Aerosols, the tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere, can exert an important impact on radiative forcing and cloud-precipitation system of the earth. It is known that an increase in aerosols causes an increase in cloud droplet concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet size for given liquid water content. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that a marked increase of absorbing aerosols in South Asia has altered the characteristic of Asian monsoon. Therefore, it is important to obtain observational data of cloud particle properties such as an effective radius toward the deeper understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. In this study, a new method to estimate the cloud effective particle radius from geostationary satellites, MTSAT-2 and Fengyun-2E, is developed. The validity of this procedure is confirmed by comparing the results from multi-satellites. Using the method, the distributions of the cloud effective particle radius over South Asian region are shown for 2012.


This study touches upon two very important but distinct topics in hydrological modelling: (1) temporal variation of model parameters and (2) model calibration issues: finding optima in a high-dimensional parameter space with a potentially rugged objective function landscape. The study finds that dynamic parameters increase the performance of the HYMOD model in validation setting, but have a poor correspondence to observed dynamic catchment characteristics. Even though the study addresses two very relevant topics, it remains unclear what the general value of the findings in this study are. The authors need to demonstrate this more clearly before I can recommend publication of Line 11: remove "however". "received little attention" is not true if it refers to constant parameters. If it refers to dynamic parameters this is true, but then repeat "dynamic" to


The mitochondrial myopathy consists of a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by primary disfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain causing muscle disease. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a frequent mitochondrial disorder that shares clinical, enzymatic and genetic features with other mitochondrial diseases. We present a case of a patient who was initially diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, did not respond to specific therapy and was subsequently diagnosed by clinical, biochemical and histopathological criteria with a mitochondrial myopathy. A 37 years old woman, suspected and treated for myasthenia gravis presented with ptosis, marked fatigue, muscle weakness and myalgia, symptoms that progressively got worse despite the anticholinesterase therapy. Knowledge of this entity allows us to avoid unnecessary treatment and deferral of the real diagnosis.


Over the past ten years, the barriers to antitrust scrutiny of the health care industry have fallen like so many dominoes. Each of the once reliable defenses-state action, learned professions, interstate commerce, the business of insurance, and implied repeal-has been substantially narrowed if not eliminated. At the same time, deregulation and cost-containment initiatives have brought to health care markets a new emphasis on competition and market incentives. These developments have precipitated sweeping changes in the marketplace, and have confronted antitrust lawyers and their health care clients with an array of new and challenging problems.**


- Resilience is defined as the capacity of a system to cope with a hazardous event or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain its essential function, identity, and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation. A resilient health system is one that is capable to anticipate, respond to, cope with, recover from and adapt to system-related shocks and stress, so as to bring sustained improvements in population health, despite the unstable circumstances. Nowadays, the emergency department (ED) of hospitals faces growing demands, rising acuteness and longer waiting times. An efficient, accurate and resilient triage system to improve the operation of the ED becomes crucial. In this work, a resilient system for automatic priority, sorting and monitoring of medical events -triage system- is developed, so that the patients in the ED are treated according to the severity of their condition and not by the order of attendance utilizing a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) that aggregates, processes patients ' vital signs as well as determines their Health Status (HS), according to which the ED staff performs the appropriate classification.


Steady-state characteristics of self-excited synchronous generators with damper windings used for current-source type wind farm composed of series-connected wind generators are studied. A simulation model of the generators with damper windings is first derived based on dq transformation for salient-pole type machines. Experimental investigations were carried out to confirm the validity of the simulation model. The instantaneous voltage and current waveforms of the wind turbine generators are simulated with typical values of salient-pole synchronous generator constants, and the effects of the damper windings on the operating range of the wind generator are discussed. It is shown that the operating range for the generator with damper windings is extended in comparison to the case without damper windings. Finally, the steady-state characteristics for the case of 50 wind turbine generators are connected to the system are discussed.


Experimental studies on high power ∼ 10 μs electron beam generation have been carried out. High efficiency (about 75%) of energy transfer from a capacitor storage to the electron beam with total energy about 150 kJ has been attained.


The present invention discloses the growth factors in gall, including gall polyose, gall glucoprotein, and gall polypeptide, which have the power to promote growth and reproduction of cells such as macrophage and epicyte. The traumatic factor prepared from them or the molecular composition of them, bile acid and bile pigment can be used to treat ulcer, wound, dermatopathy and inflammation, or used as additive of cosmetics.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how cultural sensitivity plays a role in international social services organizational development. The American author applied an analytic framework to a 20-month change management project in a charity for the homeless in Ukraine; learnings may be useful to any leaders and managers working in a multicultural setting. Design/methodology/approach – Using one charity for the homeless as an example, the paper shows leadership and management tactics used to grow an international organization and manoeuvre cultural attributes to better understand and maximize the growth of both the staff and the population they served. Findings – Globalization means organizations face an increasing need for collaboration across cultures. It can also mean cultural gaps within nations exist, as individuals are raised or educated in more diverse settings. The analytic framework referenced can help leaders and mangers be more sensitive to the individuals they serve, including both empl...


Further insight has been sought into the mechanism of optical bleaching in the vicinity of room temperature by studying the temperature dependence of the bleaching curves for KCl crystals which had been initially irradiated with hard (filtered) x-rays. The absorptions at the maxima of the $F$, $M$, ${R}_{1}$, and ${R}_{2}$ bands were observed to change during illumination with $F$-light and to be strongly temperature dependent in the range of -30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to +10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, whereas the absorption at the ${V}_{3}$ band was essentially unchanged. For comparison an analysis was made of the data of Petroff on the early growth of the $M$ band during bleaching with $F$-light in additively colored KCl crystals. In this case a unique activation energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, of 0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 ev and a number of defect jumps ${N}_{j}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{10}$ are indicated by the data. It appears that the bleaching curves of the x-irradiated samples are composed of a temperature independent and a temperature dependent part. The temperature dependent part probably is the same as that responsible for bleaching in additively colored crystals. The above results for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and ${N}_{j}$ suggest that the temperature dependent bleaching process results from the trapping of photoelectrons at vacancy clusters which are formed during bleaching through the migration of mobile defects, possibly vacancy pairs. This conclusion is supported by the observations by others that the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ band is not observed during bleaching at room temperature.


In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis of strongly interacting quantum systems confined by a time-dependent external potential in one spatial dimension. We show that such systems can be used to simulate spin chains described by Heisenberg Hamiltonians in which the exchange coupling constants can be manipulated by time-dependent driving of the shape of the external confinement. As illustrative examples, we consider a harmonic trapping potential with a variable frequency and an infinite square-well potential with a time-dependent barrier in the middle.


Reserved recording setting method using the disclosed subject broadcast by one broadcast notice the storage key pressing when viewing the broadcast notice is not a viewer is present broadcast, has the effect of automatic easy and fast to be reserved recording by the timer recording. Storage Once the reservation recording setting method using the notice broadcast according to the present invention comprises a step to determine whether the subject broadcast of the broadcast halryeo the reserved recording on the TV screen to be broadcasted and, halryeo the reserved recording is subject broadcast is aired just stored notice broadcast key and a step, turning off the power to the video cassette tape recorder (VCR) a step of completing the timer recording for.


If you haven't learned how to identify customers' information needs, you're not ready to provide new assurance services. Why? Because those assurance services that meet customers' needs will sell; those that do not will fail. Traditional audit services cannot be expected to expand your practice; they are no longer growth areas. Therefore, the profession has no alternative but to fashion new services that bridge customers' needs and CPA's competencies. However, no bridging can take place without understanding customers' needs. WHO ARE THE CUSTOMERS? The potential customers are people who use information to make decisions. They could be senior managers or other employees, members of corporate or not-for-profit boards, institutional investors, financial analysts, individuals investors, creditors, charitable donors and individuals who make decisions about matters such as selecting personal medical care or arranging care for elderly family members. Assurance services are defined as independent professional services that improve the quality of information, or its context, for decision makers. If the assurer does not improve the decision-making information, the service does not qualify as an assurance engagement. So the key criterion identifying the customer for an assurance services is that he or she is the party who can benefit from improved decision-making information. However, the customer is not necessarily the party who pays for the assurance service. For example, in a financial statement audit, the decision maker is the investor or creditor who uses the financial statements or, in the case of not-for-profits or governmental units, the decision maker is the donor or taxpayer. But it is the client who prepares the financial statements, deals with the auditor and pays the fee. Focusing on the customer is a fundamental business concern. The decision-making users of information create demand for assurance services; their needs dictate engagement possibilities. HOW TO IDENTIFY CUSTOMERS' ASSURANCE NEEDS The first requisite for CPAs is a customer-focused mindset. This includes not only understanding who the customer is but also making a commitment to learn the customer's information needs, being alert to all kinds of information that could illuminate those needs and constantly striving to learn more about them. Existing clients -- because of the established service relationship -- offer the best opportunity to learn more about their information needs in order to create a new service. In addition, because clients trust them, CPAs have a marketing advantage with their clients. CPAs can use three basis techniques to identify clients' information needs. They can ask them individually, take surveys and hold discussion groups. 1. Asking clients what they need can be a regular procedure. Good communications are always a plus, and clients appreciate learning how their accounting firms can help them. 2. A questionnaire delivered to a sample of clients with the objective of learning about them provides data helpful in making decisions about potential services. 3. A formal focus group, with a two-way mirror, a facilitator and videotapes, can be costly, but gathering some clients together to discuss service needs allows interaction and delivers more information than can be gained from a questionnaire. It also creates goodwill. The American Institute of CPAs special committee on assurance services created a questionnaire to learn clients' information needs, which was published in the July 1996 Journal of Accountancy (page 10) and is available at www.aicpa.org/assurance/scas/comstud/icn/index.htm. The special committee also interviewed a spectrum of decision makers to learn their needs for decision-making information. The interviews included members of corporate boards, investors, creditors, managers, regulators, members of government and university administrators. …


The recently published expression for transducer calibration in a plane wave resonator by the reciprocity method [I. Rudnick, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1923 (1978)] has been tested against a Rayleigh disk. The resonator tube was terminated at one end by a dual electret transducer and at the other end by an electro‐dynamic transducer. All three transducers were reversible allowing three independent reciprocating calibrations which agreed to better than 1% (0.1 dB). The deflection of the disk was measured by monitoring the change in inductance of a coil surrounding the resonator and the disk. The disk angle detection system was self‐calibrating and permitted absolute measurement of the flow velocity in the vicinity of the disk when the moment of inertia of the disk and damping coil were known. [Research supported by the F. V. Hunt Postdoctoral Fellowship of the Acoustical Society of America with funds provided by the Office of Naval Research.]


