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South African Journal of Science
On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.104 n.5-6 Pretoria May./Jun. 2008
Predator density-dependent prey dispersal in a patchy environment with a refuge for the prey
K. Dao DucI, *; P. AugerI, II; T. Nguyen-HuuI, II
IIXXI, ENS Lyon,46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
IIIRD UR Geodes, Centre IRD de l'Ile de France, 32, Av. Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy cedex, France
In this article, we examine a two-patch predatorprey model which incorporates a refuge for the prey. We suppose that prey migration is dependent on predator density, according to a general function. We consider two different time scales in the dynamics of the model, a fast one describing patch to patch migration, and a slow one involving local prey and predator interaction. We take advantage of the time scales to reduce the dimension of the model by use of methods of aggregation of variables, and thereby examine the effect of predator density-dependent migration of prey on the stability of the predatorprey system. We establish a simple criterion of viability, namely, the existence of a positive and globally stable equilibrium, and show that density dependence has beneficial effects on both species by providing larger equilibrium densities.
Predatorprey theory has long been and remains a dominant and important theme in ecology and mathematical ecology, for which many problems remain open.1 Considered since the first Lotka-Volterra model as a classical application of mathematics in biology, models based on differential equations for interactions between species, thanks to analytical techniques and computerization, have become progressively more complex. They increasingly give a more realistic description of ecological systems, and thereby have improved our understanding of the dynamic relationship between prey and predator. The hiding behaviour of prey in particular has been incorporated as an important ingredient of predatorprey systems2 and its consequences on stability have been studied in several models. The traditional way in which refuge has been introduced is via a 'snapshot' approach, requiring that a constant proportion or number of prey cannot be killed by the predators.3 Some early theoretical work suggests that the use of refuges by prey, according to this approach, has a stabilizing effect on predatorprey dynamics,46 whereas other models show no such simple pattern.7,8
More recently, several studies have taken into account the dynamic nature of the refuge, and more generally, the importance of spatial heterogeneity,9,10 using patchy environment in their models.1113 The behavioural aspect of this kind of migration focuses on its possible modalities. The density dependence of dispersal has been studied in many papers, whereas the dependence of predator density in prey migration13,14 is relatively less studied than the dependence of prey density in predator migration.1518 Spatial heterogeneity leads to the consideration of two different types of dynamics local interactions between species, on the one hand, and migrations from patch to patch on the other. In some cases, there exist two different time scales (for instance, a fast time scale corresponding to individual processes like migration, and a slow one for demographic changes (see ref. 14); it is then possible to reduce, via results provided by geometrical singular perturbation (GSP) theory, the dimension of the mathematical model to obtain a reduced or 'aggregated' model which can be handled analytically).1921 It has been shown11 by using these methods that the refuge has a stabilizing effect on the equilibrium for a simple Lotka-Volterra model with refuge and density-independent migration. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of predator density on the migration of prey in such a model. We add here the idea that, to survive, prey has to search for resources outside its refuge and so exposes itself to predation.
We first describe the predatorprey model, comprising a set of three ordinary differential equations governing the local dynamics of prey and predator population densities. These dynamics present two time scales, which enables us to use aggregation of variables methods, based on perturbation techniques and on application of a centre manifold theorem of Fenichel26 to reduce the model to an aggregated one that consists of two equations. To evaluate the impact of density dependence in general, our model also uses a general predator density-dependent function for prey migration. We then study this model and its equilibrium points, and find a simple criterion of stability for a positive equilibrium, depending on various parameters and on the density-dependent migration function. The stability analysis of the non-trivial equilibrium point so found is then considered with a discussion of the results and their ecological interpretations.
The predatorprey model
The model considers two patches, 1 and 2. The prey can move on both patches whereas the predator remains on patch 1. Patch 2, therefore, is a refuge for the prey. Let us denote ni(t) as the density of the prey at time t on patch i (i = 1, 2) and p(t) the density of the predator at time t on patch 1.
We assume that there are two different time scales of the associated dynamics. Migrations are considered to be fast compared to predatorprey interactions. In the prey equations, the dynamics on patch 1 (conversely 2) is represented by a positive (conversely negative) term describing the natural growth (conversely mortality, as there are no resources in the refuge) and a negative term representing prey killed by predators on patch 1. For the predator, we consider a constant natural mortality rate and assume that growth is proportional to the density of prey captured.
The complete system, composed of a set of three ordinary differential equations, is described as follows:
The term r1 > 0 represents the intrinsic growth rate of the prey population in patch 1. Terms r2 and µ are natural mortality rate for prey in patch 2 and for predator in patch 1, respectively. The predation rates are given by a and b. The parameter k represents the prey migration rate from patch 2 to patch 1; the prey migration rate from patch 1 to patch 2 is assumed to be predator-density dependent with the function (p), which we suppose to be positive and to increase with p. In other words, the more predators found on a patch, the more prey tends to leave the patch. We suppose (0) > 0 because there is a natural migration from the resource patch to the refuge even if there is no predator.
Let us define:
n(t) = n1 + n2 (t),
which is the total prey density. Our reduction method is based on classical aggregation methods.21 We now consider the model as an ε-perturbation of the non-perturbed problem obtained for ε = 0, which presents the following fast equilibrium:
For each value of n and p, this equilibrium is hyperbolically stable, which means that this set of fast equilibria constitutes an attracting two-dimensional invariant set for small positive values of ε. With this result, the centre manifold theorem given using Fenichel26 allows us to approximate by a Taylor expansion with respect to the small parameter ε the restriction of the complete model to this invariant set. The first-order expansion gives the aggregated model. If this model is structurally stable, then the complete model is topologically equivalent to the reduced model and we obtain a good idea of the behaviour of the complete model by using the aggregated model (see also refs 25, 27 and 28, which give a detailed description of the theorem with many applications). To derive the reduced model, we substitute the fast equilibria with n1 and n2 and we add the first two equations, giving the following system (with the slow time scale t = ετ):
The aggregated model
Let us now study the aggregated model given by (2). First, we determine the nullclines of the system:
The n-nullclines are given by
The p-nullclines are given by
As the equilibrium points of the model are the intersections between the p-nullclines and the n-nullclines, we see that there exists a non-trivial equilibrium in +2 if Equation (3) admits a positive solution. A necessary and sufficient condition in this case is kr1 - (0) r2 > (see Appendix A). Let us define a new parameter λ as follows: λ = kr1 - (0) r2. The sign of λ then determines the behaviour of the system.
If λ < 0, we have only (0, 0) as an equilibrium point, whose associated Jacobian matrix is
which leads to the conclusion that it is a stable node (Tr(J) < 0 and Det(J) > 0).
If λ = 0, the n-axis constitutes a set of equilibrium points which are not isolated. In this case, the ε-error can play an important role in the dynamics (see ref. 11, for example). Indeed, as shown in this previous paper, the approximation does not match the complete model. Consequently, we have to obtain a first-order approximation of the manifold. In Appendix B, we perform this approximation and give some analytical results for the new model, providing a good example of a case where a more precise approximation of the manifold is necessary.
If λ > 0, we have two equilibrium points:
(0, 0), which is a saddle point (DetJ(0, 0) < 0)
(n*, p*), whose Jacobian matrix associated with (n*, p*) is (see Appendix C)
The trace of this matrix is strictly negative and the determinant is positive. Consequently, (n*, p*) is a locally stable equilibrium point. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the two cases λ < 0 and λ > 0 with the function
We see that the system is viable (i.e. it does not lead to extinction) if and only if the parameter λ is positive. In this case, we have an equilibrium point, whose global asymptotic stability is the subject of the next section.
Global asymptotic stability of (n*, p*)
To prove that (n*, p*) is globally asymptotically stable, we first show that any orbit starting in +2 is bounded; in other words, that there exists a compact in which this orbit stays closed.
From the study of the nullclines of the system, we proved that every orbit starting in +2 stays in +2. Moreover, we know the form of the orbits +2; they circle the equilibrium point (n*, p*). We can therefore define a return map (called first map of Poincaré) for this vector field (see Fig. 3).
We now consider the horizontal transverse section S starting from the equilibrium point (see Fig. 3; we verify that the field is never horizontal on S and a point x0(h0), whose trajectory is denoted by γ(x0). We now show that P(h0) h0 < 0. Let us consider x1(P(h0)) and the closed curve Γ consisting of the segment [x0, x 1] and the part of the orbit joining x0 and x1. Let us note the vector field defined by
Using the Stockes theorem in the domain D delimited by Γ, we have:
As < 0 on D, by definition of the curve Γ, the right-hand part of Equation (5) is reduced to an integral along the transverse section. The sign of that expression is that of P(h0)h0, which gives the result. We have therefore shown that the trajectory always progresses towards the inside and so is included in a compact (delimited by Γ). In such a compact, we now show that the trajectory can converge only to the equilibrium point. Using the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem (which describes precisely all possible kinds of trajectories of a plane dynamical system see refs 22 and 23 for details and demonstration), and because the compact considered contains only one singular point, there can be only two kinds of behaviour:
The ω-limit set ω(x0) (which is the set of accumulation points of the trajectory) is a single point , which is an equilibrium point; the flow of the differential equation Φ(t, x0) tends towards as t → ∞
ω is a periodic orbit.
Moreover, we have shown previously that as div() < 0, there cannot be any periodic orbit (this result is known as the Dulac criterion (see ref. 29), which gives a criterion of non-existence of periodic orbit for a plane dynamical system). Consequently, ω(x0) is reduced to a single point and we reach the conclusion: (n*, p*) is globally asymptotically stable.
Discussion and conclusion
We have shown that for ε < 1, we were able to reduce the 3-dimension initial system to a 2-dimension aggregated model which presents two general behaviours, depending on the sign of the parameter λ:
If λ < 0, then the system is not viable. (0, 0) is globally asymptotically stable. The same result applies for λ = 0, because the predators are then extinct.
If λ > 0, there is a non-trivial globally asymptotically stable point.
This result can easily be interpreted: the sign of λ depends on the quotient of two quantities k/ (0) and r1/r2, the first denoting the quotient between the migration terms when there are predators, and the second the quotient between the terms of global growth. When there are no predators, if the migration from patch 1 to patch 2 is too important, the prey population naturally disappears as patch 2 is hostile. Note that the influence of on the qualitative behaviour of the system is determined only by its value for p = 0. This result shows that the degree of predator-density dependence of prey dispersal has no influence on stability, whereas in ref. 17, prey-density dependence of predator dispersal could destabilize as the degree of density dependence increases.
We now want to compare the case of density-independent migrations with the case of density-dependent migrations. The density-independent case was studied in a previous paper.11 In this article, we obtained a similar result of global stability of a unique positive equilibrium for the aggregated model. Now, let us focus on prey and predator equilibrium densities.
We return to the predator-density-dependent migration rate of prey. A particular function is the following:
In a more general way, we can write this as follows:
(p) = α0 + h(p)
where h(p) is a strictly positive and increasing function for any p > 0 with h(0) = 0. The density-dependent migration rate is then the sum of two terms, a constant term α0 and the density-dependent term h(p). Therefore, we can consider two cases, the density-independent case where (p) = α0, and the density-dependent case where (p) = α0 + h(p)
In both cases, the positive equilibrium (n*, p*) is given by the following expressions:
where f(p*) represents the prey proportion on patch 1 at the fast equilibrium for the positive equilibrium (n*, p*) of the aggregated model.
Let us denote respectively and the equilibrium in the density-independent and the density-dependent cases.
In the density-independent case, the equilibrium prey and predator densities are the following:
In the density-dependent case, the equilibrium densities become
This can be written:
Remember that the function h(0) = 0 and h is a monotonous increasing function of p. Therefore, equilibrium densities for prey as well as for predator are larger in the density-dependent case than in the density-independent case (Fig. 4).
As a consequence, we find that the predator-density dependence of prey migration has important consequences for the predatorprey community. It has a positive effect on both species by providing larger prey and predator densities at equilibrium. In a certain sense, we can conclude that it increases the fitness of the predatorprey community. Communities in which prey individuals move according to predator-density migration rules are more likely to spread with larger population densities at equilibrium. It is interesting to see that the mechanism not only increases the equilibrium density of prey but also that of predator. A priori, one could imagine that when prey is more efficient at avoiding predation, predators would have more difficulty capturing prey and this would lead to a decrease in predator density at equilibrium. However, our result shows that this is not the case and that the predator density-dependent mechanism for prey migration is not only beneficial for prey but also for predator. The density of prey available for predation is less, which cause a loss of predation efficiency, but the total prey density is greater. It appears that it is more profitable for the predator to exploit a large reservoir at a regulated rate, even with a loss of efficiency, than to create a situation in which prey cannot escape while too many predators are located on the capture patch, as might occur in the case of density-independent migration. The density-dependent migration of prey prevents an overcapture of prey by predators. Hence density-dependent migration regulates interactions between prey and predators better, leading to a higher population density for both species.
1. Berryman A.A. (1992). The origins and evolutions of predatorprey theory. Ecology 73, 15301535. [ Links ]
2. Berryman A.A. and Hawkins B.A. (2006). The refuge as an integrating concept in ecology and evolution. Oikos 115(1), 192196. [ Links ]
3. Taylor R.J. (1984). In Predation, p. 166. Chapman and Hall, New York. [ Links ]
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5. Sih A., Petranka J.W. and Kats L.B. (1998). The dynamics of prey refuge use: a model and tests with sunfish and salamander larvae. Am. Nat. 132(4), 463483. [ Links ]
6. Kar T.K. (2005). Stability analysis of a preypredator model incorporating a prey refuge. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 10(6), 681691. [ Links ]
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8. Collings J.B. (1995). Bifurcation and stability analysis of a temperature-dependent mite predatorprey model incorporating a prey refuge. Bill. Mayh. Biol. 57, 6376. [ Links ]
9. Levin L.S. (1976). Population dynamics models in heterogeneous environments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7, 287310. [ Links ]
10. Hanski I. (1981). Coexistence of competitors in patchy environments with and without predation. Oikos 37, 306312. [ Links ]
11. Poggiale J.C. and Auger P. (2004). Impact of spatial heterogeneity on a predatorprey system dynamics. C.R. Biol. 327, 10581063. [ Links ]
12. Abrams P. (2007). Habitat choice in predatorprey systems: Spatial instability due to interacting adaptative movements. Am. Nat. 169, 581597. [ Links ]
13. Mchich R., Bergam A. and RaVssi N. (2005). Effects of density dependent migrations on the dynamics of a predator preymodel. Acta Biotheor. 53(4), 331340. [ Links ]
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19. Auger P., Charles S., Viala M. and Poggiale J.C. (2000). Aggregation and emergence in ecological modelling: integration of the ecological levels. Ecol. Model. 127, 1120. [ Links ]
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* Author for correspondence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Given that the n-isocline is always positive for p > 0, there exists a unique positive equilibrium point if and only if the equation
admits a positive root. Let us denote
F(p) = kr1 - (p)r2 - kap.
Since F(p) is decreasing and F(p) → ∞as p → ∞, there exists a positive root if and only if F(0) > 0. In other words, the parameter λ = kr1 - (0)r2 must be positive.
Let us rewrite the system (1) the following equivalent way:
To get a first-order approximation of the manifold, the method consists in writing
and replacing n1 by this expression in (6). In particular, we obtain
We can also consider as
which gives, since
We now identify the terms of order (ε) in both formulae, which gives
w(n, p) = n(n, p)
We finally obtain the following aggregated model:
Here, we see that if p = 0, for n ≠ 0, = 0 if and only if so the non-isolated singularities along the n-axis disappear with this development, and another positive equilibrium can appear. Since the case λ = 0 is minor and more complex, we will not take it further in this study and this article.
If it exists, the non-trivial equilibrium point (n*, p*) verifies
The Jacobian matrix associated with the system is
we then have


