Organizations using traditional cost systems are having difficulties in fulfilling today's business requirements in competitive markets. An efficient and effective cost system should be in place for the satisfaction of needs of competitive environment in which technology, digitalization and efficiency are the key drivers. In the literature, allocation of indirect costs and also calculation of unused capacity of the resources are the hot topics of the cost and performance evaluation research. An effective costing system known as Time-Driven Activity Based Costing system (TDABC) can be used for the measurement of product or service costs with accurate and reliable data considering unit costs of resources allocated to activities and the time length required for execution of these activities and the determination of unused capacity. This system properly elaborates the cause and effect relations between resources and their costs identifying the activities/ sub-activities.

This article presents a case study which shows all the stages of TDABC in the internal audit department of a bank by analyzing the operations of the department and defining all the activities that consume the resources. The goal of this paper is to design a cost accumulation system to calculate the cost of audits of the internal audit department of a bank by implementing TDABC system.


The aim of this article is to question the variation in standing committees' roles and impacts and to explore how the uniqueness of their constitutional role can obscure a variety of approaches and practices. The present study reflects on the diversity of these committees by examining the case of the French Senate. This article demonstrates that the heterogeneity of Senate committees may have consequences for the legislative process. Considering Parliament reform through a re-evaluation of the role of standing committees must therefore involve questioning committee differences. This article considers the different roles committees play in the Senate and examines their influence on the legislative process.


In the present research we aim to determine whether relative clauses are successful in distinguishing Italian-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) from their typically developing peers. Ninetheen preschool-aged children with SLI participated in the study. They were matched to ninetheen typically developing (TD) children on the basis of the age. Children were tested by means of an elicitation task. The results show that among the types of relative clauses tested, subject relatives, but not object relatives, proved successful in distinguishing the SLI and TD children. On the basis of the results, we propose that subject relatives could be a marker for SLI at preschool-age. Research should be pursued to replicate and extend these findings acrosslanguages.


Common cause failures (CCFs) are potentially critical contributors to the failure of redundant systems. Hence, correct evaluation of failure risk is an important part to mitigate system failure. FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis) is risk evaluation tool, risk priority number (RPN) is used to evaluate risk of failure, but RPN may not be suitable in evaluating risk of CCF due to its qualitative assessment. To quantify risk of CCF, this study focused on follows: (i) CCFs were identified systematically using fault tree (ii) Critical importance (CI) was adopted to measure risk of failure precisely (iii) New risk priority metric (RPM) is proposed based on CI, occurrence probability, and detection probabilities. Finally, new approach is demonstrated with an example.


In the work volume relaxation in aPMMA and a-PMMA/PEO amorphous blends was investigated employing Mercury-in-Glass Dilatometry. Volume relaxation rates are calculated as a parameter to determine influence of PEO content on volume relaxation. PEO added into blend increase volume relaxation rate.


Three young dogs were evaluated because of the sudden development of ascites. In each case ascites was referable to non-fibrosing hepatic disease associated with portal hypertension. Obstruction to portal flow was pre-sinusoidal in two cases and post sinusoidal in the other. In all cases ascites developed in the absence of severe hypoalbuminaemia. The ratio of the protein content of ascitic fluid in relation to the protein content of plasma proved useful in differentiating between pre- and post sinusoidal portal hypertension. All three animals died or were euthanased because of the sequelae of portal hypertension.


The objective of the study was to evaluate, in the first year of establishment, the number of plants established, forage production, morphological composition, seed yield, physical and physiological quality of seed in seven native Mexican grasses and buffel, in Tulancingo, Hidalgo. The experiment was established in April 2020 under irrigation in a completely randomized block design. To analyze the data, GLM of SAS and Tukey (α= 0.05) were used. In the establishment, the highest number of established plants (14 plants m -2 ; p < 0.05) was observed in gigante. The highest production of forage in dry matter was observed in buffel and gigante (5 814 and 5 094 t ha -1 ; p > 0.05) respectively, followed by engordador grass (3 619 kg ha -1 ; p < 0.001). The highest weight per plant was observed in buffel (62 g plant -1 ; p < 0.001), while the highest leaf:stem ratio ( p < 0.001) was observed in navajita (2.7) and banderita Herguz (2.59). In seed production, gigante grass produced the largest amount with 685 kg ha -1 ( p < 0.01), filling, viability and therefore, the largest amount of viable pure seed per hectare ( p < 0.001). Gigante, buffel and engordador are grasses that can be potential species of grass for reconversion in the Tulancingo Valley.


The disadvantages of conventional seismic tomographic ray tracing and inversion by calculus-based techniques include the assumption of a single ray path for each source–receiver pair, the non-inclusion of head waves, long computation times, and the difficulty in finding ray paths in a complicated velocity distribution. A ray-tracing algorithm is therefore developed using the reciprocity principle and dynamic programming approach. This robust forward calculation routine is subsequently used for the cross-hole seismic velocity inversion.

 Seismic transmission tomography can be considered to be a function approximation problem; that is, of mapping the traveltime vector to the velocity vector. This falls under the purview of pattern classification problems, so we propose a forward-only counter-propagation neural network (CPNN) technique for the tomographic imaging of the subsurface. The limitation of neural networks, however, lies in the requirement of exhaustive training for its use in routine interpretation.

 Since finding the optimal solution, sometimes from poor initial models, is the ultimate goal, global optimization and search techniques such as simulated evolution are also implemented in the cross-well traveltime tomography. Genetic algorithms (GA), evolution strategies and evolutionary programming (EP) are the main avenues of research in simulated evolution. Part of this investigation therefore deals with GA and EP schemes for tomographic applications. In the present work on simulated evolution, a new genetic operator called 'region-growing mutation' is introduced to speed up the search process.

 The potential of the forward-only CPNN, GA and EP methods is demonstrated in three synthetic examples. Velocity tomograms of the first model present plausible images of a diagonally orientated velocity contrast bounding two constant-velocity areas by both the CPNN and GA schemes, but the EP scheme could not image the model completely. In the second case, while GA and EP schemes generated an accurate velocity distribution of a faulted layer in a homogeneous background, the CPNN scheme overestimated the vertical displacement of the fault. One can easily identify five voids in a coal seam from the GA-constructed tomogram of the third synthetic model, but the CPNN and EP schemes could not replicate the model. The performances of these methods are subsequently tested in a real field setting at Dhandadih Colliery, Raniganj Coalfields, West Bengal, India. First arrival traveltime inversion by these algorithms from 225 seismic traces revealed a P-wave velocity distribution from 1.0 to 2.5 km s−1. A low-velocity zone (1.0 km s−1 ), the position of a suspected gallery in the Jambad Top coal seam, could be successfully delineated by CPNN, GA and EP schemes.


Advances in the medical field require new and progressive ways to intensify surgical resident training and surgical skills learning. To address this need, in addition to traditional training using realistic surgical objects, simulator-based training programs have been widely adopted. Both training methods need constant presence of a competent surgeon to assess the surgical dexterity of a trainee, which is not only costly but also very subjective. This paper proposes a novel video-based approach for assessing the trainee's hand and tool movements in minimally invasive surgical training. Videos capturing surgical training actions are analysed to automatically extract major skill measuring features and to provide real-time performance feedback to the trainee. The method has the potential of being extended to skill evaluation in real surgeries at low cost.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the bending strength of RC-S beam joints composed of steel and reinforced concrete using nonlinear finite element analysis program. In this study, ABAQUS is used to analysis for hybrid beams whose experimental result was reported in the previous study. Analyzed result showed close relationship with experimental result in ultimate strength, validating FE modeling. Parametric study is conducted to find out the effect of concrete strength and encased length of steel beam on the ultimate strength. As a result, analyzed result showed close relationship with experimental result in ultimate strength, validating FE modeling. And the longer encased length of steel beam, the more bending strength of RC-S beams joints increase. Bending strength increased 12% by reinforcing with a bent plate. It indicates that reinforcing with a bent plate is effective in increasing bending strength.


In parallel systems, a number of joins from one or more queries can be executed either serially or in parallel. While serial execution assigns all processors to execute each join one after another,...


The patient had developed tuberculosis of the lungs, spine, and meninges when she was aged 6. Streptomycin therapy was given for two years and she was discharged from hospital after a further tear. The menarche occurred at age 10; the periods lasted for only four cycles, though lower abdominal pain at monthly intervals continued for a further six months. Thereafter there was no cyclical pain or bleeding. At age 20 she was investigated elsewhere for amenorrhoea; she was short of stature (145 cm.) and no signs of active tuberculosis were obtained. A vaginal smear showed no evidence of oestrogenic activity. Curettage was attempted but no endometrium could be


Background: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are defined by absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and absence of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2). They are associated with poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to study the clinicopathologic parameters of TNBC such as age, tumor size, stage, grade, and lymph node involvement and compare them with nonTNBC tumors. There are many studies which have shown that TNBC are similar to basal-like breast cancers (BBC). We have found the proportion of BBC in the TNBC group using surrogate immunohistochemical (IHC) markers cytokeratin5 (CK5) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective study of 102 cases of carcinoma breast. Clinical records of the cases were retrieved. Histopathology slides and the IHC slides (ER, PR, Her2) were reviewed. Thus, two groups of patients were made TNBC and nonTNBC. Using the software SPSS version 16 statistical significance of the difference between clinicopathologic variables of the two groups was calculated. TNBC group was later studied for the presence of basal markers CK5 and EGFR using tissue microarray. Results: Statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in the variables such as mean age at diagnosis, mean tumor size, tumor grade, and the presence of lymphovascular invasion. Conclusions: TNBC formed 23.5% of total cases. Overall, TNBC were high grade tumors with larger size at diagnosis, presenting in younger women and showing lymphovascular invasion in a higher number of cases. 87.5% of TNBC were BBC.