Vocational school students generally have weak willpower,do not love learning,cannot stick to what is doing,are not interested in exercise,which leads to the long break activities become a mere formality.Through the feasibility analysis of running exercises during the long break time in Taizhou Higher Vocational School of Mechanical Electrical Technolog)',this paper points out running exercises not only can improve the physical quality of the students,but also develop many good habits,cultivate students' collectivism concept and team spirit.


This tablet 3 has a first display layer 51, which is printed with visible ink, and a second display layer 52, which is printed with invisible ink. Text, a trademark or the like is printed on the first display layer 51 using visible ink, and can be visually confirmed by a manager or tablet user. A barcode or the like is printed on the second display layer 52 using invisible ink, and cannot be seen by the manager or tablet user. The second display layer 52 can be revealed and read using a blacklight or the like. The tablet 3 is printed using a tablet printing device 1 that is provided with transport disks A-C that transport the tablet 3 while supporting a side surface 7 by suction, and the first display layer 51 is printed by an inkjet head 4 and the second display layer 52 is printed by an inkjet head 5.


Reaction of tetrafluoro- or tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone with silylated phosphoranimines R2R′P=NSiMe3 (R = Ph, Me) yields very highly colored monosubstituted derivatives of the p-quinone that act as ...


Abstract Mixed ligand complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with acetylacetone as a primary ligand and imidazole or substituted imidazole as a secondary ligand were synthesized and characterized by microchemical analyses, conductance, electronic and infrared spectral measurements. It is concluded that the acetylacetonate ligand coordinates to the metal ion as a monovalent bidentate ligand while the imidazole or substituted imidazole coordinates to the metal ion as a monodentate ligand.


The International Funders for Indigenous Peoples (IFIP) hosted The Latin America Indigenous Funders Conference on October 25 to 27, 2016 to bring leaders from the indigenous, donor, and corporate worlds to the same table, with the potential to turn the coming tide of extinction of species, languages, and cultures. The conference focused on supporting the role of indigenous peoples' in bio-cultural diversity, human rights, and sustainable economic models.


The free polaron energy levels in finite GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs parabolic quantum wells have been investigated by a modified variational method. The effect of the electric field, the electron-phonon interaction including the longitudinal optical phonons and the four branches of interface optical phonons, and the effect of spatial dependent effective mass have been considered in the calculation. The dependence of the energies of free polarons on the alloy composition x is given. The numerical results for finite GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs parabolic quantum wells are obtained and discussed. The results show that the effect of the electric field and the interface optical phonons as well as the longitudinal optical phonons on the energy levels is obvious. One can find that the effect of the spatially dependent effective masses on the energy levels in finite parabolic quantum wells is considerable except for large well width. Thus, the electron-phonon interaction and the effect of the spatially dependent effective mass should not be neglected for the study of the electron state problem in finite parabolic quantum wells.


Background: To analyse the rate of complications associated with Nd YAG posterior capsulotomy. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted in Holy Family Hospital over a six-month period. It included five hundred and fifty patients in out door Eye Department, Holy Family Hospital treated with Nd YAG laser capsulotomy due to posterior capsular opacification after cataract surgery. The complications were noted. Results: There was a transient rise of IOP in 27%, mild anterior uveitis in 7%, pits and cracks in 4%, macular edema in 3% and retinal detachment in 2% cases. Complications were managed accordingly and post YAG visual acuity improved in majority of cases.


As ICARE continues to grow, we remain grateful to our participants and partner providers for their involvement and support as we strive to meet our mission to "end the cycle of inherited cancer through research, education, and outreach." As part of our expansion efforts, we have transitioned to becoming a fully bilingual registry in English and Spanish, with enrollment materials, website, and newsletters in both languages. We are also excited to announce that in addition to the paper enrollment option, we now have the option of completing all enrollment materials online. We hope that this addition will make it even easier to participate in ICARE, for those who may be interested. In this newsletter, we have outlined some of the exciting new discoveries to guide us in advising and managing individuals with inherited cancers as follows: updates to national practice guidelines, cancer risks and management for newer and established inherited cancer risk genes, and the importance of genetic testing among men with advanced prostate cancer. We hope this new information is useful to you. We are always looking to you for feedback, so please let us know if you have other topics you would like to see in future newsletters.


The access of DG changes the operation and structure of traditional distribution network. This study mainly focused on controlling DG output current to reduce network loss of the system. Select a simple radial distribution system as example for theoretical analysis and derive the expressions of load current and node voltage. Assuming that there exists a real number k between DG output current and load. Then list the network loss and voltage deviation expressions. For the purpose of operation optimization, k can be determined by mathematical calculations. It proves that the method has a certain rationality to be effective in controlling network loss.


Abstract
Purpose
This chapter explores the adoption and implementation of a conflict management system (CMS) in a hospital setting. In particular, it uncovers the different motivations and challenges associated with a CMS across various stakeholders within the organization.

Methodology/approach
The chapter is based on qualitative research conducted in a large American hospital that adopted and implemented a CMS over the course of 15 months. The author conducted extensive interviews with stakeholders across the organization, including top management, union leaders, middle managers, clinicians, and frontline staff. Findings are also based on an array of observations, including stakeholder meetings and conflict management sessions.

Findings
The case study demonstrates the centrality of underexplored, generalizable, and industry-specific pressures that may lead organizations to reconsider their use of traditional dispute resolution practices and to institute a CMS. It also highlights the inherent organizational ambivalence toward the design and adoption, initiation and implementation, and routine use of a CMS and it documents the different types of outcomes delivered to various stakeholders.

Originality/value
The chapter provides a nuanced portrait of the antecedents to and consequences of the transformation of conflict management within one organization. It contributes to the existing body of research exploring the 30-year rise of alternative dispute resolution and CMSs in a growing proportion of firms in the United States. The use of an in-depth case-study method to examine this CMS experience offers a number of important insights, particularly regarding different stakeholder motivations and outcomes.


Urban Economists have devoted to analyze the system of cities theoretically over the last two decades or so. Henderson ([6]) argued that an equilibrium or optimal city size is reached when the marginal social benefits due to economies of scale equal the marginal social costs due to diseconomies of scale such as high housing or commuting costs, and showed the formation of the hierarchical urban system of cities. Furthermore, Abdel-Rahman ([1]) introduced the monopolistic competition theory developed by Dixit and Stiglitz ([4]), and applied increasing return to scale to urban system model. Tabuchi ([9]) combined the monopolistic competition theory with the location theory (Alonso [2]), and showed the impacts of transportation cost on urban concentration and dispersion in a two-city system framework. Because of ignoring a spatial distribution of cities, these types of models do not provide explanation for the spatial hierarchy of cities. On the other hand, the central place theory (e.g., Christaller [3], and Losch [7]) explains the system of cities spatially. While this theory shows hierarchical distribution of cities, it lacks the economical foundations. More precisely, this type of model cannot show how the distribution of cities emerges from the economic interaction of households or firms. Although Wang ([10]) improved the central place theory by introducing economic factors such as consumption and production, his research do not provide an urban growth such as emergence of new cities. Fujita and Mori ([5]) and Mori ([8]) analyzed the spatial formation of urban system by using monopolistic competition theory. Their research had economical foundations and clarified the spatial urban growth with hierarchical distribution of cities such as the central place theory. Fujita and Mori ([5]) showed how the increase in population size evolves the urban systems, and Mori ([8]) clarified that the most important factor for formation of megalopolis is the lower transportation cost. It can be said that the population size and the transportation cost are determined in the market. For this reason, their study did not consider the role of administration such as government or local government, and their study could not explain how a construction of a road infrastructure exerts agglomeration force for urban system. In this paper, we add a road infrastructure radiating from cities in FujitaMori model, and shows that the agglomeration force for cities increases with the number of roads. This extension shows that the construction of the road infrastructure brings concen tration of population and economy in the urban area rather than rural area. This result gives the planner of road infrastructure a useful direction toward optimal road construction. This paper is organized as follows: next section discusses the model, and section 3


Objective To investigate the expressions and clinical significance of TGF-β1 and ERK2 in the progression of cervical carcinoma.Methods The expression of TGF-β1 and ERK2 were determined in 80 cases of cervical carcinoma and 30 normal cervical epithelium by immunohistochemical SP method.The expression of TGF-B1 and Smad4 was then correlated with clinicopathological characteristics.Results The positive expression of TGF-β1 and ERK2 were 65%and 75%,respectively.There are significantly higher positive expression rates of TGF-β1 and ERK2 than those in the control(P0.01,respectively),with the clinical stage(≤Ⅱa,≥Ⅱb)and pathological grade increasing.The positive expression rates of TGF-β1 and ERK2 were significantly high in cervical carcinomas.The positive expression rates of TGF-β1 and ERK2 in human cervical carcinomas without lymph node metastasis were lower than those with lymph node metastasis(P0.01,respectively).The expression of ERK2 positive related to TGF-β1 in cervical carcinomas.Conclusion The expression levels of TGF-β1 and ERK2 were related significantly to the invasive growth and metastasis of human cervical carcinomas.They play an important role during the occurrence and development of human cervical carcinomas.