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Power tools can be classified in the following basic types according to their application range:
In addition to this, there are power tools for special applications and combination types.
Power tools work according to the following basic principles:
The basic principles are used individually or in combinations.
Volt is the unit of measure of electrical voltage.
Watt is the unit of measure for (electrical) power.
You have to know the characteristics of the material you are working on.
The user of drills is primarily at risk of possible back torques. Back torques occur when the drill's torque output increases due to increasing friction of the bit in the hole when
Extremely high, dangerous kick-back can occur if the power tool jams.
No. You have to go by the material characteristics.
The softer the material, the higher the speed. The harder the material, the lower the speed.
As there are very different hardness ratings within materials, you should always drill with the right speed that is adapted to the material and the drill bit diameter.
In technical literature there are application tables that have been calculated in detail. The speeds listed here in our table must be seen as simplified guidelines that can be used to achieve good results with hand-held machines.Other speeds may apply for special drill bits and core cutters. It is best to consult the values specified on the packaging or in the user manual.If you cannot precisely define the speed of the drill used, then use the nearest value.
The possible kick-backs during drilling can be avoided as follows: Always use immaculate, sharp drill bits. Damaged or blunt drill bits have considerably higher friction and can very easily get jammed or stuck.
Encourage the chip flow when drilling deep holes by regularly retracting the drill bit. This reduces drill bit friction and with it the risk of jamming.
When drilling large diameter holes, select the suitable speed and fix the workpiece.
Generally pre-drill when drilling holes of over 6 mm diameter in metal. This measure will mean that less feed pressure is required. This is especially advantageous when drilling thin sheet metals because it enables you to adjust the feed pressure more precisely when removing the drill bit from the workpiece, which prevents the cutting edge of the drill bit from getting caught. As a rule of thumb, for pre-drilling you choose a drill bit with a diameter that matches the chisel edge width of the large drill bit.
Back torques are absorbed by handling the machine safely. It is therefore necessary to hold and guide the drill with both hands. Drills that are intended to be used with an auxiliary handle must be used with the auxiliary handle.
The spindle on the drill is securely fixed in the bearings. This provides a high level of true running precision. The speeds are optimised for drilling in metal. The spindle on the impact drill is positioned in the bearings as a moving part. The true running precision is not as good as on normal drills because of the different system. The speed is usually higher than that of drills because stone is also drilled, which requires a high impact rate.
Yes, Bosch is registered with a compliance scheme as required by the Portable Battery Waste Regulations. The registration number is BPRN00561.
Tool reactions can occur when tightening and loosening screws, which can endanger the user. The causes are
Yes, These are covered by the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations. Speak with your retailer regarding any in store take back scheme they may offer or deliver to your local Civic Amenity site where they will be accepted for recycling free of charge.
Impermissible and therefore dangerous back torques can be avoided by the following measures:
The standard guarantee on DIY tools is 24 months from date of purchase.
Customers are also given a three month guarantee on repair work carried out by the Bosch Service Centre or any Authorised Service Agent.
Please refer to our current guarantee conditions for details.
The most common cause of bit slipping is:
It is not difficult to see that an application error is to blame in each of these cases.
The effects of bit slipping are:
You can see that it is worth avoiding these common application errors.
Nearly all screwdriving applications can be classified as one of two basic types: hard screwdriving applications and soft screwdriving applications.
There are machine screws and wood screws. There are different versions of these basic types for various building materials and special applications. They differ in terms of their shape and their type of thread.
In principle, the different types are:
Sanding or grinding surfaces is called surface sanding or surface grinding, whereas cutting materials by grinding them is called cut-off grinding or deep grinding.
Nearly all solid materials can be sanded or ground. Only certain material types such as elastomers can either not be sanded or ground at all or only with extreme technical measures.
The application range is based on the abrasive used and is universal. Orbital sanders are preferably used for working on wood, wood-based materials and painted surfaces. They are less suitable for metals and stone materials because the material removal rate is very low.
Orbital sanders are excellent for flat surfaces. There is a risk of sanding through here and there on sharp corners and edges and on convex or concave curved surfaces due to the hard, flat sanding plate. This can also damage the sanding plate.
The application range is based on the abrasive used and is universal. Angle grinders are preferably used for grinding metal and stone. The grinding position becomes very hot due to the tool's high circumferential speeds. Angle grinders are therefore less suitable for wood-based materials and plastics.
Virtually all workpiece shapes can be worked on. Angle grinders are, however, less suitable for workpieces that need to be given an absolutely flat surface because the high material removal rate means that application errors will inadvertently cause deep grinding marks.
The main risk of injury on sawing power tools is posed by the saw blade – both when the tool is at standstill and when it is working. There is also the risk of machine kick-back resulting from application errors. You must only use sharp saw blades in immaculate condition. The saw blades must be suitable and permitted for the corresponding saw. Blunt or damaged saw blades can lead to jamming and machine stalling. Injuries caused by the saw blade can be avoided by the following measures:
Set and fix adjustable safety mechanisms such as the riving knife according to instructions.
The saw must be guided securely and firmly during work. When doing so, choose a feed pressure that does not cause the saw to jam or stall. This could cause kick-back torques to occur.
With the exception of certain mineral materials and glass, virtually all materials can be cut with hand-held electric saws.
Hand-held circular saws are basically suitable for all sawable materials by using the corresponding saw blade.
The main application range of the circular saw is fast and precise trimming and sizing of panel-shaped components by means of straight cuts. Cutting depths of up to 100 mm or more are used the carpentry trade, but handling such large hand-held circular saws is risky due to the high back torques that occur when the saw blade jams.
Metals cannot be sawn with the tandem saw because of the way it works:
the metal chips that get between the saw blades and in the bar guide would weld the saw blades stuck as a result of friction. Plastics can be sawn to a limited extent: the chips and dust from foamed thermoplastics, especially styrene based (e.g. polystyrene), heat up between the saw blades and the guide as a result of friction. After cooling down, they jam the saw blades because of the hot glue effect. With carbide tooth tipped saw blades, however, they are also suitable for sawing soft and porous stone materials such as aerated concrete and soft lightweight bricks. The saw blades can be changed without the need for additional tools.
The tandem saw is primarily intended for working on wood in the carpentry trade. Beams are usually cut to length and tenon joints are produced. The tandem saw is used just as often in structural work to cut aerated concrete components.
Hand-held chainsaws are used only for working on wood. They are used to quickly cut and trim beams and square timbers and fresh ("green") wood in the gardening and forestry trade.
Sabre saws are basically suitable for all sawable materials by using the corresponding saw blade.
The sabre saw is typically used in installation and plumbing, vehicle construction, metalworking and pallet recycling.
You must read the user manual because battery technology changes quickly, which may require a new method of operation.
Self-discharge refers to the process by which a battery passively emits energy through storage alone. Once a certain time has elapsed, the battery must be charged before it can operate a garden tool. The self-discharge with conventional nickel technology is approximately 25% per month, whereas with Li-ion it is less than 2%. Li-ion batteries are therefore ready to use even after prolonged periods of storage.
Memory effect occurs in NiCd batteries if they are not fully discharged. If a part of the battery is not used, the battery "remembers" this. The unused part of the battery is then no longer available for storing energy in the battery. This memory effect cannot occur in Li-ion batteries.
Li-ion batteries should be stored at room temperature. Storage at higher temperatures reduces the lifetime of the battery. Li-ion batteries can be destroyed by temperatures above 55 °C, and can suffer deep discharge at temperatures below –15 °C. Li-ion batteries should not be fully charged prior to long-term storage. The activity in a fully charged cell is higher than a partially charged cell, which causes the cell to age more quickly.
Brand-name batteries, particularly those in Bosch garden tools, are protected by a variety of safety mechanisms. An explosion is virtually impossible. Nonetheless, short circuits or mechanical damage to the pack should be avoided at all costs.
You give them back to the power tools dealer. He collects them and passes them on to the power tools manufacturer who then arranges for them to be recycled properly.
The main risk of injury on routers is posed by the sharp router bit – both when the tool is at standstill and when it is working. Routers work at very high rotational speeds. Improper operation can lead to machine kick-back. You must only use sharp router bits in immaculate condition. The router bits must be suitable and permitted for the corresponding router. Blunt or damaged router bits can lead to severe vibration, machine kick-back and bit breakage. Injuries caused by the router bit can be avoided by the following measures:
When routing edges, the feed direction must always be opposite to the bit's direction of rotation (upcut routing). When routing in the bit's direction of rotation (downcut routing), the machine cannot be guided safely, especially at higher cutting depths. The severe evasive movements of the machine can cause the user to lose control over the router, which poses extreme risk of an accident. The router must always be guided securely and firmly.