This paper presents processing, integration and characterization of a new class of magneto-dielectrics consisting of metal nanoparticles in a polymer matrix for antenna applications. These nanomagnetic materials exhibit several attractive features for antenna applications, such as simpler thick-film processing, higher permittivity and permeability, and lower loss. Extraction of permeability and loss for such materials is usually cumbersome because both the permittivity and permeability are unknown. The meander-shaped inductor structures developed and reported here allow simpler fabrication and characterization of permeability and magnetic loss. Inverted-F antenna structures were designed, fabricated and tested to verify this method.


Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2006 873 5. Sanders JW, Isenbarger DW, Walz SE, Pang LW, Scott DA, Tamminga C, et al. An observational clinic-based study of diarrheal illness in deployed United States military personnel in Thailand: presentation and outcome of Campylobacter infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:533–8. 6. DANMAP—Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, foods and humans in Denmark. 2005 Jul [cited 2006 Mar 22]. Available from http://www. dfvf.dk/Files/Filer/Zoonosecentret/Publikat ioner/Danmap/Danmap_2004.pdf


This research investigates a spacecraft flying-around problem in a sight coordinate system. In this coordinate system, a nonlinear high-order fully actuated (HOFA) system model is adopted to establish the relative dynamics of spacecraft, such that the presented flying-around mission can be transformed into a tracking control problem of nonlinear HOFA systems. A HOFA predictive control approach is correspondingly proposed to implement this flying-around task. In this approach, the nonlinearities can be eliminated to construct a linear HOFA system because of full actuation characteristic, and then a linear incremental HOFA (LIHOFA) prediction model is constructed by applying a Diophantine equation to replace a reduced-order prediction model, such that the multi-step ahead predictions are developed to optimize the tracking control performance, which guarantees the realization of this flying-around mission. Further, two simulated examples of spacecraft flying-around are provided to verify the feasibility of HOFA predictive control approach.


Objective: To assess apoptotic changes in trophoblastic cells in normal term placentae and term placentae complicated by either preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Additionally, we aim to examine the correlation between these apoptotic changes and the Doppler velocity of the umbilical and uterine arteries. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 150 pregnant women, including 100 cases with preeclampsia and 50 controls. Placentas were collected at delivery, and apoptotic changes were examined using light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Doppler velocimetries were performed to assess umbilical and uterine artery resistance indices. Pregnancy outcomes and neonatal data were recorded. Results: The incidence of apoptosis in placentae was significantly higher in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group (p<0.001). The umbilical and uterine resistance indices were also significantly higher in the preeclampsia group (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the incidence of apoptosis and Doppler resistance indices in the preeclampsia group. Fetal birth weight, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, and gestational age at delivery were significantly lower in the preeclampsia group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Increased placental apoptosis and abnormal Doppler indices are associated with preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes.


Significance Bacterial genomes are extremely diverse in size and composition. Biologists have long sought to explain such variability based on present-day selective and mutational forces. However, mutation rates can change dramatically over time, and experiments with hypermutable bacteria show that their genomes rapidly decay when propagated under the near absence of selection. Whether selection can prevent this decay is unclear. Here, we document the rapid genome decay of hypermutable bacteria even during tens of thousands of generations of sustained adaptation to a laboratory environment. These findings suggest the need to reexamine current ideas about the evolution of bacterial genomes, and they have implications for other hypermutable systems such as viruses and cancer cells. Understanding the extreme variation among bacterial genomes remains an unsolved challenge in evolutionary biology, despite long-standing debate about the relative importance of natural selection, mutation, and random drift. A potentially important confounding factor is the variation in mutation rates between lineages and over evolutionary history, which has been documented in several species. Mutation accumulation experiments have shown that hypermutability can erode genomes over short timescales. These results, however, were obtained under conditions of extremely weak selection, casting doubt on their general relevance. Here, we circumvent this limitation by analyzing genomes from mutator populations that arose during a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli, in which populations have been adaptively evolving for >50,000 generations. We develop an analytical framework to quantify the relative contributions of mutation and selection in shaping genomic characteristics, and we validate it using genomes evolved under regimes of high mutation rates with weak selection (mutation accumulation experiments) and low mutation rates with strong selection (natural isolates). Our results show that, despite sustained adaptive evolution in the long-term experiment, the signature of selection is much weaker than that of mutational biases in mutator genomes. This finding suggests that relatively brief periods of hypermutability can play an outsized role in shaping extant bacterial genomes. Overall, these results highlight the importance of genomic draft, in which strong linkage limits the ability of selection to purge deleterious mutations. These insights are also relevant to other biological systems evolving under strong linkage and high mutation rates, including viruses and cancer cells.


To evaluate its effects, ana to determine an optimus proportion between chemical fertilizers ana organic manure, to obtain a better haniest ofcorn (Zea Mays L.), this work was carried out during the spring-summer cycle, in Metepec, Mexico, using a random-block design wuh eight treatments and six repetitions. A density of 50,125 plants/hectare was sowed in Ixtlahuaca, and formula 100-60-30 was applied witb 8 different dosages of Gallinaza, between O and 10.5 tons/hectare. ANAVApoints of 1.5 and 10.5 pounds of gallinaza per hectare increased achievement in 26% and 101%.


A total of 235 (176 ♂ and 59 ♀) cadavers were measured. Of these blood samples of 132 (103 ♂ and 29 ♀) are drawn. Only those cadavers of which the long bones could be measured afterwards were used in the investigation, and of these only those whose blood was of group O and Rh +.

A sample of 98 (69 ♂ and 29 ♀) was thus arrived at and divided morphoscopically into seven categories going from "pure" Indian to "pure" white. With electronic computers, means and standard deviations were calculated for all six unpaired long bones and for stature, as well as the coefficient of multiple correlation among the seven variables, for both males and females. As categories leading from "pure" white towards the other extreme were withdrawn, the sample size was reduced but the coefficient of multiple correlation increased from 0.71 to 0.90 in males, and from 0.74 to 0.94 in females, indicating that a more homogeneous population was being dealt with.

Mean stature for this population was 161.50 cm and 149.80 cm for males and females, after 2.5 cm are deducted from cadaveral measurements.

As the sample is morphoscopically and serologically as close as one could get to pre-hispanic conditions and as the statures arrived at are representative of what is known, tables were drawn giving the corresponding values of statures of males and females going from 180 cm to 130 cm at steps of 0.5 cm.

It is submitted that until a larger sample is obtained, the newly drawn tables and formulae are more appropriate to calculate stature from long bones of American pre-hispanic populations than any other hitherto used.


The fleet maintenance policy is proposed in concern with the unique service station and multiple assets. The evolution of the degradable states of the assets is supposed as Markov process. The service time is negative exponential distribution. The maintenance policy is dependent on the degradable state. The objective function is the average net benefit in the operation of the assets. The entrance and stop states are suggested for the decision of the maintenance.


Several types of bioluminescent reporter strains have been developed for the detection and monitoring of pollutant aromatics contaminating the environment. In this study, a bioluminescent reporter strain, E. coli SHP3, was constructed by fusing the luc gene of firefly luciferase with the promoter of pcbC responsible for the meta-cleavage of aromatic hydrocarbons. The bioluminescence expressed by the luc gene in the reporter was well triggered by the promoter when it was exposed to 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (2,3-DHBP) at 0.5 to 1 mM concentrations. The bioluminescent response was more extensive when the reporter strain was exposed to 5 mM catechol and 2 mM 4-chlorocatechol. These different types of bioluminescent responses by E. coli SHP3 appeared to be characterized by the nature of the aromatics to stress. Since E. coli SHP3 responded to 2,3-DHBP quite sensitively, this reporter strain could be applied for detecting some catecholic pollutants.


This research was conducted to develop a student worksheet based on scientific approach on environmental pollution. Student Worksheet validated by experts and tested on students and teacher. The purpose of this study was to see the results of activity and response learners. The study was conducted in SMPN 31 Padang by using quantitative research methods research and development (R&D). The development procedure used in this research is Thiagarajan Model or 4-D Model which consists of four stages: define, design, development, and disseminate. The data of this study are primary data obtained from the validity and practicality sheet, and analyzed by descriptive analysis. Student Worksheet based on the developed scientific approach has been validated by experts and practitioners and has been revised to obtain a feasible outcome. The results showed that learning tools based on scientific approach are valid and practical. Based on the research that has been done, it has resulted Student Worksheet based on scientific approach on environmental pollution material for students of SMP class VII valid with average 3,60 and practical with average 3,40 by teacher and 3,52 by learner. Thus it can be concluded that Student Worksheet based scientific approach on environmental pollution topic for students of SMP class VII have very valid and practical criteria.


Abstract The European Union Sustainable Development Strategy stated that sustainable development was a long‐term European Union's strategy safeguarding clean and healthy environment and better quality of life for the present and future generations. People with disabilities are perhaps the single segment of society with the most to gain from the new technologies of the electronic age. Yet they are among the lowest rates of use of these technologies. As a result, the potential benefits of computers and the Internet to the disability community are a long way from being realized. Computer technology and the Internet have a tremendous potential to broaden the lives and increase the independence of people with disabilities. Those who have difficulty leaving their homes can now log in and order groceries, shop for appliances, research health questions, participate in online discussions, catch up with friends, or make new ones. Development of information society is one of main three Lithuanian state priorities st...