A battery protection circuit module, according to an aspect of the present invention, comprises: a first positive electrode terminal and a first negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected with an electrode terminal of a battery bare cell; a second positive electrode terminal and a second negative electrode terminal that are electrically connected with a charger or an electronic device; a first protection circuit unit that includes a first single field-effect transistor connected between at least one of the first positive and negative electrode terminals and at least one of the second positive and negative electrode terminals and a first protection integrated circuit device for controlling the first single field-effect transistor; and a second protection circuit unit that includes a second single field-effect transistor connected between at least one of the first positive and negative electrode terminals and at least one of the second positive and negative electrode terminals and a second protection integrated circuit device for controlling the second single field-effect transistor.


Abstract Most children in the United States currently do not meet physical activity (PA) guidelines, and perceived stress is a known barrier against PA. However, most studies have solely focused on the between-subject (BS) association of stress and PA, whereas the within-subject (WS) relationship remains under-studied in children. This limits our understanding of day-level psychosocial factors that influence children's PA engagement. This study assessed the same-day associations of the Morning Cortisol after Awakening (MCA) and morning perceived stress with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methodologies. The analytic sample consisted of 143 children from Los Angeles in the Mothers and Their Children's Health (MATCH) study. Children collected four saliva samples and wore accelerometers to assess MVPA minutes across four days (two weekdays and two weekend days) during each data collection wave. On weekend days, they also answered a mobile phone EMA survey on perceived stress within 1 h of awakening. Data from four assessment waves, each approximately six months apart, were combined and analyzed cross-sectionally. Multilevel modeling, which adjusts for the nested data structure, was used to test the same-day associations of MCA and weekend morning perceived stress with MVPA. On weekend days when morning perceived stress was higher than usual, participants engaged in more MVPA on the same day (β = 0.79, SE = 0.32, p = 0.02), but no association was found between MCA and MVPA. These findings elucidate same-day factors that predict MVPA in children and inform future WS studies on stress and PA. Highlight It is unknown how stress influences children's daily activity levels. We tested if two types of stress (self-reported and saliva-measured) are related to children's daily activity. We found that self-reported stress is associated with physical activity, but saliva-measured stress is not.


The purpose of thjs study was to investigate -e relationship between a measure pf anxiety and academic achievement of freshmen women enrolled in the University of Northern Colorado (U. N. C.). One thousand and eighty women, eighty-seven percent of the freshmen women, were included in this study. All subjects completed the American College Test (ACT) prior to their admission to U. N. C. The State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory A-Trait (STAI) was administered to all entering freshmen. Correlation and analysis of variance models were used to investigate the relationship of anxiety to Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) for defined levels of academic ability. The subjects were grouped into three levels of anxiety designated as upper, middle and lower thirds. The four academic ability levels were based on ACT composite score distributions that were approximately proportionate to groupings common to the total range of ACT scores for women in the defined population. The four academic ability levels were designated as high ability, above average, below average, and


Recent trends of universal computing and the Internet of Things require everyday objects to be IP addressable and Internet accessible. The 6LoWPAN network protocol, data link layer which lies in an adaptation layer and make use of IEEE 802.15.4 standard for constructing the constrained networks. Moreover, this standard not only provides short-range radio frequency transmissions, low-power and low-data-rate, which is appropriate for wireless communication devices such as actuators and sensors, but also provides intelligence, connectivity, reliability, sensing and expressing of this technology are used in various applications like Smart Garbage Smart Cans, Smart Healthcare and Smart Meters etc. RPL is based on IPv6 routing protocol which is used low power, lossy Networks (LLNs). Our work is a based on and Contiki OS using Cooja simulator, with the help of IOT we are calculating temperature and light of wireless sensor nodes. Then compared trace packets, it shows capturing the packets through wire shark with 6LoWPAN analyzer consumes more power consumption, rather than with 6LoWPAN analyzer consumes less power consumption.


Logistic regression learns a parameterized mapping from feature vectors to probability vectors and is for example central to estimating click rates for ads on web pages. The parameter is found by minimizing the logistic loss. However minimizing any convex loss summed over a set of examples is prone to outliers. We define a versatile method for designing non-convex losses that ameliorate the effect of outliers while avoiding local minima experimentally.


Implementation of Automatic modulation classification originated in the military field several years ago. Threat analysis, surveillance, and welfare where of great concern, thus this urged the importance to study the application of automatic modulation classification for signal recognition. In this research survey a Systematic Literature Review is conducted to study the implementation of deep learning algorithms in modulation classification. Our survey conducts a study from four perspectives including: deep learning techniques/models, performance metrics used, deep learning models adopted, and types of modulation classification classified.


Flavobacterium columnare is a cosmopolite bacteria and it is one of the main problem in Brazilian aquaculture, causing high mortalities index and economic damage. The main factors that contribute to columnaris disease are inadequate water quality, excess handling, high density of fish and temperature variations. For a successful epidemiological study and disease control, it is essential to differentiate the F. columnare from other yellow pigmentation bacteria. The present study used molecular techniques to characterize, by RAPD-PCR, two strains of F. columnare isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and Brycon orbignyanus. Data were analyzed as binary (0 and 1) and a genetic similarity matrix was generated by Jaccard's coefficient. Cluster analysis was performed by the neighbor joining method. The RAPD-PCR technique confirmed to be a usefull tool to obtain genetic profiles from F. columnare isolates based on the oligonucleotides used and to verify genetic similarity


We have previously shown that tobamovirus infection induces an inhibition of photosystem II electron transport, disturbing the oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC). In the infected plants, the OEC polypeptide pattern was modified when compared to healthy plants, the levels of the PsbP and PsbQ extrinsic proteins being lowered to different extents. In this work we have further investigated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) the changes on the OEC protein pattern of thylakoid membranes isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana Domin plants infected with the Spanish strain of pepper mild mottle virus. When the thylakoid membranes from healthy plants were analyzed for the presence of PsbO and PsbP proteins by 2‐DE (pI range 4–7) and further immunoassayed by using specific‐antisera against these two proteins, it was observed that four polypeptides cross‐reacted with each antiserum. These data, along with the N‐terminal amino acid sequence determined for the eight polypeptides, indicate that the N. benthamiana PsbO and PsbP proteins correspond to protein families. In the silver‐stained 2‐DE gels of thylakoid membranes isolated at different days postinoculation from virus‐infected plants, it was observed that the content of PsbP polypeptides decreased dramatically with respect to those of PsbO, during the progress of the infection. Interestingly, there was a differential decrease of the different PsbP proteins, indicative of a distinct regulation of their expression.


This paper introduces a model of efficiency-wage competition along the lines put forward by Hahn (1987). Specifically, I analyse a two-firm economy in which employers screen their workforce by means of increasing wage offers competing one another for high-quality employees. The main results are the following. First, using a specification of effort such that the problem of firms is concave, optimal wage offers are strategic complements. Second, a symmetric Nash equilibrium can be locally stable under the assumption that firms adjust their wage offers in the direction of increasing profits by conjecturing that any wage offer above (below) equilibrium will lead competitors to underbid (overbid) such an offer. Finally, the exploration of possible labour market equilibria reveals that effort is counter-cyclical.


Objective—To determine relationships between chronic stress, fatigue-related quality of life (QOL-F) and related covariates after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design—Observational and cross-sectional Participants—A total of 84 community-dwelling individuals with mild-to-moderate TBI recruited from multiple out-patient rehabilitation clinics assessed on average 15 months after injury. Method—Data were collected with self-report surveys and chart abstraction. Measures—Neurofunctional Behavioral Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale-14, Impact of Events Scale, McGill Pain Short-form Scale, and modified version of the Fatigue Impact Scale. Results—Fatigue-related quality of life was associated with somatic symptoms, perceived situational stress, but not with event-related stress (PTSD symptoms) related to index TBI, preinjury demographic, or post-injury characteristics. Somatic symptoms and chronic situational stress accounted for 42% of the variance in QOL (F). Conclusions—QOL (F) in community-dwelling individuals with mild-tomoderate TBI is associated with chronic situational stress and somatic symptoms. Symptom management strategies may need to include general stress management to reduce fatigue burden and improve quality of life.


Graphical design was not the object of protection for the design right at the time when the Design Protection Act was established. However, it became...


This paper describes the design and implementation of InP-based, arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers for coarse wavelength division that operate over a 200 nm range.