The selected feed pressure must not cause the machine to lose speed too much, which causes vibration.
Hand-held power tools for routing are known under the generic terms routers or plunge routers. The term "plunge router" describes the fact that the router bit is first located above the workpiece and has to be lowered to start routing.
Hand-held routers differ in their application purpose and power consumption. The common types are:
In general, all free-machining materials, especially wood-based materials, can be processed. Metals can only be processed with heavy, stationary routing machines. Only thin aluminium sheets can be processed with hand-held routers.
The hardness of wood is relatively low which makes machining easy. However, if local temperatures get too high, for example, if you stay in one spot for too long, it tends to burn.
The elasticity especially of long-fibred soft wood exerts a certain clamping force on the router bit which is converted to additional frictional heat. In case of solid wood it is very important to respect the grain direction if you want to achieve good results.
The source of danger on an electric planer is the high-speed rotating cutter shaft ("planer shaft"). As a result of momentum, the planer shaft continues to run for some time after the planer has been switched off. Until complete standstill is reached, the planer shaft must therefore not come into contact with the user or other objects, e.g. the work bench.
To prevent danger, you should not put the planer down until the planer shaft has come to a standstill. It is easiest to use a planer type that has a parking feature ("parking rest"). This feature prevents the planer shaft from touching the surface underneath. You must nevertheless ensure that there are no objects on the surface.
All free-machining materials can be planed. However, portable electric planers are almost exclusively used to process wood and wood-based materials. The processing of plastics is possible if the planing width is low (approximately 20-50 mm, depending on the type of plastic).
In comparison to other materials, wood is relatively soft and can therefore be perfectly processed by material-removing techniques. As a "naturally grown" processed material, it has a fibrous structure in natural state and, due to differing growth conditions, it is marked by irregularities, for example, branches. This has to be taken into account during machining since it has an influence on the surface quality.
When the planer is brought into starting position the operator pressure must be applied to the front of the planer base, otherwise the result will be a dent in the surface.
When the planer is taken off the planed material the operator pressure must be applied to the rear of the planer base, otherwise the result will be a dent in the surface.
The correct planing direction has to be chosen to make sure that the planer does not cut against the emerging fibres since this would deteriorate the surface quality. By setting the planer on at a slight angle to the feed direction one can produce an "oblique drawing cut" which improves the surface quality (planer blade does not penetrate into the workpiece across the feed direction but diagonally to the feed direction).
As a rule, only wood and wood-based materials can be stapled and only if the wood is not too hard. Natural wood and plywood can be more easily stapled since the fibres exert an additional clamping force. Other wood-based materials like chipboard can only be reasonably successfully stapled if resin-coated staples are used.
All hard materials, for example, metals, stone-based materials, glass and hard plastics can not be stapled.
Tackers are exceptionally safe if used as instructed. They should always be applied directly on the workpiece and never to "shoot" staples through the air. Many tackers are therefore equipped with a mechanical safety device which prevents their actuation unless they are pressed against hard materials.
Glue guns are electrically safe, however, they should not remain unsupervised in switched-on condition like all electric appliances. The high melting temperature of 150...180 °C of the adhesive, however, requires your attention during application to avoid skin burns.
All materials with absorbent or porous surfaces and with suitable resistance to heat can be glued with the hot glue gun. Typical materials are wood, wood-based materials, stone-based materials and fibre-based materials such as fabrics, leather, cardboard and paper.
Materials that cannot be glued are those with a smooth, non-absorbent surface such as glass, metal and smooth plastics, as well as heat-sensitive plastics such as polystyrene foams. If in doubt, perform a gluing test.
Before painting
During painting
If you follow this procedure and paint away from the window, i.e. with the incidence of light, all colour transitions will disappear and you will prevent unattractive shading.
The choice of paint type depends on the application range: Do you want to paint your furniture? Are you painting your walls? Do you want to protect your patio against weather effects with a varnish?
Emulsion paints:
Suitable for painting ceilings and walls (indoors). They have good adhesive properties, even out surface irregularities on boards, plasterboard or cement fibres, seal pores on plastered walls and concrete, and are preferred for painting ingrain and anaglypta wallpapers.
Latex paints:
Special emulsion paints which are usually permeable to water vapour, but very hard-wearing, scruff-resistant and insensitive to standard detergents. They are mainly used in damp rooms such as bathrooms or laundry rooms and in heavy duty rooms such as garages or kitchens.
Colour paints or other paints with especially finely distributed, low pigmentation. They are used when you want the texture of the substrate to remain visible. Wood is protected by varnishes against weather effects, UV radiation, and in some cases against fungi and insects. Wood surfaces can be given a consistent colour by the varnishes, which can also be used on concrete to balance out any colour variations.
Lacquers are mostly opaque coatings. Once it has dried, the coating gives a high-quality, good-looking matte or shiny surface. They are resistant to chemicals and are mainly used to coat wood, metal, plastic or mineral material.
In principle, colourless paint should not be used on windows, wooden panelling or any other wooden components that are situated outdoors.
Colourless paints and light varnishes do not provide sufficient UV protection. UV radiation will cause the wooden surface to lose its ability to hold paint, the wood will turn from brown to grey, the paint will crack and peel away from the wood.
White, covering coatings usually provide the most durability. Sufficiently pigmented varnishes have proven effective on panelling or fences.
A levelling instrument is a tool for measuring the relative height of objects.
By projecting laser lines onto the wall, a laser levelling instrument makes it easier to perform tasks such as precisely hanging up pictures, shelves or wall cupboards and precisely aligning objects in relation to each other.
The path between the measuring instrument and the measuring object must be free of obstacles. You therefore have to measure past obstacles.
Measuring errors can also occur if smoke or dust absorb or partially reflect the measuring beam.
The lasers used in Bosch measuring tools correspond to laser class 2, which is classed as safe. There is therefore no need for any particular safety measures. In general, however, laser beams should never be aimed directly into the eyes, regardless of their protection class.
For orders through the online shop, a flat rate per order of 4.76 £ (incl. VAT) is charged.
For each order made through the Service Contact Centre, i.e. by telephone, e-mail, letter or fax, a flat rate per order of 7.14 £ (incl. VAT) is charged.
When cash on delivery is used for orders, an additional cost of 2.50 £ is charged.
We offer a fixed cost repair service on the majority of our repairs other than those covered under guarantee. On booking the repair of your power tool if there is a fixed price cost available for the tool in question payment in advance can be made at this point. Alternatively if no fixed price cost is available the collection will take place and an estimate for repair will be made subject to diagnosis.
At this point you will have the option via email to
1) Proceed with the repair
2) Authorise the recycling of the tool
3) Have it returned in an unrepaired state.
After a charged repair, you are entitled to a guarantee of one year.
This can be for one of three reasons:
1) It's an accessory, not a spare part. You can find an overview of our accessories at www.bosch-do-it.com or contact your dealer directly.
2) The part you require belongs to an assembly. In this case, you can only order the complete assembly.
3) The part you require is unavailable or no longer in stock.
Further links
Spare parts are the essential parts of a power tool. They are basic equipment, without which it would not be possible to operate the tool
Spare parts include: toothed belts, screws, yokes and carbon brush sets.
Accessories are function-enhancing attachments or add-ons, without which a power tool still operates normally, and include saw blades, cases, auxiliary handles, sanding paper and drill bits.
Collection of tools during the warranty period is free of charge. For repairs after the warranty period has expired, there are one-off shipping costs of 7.14 euros (incl. VAT).
Please note that calibration costs are based on no additional parts being required to return the product to a state where calibration can take place. For further details, please contact our Service Hotline team or alternatively email us.
Tel: 0844 736 0109 Mon - Fri: 8.00 – 17.00
(landline rate 4 pence/min from a BT phone. Mobile and other phone network charges may vary)
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
If you discover external damage to the parcel when the spare part shipment is delivered, then refuse acceptance or show the damage to the postman/delivery agent.
If, whilst unpacking the goods, you discover material defects or you have ordered the wrong spare part, then please inform us as soon as possible (within 15 days at the latest). Please also check our delivery conditions on this point.
Before you return the goods, you must request a returns note from us, quoting the delivery note number.
Further links
Yes, These are covered under the Portable Battery Waste Regulations. Spent batteries and rechargeable batteries can be taken to any retailer offering a battery "take back scheme" or Civic Amenity site where they will be accepted for recycling free of charge.
Your faulty tool can be sent directly to our service centre. Another option is to hand it in at your local retailer or DIY store.
When sending it to us directly, it is important to ensure that the repair order form is filled in and enclosed with the faulty tool, thus enabling your order to be processed quickly.
Providing we receive a collection request before 16:00, we will aim to collect the following day (weekdays only).
