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The Michigan Constitution has a number of provisions that appear potentially relevant to this issue: (1) Const 1963, art 1, § 17 - fair and just treatment in executive hearings; (2) Const 1963, art 3, § 2 — separation of powers; (3) Const 1963, art 4, § 1 — legislative power vested in senate and house; (4) Const 1963, art 4, § 37 — suspension of administrative rules between regular legislative sessions; (5) Const 1963, art 5, § 2 — setting principal executive departments; (6) Const 1963, art 5, § 8 — governor shall take care that laws are faithfully executed; (7) Const 1963, art 6, § 1 — judicial power vested in one court of justice; and (8) Const 1963, art 6, § 28 — court review of agency action. An examination of the Address to the People and the Constitutional Convention debates indicates that only Const 1963, art 4, § 37 and Const 1963, art 6, § 28 provide any guidance about administrative agencies.
It should be noted at the outset that constitutional debate over agencies' rulemaking and formal adjudications was bifurcated. Separate committees had jurisdiction over these two agency functions at the constitutional convention.[11] Art 4, § 37 was meant to limit an agency's rulemaking power between legislative sessions. While the delegates believed that the Legislature had a sufficient check on improper rules by being able to counteract them with superseding legislation, they remained concerned about rules that were issued when the Legislature was out of session and that the Legislature was therefore temporarily unable to override.
The courts' ability to review formal adjudications was covered in art 6, § 28. As will be seen later, the constitutional convention delegates clearly were seeking to limit agency power. The debates show that at the very least, the delegates wanted a factual review of agency adjudications. Discussions of legal review, though infrequent, indicated that courts could review agency legal determinations. There is absolutely nothing in the constitutional convention debates that indicates that Michigan's courts would defer to agency legal interpretations. Given the fairly frequent statements displaying hostility toward agencies, such a standard of deference would likely have been rejected by the delegates.
In Studier v Michigan Pub Sch Employees' Ret Bd, 472 Mich 642 (2005), this Court discussed the role of Constitutional Convention delegate statements in the common-understanding analysis:
[A]lthough this Court has continually recognized that constitutional convention debates are relevant to determining the meaning of a particular provision, Lapeer Co Clerk v Lapeer Circuit Court, 469 Mich 146, 156 (2003); People v Nash, 418 Mich 196, 209 (1983) (opinion by Brickley, J.), we take this opportunity to clarify that, when necessary, the proper objective in consulting constitutional convention debates is not to discern the intent of the framers in proposing or supporting a specific provision, but to determine the intent of the ratifiers in adopting the provision. [People v Nutt, 469 Mich 565, 574 (2004)].13 We highlighted this distinction in Univ of Michigan Regents v Michigan, 395 Mich 52, 59-60 (1975), in which we stated:
The debates must be placed in perspective. They are individual expressions of concepts as the speakers perceive them (or make an effort to explain them). Although they are sometimes illuminating, affording a sense of direction, they are not decisive as to the intent of the general convention (or of the people) in adopting the measures.
Therefore, we will turn to the committee debates only in the absence of guidance in the constitutional language ... or when we find in the debates a recurring thread of explanation binding together the whole of a constitutional concept.
13 "Constitutional Convention debates and the Address to the People are certainly relevant as aids in determining the intent of the ratifiers." (Emphasis added.)
Id. at 655-56.
The debates about Const 1963, art 1, § 17[12] did not deal in any manner with the scope of executive power or the standard of review. Nor did the Address to the People add anything of note.
Each of Michigan's four constitutions has had a separation-of-powers provision. Const 1963, art 3, § 2; Const 1908, art 4, §§ 1-2; Const 1850, art 3, §§ 1-2; and Const 1835, art 3, § 1. The current version states: "The powers of government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution." Const 1963, art 3, § 2.
The committee report from the 1961-62 Constitutional Convention indicated that these provisions were based on Montesquieu's political theories. The basic concept was: "Desirous of protecting a free people, their [the framers']idea was that if, somehow, the powers of government could be divided, it could not grow so large as to enslave them."[13] 1 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, at 601. During the short debate on this provision, a delegate asked about its impact on administrative agencies. Id. at 602. He was informed that other committees were working on "this problem of administrative law." Id. The Address to the People adds nothing of significance.
There was nothing in the debates about Const 1963, art 4, § 1[14] concerning executive agencies or the standard of review. There was no mention of either in the Address to the People.
Const 1963, art 4, § 37 states:
The legislature may by concurrent resolution empower a joint committee of the legislature, acting between sessions, to suspend any rule or regulation promulgated by an administrative agency subsequent to the adjournment of the last preceding regular legislative session. Such suspension shall continue no longer than the end of the next regular legislative session.
The majority of the debate surrounding Const 1963, art 4, § 37 related to 2 OAG, 1958, No 3352, (October 8, 1958), wherein the attorney general opined that a statute permitting a legislative veto of rules promulgated by agencies was unconstitutional. The opinion indicated the only way the legislature could affect a rule it did not like was to pass a law contrary to it. Some delegates at the convention were concerned about rules enacted while the legislature was out of session, since the legislature could not enact any legislation then. This new provision set up a process that allowed the legislature to suspend some rules until a new legislative session convened and the legislature could review the possibility of nullifying the rules altogether.
The Address to the People accurately reflects the debates surrounding Const 1963, art 4, § 37:
This is a new section permitting the legislature to set up a joint committee to act between sessions and to suspend until the end of the next regular legislative session any rule or regulation of an administrative agency promulgated when the legislature is not in regular session.
It provides a legislative check on the rule-making authority of administrative agencies when the legislature is not in regular session.
2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p 3376.
There was nothing in the convention debates regarding Const 1963, art 5, § 2,[15] Const 1963, art 5, § 8,[16] or Const 1963, art 6, § 1[17] that is illuminating. Nor does the Address to the People contain anything that would assist in determining the proper standard of review.
Const 1963, art 6, § 28 states:
All final decisions, findings, rulings and orders of any administrative officer or agency existing under the constitution or by law, which are judicial or quasi-judicial and affect private rights or licenses, shall be subject to direct review by the courts as provided by law. This review shall include, as a minimum, the determination whether such final decisions, findings, rulings and orders are authorized by law; and, in cases in which a hearing is required, whether the same are supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Findings of fact in workmen's compensation proceedings shall be conclusive in the absence of fraud unless otherwise provided by law.
In the absence of fraud, error of law or the adoption of wrong principles, no appeal may be taken to any court from any final agency provided for the administration of property tax laws from any decision relating to valuation or allocation.
The initial committee recommendation did not include anything about either workmen's compensation or property taxes. 1 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, at 1440. The committee report that accompanied that recommendation noted that since the 1908 constitution, "the field of administrative law has assumed a more significant position in the jurisprudence of our state." Id. Art 6, § 28 was "designed, in the main, to afford a full and adequate method of review of administrative agency decisions consistent with established principles of sound administrative practice." Id.
Most of the course of the constitutional convention debates focused on three issues: the quantum of evidence necessary to sustain an agency decision; this new provision's impact on workmen's compensation; and the value of adding administrative decisions involving licenses to the proposal. But a consistent undercurrent of the convention debates was mistrust of agencies. Delegate Iverson indicated that members of the judiciary committee were "familiar with the growth of the administrative law over the years and perhaps more with its abuse in some instances." Id. at 1444. He noted the committee proposal "is a safeguard, if you please, against bureaucratic action by an administrative agency which might, so to speak, get the bit in its teeth and run with it." Id. Delegates Gover, King, and Boothby did not want individuals judged and prosecuted by the same body. Id. at 1444, 1447, 1451. Delegate Lawrence stated he was for anything that "would clip the wings of these administrative agencies and give some rights to the individual citizens." Id. at 1451. Delegate Shackleton discussed "autocratic," "paradoxical" bureaucrats who engage in their "whims and fancies." Id. at 1466.
There were some discussions of legal, as opposed to factual, review. Delegate Leibrand, a judge, indicated that the committee proposal "provides for review, both as to the facts and the law on the transcript." Id. at 1445. He lamented that administrative agencies who "are transferring thousands and millions of dollars worth of property every year . . . are almost totally removed from judicial review." Id. Delegate Nord, who was generally more comfortable with agency action, stated that even without art 6, § 28, appeals for legal errors were guaranteed:
The present system we have, without Committee Proposal 95 [the genesis of art 6, § 28], does guarantee government according to law, even in administrative tribunals. They cannot get away with violating the law. If they depart from the statutory authority, there can always be an appeal on that. That is one of the grounds for appeal, always has been, and always will be. . . . Therefore, if there is a violation of the law that is always appealable and always has been appealable; that will be without the committee proposal.
The question that we have to consider is not whether an administrative tribunal is going to break the law. They can't.
Id. at 1468. Delegate Nord believed the only pertinent issue was who was going to determine facts and what standard of review would apply to that determination. Id. Delegate Pugsley stated that the "authorized by law" language was meant to cover legal errors: "[T]he appeal court is called upon first to determine as a minimum whether the decisions, findings, and orders are authorized by law. In other words, did the tribunal make a mistake in its interpretation of the law?" Id. at 1477. Delegate Lawrence indicated the proposal meant that legal errors and scope-of-authority errors could be reviewed:
All that second sentence says is that the review that is to be exercised by the court, as a minimum, shall determine first whether the decision of that administrative tribunal is authorized by law. In other words, did it exceed the law? Did it get into a field it shouldn't have gotten into, that it wasn't authorized to get into?
Id. at 1478.
The committee proposal went to style and drafting without either the workmen's compensation or tax language included. Id. at 1487. When the proposal returned, the convention modified the evidentiary standard from "reliable" and "probative" to its current "competent, material and substantial," which was borrowed from the Michigan Administrative Procedures Act. 2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, at 2714. An amendment to exempt workmen's compensation passed 58-57. Id. at 2715-16. A later amendment added the "unless otherwise provided by law" language to give the Legislature room to change the law and increase oversight of workmen's compensation decisions. Id. at 2717.[18]
After the draft constitution was returned from the committee on style and drafting, more amendments were put forth. One was to add the tax valuation language to art 6, § 28. The proponents sought to exempt tax assessor valuations. The debate on this amendment was limited to 10 minutes. Id. at 3241. The amendment stated:
No appeal may be taken from any court from a decision of the state tax commission fixing the value of described property for property tax purposes or determining an appeal from a decision of the county tax allocation board.
Id. The amendment was adopted. Id. at 3242. An amendment to strike all of art 6, § 28 was defeated. In arguing against that amendment, Delegate King rhetorically asked, "Do we believe that the rulings of administrative agencies need not be in accordance with the law? . . ." Id. at 3243.
The committee on style and drafting considered all of the late changes. It recommended changing the above paragraph to its current language, which reads:
In the absence of fraud, error of law or the adoption of wrong principles, no appeal may be taken to any court from any final agency provided for the administration of property tax laws from any decision relating to valuation or allocation.
There was no explanation of the need for this, and the change was considered en masse with a number of other style and drafting changes. Id. at 3291-93. The changes passed 136 to 5. Id. at 3293.
In reviewing the history and meaning of art 6, § 28, Dean LeDuc questions whether the courts should be able to review legal errors under art 6, § 28. He contends that because the framers used the "authorized by law" language at the beginning of the provision and the "error of law" language at the end that they must be different. LeDuc, Michigan Administrative Law (2nd ed 2000), § 9:07, pp 610-11. Dean LeDuc would limit constitutionally mandated judicial review to the question of whether "the decision was within the authority of the agency; that is, within its power to act or its jurisdiction." Id. at § 9:05, p 607.
Given the history cited above, reliance on this distinction between "authorized by law" and "error of law" is dubious. The addition of the "error of law" language was made by the committee on style and drafting and was part of a last-minute vote that essentially tied up loose ends. The history of the debates does not indicate that the delegates sought to limit judicial review of agency legal errors. Rather, the debates indicate that the delegates sought judicial review over arbitrary agency action and that they singled out the administrative procedures that they wanted to protect from this review.
The Court of Appeals has held that "authorized by law" allows for review of all legal errors. In Ross v Blue Care Network of Michigan, 271 Mich App 358 (2006), the Court of Appeals stated:
An administrative decision is unauthorized by law if it is: (1) in violation of a statute or the Constitution, (2) in excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency, (3) made upon unlawful procedures resulting in material prejudice, or (4) arbitrary and capricious.
Id. at 379.
The Address to the People stated:
This is a new section recognizing the increased significance assumed by administrative law in the legal system of the state in recent years. It provides that decisions, findings, rulings and orders of administrative officers or agencies which affect public rights be subject to judicial review.
Excepted in this section are findings of fact in workmen's compensation proceedings. These findings would be conclusive in the absence of fraud, unless otherwise provided by law. Also excepted are appeals of certain decisions of agencies dealing with the administration of property tax laws.
2 Official Record, Constitutional Convention 1961, p 3389.
The Michigan Constitution supports a holding that this Court should not afford binding deference to an agency in its interpretation of a statute within its purview. The case is particularly strong for not doing so in the formal adjudication setting. As Dean LeDuc notes, no Michigan Supreme Court decision has adopted the federal Bell Aerospace Co decision holding that "rules" may be made in formal adjudications. LeDuc, Michigan Administrative Law (2nd ed 2000), § 4:17, p 186. Thus this Court could enter the fairly narrow holding that no deference is owed to administrative determinations made in the process of a formal adjudication and leave to another day whether deference would be proper for notice-and-comment rulemaking. Moreover, the Michigan courts have not allowed unlimited delegations to agencies, a fact that lessens the need for judicial deference, since wide-ranging policy questions are not handed to the agencies in the first place. These narrower delegations thus prevent the courts from having to substitute their policy preferences for those of the agencies.
To the extent that this Court extends any deference to an agency interpretation of a statute under the agency's purview, that deference should be the equivalent of Skidmore deference. In other words, the agency's view should be respectfully considered as potentially persuasive, but in no means binding on the courts.
[11] The legislative committee was primarily responsible for art 4, § 37 and the judiciary committee was primarily responsible for art 6, § 28.
[12] Const 1963, art 1, § 17 states:
No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law. The right of all individuals, firms, corporations and voluntary associations to fair and just treatment in the course of legislative and executive investigations and hearings shall not be infringed.
[13] Unmentioned were other political theorists whose writings have been used to challenge the administrative state. For instance, John Locke indicated in his Second Treatise of Government that delegation of legislative power was improper:
The legislative cannot transfer the power of making laws to any other hands: for it being but a delegated power from the people, they who have it cannot pass it over to others. . . . The power of the legislative, being derived from the people by a positive voluntary grant and institution, can be no other than what that positive grant conveyed, which being only to make laws, and not to make legislators, the legislative can have no power to transfer their authority of making laws and place it in other hands.
Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (Thomas P Peardon ed, Library of Liberal Arts 1952), § 141, p 81. Also unmentioned was James Madison's Federalist No. 62, which discussed the Senate and indicated that difficulty in creating laws could be a virtue:
Another advantage accruing from this ingredient in the constitution of the Senate is, the additional impediment it must prove against improper acts of legislation. No law or resolution can now be passed without the concurrence, first, of a majority of the people, and then, of a majority of the States. It must be acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some instances be injurious as well as beneficial. . . . But . . . as the faculty and excess of law-making seem to be the diseases to which our governments are most liable, it is not impossible that this part of the Constitution may be more convenient in practice than it appears to many in contemplation.
The Federalist No 62, at 376 (James Madison) (Clinton Rossiber ed, Signet Classics 1999). But, while interesting, both of these quotes argue against any delegation of rulemaking, some of which is presumably proper in Michigan due to implications from Const 1963, art 4, § 37.
[14] Const 1963, art 4, § 1 states: "The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives."
[15] Const 1963, art 5, § 2 states:
All executive and administrative offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the executive branch of state government and their respective functions, powers and duties, except for the office of governor and lieutenant governor and the governing bodies of institutions of higher education provided for in this constitution, shall be allocated by law among and within not more than 20 principal departments. They shall be grouped as far as practicable according to major purposes.
Subsequent to the initial allocation, the governor may make changes in the organization of the executive branch or in the assignment of functions among its units which he considers necessary for efficient administration. Where these changes require the force of law, they shall be set forth in executive orders and submitted to the legislature. Thereafter the legislature shall have 60 calendar days of a regular session, or a full regular session if of shorter duration, to disapprove each executive order. Unless disapproved in both houses by a resolution concurred in by a majority of the members elected to and serving in each house, each order shall become effective at a date thereafter to be designated by the governor.
[16] Const 1963, art 5, § 8, in pertinent part, states "Each principal department shall be under the supervision of the governor unless otherwise provided by this constitution. The governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed."
[17] Const 1963, art 6, § 1 states:
The judicial power of the state is vested exclusively in one court of justice which shall be divided into one supreme court, one court of appeals, one trial court of general jurisdiction known as the circuit court, one probate court, and courts of limited jurisdiction that the legislature may establish by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to and serving in each house.
[18] So, in essence, art 6, § 28 just sets a default position for workmen's compensation claims that the Legislature is free to change.