The present invention discloses a video display system and a panoramic image zoom. Viewers can gradually enlarge the image center point (51,52,55,56) (relative to the source image) to specify the source and the image portion to be enlarged magnification. By changing the center, the viewer may surround the source image panning, to select the portion to be magnified. The system monitors (241,242,243,244,248) the relative values of the center point coordinates (HC, VC) and the magnification (ZR), and adjusting (218,223) the center point coordinates to prevent the source from being displayed image blanking interval as part of the magnified image.


The increasing use of deep neural networks in a variety of applications, including some safety-critical ones, has brought renewed interest in the topic of verification of neural networks. However, verification is most meaningful when performed with high-quality formal specifications. In this paper, we survey the landscape of formal specification for deep neural networks, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for formal methods for this domain.


We analyze the emergence of grammatical gender in the spontaneous longitudinal Spanish production of a set of Spanish/English bilingual twins from the FerFuLice corpus (Fernandez Fuertes & Liceras, 2009). We take as a point of departure theoretical accounts on gender assignment and gender concord and previous empirical work on the acquisition of gender by monolinguals and bilinguals. Our study deals with how gender incorporates in the case of L1 Spanish bilinguals; how concord within the determiner phrase (DP) operates; and how monolingual and bilingual Spanish pattern in the same way in this respect. We conclude that DP syntax and the gender concord valuation mechanism are in place from very early stages and that morphology and semantics are not determinant factors in this process.


The article discusses why advertisements rarely are being used as source material in historical research. Although ads have been an important mass cultural verbal and visual expression for more than a century, their status as a historical source is fairly low. By analyzing the front page of a Norwegian newspaper from 1926, the article discusses the more traditional news story in relation to one of the ads on the same page using the analytic tools from historical research: the concept relic (the source as a product of a certain historical situation) versus the concept account (the source as a statement about something that has occurred). The advertisement material tends to blur these borders; the production of the ads has to be seen in relation to the verbal and visual narrative of the ads – as well as ads have a "fuzzy" connection to reality as such. At the same time, the advertisements can be seen as "reality producers" in a broad sense as they are commenting on a wide range of cultural and social issues. Yet, one should be cautious about studying the ads too isolated from other sources, as well as to "over-interpret" them or to ignore who and what the ads themselves disregard.


The historical background and status of the subfamily Leptoconopinae Noe is discussed, the known Australasian species of Leptoconopinae reviewed and a further 12 species (nine Leptoconops (Leptoconops) Skuse and three Styloconops Kieffer) are described. Males are included for six of the Leptoconops and three of the Styloconops. The female genitalia of Leptoconops (Leptoconops) are used as a definitive specific character; this is supported by the male genitalia, when males are present.


It's a Friday morning in the outpatient pediatric clinic when a nurse on the phone with a patient's mother says that the mother is on the city bus with her 2 daughters on their way to the clinic because the 6-year-old daughter has developed fatigue, body aches, fever, and vomiting since they returned from West Africa.


Mass-flow reduction of rarefied gas through a two dimensional slit by roughness of a slit surface is investigated numerically. The direct simulation Monte-Carlo method is very effective in an analysis of rarefied gas flow but it costs a lot of CPU time, especially for the near-continuum regime. Recently, some super-computers with a vector processor are available and they enable high-speed calculation. It is necessary for using them in the best condition that a program is adequately vectorized. The programming technique called 'collection of data' is used very often, so that the simulation program eight times faster than conventional one is attained. In the transition regime, the effect of roughness of the slit surface on rarefied gas flow becomes clear. An experiment is carried out in order to confirm the effect.


In this study, a novel glycol chitosan-Pluronic F127 conjugate (GC-PF127) was produced by adding a carboxyl group to the end of Pluronic F127 followed by an amidation reaction between carboxylated Pluronic F127 and glycol chitosan. Because of the hydrophobic aggregation of PPO segments in Pluronic F127, GC-PF127 self-assembles into micelles in aqueous solution at room temperature. The micelles can effectively load amphiphilic doxorubicin (DOX) and partly load negatively charged protein superoxide dismutase (SOD) at neutral pH with different mechanisms, but cannot load hydrophilic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The respective DOX/GC-PF127, SOD/GC-PF127, and 5-FU/GC-PF127 micelle solutions can be converted to injectable supramolecular hydrogels by addition of α-CD. The strength and dissociation rate of the hydrogels can be tuned by the α-CD concentration. The hydrogel structure can recover immediately after extrusion of the hydrogel using a syringe. The hydrogels have prolonged and almost linear release behaviours for various drugs. The hydrogels release free drugs as well as drug loaded micelles via the dissociation of the hydrogels under physiological conditions, which may enhance the targeting ability and therapeutic efficiency. The released micelles sequentially release free drugs that further prolong the release of the drugs. GC-PF127 hydrogels are versatile injectable hydrogels which can deliver various drugs.


In situ measurements of surface chlorophyll and zooplankton concentration are compared with in situ hydrographic measurements and infrared satellite images of the west coast of British Columbia for early winter and midsummer study periods. Maximum winter concentrations of chlorophyll (1.0 mg m−3) and zooplankton (2900 counts m−3) were found in colder, more stratified nearshore water. Warmer water over the middle and outer shelf consistently had the lowest chlorophyll and zooplankton concentrations ( 20.0 mg m−3) coincided with intermediate temperatures around the edge of an upwelling frontal zone with lower concentrations (≈5.0 mg m−3) in the coldest, most recently upwelled water. Lowest concentrations (<1.0 mg m−3) were present in vertically stratified regions of the shelf. A least squares fit nonlinear equation showed that satellite-measured surface temperature patterns explained 72% of the loge transformed chlorophyll variance. In contrast with the above relationships, summer zooplankton concentrations were not consistently related to satellite temperature patterns. While peaks showed a qualitative association with higher chlorophyll concentrations at the outer edge of the upwelling area, surface temperature was a poor predictor of zooplankton concentration over the study area as a whole.


Nanocomposite of polyaniline (PANI) with natural clinoptilolite (Clino) was prepared. Formation of nanocomposite and incorporation of polyaniline in the clinoptilolite channels was confirmed and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The anticorrosive properties of a 20 m thickness coating of


In a recent article Tim Manser (Immunol. Today 1990, 11, 305- 308) addressed the issue of the ef- ficiency of the affinity maturation of antibodies. He assumed that the rate of B-cell division is incompatible with the fast accumulation of mu- tants, because somatic mutation "does not occur throughout the im- mune response". He goes on to state that "two weeks after immuniz- ation, the frequency of mutation as- sayed by hybridomas (particularly translationally silent mutations not subject to selection) does not differ greatly from that seen in the early secondary response (Ref. 20 and T. Manser, unpublished obser- vations)". I will be interested to see the unpublished observations, but Ref. 20 (of Ref. 1) states quite clearly the contrary: "Our model is based on the quantitative increase in the number of somatic mutations ob- served between the primary, the sec- ondary and the tertiary response (Even et al., 1985; Berek & Milstein, 1987) "2-3 . This is true for both silent and nonsilent mutations (Table 1). It is generally accepted that the num- ber of somatic mutations is higher in secondary than in primary re- sponses. However, not everyone agrees that the increase in somatic mutations is due to the capacity of memory cells to undergo further rounds of somatic mutation after a new antigenic stimulus. For in- stance, it has been suggested that the data "cannot exclude ... selection and outgrowth over time of rare pre- existing mutants through preferen- tial stimulation ''4. There is good evidence that, after a limited number of cell divisions dur- ing which hypermutation takes place, the mutational machinery is shut off (reviewed in Ref. 4), possibly due to the end of the antigenic stimulation. In my view, there is also good evi- dence that re-stimulation of memory B cells leads not only to proliferation of pre-existing mutants, but also to new rounds of hypermutation. This evidence derives from the accumu- lation of mutants in late primary, secondary and tertiary responses to oxazolone 1. Thus, in the study of the maturation of the response to ox- Table 1. Calculated number of generations required to generate the observed mutations after three injections of coupled phOx Response Accumulated mutants Number of generations required (in 103 bases) for mutation rate Silent mutations 7 day


. To facilitate these studies, we have developed biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles capable of detecting specific DNA sequences upon structured self-assembly of the disperse nanoparticles into a stable assembly (clusters). This target-induced assembly occurs with a concomitant change in the proton relaxivity of neighboring water molecules, rendering these nanoparticles as magnetic nanoswitches capable of sensing DNA as a function of changes in water relaxivity. We have shown that these magnetic nanoparticles can be used to read out complementary DNA sequences and that the resulting changes in water relaxivity can be detected by NMR. The developed system could be useful as generic biosensors in a variety of other applications such as affinity liganddetermination for rapid magnetic resonance imaging of arrays, as probes for magnetic force microscopy, and potentially, for


Objective To determine,the clinical significance of serum myocardial enzymes (Mb,cTNI, CK,CK-Mb,AST,LDH) in the classification of the disease severity of non-cardiogenic critically-ill patients. Compared with APACHEⅡscore concerned as the standard diagnosis of the critical ills,these biomarkers were investigated for the evaluation possibility of the degree and the prognosis of the critical ills.Method Patients admitted to our EICU were consecutively collected for the research from April to December in 2005 and the myocardial enzymes,and routine serum biochemical test and APACHEⅡscore were detected simultaneously.All the patients were classified to three groups according to the APACHEⅡscore (mild group,APACHEⅡ10; severe group,APACHEⅡbetween 10-25,critically ill group,APACHEⅡ25) and two groups (survive group and death group) according to the prognosis.All the patients were followed up till recovery/discharge or death. Covariance,Wilcoxon and x~2 were used for the statistical analysis.Results The myocardial enzymes rose when the disease deteriorated and the APACHEⅡscore went up.AST,LDH,CK,CK-Mb,Mb were significantly different in the three groups according to the APACHEⅡscore (P0.01).Mb and CK were even significantly higher in severer patients between every two groups of the three grades of APACHEⅡscore Mb (83.91±116.85),(504.75±116.74),(1302.23±189.75);CK (51.77±165.12),(663.56±164.97),(1720.04±268.14),P0.05.The fluctuation of cTNI had no statistical effect among the three groups.APACHEⅡscore,Mb,LDH,CK and AST were remarkably higher in the death group than in the recovery group (P0.05),among which Mb and CK were more sensitive to the diagnosis for the poor prognosis (P0.01). Conclusions Compared with APACHEⅡscore for classification of critical ills,the myocardial enzymes (AST, LDH,CK,CK-Mb,Mb) are useful biomarkers to detect the degree of the critical ill,and to foresee the effect of the treatment.Mb has the strongest correlation with APACHEⅡscore in determining the disease severity and the clinical prognosis,which suggests it would be a prospective and effective biomarker to the quick evaluation of the disease severity in the ICU,so it needs further study.