Yes, Bosch is registered with a compliance scheme as required by the WEEE regulations (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment). The registration number is WEEE/CK0085VZ.
As with the Repair Service, We aim to carry out the Calibration Service and return the calibrated tool to the user within five working days.
Products for collection must be securely boxed to prevent damage during transportation. Our carrier may also refuse to take items inadequately packaged.
Further links
No, but this is how we proceed:
In the case of a warranty claim, the repair is, of course, free of charge.
Once the warranty has expired, the following applies:
If the repair costs are less than 50% of the new price, we repair the tool immediately. The repair costs are listed clearly in the invoice.
If the repair costs are more than 50% of the new price, you will receive a cost estimate.
Furthermore, you have the option of an "advance release":
You decide beforehand if the tool with a repair price above 50% should be released for recycling or if you would like a cost estimate.
In case of an advance release, you are exempt from the shipping costs.
The Bosch Calibration Service is brand-independent. It only caters to our own brands "Bosch" and "CST/Berger".
You can decide if the tool remains at the service centre and is recycled there, or if you would like to have it back. In this case, there is a handling charge of 17.85 £, plus shipping costs of 7.14 £ (incl. VAT).
In the case of a warranty claim, there are, of course, no shipping costs.
For repairs after the warranty has expired, there is a one-off cost per order of 7.14 £ (incl. VAT).
The standard guarantee on blue products (and Batteries) is twelve months from date of purchase in commercial use.
The guarantee on professional blue power tools can be extended to 36 months (and in the case of Batteries 24 months) if the tool/Batteries are registered online within four weeks of purchase.
You normally receive the repaired tool back after three to five working days at the latest.
Ampere is the unit of measure of electrical current.
That depends on the intended use. DIYers prefer the impact drill because of its versatility, whereas professionals prefer the drill for its precision.
This term denotes the screwdriving accessory required for the particular screw type (slotted, cross head, hex, Torx, etc.). The bit is fixed in the machine either directly via a hex shank in a chuck or in a bit holder that is either part of the machine or an inserted accessory.
The application range is based on the abrasive used and is universal. Random orbit sanders are preferably used for working on wood, wood-based materials and painted surfaces. When used with the right accessory, random orbit sanders are excellent for polishing work. The work rate is lower when sanding metal or stone materials.
Virtually all workpiece shapes can be worked on due to the round sanding plate, which is available in various hardness ratings. Working on sharp corners and edges can lead to sanding through and to damage on the sanding pad.
You always begin with a coarse grit and then choose a finer grit for each stage. As a rule of thumb, you choose a grit that is twice as fine for each subsequent stage.
For example: grit sequence 40 – 80 – 180 – 360 – 600 – 1200
Jigsaws are basically suitable for all sawable materials by using the corresponding saw blade.
Jigsaws are particularly suitable for complex work with curved cuts in all materials. Of all saws, they have the largest selection of universal and special saw blades.
Lithium-ion batteries are based on a new technology that uses lithium as a component in the electrodes. They differ fundamentally from nickel-based batteries and have a cell voltage of 3.6 volts, which is three times as high as nickel cadmium batteries. Less battery cells are required, which enables the power tool to be smaller and lighter or more powerful at the same size. Unlike nickel cadmium batteries, lithium-ion batteries do not have memory effect. They also have considerably less self-discharge.
In the spare part catalogue in our Online Shop you will find exploded pictorial views of all our tools from the last 25 years. Here you can easily identify the spare part you require. Keep the 10 digit article number of the tool or its trade name ready to hand. To ensure that you quickly find the right spare part, you have to enter this number.
Project guides 1 - 15 of 85
Ask us and we will be happy to help you.
Bosch does not accept any responsibility for the instructions stored here. Bosch would also like to point out that you follow these instructions at your own risk. For your own safety, please take all the necessary precautions.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Leaked Pakistan report details bin Laden's secret life
- Bin Laden lived undetected in Pakistan for nine years
- A daughter recalls the night of the U.S. raid
- The report calls on Pakistani leaders to apologize to the nation
Osama bin Laden lived undetected in Pakistan for nine years before he was killed by U.S. forces, according to a leaked Pakistani government report that blasts the country's civilian and military leadership for "gross incompetence" over the bin Laden affair.
It finds that Pakistan's intelligence establishment had "closed the book" on bin Laden by 2005, and was no longer actively pursuing intelligence that could lead to his capture.
The 336-page Abbottabad Commission report, obtained by Al Jazeera, blasts the government and military for a "national disaster" over its handling of bin Laden and calls on the leadership to apologize to the people of Pakistan for their "dereliction of duty."
The report, never released publicly, was ordered after the May 1, 2011, raid by U.S. special forces on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad. The al-Qaeda leader was killed and his body removed during the raid.
According to Al Jazeera, the report finds the government's intention in conducting the inquiry was likely aimed at "regime continuance, when the regime is desperate to distance itself from any responsibility for the national disaster that occurred on its watch." It says that the inquiry was likely "a reluctant response to an overwhelming public and parliamentary demand."
The report blames "Government Implosion Syndrome" for lack of intelligence on bin Laden's nine-year residence in Pakistan and its response to the U.S. raid.
The commission says Bin Laden and his family were apparently able to stay and travel in Pakistan without detection because he had a small, but dedicated, network "that met their every need."
"They kept a very low profile and lived extremely frugally," the report says. "They never exposed themselves to public view. They had the cover of the two Pakistani Pashtun couriers cum security guards. They had minimum security. OBL successfully minimized any 'signature' of his presence. His minimal support blended easily with the surrounding community."
Al Jazeera quotes the report as saying the commission finds that "culpable negligence and incompetence at almost all levels of government can more or less be conclusively established."
The report focuses intently on the night of the raid, interviewing bin Laden's family and members of the household extensively.
The report said accounts differ as to whether the al-Qaeda leader was killed by the first shot fired at him when he went to the bedroom door as soldiers came up the stairs or later when they stormed the room.
"He did not use his wife or daughter as a shield to protect himself," the report says. "He was not armed when he was shot."
One of his daughters, identified as Surnayya, told the commission that she saw one of the U.S. helicopters land from her window and immediately rushed upstairs to bin Laden's room.
"Although she did not see her father fall, she saw him on the floor," the report says. "He had been hit in the forehead and she knew he was dead. His face was 'clear' and recognizable. According to her, blood flowed 'backwards over his head.' However, because of the dark she could not see very clearly. The American soldiers asked her to identify the body. She said, 'my father.'"
In summing up its assessment of the killing of bin Laden, the commission spares few words:
The whole episode of the U.S. assassination mission of May 2, 2011 and the Pakistan government's response before, during and after appears in large part to be a story of complacency, ignorance, negligence, incompetence, irresponsibility and possibly worse at various levels inside and outside the government.
Among other findings:
• Bin Laden entered Pakistan in mid-2002 after narrowly escaping capture in the battle of Tora Bora in Afghanistan. Over nine years, he moved to various places inside the country, including South Waziristan and northern Swat Valley.
• In Swat, the al-Qaeda leader reportedly met with Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, the alleged mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, in early 2003. About a month later, KSM was captured in Rawalpindi in a joint U.S.-Pakistani operation, and bin Laden fled the area.
• Bin Laden, along with two of his wives and several children and grandchildren, moved into the custom-built compound in Abbottabad, a military garrison town, in 2005 and lived there until the U.S. raid.
• Bin Laden was very concerned about surveillance. The report says bin Laden wore a cowboy hat outside to avoid detection from above and considered buying and cutting down a row of poplar trees on the perimeter of the Abbottabad compound because he thought it might provide cover for observers.
• The presence of a CIA support network to help track down bin Laden without the Pakistani establishment's knowledge was "a case of nothing less than a collective and sustained dereliction of duty by the political, military and intelligence leadership of the country."
In Washington, the admiral who oversees special operations ordered the files about the Abbottabad raid wiped from the Pentagon's computers and moved to the CIA, apparently to protect their secrecy, according to a recent draft report by the Defense Department's inspector general.
The Associated Press, which had sought the records from the Pentagon more than two years ago, writes that the secret move "set off no alarms within the Obama administration" and that the action by by Adm. William McRaven appears contrary to federal rules and perhaps the Freedom of Information Act.
CIA spokesman Preston Golson said in a statement that it was "absolutely false" that records were moved to avoid the legal requirements of the Freedom of Information Act.
The CIA said the SEALs were essentially reassigned from the Navy to work temporarily for the agency, which has presidential authority to conduct covert operations.
McRaven, the commander of United States Special Operations Command, sought to protect the names of the personnel involved, said the inspector general's draft report, which was released weeks ago. A spokesman for the admiral declined comment.
AP writes that the records transfer "could represent a new strategy for the U.S. government to shield even its most sensitive activities from public scrutiny."
Contributing: The Associated Press