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Maryville College, related by voluntary covenant to the Presbyterian Church (USA), seeks to provide a quality liberal arts education that encourages the search for truth in all areas of life. One of sixty-five colleges related to the PC(USA), Maryville College is a part of the wider mission and witness of the Presbyterian Church in the world.
The Presbyterian tradition, with its historical emphasis on both an educated clergy and an educated laity, provides the theological framework for such an institution of higher education. Reformed theology places all reality in relationship to God and thus finds all subject matters worthy of study, while acknowledging, in an attitude of humility, that all human answers are at best provisional. The church "Reformed and always reforming" encourages the sort of ongoing openness to revisiting the questions and revising the answers that a true liberal arts education invites.
As a church-related liberal arts college, Maryville College strives to provide a quality education in a spiritually reflective and ethically responsible manner by creating an environment that:
- Challenges students to think carefully and critically about all matters in life, including religious, spiritual and ethical matters,
- Equips students to examine and reflect on questions of faith, meaning and value,
- Provides students with a wide-ranging literacy about the Christian tradition, including knowledge of the diversity of world cultures and religions, and
- Offers students opportunities for worship, service and fellowship in a community of integrity, respect and scholarship.
"Church-relatedness" does not presume that all members of the community must share the institution's Presbyterian or even Christian convictions, but asks that they respect that church-related identity while thoughtfully giving voice to their own convictions. As the College's Statement of Purpose says, "the College believes that it must listen attentively and humbly to all human voices so that it may hear the call of God no matter how God may speak." A genuine church-related liberal arts college must ensure that both diversity and Christian identity are present on campus in a creative balance. The goal of a Maryville education is not simply the adoption of a particular stance or worldview, but rather the search for truth, wherever it may be found, and the ability to recognize and take seriously life's basic questions of faith, meaning and value.
Maryville College takes its church-relatedness seriously, as it recognizes and affirms its role in the formative endeavor of spiritual, intellectual and moral development. By engaging students both inside and outside the classroom, and by providing them with a nurturing community and environment, Maryville College seeks to equip students with the tools that will help them build a mature and credible faith for an increasingly complex world.
Adopted January 2003