Abstract : Many current and emerging communication signals use Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK), Frequency-Hopped (FH) waveforms to reduce adjacent-channel interference while maintaining Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) characteristics. These waveforms appear in both military (Tactical Targeting Networking Technology, or TTNT) and civilian (Bluetooth) applications. This research develops wideband and channelized radiometer intercept receiver models to detect a GMSK-FH signal under a variety of conditions in a tactical communications environment. The signal of interest (SOI) and receivers have both fixed and variable parameters. Jamming is also introduced into the system to serve as an environmental parameter. These parameters are adjusted to examine the effects they have on the detectability of the SOI. The metric for detection performance is the distance the intercept receiver must be from the communication transmitter to meet a given set of intercept receiver performance criteria (e.g., PFA and PD). It is shown that the GMSK-FH waveform benefits from an increased hop rate, a reduced signal duration, and the introduction of jitter into the waveform. Narrowband jamming is also very detrimental to channelized receiver performance. The intercept receiver benefits from reducing the bandwidth of the channelized radiometer channels, although this requires precise "a priori" knowledge of the hop frequencies.


1115 Background: Alvespimycin (A) inhibits the activity of Hsp90, resulting in degradation of client proteins, such as the HER2 receptor. In vivo, Hsp90 inhibition induces rapid degradation of HER2 with loss of pAKT, cyclin D2 and tumor growth inhibition. Methods: Pts receive standard weekly doses of T followed by A in escalating doses via IV doses over 1 hr. Define the recommended dose (RP2D), toxicity and signs of activity of T+A in pts with solid tumors. PK: assessed after the 1st and 4th infusion. PBLs: purified to investigate changes in intracellular signaling proteins by immunoblot. The RP2D will produce DLT in no more than 1/6 evaluable pts. Results: 21 pts enrolled in 3 cohorts (60, 80 and 100 mg/m2). Median age 53 yrs, range 31–75; median KPS 90; prior regimens not including hormonal therapy: median 6, range 1–13; prior T-regimens for MBC pts: median 3, range 0–9. Diagnoses: HER2+ MBC (n=18), ovarian (n=3). DLT was observed at the highest dose, consisting of 1 pt with hypoxia and ↓LVEF; an additi...


The two supervisions of difficulties and mistakes in diagnostics of bone changes in primary hyperparathyroidism are presented. It is emphasized, that the use of quite accessible clinical-laboratory, roentgenological and radiological methods of researches in due time allows to diagnose various forms of hyperparathyroidism.


The present paper intends to study the gender differences in nutritional status with reference to age, education and family income. The data have been collected by household census method and nutritional anthropometry among 264 adult Meiteis (123 males, and 141 females) of 20 to 79 years age of Cachar District of Assam, India. The study reveals that more than 30 percentage of the populations are suffering from chronic energy deficiency (CED) malnutrition (males=27.6%, females=33.3%) while more than 7 percentage of the adults are battling with over-nutrition (males=8.1%, females=6.4%). Chi-square test doesn't show any significant (P=0.356) difference in nutritional status between males and females. Although slight positive association exists between body mass index (BMI) and age (r xy =0.056) but BMI of the adult Meiteis show significant positive association with year of schooling (r xy =0.143, P xy =0.215, P


Erin Corcoran is a staff attorney for the Asylum Program at the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights in Washington, DC. Prior to joining Lawyers Committee, she was a staff attorney at the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in New York. Nadia Yakoob is an attorney in the New York office of Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy, a law firm specializing in U.S. and international immigration law. Prior to joining Fragomen, she was a visiting researcher at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France. Both authors would like to thank the editors at SAIS Review for their thoughtful comments and suggestions. The Politics of Forced Displacement


A projection display device includes: a projection section having an optical system; a parameter obtaining section adapted to obtain a first parameter corresponding to the projection angle showing a relative posture of the projection display device to the projection surface; a vanishing point calculation section adapted to calculate a position of a vanishing point based on the first parameter; an actual zoom ratio obtaining section adapted to obtain an actual zoom ratio; a parameter calculating section adapted to correct the first parameter based on a fixed reference zoom ratio and the actual zoom ratio to thereby calculate a second parameter; and a keystone correction section adapted to perform a keystone correction of the image based on the fixed reference zoom ratio and the second parameter.


Purpose - Georgian drug policy in last dacades can be charachterized as a strong prohibitive policy. Application of restrictive sanctions are accompanied by imprisonment or monetary fines. Punishment policy is an economic incentive which aimes to reduce the level of drug use and the harm caused by it. In this paper, we examine how the drug market responds to restrictive policies. We analyze government supported incentives for 20 years and their impact on drug distribution. Our analysis shows that such a policy does not lead to the reduction in consumption. Baning certain types of drugs causes the demand to responds by switching to alternative substances. Thus in this article, we examine how the drug market responds to prohibitive policies and explain why there is no effect on the level of drug demand during observed period. Methodology - The article reviews the current situation on the Georgian drug market in light of the economic forces operating there. The work mainly uses review approach. It combines various research findings that have been done over the last 20 years. Changes in drug demand and supply are presented as economic models. Findings- Research findings show that drug circulation, like any other goods and services, is managed by the principles of economics and the market. In addition to the usual supply and demand that determines the price and quantity of drugs on the black market, it also responds instantly to incentives, including prohibitions and sanctions. Comparative analyses of the secondary data show decreased effectiveness of the Ministry of Internal Affairs while the incidence and prevalence of intravenous users are increasing. The decreased presure from the law enforcements may explain the increased demand on heroin and subotoxin, as well as on hallucinogens and new psychoactive substances in contemporary days. Conclusion- Drug policy in Georgia, which is based on prohibitive approach is ineffective. The volume of drugs available on the market is determined by the increasing demand in recent years. Steps to reduce supply are forcing suppliers and consumers to look for efficient and safe ways to meet their needs. Keywords: Illicit drugs, prohibition, drugpolicy, decriminalization, substances


Metastasis is a life threatening complex physiological phenomenon that involves the movement of cancer cells from one organ to another by means of blood and lymph. An understanding about metastasis is extremely important to device diagnostic systems to detect and monitor its spread within the body. For the first time we report rapid photoacoustic detection of the induced metastatic melanoma in mice in vitro using photoacoustic flowmetry. A new photoacoustic flow system is developed, that employs photoacoustic excitation coupled with an ultrasound transducer capable of determining the presence of individual, induced mouse melanoma cells (B16/F10) within the circulating system in vitro. Tumor was induced in mice by injecting mouse melanoma cells through tail vein into the C57BL/6 mice. A luciferase based in vivo bioluminescence imaging is performed to confirm the tumor load and multiple metastases in the tumor-induced mice. 1ml of blood obtained through cardiac puncture of the induced metastasized mice was treated to lyse the red blood cells (RBC) and enriched, leaving the induced melanoma in the peripheral blood mononuclear suspension (PBMC). A photoacoustic flowsystem coupled with an ultrasound transducer is used to detect the individual circulating metastatic melanoma cells from the enriched cell suspension.


Objective To explore the relationship between thrombocytosis and clinicopathologic characteristics in prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Methods The changes of platelet parameters in lung cancer patients between 119 cases of the thrombocytosis and 123 cases of the normal platelet count were compared. The differences of clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis between two groups were analyzed. Results Significant differences was observed in platelet parameter distribution of two groups( P 0. 001).Thrombocytosis was found to have correlation with some clinicopathologic characteristics in lung cancer patients such as tumor node metastasis( TNM) stages( Z =- 5. 14,P 0. 001),lymph node invasion( X2= 4. 25,P = 0. 039),distant metastasis( X2= 6. 08,P =0. 014) and smoking( X2= 5. 42,P = 0. 020). The overall survival was found to have the difference( X2= 4. 51,P = 0. 034) of the risk of death in the two groups. The result of Cox regression model showed that the mortality risk in lung cancer patients with thrombocytosis was 1. 002 times as compared with the control group( RR = 1. 002,P = 0. 005). Conclusions Increased platelet count is usually accompanied by the platelet morphological abnormalities,and thrombocytosis is related to TNM stages,metastasis and smoking in lung cancer patients. Platelet count is an independent indicator of deteriorated prognosis for patients with lung cancer.


Summary Over the past decades, Central America has suffered some of the highest deforestation rates worldwide. Vast tracts of forest have been converted to agriculture and pasture, encouraged by ill-designed government policies and perverse incentives. Recently, however, progress has been made toward more sustainable use of forest resources by adjusting forest policies, decentralizing forest administration, and providing conducive incentives through environmental service payments and forest certification. Valuable forest management experiences have been gained by indigenous and peasant communities. Community forestry in Central America is being increasingly recognized by national governments. Examples include the community concessions in Peten, Guatemala, and community-based forest operations in Honduras and Nicaragua. Stakeholder networks have been established that strengthen horizontal and vertical alliances among wood producers and manufacturers and that help promote both community development and forest conservation. However, illegal logging, poor law enforcement, and lack of economic viability of forest management involving nontraditional species still provide barriers to the sustainable management of tropical broadleaved forests in the region. Future challenges include improved governance through decentralized forest administration, private sector involvement, and third-party certification. To improve traceability and value adding, development of integrated supply chains of forest and wood products is recommended.