text:
"There is no such thing as adventure, there is no such thing as romance. There is only trouble and desire."
– Simple Men (1992) by Hal Hartley.
I adore this. It's lame, it lilts, it's built upon leaden acting but picks out how lumpy life is before it's smoothed out to become a story.


text:
Monday night was Stephen Colbert's chance to take a shot at the kerfuffle over Mitt Romney's new ad, in which he quotes Obama quoting somebody else.
The new Romney ad features a clip of Obama saying on the campaign trail in 2008, "If we keep talking about the economy, we're going to lose."
Trouble is, he was quoting someone from then-opponent Sen. John McCain's campaign when he said it — and Democrats are furious at what they say was the Romney campaign's deceptive misuse of the quote.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
Colbert's take?
"That might look like an unfair edit by Romney, but later on, I will edit this so that it doesn't," Colbert said.
"Those words came out of Obama's face. Now they're his words. Just like some of my most famous quotes: 'Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.' 'Love thy neighbor as thyself.' I own it," he joked.
"Folks, I own those words now — just as surely as I own all the words in my new audiobook, 'No Apologies' by Stephen Colbert."
"No Apologies" is, of course, Romney's own book.


text:
Address: 1813 Old Orchard RoadNeighborhood: Free UnionAsking: $349,900Assessment: $203,800Year built: 1973Size: 1,904 finished sq. ft., 400 unfinishedLand: .47 acresCurb Appeal: 8 out of 10Listing Agent: Jennifer Robertson, The Realty Dot, Inc. - 877-267-0349
Surrounded by a screen of 135 Leyland Cypresses, the tidy white home known as Swallowtail Cottage is easy to miss, but well worth finding. Situated on just under a half-acre, the home appears on first impression to be upstaged by the meticulously maintained gardens that enhance the landscape. With a dedicated butterfly garden, separate herb bed, and edible landscaping that includes Concord grapes and dwarf persimmons, the grounds are a living testament to the efforts, talents, and enthusiasm of the master gardener who lives here.
A tour of the house reveals that the care and attention evidenced outside carry over to the interior of the home, as well.
The front entry opens directly onto a room divided neatly into living and dining areas. Crown molding and French doors lend a touch of formality, while a large bay window allows plenty of light and affords a lovely view of the front yard and gardens.
The kitchen is spacious and sleek with gleaming wood floors, track lighting, a flat surface cooktop, and both stainless steel and butcher block counter surfaces. Double convection ovens, loads of cabinet and counter space, and a center island offer plenty of room for cooking endeavors, and a glass door leading to the terrace provides easy access to the nearby herb beds.
Down the hall leading to the bedrooms, a full bath has been artfully renovated with a new shower body, custom finishes, and a chimney cupboard repurposed as a storage cabinet.
The master suite is airy and bright with a large closet and an attached bath with a walk-in shower. The guest room– currently serving as a home office– would provide comfortable quarters for visitors.
Stairs lead down from the kitchen to a tiled room that accesses the remainder of the house. On one side, a plain wooden door leads to a large, unfinished area that's home to the laundry facilities, a large storage area with built-in shelves, and a tidy workshop. Along the other side, a glass door opens onto a lovely suite that includes a sitting area with fireplace, a full bath, and a sliding doors that lead to a terrace in the side yard.
A reverse osmosis water system ensures quality drinking water for the home while a hybrid hot water heater helps reduce utility costs. To aid in the upkeep of the outdoor enhancements, a garden shed with a stone foundation, custom exterior trim, and bead board interior sits off to one side of the home.
Securely contained behind its living border, Swallowtail Cottage is an attractive and interesting addition to the market, though one that isn't necessarily for the average purchaser. While the hard work of creating the extensive gardens has already been done, they beds have to be weeded and the plants must be maintained. Gardening may not qualify as work for some, but it isn't a passion shared by everyone.
The size of the home will likely be a limiting factors, as well. Large families may find the quarters too cramped for comfort, despite the functionality of the outdoor areas.
And then there's the price. Though the assessment doesn't reflect the interior upgrades (and the connection between assessed value and list price is tenuous at best), there's still a noticeable disparity that may give pause to some prospective purchasers. And the price itself is challenging: there are currently over 100 homes in this range for sale in the area.
Though Swallowtail Cottage offers a lovely sanctuary, it could take a while to find the right purchaser to appreciate it sufficiently to make it his or her new home.
~Each week, a brave local seller invites the Hook in for a candid, warts-and-all review. Email to schedule yours today.
Note: The info above the story originally gave the wrong date of construction and the wrong address. The house was built in 1973, not 2010; the address was 1813 Old Orchard Road, not 813 Old Orchard Road.
But there's a Butterfly garden ! Lol.
MallWalker - I have that too, deer, chipmunks, bluebirds - all sorts of wild life ... I'm constantly astounded at not only what some homes list at but what some people pay for them when there are better bargains even in this area.