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Human Factors Expert Witnesses and Consultants
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Professor Alvaro D. Taveira, PhD, CPE
Whitewater, WI
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Randy Atlas
Fort Lauderdale, FL
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Curtis R. Brown, President and CEO
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Eckstine & Associates, Inc.
Dennis Eckstine
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HFE Consulting
Kenneth Nemire, PhD, CPE
Campbell, CA
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Shawn Gyorke
Algonquin, IL
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Great Neck, NY
Dr. Abraham is a licensed P.E. and a Senior Member and a Diplomat in The National Academy of Forensic Engineers. Over the last 45 years, Dr. Abraham has consulted on several thousand cases involving a variety of products and accidents in personal injury cases, construction cases, sports and recreation cases. He has consulted to major news channels, NHTSA, OSHA, NIOSH, State of California (CaI if Trans), Microsoft, New York Transit, Queensborough Bridge Authority, Department of Agriculture, the Federal Government, office of the United States Attorney, State Attorney General's Offices, and municipalities throughout the United States, Canada and Europe in a variety of technical areas.
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Columbus, OH
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Eric Gould Bear
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Ellis Fall Safety Solutions
Nigel Ellis, Ph.D., Principal, CSP, P.E., CPE
Wilmington, DE
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Carlsbad, CA
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text:
Danny E. Olinger
The goals, plans, and budgets of these "program" committees are brought together through the Committee on Coordination and presented in a unified fashion to the General Assembly. After the General Assembly does its work of review, correction, and finally approval, the Worldwide Outreach program is commended to OP churches and members, and also to OP friends, for their prayer and financial support. Having received the General Assembly-approved budget for Worldwide Outreach, your local OP church gives accordingly to fund the work of the program committees.
This is how Worldwide Outreach works. From beginning to end, it manifests Presbyterianism. There is connectedness and accountability at every level. The three program committees depend upon the benevolence, prayers, and service of the churches. The churches send delegates to the presbyteries, from which commissioners are sent to the General Assembly. The General Assembly evaluates each program committee, elects its members, and commends a level of fiscal support for Worldwide Outreach to the churches. Each level of the churchcongregation, presbytery, and General Assemblyis represented and indispensable to the healthy functioning of Worldwide Outreach.
This model is not only biblical, but also contrary to the modern impulse. In a day and age when individuals and groups think only about their own promotion and well-being, Worldwide Outreach promotes helping others within the church. One sign of spiritual health in the church is the willingness to serve others. Congregations should not think solely of their own saving accounts, but how to help others in the church both regionally (the presbytery) and nationally (the General Assembly). Presbyteries should consider how to help not only the congregations that are within their geographical bounds, but also the church as a whole. The General Assembly should not be obsessed with bottom-line budget numbers, but should consider how it can serve congregations and presbyteries.
The spirit of the time calls for independence, but, being joined by faith to our one Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, we are called to interdependence. Paul repeatedly emphasizes this truth in such places as 1 Corinthians 12:12-14, "For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ. For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one bodyJews or Greeks, slaves or freeand all were made to drink of one Spirit. For the body does not consist of one member but of many."
Worldwide Outreach reflects a commitment to the belief that Christ is the head of the body, which is his church, and that the body does not consist of one member, but of many. This oneness is reflected doctrinally in the fact that we share one confessional standard (the Confession of Faith and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms) and one book of church order (containing the Form of Government, the Book of Discipline, and the Directory for the Public Worship of God). This oneness is reflected practically in our support of Worldwide Outreach and through prayer and service.
In this issue of New Horizons, expanded coverage is given to the work of the three program committees of Worldwide Outreach, so that you might pray for the work of the church and consider how you might give and serve, brother helping brother in the unity of the covenant.
Mr. Olinger is general secretary of the Committee on Christian Education of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and editor of New Horizons. Reprinted from New Horizons, April 2005.
|© 2020 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel


