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Verbum et Ecclesia
On-line version ISSN 2074-7705
Print version ISSN 1609-9982
Verbum Eccles. (Online) vol.34 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2013
The need for a canonical reading of the Exodus narratives in finding its present-day theological significance
Gregory C. PereiraI, II
IDepartment of Old Testament Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa
IINorth-West University, Potchefstroom campus, South Africa
This article deals with the approach to exegesis of biblical narrative, especially in Exodus, in finding its theological significance for contemporary and relevant biblical interpretation. It shows that the historical-critical method is unable to span the divide between the original context and our contemporary context, and to provide the present relevance of Scripture. After arguing for the validity of a set canonical text, this article shows that biblical narrative in general, and the Exodus narratives in particular, are best explored theologically by means of a canonical approach. It shows that the theological significance translates more easily into life-application. It demonstrates how the Exodus narratives are employed canonically for its theological significance throughout the Bible. It concludes that the Church needs teachers who recognise their responsibility to accurately interpret their whole Scriptures, the Bible, with the necessary historical, linguistic (rhetorical) and theological considerations, and that this is best done in a canonical context - whether we use a synchronic or a diachronic approach.
There are broadly three ways in which the Bible is viewed. Firstly, there are those who view the Bible as they would any other literary work. It must be judged according to the same criteria whereby other literary works are judged. The Bible is not considered to be unique in any way. They do not recognise revelation and its validity as an epistemological principle in the Bible. Hasel (1978:27) concludes that the priority of reason over Scriptural revelation is realised at the expense of the authority of the Bible. Revelation raises the question of authority and, in turn, authority raises the question of canon, or vice versa (Clements 1978:19). For them, the theological concern does not dominate. The fact is that only the theological relevance is translatable to our context.
Secondly, there are those who venerate one part of the Bible above another. They see the Old Testament as either more or less authoritative than the New Testament. In most cases, the Old Testament is declared irrelevant. McKenzie (1974:319), for instance, follows A. von Harnack and R. Bultmann in his affirmation that the Old Testament is not a Christian book. Bultmann (1964:14) overtly states that the history of Israel is not the history of revelation, and thus it is nothing more than a presupposition of the New Testament. Marcion and others went wrong by trying to excise the Old Testament from our canon of Scripture. With the veneration of some parts of the Scriptures, we often encounter the idea of a canon within a canon, which is a human-determined canon.
Finally, there are those who accept the Bible as the Word of God. They see it as revelation, but as revelation in history, and therefore on a different plane than all other writings. The canon is seen as the exclusive and full scope of authoritative Scriptures. They understand that, apart from its own additional revelation, the New Testament is largely fulfilment and application of the Old Testament. There is therefore continuity between the two testaments, and the one cannot fully make sense without the other. This continuity is found on the plane of theology. So, that which was able to connect the history of the Old Testament with the history of the New Testament was theology. This very continuity actually forms the basis of continuous relevance, even for our contemporary context.
Our aim is to show that biblical narrative in general and the Exodus narratives in particular, are best explored theologically by means of a canonical approach. The canonical reading of the Bible allows both history and theology to work in tandem for the benefit of the community of faith. The historical aspects, though necessary to be explored, are not best explored by the historical-critical method as it is known. We propose that the scope of historical investigation be one that does not seek to decide on the extent of the canon of Scripture, but one that objectively works with the canon of the faith community. We show that the canon uses the Exodus-motif throughout, so that we in fact have an example of a canonical reading of the Exodus narratives applied theologically.
There is a place for the historical (-critical) method
We recognise the need for uncovering the historical information, and agree with Le Roux (2007a:5) that more and more scholars experience an elusion of the true meaning and a feeling of disillusionment with the method that excludes historical information. The Scripture is revelation where the words and works of God are recorded. Scripture is, however, also a historical document reflecting the stories of Israel and the Church. The revelatory and historical aspects of Scripture require both a theological method and a historical method of investigation. Fact and faith are not mutually exclusive terms, and any investigation into Scripture must treat both as necessary. Any extreme to one side or the other will prove both impotent and dangerous. I.J. du Plessis (1975) demonstrates this point eloquently:
The first extreme wants to discard critical investigation but runs the danger of ending up in superstition. This proposition also inclines towards a fundamentalistic approach to Scripture which in turn leads to a docetic view of Scripture and Revelation. And this would undermine the absolute claim of the Christian faith rather than support it. The second extreme where faith is rejected in understanding reality is also unacceptable because the question arises whether that which is understood is still reality and truth. There is a growing consensus today that reality and truth is more than that which can be proved reasonably and empirically. (p. 6)
Whilst Du Plessis' stance is clear, it seems to refer more to a historical than to a critical method that must go with the theological method. Meier (1977:50), after exposing the historical-critical method as fruitless over its 200-year reign, admits that a historical method must be employed in biblical exegesis, but not a critical method. He later defines that the historical method to be employed is a historical-Biblical method. The objections Meier raises against the historical-critical method is that, contrary to its agenda, it is impossible to discover a canon in the canon, and the Bible does not permit itself to be separated into a divine Scripture and a human Scripture. He (ibid:16-25) states that revelation is more than subject matter; in it the conclusion is established prior to the interpretation; that method displays deficient practicability in the church; and critique is not the appropriate answer to revelation.
Linnemann (1990:85-88) concurs with Meier in her critique of historical-critical theology: that the Bible is no longer esteemed as God's Word, and that it is taken for granted that the words of the Bible and God's words are not identical. Since the inspiration of Scripture is not accepted, it cannot be assumed that the individual books of Scripture complement each other. For historical-critical theology, critical reason decides what is reality in the Bible and what cannot be reality, and this decision is made on the basis of the everyday experience accessible to every person - that which is generally held to be possible. Du Plessis (1975:13) sums up that the limitations of historical-criticism lie mainly in the fact that it depends on the autonomous human reason as criterion. This is also the reason for the shortcomings of Troeltsch's three principles viz. that they are Cartesian in origin and work solely on rational principles. It is unable to do justice to the biblical text without the principle of perception, as no human science can penetrate God's actions in history. There is therefore no place for miracles.
Unfortunately, through the influence of Semler (1725-1791), Lessing (1729-1781) and Herder (1744-1803) there has been a decline in the notion of canon. It propagated that all Scripture is not all God's Word. They propagated that Scripture must be understood in the same way as it is understood when it originated. In itself this is not wrong, but it severed itself from the attempt to produce a synthesis between the historical and the theological understanding of Scripture. Historical-criticism can indicate the form in which the kerygma comes to us and analyse it, but it cannot do justice to the purpose and theological meaning of a given text.
Many believe that the exegetical task must chiefly be a 'scientific' task. The terms upon which theology is to take the historical (-critical) method seriously, is when that method realises that the principles of research are freed from an ideological anthropocentrism that denies absolutely the dimension of transcendence in reality (Braaten 1966:44). The approach that defends a purely rationalistic method will end up in a cul-de-sac, because the Bible is not a merely secular document. The historical method can help the exegete to be as objective as possible. We agree with Du Plessis (1975:14) when he cites E. Jüngel: 'Theology need not be unscientific while it thinks theologically'. Theology as a science cannot work only empirically. Serious exegesis of biblical texts can therefore take place in a suitable historical way only when the different methods are applied so that they can control and correct one another. We must therefore accept, with Gorman (2009:12), that exegesis is both a science and an art, whilst not forgetting its supernatural character.
The higher historical-critical method has as its basic presupposition the view that history is a closed continuum, an unbroken series of causes and effects in which there is no room for transcendence (Ebeling 1963:79-97). In this instance, we value Hasel's (1991:198) observation. He believes that the method that prides itself on its scientific nature and objectivity turns out to be in the grip of its own dogmatic presuppositions and philosophical premises about the nature of history. Another dissenting voice, is Miscall's (1992) when he says the following about historical criticism:
[T]he atomistic strategies that divided and sub-divided the biblical texts into sources and their diverse parts, and the assumption that meaning lies in reference to an extra-textual historical reality must be avoided. (p. 39)
Professor Adam (1996:397-410) concludes that historical criticism cannot justify claims that it is the only sound theological approach to biblical interpretation. Historical criticism cannot be the guardian of contemporary orthodoxy.
History and the Canonical approach
Klingbeil (2003:403) correctly observes that, if the biblical text is only a collection of diverse ancient texts as historical criticism posits, then it cannot claim an authority in terms of its content. It follows that the usual text-critical method, which results in each successive generation of critics offering fresh suggestions regarding the form of the original text, is highly individualistic and it seems to be unaware of the enduring role of the canonical text and its authoritative function for ongoing faith communities. However, if the biblical text began with revelation from a being outside our own system, then the issue of authority needs to be addressed from a different angle. We say that that angle is from a canonical context. The Scriptures of the Church function as the vehicle for God's special communicating of himself with his people and the world, and is therefore authoritative. If the decision on canon was only historically conditioned, why should we be limited to them in our contemporary theological work? Theology must have an authoritative base, which it finds in the Canon.