text:
- Home
- Singletrack Rides
- Cross Country Rides
- Private Guided Rides
- Mountain Bike Coaching
- News from The Surrey Hills
- Contact us
Please note we have moved the content of Surrey Hills Mountain Bike Guides to our main web site over at www.singletrackschool.co.uk. Please click the links on this site to take you to the relevant page on the new site.
Please note we do not offer a public bike hire service.
Bike hire is only available for participants on our skills courses, guided rides, experience days and corporate events.
If you are looking to be guided around this outstandingly beautiful area, with some of the most challenging riding in the South-East, look no further than Surrey Hills Mountain Bike Guides.
We are your Local Mountain Bike Guiding Association for The Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and cover a large area from Newlands Corner in the West to Reigate Hill in the East.
We Are the Experts in the best XC, singletrack and freeride trails across Leith Hill, Holmbury Hill, Pitch Hill, Winterfold Woods, Box Hill and beyond. We know where the trails are and, most importantly, how to connect them together into a challenging and flowing ride.
Choose from our selection of XC Day rides and half day Singletrack Routes or, if you're looking for a 1-2-1 guided ride, or are a group of friends or colleagues who want to keep things intimate, why not book a Private Guided Ride?
If you'd like to find out more about our Guided Rides and Mountain Bike Skills Coaching please do not hesitate to call our team of experts free on 0333 12 12 125*.
*Our phone lines are open 08:00-11:00 and 14:00-17:00 every day except Wednesdays and Sundays.


text: We've all been there (except me). You know you're wrong, but you'll argue to the death that you're right. Maybe its a monetary bias, you're personally involved, or maybe you've previously said something in error and now you don't want to flip flop. . . . ..Maybe you just like to screw with people. . . .Whatever your twisted motivation, this is how you win arguments when you are wrong. (more…)


text:
Rival Social Nets Scold Google With 'Don't Be Evil' Bookmarklet
Jan 24, 2012 12:47 PM PT
Engineers from Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have released a bookmarklet called "Don't Be Evil" for the Google Chrome browser.
A bookmarklet is a bit of code that runs in a Web browser and temporarily enables added functionality. This one adds more social search results to Google's new Search Plus Your World feature.
DBE uses Google's own relevance measure to determine the additional social content that its developers say should appear in the areas where Google+ results are currently hardcoded. Clicking on it reorders search results to include information from other social networks.
The social networking coders have set up a website, Focusontheuser, explaining how the bookmarklet works.
You can see a video demo of the bookmarklet here.
"The bookmarklet is a kind of insurgent move, trying to improve the Search Plus Your World results to include other social networks," Greg Sterling, a senior analyst at Opus Research, told TechNewsWorld. "It's an improvement in many circumstances, since Google is artificially favoring Google+ results in many cases."
Focusontheuser.org did not respond to our request for further details.
What the Bookmarklet Does
Users have to go to Google.com and click on the bookmarklet to use it. The code will work for all queries until users click away from Google.com.
The bookmarklet automatically conducts a search on Google to see if there are results that are more relevant than those Search Plus Your World regularly throws up.
It looks at the three places where SPYW normally only shows results from Google+: the "People and Pages" results box, the organic result and the autocomplete results.
The last is where Google automatically throws up the most relevant possibilities when you type a word into the Google search box. For example, typing in the letters "to" brings up "toys r us," "toyota," "toms" and "today show." That list of possibilities changes as you continue typing.
Searching with Google's Search Plus Your World unfairly gives Google+ results additional weighting, Facebook and Twitter have stated. For example, a search for chef Jamie Oliver on Google with Search Plus Your World enabled favors a link to his Google+ profile, which Focusontheuser.org says was updated nearly two months ago.
However, searching for Oliver using the bookmarklet will throw up his profiles on other social sites, which have been updated more recently.
Google did not respond to our request to comment for this story.
Innocence Is All in the Mind
"Google has the dominant search technology, and it appears that with [Search Plus Your World], they are effectively locking out better results from competitors to Google+," Rob Enderle, principal analyst at the Enderle Group, told TechNewsWorld.
"The other social network providers are only providing tools to search their own sites; they aren't in a position to compete with Google on global search, and now they are concerned that Google is using its massive market position to put them out of business," Enderle added.
Results from Facebook and Twitter are themselves biased, but "that's to be expected," said Andrew Girdwood, media innovations director at Bigmouth Media.
"When a platform believes a service is fundamental to its health, to its users and it's important that they control it ... then they are likely to develop that functionality themselves," Girdwood told TechNewsWorld. "Twitter, Facebook, Google and countless other sites have all done this."
It's not clear whether any of the involved search engines consider Focusontheuser an official project. Facebook spokesperson Barry Schnitt declined to provide further details, and Twitter did not respond to our request to comment for this story.
No Escape From SPYW?
Users can turn off Search Plus Your World, and thus get a broader range of results for their searches, Opus Research's Sterling pointed out.
However, Google has opted people in, "so there's a sense that [Search Plus Your World] becomes the default and there's less choice," Sterling pointed out. "Most users are passive."
On the other hand, searchers already know how to use Google, and "it seems unlikely that [they] will search for [a] celebrity by name and then press the 'Don't be Evil' button just to see which network the tool suggests," Bigmouth Media's Girdwood pointed out.


text:
Title: Laut Bercerita
Author: Leila S. Chudori
Publisher: KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia)
First Print, October 2017
379 pages
Ketidaktahuan dan ketidakpastian kadang-kadang jauh lebih membunuh dibanding pembunuhan.
Laut Bercerita tells about a college student named, Biru Laut. Some people perhaps were born to live in their idealism. They want to do something for the country, they want to have an ideal government who care about its people, while the government itself is not that friendly in receiving the critics. It happened during Suharto's era. The New Order was considered as a dictator. Violating the human rights, unfairness in politics and economics, etc. Until we heard that 23 persons were kidnapped on May 1998 and up until now there are still 13 of them that have no news yet.
Laut Bercerita took place during 1991 until 1998. The book tells about the loss felt by the families and friends of their beloved persons. There is also betrayal and a very sadistic torture by those for whom power is more valuable than lives.
There are parents who always put one extra plate during their family lunch just because they hope their beloved one will suddenly come and visit the house. This kidnapping mostly changed the lives of the family and friends. Reading this book really needs a strong heart since the story felt so real (yes, it's based on true events) and some of these missing people are still gone and to date government also seems not to do any significant efforts to reveal the case.
One of the lines in the book that broke my heart:
Begitu hujan mulai membasahi Tanah Kusir, aku merasa para penghuni makam terbangun dan membunyikan serunai. Mereka menghibur kami, orang-orang yang tak memiliki makam orang-orang tercinta.
The author, Leila S. Chudori, a senior journalist, said that this book was inspired by her friend's story, Nezar Patria, who was kidnapped with other 20 persons due to their activities considered as a threat for Suharto's government. Nezar and some of his friends were released however there are still many of them that have no news at all up until now. The families and friends left are living with endless pain for the rest of their lives. Their lives will never be the same again.
One of the best Indonesian books in 2017. A must read to learn about Indonesian history.
One of the best Indonesian books in 2017. A must read to learn about Indonesian history.


