problem on someone; to hold someone responsible for something. (Alludes to someone laying incriminating evidence at the door of a guilty person, perhaps in the night.) I'm laying responsibility for this mess at your door! Don't put this at my door!
2. Fig. to give or assign a problem to someone for solving. I am going to lay this problem right at your door. You are the one who can settle it. I will put this business at your door and hope you can do something about it.
lay at someone's door
Impute or lay the blame on someone; make someone responsible for something (usually discreditable). For example, That this law failed to pass can be laid at your door, Senator. [c. 1700]
lay something at someone's door
COMMON If you lay something at someone's door, you blame them for it. The paper says the blame for the riot must be laid at the door of the government. The robberies were now laid at Brady's door.
lay something at someone's doorregard or name someone as responsible for something.
This phrase may have arisen from the practice of leaving an illegitimate baby on the doorstep of the man who was identified as its father.


text:
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Tel: 020 7613 firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
We start the day with many sound issues, wonky-ness ensues. Also, Leigh's telephony box has been delayed in production, he is frustrated.
We talk about friend of the show David Pakman, smearing himself around the internet but still not mainstream media.
After the top of the hour, Tory calls in. We talk about a childs fake passport for her toy unicorn.
We have Florida news! The Kid's Wish foundation raises millions of dollars every year, but they only spend 3 cents for every dollar they receive on kids.


text:
Welcome to the Law Offices of E. Michael Linscheid. Mr. Linscheid has experience defending the rights of the accused in trial and appellate courts and administrative proceedings throughout Northern California in both California State and federal proceedings. If you are charged with a crime or under investigation, contact E. Michael Linscheid to schedule a free and confidential consultation.
E. Michael Linscheid is an experienced and professional trial attorney committed to defending the criminally accused.
Mr. Linscheid is a full service criminal defense attorney with experience defending the accused in a variety of criminal cases in both federal and state courts. Mr. Linscheid's experience ranges from defending individuals charged with serious felony offenses to DUI and traffic offenses. In addition, Mr. Linscheid has assisted individuals with clearing their records, including record expungements and certificates of rehabilitation. Mr. Linscheid has represented individuals whose assets were seized in civil and criminal forfeiture proceedings. Mr. Linscheid has also provided legal representation and consultation to medical marijuana associations and collectives.
Mr. Linscheid received his undergraduate degree from the University of California at San Diego. Mr. Linscheid received his law degree from the University of San Francisco, School of Law where he served as an Articles Editor on both the USF Law Review as well as the Intellectual Property Law Bulletin.
Mr. Linscheid is licensed by the State Bar of California and is a member of several legal associations including: the Bar Association of San Francisco, the California DUI Lawyers Association, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and the California Public Defenders Association.
In addition to being licensed to practice in the State of California, Mr. Linscheid is also licensed to practice in the Northern and Eastern Districts, United States Federal Courts as well as the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Mr. Linscheid has successfully defended criminal cases throughout Northern California in Alameda, Contra Costa, El Dorado, Fresno, Kern, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Placer, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma, and Yolo counties; federal district courts; as well as in appellate, administrative and civil forums at both the state and federal levels.
Confidential Consultation
Schedule a free and confidential consultation


text:
Pop-Culture | Posted by Alexa S on 09/12/2011
Observations in Target: Mass Marketing and Young Females
"Mom, look! That's Rocky and CeCe, from 'Shake it Up'! Can I pleeeeease get one of their clothes?" She stands on her tiptoes to reach the highest shelf and points to a t-shirt with an attached pinstriped vest that is almost identical to the one CeCe is wearing in the poster above the rack of clothes. "I like that one!"
My post-elementary school years have contained very little Disney Channel, which I consumed vigorously as a child. But after spending a week with a seven-year-old, I was fully informed on how Disney is functioning today. I know every person says this about the shows they watched when they were kids, but I truly believe that the shows were much better then, especially for girls. Or maybe it's just that …


text:
Feminist News
Interior Official Charged in Abramoff Probe
An official with the US Department of the Interior has been charged with a misdemeanor account of falsely claiming that he did not receive any prohibited gifts in 2003 in a financial filing. Roger G. Stillwell told the Washington Post that he had accepted gifts from disgraced lobbyist Jack Abramoff, including free dinners at AbramoffÆs restaurant and free tickets to RedskinsÆ games, though Stillwell claims the Post misquoted him, according to the Legal Times.
Stillwell is the desk officer for the Mariana Islands in the Interior DepartmentÆs Office of Insular Affairs, and the Post reports that before Stillwell took a position with the Interior Department, his communications firm did work on behalf of the Marianas government. Abramoff worked on behalf of the Marianas government and its garment industry to ensure that Congress would not pass laws to upgrade wages and working conditions for immigrant laborers, according to an investigative report in Ms. magazine.
The Marianas are subject to US laws, but are exempt from US minimum wage requirements and most provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Currently, some 30,000 temporary ōguestworkersö Ś predominately women Ś from China, the Philippines, and Thailand sew clothing for top-name American brands, which are then allowed to label the clothes Made in Saipan (USA), Made in Northern Mariana Islands (USA) or Made in the USA. Reduced to little more than indentured servants due to the high recruitment fees and the low minimum wage, many of these women have been subjected to long working hours (some up to 20 hours a day or even off the clock), and poor living conditions, according to Ms..
Representatives George Miller (D-CA), Hilda Solis (D-CA), and John Spratt (D-SC) introduced a bill earlier this month gradually increase its minimum wage (currently $3.15) until it reaches the federal minimum wage of the US and to follow the US Immigration and Nationality Act as if it were a state. The bill also prohibits the use of the ōMade in the USAö label on any products leaving the Marianas unless ōthe minimum wage was paid to the workers, all labor laws were obeyed, and no indentured servitude was allowed.ö
LEARN MORE For more on this exclusive Ms. investigative article, pick up Ms. magazine on a newsstand near you.
JOIN Ms. and receive the premier feminist magazine delivered to your door
Media Resources: Washington Post 6/29/06; Legal Times 6/29/06; Ms. Magazine Spring 2006