Canonisation was chiefly an expression of faith in its whole process (Childs 1970:104). The canon exists in its final state as our Scriptures by the providence of God. Henry (1999) agrees that it came about by faith and providence. He continues to say:
Historical observation can neither demonstratively prove nor disprove the operative providence of God in history. Nor can it demonstratively certify that Jesus did or did not rise from the dead. Nor, for that matter, can the historical method indubitably establish that Jesus was crucified by Roman soldiers, or even that Caesar crossed the Rubicon on some past momentous day, however 'probable' it may be that he crossed the Rubicon routinely, if indeed he crossed it at all. Historical research is therefore equally limited in investigating both biblical and secular claims about the past. Whether conducted by Cornelius Van Til or by Arnold Toynbee, historical investigation provides only provisional and not certain knowledge of the past. (p. 316)
Childs (1970:141) argues further that the historical-critical method is an inadequate method for studying the Bible as the Scriptures of the Church, because it does not work from the needed context. He goes on to say that the historical-critical method is seen to be inadequate for the theological task of exegesis from the evidence in the modern concept of biblical commentary. Exegesis as a theological discipline has been lost (Childs ibid:142). It is not to say for a moment that the critical method is incompatible with Christian faith, but when operating from its own chosen context, it is incapable of either raising or answering the full range of questions that the Church is constrained to direct to its Scriptures. The critical method proves to be inadequate because it sets up an iron curtain between the past and the present. Klingbeil (2003:403) concurs with the conclusion that historical criticism tends to imprison the biblical text in the past without providing 'objective' tools to uncover that past.
The text must primarily be seen as a theological text, being aware of the challenges of applying the appropriate theological task of biblical interpretation (Gorman 2009:117). Henry (1999) demonstrates the point:
The impossibility of establishing theological doctrines by historical method is not here disputed. No amount of historical inquiry can prove that Jesus is the Christ, or that the Hebrews rightly believed that Yahweh rescued them from Egypt. (p. 315)
'It is hard to overemphasize the impossibility of obtaining historical evidence for the view that certain events are "the mighty acts of God"', writes John Marsh (1952:7).
It must be emphatically stressed that there is a divine dimension in biblical history that the historical-critical method is unable to deal with. For this reason, Old Testament scholarship is changing from a purely historical-critical methodology to one that focuses on bigger text-portions. Le Roux (2005) advises:
Een so 'n moontlikheid (vir die studie van die Pentateug) is om voorlopig literêr-kritiese analise te vermy en eerder op die groot vorm (Enneateug) en teksblokke (soos die aartsvaders en die uittog) te fokus. In die proses kan die pastorale waarde van die Pentateugkritiek ook beklemtoon word. [One such possibility (for Pentateuchal studies) is to avoid literary-critical analysis in the meantime in order to focus on the larger form (Enneateuch) and pericopes (like the Patriarchs and the exodus). In this process, the pastoral value of Pentateuch-criticism may be emphasised.] (p. 27, [author's own translation])
This statement betrays some openness to a canonical view.
The canonical context allows, in the different layers, the interaction that provides a holistic theological interpretation. The environment of this interpretation is the Protestant tradition (Jolley 1987:2). Childs (1985:13) illustrates that, though historically the Old Testament law was often of a different age and was transmitted from much of the narrative tradition, the canonical approach is able to exploit it in theological interaction. The canonical shape of a given text has a theological purpose and a theological effect (Jolley ibid:36). Elsewhere, Childs (1964) objects to a purely historical and descriptive approach on account of its limiting nature.
What should historical investigation entail? The following points are helpful aspects of history to follow in our investigation. This kind of investigation does not make any judgments on the canonicity of the text:
• The historical background. The history of the Ancient Near East, contemporaneous to the biblical narrative, enhances our understanding of those times. Here we include things like conventions, geography, population, et cetera.
• Archaeological history of biblical purport.
• Manners and customs of Bible times.
• Historico-religious comparisons.
• Inner biblical literary sources and forms (hymns, prayers, creeds, etc.) of the earliest congregations.
• Biblical epochs - the programmatic outlook (e.g. heilsgeschichte) where temporal (past, present, future, eschatological) dimensions and divine economy (Law and Grace, shadow and reality, etc.) are considered.
• The history of interpretation as additional help to analyse theological conclusions.
Le Roux (1994:201) veers in this direction when he admits that, more important than the historical-critical method, which is waning, is a historical understanding of the reality of the text. He later advises, with respect to Renan, that we must try to weave into the history of the Israelite story the considerations of 'the climate, the geography, the vegetation' et cetera. (Le Roux 2007b:992). We agree that this kind of historical information endows the story with life and energy. This history, however, is not necessarily the history of the time of narration (Groenewald 2007:120-121). From a canonical perspective, we are to be concerned with the history in the narrative.
From a canonical context, the question of Geschichte [events are embedded in the ongoing march of time and receive different interpretations over the years] or Historie [the bare facts of events that took place and that can be checked] is settled, because the canonical approach views history from the perspective of Israel's faith-construal, so siding with Geschichte. Kerygmatic and salvation (heils-) history also place themselves in the Geschichte camp, but are often accused of having a too narrow view of history. Although different dimensions of history are freely recognised, by focusing on Israel's historical role as the bearer of the traditions of faith, these two aspects of history (Geschichte and Historie) are held together in a subtle balance within the shape of the canon, and should not be threatened by some overarching theory of history (Childs 1985:16).
Lawrie (2009:4) comments that we can now make some fairly confident statements about the material culture, economic life and social structures of Israelite villages and cities. In practically every area, comparative studies, drawing on increased knowledge of the Ancient Near Eastern world, has enriched or modified our previous insight. He continues by saying that it must be recognised that literary history alone cannot answer the problems presented by the text (Lawrie ibid:6). To this last statement, Claassens (2009:17) responds: '... in interpreting the text ... use numerous tools including historical and literary tools, ideological criticism etc. to foster good exegetical practices.'
The canonical text
We need to ask: what is the canonical text? By canonical text we mean the text that, after some process, came to be accepted by the faith-community as their authoritative Scriptures. There first came a time of stabilisation as part of the acceptance of the text. Formal acceptance may have come long afterwards. Childs' (1979:98-101) comments, that when we speak about the stabilisation of the Hebrew text, it must be understood that the stabilised Hebrew text of the Jewish community was only a consonantal text. When the Hebrew text of the Jewish community reached the point of stabilisation in the first century AD, the term 'canonical text' could be applied to it. That became the normative and authoritative form of Israel's sacred scripture. Childs (ibid:106) reminds us that the effect of taking the canon seriously is to establish the level of the biblical literature in accordance with its historical stabilisation by the Jewish community, and to seek to understand this received text in the light of its historical development. Historian Kevin Roy admits that whether or not Jamnia was that point does not really matter, because Judaism had already formulated a consensus canon, which Jamnia would only have 'rubberstamped' (Roy 2010).
In this regard, we have to admit that the Masoretic text (MT), though not identical to the canonical text, was indeed the vehicle for its recovery. The Qumran manuscripts support the actual task of recovering a text close to the first century proto-MT type. The present MT was developed from an earlier proto-MT that extended back into the pre-stabilisation period (Childs 1979:100-103). The selection of the proto-MT as the dominant tradition by rabbinic Judaism in the first century AD, did not arise from an arbitrary, academic decision as once postulated, but was rather the culmination of a long, recessional history. Its choice as the canonical text was determined by sociological factors and internal religious conflicts, and not by scholarly textual judgments.
The pervasiveness of Exodus and its themes
If, for example as Motyer (2005:20) echoes Eichrodt (1969: 36-39, 70-74) and Mendenhall (1962:714-723), it is true that Exodus is a covenant narrative and that the covenant is the mainspring of the book, then immediately we find a theological theme of importance. Thereby, or with correlating concepts like Kaiser's (1978) blessing-promise, Exodus is connected to Genesis by the patriarchal promise and to Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy by the movement towards the Promised Land. This very theme binds Exodus to the whole Bible by two great moments as the expression of the covenant and creed namely, the name of the Lord ('I am Yahweh your God ...') and, in Exodus 20:1-2, his redemptive work ('... who brought you out of the land of Egypt'). His personal name specifically portrayed God as present with and for his people. The Passover sacrifice has been ordained by Yahweh as a perpetual reminder to the people of his redemptive activity. This is the point at which Exodus gives a 'new beginning' and a paradigm of future redemptions. The ultimate redemption is found in Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (Jn 1:29-36).
Motyer (2005:23) comments that, whilst some of these great biblical truths are foreshadowed in Genesis, Exodus pulls them all together, giving them a shape and definition that the rest of the Bible will not alter. Under the simplest of forms, and by many a fascinating story, Exodus reveals fundamental truth and is in fact one of the Bible's great building blocks. We can give many examples of the Exodus-remembrances in the Old Testament. There are occurrences in almost all of the historical books (e.g. Jos 2:10; Jdg 11:15-22; 1 Sm 10:17-19; 2 Sm 7:23f.; 1 Ki 8:15f.; 2 Ki 17:36; Neh 9:9-23). Though absent from the other Wisdom writings, there are many instances in the Psalms (e.g. Ps 78:12-54). The prophets also have many allusions to the exodus-events (e.g. Is 51:10; Jr 2:6f.; Dn 9:15f.; Hs 13:4-6; Am 2:10; Mi 6:4; Hab 3:8-10; Hg 2:4-7). In the New Testament, the very work of salvation brought about by Jesus Christ is often expressed in terms of the Exodus-redemption imagery. An example of connection to the New Testament can be demonstrated with the Gospel according to Matthew. Israel, God's 'firstborn son' (Ex 4:22), was to dedicate its firstborn sons to God. The firstborn Son of God, Jesus' life, like the existence of Israel, was threatened by the contemporary political authorities (Mt 2:13ff.), and he came through the waters (Mt 3:1) into the wilderness (Mt 4:1) to be tested. Israel, the son, needed salvation and Jesus, the Son, brought salvation.