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Thunderbolt™ 3 technology brings speed and versatility to USB-C, offering a fast and simple level of connection for work or home. Increase productivity by connecting multiple displays or devices through a single, compact port, or enjoy high performance graphics on the latest thin and light laptops. Paired with the latest Intel® Core™ processor family Thunderbolt™ 3 technology optimizes PC performance.
The Latest in Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology is 8x faster than USB 3.0 and provides 4x more video bandwidth than HDMI 1.41 helping you work and play more efficiently. It also enables a simple, single cable connection to displays, docks, and storage, while charging the system.
Power Your Pastimes
All-in-One (AIO) Simplicity
For the first time, one computer port connects to Thunderbolt™ devices, to every display and billions of USB devices. Now, just one compact port can enable lightning-fast data transfer, support two 4K UHD 60 Hz displays2, and even provide quick laptop charging. Expand your capabilities while reducing cables with the simplicity of a single Thunderbolt™ 3 port paired with the latest 8th Generation Intel® Core™ processor.
The Speed You Need
Incredible data transfer rates deliver exciting potential for multi-streaming HD and 4K UHD video to multiple monitors, or transfer 4K UHD movies and hours of 4K UHD GoPro* footage with ease. With an unprecedented speed of 40Gbps, Thunderbolt™ 3 technology provides the bandwidth to do it all.
Travel Light and Game Heavy
With Thunderbolt™ 3 technology-based External Graphics (eGFX), gamers, and heavy graphics users who are on-the-go now have easy-to-use choices to have an ultimate graphics experience. You can enjoy the high-performance graphics you love on the latest thin and light laptop.
Versatile Enterprise Workloads
Increased Productivity
Accelerating business productivity, Thunderbolt™ 3 technology is the most advanced, efficient, and versatile I/O solution available with up to 40Gb/s for data and video.3 Supporting content creators and graphics rich applications, Thunderbolt™ 3 technology moves massive files, images, and video at speeds 8X faster than USB 3.01 and supports 4X more video bandwidth than HDMI 1.4.2
Simplified Connectivity
Delivering convenience and simplicity, Thunderbolt™ 3 technology supports Thunderbolt™ devices, every display, and billions of USB devices - one connection that does it all. Thunderbolt™ 3 technology USB-C cables are reversible (it does not matter which end you connect to your PC) and can be connected facing up-or-down, making connecting easy.
Future Ready
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology provides a simple standardized connection with the highest I/O bandwidth that delivers the performance and capability headroom needed to keep pace with the evolving workforce. A single connection to a Thunderbolt™ 3 technology docking station enables you to utilize the latest high definition displays, multi-Gb/s Ethernet, Non-Volatile Memory Express* (NVMe*) storage and provides compatibility with legacy devices.4
Thunderbolt Docking Solution Brief
Facing a complex environment of docking solutions, some of which do not meet the needs of our new workplace transformation requirements, Intel IT conducted multiple rounds of Thunderbolt™ 3 technology testing. The results of these tests indicate that Thunderbolt™ 3 technology benefits Intel employees as well as Intel IT. With a focus on employee's requirements for universality, ease-of-use, and future-readiness, and based on our positive testing results, Thunderbolt™ 3 technology docks are now being deployed at Intel as our plan-of-record docking solution.
Learn More About Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology
Get a Detailed Look
Want to know more about Thunderbolt™ 3 technology? Discover key features and capabilities in our overview brief.
What Is Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology?
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology is the USB-C that does it all. Discover what makes it the single most advanced port available today.
Compatible Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology Products
Get the full list of products and devices that support Thunderbolt™ 3 technology.
Related Products and Technologies
Vivid 4K UHD Technology
Experience every photograph, game, desktop application, and more in breathtaking visuals.
Stunning Graphics
Immerse yourself in vivid entertainment with the brilliance of Intel® Graphics Technology.
Amped-up Gaming
Elevate your game and push your rig to get the best performance.
Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology Videos
Revolutionize Your Digital Workspace with Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology Docking
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology helps you move beyond desktop clutter, revolutionize your digital workspace and boost office productivity. Thunderbolt™ 3 technology single cable docking helps you connect your laptop to one 5K or two 4K monitors while simultaneously transferring large files and charging the laptop.
Broad Adoption of Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology at NAB 2017
While at NAB 2017, Jason Ziller discusses the broad adoption and practical uses of Thunderbolt™ 3 technology.
Accelerate Content Creation Workflow and Team Productivity with Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology helps you upgrade your digital workspace, see more with dual 4K monitors, and add super-fast plug-and-play Thunderbolt™ 3 technology storage. Accelerate content creation workflow and team productivity with the ability to move massive files, images, and video at speeds 8X faster than USB 3.0.
Are You Ready to Travel Light and Game Heavy?
With Thunderbolt™ 3 technology External Graphics (eGFX), gamers, and heavy graphics users who are mobile, now have more, easy-to-use choices to get the graphics experiences they want. Thunderbolt™ 3 technology eGFX delivers enhanced game play on thin and light laptops and expands your experience with triple monitors, so you can travel light and game heavy.
Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology Is Changing the PC Experience
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology is creating new expectations for what's possible. Now, one compact port provides Thunderbolt™ 3 technology data transfer, support for two 4K 60 Hz displays, and quick notebook charging with a single cable.
The Difference Between Thunderbolt™ 3 Technology and USB-C
Thunderbolt™ 3 technology uses USB-C connectors and is a single-cable solution, but can deliver the fastest and most versatile connection to any dock, device, or display, including billions of USB devices.
与其它 PC I/O 连接技术比较所得;这些技术包括 eSATA、USB 和 IEEE 1394 固件*。实际性能会因所使用的具体硬件和软件的不同而有所差异。必须使用支持 Thunderbolt™ 的设备。若欲了解更多信息,请访问 https://www.intel.cn/content/www/cn/zh/products/docs/io/thunderbolt/thunderbolt-technology-developer.html。
Thunderbolt™ 3 提供 DisplayPort,可本机连接至具有 DisplayPort 和微型 DisplayPort 的所有显示屏,还可以通过适配器连接至所有其他现代显示接口,包括 HDMI、DVI 和 VGA。


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You know, I'm really tired of organized crime families always being stereotyped in pop culture. They're always Italian Americans from the tri-state area. That stereotyping completely ignores the treasure trove of OTHER dirtbags scattered across the contiguous 48 states. That's why FX has taken the bold tack of setting its new organized crime drama in the SOUTH. That's right! Southern mobsters, y'all! Instead of eating gabbagool, they eat ribs! And instead of blowing up your car, they blow up your Chevy pickup! Deadline has the scoop on their new pilot, Outlaw Country, which will apparently take place in Ford Country:
Luke Grimes and Haley Bennett have landed the younger leads on the FX drama pilot Outlaw Country, joining previously cast Mary Steenburgen. Additionally, Michael Dinner has come on board to direct the pilot, a crime thriller/family drama set against the backdrop of southern organized crime and Nashville royalty. Grimes (Brothers & Sisters) will play twentysomething Eli Larkin, a half-cowboy, half-modern guy who tries to get out of the crime ridden life he has grown accustom to in order to help his siblings, however he finds out that it is much harder than he expected. Bennett (Marley & Me) will play twentysomething Annabel Lee, a gorgeous country singer who is living in the shadow of her overprotective mother (Mary Steenburgen).
I like how Grimes' character is described as a "half cowboy, half modern guy," as if he exists in 2010 and 1867 simultaneously. He rides a horse AND uses an iPad!
I kid, of course. FX already waded into Southern territory successfully this year with "Justified," which was a great show and a big hit, and no channel outside of AMC has a better track record when it comes to developing hourlong dramas. Dinner, who will be directing the pilot, also directed the "Justified" pilot, so all the pieces appear to be in place for another solid FX show. One day, I'll figure out why FX does scripted shows so well, while regular Fox does them so, so poorly.


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"In 13 BULLETS, David Wellington focuses his ample powers of imagination on modernizing the vampire legend. The result is a charming, funny, bloody, and best of all, thrilling adventure. FBI vampire hunters Caxton and Arkeley make an electric duo. Thwarting them at every turn from within the walls of a maximum security prison, ringleader Malvern is a diabolical cross between Hannibal Lecter and one of Anne Rice's ancients."
—Sarah Langan, author of THE KEEPER
"Lace collars and kerchiefs are nowhere to be found in this breakneck, blood-spattered, totally original vampire novel. Breathless, exciting and totally kick ass."
— B. H. Fingerman, author of Bottomfeeder


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Quote of the Day - Never make predictions, especially about the future.
Predictions For 2012 And Grades For Last Year's Predictions
Lawyer2Lawyer Internet Radio Podcast
From the spectacle of the Casey Anthony trial, to the great debate over the health care law, to the controversial immigration law in Arizona, 2011 was a big year in the law. Please join me and my fellow Lawyer2Lawyer co-host and attorney, Robert Ambrogi as we welcome our returning guest, Stephen L. Kaplan from the firm Hicks, Mims, Kaplan & Burns, to review his 2011 predictions and look ahead to a brand new year, 2012!


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Liberty News
Wards Road pedestrian bridge officially open
A bridge has always been the sign of collaboration and partnership, and today those two words were spoken many times at a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the new pedestrian bridge on Wards Road.
The 104-foot bridge, completed last month, spans from Panera Bread to Sam's Club, and was a joint project with the City of Lynchburg and Liberty University.
Lynchburg Mayor Joan Foster kicked off the ceremony, attended by Liberty Chancellor Jerry Falwell, Jr., members of Lynchburg City Council, business representatives, architects, construction crews and planners involved in the project, by asking for a moment of silence for Liberty student Hannah Williams who was killed in a tragic accident on a train trestle Nov. 17. Her funeral is today in Sanford, N.C.
Foster said students' safety was the main motivation for the bridge project. In a study conducted by the city, she said 700 Liberty University students crossed the roadway in one day.
"We are extremely pleased that they will be much safer than before. It was just the right thing to do," Foster said. " … The pedestrian bridge is tangible evidence of the benefits of collaboration, of private/public partnerships. … Together we were able to find a workable solution for this extremely busy part of the city, in a cost-effective manner."
Chancellor Jerry Falwell, Jr. thanked all the parties involved for creating an effective solution to a major problem.
"I think it's a real testament to our city that it would take measures like this to keep students safe, to keep the general public safe. … We are honored to have this partnership with the city," he said.
He thanked city officials for "finding the money in tough budget times to make this bridge a reality."
The city has funded $1.35 million of the estimated $1.5 million project, with Liberty paying the rest and offering the full services of its Planning and Construction Department, which has been involved from its conception to completion.
Liberty has taken more steps to ensure students have safer and easier access to Wards Road businesses. A new pedestrian tunnel is currently under construction under the railroad behind the Vines Center. It empties out just behind the new pedestrian bridge on the Panera Bread side. Falwell said that project "would not have been effective without this bridge."
Lynchburg City Council approved the pedestrian bridge project in May and construction began in July. The bridge was completed last month.
While the city owns the bridge and will pay for capital repairs, Liberty has responsibility for day-to-day minor maintenance.
The bridge is 8 feet wide, a comfortable distance for two-way foot traffic. It has an elevator and is fully handicapped accessible. It can also accommodate bicycles.
Student, parents thankful for new bridge
Many Liberty University students are excited about the new pedestrian bridge over Wards Road, which opened last month and was formally dedicated today, but sophomore Tim Woods appreciates the safer walkway more than most.
Woods has a visual handicap called nystagmus blockage syndrome, which prevents his eyes from judging distance or focusing on moving objects, especially when those objects – like cars– are moving at high speeds.
He lives on campus and said he has crossed the busy intersection whenever he needs groceries from Walmart.
"You have to stand there and wait and then run like crazy … then it's even worse coming back because you have your arms full of everything you bought," Woods said.
Since Woods is unable to drive due to his condition, the new bridge will make it easy for him to get to stores and restaurants on the other side of the intersection -- and it will give his parents, Rich and Linda Woods, peace of mind.
"He would tell us about making that mad dash across Wards Road where there's no crosswalks, and with his visual handicap that scared the tar out of me," said Rich Woods, Tim's father. "I was concerned about basic safety, not just for my student, but for other students."
Tim's parents voiced their concerns to Liberty's Parent and Family Connections Office. They were pleasantly surprised this summer when they read an article on Liberty's website announcing the bridge's construction, and took time to thank Liberty staff for taking on the project.
"It shocked me that a school as large as Liberty cares enough to think about that. I really appreciate the way the school isn't just there to teach the kids -- it's there to train them not to be just good Christians but to be good citizens, and this is one of the ways," Rich Woods said.
Tim Woods said since the bridge is now open he plans to make trips to the other side of Wards Road more often.
"I can get more things and I'll be able to get across more easily and at a leisurely pace," he said. "I think it's a great thing and it will be helpful … they care that some students don't have cars or are unable to drive, so they're providing alternate means of getting across busy streets."