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When you hear the song "Born to be wild," you probably think about cool Harley riders in leather, hair blowing in the wind. What, you say? Not hogs, but rather phone connectors?
Apple just laid something of a claim to the Harley legacy, snagging partial patent rights to the term "Lightning" first reported by Patently Apple. Yes, turns out there are patent rights to the word lightning, and yes, money has apparently changed hands. Now, the patent is shared by one company famous for motorcycles, and another, famous for cool tech gadgets.
You may remember that Apple recently rolled out its new "Lightning" doc connector, which charges the new iPhone 5 and iPods. I don't recall a cry going up from Harley-Davidson, but that company does hold the patent for a motorcycle, named Lightning but not released.
U.S. & World
It's almost a shame to hear that the deal doesn't mean we're getting a new Apple-branded hog, or smartphone doc built into your bike helmet.
At least, not yet.
Scott rides Twitter: @scottbudman


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Cassini-Huygens mission celebrates anniversary
On the eighth anniversary of the launch of the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, the teams involved can look back at a string of remarkable discoveries.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is one of the largest and most advanced planetary exploration missions ever launched. It consists of two parts - the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe. Cassini is currently orbiting Saturn and taking pictures and measurements of Saturn and its moons, rings and magnetosphere. Huygens successfully parachuted down through the atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, at the start of 2005.
The mission was launched on 15 October 1997 and took nearly seven years to reach Saturn, arriving on 1 July 2004. The route it took to Saturn involved fly-bys of Venus, Earth and Jupiter to help give it the energy necessary to reach Saturn.
Saturn itself is the second largest planet in the Solar System. It is made of gas with a solid core and a liquid layer, and is famous for its rings which are made chiefly of ice with some rocky material acting as a colouring agent.
So far, it also has 34 named moons (47 in total), including Titan that is known to have a thick nitrogen atmosphere rich in methane and is thought to bear similarities with our planet in its 'pre-biotic' stage (just before life began).
Since arriving at Saturn on 1 July 2004, Cassini has taken over 35 000 images of Saturn and its magnificent rings and its amazing moons. Numerous discoveries have been made about the rings, the moons, the dynamic magnetosphere and the planet itself. Cassini's remarkable instruments provided the first glimpses of Titan's surface and gained a global picture of this hazy world.
Cassini's radar provided the first pictures of Titan's surface. The orbiter also provided the first detailed global view, including possible volcanoes, rain clouds, flow features, lakes, craters and vast dune fields, as well as other puzzling terrain. A soup of complex hydrocarbons, including benzene, has been detected in Titan's atmosphere.
But the highlight of the mission so far is clearly the lifting of the veil on smog-covered Titan. At around 11:30 UT, 14 January 2005, ESA's Huygens probe landed the surface of this distant world. This event makes it the only landing to take place in the outer Solar System and the furthest from Earth.
The Huygens probe showed that Titan's surface has Earth-like processes and morphology, complete with evidence for methane rain, erosion, stream-like drainage channels and dry lake beds.
For more information:
Jean-Pierre Lebreton, ESA Huygens Mission Manager
E-mail: jplebret @ rssd.esa.int
Enrico Flamini, ASI Programme Manager
E-mail: enrico.flamini @ asi.it
Carolina Martinez, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
Tel: 001 818 354 9382


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Jolt Awards: Coding Tools, January 28, 2014 The best IDEs and coding tools of the past 12 months
Finalist: JetBrains Resharper 8
JetBrains' ReSharper 8 is a plugin for Visual Studio that adds, replaces, and complements features in that IDE. It does not allow Visual Studio users to do anything new, but its legions of fans insist that it allows them to do their existing work far better. Originally, ReSharper was focused on automated refactorings, and although Visual Studio has increased its native capabilities in that area, ReSharper has stayed ahead, providing both more-advanced refactorings and finer-grained control over how refactorings are applied.
ReSharper 8 supports Visual Studio 2013, which makes it a no-brainer upgrade for many users, and its headline feature is support for TypeScript, Microsoft's compile-time-typed superset of JavaScript. But ReSharper's finalist status stems more from its incremental value than any brand-new feature. Its greatest value comes from its powerfully souped-up versions of IntelliSense and code completion, which quickly become integrated into your flow: How much does your productivity increase from the dozens of new inspections, quick fixes, and refactorings in ReSharper 8? It's impossible to quantify, but over the years, the benefits have been enormous for me. While these features and ReSharper's greasing of the wheels of unit-testing more than justify its purchase, teams additionally benefit from ReSharper's coding-style enforcement, structural search, and dependency analysis. Now, if only it supported F#…
Larry O'Brien


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BCPS and the Flying Classroom Partner for Inaugural STEM Fest
WHO: Broward County Public Schools (BCPS) Students and Staff
WHAT: BCPS, together with The Flying Classroom, will hold the first STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) Fest
WHEN: Saturday, November 3, 2018
10 a.m. – 1 p.m.
WHERE: Broward College, Judson A. Samuels South Campus
Building 99, the Emil Buehler Aviation Institute
7200 Pines Boulevard
Pembroke Pines, FL 33024
WHY: STEM Fest is a great opportunity for students to take part in over 12 different hands-on STEM activities, visit STEM displays and interactive booths, engage in presentations and view helicopters, planes, cars and aviation facilities. In addition, students and families can take part in STEM projects, which include making parachutes, ice cream, puff-mobiles, hoop planes and much more. Students will also have the opportunity to meet The Flying Classroom's Captain Barrington Irving. This event is free and open to the public.
Participating partners include Sphero, Miami HEAT, Florida Panthers, Broward County Library Creation Station, Gyrocopters, Tour Helicopter, Atlantic Marine Power Systems, Star Lab from the Museum of Discovery and Science, Penske Porsche, KMJ Unlimited, FAA and more.
"Committed to educating all students to reach their highest potential."
Broward County Public Schools (BCPS) is the sixth-largest school district in the nation and the second-largest in the state of Florida. BCPS is Florida's first fully accredited school system since 1962. BCPS has more than 271,500 students and approximately 175,000 adult students in 234 schools, centers and technical colleges, and 88 charter schools. BCPS serves a diverse student population, with students representing 204 different countries and 191 different languages. Connect with BCPS: visit the website at browardschools.com, follow BCPS on Twitter @browardschools and Facebook at facebook.com/browardschools, and download the free BCPS mobile app.