The pervasive nature of the Exodus story and the perpetual remembrance of the Passover force upon us a more unified and developing redemptive theology. The Old Testament interpretation of the Exodus-motif is reflected as a history of tradition, which may be discovered from a diachronic reading. Von Rad (1965) in his two-volume Old Testament Theology sought to unfold Israel's theological activity by means of the diachronic tradition-historical method using the canonical (fixed) text of the Old Testament. He shuns the historical-critical method because its 'investigation searches for a critically assured minimum - but the kerygmatic picture tends towards a theological maximum' (1965:108). For him, the phenomenon of Israel's faith itself, which speaks now of salvation, now of judgment, is beyond historical criticism's power to explain. Hasel (1991:72) comments that Israel with her testimonies speaks from such a deep level of historical experience that historical-critical research is unable to reach. The testimony that Israel herself gives concerning Yahweh, namely, the word and deed of Yahweh in history, presents neither pure revelation from above, nor pure perception and presentation from below. Pereira (2010:50) comments that by celebrating the Passover, the Israelites had become perpetual witnesses of the redemption of Yahweh. Theologically, this event carries so that we too may become witnesses of Jesus Christ, our Passover (1 Cor 5:7).
The significance of the canonical approach and theology
According to Childs (1985:23ff.), canonisation changed profane literature into sacred by rendering it qualitatively different from its origins because it was also to address future generations with the reality of God. Childs (1979:52) sees the first step in the process as Josiah's reform of 621 BC, reported in 2 Kings 22, and the final stage of the Old Testament was assigned to the decisions at the Council1 of Jamnia (c. AD 90).
Canonisation is a human-divine process - God's people together with God's providence brought about the finalised canon of Scripture. Even though we believe that it was sacred from its origins, the point is taken that the canon cannot be divorced from the idea of revelation and providence, and that the term 'revelation' reflects the concern to be open to the theological dimensions of the biblical canon. Revelation, through creation, wisdom, history and verbal means, is seen as the communication of a self-disclosing God. God is not limited to any means of revelation, and the purpose of his revelation is to make himself known and to provide salvation or redemption for his creation. The reality of the Kingdom of God is realised amongst people through the provision of salvation. God revealed himself in the real events of human life; therefore revelation and history go together (Childs 1970:42). Faith is the means of apprehending revelation. Canonisation was chiefly an expression of faith in the whole process. Therefore, the role of theological reflection is to derive a contemporary relevance.
It is the Old Testament's faith in God that also opens the possibility of Christian interpretation, and thus relevance to ensuing ages in Christianity who accepts the canon as their own Scriptures. The theological process is the only means by which the will of God may be known; it cannot come through historical or literary solutions (Childs 1985:58f.). From a canonical perspective, what the text meant and what it means are inseparably linked and both belong to the task of the interpretation of the Bible as Scripture. The canonical approach takes the unity of the Bible, and the relationship between the Old Testament and the New as more than just a theoretical concern. The New Testament itself shows an unbroken sense of continuity between the God of Israel and the God worshipped by Christians. The Old Testament is used by the apostles with no tension to develop their Christology.
Whether we view our texts synchronically or diachronically, by using its canonical underpinnings, we are best able to derive its theological significance. Noth (1959:18) agrees with the thinking that theology is best explicated from the 'final form'. Only the canonical form of the biblical text is normative for any Biblical theology. Synchronic biblical analysis, according to Vervenne (1994), is not very common amongst German biblical scholars. Their diachronic methodology, with a purely historical referential, has at times lost the given text of Scripture in its analysis (cf. Otto in Le Roux 2007a:24). The purely historical referential reading is theologically inadequate as it reorders the text diachronically and in so doing misses the Old Testament's unique message (Childs 1985:153). Canonical study concerns itself with doing justice to the integrity of the text itself apart from diachronistic reconstruction (Childs 1970:74). Scripture must therefore be seen as a unity, which extends to the unity of Old and New Testament, but the Old Testament comes first.
We agree with Van Zyl et al. (1979:72) that Exodus, as with the rest of the Old Testament, is kerygmatic history, in other words history with a message, and is therefore also theological in nature. The ancient authors sought to influence rather than purely describe life of their time (Hopkins 1994:214). Even though it is kerygmatic or preaching history, it nevertheless remains history of events that actually took place. The harmony amongst the Pentateuchal writings will reflect the general sequence of events as they happened in Israel's early history. The events are not imposed in order to merely serve as encouragements for later situations regarding Israel. They were, for the most, real events that happened.
Though we are influenced constantly by our Christian mindset, we must attempt to draw and present our themes, motifs and concepts from the Old Testament itself without imposing the New Testament. Old Testament theology must not be Christianised (Childs 1985:9). The Old Testament is a literary work in its own right and should be interpreted as such (Vervenne 1994:92). As Christians we will, however, in our study of the Old Testament always move from the Old Testament text to our Christian beliefs. Old Testament theology is more than the theology of the Hebrew Bible. The theology of the Old Testament implies the larger context of the Bible of which the New Testament is the other part. For the Christian there is, and always must be, a relationship between the two testaments.
With reference to Exodus and its impact on the rest of the Bible, a biblical theology that tends to use a thematic approach is almost unavoidably diachronic as it considers development of the theology in the Bible. Ethical interests can be derived from biblical theology. Our ethical interest must finally be applied to society, and we believe that there is and must be a mutual 'flow' between religion and society. God's people are his agents in this process. We agree with Le Roux (1998:304) when he says:
Godsdiens vorm 'n integrale deel van die samelewing. Van die antieke gemeenskap was dit besonder waar. Godsdiens was alles-bepalend...Godsdiens kan nie los van gemeenskapkragte ... gesien word nie. [Religion is an integral part of society. This is particularly true about ancient community. Religion was all-encompassing... it cannot be understood as separate from social forces.] (p. 304, [author's own translation])
In addition to Le Roux's normal process of historical development and possibility, we accept also that divine intervention, through spiritual revival, can make speedy societal change possible. God often uses the believing community to this end. We must forever hold on to the faith that the present God can use what he has given us to affect our current society. Also, we would do well to heed O'Kennedy's (2009:24) advice that if Old Testament scholars are unwilling to walk the second mile with the church, the message of the Old Testament may become gaunt. Those who only focus on the New Testament or on certain passages of the Old Testament will have an inadequate understanding about God and his relation to humanity. We cannot afford that pastors are no longer specialists in the interpretation of God's Word. We in South Africa are in desperate need for people to live the biblical values of humanity and social justice (O'Kennedy ibid:18). The book of Exodus is vital in our biblical understanding of God, soteriology and society. On this issue, Wright (2009) aptly comments that:
... the Bible as a whole conveys the whole good news ... is the complex phenomenon we call the canon of Scripture ... [which] in all its canonical parts, contributes to the good news ... and must function to control the criteria by which we are able to discern what makes the good news truly good, and what is actually bad news disguised as good ... but false alternatives. (p. 4)
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no financial or personal relationship(s) that may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this article.
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Le Roux, J.H., 2005, 'Die Pentateuch tussen deel en geheel', Old Testament Essays 18(2), 265-280. [ Links ]
Le Roux, J.H., 2007a, 'Setting the scene: The battle of the signs', in J.H. le Roux & E. Otto (eds.), South African perspectives on the pentateuch between synchrony and diachrony, pp. 1-18 , T&T Clark, London. [ Links ]
Le Roux, J.H., 2007b, 'Historical understanding and rethinking the foundations', Hervormde Theological Studies 63(3), 983-998. [ Links ]
Linnemann, E., 1990, Historical criticism of the Bible: Methodology or ideology?, Baker Books, Grand Rapids. [ Links ]
Marsh, J., 1952, The fullness of time, Harper & Brothers, England. [ Links ]
McKenzie, J.L., 1974, A theology of the Old Testament, Macmillan Press, Garden City. [ Links ]
Meier, G., 1977, The end of the historical-critical method, Concordia Publishing House, USA. [ Links ]
Mendenhall, G., 1962, 'Covenant', in G.A. Buttrick (ed.), Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, pp. 714-723 , vol. 1, Abingdon Press, Nashville. [ Links ]
Miscall, P.D., 1992, 'An experimental journal for Biblical criticism', Semeia 60, 39. [ Links ]
Motyer, A., 2005, The message of Exodus, InterVarsity Press, Leicester. [ Links ]
Noth, M., 1959, Exodus, SCM Press, London. [ Links ]
Newman, R.C., 1983, 'The council of Jamnia and the Old Testament canon', Westminster Theological Journal 38(4), 319-349. [ Links ]
O'Kennedy, D., 2009, '"Quo Vadis" Old Testament studies? - A response', Scriptura 1(100), 18-29. [ Links ]
Pereira, G.C., 2010, 'The Exodus Redemption as Paradigm for Christian Evangelism', in G. Harold (ed.), The South African Baptist Journal of Theology, pp. 45-55, Baptist Union of Southern Africa, Cape Town. [ Links ]
Roy, K., 2010, 'Interview - Church history and canonization', BTC, Randburg. [ Links ]
Van Zyl, A.H., Eybers, I.H., Le Roux, J.H., Prinsloo, W.S., Swanepoel, F.A. & Vosloo, W., 1979, Israel and her neighbours, Butterworths, Durban. [ Links ]
Vervenne, M., 1994, 'The sea narrative revisited', Biblica 75(1), 80-98. [ Links ]
Von Rad, G., 1965, Old Testament theology, vol. 1, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. [ Links ]
Wright, C., 2009, '"According to the Scriptures" The whole Gospel in Biblical revelation', Evangelical Review of Theology 33(1), 4-18. [ Links ]
Piff Pereira
PO Box 50710
Randburg 2125, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 20 June 2012
Accepted: 13 May 2013
Published: 19 Aug. 2013
1.There is debate whether Jamnia actually was a council or just a school. Either way, it did happen and there is evidence that a discussion was held at Jamnia on the canonical status of Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs, but this is not enough to suggest that any binding or official decisions were made. A 'general consensus already existed regarding the extent of the category called Scripture, so that even the author of 4 Ezra, though desiring to add one of his own, was obliged to recognize this consensus in his distinction between public and hidden Scripture' (Newman 1983:348-349).