Aim. To determine the features of the intestinal microbiota in obese children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) depending on the functional state of the gallbladder.
Materials and methods. A total of 73 children aged 10–17 years (mean age – 12.15 ± 2.51 years) were examined. According to body mass index, transient elastography (Fibroscan®), and ultrasound data, the patients were divided into 3 groups: group I – 35 obese children with NAFLD and gallbladder hypokinesia, group II – 30 obese children with NAFLD and gallbladder normokinesia, group III (control) – 8 healthy children with normal weight and gallbladder normokinesia. Contractile function of the gallbladder was assessed by ultrasound examination after physiological food loading. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and lactose absorption were assessed with the hydrogen breath test (HBT) with lactose loading using a Gastrolyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd, UK). Qualitative and quantitative intestinal microbiome composition were studied using bacterial culture method with ten-fold dilutions (10-1–10-9) on standard sets of selective and differential-diagnostic culture media for the isolation of aerobic and anaerobic microbes. Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was evaluated with gas chromatography (Chromatec-Crystal-5000).
Results. Lactose-dependent SIBO was observed in almost half of NAFLD patients (42.9 %) without significant differences depending on functional activity of the gallbladder. Patients with decompensated dysbiosis predominated in group I children (37.1 % of patients). In group II children, the subcompensated dysbiosis was more common (36.7 % of patients). The concentration of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus in group I patients was significantly 1.9 times (P < 0.05) and 1.4 times (P < 0.05) lower, respectively, than that in group IІ patients. The level of fecal acetic acid and butyric acid in group I children was 6.9 and 2.0 times (P < 0.05) increased, respectively, compared to control group, assuming bile acids involvement in the regulation of microbiome composition.
Conclusions. Impaired contractile function of the gallbladder in NAFLD children is associated with a sharp decrease in the number of major symbionts of the intestinal microbiota as well as increased production of acetic and butyric SCFA.


This article introduces the management system for the CATV digitized operation of base on DVB-C standard.This system will decide the authorization control,realized digital TV control,the management of program..


ABSTRACT.  The fat (tallow) of bali cattle is a by-product that have not been used. The fat of cattle lately has been developed as a raw material for biodiesel. The process of biodiesel has done through a trans-esterification process and requiring of catalyst. The ratio of fat-methanol will determine the quality of biodiesel. This study aims to identify the effect of combination of fatmethanol with different ratios on the properties of biodiesel products made from fat of bali cattle. The fat of abdominal of Bali cattle was used as main material. There are three types of ratios were applied, namely (1:3), (1:5) and (1:7). The study was carried out experimentally by the reaction esterification and trans-esterification and than KOH as a catalyst. The results of this study showed that the application of ratio of fat-methanol different (1:3), (1:5) and (1:7) showed no significant effect on the value of water content, kinematic viscosity and flash point. Implementation of ratio of fat-methanol (1:3) can be applied to obtain more efficient results with properties corresponding to the INS.


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of B-Lynch suture combined with uterine artery embolization for placenta accreta complicated by postpartum hemorrhage. Methods 14 cases of placenta accreta complicated by postpartum hemorrhage were given the treatment of B-Lynch suture combined with uterine artery embolization. Results All patients were successfully stanched bleeding, 13 patients were cured and discharged, 1 case received hysterectomy 5 days later due to infection.Length of stay was 7-27 days.There was a few bloody lochia sustaining 1-7 days after operation.Uterine involution was schedule. There was no case occurred bleeding again in the follow-up 42 days. Conclusion B-Lynch suture combined with uterine artery embolization in the treatment of placenta accreta complicated by postpartum hemorrhage is a safe and effective method.


Pyrrosia heterophylla is an epiphytic fern used in Indian tribal and traditional medicine for treatment of jaundice and some inflammatory conditions such as asthma, swellings and pain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of different leaf extracts of P. heterophylla on acetaminophen-intoxicated male Wistar rats. The hepatoprotective effect of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of P. heterophylla (PHE and PHM respectively) was evaluated by studying changes in liver function markers in serum such as AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and bilirubin. In vivo antioxidant effect of the extracts was evaluated by analysing the lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant systems in liver. Histopathological study of liver tissue was done to support the biochemical analyses. Both PHE and PHM were found to have significant hepatoprotective effect on acetaminophen intoxicated Wistar rats in a dose dependent manner. Serum markers of hepatotoxicity as well as tissue lipid peroxidative products were maintained similar to normal in the rats pre-treated with extracts. Biochemical data was supported by results of the histological studies. The study substantiated the traditional use of P. heterophylla as a hepatoprotective agent. Leaf extracts of P. heterophylla were able to provide significant hepatoprotection in acetaminophen treated rats with PHE being more effective than PHM.


A checklist of Mexican higher marine fungi is presented, containing 47 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 14 mitosporic fungi. The fungi are listed from 17 localities on the Pacific Coast, 12 localities from the Gulf of Mexico Coast, and from 15 localities on the Caribbean Coast. Eleven new specimens from 18 Mexican beaches have been merged with the records from the literature. New records for Mexico are Ceriosporopsis halima and Corollospora pseudopulchella.


Two-pore domain (K2P) K + channels have many important physiological functions. However, the functional properties of the TWIK-1 (K2P1.1/ KCNK1 ) K2P channel remain poorly characterized because heterologous expression of this ion channel yields only very low levels of functional activity. Several underlying reasons have been proposed, including TWIK-1 retention in intracellular organelles, inhibition by post-translational sumoylation, a hydrophobic barrier within the pore, and a low open probability of the selectivity filter (SF) gate. By evaluating these various potential mechanisms, we found that the latter dominates the low intrinsic functional activity of TWIK-1. Investigating the underlying mechanism, we observed that the low activity of the SF gate appears to arise from the inefficiency of


Resveratrol is a phytoalexin that widely exists in grape,peanuts and polygonum cuspidatum;it possesses the important biological properties such as anticancer,antibacterial,antioxidative,and so on.Especially in the anti-ageing effects,research progress quickly,development prospects.


Due to the rapid growth of the number of digital images on the Web, there is an increasing demand for an effective and efficient method for organizing and retrieving the available images. This article describes iFind, a system for clustering and searching WWW images. By using a vision-based page segmentation algorithm, a Web page is partitioned into blocks, and the textual and link information of an image can be accurately extracted from the block containing that image. The textual information is used for image indexing. By extracting the page-to-block, block-to-image, block-to-page relationships through link structure and page layout analysis, we construct an image graph. Our method is less sensitive to noisy links than previous methods like PageRank, HITS, and PicASHOW, and hence the image graph can better reflect the semantic relationship between images. Using the notion of Markov Chain, we can compute the limiting probability distributions of the images, ImageRanks, which characterize the importance of the images. The ImageRanks are combined with the relevance scores to produce the final ranking for image search. With the graph models, we can also use techniques from spectral graph theory for image clustering and embedding, or 2-D visualization. Some experimental results on 11.6 million images downloaded from the Web are provided in the article.


A week before Christmas 1604, Robert Cecil, secretary of state to James I, and recently elevated in the peerage to a viscountcy, received from Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York, a frank piece of advice. 'Good my Lord Cranborne,' wrote the archbishop, 'let me put you in mynde that you wer borne and brought up in true religion. Your worthy father was a worthy instrument to banish superstition and to advaunce the Gospell. Imytate him in this service efectyally.' There followed some unkind observations about James I's love for the blood sports, and a further warning about the Roman Catholics, and then a concluding prayer: 'Thus beseching God to bless your Lordship with his manyfold graces that you may as long serve his most excellent Majestie as your most wyse father did serve most worthy Queen Elizabeth, I bid you most hartely farewell.'


In the context of CO2 sequestration, storage safety and leakage possibilities are key issues. Some of the main leakage pathways for CO2 are abandoned wells because of well cement reactivity with CO2. In fact, when Portland cement is exposed to supercritic


Collision detection is a very important issue for 5-axis machining. In this paper, we parallelize the collision detection of 5-axis machining with OpenMP to improve its performance. First, we apply profiling tools to analyse collision detection to obtain the performance spectrum. Then we apply some techniques to exploit parallelism, reduce the number of instructions, and parallelize the critical parts with OpenMP to improve speedup. The results show that the proposed approach can outperform the sequential version by 17 times.


The algorithm for mapping of game animal density in GIS according to winter calculation of their traces on routes is considered. This map is compared to standard valuation of siberian roe deer resources in districts of Novosibirsk region. The zoological interpretation is given to results of this comparative analysis.


In 2018, amendments to the law entered into force, which extended and reduced the term of administrative officer of the commune, mayor, and city president. There is a dispute in the doctrine regarding the constitutionality of the adopted regulations. Constitution of the Republic of Poland leaves the ordinary legislator to determine the principles and procedure for electing the executive bodies of local government units. The literature presents agruments for and against the introduced changes. The adopted changes are effective from the term of office started in 2018, terms that have already ended are not taken into account.


The products and the first-order rate constants for the fragmentation of six phosphonic diesters (2) and two phosphonic monester chlorides (3), all containing the 2-(dialkylaminoethyl) group as one of the ester functions, have been determined. On the basis of different reaction products, different rates of decomposition, and different activation parameters, a new mechanism for the fragmentation of ester chlorides (3) is proposed: fragmentation involving release of the chloride ion and the formation of the 1,1-dialkylaziridinium ion and metaphosphonate as the reactive intermediates. Keywords: fragmentation of phosphates and phosphorochloridates, "metaphosphate" mechanism of phosphates, activation entropy in mechanistic change, 2-(dialkylamino)ethylphosphates.