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Nothing can be sadder in this Christmas season than the news that Christianity is facing imminent extinction in the land of its birth.
And the cause is the systematic and mounting persecution of Christians by militant Muslims. In fact, persecution by the "religion of peace" is now the greatest threat to Christians across the world.
Edward Malnick reports for The Telegraph, Dec. 23, 2012, that a new report entitled Christianophobia, by the think tank Civitas says "It is generally accepted that many faith-based groups face discrimination or persecution to some degree. A far less widely grasped fact is that Christians are targeted more than any other body of believers" and suffer greater hostility across the world than any other religious group. As many as 200 million Christians, or 10 per cent of Christians worldwide, are "socially disadvantaged, harassed or actively oppressed for their beliefs."
The most common threat to Christians abroad is militant Islam. The "lion's share" of persecution faced by Christians is in countries where Islam is the dominant faith. "Muslim-majority" states make up 12 of the 20 countries judged to be "unfree" on the grounds of religious tolerance by Freedom House, the human rights think tank.
Quoting estimates that between a half and two-thirds of Christians in the Middle East have left the region or been killed in the past century, the Civitas report concludes "There is now a serious risk that Christianity will disappear from its biblical heartlands."
The report identifies a fear among oppressive regimes that Christianity is a "Western creed" which can be used to undermine them. The report catalogs hundreds of attacks on Christians by religious fanatics over recent years, focusing on seven countries: Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, Nigeria, India, Burma and China.
- Converts from Islam face being killed in Saudi Arabia, Mauritania and Iran, or risk severe legal penalties in other countries across the Middle East.
- In Iraq, the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq left Iraqi Christians "more vulnerable than ever", highlighted by the 2006 beheading of a kidnapped Orthodox priest, Fr Boulos Iskander, and the kidnapping of 17 other priests and two bishops between 2006 and 2010. "In most cases, those responsible declared that they wanted all Christians to be expelled from the country," the report says.
- In Pakistan, the murder last year of Shahbaz Bhatti, the country's Catholic minister for minorities, "vividly reflected" religious intolerance in Pakistan. Shortly after his death it emerged that Mr Bhatti had recorded a video in which he declared: "I am living for my community and for suffering people and I will die to defend their rights. I prefer to die for my principles and for the justice of my community rather than to compromise. I want to share that I believe in Jesus Christ, who has given his own life for us."
- In India, Christians have faced years of violence from Hindu extremists. In 2010 scores of attacks on Christians and church property were carried out in Karnataka, a state in south west India.
- In Burma, while many people are aware of the oppression faced in Burma by Aung San Suu Kyi and other pro-democracy activists, little exposure has been given to targeted abuse of Christians. In some areas of Burma the government has clamped down on Christian protesters by restricting the building of new churches. Christians employed in government service who openly profess their faith "find it virtually impossible to get promotion."
- In China, where more Christians are imprisoned than in any other country in the world, state hostility towards Christianity is particularly rife. Ma Hucheng, an advisor to the Chinese government, claimed in an article last year that the US has backed the growth of the Protestant Church in China as a vehicle for political dissidence. Writing in the China Social Sciences Press, Ma claims that "Western powers, with America at their head, deliberately export Christianity to China and carry out all kinds of illegal evangelistic activities. Their basic aim is to use Christianity to change the character of the regime…in China and overturn it."
But the persecution and oppression of Christians in Muslim countries is often ignored by the media because of a fear that criticism will be seen as "racism". Politicians, too, have been "blind" to the extent of violence faced by Christians in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
Rupert Shortt, journalist and author of the Civitas report who's a visiting fellow of Blackfriars Hall, Oxford, says:
"Exposing and combating the problem ought in my view to be political priorities across large areas of the world. That this is not the case tells us much about a questionable hierarchy of victimhood. The blind spot displayed by governments and other influential players is causing them to squander a broader opportunity. Religious freedom is the canary in the mine for human rights generally."


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"Is it not cruel to let our city die by degrees, stripped of all her proud monuments, until there will be nothing left of all her history and beauty to inspire our children? . . . this is the time to take a stand, to reverse the tide, so that we won't all end up in a uniform world of steel and glass boxes." - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Monday, March 28, 2011
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Removing Glitter Nail Polish Is Easy With Cutex SPA Formula
Description: Give the gift of healthy nails with Cutex SPA Formula Nail Polish Remover! SPA Formula is the latest innovation in nail care for users of gel, Shellac, glitter and other hard-to-remove polishes. SPA Formula combines the power of acetone with the strengthening and nourishing capabilities of Cutex's patented botanical oils, including apricot seed, flax seed and perilla oils, leaving nails looking and feeling healthy, strong and beautiful even after just one use.
Price: $0.01 to $4.49
Published on May 21, 2014


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- Prayer and Worship
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This collection was started centuries ago to provide financial support for the Pope and has evolved to fund the Holy See's charitable actions for those in need. The Peter's Pence Collection has raised nearly $190 million to support our suffering brothers and sisters around the globe. Thank you for standing in solidarity with the Holy See with your generosity.
Please continue to pray for our brothers and sisters in faith who are facing adversity. Check with your diocese or call the USCCB Office of National Collections Promotions department at 202-541-3346. For resources, please click here.
Peter's Pence Collection
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St. Norbert Hall of Fame Track and Field Coach Pliner Succumbs to Cancer at 74
From Sports Information Director, January 10, 2013 | Women's Track & Field
by Dan Lukes, email@example.com, (920) 403-4077
DE PERE - Terry Pliner, a fixture in the Green Bay-area track and field scene who coached track and field at St. Norbert College for 18 years, died Jan. 7 following a battle with cancer.
Pliner, 74, was the head men's track and field coach at St. Norbert from 1980-89, and was an assistant from 1974-79. He also was the head women's track and field coach from 1985 to 1991.
"Terry was a pioneer and a legend when it came to track and field in the Green Bay area," said Jerry Feldhausen, who coached cross country for 23 years at St. Norbert and also served as a track assistant under Pliner. "We had a great deal of fun coaching together."
Pliner, a 1994 inductee into the St. Norbert College Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame, led the Green Knights to Midwest Conference championships in both indoor and outdoor track and field every year from 1986 to 1991. The 12 MWC titles are St. Norbert's only conference championships in track and field. Pliner's athletes collected a total 92 individual or relay indoor and outdoor conference championships after St. Norbert joined the MWC for track and field in 1984.
St. Norbert's first national champion, Laura Salm, claimed the NCAA Division III indoor high jump title under Pliner's tutelage in March 1991.
Pliner, a Stoughton native and a 1960 graduate of Carroll University, competed for the Pioneers and then formed the Fox Valley Track Club in 1963. He remained active the rest of his life in track and field. At the time of his passing, he was an assistant coach at Notre Dame Academy in Green Bay. Prior to coaching at St. Norbert, Pliner coached at Notre Dame's forerunner -- Green Bay Premontre -- as well as St. Agnes Grade School.
"He couldn't leave coaching," Feldhausen said. "After he left St. Norbert he told me he needed a break. His break only lasted a few months because when Notre Dame Academy came asking he was right back at it and still coaching there 20 years later."
In August 2012, he and three other individuals set an American record in the shuttle hurdle relay for the 70-79 age group at the U.S. National Masters Track and Field Championships in Lisle, Ill. He also finished second in the pentathlon in his age group. Pliner won his first masters national championship in 1977, winning the 200-meter run in the 35-39 age group.
"He would always say he was running out of age groups to participate in, but the great thing about masters track and field is that there is always a new age group awaiting you where you will be the youngest," Feldhausen said.
Pliner is survived by his wife of 52 years, Virginia; and three children, Todd, Shelley Schumacher and Lynne Van Hollen, who is also a member of the school's athletics Hall of Fame. All three of his children competed for him at St. Norbert.
"He cherished being able to coach his three kids," Feldhausen said.
Friends may call at Blaney Funeral Home, 1521 Shawano Ave., in Green Bay, from 4 to 7 p.m. Sunday. Friends may also call at Bethany United Methodist Church, 1110 Echo Lane in Ashwaubenon, from 10 to 11 a.m. Monday. The funeral service will be held at 11 a.m. Monday at the church, with Rev. Randall Richter officiating. Burial will be in Fort Howard Memorial Park. To send online condolences, please go to http://www.blaneyfuneralhome.com.
Donations may be made to The Froedtert Cancer Center/Melanoma Research or Bethany United Methodist Church, and may be sent to Blaney Funeral Home.


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Frazer Township settles Mexican workers' lawsuit
Men went shopping at JCPenney at Pittsburgh Mills
A Pittsburgh-area township has settled a false arrest lawsuit filed by nine Mexican workers and the American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania.
Frazer Township solicitor Timothy Bish says in a statement Tuesday that under the settlement the township police department denies any wrongdoing, but each plaintiff will receive an average settlement of $3,000 from an insurance carrier.
The men were legal temporary workers on a shopping trip at a J.C. Penney store.
Bish says store employees had concerns that a $100 bill one of the men used was counterfeit, but that police later determined it was not.
The men were taken in for questioning but released without being charged.
Bish says the men reached a separate settlement with J.C. Penney, but the company did not immediately respond to a request for comment.