Ce_2Fe_(16.5)Co_(0.5) alloy was prepared by arc melting under purified argon protected atmosphere. By means of X-ray diffraction pattern and SQUID magnetometer, structure and magnetic entropy changes in Ce_2Fe_(16.5)Co_(0.5) alloy was investigated. The results show that, the crystal structure was Th_2Zn_(17)-type rhombohedral for Ce_2Fe_(16.5)Co_(0.5); There were two different constituent phases in Ce_2Fe_(16.5)Co_(0.5) compound, such as main phase Ce_2(Fe,Co)_(17) and minor phase Ce(Fe,Co)_7. a platform of magnetic entropy changes appears in a wide range of temperature from 242K to 285K, it can satisfy the Ericsson-type refrigerator's requirements. These results will play a significant role in practical application of magnetic refrigeration.


Resuits are presented from HNF and RDX ciystallisation experiments and the effect thereof on the properties of these materials. Control of the crystallisation process for HNF will improve the particle shape, the stability and the processability. Other parameters, like sensitivity, are much better reproducible and the control over the particle size will be unproved. For RDX especially the processability and the sensitivity to shock are iinproved when the particles are spherodised or treated in another•way. Photographs of the crystals are presented as well as the properties of the various batches.


TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the metallorganic chemical vapor deposition process. Particles with and without metal ion dopants were obtained. X-ray photoelectron and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic measurements confirmed the stoichiometry of the TiO 2 nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a polycrystalline anatase structure of TiO 2 . Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these particles are of nanoscale dimensions. Exact particle size and size distribution analyses were carried out by dynamic light scattering. The average particle size was determined to be 22 nm. The nanosize particles provided large surface area for photocatalysis and a large number of free surface-charge carriers, which are crucial for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. To improve the photocatalytic activity, metal ions, including transition metal ions (Pd 2 + , Pt 4 + , Fe 3 + ) and lanthanide ion (Nd 3 + ) were added to pure TiO 2 nanoparticles. The effects of dopants on photocatalytic kinetics were investigated by the degradation of 2-chlorophenol under an ultraviolet light source. The results showed that the TiO 2 nanoparticles with the metal ion dopants have higher photocatalytic activity than undoped TiO 2 . The Nd 3 + ion of these dopant metal ions showed the highest catalytic activity. The difference in the photocatalytic activity with different dopants is related to the different ionic radii of the dopants.


This experiment was conducted to prepare monoclonal antibodies specific to the hemagglutinin protein of H1N1 swine influenza virus(SIV),A/Swine/Heilongjiang/44/2009.Hemagglutinin(HA) gene of the SIV was amplified by RT-PCR,and then the HA gene was subcloned into the eukaryotic express vector pCAGGS.The recombinant plasmid was named as pCAGGS-HA.Expression of HA protein in 293T cell was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA).Five weeks old BALB/c mice were immunized with 100 μg pCAGGS-HA plasmid each time,and 4 hybridoma cell lines secreting MAbs against the HA protein were obtained,which were designated as 11G7,3C10,3G3 and 2B11,respectively.The mice ascite of 11G7 has a HI titer of 14log2,and a neutralization titer of 1:8 192.Furthermore,11G7 could only react with the 2009 H1N1 SIV,and not with other H1N1,H1N2,H3N2,H5N1 and H9N2 subtype SIVs,which provide an useful tool for differential diagnosis between 2009 H1N1 and other traditional subtype SIVs.


Abstract : Decay properties of mixed fission products from thermal fission of U235 have been calculated by a method employed earlier but with revised input data describing decay of individual nuclides. Input data and calculated decay rates of beta and gamma energy release are presented.


By means of the primer designed according to the conservative sequence of mammalian mitochondrial gene,mitochondrial 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene were amplified from the Asian black bear Sichuan subspecies' muscle tissue total DNA by PCR method.Their sequences were determined and analyzed.The result indicated that 12S rRNA gene length and 16S rRNA gene length of Sichuan black bear were 965 bp and 1 580 bp respectively.The further sequence analysis showed that 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene of Sichuan black bear had a higher evolution rate,which had more differences than that of American black bear,brown bear,polar bear,spectacled bear and panda,but Sichuan black bear had more homology with American black bear.


In this article, we propose stepped-frequency binary offset carrier (SFBOC) modulation for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that use spread spectrum signals. SFBOC modulation generates a binary offset carrier signal of which the subcarrier frequency varies stepwise within each period of the pseudorandom-noise code. The generated SFBOC signal can have a sharp autocorrelation function output and an almost flat spectrum over a wide frequency band. These characteristics result in correlation properties, multipath mitigation, and anti-interference that are superior to those of conventional GNSS modulations. To testify, we compare the performance of SFBOC in various aspects to conventional GNSS modulations and other time-varying subcarrier frequency (TVSF) modulations. From numerical simulations, we show that the proposed SFBOC has higher ranging accuracy, lower tracking ambiguity, and more robustness to noise, interference, and multipath than the conventional GNSS modulations. In addition, we demonstrate that the proposed SFBOC modulation has two advantages while other modulations with TVSF cannot have both; that SFBOC is robust to code-Doppler and that, when filterbank is employed, SFBOC improves the signal-to-noise ratio significantly without any loss of weak early arrival path in the nonline of sight multipath environments.


Through composite analysis of core logging,core lab data and seismic profile in T19-78 well area of Tanan sag in Tamuchage basin,the slump turbidite glutenite reservoir and seismic reflection characteristics are studied systematically.Integrated with structural feature of the Nantun formation in this sag,the structural transformation zone control of the distribution of slump turbidite and reservoir is mainly discussed.It is recognized that the distribution of reservoir in the transformation zone is controlled by both structure and lithology Finally,based on the production test data from drilled wells,the preliminary analysis of such reservoir's potentials is made.


Avoiding or reducing greenhouse gases emission in the atmosphere requires extensive application of technologies and one of them is underground CO2 sequestration. Capture and storage of CO2 in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs can reduce greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere effectively. Hydrocarbon reservoirs are considered one of the ideal geologic storage sites as they have held hydrocarbons over millions of years. Their architecture and properties are well understood due to exploration and production activities from these reservoirs. Storage projects require a large depleted hydrocarbon reservoir with good reservoir properties and are affected by several factors including voidage created by hydrocarbon production, pressure, architecture, formation permeability, aquifer influx, subsidence and compaction, and rock compressibility to name a few. Thus, realistic estimation of the storage capacity of the reservoir is a key step in the evaluation of CO2 storage plan. A good history matched simulation model incorporating the geomechanical parameters is essential to estimate storage capacity of the reservoir.
 Three major depleted gas reservoirs in Central Luconia field, located in offshore Sarawak, are being evaluated for future CO2 storage. Reservoir simulation is used as a tool to estimate future CO2 storage capacity of these reservoirs. Reliability of forecast from a reservoir simulation model is dependent on the quality of history match achieved. Hence it is believed that CO2 storage capacity estimates obtained from a good history matched simulation model must be reliable. However, during history matching exercise in these reservoirs, it was observed that an acceptable history match could be achieved with a range of rock compressibility values and aquifer influxes. Generally, a constant value of rock compressibility is used in conventional simulation. For example, in order to obtain an acceptable history match, with a lower compressibility, a larger aquifer influx is needed and vice versa. Interestingly, a forecast using these history match cases yield different CO2 storage capacities. A closer evaluation shows that aquifer influx has a strong impact on future CO2 storage capacity.
 An acceptable quality of history match can be obtained for a range of rock compressibility values when aquifer influx is adjusted along with it. Sensitivity analysis shows that future CO2 storage capacity in depleted hydrocarbon reservoir is sensitive to rock compressibility used in the simulation model. A detailed sensitivity analysis along with multiple history match scenarios is necessary to understand the range in future storage capacity when evaluating CO2 storage plan.