text: Huggies Essentials newborn review Up to 5kg weight range. Newborn nappie. Priced at $0.20. CHOICE Expert Rating 75% What is the CHOICE Expert Rating CHOICE Expert rating This is the product's overall performance score, based on key tests conducted by our industry experts in the CHOICE labs. Test Results Test Results Specs Specifications Features Features Recommended products Recommended View more details. We recommend nappies in all categories that score at least 80% overall and at least 70% for absorbency, rewet, velcro strength and leakage. Test results CHOICE Expert Rating View more details. This overall score is made up of absorbency (40%), leakage (30%), rewet (20%) and velcro strength scores (10%). Note: Only products within each type are directly comparable to one another, so use our filter tool to sort by type. 75% Absorbency score View more details. Using synthetic urine, gushes of the liquid are dosed into the centre of the nappy using a pump. For newborn nappies each gush is 30mL, for infant nappies it's 40mL, for crawler nappies it's 50mL, for toddler nappies it's 55mL, for walker nappies it's 60mL and for junior nappies it's 65mL. This simulates a child wearing the nappy overnight. We measure the amount of time it takes for the liquid to disappear. This is repeated four times with a five-minute gap between each gush. The total time taken for all four gushes to be absorbed is the absorption speed. 75% Leakage score View more details. This is a visual assessment where we check if any leaks come out the side of the nappy. 70% Rewet score View more details. Five minutes after the last gush from the absorption test, six pre-weighed dry filter papers are placed on the wet nappy and held down for 30 seconds. The filter paper is then removed and weighed. Ideally, the filter paper should remain relatively dry. 82% Velcro strength score View more details. We measure the force required to open the velcro tabs. 80% Leakage observed View more details. Based on the visual assessment leakage is rated as either: none, slight, light, moderate or heavy. Light Velcro strength observed View more details. Velcro strength is rated as weak, moderate or strong, depending on the force required to open the velcro tabs. Moderate Costs Price View more details. This is the cost per nappy. We used the price of the largest pack size available to determine the cost per nappy. $0.20 Pack cost View more details. This is the price of the largest pack we've found available. Prices may vary between stores. $6 Largest pack size available 28 Specifications Origin View more details. Where the product is manufactured according to the packaging. Australia Contact View more details. The website of the manufacturer. huggies.com.au Features Weight range View more details. This is the weight range as specified on the packaging. Up to 5kg Wetness indicator View more details. This is a line on the nappy that changes colour when the nappy is wet. It can be a useful indicator to parents/carers that the nappy is wet and might need changing. Yes


text:
Last Friday, May 7, I went to Brussels to participate in a symposium called Human Cities, on both researching and designing public spaces. The event, held in the Bozar art & media center, was at the same time an opening of the first festival with the same name, Human Cities: Celebrating Public Spaces. The festival is a large event, which will be hosted by the city for ten days, from May 6 till 16, and include multiple performances, urban installations, art exhibitions etc, etc.
The symposium gathered a very interesting crowd of practitioners – designers, social scientists, artists – who shared their ideas and projects related to 'public spaces'. What is a public space today? Can any non-private space in the city de defined as 'public'? Or it should have certain embedded characteristics to claim such a status? And who's defining those?
Tim Fendley from London-based AIG, Applied Information Group, presented a new way-finding system they developed for London. This was based on a very careful analysis of the existing (messy) of city navigation, confusing millions of the guests and dwellers alike. The new system affords a more efficient and less stressful navigation through the city, and also takes into account different 'modes', or motivations people may have while moving across the city.
Bas Raijmakers, a founder of a recently opened research and design practices STBY, told about a very interesting project they've done in England. The goal was to find a 'new future' for the old abandoned industrial complex in East England, which is an interesting and noble goal itself etc. But what's interesting is how they've approached it: I knew before that Bas & Co are very keen on video-ethnography, and always heavily ground their design on in-depth contextual research. But this time Bas also told about their people-involvement strategies, including involving people in co-designing and eventually co-creating possible futures, and and the range of interesting tools STBY uses for these purposes. We agreed to catch-up in the future to discuss possible collaboration.
There were many more interesting presentation, and I placed a large set of pictures I took to my set at Flickr (Human Cities Symposium, Brussels 2010); some of the presentations can be easily reconstructed from these images (such as the one by Miodrag Mitrasinovich, from Parsons School of Design.
The one I took less pictures of was a talk by Ezio Manzinin, from Milano Politecnico, who talked about – not even design, but rather social construction of public spaces, using creative communities (his hobby-horse for years) as a vehicle.
But I tool less pictures only because I made more videos – in fact, I recorded a larger chunk of his talk, and managed to place it to my Vimeo (except the last part, which is yet to be uploaded there).
The very first image is of the book published in conjunction with this symposium; it is in fact both a theoretical work, redefining the very concept of public spaces and the way they should be created (or rather co-created), and a very rich collection of the cases, various projects and initiatives related to public spaces, including the new tools and methods. A great addition to any library, and a delicious food for thought.