The spin-half Heisenberg antiferromagnet (HAF) on the square and triangular lattices is studied using the coupled cluster method (CCM) technique of quantum many-body theory. The phase relations between different expansion coefficients of the ground-state wave function in an Ising basis for the square lattice HAF is exactly known via the Marshall-Peierls sign rule, although no equivalent sign rule has yet been obtained for the triangular lattice HAF. Here the CCM is used to give accurate estimates for the Ising-expansion coefficients for these systems, and CCM results are noted to be fully consistent with the Marshall-Peierls sign rule for the square lattice case. For the triangular lattice HAF, a heuristic rule is presented which fits our CCM results for the Ising-expansion coefficients of states which correspond to two-body excitations with respect to the reference state. It is also seen that Ising-expansion coefficients which describe localised, m-body excitations with respect to the reference state are found to be highly converged, and from this result we infer that the nodal surface of the triangular lattice HAF is being accurately mod-


: The samples of Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) aerial parts were collected from four different localities in sub-Mediterranean area of Bosnia and Herzegovina and subjected to phytochemical profiling. Shade-dried and fresh samples were used to determine their headspace volatile organic composition by solid-phase microextraction on two differently coated fibers. Corresponding essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Both headspace and essential oil were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Among detected compounds, piperitenone oxide and pulegone were dominant in the headspace of shade-dried and fresh C. nepeta samples. The essential oils contained 42 compounds including pulegone (44.8%), piperitenone (48.8%) and piperitenone oxide (60.2%) as the major compounds, followed by limonene, cis piperitone oxide, p -menthone and dihydrocarvyl acetate. In this work, a wide range of volatile compounds present in C. nepeta samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina was determined. The obtained data provides detail phytochemical analysis of the volatiles of C. nepeta and therefore completes earlier researches of this plant from the other geographical areas.


Abstract The representation of simulation models, especially those expressed in discrete event languages, by means of system-theoretic formalism is reviewed. The important concepts of decomposition, static and dynamic structure, and state variable selection are explained and their implications for the design of simulation software explored. The system-theoretic approach is compared with other approaches to model representation derived from general software development methodology. Both simulation software design and systems theory may benefit by the challenges each raises for the other.


More and more probiotics are used in poultry feeding. Understanding that the inclusion of beneficial microorganisms in the diet contributes to the normalization of intestinal microflora serves to prevent metabolic disorders, improves the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, increases immunity and, as a result, has a positive effect not only on the health of the bird, but also on its productivity indicators. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to establish the effect of the probiotic Levusell SB Plus on the productive qualities of hens in broiler breeders. The experiment was carried out in the production conditions of Kamenskaya Poultry Farm LLC, Kamensky District, Altai Territory on hens of the parent stock of the Ross 308 cross. The use of the probiotic Levusell SB Plus at a dose of 1.0 kg/t as a part of the complete feed for laying hens of the parent stock at the age of 23 to 63 weeks led to an increase in poultry livability, an increase in the total egg production and the intensity of egg-laying capacity. The addition of a probiotic to the poultry ration contributed to the optimization of the egg weight, an increase in the yield of hatching eggs, an increase in the hatch of chickens and the yield of broilers per initial layer by 3.9%.


3D printing is the future of manufacturing, limited by material development. Stereolithography is an ideal 3D printing process as it is energy efficient, accurate, fast and capable of forming composite materials. The photocuring of polymers used in this process is integral to society via more applications such as dentistry, coating, and printed circuit boards. However, those photosensitive materials are unstable in daylight during end use limiting their viability for making functional parts in many applications, motivating our work. The ultimate goal is to photocure only with light outside of the solar spectrum on Earth in stereolithography 3D printing, which motivates this work, to produce photostable parts.
While semiconducting nanoparticles have previously been shown to photocure acrylic resins via a free radical mechanism, here we demonstrate, for the first time, that semiconducting nanoparticles are capable of photocuring epoxy cationically. This result is critical because with that achieved, the quantized effect can be used to increase the band gap energy of the nanoparticles to only be sensitive to light outside of the solar spectrum on Earth.
We study both bulk and quantized nanoparticles, propose a reaction mechanism supported by experimental observations, and explore the effects of process variables on the kinetics of the reaction. The intertwining of the engineering of the application, the chemistry of the reactions and the physics of quantum dots makes this thesis a truly rich, interdisciplinary study.


The president and all 50 governors have declared health emergencies to counteract the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While researchers race to develop vaccines, officials are implementing physical distancing, including orders to stay at home, restricting travel, and closing nonessential businesses (see eFigure in the Supplement). To limit crossborder spread, more than a dozen states have issued mandatory quarantines for interstate travelers. Some models suggest physical distancing would have to persist for 3 months to mitigate the peak effects on health systems and could be required on an intermittent basis for 12 to 18 months.1 What legal powers do governments have? What is the role of the courts? How can public health be balanced with personal and economic rights?


This study aims to analyze legal issues through reforming restorative justice to request criminal cases. This study used qualitative research methods. Sources of data obtained through field research, or document studies. The results of the research find facts as a philosophy of criminalization, restorative justice can frame various policies, programs and case planning strategies requiring results that can be made related to disputes, victims and the community related to solving the problems raised by the justice system.


Children love having new characters to engage with, which is why using puppets in one form or another can be so appealing. Here, we offer ideas and practical advice for practitioners looking for a way in.


A double-blind, randomized study was conducted to examine the effect of different types of therapeutic suggestions, administered during general anaesthesia, on postoperative course. 82 Patients undergoing cholecystectomy were intraoperatively exposed to (A) affinnative and nonaffinnative suggestions, (B) affi.rmative suggestions, (C) nonaffinnative suggestions or (D) an irrelevant story. Patients in condition (A) spent less time in hospital tban patients in the other groups. No significant differences were demonstrated for subjective well-being measured on days 3 and 6 after surgery.


References Benkler, Y. (2006) The Wealth of Networks, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Bresnahan, T. and Trajtenberg, M. (1995) 'General purpose technologies: engines of growth?', Journal of Econometrics, 65, 1, pp.83–108. Chesbrough, H. (2006) Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Frischmann, B. (2004) 'An economic theory of infrastructure and commons management', Minnesota Law Review, 89, pp.917–1029. Frischman, B. and Lemley, M. (2007) 'Spillovers', Columbia Law Review, 107, 1, pp.257–301. Metcalfe, J. (1995) 'Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 1, pp.25–46. Scotchmer, S. (2006) Innovation and Incentives, MIT Press, New York. Tapscott, D. and Williams, A. (2006) Wikinomics. How Mass Collaborations Changes Everything, Atlantic Books, London. Teece, D. (1986) 'Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy', Research Policy, 15, pp.285–305. von Hippel, E. (2005) Democratizing Innovation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.


biological such as our and of their structural physical properties and interactions with other molecules, when viewed as nano-structures. In our research we focus our attention on DNA-Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) interactions and different ways of visualizing these complexes and characterize their physical properties using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as our main tool. The final purpose of this analysis is to identify specific interactions among LDL's and DNA that may help us unveil the possibility of using these LDL-DNA complexes as natural vectors for gene expression.


The Museum Environment is the first title in the Butterworth Series on Conservation in the Arts, Archaeology and Architecture. Part I of the book, intended for conservators and museum curators, describes the principles and techniques of controlling the environment so that the potentially damaging effects of light, humidity and air pollution on museum exhibits may be minimized. In Part II, the author, who is Scientific Advisor to the Trustees of the National Gallery in London and Head of its Scientific Department, brings together and summarizes information and data, hitherto widely scattered in the literature of diverse fields, which is essential to workers in conservation research. This series is published under the auspices of the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) and with the support of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Rome (ICCROM).


A new species of the genus Smythea is described and illustrated from Papua New Guinea. This new taxon, Smythea papuana, is morphologically similar to S. oblongifolia, a species widespread in Malesia reaching the Lesser Sunda Islands and Maluku Islands. It is the first inland species of Smythea in New Guinea to be described – the only other species known to occur on the island is the widely distributed and coastal S. lanceata. An amendment to the key to the genus is provided.


The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the 33 items designated for household wastes and to classify them according to consumer's assessment. We asked 210 middle aged housewives in their 40s and 50s in the area of Tokyo to fill out the questionnaire. The results were as follows: It became clear that they were not so conscious of causing damage to environments by disposing clothing and papers as household wastes. It also became clear that those, who were required to classify wastes into three categories for disposal, often had some feelings of uneasiness and guilt towards their way of disposal while having less consideration for safety measure for waste disposal in comparison to those, who were required to separate wastes into five categories at the time of disposal. Three factors were extracted as the results of factor analysis. They were "a degree of burden for waste exsistence," "a possibility of cascade use and a degree of impression for enviromental damage" and "a degree of easiness of waste disposal." The 33 items for household wastes were characterized by these factors. It became clear that the 33 items could be classified into six groups by cluster analysis. (Received May 11, 1995)


High resolution satellite data of the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer in full resolution mode (MERIS FR, pixel size is 300 m) were used to study the impact of suspended particulate matter (SPM) on oyster-farming sites in a macrotidal bay of the French Atlantic coast where SPM concentration can exceed 100 g m−3. Because MERIS standard SPM concentration retrieval saturates at about 50 g m−3, we developed an alternative method for turbid nearshore waters. The method consists in the combination of the Semi-Analytical Atmospheric and Bio-Optical (SAABIO) atmospheric correction with a regional bio-optical algorithm based on a linear relationship between SPM concentration and the reflectance band ratio at 865 and 560 nm. MERIS FR-derived SPM concentrations were validated from 10 up to 300 g m−3, and then merged with oyster ecophysiological responses to provide a spatial picture of the impact of SPM concentration on oyster-farming sites. Our approach demonstrates the potential of high resolution satellite remote sensing for aquaculture management and shellfish-farming ecosystems studies.