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Jul. 13, 2018. Paraiso Tent was a top destination for the resort, swim, fashion, and lifestyle industries centralized in the Collins Park area of South Beach Miami from July 12-16, 2018. The runway spotlight was on many top Fashion Designers, including Monday Swimwear, Aguaclara, and Mikoh, who presented their talented styled swimwear on the runway.
Photography by Stephen Yap
Steve Yap Photography
Version 1.5 BETA 1, BUILD 20081130

subset: commoncrawl


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Font Used:
60 colored sale buttons:
- Easy to modify
- File included a fully layered Photoshop PSD
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- All text are editable
This set includes 60 Web elements they are suitable for commercial sites, online stores and other things. These elements can be used in the printed product during the transformation at 300 dpi, they will not lose quality. All the layers are organized and have names, all done with love and understandable to the user.


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Our plush robes are incredibly soft and cozy with enough fabric to nestle up and stay in all day lounging. Get the design that best represents you or give it to someone and make it a special gift they'll never forget!
Fits Sizes: 0 – 12
100% Pollyester
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Reports about poor air and water conditions are reaching global proportions. The growing need for air and water filters result from inadequate conditions of current air and water quality. We see evidence of the rising concern about clean air and safe drinking water demonstrated through various charities dedicated to addressing this dilemma internationally. Such concerns are invoking the immediate implementation of stricter air and water pollution regulations.
Together, the United States and Europe account for a major share of the global air filter and filtration equipment market. The demand for air filters in developing countries will outpace the type of mature growth in markets such as the United States, Japan and Europe. China is expected to supersede Japan by becoming the second largest market for air filtration equipment behind the U.S.
Recently, the Freedonia Group, a leading international business research company, released a market analysis about the increased demand for filters in China. They reported that by 2014 the demand for air and water filters in China is projected to grow by 13.5% annually to 66.2 billion Yuan (Chinese currency). Comparatively, this growth is approximately $10.2 billion in U.S. dollars. The increased demand in China is supported by a rapid growth in motor vehicle and other transportation equipment production, stocks, government policies that promote energy conservation and emission reductions. Sales of fluid filters will be fueled by the growth in non-agricultural water use and expanding urbanization. Sales of air filters are projected to single-handedly rise by 13.7% per year through 2014.
The demand for increased global usage of filters will be spurred by rising manufacturing output of HVAC equipment, metal products, building construction materials, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Many of these manufactured products are either equipped with air filters or produced in manufacturing facilities with high air purification requirements. As income levels grow, more people in China will be able to afford water and air purification equipment for their homes. The growing demand for higher quality and extended life filters are likely to boost the overall market value.
Cutting edge technology along with innovation in air and water filtration media, product design, cost and efficiency will boost future growth. The outlook remains optimistic as consumer spending increases and the shift for better air and water filtration continues to make progress.


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Welcome to our Coasting for Kids page!
We've pledged to raise money for Give Kids The World Village, a nonprofit resort that provides dream vacations to critically ill kids and their families.
For children whose lives become overwhelmed by doctor appointments, hospital stays, and medical procedures, the time to laugh and enjoy time together means everything.
That's why we're Coasting for Kids. On Saturday July 13th, we'll join fellow supporters at Story Land, as we coast through a day of rides and attractions to celebrate the fun families enjoy at Give Kids The World Village.
Can we count on your help? To make a tax-deductible donation, click the donate button.
Thank you from all of us and the great kids you're going to help!


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Running back Garrett Wolfe was the Chicago Bears' leading receiver Thursday night with six catches for 53 yards, and carried 11 times for 20 yards. It was the former Northern Illinois star's busiest night as a pro in the preseason.
The Wolfe was a workhorse.
Running back Garrett Wolfe was the Chicago Bears' leading receiver Thursday night with six catches for 53 yards, and carried 11 times for 20 yards. It was the former Northern Illinois star's busiest night as a pro in the preseason.
All indications are that the third-round pick will make the team. And he's already ready for what he expects will happen.
"My role is as a football player, No. 3 on the depth chart," he said after Cleveland beat Chicago 19-9 at Soldier Field. "The No. 3 back didn't play much last year, so I don't expect to play a whole lot. Whatever happens, happens.
"If there's an opportunity for me to get the ball, I'm definitely going to take advantage of it. I just have to know my role."
Wolfe was most impressive Thursday when he had possession of the ball with one man in front of him.
"I think every player dreams of being in the open field," he said. "One on one, any player elusive or fast looks for those opportunities where it's you and the defender and the goal line, and whoever wants to get there first is going to get there."
Head coach Lovie Smith said the game plan was "to get Garrett Wolfe a lot of plays, to see his quickness."
Offensive coordinator Ron Turner liked what he saw of Wolfe in his final tune-up before the Sept. 9 opener at San Diego.
"Garrett's made good progress," he said. "We like what we see from him every week. He's gotten better and better. He's playing with more confidence and playing faster. We see that each week, picking up blitzes and catching the ball out of the backfield.
"He's a young player, and just needs to get on the field and play at this level and get used to the speed of the game."
For starters …
Even though the regulars hardly played, corner Nathan Vasher found time to make a standout play. Covering wideout Braylon Edwards on a deep route, he jarred the ball loose the instant a well-thrown pass by Charlie Frye hit Edwards' hands.
Grossman perfect
Well, Rex Grossman did complete the only pass he threw – for no gain to Greg Olsen. That was good for a 79.2 quarterback rating.
"I thought I was going to play on two or three series, so I was kind of surprised I only got three plays," he said, adding that he didn't work up a sweat during his three plays "but in warm-ups I did."
Harris sees action
Defensive tackle Tommie Harris saw his first game action of the preseason, participating in the first two series.
When he was announced as the tackler on one play, the Soldier Field crowd cheered. However, Harris was not credited with any stops on the official stats sheet.
"It felt great to be out here with the guys and the fellas," said Harris, saying his hamstring felt "good" and "regular." "It finally feels like I'm back as part of the family."
Notes, numbers
The Bears were bidding to go 4-0 for the first time since 1994, and trying to be the only NFL team to go unbeaten this preseason. … The Bears are 10-7 in preseason games under coach Lovie Smith, which includes a 4-4 mark at home. Chicago had won four straight preseason games. … This is just the Bears' second winning preseason in 13 years, going 3-1. They were 3-2 in 2005. … This was the fourth straight year Cleveland was Chicago's final preseason foe and 11th time overall.
The Bears only had three players out – CB Charles Tillman, DT Israel Idonije and rookie safety Kevin Payne. The Browns played without a dozen players – Gary Baxter, Justin Hamilton, Lawrence Vickers, Jason Short, Mason Unck, Andra Davis, Willie McGinest, Eric Steinbach, Fred Matua, Simon Fraser, Kevin Shaffer and Orpheus Roye.
Ricky Manning Jr. started for Tillman. Nat Dorsey started at right tackle for Shaffer and Charles Ali started at fullback for Vickers.
Reed Schreck is the NFL writer for the Rockford Register Star. Reach him at 815-987-1381 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Thursday, November 4, 2010
How Long Is Too Long?
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Greenwich eliminates Fairfield Prep in Class L lacrosse quarterfinals
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By David Fierro
Greenwich has experienced its season coming to an end on numerous occasions and sustained some of its toughest losses, courtesy of the Fairfield Prep lacrosse team.
Though it certainly wasn't easy, the Cardinals gained a measure of revenge on Saturday.
Seizing a six-goal second-half lead, second-seeded Greenwich withstood a fierce fourth-quarter rally by 10th-seeded Fairfield Prep -- a team that entered Saturday's Class L tournament quarterfinals as the two-time defending state champions. After some tense moments in the frenetic final few minutes, the host Cardinals held on for a 9-8 victory.
The Cardinals (18-3) advanced to Wednesday's 7:15 p.m. Class L semifinals, where they will play third-seeded Ridgefield in a rematch of the FCIAC Tournament semifinal. Senior attack Luke Finneran registered four goals, sophomore midfielder Will Perry tallied two goals and two assists and junior attackman Decker Curran had one goal and one assist for Greenwich. Entering Saturday's showdown, the Jesuits had beaten the Cardinals four consecutive times dating back to 2011 and were 12-2 against GHS since 2005, including a 5-0 mark in the state tournament.
"It was definitely a crazy game," Finneran said. "Every time Greenwich and Fairfield Prep play it's a great game. Give Prep a lot of credit, they were down six goals, but rallied in the fourth quarter to make it interesting. But we came up strong and got the win."
Said Curran: "It feels good to come out on top today. They ended my season my freshman and sophomore years, so today we showed what our team has as juniors and seniors."
Senior Teddy Long recorded a hat trick and senior Austin Sims scored two goals for the Jesuits, who headed into the fourth quarter facing a 9-3 deficit.
"Unfortunately, lacrosse is a 48-minute game and we only played well for 12 minutes," said Fairfield Prep coach Chris Smalkais, whose squad posted a 12-11 regular-season victory against the Cards. "We were playing with energy, but they were winning every single matchup, every single loose ball and every defensive matchup."
Trailing 9-3, the Jesuits worked their way back into the game on goals by senior Burke Smith, Long and Sims. Senior Stephen Walsh tallied in transition and Long put a shot from close in past GHS goalie Tommy Rogan, making it 9-8 with 1:08 remaining in the final quarter. The Jesuits had an opportunity to tie the score, but the Cardinals forced a turnover with 22 seconds remaining, then ran out the clock.
"They made their run at the end because they are a good lacrosse team, but we didn't panic," GHS senior defender Jack Harrington said. "We weathered the storm and held on at the end. It was the opposite when we went up there. We tried to come back, but came up short. It was our turn today."
Junior Pat Lambert tallied and Sims scored off a catch-and-shoot off a feed from Smith, putting Fairfield Prep on top, 2-0, 3:13 into the opening quarter.
It was all Greenwich for the remainder of the first half. Perry scored on a dodge and junior attack James Tooher converted a shot off a feed from Sam Saleeby, tying the score at 2-2. The home team outscored the Jesuits 3-0 during the second quarter, getting a man-up goal from Curran and a pair of goals from Finneran to claim a 5-2 edge going into halftime. Mike Sullivan, a junior, helped the Cards have several time-consuming possessions by consistently winning his faceoffs.
"Sullivan did a good job on faceoffs, we spent a lot of time on it in practice," Greenwich coach Scott Bulkley said. "Finneran also came up big, he's played great in big games for us. We put him in situations to finish shots and he's come through."
Said Smalkais: "They were winning the faceoffs, so we didn't have possession and they were scoring."
Finneran scored two more goals in the third quarter, while Bobby Goggin and Perry also tallied, putting Prep in a 9-3 hole. The Cardinals would have enjoyed a larger advantage if not for the strong play of Jesuits goalie John O'Connor (17 saves). The sophomore prevented GHS from breaking the game open in the fourth quarter with several outstanding saves. Rogan also turned in an impressive performance, making 10 saves.
"He played fantastic," Smalkais said of O'Connor. "He will go down as one of the best goalies ever to play at Fairfield Prep."
Senior Jack Nail, junior Griffin Tiedy, Harrington, senior Cole Perry and sophomore Danny Colligan helped lead Greenwich's defensive effort.
"Prep has a great attack, but our short sticks did a great job throughout the game," Tiedy said. "Mike did great on the faceoffs and we pulled it together at the end."
Bulkley left the game knowing how significant the triumph was.
"This is a huge program win," Bulkley said. "They have ended our season a couple of times, so this win against a great team gets us over the hump."
firstname.lastname@example.com; 203-625-4423
Class L quarterfinals at Greenwich
Greenwich 9, Fairfield Prep 8
Records: Greenwich 18-3; Fairfield Prep 14-6. Scoring: FP--Teddy Long (3 g); Austin Sims (2 g); Burke Smith (1 g, 1 a); Pat Lambert (1 g); Stephen Walsh (1 g); Chris Brown (2 a); G--Luke Finneran (4 g); Will Perry (2 g, 2 a); Bobby Goggin (1 g, 1 a); James Tooher (1 g); Decker Curran (1 g, 1 a); Jamie Paradise (1 a); Sam Saleeby (1 a). Goalies: FP--John O'Connor (17 saves); G--Tommy Rogan (10 saves).