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I was first introduced to photography by my Dad who is an avid amateur photographer with decades of slides all cataloged and organized. I was reintroduced by an old boyfriend who gave me my first SLR and while he didn't last, I haven't been without a camera since.
I take shots of whatever strikes my fancy. One day might be a fall landscape and another it might be one of our "kids" – 2 golden retrievers and a ginger tabby cat. If a carpet fuzzy looks interesting, I might grab the camera for that too!
I have been very fortunate that my husband supports and encourages my habit! In fact, he was the one who prompted me to go for my new Nikon D700 and I LOVE it (and him!)
I look forward to sharing my pictures and hope you enjoy (and buy something along the way, I need to keep my habit funded!)
© Copyright Renee Peoples
Any reproduction, modification, publication, transmission, transfer or exploitation of any of the work contained herein for any use, personal or commercial, without my written permission is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved.
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On Friday the ITC filed a redacted version of a remedy suggested by ITC Administrative Law Judge Thomas Pender, in which he recommended a ban be enforced against Samsung products that were found to infringe upon four Apple patents. The judge also recommended that Samsung post a bond for 88 percent of the value of its infringing mobile phones, as well as 32.5 percent of the value of infringing media players, and 37.6 percent of the value of infringing tablets.
Still, in the same ruling, Pender also approved several workarounds suggested by Samsung that might permit the company to continue selling the implicated products (which include the Transform, Acclaim, Indulge and Intercept smartphones, according to Computerworld). These workarounds would sidestep infringing on Apple's four patents—which include one design patent and three technology patents.
However, the judge's initial ruling (and this remedy) must first be approved by a 6 person trade commission panel. Further, the USPTO has been revisiting the validity of Apple's patents. Earlier this month, the Patent and Trademark Office tentatively rejected a claim made by Apple for a touchscreen patent which factored into this very ITC ruling.
As Ars reported in October when Judge Pender made his preliminary ruling, this ITC trial is separate from the federal court trial Apple won in August with a $1.05 billion dollar verdict (which Samsung is in the process of appealing.) Apple is also asking for a ban on Samsung products in federal court, so if the trade commission panel rules against Judge Pender's recommendations, Apple may still have an avenue open to eliminating Samsung from selling a handful of its products in the US.
The patents upon which Judge Pender reportedly used a "Cheech and Chong" test to rule include: patent D618,678, a design patent with a diagram of the exterior of an iPhone; patent 7,479,949 for multi-touch screen navigation; patent RE41,922 describing how images are blended when more than one application runs at once; and patent 7,912,501 which claims an audio plug that can tell if a microphone or non-microphone related device has been plugged in. Two other patents that were brought forth in this case were not found to be violated by Samsung.


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Jesse Eisenberg can be seen trying to channel his dark inner-badass on the new poster for "The Social Network," an idea only marginally less ridiculous than Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg having one.
But of course Zuckerberg, played by Eisenberg in "The Social Network," appears to have a nefarious side. The film, based on Ben Mezrich's book "The Accidental Billionaires: The Founding Of Facebook, A Tale of Sex, Money, Genius, and Betrayal," purports to chronicle the allegedly underhanded way in which Zuckerberg is said to have stolen the idea for the massively popular website from fellow Harvard students Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Nishita Narendr.
The poster, which debuted on the film's site, looks great, with its close-up of Eisenberg overwritten with the tagline, "You don't make 500 million friends without making a few enemies." Too true...
U.S. & World
We'll confess to thinking that a movie about Facebook is even dumber than Facebook itself, but the site has about 500 million more users than this one, so what do we know?
That said there is a mountain of talent behind this film, starting with director David Fincher, screenwriter Aaron Sorkin, and a cast that includes Eisnenberg, Justin Timberlake, Andrew Garfield and Rashida Jones.
Wikipedia is claiming that a teaser is on its way on June 25, with trailer dropping on August 6, but the site sheepishly admits "citation needed." What we all agree on is that the film itself will be here Oct. 1.


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Welcome to Regal Beloit
South East Asia Pacific
Regal Beloit Corporation was established in Wisconsin, USA in 1955 where operations was set up in a local roller rink in Beloit, manufacturing cutting tools and gearboxes. Over the years they have gone on to expand their product line to include motors, generators, drive control systems and air systems. They officially listed on the New York stock exchange in 2005.


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Slow-roasted piri piri spiced tomatoes with spinach in savoury muffins
I wonder if you share my terrible habit and guilty pleasure. It is so irresistibly wrong yet so right that I convince myself that it is worth it, between remorseful moments.
My justification? Well it starts a little something like this. This is of course not an excuse. I'm busy, so busy that it is hard to think sometimes and thinking is important, isn't it? I need a quick fix, especially when I am out and can't stop, after all, what would happen if I totally ran out of steam? That would be dangerous, wouldn't it? Sometimes I feel sore inside and I need a pick-me-up…I think about it a lot. In the bath, on the train and even in the park with squealing children around…well, with all that commotion, I deserve it don't I. And then at the end of the day, when I slump into my spot on the sofa, my body throbs with fatigue, I need it. I need a treat, I deserve one don't I? And it is summer! We are making memories at the zoo, picnics in the park, lounging in the garden with friends or by frolicking by the sea and what happens.
Yes, out comes the sugar and we don't even notice it. I think it's addictive and in this season of parties and picnics I find it harder to say no…well, everyone is doing it aren't they?
I come from a family of diabetics and I really should know better. My body needed less sugar when I had my boy and it showed, very much. So I really should know better.
And here is what I am taking to the next picnic in the sun that we are currently enjoying. Slow-roasted piri piri spiced tomatoes with spinach in savoury muffins. I adore slow roasted cherry tomatoes, the flavour is tongue tingling, sensationally rousing. I am hooked on that feeling of popping something into my mouth and having an intense flavour burst that revives me. Often I think of sugar for that instant hit, but it really doesn't have to be that one. These tomatoes with their sweet zing and spicy kick really do hit the spot.
Now for the green stuff; mellow spinach adds texture to these muffins whilst the salad fennel adds peppery notes and there is a bit of cheese going in there too, it releases a really alluring aroma as the cheese bakes. 'ahhh' factor right here.
300g self-raising flour
2 eggs
2 tsp. piri piri spices
A couple of glugs of olive oil for roasting the tomatoes
2 handfuls of red Leicester cheese
A handful of pine nuts
200g spinach, finely chopped
300ml milk
90g melted butter
30g salad fennel
225g good quality cherry tomatoes
- You will need to pre-prepare the tomatoes. Do this by slicing them in half and placing them cut sized up on a baking sheet. Drizzle them with olive oil and the piri piri spice mix. Roast them in the oven at 140degrees for about an hour. Allow them to cool.
- To make the muffins combine the flour, salt (I used about 1 tsp.) and the cheese, salad fennel and spinach and mix thoroughly before adding the tomatoes and mix again.
- Pre-heat the oven to 200 degrees and grease the muffin trays.
- In a measuring jug combine the milk, butter and eggs and whisk it all until it is smooth.
- Gradually add the wet ingredients to the dry ingredients and mix it all to a batter.
- Evenly distribute the batter and then bake in the oven for 20-25 minutes.


text: Ottomans deliver creature comforts, and they make a fashion statement. For design choices, start with our Indoor Footrests section that includes buttery leather and fabric upholstery options along with sleeper foldouts. A table ottoman can double as a cocktail centerpiece, and footstool storage bases with tray insets are handy for serving. Ottomans with a wood top serve as an extra table, and folding footstools or gliding frames pair with rockers. For outdoor furnishings, browse the Wicker-Rattan section along with classic teak. Perch your legs up on one of these gorgeous selections or just enjoy sitting as you extend your lounging area.