A computational study was conducted to characterize the erosion of thermal barrier coated single stage turbine blade surfaces by alumina particles suspended in the cooling flows from the combustion chamber. The simulations are based on an Euler-Lagrangian two stage approach based on the numerical solution to the three-dimensional compressible Raynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the particles equations of motion in each blade passage reference frame. User defined function (UDF) were developed to represent existing experimentally-based correlations for particle surface interaction models. The restitution UDF was employed in the three-dimensional particle trajectory simulations to determine particle rebound characteristics after each surface impact. Additionally erosion rate UDF was used to compute the TBC erosion rate on the blade surfaces based on the statistics of the computational particle impact locations, velocity and angle relative to the blade surface. Computational results are presented for the three-dimensional flow field and particle trajectories in a 1975 NASA original design automotive turbine and in a scaled version of the turbine for modern rotorcraft operating condition. The results indicate fundamental differences in particles trajectories and the associated TBC erosion rates among the two turbines. In spite of the higher flow velocities, rotational speeds and flow temperatures in the scaled turbine, its computed TBC erosion rate on the blade surfaces was lower than the original turbine.


There are showed the features of the formation of copper sputtering on semiconductor crystals and galvanic deposition holes in printed circuit boards. The physical and mechanical properties of copper wire made in Russia and in the company Heraeus (Germany) are showed too. According to literary sources the quality of microcontacts of Au and Al wire with copper plating and copper wire with metallization of Al, Ni and Au was analyzed. It was chosen the optimal method and modes of formation of the compounds of Al wire (diameter of 50 mm) to the pads of the crystals with Cu plating, which was cowered by Ni protective film


The {\it{in vitro}} antiviral activity of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) against SARS-CoV-2 from the first month of pandemic proposed these drugs as the appropriate therapeutic candidate, although their side effect directed the clinical test toward optimizing the safe utilization strategies. The noble metal nanoparticles (NP) as promising materials with antiviral and antibacterial properties can deliver the drug to the target agent and decrease the side effect. In this work, we have applied quantum mechanical and classical atomistic molecular dynamics computational approaches to demonstrate the adsorption properties of HCQ on Ag, Au, AgAu, and Pt nanoparticles. The adsorption energies (less than -30 kcal/mole) were established for HCQ, and the (non)perturbative effects of this drug on the plasmonic absorption spectra of AgNP and AuNP have characterized with time-dependent density functional theory. The effect of size and compositions of nanoparticle on the coating with HCQ and CQ have obtained and proposed the appropriate candidate for drug delivery. This kind of modeling could help the experimental groups to find the efficient and safe therapies.


A possible reason why levodopa induces a sustained, stable motor benefit during the first months to years of therapy may be its long duration of action. This long‐duration effect may be due either to a presynaptic storage mechanism or to postsynaptic pharmacodynamic changes. We previously reported that the dopamine agonist ropinirole induced a long‐duration response (LDR) in levodopa‐naive patients with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated motor responses to the short half‐life dopamine agonist lisuride in a group of levodopa naive parkinsonian patients. Once lisuride reached its maximum effect, it was substituted, in randomized order, with placebo. Neither investigators nor patients knew when the active drug was switched to placebo. When patients were switched from lisuride to placebo, their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores and tapping test and screw scores declined to baseline values within a mean 9.0 ± 1.9 days. The results confirmed that, like ropinirole and levodopa, the short‐acting dopamine agonist lisuride induces a long‐duration response, probably due to postsynaptic changes. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.


Bayesian hierarchical modeling is a popular approach to capturing unobserved heterogeneity across individual units. However, standard estimation methods such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) can be impracticable for modeling outcomes from a large number of units. We develop a new method to sample from posterior distributions of Bayesian models, without using MCMC. Samples are independent, so they can be collected in parallel, and we do not need to be concerned with issues like chain convergence and autocorrelation. The algorithm is scalable under the weak assumption that individual units are conditionally independent, making it applicable for large data sets. It can also be used to compute marginal likelihoods.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2014.0901 .


We assess the validity of the Export-led Growth (ELG) and the Growth-driven Export (GDE) hypotheses in Taiwan by testing for Granger causality using the vector error correction model (VECM) and the bounds testing methodology developed by Pesaran {\it et al.} (PSS, 2001). The empirical results substantiate that a long-run level equilibrium relationship exists among exports, output, terms of trade and labor productivity of the model and that Granger causal flow between real exports and real output is reciprocal. Thus, our results attest to the advantage of the export-led growth strategy for continuous growth in Taiwan.


Two technical methods were developed for transcrystalline growth in order to create perfect transcrystalline growth for both thermoplastics and liquid crystalline polymers. A principle was suggested for oriented crystallization that the nucleation is created with high density along a one-dimensional or on a two-dimensional unit, while the nucleation in the matrix is suppressed. The steric hindrance was a key factor to create the transcrystalline growth in isothermal crystallization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Corona virus is a group of viruses that can cause disease in animals or humans. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough and feeling tired. Other symptoms that some patients may experience less often include aches and pains, nasal congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, loss of taste or smell, rash on the skin, or discoloration of fingers or toes. The Indonesian government urges the public to maintain productivity even in the midst of the ongoing corona virus pandemic with a new order called the new normal, namely by implementing health protocols. PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya is one of the places where many people do their activities and gather. The existence of this gathering activity can increase the risk of transmitting COVID19. To prevent transmission, every academic community must always apply the new normal health protocol as recommended by the government, such as wearing masks, washing hands with soap, and maintaining social distancing. So far, health protocol surveillance activities in the campus environment have only relied on the role of security so that it is less effective considering the limited human ability, so a tool is needed to always remind in implementing the new normal health protocol. The tool is in the form of audio using the Ultrasonic HC-SR04 and Arduino Nano sensors. So every object that passes through the sensor will be processed by a microcontroller (Arduino Nano) and then processed into an output in the form of a buzzer. The buzzer that comes out is a voice to remind everyone in the university to implement health protocols.


FRIEDEMANN s method for estimating the amount of volatile acids was adopted for the judge ments of the freshness of several kinds of fish. At high temperature, 20°C-30°C, the increasing curves of volatile acids were sharper than those of volatile basic nitrogen which were usually taken as an index of spoilage. For fish, stored above 0°C, the determination of volatile acids was a reliable test for quality. By using BEHRENS' method, it was disclosed that formic acid was found in the distillate of fresh fish (plate 1, 2), while butylic, iso-valeric and acetic acid was found in the distillate of spoiled fish. (Plate 3, 4, 6)


A three-stage Q-band pHEMT power amplifier for 42-46GHz operation has been designed and built. The conservative stage peripheries of 2.64:5.28:7.68mm were chosen to ensure high temperature operation. Although designed for a nominal bias of 5.5V and 170mA/mm, the amplifier operates with biases of 2-6V and 65-190mA/mm. Record powers for this frequency range have been obtained. Biased at 6V and 170mA/mm the amplifier provided 4W of power at 20% efficiency over 42.5-43GHz at 30degC, and an average of 3W with 17% efficiency over 43.5-45.5GHz at 90degC. At 5.5V and 128mA/mm an average power of 3W with 20% efficiency was obtained over 43.5-45.5GHz at room temperature


Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of low-field magnatic resonance imaging(MRI) for synovial disease of knee.Methods The data of low-field MRI for 66 patients with synovial disease of knee who was proved by arthroscopic surgery and pathological examination knee synovial diseases were analyzed.The synovium thickness,bone and cartilage,and knee joint effusion were compared and analyzed.Results The location of synovial hyperplasia,signal of characteristic changes,destruction of articular cartilage,bone erosions,joints effusions and other changes involved around organizational structure were demonstrated by MRI.There was no different between signs of MR imaging and arthoscopic examination of synovial diseases.Conclusion The MR findings in infectious synovitis,primitive synovitis and secondary synovitis have diagnostic value of synovial disease of knee.


This paper provides examples of a variety of phonological, orthographical, and morphological changes in current popular French are noted. They include: dropping of silent vowels in spelling, particularly in advertising and product names; changes in the pronunciation of vowels due to manipulation for product names; combinations of otherwise unrelated words in product names; changes in spelling for the benefit of style in advertising; letters and numbers used to represent words; reduction of words to representative initials; neologisms; nouns used as verbs, but without verb endings; Anglicisms adapted for French slang; reversal of syllables to make new words; new descriptive words for technological advancements; and use of colors to define concepts. (MSE) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Notes on the Changing Nature of Popular French U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of EducahonaI Research and Improvement EDU ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproduced as received lrom the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points ol view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. Maureen Cheney Curnow PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Sorafenib has shown encouraging results in patients with Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)‐positive acute myeloid leukemia. Its role after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been reported in a few cases with encouraging results.