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Annotated Agenda: Item 11-20
General Conference, Seventh session
Annotated Agenda, Item 11-20
Item 11. Industrial Development Fund
Information on the activities of the Fund is included in the annual reports of the Organization for 1995 and 1996 and in documents IDB.16/3 and IDB.18/9. Following the precedent established in previous sessions of the Conference in order to save time and money, the pledges to the Fund in 1997 will be made in writing, and the results announced at the end of the seventh session of the General Conference.
Item 12. Financial Regulations of UNIDO
The Financial Regulartions of UNIDO approved by the General Conference at its second session (decision GC.2/Dec.25) were subsequently amended as follows:
|Financial regulation
|General Conference decision/resolution
|4.2 (b) and 4.2 (c)
|GC.3/Dec.21 (23 November 1989)
|GC.4/Res.23 (22 November 1991)
|GC.5/Dec.15 (9 December 1993)
At its fifteenth session, in decision IDB.15/Dec.3 on implementation of the programme and budgets, 1996- 1997, the Board decided "to review the provisions of financial regulations relating to the budgeting process with a view to assuring the necessary flexibility, by recommending, when necesssary, to the General Conference the amendment of those provisions in order to facilitate the adoption of revised estimates and adjustments of approved budgets between regular sessions of the Conference as well as to ensure adequate budgetary control on the transfer of appropriations among major programmes." In a report to the Board on financial regulations (IDB.16/6), the Director-General proposed a first set of amendments.
An informal working group established by the Board in decision IDB.16/Dec.9 and chaired by Mr. F. Mayrhofer-Grünbühel (Austria) examined the proposals and reported to the Board at its eighteenth session through the Programme and Budget Committee (IDB.18/8-PBC.13/6). Based on the recommendations of the working group, the Committee recommended that the Board submit to the General Conference for consideration and adoption the amendments to financial regulations 3.4(a), 5.1(d), 5.2(b), 10.1(b), 10.2(a) and 10.2(c), as set out in the texts contained in the annex to PBC conclusion 97/3.
The Conference will thus have before it the recommendations of the Board based on Programme and Budget Committee conclusion 97/3.
Item 13. Medium-term programme framework, 1998-2001
In decision GC.6/Dec.10, the Conference took note of the medium-term plan, 1996-2001, as submitted in accordance with General Conference decision GC.2/Dec.23 and contained in document IDB.13/19. The Conference decided in future to rename the "medium-term plan" the "medium-term programme framework", and to reduce its coverage to four years. The Conference further decided, in light of Board decision IDB.14/Dec.27, that in the event that the cash resources availability for the biennium 1996-1997 changed significantly resulting in a curtailment of the assumptions contained in document IDB.14/29, to present a revised version of the medium-term programme framework
Pursuant to General Conference decisions GC.2/Dec.23 and GC.6/Dec.10, the Director-General submitted to the Board in the first year of the fiscal period 1996-1997, through the Programme and Budget Committee, a draft medium-term programme framework for the years 1998-2001 (IDB.16/23). In compliance with subparagraph (b)(v)d of decision GC.2/Dec.23, the Director-General also submitted a preview of the first biennium 1998-1999 and preliminary indicative general ceiling (IDB.16/23/Add.1). At its sixteenth session, the Board recommended to the Conference the approval of the draft medium-term programme framework, 1998- 2001, as contained in that document (decision IDB.16/Dec.12).
Item 14. Programme and budgets, 1998-1999
In accordance with Article 14.4 of the Constitution, the Conference shall consider and approve the programme of work and the corresponding regular budget and operational budget submitted to it by the Board, by a two-thirds majority of the Members present and voting. The Conference will thus have before it the recommendations of the Board related to the programme and budgets, 1998-1999. Such recommendations will be adopted by the Board at its resumed eighteenth session and will be based on a PBC conclusion to be adopted at its resumed thirteenth session.
Item 15. Development of human resources for industry
At its sixth session, the Conference in resolution GC.6/Res.4 requested the Director-General to implement a number of specific measures in UNIDO activities for development of human resources for industry. The Conference further requested the Director-General to report on the implementation of that resolution through the Industrial Development Board.
Item 16. Integration of women in industrial development
Resolution GC.6/Res.5 adopted by the Conference at its sixth session reaffirmed the renewed importance of the integration of women in industrial development in the context of the UNIDO response to the Platform for Action: Equality, Development and Peace, adopted at Beijing at the Fourth World Conference on Women. The resolution contained also a number of specific requests to the Director-General, including the development of a specific follow-up plan of action for UNIDO. The documentation on the item includes references to activities undertaken within the follow-up plan of action for UNIDO developed by the Secretariat.
Item 17. Environmentally sustainable industrial development
In addition to endorsing Board decision IDB.13/Dec.7, the Conference at its sixth session in resolution GC.6/Res.6 requested the Director-General to develop a technical cooperation programme to support developing countries in enabling them to effectively apply relevant ISO standards. The Conference also requested the Director-General to provide assistance to developing countries to enable them to support the necessary adjustment of national industrial production and related services to the internationally agreed eco-labelling requirements.
Item 18. Industrialization of the least developed countries
In adopting resolution GC.6/Res.8 at its sixth session, the General Conference called upon the Member States, the international community and the Director-General to address specific aspects related to the industrial development of the least developed countries. In the same resolution, the Conference requested the Director-General to provide progress reports on the implementation of the programme to the sessions of the Board. In compliance with that request, reports were submitted to the Board at its fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth sessions. As requested in paragraph 3 (c) of resolution GC.6/Res.8, the Conference will have before it a report by the Director-General on the implementation of that resolution.
Item 19. Private sector development
At its sixth session, the General Conference adopted resolution GC.6/Res.9, which contained preambular text linking the role of the private sector with various aspects related to industrial development. The Conference also requested the Director-General, in the implementation of the UNIDO programme for private sector development, industrial restructuring, rehabilitation and modernization, to take certain measures specified by the Conference.
Item 20. Industrial investment promotion
In its consideration of agenda item 15 on preparations for the seventh session of the General Conference, the Board at its sixteenth session agreed to include an additional agenda item entitled "Industrial investment promotion" in the list of items of the draft provisional agenda for the seventh session of the Conference (GC.7/3, para. 39).