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On any given day, in your Navy, our team of more than 600,000 professional Sailors and civilians are working together around the globe to perform our mission: deter aggression and, if deterrence fails, win our Nation's wars. It is not possible to share every aspect of this global team but, through this blog, we offer you a glimpse of what these men and women do on a daily basis.
Which photo is your favorite and why?
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Paula Abdul, a former original member of the "American Idol" judges' panel, left the hit FOX reality singing competition in 2008 after a rumored salary dispute. However, the singer turned producer harbors no ill will toward the show which she helped launch, and now she's sharing her thoughts on the show's new judges and her old sparring partner, Simon Cowell.
"I'm a big fan of ["American Idol], and I always will be a big fan," Paula told Access on Thursday, at a junket for her new CBS show, "Live to Dance." I'm very grateful for the amazing time that I spent on that show."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Lee's Big Night & Simon's Goodbye: 'American Idol' Season 9 Finale!
U.S. & World
Paula is still in contact with her "Idol" friend, Simon Cowell, who celebrated his 51st birthday last week.
"He looks very good for being 70," she joked. "Very good!"
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Verdict Is In! Judges Of Reality Television
As for "Idol's" new judges, rocker Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, and singer/dancer/actress Jennifer Lopez, Paula says that even if they only experience a percentage of the good times she experienced, they're in for an incredible adventure.
"I wish nothing but success for Steven and J.Lo and I'm really proud and happy that Randy [Jackson] is at the helm," she told Access. "This is [Randy's] show now and he gets to kind of be the voice.
"I hope [the new judges] have half the experience that I had, because it was wonderful," she added.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: 'Straight Up' Photos Of Paula Abdul!
Paula is a "big fan" of talent shows and describes them as "brilliant avenues" for discovering new talent.
"There's never a shortage of raw untapped talent out there," she said. "You just have to go out and find it."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Anything But Dreadful! Hot Shots Of Simon Cowell!
Paula will wear multiple hats when her CBS dance competition debuts next year. The "Straight Up" singer will act as creative partner, executive producer and "lead expert" on a panel of experts that also includes Travis Payne (who choreographed Michael Jackson's "This Is It" production, as well as Lady Gaga's Monster Ball Tour), and former Pussycat Doll singer-dancer Kimberly Wyatt.
"We're going to be a kick-ass team that's going to help mentor these amazing acts that range from 5-year-olds to 105-year-olds," Paula told Access.
"Live to Dance" is slated to premiere in January on CBS.
Copyright 2010 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Dish Of Salt: Nigel Lythgoe Talks 'Idol' Return, Paula Abdul Latest
PLAY IT NOW: Paula Abdul Talks New Judges On Season 10 Of 'American Idol'
More from Access: [ Paula Abdul American Idol Randy Jackson ]


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People who earn a college degree before getting married are much less likely to become obese than those who graduate from college after getting married, according to a new study.
Encouraging adversaries to have more interpersonal contact to find common ground may work on occasion, but not necessarily in the U.S. Senate, according to new research.
The traditional pressure in academia for faculty to "publish or perish" advances knowledge in established areas. But it also might discourage scientists from asking the innovative questions that are most likely to lead to the biggest breakthroughs, according to a new study spearheaded by a UCLA professor.
Schools placed on probation due to subpar test scores spurs transfer patterns linked to household income, a study by New York University (NYU) sociologists finds.
Their study of a school accountability program in the Chicago Public Schools reveals that families were responsive to new information about school quality and that those with more financial resources were the most likely to transfer to other schools in the district or to leave the district altogether.
Decades of successful integration efforts are at stake when one school district fights over school proximity and school "balancing."
When a Baltimore mom hit her son to keep him away from protests, many applauded her—but the myth of the superstrong Black mother does more harm than good.
LGBT educators struggle to balance professionalism and pride in the classroom, splittling, knitting, or quittting, in the words of the authors.
China and the U.S. look to each other's educational systems as they try to balance individualism and collectivism, ability and effort, and grade school and college rigor.
Scholars have documented the emergence of apparently race-neutral discourses that serve to entrench racial stratification following the elimination of de jure segregation. These discourses deny the existence of both present-day racism and the contemporary effects of histories of racial oppression. Researchers posit that individuals are socialized into these views, but little empirical attention has been paid to the processes through which such socialization occurs.
What factors affect a scientist's choice of research problem? Qualitative research in the history and sociology of science suggests that this choice is patterned by an "essential tension" between productive tradition and risky innovation. We examine this tension through Bourdieu's field theory of science, and we explore it empirically by analyzing millions of biomedical abstracts from MEDLINE. We represent the evolving state of chemical knowledge with networks extracted from these abstracts. We then develop a typology of research strategies on these networks.


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Written & Illustrated by Christopher
Southwest Regional Library
Okay, so we've taken a little break on posting, but we're back and with some really awesome comics! The next few posts will be comics from this past Tuesdays Durham Comics Project's: Kids Comics Club at the Southwest Regional Library. I filled a hat with slips of paper with titles written on them. Each kid pulled a slip and had to write a comic that they felt would match the title. I'll be posting the comics from this session every other day until December 2nd. Here's what we got from Benjamin:
Written & Illustrated by Benjamin
Southwest Regional Library
I have to admit that what first caught my eye about Spiral-Bound: Top Secret Summer was how the cover is designed to look like a spiral notebook. On the front there are fake 3-hole punches, a barcode and price tag, and a picture of a dog, rabbit, and elephant falling into the open mouth of a monster that's been sketched across the cover. The back looks just like the brown cardboard of your regular spiral notebook, and the spine looks like a spiral binding, complete with a pencil stuck down inside. As I flipped through the pages I saw that they were made to look like lined paper, and there were doodles and notes jotted down on the inside covers and title page. As I started reading Spiral-Bound, I felt like I was reading a real notebook, and the design immediately dropped me inside this magical story filled with secrets and mysteries. It was like I had stumbled across a secret portal to another world and had been sent on a great adventure.
The story centers around a lively cast of characters: there's Turnip, a talented but insecure elephant who is prone to daydreaming; Stucky, a friendly and confident dog; Ana, a plucky and determined rabbit who aspires to be a writer; and Emily the bird, who is a photographer and loyal friend to Ana. All of the characters are hiding a secret or two, and the town they live in has a secret of it's own. Turnip and Stucky are in a summer art camp that's making a top-secret sculpture garden that will be unveiled at the town park. The only problem is that there's mysterious monster living in the park pond that the townspeople fear will eat them. Ana and Emily work for the local underground paper and their boss, a turtle named Kipper, has Ana assigned to do a review of the sculpture garden. But Ana is determined to unravel the mystery of the monster, and with Emily's help she begins a secret investigation to uncover the truth. Luckily for them the paper has a series of hidden passages that lead to underground tunnels that the pair uses in their search for the facts. Kipper also gives Ana a top-secret notebook that shows all the passages and tunnels written in invisible lemon ink. As the tension gets higher and secrets are revealed, the characters make discoveries not only about the town, but about themselves as well.
Even though it was the cover that made me pick Spiral-Bound, what really made the story come to life was Renier's skill as a storyteller. One way that Renier does this is in how he writes the characters so that they feel like real people with real personalities. They all have their strengths and flaws, and Renier shows how when they work together they are able to solve their problems. Renier also gave them these quirky little traits, like how Turnip creates sandwich art, or how Stucky has a passion for clay, and how Ana created a zine of recipes called Seconds? Try Thirds! that helps convince Kipper to hire her as a writer. The other thing that I really liked about Renier's storytelling was how the characters and plots work together to create an entertaining story. Turnip, Stucky, Ana, and Emily's stories are all interesting on their own, but it's even more interesting to see how Renier weaves them together in the end. So if you're looking for a little mystery and an escape from the summer heat, I'd definitely recommend taking an adventure filled trip into the world of Spiral-Bound.
Reviewed by Jenna Batchelor
As this is Love My Library Month, we decided to do library themed comics. Jason decided to highlight some of his favorite library events. There will be more library comics coming this week.Written & Illustrated by Jason
Southwest Regional Library
Written & Illustrated by Joshua M.
Southwest Regional Library
based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by JK Rowling