This study aims to find out predictors of a movie's eventual box office, focusing on a movie's box office rank on an opening day. For an empirical analysis, I use data of 794 commercial movies released in the Korean theatrical exhibition market during the recent five years(2013~2017). The regression analysis shows that being box office number one on an opening day has statistically significant impact on a movie's final box office. A movie's quality, measured by audience's review, does not give significant impact on top1 movie's final success. Indexes such as increase of showing number on Sunday are strongly related to a movie's economic success. The additional analysis on box office number one movie on an opening day, totally 158 movies, finds that box office growth rate on a second week is strongly related to a movie's final success. Lastly, correlation coefficient of a movie's opening day box office and final box office does not show consistent growth when the coefficient is compared yearly. This study might have meaning in that it proposes new box office predictors and shows the relation of the indexes and a movie's final performance empirically.


SUMMARY We present a new formulation of the hybrid method for threedimensional (3D) electromagnetic (EM) modeling in complex structures with inhomogeneous background conductivity (IBC). This method overcomes the standard limitation of the conventional IE method related to the use of a horizontally layered background only. The new method allows us to compute the effect of IBC structures by using any appropriate numerical method which may be able to build a model with a flexible grid. This approach seems to be extremely useful in computing EM data for multiple geologic models with some common geoelectrical features, like terrain, bathymetry, or other known structures. It may find wide application in inverse problem solution, where we have to keep some known geologic structures unchanged during the iterative inversion. The method was carefully tested for modeling the EM field for complex structures with known variable background conductivity. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by modeling marine magnetotelluric (MT) data.


RATIONALE
In this paper, the concept of knowledge is argued to be the top of a three-tiered system of science.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The first tier is that of measurement and data, followed by information consisting of the patterns within the data, and ending with theory that interprets the patterns and yields knowledge. Thus, when a scientific theory ceases to be consistent with the database the knowledge based on that theory must be re-examined and potentially modified.

RESULTS
Consequently, all knowledge, like glory, is transient.

METHODS
Herein we focus on the non-normal statistics of physiologic time series and conclude that the empirical inverse power-law statistics and long-time correlations are inconsistent with the theoretical notion of homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS
We suggest replacing the notion of homeostasis with that of Fractal Physiology.


Objective
To investigate the efficacy of allogeneic bone-tendon-bone for reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee.

Methods
Twenty-two cases were subjected to the reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of knee using allogeneic bone-tendon-bone, including 21 males, and 1 female with age of 22-53 years old (mean 36.7 years old). The left knee was affected in 13 cases, and the right knee in 9 cases. The patients were evaluated subjectively (Lysholm score before and after operation) and objectively (using Lachman test and axial shift test).

Results
Twenty-one patients were followed up for 5-42 months (mean 23.3 months), and one patients lost the follow-up. Before operation, Lysholm scores were 19.6±3.6 (15-30), and those at the last follow-up were 83.9±16.2 (41-99), which were significantly different from those before operation (t=20.440, P=0.002). Except one case of graft loosing, the rest cases had negative or improved Lachman test and axial shift test. No complications occurred in all patients.

Conclusion
The clinical use of allogeneic bone-tendon-bone for reconstruction of cruciate ligaments of knee can avoid the re-injury caused by autologous materials and corresponding complications.

Key words:
Allogeneic; Bone-tendon-bone; Anterior cruciate ligament; Posterior cruciate ligament; Reconstruction


Palynologycal information was integrated with the aim to study vegetation history and environmental changes in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon area (in the southeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina) related to sea‐level fluctuations during the Holocene. Prior to 5000 yr BP a mosaic of psammophytic and halophytic communities developed on extensive sandy flats. Between 4000 and 2500 yr BP, during a period of sea‐level stabilisation, similar halophytic communities developed in the south and in the middle part of the present lagoon. Between 4500 and 3500 yr BP hydrophytic and halophytic communities developed in Laguna Hinojales. Beginning 2500 yr BP, when sea level was nearing its present position, modern plant communities became established. Pollen records suggest that littoral evolution of the area was much more complex than previous models have described, introducing new evidence of the geomorphological evolution of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon. The estuarine environment was delimited by a system of barrier islands instead of a linear prograding barrier, as has been proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


of basalt, trachybasalt, trachyandesite, trachydacite, dacite and ignimbrite which are mainly calc-alkaline in composition. The major minerals of these rocks are plagioclase, augite and biotite which are found as phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and small crystals in the fine grain, cryptocrystalline and/or glassy matrix. Opaque minerals, amphibole, casts of olivine replaced with serpentine and chlorite, sphene and apatite are present as minor constituents. Disequilibrium textures are very common in trachybasalt, trachyandesite and dacite. Opacite rimmed biotite, sieve-textured biotite and corroded phenocrysts of biotite and plagioclase are seen in dacite. In trachybasalt and trachyandesite, xenocrysts of plagioclase and augite show corrosion and absorption often resulted in sieve texture. Meanwhile, reverse zoning in augite and plagioclase as well as oscillatory zoning in plagioclase are observed in trachybasalt and trachyandesite. The mentioned disequilibrium textures along with the presence of high MgO biotite in dacite have all indicated that magma mixing has happened during the crystallization of the study volcanic rocks.


Method for supporting a multilevel decision-making process for the computer-aided generation of a work plan for a production process, in the course of which technical features are to be realized on a workpiece, Where there is a feature-based representation of the features to be produced, - and wherein the method comprises the following method steps A. from a relational case database (15), according to a predefined similarity measure, comparison cases (16) are selected which have properties similar to the desired feature (2), B. the comparison cases (16) are automatically evaluated according to the similarity measure and presented to the user together with in the respective comparative case (16) for manufacturing the feature associated manufacturing operations (10) for selection, C. the user makes a decision by selecting one of the proposed comparison cases (16) or interactively saving a new precedent, characterized, that for hierarchically successive individual decisions (14) of the decision process for each of the selected comparison case (16) or precedent associated manufacturing operations (10,10 ', 10'') ...


According to the result of the drilling system test(DST),acoustic logging and density logging,the overpressure and origin including disequilibrium compaction and oil generation were identified.Thus the correlate graph of DST and effective stress follows the depth.These overpressure origin were made and the result follows: ①There is an apparent separation character of disequilibrium compaction and oil generation about DST and effective stress.When vertical loading of sediment increases during burial,rocks generally compact,reducing the pore volume and forcing out formation fluids which undertaking the overburden stress generated the overpressure in the process of disequilibrium compaction.At the same time,the increase of effective stress was held.The result of this process is that the DST has the same trend with the increase of the overburden stress and the effective stress is a constant value following the depth.When the rocks had compacted,overpressure was formed by oil generation.So the degree of overpressure has not related to overburden stress.The increase trend of overpressure in depth is different with the overburden stress.The influence on effective stress is lower than disequilibrium compaction.②The loading curve and unloading curve which can judged the origin of overpressure,was formed in the process of overpressure generation,according the result of effective stress character which was calculated by DST.The origin of overpressure in Dongying Depression is disequilibrium compaction and oil generation.But the area of disequilibrium compaction is smaller.Oil generation has a very significant contribution to forming overpressure,especially the high overpressure.


This paper examines the influence of cultural context on justice perceptions of Vietnamese employees. We focused on vocational training practice in the Vietnamese firms. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews (with 5 human resources directors and 18 employees) in order to analyze their judgments about the justice of vocational training practice within their firm. This article argues that in the Vietnamese context, the employees give more importance to distributive and interpersonal justice than procedural justice. It then discusses the impact of cultural values, especially Confucian values on managerial practices.


Abstract SnowModel is a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system designed for application in landscapes, climates, and conditions where snow occurs. It is an aggregation of four submodels: MicroMet defines meteorological forcing conditions, EnBal calculates surface energy exchanges, SnowPack simulates snow depth and water-equivalent evolution, and SnowTran-3D accounts for snow redistribution by wind. Since each of these submodels was originally developed and tested for nonforested conditions, details describing modifications made to the submodels for forested areas are provided. SnowModel was created to run on grid increments of 1 to 200 m and temporal increments of 10 min to 1 day. It can also be applied using much larger grid increments, if the inherent loss in high-resolution (subgrid) information is acceptable. Simulated processes include snow accumulation; blowing-snow redistribution and sublimation; forest canopy interception, unloading, and sublimation; snow-density evolution; and snowp...


In order to accelerate the convergence of the microphone array speech enhancement system based on Generalized Sidelobe Canceller(GSC),the input signals of the adaptive block are decomposed into theirs subbands to perform the adaptive multi-channel noise cancelling in each subband.And the integration of multi-channel wiener filter into the fixed branch of GSC can suppress the uncorrelated noise efficiently.Experiments indicate that the microphone array speech enhancement system based on this subband GSC has higher converging speed and better output signal-to-noise ratio than its fullband counterpart.


The method for the determination of thirteen trace elements including Al, As, Ba and Cd in different kinds of methanol for reagent and industrial use by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was presented in this paper. The samples were vaporized to dryness at about 80℃, and the residua were dissolved in φ=2% nitric acid. The results showed that the method was simple, rapid and sensitive. The contents of trace elements did not increase with the decline of methanol quality grade, and the contents of trace elements in the same grade methanol produced by different manufactures were significantly diverse. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace elements in a spiked methanol sample for industrial use. The recoveries of the elements detected were 90%—110% with the relative standard deviations of less than 6%.