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Posts Tagged with 'poems'
SFPC.io (i.e. "School for Poetic Computation") announced from eyeo
Last month, I had a chance to once again attend this year's eyeofestival in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Once again it did not disappoint, and there were many adventures to be had, new ideas to share, and knowledge to be consumed. Eyeo remains one of my favorite yearly conferences.
At opening night, Zach Lieberman gave a "keynote" which consisted of a hand written letter read aloud to the audience. He also announced a new venture; a school for "computational poets" called "SFPC" -- or "School for Poetic Computation". Read more »


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Feel Every Beat
Published/Aired:April 2019
May 04, 2019
Apple makes music enjoyable and easily accessible to those with impaired hearing.
Experiential advertisement created by Miami Ad School, United States for Apple Music, within the categories: Electronics, Technology, Music.
Advertising school: Miami Ad School, San Francisco, USA
Art director: Sam Nordstrom
Copywriter: Rhea Kumar
Art director: Sam Nordstrom
Copywriter: Rhea Kumar
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Featured Content


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How to Create a Puzzle Treasure Hunt for Kids
Does your family like puzzles?
How about a treasure hunts?
Combine the two into an activity that's fun for everyone.
In this article I'll show you, piece by piece, how to put together a puzzle treasure hunt that will send your family on a search for clues through the house or around the neighborhood.
Why a Puzzle Treasure Hunt?
Treasure hunts can be lots of fun. There are endless variations so you can mix things up to keep them interesting and hold your kids' attention.
A puzzle treasure hunt adds an extra element. It requires players to work together and problem-solve to reach the end of the hunt, because the players must put together a small jigsaw puzzle to reveal each clue. What a great way to foster cooperation and communication skills among your kids—all while they're having fun!
A recent episode of The Big Bang Theory inspired my family to add this puzzling new twist to the good-ole family treasure hunt. Even if you don't watch the show, I'm sure you and your kids will enjoy it just as much as we did.


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There are plenty of men in the world who would like to show up at Serena Williams' front door with a love letter in hand, but sometimes you have to know your limits.
Patenema Ouedraogo is accused of crossing the line after he was caught outside of the tennis star's South Florida home at 6:15 p.m. on Monday, Palm Beach Gardens Police officials said.
The 40-year-old man was arrested and charged with stalking Williams after cops were called to Williams' Palm Beach home. Ouedraogo was carrying a love letter he had written to Williams, police said.
U.S. & World
Williams was not home at the time of the incident, but a car registered to the Williams family had passed through the gates of the subdivision about five minutes before Ouedraogo showed up, a security guard told authorities.
That person turned out to be Serena's big sister, Venus.
When Ouedraogo arrived at the gate, he asked security guards if he could "cut through," an arrest report said.
Security guards asked for some ID and when they looked at Ouedraogo's license they noticed him from flyers that warned not to let him near Williams.
He was then handcuffed by security guards. When police arrived, they asked Ouedraogo where he was going. He said he was visiting Serene Williams because "he loves her" and that she knew he was coming, the arrest report stated.
He also said those love feelings were reciprocated by Williams.
Williams has had run ins with Ouedraogo in the past and the star had to take legal action to keep the adoring fan away, her attorney told police.
She currently has a temporary restraining order against the alleged stalker because he has showed up at several public appearances and lied about his connection to the celebrity.
Ouedraogo told police he got Williams' address form the court papers filed for the restraining order, the arrest report stated.
The love struck fan didn't show up empty handed.
Ouedraogo also had a note for Tyrese Gibson and asks the R&B singer and actor to "arrange any meeting with my dream soul mate. I like to confess to you that Serena Williams is the one I would do anything to meet and let her know," the letter read.
Williams, who is part owner of the Miami Dolphins, is reportedly dating hip hop star and actor, Common.
Ouedraogo is being held in jail on a $25,000 bond.


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Researchers explain the science behind coated seeds
The trend of increasing seed treatments means farmers will have fewer products to apply at the planter.
Treated seeds epitomize the old adage that good things come in small packages. Applying a layer of chemicals and biologicals on corn, soybean and other row-crop seeds shields them from diseases and pests in the early stage of growth and pushes yields higher.
"The fungicide treatment is kind of cheap insurance," says Mike Cerny, who farms near Walworth, Wis. That's because the treatment protects newly emerged soybeans in soils that are wet and tight.
Like a package, while wrapping options are virtually limitless, the space in which researchers can work is finite, experts say. As a result, farmers can expect seeds to be wrapped in new treatment mixes that offer an increased spectrum of activity. Treatments will be applied more precisely and with smaller chemical doses.
"The trend is to continue to have fewer products that the farmer has to apply at the planter," says Mark Miller, U.S. seed treatment application lead for Monsanto Company.
To understand where treatment mixes are headed in the future, it's important to know a little bit about seed biology, treatment activity and environmental stewardship.
First, seed coats can only handle so many treatments.
"There is a limit of 8 oz. per cwt. of the total mix (seed treatment, water, etc.) that can be on soybeans since the seed coat of the soybean is less absorbent than other seeds," explains
Emmanuel Byamukama, South Dakota State University Extension plant pathologist. "Corn is similar to soybeans. In wheat, since it is a little more absorbent, it can take 10 oz. per cwt. to
12 oz. per cwt. total mix without the seed becoming slimy and the seed treatment not sticking
to the seed."
Protection threshold. While technology exists to apply treatments to a seed in layers, says Miller, most Monsanto treatments are applied after being mixed together. Corn is packaged with three fungicides, an insecticide that's strength is selected by the purchasing grower and polymers that bind the treatment to the seed. Each contributes to what he calls the "total load" that a seed can support. Soybeans get three fungicides—different from those used on corn—and producers can choose to add an insecticide and a nematicide.
Seed retailers can manage active ingredients in treatments down to the milligram per seed using a touchscreen control panel, Miller says. That wasn't possible 20 years ago.
In general, high loading seed treatments account for 0.5% to 1% of the total seed weight, says Bill Hairston, director of product development for SeedGrowth at Bayer CropScience.
Second, seed treatments are intended to operate in a short window of time. They primarily exist to withstand pests and challenging growing conditions (think wet weather this spring) so the seedling emerges from the soil.
That means active ingredients have a limited shelf life. "Usually, we look at seed treatments providing approximately 21 days of protection to the seed and seedling early in the growing season; however, some insecticide treatments can suppress insect feeding up to 45 days, depending on the pest," explains Keith O'Bryan, agronomy research manager for DuPont Pioneer.
As the seedling begins to consume water and develop, the treatment is broken down and absorbed into the root system. Some biological treatments lie dormant until that growth begins, at which point they produce spores that will help the seedling.
Additionally, seed treatments today are much more active than those used in the past, notes O'Bryan, so the chemicals are applied at a lower rate. New technology also allows for rapid drying of applied seed treatment, meaning more treatments might be added down the road.
"If there is a significant advantage, then there really are few limitations that can't be overcome by modifying the treating equipment," Hairston says.
Treatments, particularly biologicals, are being developed to mitigate plant stress and provide protection against diseases and pests such as soybean cyst nematodes. There are products under development that will provide protection against conditions such as sudden death syndrome.
In fact, even supplementary materials such as graphite and talc might not be necessary in the future, Miller says. At Monsanto, researchers are exploring how seed treatments might be adapted to help smooth the planting process. Miller says he can't promise that the need for those products will go away but that Monsanto is looking at the possibilities.
Environmental risks. Third, environmental concerns will continue to shape treatments. Some people think seed treatments with neonicotinoids can harm pollinators such as honeybees, says Scott Stewart, insect and pest management specialist for row crops at the University of Tennessee.
University and USDA–Agricultural Research Service scientists in the Mid-South are examining that question and others to identify risks and mitigate them. Meanwhile, variable-rate application of treatments could help farmers cater to their individual soil profile while limiting the spread of resistant soil pathogens.
"I think there are still a lot of questions about the biology and what these pesticides and fungicides are doing in the environment?" says Alison Robertson, field crops pathologist at Iowa State University. "Are we building up resistance to them, or are we changing the pathogen population such that a fungicide no longer becomes as effective as it used to be?"
A Global Industry
A recent report shows just how important seed treatments are as a business. The international market, valued at $2.43 billion in 2011, is expected to grow to $4.45 billion by 2018, according to Transparency Market Research. Insecticides accounted for 52.5% of total market revenue in 2011, followed by fungicides at 34.9%. Treatment with nonchemical biological agents is expected to grow more rapidly during that period, with nearly 10% compound annual growth between 2012 and 2018. Corn tops the list of crops, creating 34.7% of global revenues in 2011, followed by soybeans, wheat, canola and cotton. Seed treatment demand is expected to grow the most for canola.
North America led the global seed treatment market with 42.8% in 2011. Latin America took 24.2%. The report says select companies hold a majority of the market on seed treatments, with four of them accounting for 80%. Syngenta and Bayer CropScience held more than 60% of the market in 2011. Monsanto, BASF Agriculture Solutions, DuPont Pioneer, Chemtura and Nufarm Americas Inc. also sell seed treatment products.
You can e-mail Nate Birt at [email protected].