ABSTRACT Based on molecular dynamics simulation, we find that hot spot in explosive is induced by inelastic impaction between void faces and develop a physical model to describe the temperature rising mechanism. A set of thermodynamic parameters for void collapse and hot spot is calculated. The hot spot relaxation time is proportional to square of hot spot size, and the plastic work is proportional to hot spot volume. A complete physical picture for hot spot formation is obtained.


for various organic reductions, such as the reduction of nitro compounds to amines' or the reduction of aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols.' Modern work on the homogeneous catalysis of the water gas shift reaction began with the observation by Laine, Rinker, and Ford that R U , ( C O ) ~ ~ in alkaline solution generates an active catalyst for the water gas shift reaction at atmospheric pressure and temperatures in the range loO-120"C.3 A variety of other metal carbonyls, such as Rh6(C0)16,4'5 o S 3 ( c o ) , 2 ~ Ir4(C0)12 ,4 M(C0)6 (M = Cr, Mo, and WX6*' and Fe(CO)5,4.6*8 were subsequently found also t o generate active catalysts for the water gas shift reaction in alkaline solution. In addition subsequent work led to the discovery of ruthenium," and platinum/tinI2 catalysts for the water gas shift reaction that function in strong acid solution as well as p l a t i n ~ m ' ~ . ~ ~ and rhodiumI4 complexes of bulky phosphines (e.g., triisopropylphosphine) that catalyze the water gas shift reaction in neutral solution. During the past several years we have been engaged in detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies on the water gas shift reaction in basic solution catalyzed by various metal carbonyls. Previous papers from our laboratory have discussed the details of our work on the water gas shift catalyst systems derived from Fe(CO), (Reference 8) and M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, and W)' in basic solution. This paper reviews these earlier results and compares them with our more recent, still unpublished, observations on the water gas shift catalyst system derived from R u ~ ( C O ) ] ~ and base.I5


Synthesis of 2-Substituted 1 H-Benz[e][1,4]oxazepin-5-ones

An approach to the hitherto unknown class of 1H-benz[e][1,4]oxazepin-5-ones is given based on reduction and cyclization of appropriate acyclic ortho-nitro compounds as starting materials. Thus, some 2-substituted derivatives (3a–i) were synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of acyl 2-nitrobenzoates (1a–i) to yield the corresponding anthranilic acid esters (2a–i), which were subsequently cyclized in polyphosphoric acid at elevated temperature. The behaviour of esters 1a–i towards spontaneous intramolecular reductive cyclization is discussed in comparison to that of similar educts leading to sixmembered heterocycles as shown by former results.


: Objective: To study the effect of using simvastatin in addition to metformin in treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and its comparison with metformin alone therapy. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial conducted at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), during November 2014 to April 2015. Total 108 patients were enrolled in study and were stratified into two groups, consisting of 54 each. First group was given metformin alone while second group was given metformin and simvastatin. An extensive clinical history, menstrual history was taken from all participants and data was recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Complete clinical examination was performed on all patients. Abdominopelvic ultrasound was performed and volume >10cc or >12 follicles was labelled as enlarged. Lipid profile and LH/FSH ratio was performed at the time of enrollment and was repeated after 3 months to see response to treatment. The effective treatment response was more than 15% decrease in baseline values in comparison to data found at the time of enrollment. Results: 28.8  7.18 years was the mean age. The mean BMI was 22.5  1.55 kg/m 2 . The effective results were achieved in 66.7% patients in metformin alone group while in 92.6% patients in combination therapy group. Conclusion: Simvastatin and metformin combination therapy is better than metformin alone for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome.


Stress is becoming synonymous with the undergraduate student experience. Stress can be a productive motivator for students, but unhealthy levels can create distress, which can cause students to experience burnout and health issues. In this study, students were enrolled in a course and asked to provide feedback on levels of stress to instructors while undergoing a stressful phenomenon, the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of qualitative student reflections identified themes that contributed to student distress including academic stress, financial/work stress, personal stress, university-related stress, family-related stress, and interpersonal stress. Undergraduate students reported their highest levels of distress related to academic stress. While some students did not believe faculty should be responsible for reducing their stress, others provided tangible strategies for reducing distress. Strategies that faculty can implement to reduce their students' distress include being more flexible with due dates and assignments, reducing student's unnecessary workload, and coordinating due dates with other faculty in their programs.


Renewable energy resources are usually needed to be connected to the distribution grids through a power electronics converter with an appropriate filter in the output. Therefore, harmonics injected to the grid by converters must be handled to maintain power quality indices within standard limits. LCL filters with passive damping resistors are the most reliable and efficient devices to fulfill the standards. The main objectives in the design of an efficient LCL filter are to reduce the cost and weight of the filter, as well as to increase robustness and stability. Due to the outstanding ability of multilevel inverters in diminishing the output voltage harmonics, conventional 2-level inverters are being replaced with them. However, the output filter design for inverters based on multilevel Pulse Width Modulation algorithms (PWM) has not yet been considered in the literature. Hence, exact formulas should be derived to design each element in the filter considering N-levels of the output voltage. In this paper, a comprehensive and mathematical approach is proposed to calculate the maximum current ripple of a PWM-based N-level cascaded inverter, which helps to precisely calculate the size of the inverter-side inductor. Finally, an algorithm is proposed to design an LCL or LCCL filter step-by-step by modification of previous algorithms.


Scattering and radiation characteristics of two step discontinuities in open circular chirowaveguide are investigated by a method which combines the multimode network theory with a rigorous mode matching procedure. Effect of chirality and geometric parameters of the step discontinuity on the scattering and radiation characteristics is carefully discussed. The results given in the present paper are of practical significance in study of chiro elements.


We have developed a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pump using high-power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for switching. For its primary coil, two commercial transformers are utilized, each consisting of two copper coils wound on a single iron core, which enables changing the load current over primary current ratio (101 or 194) between the primary and secondary coils. Full-wave rectification is achieved with two half-wave secondary circuits, each of them having six HTS one-turn coils to lower the resistance. Each secondary coil is composed out of nickel-reinforced BSCCO tapes, where 12 MOSFETs have been soldered in parallel straight to the tapes and controlled with analog electronics. Secondary coils are clamped to custom-made copper-stabilized HTS current leads. A support structure for keeping the HTS coils in place was 3D-printed using cryogenic-compatible composite material PETG-CF20. Resistances of the two secondary circuits were measured to be 4 μΩ and 7 μΩ at 77 K with a total critical current of 980 A. We successfully ramped up a 50 µH Conductor on Round Core solenoid at 77 K using our HTS flux pump with 50 Hz AC voltage source. We achieved a maximal load current of 900 A and exceeded the 715 A critical current of the solenoid. During the thermal runaway of the magnet, the increased load voltage limits the maximum load current supplied by the flux pump.


Online targeting has been increasingly used to deliver ads to consumers. But discovering how to target the most valuable web visitors and generate a high response rate is still a challenge for advertising intermediaries and advertisers. The purpose of this study is to examine how behavioral targeting (BT) impacts users' responses to online ads and particularly whether BT works better in combination with contextual targeting (CT). Using a large, individual-level clickstream data set of an automobile advertising campaign from an Internet advertising intermediary, this study examines the impact of BT and CT strategies on users' click behavior. The results show that (1) targeting a user with behavioral characteristics that are closely related to ads does not necessarily increase the click through rates (CTRs); whereas, targeting a user with behavioral characteristics that are loosely related to ads leads to a higher CTR, and (2) BT and CT work better in combination. Our study contributes to online advertising design literature and provides important managerial implications for advertising intermediaries and advertisers on targeting individual users.


Four β‐glycosides of flavonoligan silybin, i.e. silybin β‐galactoside, silybin β‐glucoside, silybin β‐maltoside, silybin β‐lactoside were synthesized in order to improve silybin water solubility and bioavailability (Křen et al., J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 1, 2467–2474, 1997). The presented paper deals with the effect of silybin and its synthetic β‐glycosides on the expression of two major cytochrome P450 isoforms, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Primary cultures of human hepatocytes were the model of choice. mRNAs were analyzed using Northern blot and P‐radiolabelled probes. CYP protein content was determined by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Silybin and its β‐glycosides do not induce expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Tested compounds did not affect inducible expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 by dioxin and rifampicin, respectively, as evaluated at the level of mRNAs and proteins. Silybin and its β‐glycosides do not interfere with the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, are not likely to produce drug–drug interactions in terms of the inducibility of two important cytochromes P450. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:149–153, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20066


