This paper introduces the brief development history of equation with one variable in Chinese and western culture,explains the exchange and influence of equation theory in each period between Chinese and western culture,and analyzes the historical reason of decline even disappearance of the equation theory in ancient China on the level of mathematical culture.Furthermore,it explains the historical reasons of why higher algebra emerged and developed in western culture under the sense that mathematics values promote the development of mathematics.


Gap junctions form channels that allow exchange of materials between cells and are composed of transmembrane protein subunits called connexins. While connexins are believed to mediate cellular signaling by permitting intercellular communication to occur, there is also increasing evidence that suggest connexins may mediate growth control via a junction‐independent mechanism. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein found in astrocytes, and gliomas exhibit reduced Cx43 expression. We have previously observed that restoration of Cx43 levels in glioma cells led to increased expression of CCN3 (NOV) proteins. We now report that overexpression of Cx43 in C6‐glioma cells (C6‐Cx43) also upregulates the expression of CCN1 (Cyr61). Both CCN1 and CCN3 belong to the Cyr61/Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma‐overexpressed (CCN) family of secretory proteins. The CCN proteins are tightly associated with the extracellular matrix and have important roles in cell proliferation and migration. CCN1 promotes growth in glioma cells, as shown by the increased proliferation rate of CCN1‐overexpressing C6 cells. In addition to its effect on cell growth, CCN1 also increased the motility of glioma cells in the presence of extracellular substrates such as fibronectin. Gliomas expressing high levels of Cx43 preferentially upregulated CCN3 which resulted in reduced growth rate. CCN3 could also be observed in Cx43 gap junction plaques in confluent C6‐Cx43H culture at the stationary phase of their growth. Our results suggest that the dissimilar growth characteristics between high and low Cx43 expressors may be due to differential regulation of CCN3 by varying levels of Cx43. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1772–1782, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have made significant contributions and remain an indispensable approach of molecular and mechanistic diversity for the discovery of antineurodegenerative drugs. However, their usage has been hampered by nonselective and/or irreversible action which resulted in drawbacks like liver toxicity, cheese effect, and so forth. Hence, the search for selective MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) has become a substantial focus in current drug discovery. This review summarizes our current understanding on MAO‐A/MAO‐B including their structure, catalytic mechanism, and biological functions with emphases on the role of MAO‐B as a potential therapeutic target for the development of medications treating neurodegenerative disorders. It also highlights the recent developments in the discovery of potential MAO‐B inhibitors (MAO‐BIs) belonging to diverse chemical scaffolds, arising from intensive chemical‐mechanistic and computational studies documented during past 3 years (2015‐2018), with emphases on their potency and selectivity. Importantly, readers will gain knowledge of various newly established MAO‐BI scaffolds and their development potentials. The comprehensive information provided herein will hopefully accelerate ideas for designing novel selective MAO‐BIs with superior activity profiles and critical discussions will inflict more caution in the decision‐making process in the MAOIs discovery.


In this study, we propose a pricing based algorithm that assigns user terminals (UTs) to base stations (BSs) and optimizes the transmission powers in a way that minimizes the energy expenditure. The algorithm takes into account the fixed energy expenditure that occurs even if a BS does not transmit to any UT, therefore the proposed algorithm switches off the unnecessary BSs in order to minimize the total energy expenditure. We compare this algorithm with two benchmarks. One of them is a simple algorithm that connects each UT to the BS with best channel conditions. Transmission powers are then optimized iteratively. The second benchmark is the optimal solution that is found using a branch and bound technique. The numerical evaluations reveal that the pricing based algorithm performs very close to the optimal.


In this paper we introduce the concept of quasimonotone maps and some concepts of generalized monotonicity for multimappings, then establish connections between some concepts of generalized monotonicity for multimappings introduced during the last several years.


A description of a unique approach for construction of modular data acquisition systems using a family of standard thick film hybrid circuits. Each module is described in terms of its universal function and examples of various system constructions are explained. Demonstrating the advantages of this approach in offering minimum size, weight, and high reliability, with resonable cost for various program applications.