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Browse All Lessons
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"Buy, Use, Toss?" (High School Curriculum)
Ignite your students' learning and inspire them to take action in their communities with these hands-on, standards-aligned global sustainability curricula!
|Multimedia; Printable
"Unplug Me" Reminder Cards
Students create original reminder cards to unplug appliances for their schools and homes.
|Lesson Plan
24/7 Science (Lawrence Hall of Science)
24/7 Science (Lawrence Hall of Science) provides activities, games, quizzes for K-8 science students and professional development opportunities for teachers.
|Professional Development Course
4 Teachers
4 Teachers integrates technology with online tools and resources. Games for students develop skills in math, languages arts, and more. Professional development resources address equity, ELL, planning, and at-risk or special needs students.
|Article; Professional Development Course
4-H Robotics Curriculum
Activities for students in fourth grade and beyond.
|Lesson Plan
5 Resources for Teaching Metamorphosis
Five websites provide grade-specific resources for helping students at all levels learn about the biological process by which an animal develops physically after birth or hatching.
|Background Reading; Multimedia
92Y/The Paris Review: Interview Series
This site maintains an audio and video archive of interviews with writers, musicians, artists, scientists, and experts in other fields. Teachers and students across the curriculum can find resources by keyword, topic, date, artist or speaker.
|Background Reading; Multimedia
A Beginner's Guide to Immortality
A visually engaging history with five chapters on elixirs and other magical substances, immortals, magical places, what science is discovering today, and what futurists project for tomorrow.
|Background Reading
A Student's Guide to Global Climate Change
This self-directed website is designed for use in both formal and informal educational contexts. It assumes that human behavior is the main driver of climate change and challenges students to explore scientific data around this issue.
|Background Reading; Lesson Plan; Multimedia
About the Cryosphere: National Snow and Ice Data
Studying the cryosphere as part of an Earth sciences curriculum helps highlight rapid changes in Earth's frozen regions. Find info on scientific explorations, a glossary, photos, atlases, and more.
|Background Reading; Multimedia
Action for Healthy Kids
See how this site helps schools without the resources to improve nutrition programs and increase opportunities for kids to get healthier.
|Multimedia; Tool
Activity Library: Moorea Coral Reef Education
Here's a new and interesting way to teach Life Science and Investigation in the K-12 classroom. This activity library offers versatile craft ideas and inquiry-based, standards-aligned lesson plan modules highlighting ocean ecosystems and research.
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All About Bird Anatomy
This companion website to All About Birds takes you deeper into the lives of our feathered friends by exploring their anatomy and evolution. Find activities, interactive features, animated slides, multimedia, and articles.
|Background Reading; Multimedia
All About Birds
All About Birds is an online guide to birds and bird watching with entries for 585 species. It has ID tips, sound, and video for 117 species; a weekly bird feature; Q and A between readers and experts; and, a weekly quiz on a companion Facebook page.
All About Honey Bees
From the flight of the honey bee to the plight of the honey bee...these resources teach fascinating honey bee facts and theories surrounding the collapse of the honey bee population and offer solution-based research, activities, and projects.
|Background Reading; Lesson Plan; Printable
Amazing Space
Find amazing images of deep space from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, plus interactives for examining telescopes, comets, myths and legends about the stars; homework help from scientists; professional development resources; and, more.
|Background Reading; Multimedia
Amphibian Ark
Educators will find resources on amphibians that build awareness of the plight of amphibians and the steps that can be taken to save them from habitat destruction, including lessons, guides, activities, stories and videos, fact sheets and more.
|Background Reading; Lesson Plan; Multimedia
Anatomy of a Detector
A virtual reality tool shows different parts of a detector and how they are used to display the debris from a collision.
Anatomy of the Human Heart and Cardiovascular System
The Texas Heart Institute provides a detailed tour of the heart and circulatory system.
|Lesson Plan; Multimedia; Printable
Annenberg Learner's Interactives
22 learning modules from Annenberg Learner provide activities that improve skills in math, science, language, history, and arts. Though a few resources are aimed at elementary students, most are intended for secondary.
|Learning Game
Ant Man
Are your students still talking about the 2015 summer blockbuster Ant Man? Channel that energy with these resources so they can learn about the creatures that walked with dinosaurs, inhabit most of the planet, have a biomass that rivals humans, and more!
|Lesson Plan
Anthropogenic Biomes
When teaching climate change or ecology units in grades 4-12 science classes, use these resources to help students examine how human activity has altered the Earth's surface over time.
|Article; Background Reading; Multimedia; Printable
Apollo 11
July 16, 2019 marks the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11: the NASA mission that landed the first two people on the Moon. We've gathered these resources to help you teach and celebrate one of the 20th century's greatest scientific and technological feats.
|Lesson Plan; Multimedia
Archaeological Institute of America
Resources for grades K-12 from the Archaeological Institute of America include lesson plans and activities that range from simulated digs to preparing a Roman feast.
|Lesson Plan
Arts Across the Curriculum
Our hand-picked resources for all grades help you integrate music and visual arts with social studies, math and science.
|Themed Package


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Eretz Zen
December 30, 2012
A Wahhabi religious cleric in Saudi Arabia, Muhammed al-Arifi, who is very influential in Jihadi circles, has recently issued a fatwa (religious edict) that permits all Jihadist militants in Syria to engage in short-lived marriages with Syrian women that each lasts for a few hours in order to satisfy their sexual desires and boost their determination in killing Syrians. He called the marriage as 'intercourse marriage'. It requires that the Syrian female be at least 14 years old, widowed, or divorced.
Is this the Western-promoted "freedom and democracy" that Syrians want?
This article was posted: Sunday, December 30, 2012 at 6:37 am


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The next few days were much like the days before. Rather than rinse, later, repeat; it was swim, read, nap. We talked of going to Cozumel or back to Coba. But we enjoyed the time on the beach too much.
One afternoon, we did break away for another visit to Akumal. We thought this would be a good time to capture the hilarity of our rental car's size.
It's amazing he fit.
This is the road from our hotel to the highway.
Once we arrived in Akumal, we had lunch at La Cueva del Pescador. We loved the shrimp tacos, last visit. This time, though, they weren't as memorable. I had fish filet veracruz style. It was very good!
We had to pay to park (only 2 pesos with validation) so we walked around to get the most of it.
We spotted lots of fish and even a sting ray right on the shore.
We did a little shopping at the mart, we stocked up on cigars and bought goggles in hopes to check out the reefs near the hotel.
We went back to Al Cielo. Relaxed in the hammock, it's one of the things we do best, afterall. We worked up a hunger, and had dinner at the restaurant. I had been eager to try the salt baked fish, finally, the time had come.
We started with swordfish carpaccio. It was fine, but not something I'd order again.
The salt fish, though, was excellent. Only downside to these whole fish is the lingering bones you have to work around. The meat was tender and very juicy, not at all salty.
Bellies full, we returned to our room to wash the meal down with a couple cervezas before bed.


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All you need is love: Paul McCartney and his long-time girlfriend are reportedly engaged.
The former Beatle will be walking down the aisle with Nancy Shevell, who he has been dating for four years, People reported.
"Nancy and Paul are getting married," a source close to the couple told People. "Ring and all -- very exciting."
McCartney, 68, met Shevell, a 51-year-old businesswoman, in the Hamptons in 2007.
According to TMZ, the marriage would be Shevall's second and McCartney's third. The rocker's first wife, Linda McCartney, sadly died of cancer in 1998 and his second marriage to Heather Mills ended in a messy divorce in 2008. But McCartney hasn't given up on romance.
"I just like being in love," he told the U.K.'s Sunday Times in 2008 early in their relationship.
Paul McCartney Engaged to Girlfriend: Report
All you need is love: Paul McCartney and his long-time girlfriend are reportedly engaged.


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What is Beta Alanine?
Beta Alanine is a non-essential amino acid and is the only naturally occurring beta-amino acid.
Who is Beta Alanine Suitable for?
Ideal for anyone participating in sports that require explosive actions such as sprinting, weight training or boxing and those involved in prolonged endurance exercise.
Beta Alanine can cause a tingling and flushing effect on the skin. This is a perfectly normal reaction by the body and not harmful.
The dietary choices of all our customers are extremely important to us. Whilst this product is manufactured using ingredients and processing aids suitable for the vegan diet, please note that dairy powders are also used within the same production facility and cross contamination may occur at very small levels.
Serving Size - 1/4 tsp (1.5g)
Servings Per Container - 166 (250g), 333 (500g), 666 (1kg)
Nutritional Information
|Per Serving
|Beta Alanine
|1.5 g
The nutritional information is based on the Unflavoured version, when choosing an alternative flavour the nutritional values may vary.
Add your preferred amount of water or fruit juice into our shaker. Add 1.5g, shake and consume immediately. Use 2 times daily, preferably between meals for the first 4 weeks, then once daily thereafter.
Note: We advise that all servings are measured using an accurate set of scales. While we make every attempt to provide an accurate equivalent measure using our Myprotein scoops, these are only approximate and are not a substitute for using a standardised measuring device.
Do not exceed the stated recommended daily dose. This product is a food supplement and therefore should not be used as a substitute for a varied diet and a healthy lifestyle. Store in a cool dry place, out of the reach of young children.
Made in a facility that also handles Milk, Soy, Egg, Gluten and products thereof.
Unflavoured: Beta Alanine (100%)
Key Benefits
- Ideal for sports which use explosive movements


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Helen Kennedy, Medical Director
Dr. Helen Kennedy received her Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine, with honors, from Oregon State University in 2008. Helen joined VCA Westmoreland Animal Hospital in June 2008 and is now the Medical Director. She grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana, where she began volunteering at veterinary hospitals at age 12. She ventured to the Northwest for college and received her B.S. in Biology from Portland State University. She worked as a veterinary assistant/technician for 10 years before relocating to Corvallis to study veterinary medicine. Dr. Kennedy has special interests in internal medicine, preventative medicine and behavior. She is an active member of several veterinary organizations and enjoys staying up to date with the latest veterinary research. Outside of the hospital she enjoys hiking, camping, biking and traveling.