Isothermal glassy-state properties of cured thermosetting materials pass through maximum and minimum values with increasing fractional chemical conversion. In this work, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (a diepoxide) and trimethylene glycol di-p-aminobenzoate (a tetrafunctional aromatic diamine) system was investigated for the purpose of analyzing the complex behavior after cure of the isothermal properties of the glassy state with increasing conversion. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is used as a direct measure of conversion. Dilatometric, differential scanning calorimetry, torsional braid analysis, and positron annihilation spectroscopy techniques were used to monitor the density, Tg, modulus, and free volume of the material after cure with increasing conversion. The specific volume at 25°C after cure passes through a minimum and the modulus passes through a maximum with increasing conversion. The fractional free volume and the average radius of free volume at 25°C after cure pass through minimum values with respect to conversion. The specific volume, modulus, and fractional free volume at 25°C vs. conversion data qualitatively correlate. The anomaly of the increasing specific volume in the glassy state with increasing conversion is thus considered to arise from changes in free volume on a length scale corresponding to angstroms. The increasing free volume with increasing conversion is related to the phenomenon of antiplasticization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


the posterior chamber just in front of the lens. Soon afterwards the lower part of the cornea was punctured, with the hope that the separated foreign body might be washed out with the evacuating aqueous humour. This actually occurred, and it was then found to be a minute confervoid-looking growth, bearing series of spores arranged in chaplet-like fashion. * We will merely mention the fact of the existence in India of a terrible disease, known by the name of' Madura foot', in which a fungus, closely allied to some Mucors, seems to extend outwards from the bones and ligaments, growing destructively through all the tissues of the part. In exhibiting a specimen at a recent meeting of the Pathological Society, MIr. Jabez Hogg also expressed his belief that this fungus takes origin from some altered tissue-elements in the foot itself, rather than from externally derived germs. The occurrence of such growths within closed cavities not exposed to the incidence of external germs, and their not more frequent presence in the ramified air-chambers of birds (where germs might so well lodge and grow), tells just as much against the supposition of their external derivation, as does the comparatively rare and occasional presence of the growths in these cavities militate against their being developments of some out of the multitudes of minute and invisible germs with which the tissues of higher organisms are believed by a few persons to be permeated. This latter view is only countenanced by the occurrence of facts which are considered by others to be equally capable of receiving a totally different explanation. Certain insects, moreover, are not unfrequently the seats of remarkable parasitic growths, which, although they may after a time manifest themselves externally, either take origin in, or at all events start in their development from, some internal portion of the body, and are unknown to exist in any other situations. This is the case, for instance, with the strange Sphwa'ca Robertsi, which grows from a caterpillar (Hejialus virescens) in New Zealand; with Sphwria entomorhziza, which appear in pairs from the middle line of the back, at the junction of the thorax and abdomen, in many of the West Indian beetles ; and with many other anomalous growths which have from time to time been met with upon members of the insect world. [ To be concldYed.]


Performance-based tests are designed to evaluate physical and cognitive performance and have several attractive features that may be useful in nuclear power plant fitness-for-duty programs. Three types of performance-based testing that may eventually be useful in the nuclear power industry are reviewed in this paper: (a) the Los Angeles Police Department's Drug Recognition Expert program, (b) performance assessment batteries, and (c) performance assessment devices. Each of these techniques is evaluated here in terms of the following measures of effectiveness: (1) scope, or the range of potential problems that can be detected; (2) reliability, or the consistency of results; (3) sensitivity, or the ability of the test to detect impairment or the presence of drugs at low levels; (4) specificity, or the ability of the test to correctly identify the source of impairment or the drug present; (5) implementation, or the practicality of using the technique in the nuclear power plant setting. This information analyzed in this paper indicates that although performance and cognitive assessment techniques currently lack the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of random chemical screening to detect and deter substance abuse, they can address a variety of fitness-for-duty concerns that may not be adequately addressed by a urinalysis testingmore » program alone. These include detection of drug use not detected by urinalysis, psychological stress, or physical injury or illness.« less


In the process monitoring of nonlinear systems, kernel function is the main means to solve the nonlinear data by mapping low-dimensional nonlinear data to high-dimensional linear data. However, the use of kernel function has two disadvantages: 1. Kernel function needs a lot of calculation, especially under the condition of large number of training samples, 2. Kernel function leads to the inability to obtain the relationship between input variables and statistics. So that the identification of fault variables is difficult. In this paper, Taylor series expansion is used to remove the high order infinitesimal term, so that the Gaussian kernel function is replaced by the input matrix, which greatly reduces the amount of computation required for fault detection and diagnosis. The replacement method is introduced into the KPLS model, and the input matrix is successfully decomposed into quality-related and unrelated parts by using SVD decomposition. Based on the detection model, through the gradient theory, the partial derivate is used to calculate the gradient of each variable in the statistics to isolate the fault variables. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, this paper uses the TEP model to carry on the simulation experiment, has obtained the very good process monitoring effect, at the same time has greatly reduced the simulation experiment time.


A simple Hampson‐type liquefier capable of producing about a liter of liquid hydrogen per hour is described. Compressed cylinder hydrogen is used avoiding the necessity of a compressor or gasometer. Design details of the heat interchangers and other vital parts are included as well as pertinent data on operation and performance.


This report covers part of a joint study on a PEFC propulsion system for surface ships, summarized in a presentation to this Seminar, entitled {open_quote}Study on a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Propulsion System for Surface Ships{close_quotes}, and which envisages application to a 1,500 DWT cargo vessel. The work presented here focuses on a simulation study on PEFC propulsion plant performance, and particularly on the system response to changes in load. Using a dynamic simulator composed of system components including fuel cell, various simulations were executed, to examine the performance of the system as a whole and of the individual system components under quick and large load changes such as occasioned by maneuvering operations and by racing when the propeller emerges above water in heavy sea.


An electronic system for automatically testing the human visual field is described in the context of mass screening for visual disorders, such as glaucoma. Present methods of field testing are briefly reviewed. The new system is patient operated and uses a television monitor as the means for presenting the test stimuli and displaying the results. A multilevel map of a patient's retinal sensitivity is produced in a form which is readily interpreted by an ophthalmologist. A data-transfer unit enables the local storage of results and allows direct access to a computer. Preliminary clinical trials show good agreement with conventional field-testing methods, and yield more detailed information than has hitherto been feasible on a routine basis.


This paper presents the strategy for multi-criteria optimization of a prototype. There are taken into account two different optimization criteria. An original computer program was made to make possible the graphic display of regions on the 3D model surface, which exceed a limit for surface roughness, initial established. The computer program allows the automate calculation of optimal position for prototype manufacturing on a Rapid Prototyping system platform, according to manufacturing time and surface quality optimization criteria. The determination of Pareto-optimal diagram is presented. There are shown, in a graphic way, the optimal solutions which belong to Pareto-optimal set. The numerical and experimental results are analyzed on a practical example.


Probability signifies the most obscure and the least achievable content among other mathematics areas; particularly, the conditional probability concept that should not be left behind any standard course of probability from primary to university level. Moreover, understanding the conditional probability becomes more serious when the discussion fits into the field of teacher education, wherein the prospective mathematics teachers need not only to learn it but also to promote their pupils' conditional probability reasoning. From this aspect, the current study aims at exploring the prospective mathematics teachers' conditional probability reasoning from a cognitive psychological perspective that focuses on how their minds work. Accordingly, the generic inductive approach has been employed. Hence, a purposive sample of the university students who study in a four-year mathematics teacher preparation program has been selected. After analyzing the school curriculum of probability, an authentic conditional probability situation has been utilized. Following this, the students' interpretations have been translated, coded, and categorized using NVivo software. As a result, the generalizer (58.8%), conservative (11.8%), correlational (23.5%), and the rational thinker (5.9%) have been defined as the primary models of conditional probability reasoning. Furthermore, while the generalizer and conservative thinkers both share the anchoring and adjustment bias, the illusion of validity has been operated by only the conservatives. Besides, the one-step, availability, causality, and gambler fallacy, were the correlational thinkers' assigned biases. On the other side, the rational thinkers have reached a high level of contextual knowledge, with understanding the idea of sample space reduction.


The Shagamu-Benin city Road, a major link highway to the commercial capital of Nigeria in southwestern Nigeria is oriented approximately east-west and traverse geologic formations with extremely variable engineering properties. Field and laboratory investigations which involved geologic mapping, auger boring, sampling and laboratory testing were carried out to determine the stratigraphy and geotechnical properties of the sub-grade and their relationship to the pavement condition.
Field observation indicated that the road may have been based on a single design concept, without due consideration to the influence of geology on the performance of the pavement. The laboratory testing indicated in-situ dry density ranging from 1717 kg/m3 to 2085 kg/m3 in the lateritized zone in Edo state, and from 1678kg/m3 to 1970kg/m3 in the micaceous sections of Ondo state. The soaked CBR values for sub-grade materials of the Ondo section are accordingly low (3% to 6%), while the CBR values for the Edo state section which is reasonably drained is modestly high (2% to 16%). The low CBR values exhibited by the Ondo state section indicated that the sub-grade had a weak bearing strength and was susceptible to erosion on exposure to precipitation or surface runoff, thereby encouraging and exacerbating rutting and deformation of pavement. KEY WORDS: Geology, Road failure and Performance. Global Journal of Geological Sciences Vol.3(1) 2005: 17-24


This study explored the relationships between individuals' ability to tolerate emotional distress to their tendency to worry excessively, the amount of imagery they experience during worrying, and the concreteness of their worrisome thought. A group of 119 university students completed a thought-listing task recording their most severe current worry, estimated the amount of imagery and verbal thought during this worry episode, and completed questionnaires assessing their worry proneness, negative effect, and ability to tolerate emotional distress. The concreteness of thought-listed worry episodes was rated by independent judges. Consistent with expectations, lower distress tolerance was associated with more worrying, even when levels of negative affect were statistically controlled for. Excessive worriers also reported lower levels of imagery, but imagery and distress tolerance were unrelated. The findings concerning concreteness were in the opposite direction to those expected: more excessive worrying and lower distress tolerance were associated with more concreteness of worrisome thought. The results are consistent with avoidance theory, but future research is needed to investigate the mechanisms by which low distress tolerance may contribute to excessive worrying.