Mitigating debris-flow hazards is a great challenge in a period after Wenchuan Earthquake.Because of the complexity of debris supply and formation,the debris-flow discharge with respect to flood discharge was amplified in runoff,converging and moving stages of debris flows,and previous methods of calculating debris-flow peak discharge were not available for the debris-flow ravines in the earthquake-affected region.The investigation of the formation of post-quake debris flows indicated that debris-flow hydrologic process is not linearly equivalent with flood hydrologic one,and debris-flow amplification coefficient is not linearly proportional to flood peak discharge.An empirical relationship of power function between the amplification coefficient and the flood peak discharge was built by analyzing the field data of seven debris-flow ravines in Subaohe,Weijiagou and Dubahe basins of the earthquake region.Combined the classical modified flood discharge method with the empirical formula,a nonlinear flood method was developed for calculating debris-flow peak discharge,which can be applicable to post-earthquake region.


We investigated the optimal conditions for behavioral observation of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis and observed behavioral development with special reference to aggressive behavior. Different colored tanks and light intensities were tested against survival in 10-h period. While low survivals (0-10%) were observed in dark colored containers and high light intensity (>900 lx), clear tanks and medium light intensity (600 lx) had high survival (60-80%). With latter conditions, preliminary observations on the behavioral development of swimming behavior (swimming speed) and aggressive behavior (chase frequency) were performed at dif ferent developmental stages; mouth opening (2 days after hatching, DAH), pre-flexion (3 DAH), flexion (13 DAH), post-flexion (18 DAH) and juvenile (19 DAH) using different batches. Mouth opening was at 2 DAH (standard length, SL, mean±SD, 2.9±0.1 mm) and juveniles first appeared at 19 DAH (SL 6.3 mm). Frequency of chase behavior in relation to feeding was observed for 36 DAH juveniles. Swimming speed maintained constant values from hatch until the flexion stage (3.7±3.9 -9.5±14.3 mm/s). Aggressive fish first appeared on 16 DAH (SL 5.4±0.9 mm, flexion stage) and frequency of chase behavior did not change until the juvenile stage. Chase behavior was more frequent when juveniles were starved.


Adding a second scalar doublet (η+, η0) and three neutral singlet fermions N1, 2, 3 to the Standard Model of particle interactions with a new Z2 symmetry, it has been shown that $\eta^0_R$ or $\eta^0_I$ is a good dark-matter candidate and seesaw neutrino masses are generated radiatively. A supersymmetric U(1) gauge extension of this new idea is proposed, which enforces the usual R-parity of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, and allows this new Z2 symmetry to emerge as a discrete remnant.


The ''standard'' grand-unified-theory scenario for producing the baryon number-to-specific-entropy ratio of the universe involves the out-of-equilibrium decay of superheavy particles (> or approx. =10/sup 14/ GeV) whose interactions do not conserve B, C, or CP invariance. I discuss a scenario in which the baryon asymmetry is produced by B-, C-, and CP-nonconserving scatterings of massless fermions. In this model at least one fermion species must initially have a nonthermal distribution; the baryon excess generated can be larger than that produced by out-of-equilibrium decay. In order for this scenario to produce a significant baryon excess, the mass of the superheavy boson which mediates the scatterings must be > or approx. =3 x 10/sup 15/ GeV.


Objective
To explore the related factors of stress urinary incontinence in patients with uterine prolapse after vaginal hysterectomy combined with anterior and posterior vaginal wall repair.

Methods
From January 2017 to January 2019, we selected 50 patients who were hospitalized in Tianchang hospital Traditional Chinese Medicine for vaginal hysterectomy and the anterior and posterior vaginal walls repair. The patients were excluded from acute urinary incontinence and stress urinary incontinence before operation. All patients were discharged smoothly after operation. The patients were followed up for 2 months. According to the subjective symptoms, physical examination results and urinary incontinence questions of the international urinary incontinence Advisory Committee The international consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-short form (ici-q-sf) and urodynamic examination were used to diagnose and count the patients with new stress urinary incontinence after operation, and the factors that may cause new stress urinary incontinence after operation were analyzed.

Results
(1) 15 cases of new stress urinary incontinence were treated by vaginal hysterectomy combined with anterior and posterior vaginal wall repair, of which 5 cases had obvious subjective symptoms, 6 cases had no obvious abnormality in subjective symptoms and physical examination, the diagnosis was confirmed only after completing the questionnaire, and 4 cases were confirmed by urodynamic examination. (2) Univariate analysis showed that the history of diabetes mellitus, BMI, history of giant fetus delivery, and history of pelvic surgery were the related factors influencing the new onset of stress urinary incontinence. (3) With the occurrence of urinary incontinence as a dependent variable (0=not occurred, 1=occurred), four factors with statistical differences in single factor analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that the history of diabetes mellitus, pelvic surgery and the history of giant fetus delivery were independent risks of new onset stress urinary incontinence after vaginal hysterectomy combined with anterior and posterior vaginal wall repair Factor.

Conclusion
For the patients with uterine prolapse who have the history of fetal delivery, pelvic surgery and diabetes mellitus, we can strengthen the communication with the patients before the operation, and inform the patients of the risk of new onset of stress urinary incontinence after the operation, and after improving the relevant evaluation, we suggest that the patients should have synchronous anti urinary incontinence operation to improve the prognosis and quality of life.

Key words:
Uterine prolapse; Vaginal hysterectomy; Repair of anterior and posterior wall of vagina; New stress urinary incontinence


AbstractUpper Mississippi River flow and sediment characteristics downstream of St. Louis are presented in this study. Available and measured data were used to assess a harbor siltation case and dr...


Objective: Peptic ulcer is a disease caused due to an imbalance of aggressive and defensive factors in the body. Helicobacter pylori infections and colonization are also associated strongly to the peptic ulcer disease. Bismuth-containing organic compounds have been attributed to a major influential role in the successful treatment of peptic ulcer by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and provide cytoprotective properties which result in ulcer healing. Hence, the objective of this review is to discuss recent approaches and future perspectives of organobismuth compounds in the treatment of peptic ulcer.
Results: A total of 112 papers were included in the review, among them 20 papers describe the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, 10 papers discuss about diagnostic test for H pylori infection, 4 papers describe the drug regimen used in peptic ulcer treatment, 13 papers discuss about failure and alternative therapies for treatment of peptic ulcer, 8 papers describe the chemistry of bismuth, 20 papers discuss about mechanism of action of bismuth, 27 papers describe the newer bismuth complexes for H. pylori eradication, and 8 paper discuss about gastroprotective activity of bismuth-containing derivatives.
Conclusion: Organobismuth compounds/drugs are effective to eradicate H. pylori in conjunction with antibiotics. It also provides gastroprotective action and dramatic decrease of relapse rate which accounts for further exploration of organobismuth compounds to pave new ways for the design and synthesis of novel compounds in the effective treatment of peptic ulcer.


Part 1 The dialogue: subject and structure personages and period date of composition - the relative date, the absolute date Plato and Athens. Part 2 The evidence for the text: the medieval manuscripts - the first family B T W and P, the second family F, the Byzantine recensions the Papyri ancient commentaries - Olympiodorus, the scholia the indirect tradition.


This paper describes a stochastic simulation method by which we analyze investment scale of IPOs in different economic climate.We select IPOs data from June,2006 to December,2007 and January to Septembe,2008,which reflect booming and depress economic climates.We research returns of investing IPOs under three circumstances in terms of different sources of financing,cash,Repo from exchange and bank market.We assume that Repo rate and IPOs'first day pricing are both subordinated to triangle probability distribution.Stratified sampling technique is used to obtain better performance in the stochastic simulation.These results provide useful reference for investing IPOs.


Previous studies on marital breakdown among schizophrenics and manicdepressives have either failed to study the periods of marriage after first admission (Dayton (1940) ; Bdegdrd (1953) ) or they have analyzed the periods before and after admission together with inadequate control over the relevant demographic variables (Blacker (1958) ; Brown, Bone, Dalison & Wing ( 1966) ) . However, these studies suggest that the frequency of marital breakdown is comparatively high among schizophrenics, whereas it appears that patients with affective disorders do not part from their spouses so often. The aim of the present inquiry was to analyse marital status changes before and after first admission by the relevant clinical and sociological variables, and to compare frequency of separation and divorce among these patients with that expected in the corresponding general population.


Abstract Enzyme‐catalyzed efficient synthesis of (1R)‐[3,5‐bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] ethanol (R)‐(3), a key intermediate for aprepitant, via enantioselective transesterification of racemic 1‐[3,5‐bis (trifluoromethyl) phenyl] ethanol (RS)‐3 using vinyl acetate as the acyl donor in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase‐B (CAL‐B) in an overall yield of 84% with >99% ee is described.


Objective To evaluate the application value of 1H-MRS in assessing prognosis of primary intracranial diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL) by comparing 1H-MRS with pathology result. Methods MRI features, 1H-MRS and pathology results of 11 intracranial DLBCL were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor location, appearance and signal were analyzed. Cho, Cr, NAA, NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA values of the tumor solid part and contralateral brain parenchyma were measured. Paired sample T test was used to compare the tumors and control brain parenchyma. Correlation of Cho and Ki-67 was analyzed with Spearman analysis. Results All 11 cases showed raised Cho, Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA, and decreased NAA, Cr and NAA/Cr. The statistical analysis demonstrated that all except Cr had statistical significance(P0.05) between tumor solid region and compared normal brain. Spearman correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Cho and the expression level of Ki-67(rs=0.627, P=0.039). Conclusion 1HMRS has played an important role in preoperative diagnosis of intracranial DLBCL, it also could be used as an useful tool for assessing prognosis.