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The new collection by Fiongal Greenlaw for Spring/Summer 2011, entitled Fringe Frater, features iconic italian suiting silhouettes of the late 80′s/early 90′s, and a strong mix of structures.
The new collection by Fiongal Greenlaw for Spring/Summer 2011, entitled Fringe Frater, features iconic italian suiting silhouettes of the late 80′s/early 90′s, and a strong mix of structures.
Kebri at Known Management photographed by Pim van Baalen and styled by Joëlla Vera Bril, in exclusive for Fucking Young! Online.
The Alled Martinez boy is slippery when wet. Is he horny, or just stepped out from a dip?
The Converse x Feng Chen Wang Jack Purcell Mid and apparel release August 6.
ALEXANDRA MOURA unveiled her Fall/Winter 2020 campaign, titled "Family Portrait", shot by Maria Rita and styled by Tiago Ferreira.
Ferdi Schladitz photographed by Quirin Siegert and styled by Anna Rai, in exclusive for Fucking Young! Online.
The Grammy-nominated duo Sofi Tukker joined forces with the UK house act Gorgon City for their latest single 'House Arrest'.
The young French label GARÇONS INFIDELES – created in 2015 by Adrien Albou, presents a rock & colored inspired collection of sixteen silhouettes.
BIBI BLANGSTED unveiled the Spring/Summer 2021 campaign for its debut menswear collection.
Hedi Slimane unveiled his Spring/Summer 2021 collection for Celine, through a video shot at the Circuit Du Castellet (France).
Sundae School Launches 2020 Pre-Fall Collection Titled "The Butterfly Dream".
In times of challenges and social tension, fashion can be a true means of escape. However, to earn a much-coveted aim, sometimes all you need is a little hope, passion, and dedication. And that's exactly what I sense from Tommaso Bellini the moment we jump on the phone.
PSYCHOSIS immerses us into its world of beauty surrounded by chaos, providing and encouraging empowerment to an all-inclusive reality to humanity.
Following the first digital Paris Men's Fashion Week for Spring/Summer 2021, designer Junya Watanabe brings us to the streets and into homes in Japan shot by Keizo Kitajima.
Rather than turning to the iconic minimalist aesthetic and redecorating my flat, I decided to spend this summer exploring the eco-luxury Swedish brand Björk and Berries.
New Balance in collaboration with brand ambassador Jaden Smith conceptualize, design and develop a new silhouette, NB for Jaden Smith Vision Racer, that is vegan friendly.
Severe Nature releases its new Capsule collection titled "Don't step into the wild".
To present its Spring/Summer 2021 collection, GUNTHER sets sail for L'Île des Vents and embarks on a contemporary odyssey with Massalia as its first port of call.
Sadiq Desh photographed and styled by Garrett Naccarato, in exclusive for Fucking Young! Online.
Gucci unveiled its new campaign for Fall/Winter 2020-21 titled "THE RITUAL".
Comme des Garçons Homme Plus unveiled its Spring/Summer 2021 collection.
17-year-old rising star Alfie Templeman has shared the brilliant 8-bit style video for 'Things I Thought Were Mine', one of several stellar tracks on his brand new EP Happiness In Liquid Form.
EDEN power corp unveiled its Spring/Summer 2021 lookbook featuring Sultan shot by Mathieu Fortin.
French-based artists Bamao Yendé & Le Diouck unveiled their most recent work 'Okocha' a wildly infectious banger, specially written for 'NADSAT' – POC/LGBT+ positive compilation to be released on September 25th via Because Music.
The images were shot during the lockdown, directly by somebody with whom they shared that difficult moment.
A collection inspired by environmental art and the involvement of technology in the natural habitat/ecosystem.
For the Fall/Winter 2020 collection, Versace Jeans Couture fuses the 60s and 90s aesthetics with the irreverent spirit of modern-day street culture.
Lamin, Marcus, Henrik, and Daniel photographed by Vitaboy and styled by Anwar Bougroug, in exclusive for Fucking Young! Online.
Hedi Slimane reunites with model Dylan Delval for Celine's Fall/Winter 2020 campaign.
Spanish designer Victor von Schwarz unveiled the second part of his 2020 collection inspired by an impending apocalypse ft. the new talent Oscar Buch. New colors, fit clothes. His brand keys are the combination of crafts, sewing and… »
JULIUS unveiled its Spring/Summer 2021 collection originally titled "Harvest" but re-titled "Mamuthones" after the beginning of the pandemic.
Hollywood actor and amateur skateboarder, Jack Dylan Grazer fronts our Spring/Summer 2020 Olympic Issue shot by Kapturing in 2028 Olympic host city of Los Angeles. While 16-year-old Grazer empowers kids to go out and claim their own piece to skate on, the Olympics can also connect to fond childhood memories. We also look at it for inspiration and a call for togetherness.Spring/Summer 2020


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see i'm pretty down with augustusxlucy
but liamxlucy??!?!!? >:\\\ *Shoos hand away*
see i'm pretty down with augustusxlucy
but liamxlucy??!?!!? >:\\\ *Shoos hand away*
I still think LiamxLucy is cute, despite the fancharacter status
I'd rather she'd be with Liam than Augustus.
*facepalm* the only reason Liam isn't already dead is because he was made by a friend.
Knock it off. Rose hasn't been here as long as some people and I doubt she fully knows of Taeshi's distaste. :U
I was mostly joking because the last time Rose posted a drawing, people who were anti AugutusxLucy were pissing themselves in rage and making a big deal.
Grubey: fancharacters can just never come back, doesn't mean they have to die. Liam, Larken for example are not dead, but they will never show up in the comic again.
@Taeshi Well, it's not really up to us how the relationships in the actually storyline turns out.
Personally, I thought Liam and Lucy were perfect together, but I'm guessing if they were together, then there would be a lot less drama in the story.
I think it's better that the fan characters out of of the storyline.
Hey, nice drawing. Farmer Abbey
YES!!! someone who likes lucyxliam!!! i is so happy
damn right PauloxLucy is the power of love
I'm loving how you draw Abbey.
So many awesome songs. ;-;
I would go with both LucyxLiam And LucyxAugustus really. .
Both work epically to me.
Anyways,this is awesome,you are awesome,great Music Meme. ^-^
Lazy people have to do this?
Well, better start training then...


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Chip collection bins
The chip collection bins are positioned under the machine ensuring an optimised filling of the dust bags. The optimised clamping system ensures a quick dust bag changeover.
Clean air for a healthy workshop
The fact that there is wood dust in workshops is clear and it has also been well known for some time that the dust is classified as a health hazard, but it is only recently that dust extraction in this industry has become a real talking point. An EU legislation soon to come into force will allow companies that have an air filter requirement of up to 8000 m³/h (previously 6000 m³/h) to be able to use wood dust tested clean air dust extractors, saving the expensive investment of an externally positioned extractor. However, in addition to the numerous rules and regulations, one thing is also absolutely clear: Working in a dust free environment is not only healthier but also offers numerous opportunities to reduce costs and increase energy efficiency in woodworking companies. A tailor-made extraction solution is simply essential for a "healthy workshop".
Felder offers air filters, clean air extractors and filtration systems for efficient chip extraction and air cleaning. Mobile, stationary or for space saving wall mounting – we have the right extraction solution for every requirement.
... Your decision for Felder, a risk-free decision
The chip collection bins are positioned under the machine ensuring an optimised filling of the dust bags. The optimised clamping system ensures a quick dust bag changeover.
--- Large filter area with small space requirement
--- Reduced load on the filters
--- Maximum filter durability
Continuous automatic blasts of compressed air clean the filter completely and guarantee long lasting perfect extraction results.
High standards: Water fire extinguisher and pneumatic filter cleaning. Optional: Powder fire extinguisher
Equipped with a rotary feeder instead of chip collection boxes
Fuel, disposal costs or storage space are all becoming more and more expensive. The Felder briquetting presses reduce the volume of waste by 90 % and additionally eliminate the need for investment in a chip container or silo. Felder briquetting machines are suitable for continuous use due to their design. They are assembled on a solid base frame and can be combined to use with clean air dust extractors by Felder.


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So you have decided to get a brand new website design for your company, but the question that typically comes to one's mind is how to ensure that your website is visually appealing as well as provides an overall incredible user experience to the visitor.
A lot of websites these days rely heavily on cool graphics and fancy effects, but when it comes to marketing yourself effectively on web 2.0, it is very important that you provide the visitor with an experience that he will not soon forget. Many companies providing website designing services often promise cutting edge visuals along with an incredible user experience. But the question is how to find out a company that actually delivers on that promise…
The answer lays in a few simple points, that can ensure a website that is not just 'In Sync' with the times but also within your stipulated budget, points such as…
• Finding out the credentials of the company that you plan to hire.
• Whether the company provides custom web designing services. This is to ensure that you are provided with services that address your specific requirements.
• How long has the company been in the market and whether they have a strong portfolio pertaining to their expertise in providing web designing services.
• How many projects that particular web designing company has handled and whether they have been able to retain their clients'.
• Do they actually spend time understanding a client's specific needs and keep in mind the budget constraints.
The above points might have been covered by a lot of people earlier, but often a person who wants to get a new website or plans to revamp an old one misses out on these simple points in the spur of the moment. Therefore, it is very important that you keep these simple points in mind, the moment you plan to get a new website or revamp an old one.
You must understand that you cannot follow the herd and hire a website designing company to provide you with mediocre website designing services. It is very important that you come with a website that is innovative and inspirational for others, it pays to stand out from the crowd in the long run.
A company that can provide you with custom web designing services can help you attract a whole lot of people from your targeted niche and help you get the maximum bang for every penny that you spend. So, it pays to find out the company that has an edge over the other companies providing website designing services.
So the next time you think of what to do and what not to do, when deciding upon hiring a web designing company, just keep in mind that it is better to overshoot your budget a little bit and hire the company that provides you with custom web designing services, which is suited to your specific requirements, than hiring one that doesn't. It might hurt your pocket a bit, but in the end, you will have a website both in terms of visual appeal as well an incredible user experience that your visitors will love to come back to time and again.


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