The study relates to the relationship between the wellbeing of elderly people and their will to continue learning and to set satisfactory social relationships. The first part concerns the reconstruction of the theoretical framework of the aging process, delt in parallel with the issue of lifelong learning that are overall indispensable tools for individual and social growth. The twenty-first century society is undergoing a global and unstoppable process of aging of the population. The challenge of today's society is to redefine and re-qualify the figure and the role of the elderly, which from marginal citizens must become a resource for their communities. This challenge is a priority also in the economic and social programs of the European Countries, which have designated 2012 as "European Year for active aging" . The elderly is now primarily the bearer of its own peculiarities which should be developed and strengthened through educational processes that become facilitators forhis personal growth and for the recruitment of its new roles in society. Following the above premises, an exploratory survey has been made taking into consideration two representative associations in Carpi (an Emilia Romagna town), which are in charge of permanent adult education and of facilitating the elderly socialization and their access to cultural education. The two institutions are the University of the Third Age Mario Gasparini Casari, and the ANCeSCAO, a national association that coordinates, on the territory, 7 community centers. The goal was to show how the participation in recreational, social and cultural activities, contributes to the elderly wellbeing and it increases self-esteem and self-efficacy. The main feedback was, "the more you know, the more you feel young". This predisposition to lifelong learning becomes an antidote against the process of thought decay and resignation, factors that may cause people to renunciation and social alienation.


The normal glomus has been known to exist in the hands and feet. It is a peculiar anastomosis of arteries and veins, thickened by the presence of smooth muscle fibers, nerve fibers and peculiar "epithelioid glomus cells."1It probably shares in the control of the circulation of the blood, particularly in the extremities, and in the regulation of the local and general temperature of the body. The occurrence of benign glomus tumors,2arteriovenous networks surrounded by nerve, muscle and glomus cells elsewhere in the body, suggests that the normal glomus may be present in other areas, but so far no one has been able to demonstrate it. I have studied sections of the skin of the eyelids, and no glomus has been revealed. If any are present, they must be exceedingly uncommon, and none has been reported. I have encountered a neuromyoarterial glomus tumor in the left lower


Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine academic achievement, absenteeism and school accommodations following adolescent sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods: A case-series was conducted among grade 8–12 students who suffered an SRC. The primary outcomes were change in pre- and post-concussion overall, core report card grade point average (GPA) and absenteeism due to concussion. The most helpful school accommodations were tabulated. Results: Pre- and post-concussion GPA was obtained from 33 students – 16 (48%) developed persistent post-concussion symptoms (symptoms lasting >4 weeks). There was no significant difference in pre- and post-concussion grades among students with a SRC for overall (p = 0.75) or core (p = 0.56) GPA. The median number of missed school days was 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2–8). Allowing for physical and cognitive rest was identified as the most helpful accommodation (30%). Conclusion: Larger studies should investigate the role that school accommodations and development of persistent post-concussion symptoms have on academic outcomes.


Objective To explore the relationship between the plasma homocysteine( Hcy) level and the polymorphisms of Methylene tetraphydrofolate ruductase( MTHFR) genes with cerebral infarction in Henan Han population.Methods Plasma Hcy concentrations( with circle enzyme methord) and MTHFRC677 T genotypes were detected( with PCR-RFLP) in 300 patients with cerebral infarction and 261 controls. Results There was significantly difference in plasma Hcy concentrations between the two groups( P 0. 01). The frequence of homozygous and heterozygous MTHFR mutation and the frequency of T aleles in stroke patients were higher than in controls,with significant difference( P 0. 01). Among the patients the plasma Hcy levels in those with CT and TT genotypes were significantly higher than those in patients of CC genotypes( P 0. 01). Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that elevated tHcy levels was significantly associated with cerebral infarction after adjusted the conventionl risk factors. Conclusion Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of cerebral infarction in Henan Han population,Mutations of MTHFR C677 T could affect plasma Hcy levels which might be one of the important causes of development of cerebral infarction,MTHFR C677 T gene may be an important risk factor for ischemic cerebral infarction in the Henan Han populations.


Our main objective is to study some qualitative behavior of the solutions of the difference equation xn+1 = γxn−k + (axn + bxn−k) / (cxn − dxn−k) , n = 0, 1, 2, ..., where the initial conditions x−k,..., x−1, x0 are arbitrary positive real numbers and the coefficients γ, a, b, c and d are positive constants, while k is a positive integer number.


The nucleic acid vaccine containing CSP gene from Plasmodium falciparum isolate FCC1/HN was injected into mice by the various routes and doses,to observe the humoral immune response and to compare the DNA vaccine with the recombinant expressed protein vaccine The results showed that routes of the DNA inoculations that reflecting highly efficient response were intramuscular,intravenous and subcutaneous injections in turn There was dependence to vaccine doses in host The titer of antibodies in serum from mice immunized with plasmid DNA was remarkably lower than the recombinant expressed protein by ELISA and Dot-ELISA These findings indicates that injection with the PfCSP plasmid DNA or recombinant expressed protein could all specifically elicit BALB/c mice to generate humoral immune responses,but DNA vaccinations requires for more time to induce high-titer antibody responses in host


In recent years, African artists have exponentially increased their access to the global context through online and social media. At the same time, a proliferation of legal and extralegal restrictive immigration policies, especially in the West, inscribes the locality of African subjects by subjecting them to restrictive codes of movement. Geo-spatial technologies have become directly proportional to increased limitations on mobility in the current global order, which impedes the ability of contemporary African artists to fully engage globalization. However, many art programs and institutions have arisen in Africa to counter this process. These new institutions of contemporary art are diverse, committed to trans-African collaboration and actively encourage the movement of African artists and ideas about art across borders. The activities of contemporary art organizations (such as Center for Contemporary Art Lagos) and radical initiatives (such as "Crossing Borders") are expanding communication and collaboration among African artists on a continental scale. Apparently, impediments to movement due to onerous immigration and border control are creating both difficulties and opportunities for contemporary African artists. I evaluate the impact of these developments for analysis of contemporary African art and review the new forms and practices of art emerging in these contexts.


Recently, it has been great interest in the development of methods for solving nonlinear differential equations directly. Here, it is shown an algorithm based on Pad\'e approximants for solving nonlinear partial differential equations without requiring a one-dimensional reduction. This method is applied to the $\lambda\phi^4$ model in 4 dimensions and new solutions are obtained.


This study was investigated to understand the in-depth features and processes of physicists' scientific inquiries. At first, research motives were investigated by interviewing six physicists who were prominent worldwide. As a result, three main types - incompleteness, discovery, and conflict - and nine subtypes of research motivation, were identified. Six additional background factors were found which might affect the design and start of research. Based on these findings, implications for teaching scientific inquiries to students were discussed.


The growth performance of Allanblackia floribunda oliv seedlings in various nursery growth media was studied. Six nursery growth media were prepared in 1:1 ratio as follows: (1) washed river sand +forest topsoil (SdTsST1) (2) Washed river sand +heat sterilized decomposed sawdust (SdSwST1) (3)heat sterilized decomposed sawdust + top forest soil (SwTsST1) (4) Washed river sand + forest topsoil + heat sterilized decomposed sawdust(SdTsSwST1) (5) heat sterilized decomposed sawdust only (SwST1) (6) forest topsoil only (TsST1). Polythene containers (16cm x 14cm) were filled with each of the growth media. One predecoated seedling (ST1) was pricked into each container and there were five seedlings for each growth medium replicated three times. Observation was for 24 weeks. The highest seedling height (6.7cm+0.65cm), diameter at collar (2.53 + 0.5mm), number of leaves (6.0+0.9) and leaf area (54.3 + 4.5cm 2 ) were observed in growth media containing a mixture of washed river sand, forest topsoil and sterilized decomposed sawdust. Growth media containing these three items are recommended as appropriate growth media for Allanblackia floribunda seedlings in the nursery, in Nigeria. Keywords:  Allanblackia floribunda ; seedlings, nursery growth media


SUMMARY The CPUE must be standardized in order to gather estimations that potentially could be used as indexes of relative abundance. The standardized CPUE of shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus) sharks was estimated from the data of the Santos and Guaruja tuna longline fishery that operated in the southwest Atlantic from 1971 to 2006. The modeling procedures followed a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) approach assuming a log-normal error distribution. The final model included "year", "quarter" and "target" as main factors. For the both species the deviance analysis showed that the "year" factor was the most significant followed by "target" and "quarter" factors. As a result, the CPUE gradually decreased for the shortfin mako shark from 1971 to 2006 and showed a slight decline for the bigeye thresher shark from 1978 to 2006. RESUME


The article illustrates how the Muslim headscarf has become a symbol of a struggle about liberal principles and values connected with democracy, gender and equality and how it is used by populist forces as symbolic politics in order to promote a more restrictive immigration- and integration policy. In addition, it shows how key actors have employed democracy and gender equality as arguments both for and against the right to wear headscarves. Taking the point of departure in the headscarf debate the authors argue that it has become a normative democratic challenge to accommodate the diversity of cultural and religious minorities and de- velop a multidimensional equality politics, which integrates principles of ethnic equality with gender equality.


In regarding mathematical thinking as proceeding via operations involving a small number of 'items' at any one time, an important feature is the phenomenon in which a section of mathematical structure may be mentally held as a single unit, possessing an inferiority that can be subsequently expanded without loss of detail and trigger connections with other parts of cognitive structure. This article discusses the role of this phenomenon of 'compression' and 'expansion' in the manipulation of statements involved in certain types of mathematical proof. Implications for teaching linked to an awareness of these aspects is also discussed.