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1. Successful mastery of the material assigned on this syllabus and its accompanying study guides. Students are reminded that their final comprehensive oral evaluation will cover all material assigned for the course regardless of whether it was used or discussed in tutorials or conversation sessions.
2. At least 7 hours per week of independent study (at least one hour per day). The program provides weekly study guides which include instructions for both oral and written practice. The guides also include preparation for conversation sessions and homework to be handed in at tutorial.
3. Weekly 30-minute individual tutorials with the mentor assigned to the course. Mentors will collect and go over written homework assignments, answer questions brought by students, work on individual issues with pronunciation and grammar, and provide practice drills in preparation for written and oral evaluations.
4. Weekly one-hour small group conversation sessions. Conversation sessions are led by the mentors and/or undergraduate native speakers. Conversation sessions provides practice with both speaking and listening comprehension. The sessions constitute the primary practice for the oral fluency portion of the final evaluation.
5. Weekly homework assignments handed in at the tutorial meeting. Homework will be collected by the mentors, photocopied and placed in a portfolio for each student. Homework must be handed in on time at the tutorial to receive credit. Mentors may read and comment on late homework, but students will not receive credit toward their final course grade unless the homework is turned in on time. Any exceptions due to illness or other emergencies must be cleared by the program director.
6. Weekly self-assessment reports submitted on time. Self-assessments are due at the end of each week and are recorded as "on time" as long as they are received by 9:00 am the following Monday morning. Late self-assessments will only receive partial credit. The self-assessments help students to evaluate their own progress in learning the language, their overall development of language learning strategies, and also alert the program staff to any problems with preparation or logistical details of the course.
7. Writing skills assessment to be completed by the end of the semester.
8. Final comprehensive oral evaluation covering listening and reading comprehension, conversational fluency, vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and cultural knowledge.
10% attendance, preparation, and participation in all tutorials and conversation sessions, plus on-time submission of homework and self-assessment reports
40% overall quality of the homework portfolio
10% writing skills assessment (assesses ability to write short paragraphs, dialogs and essay topics)
40% final comprehensive oral evaluation covering listening and reading comprehension, conversational fluency, vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation
Grading scale: A (94-100); A- (90-93); B+ (87-89); B (84-86); B- (80-83); C+ (77-79); C (74-76); C- (70-73); D+ (67-69); D (64-66); D- (60-63); F (59 or lower). Final oral evaluation must be completed in order to pass the course.
Both the writing skills assessment and the final comprehensive oral evaluation must be passed in order to receive credit for the course.
Final grades are submitted by the program director based on final evaluation grades and the student's overall course participation record and homework portfolio.
Study Guides, Homework Assignments and Self-Evaluation
Weekly study guides serve as the student's primary guide to the course and are essential to a student's independent learning. The study guides are accessed through the course website and contain live links to any online materials students need to access. Students are responsible for accessing the online study guides and downloading printed copies for themselves as necessary.
Most of the study exercises included on the guides are activities a student does on his/her own. Some of the texts and online exercises include answer keys. Students are expected to use these keys to evaluate their own work. Exercises that do not include or lend themselves to simple answer keys cover material that will be "checked" through the process of using the material in tutorial interactions and conversation sessions.
Each study guide also includes work that should be handed in for feedback from the course mentor and to become a part of the student's homework portfolio. If students have access to an answer key for any homework to be handed in, they are expected to use the answer key ahead of time to correct their own work. They should bring the page with noted corrections to the tutorial and have the mentor clarify any remaining confusions.
Homework handed in for the portfolio needs to be clearly labeled at the top of each page in English with the students name, the date, and the Study Guide number.


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NEA HIN Launches the Jerald L. Newberry Fund for School Safety
The Fund Will Carry On Legacy of Retiring NEA HIN Executive Director
From the Sandy Hook shooting tragedy in New England to the massive tornado outbreak that flattened two schools in Oklahoma City, we've learned all too well that our public schools are vulnerable to disaster and violence. Educators need to be prepared for the unexpected, to respond swiftly to a crisis, and to help their school communities recover in the aftermath. With that in mind, NEA's Health Information Network (NEA HIN) established the Jerald L. Newberry School Safety Fund to promote the health and safety of public education students and employees.
The fund is named for NEA HIN's executive director who is retiring after 17 years at the helm of the of the school health organization. During Newberry's term, he led the implementation of a comprehensive health education curriculum that included nutrition and disease prevention, and addressed controversial health education issues, such as providing unbiased, reliable information on preventing HIV/AIDS. He made sure NEA HIN met the evolving needs of teachers, support staff and the 43 million young people in their care, and he raised more than $30 million to ensure that NEA HIN had the resources to carry out its critical mission.
Upon his retirement, he and NEA HIN hope that his legacy will continue by supporting the Jerald L. Newberry School Safety Fund. The fund will provide online information to all NEA state affiliates on crisis preparedness, promote efforts to foster respectful school cultures, expand NEA HIN's work with the Center for Green Schools, and create a Fund internship for a college student.
"I've been lucky to have a long rewarding career doing work that has had an impact on so many lives," Newberry says. "I've met so many committed and generous people during my 17 years leading the NEA Health information Network, and I have especially been inspired by the extraordinary, caring members of the NEA. As I enter this new phase in my life, I'm grateful to know the Fund will keep NEA HIN on a strong footing. Stay happy, and stay healthy."
Donors who contribute to the Fund by August 31, 2013 will be recognized as Founding Donors. Their names will appear as such in the NEA HIN print and online annual report, issued December 2013.
The following are gift categories for the fund:
Associates: $10 - $499
Supporters: $500 - $999
Partners: $1,000 - $4,999
Patrons: $5,000 and above
Delegates to the 2013 Annual Meeting and Representative Assembly are encouraged to make donations by stopping by the NEA HIN booth in the Exhibit Hall. Donations can also be made online or by mailing a check payable to NEA HIN, Attention Jerald L. Newberry School Safety Fund to 1201 16th Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036.
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Discover the Ecololo Ivoire hand fan, from the Unis Véra Pilo collection
Fan on polished fruit wood sticks. Cotton clothe. Open 42 cm, 23 cm closed. Comes in a cardboard box, ready to offer! (The colors of the boxes are random)
Created in France, our fans are manufactured in Spain, assembled entirely by hand by the traditional skills of our teams.
only 1 piece pieces
This is a wind that pleases the planet! 100% natural, the Ecololo Ivory, polished fruitwood and cotton fabric, is air-conditioned super green!
Availability date:
2 loyalty points (+) Programme Fidélité.
1 point de fidélité offert par tranche de 10€ d'achat.
5 points de fidélité offre 1€ de réduction sur votre prochaine commande.
6,00 € The bag to protect your new fan.Add to cart
Discover all of our Sac-à-sac designs and sizes : vinyl or velvet and a lot of available coloursCheck all Bags


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An Unexpected Journey Archive
The Hobbit: More Dwarves!Posted on July 12, 2011 | No CommentsNew eye candy from Peter Jackson's The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey with Dean O'Gorman as Fili and Aidan Turner as Kili. They both are the youngest of the dwarves and have the Durin royal blood. I was a little confused since these guys look more like Elves with facial hair than Dwarves. Oh well, they look pretty damn cool.