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Nov. 12, 2008 -- A new report takes a dim view of most "educational/informational" (E/I) TV programs for kids, but it singles out eight programs that stand out from the pack.
Here are those eight programs -- in no particular order -- that have "exemplary" educational content, according to the report, titled "Educationally/Insufficient?" and funded by Children Now, a nonprofit group based in Oakland, Calif.
- Sesame Street (shown on PBS)
- Beakman's World (shown on commercial TV)
- Between the Lions (shown on PBS)
- 3-2-1 Penguins (shown on commercial TV)
- Cyberchase (shown on PBS)
- The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (shown on commercial TV)
- Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (shown on PBS)
- Teen Kids News (shown on commercial TV)
Researchers from the University of Illinois and the University of Arizona reviewed the 30 most widely aired children's educational programs shown on commercial broadcast stations, along with 10 children's TV shows aired on PBS.
The researchers rated the shows' educational quality based on how well the shows taught their main lesson and how important and applicable those lessons were.
"Only one in eight E/I episodes earned a rating of highly educational. In contrast, nearly twice as many were found to have only minimal educational value," the report states.
The researchers also noted that many shows emphasized social-emotional lessons about personal feelings and relationships. Fewer shows had cognitive-intellectual lessons -- which focus on facts, ideas, and concepts -- or health-related lessons.
It's not that all shows should be academic. "An ideal educational media environment should offer an ample amount of quality content of each type [social-emotional, cognitive-intellectual, and health-related," the report states.


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Students and alumni of that venerable Southern institution Ole Miss are currently reeling at the news that the university has decided to replace its controversial mascot, Colonel Reb, a white-bearded Confederate Army officer, with an as-yet-undetermined new one — a horse, perhaps. To many, abandoning the controversial colonel, who hasn't been the school's official mascot since 2003, makes sense. Even if just some among the Ole Miss student body — 14 percent of which is black — are offended by Reb, then he cannot represent the school as a whole.
Nevertheless, a group of stalwarts is refusing to back down. One student group, the Colonel Reb Foundation, has already gathered thousands of signatures to protest Reb's expulsion. And when The New York Times interviewed fans at a recent Ole Miss football game, the resistance to a new mascot was obvious: " 'Over. My. Dead. Body,' said Mack Allen, 36, an alumnus and technology analyst from Memphis, who wore a T-shirt to a recent football game that read, 'Colonel Reb — Loved by Many, Hated by Few.' "
Like the movement to keep the Confederate flag on government buildings in South Carolina, the Colonel Reb fight is yet another public instance of a group of proud Southerners standing together to fight for their right to show nostalgia for the Old South. And just as I did about the movement to keep the Confederate flag alive, I can't help asking myself once again, "What's there to be nostalgic for?"
In Chapter 9 of Harriet Ann Jacobs' firsthand account of bondage in North Carolina, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Jacobs describes a punishment inflicted upon a male slave who had been caught fleeing a neighboring plantation:
Some weeks after his escape, he was captured, tied, and carried back to his master's plantation. This man considered punishment in his jail, on bread and water, after receiving hundreds of lashes, too mild for the poor slave's offence. Therefore he decided, after the overseer should have whipped him to his satisfaction, to have him placed between the screws of the cotton gin, to stay as long as he had been in the woods. This wretched creature was cut with the whip from his head to his foot, then washed with strong brine, to prevent the flesh from mortifying, and make it heal sooner than it otherwise would. He was then put into the cotton gin, which was screwed down, only allowing him room to turn on his side when he could not lie on his back. Every morning a slave was sent with a piece of bread and bowl of water, which were placed within reach of the poor fellow. The slave was charged, under penalty of severe punishment, not to speak to him … The master who did these things was highly educated, and styled a perfect gentleman. He also boasted the name and standing of a Christian, though Satan never had a truer follower.
I like to think of this story, the tale of a good Southern chap who dabbled in torture, whenever I read something about people paying reverence to the South of old. In my estimation, it very tidily summarizes the type of man Ole Miss' Colonel Reb might very well have been, if he were a real person: a wealthy, august gentleman, who incidentally fought under a terrorist banner for the right to own blacks, but also considered African Americans to be so subhuman that he could slaughter them at will, and by whatever gruesome means he fancied.
Southern apologists — like Sen. James Webb (D-Va.) in his Wall Street Journal piece "Diversity and the Myth of White Privilege" — like to bandy the statistic that fewer than 5 percent of whites below the Mason-Dixon Line owned slaves, the subtext being that the rest of the South's whites were as hard off as blacks and, in Webb's words, "dominated by white elites who manipulated racial tensions in order to retain power." (Apparently, to Webb, being poor is comparable to being whipped nearly to death before being squeezed into a cotton gin and starved for weeks at a time.)
Somehow, it seems that Webb and others like him have never considered what else that statistic could mean: that more than 95 percent of white Southerners were complicit in one of humanity's greatest crimes, a crime that, if they'd decided to rise up against it, as their Yankee counterparts eventually did, they could easily have ended.
So why didn't this overwhelming majority of Southerners stage a John Brown-style rebellion en masse, or even a major but bloodless nonviolent protest? That's because, whether he owned slaves or not, the antebellum white Southerner operated under the belief that blacks were animals at best, demons at worst.
Simply consider the way that whites of all classes banded together in the decades after the Civil War to beat, terrorize, lynch, disenfranchise and, once again, torture the newly freed blacks in their midst; then try to rationalize that 95 percent of whites actually wanted to live in harmony with people of color. This is as ridiculous as saying that because the vast majority of Germans didn't work in concentration camps, it's clear that they were friends to the Jews.
Saying that the Civil War was all about slavery is inaccurate and reductionist, to be sure. That said, it was enough about slavery that it is wholly offensive when modern Southerners latch onto outrageous totems like Colonel Reb and the Confederate flag. Say what you will about heritage, but a large part of the Confederacy was hate — an unvarnished, unreasonable hate that was responsible for the death of millions.
If the South would like to draw on more positive aspects of its history to sentimentalize itself, it should look toward its rich cuisine or its cotillion culture. The Ole Miss beaus may not be as fearsome as a retired Confederate colonel who murdered black people for amusement, but is that old colonel a prototype worth celebrating anymore in a truly civilized and advanced society?
We shouldn't gloss over the fact that some antebellum Northerners owned slaves, or that modern citizens of Boston and New York can be as cruelly racist as any bigot you'll find in Mississippi or Alabama. But the simple fact is that nowhere else in America will you come across so many people who are openly wistful about things and people that represent our nation's most embarrassing, most violent and ugliest period of time.
In Wisconsin, for instance, Gov. Jim Doyle recently signed into law a ban on Indian mascots in public schools, and the Los Angeles Unified School District enacted a similar ban back in 1998. Yet in Oxford, Miss., thousands of Ole Miss students and alumni are uniting to pay homage to Colonel Reb and his grey Confederate Army uniform.
Colonel Reb is a stain on the American tapestry, as is the Confederate flag. Good riddance to both, but long live Ole Miss.
Cord Jefferson is The Root's Washington correspondent. Follow him on Twitter.


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beauty, Bride, creative, CT Wedding photographer, education, Event, fashion, fun, Groom, headshots, light, modeling, off camera flash, on camera flash, Portfolio, portrait, portrait photography, professional photographer, SB900, wedding
Last Sunday Brooke Alison from Brooke Alison Photography and I ran an event at the Meadowlands in Darien.
We ran a three session event on Branding, Marketing, and Shooting your way to success. This was installment three where we ran a mock wedding complete with food, flowers, a gorgeous location, and two wonderful models. Our models were fantastic and the day, while a bit cool and wintry, was just awesome.
Many thanks to the Darien DCA for the location and excellent food and hospitality.
Check out these shots from our workshop:


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Regular price
Size: A5 (210 x 148 mm)
Printed on high quality 300 gsm rag cotton card, signed by the artist.
"Louboutins Kate" print was created using a fine black pigment liner with hyrax fine art watercolour inks to create a vibrant, high quality finish. This is then digitally edited to maximise the finished quality. Printed on high quality card and carefully packaged to ensure your print reaches you in perfect condition.
Artwork is copyright of Vicki Louise Ward and may not be reproduced.
For bespoke prints or rights to use within online or print publications please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.