Heilongjiang Province is one of the biggest inland provinces in China. There are few large control reservoirs to prevent great floods in its main rivers. So it faces more difficulties and increased loads in flood control. The flood control decision support system is a very important part of nonstructural measures in the practice of flood control. This paper analyzes the framework of Heilongjiang Provincial flood control decision support system, which integrates all flood control tasks, such as collection and transaction for information, flood forecast and flood control operation, decision making consultation, and so on, into a whole system. And two main subsystems are discussed and designed in details, i.e. the information service subsystem, decision making consultation subsystem. They focus on some content about the main functions, network architecture, key techniques and system realization. At present the system is running normally and has played an important role in flood control of Heilongjiang Province.


Evidence is very important in establishing and proving any cases. Generally, only reliable and authentic evidence is admissible in the court of law. In civil cases such as online defamation and online breach of data or confidential information parties are required to establish their case on the balance of probabilities. This means, in order to succed in civil action against the defendant the plaintiff shall establish that there is a cause of action against the defendant. For instance, there is evidence that the defendant has uttered defamatory statement and the statement is published widely. In this situation, the plaintiff needs to produce good and reliable evidence either by oral submission or by written statement. However, before producing such evidence both parties need to know the appropriate methods of securing online evidence. If there is lack of care, the evidence may be lost, tampered or deleted during the process of securing such evidence. This paper will discuss on the methods of securing online evidence and their position under the Malaysian laws and procedures. (172 words)

KEYWORDS: evidence, online, information, methods, civil action


We explore the geometric implications of introducing a spectral cut-off on Riemannian manifolds. This is naturally phrased in the framework of non-commutative geometry, where we work with spectral triples that are \emph{truncated} by spectral projections of Dirac-type operators. We prove that the underlying Riemannian manifold is the Gromov-Hausdorff limit of the metric spaces we associate to its truncations. This leads us to propose a computational algorithm that allows us to recover these metric spaces from the finite-dimensional truncated spectral data. We subsequently develop a technique for embedding the resulting metric graphs in Euclidean space to asymptotically recover an isometric embedding of the limit. We test these algorithms on the truncated sphere and a recently investigated perturbation thereof.


Abstract The optical transmittance of pure and doped lithium niobate crystals was measured in 200-800 nm range with the incident light being perpendicular to the Z axis of the crystals. The wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient was calculated and the characteristics of the absorption edges were discussed


In this paper, a new behavior-spread model is proposed, which incorporate the analysis the degree of closely connects, preference for things, and the reciprocal interaction and collaborative spreading of information and behavior on a weighted networks. Comprehensive consideration for the mutual influences of the timeliness, social reinforcement effect of information, and the degree of closely connect between individuals, individual preference on the behavior spread. The study found that, some properties of the information itself, such as timeless and social reinforcement, have impacts on the scope and speed in the information spreading on the network. And subjective factors, such as the degree of closely connect between individuals and individual preference, mainly affect the behavioral conversion rate and the number of individuals has received the information.


Comparison of genetic determinants associated with susceptibility to IDDM in different countries remains important for understanding disease epidemiology and aetiology. The strong association of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) with IDDM continues to be demonstrated in different populations. Genetic heterogeneity of HLA is always encountered in different ethnic groups and in the patients with varying clinical manifestations. Detailed studies by molecular design help to unify the hypothesis that the structural and functional changes in HLA class 11 molecules leads to autoimmune processes.
Our studies in the Chinese living in Taiwan reveal that certain HLA class II alleles confer predisposition to or protection from IDDM. Moreover, some of them contribute to the clinical heterogeneity among IDDM subjects, eg. the presence or absence of thyroid autoantibodies. Although the specific HLA alleles might not be the true pathogenic factor(s) for IDDM or thyroid autoimmunity, the inference from the structural biology of the HLA molecules suggests that the amino acid residue 57 of the HLA DQβ chain might play a role in antigen presentation and T cell recognition. This hypothesis is almost correct through tests so far inmost of the populations except in the Japanese. However, the single HLA-DQB-57 locus is not sufficient to explain the difference in the world-wide incidence of IDDM. In complementation with HLA-DQα chain, HLA-DQα, β heterodimers strongly influence the risk to IDDM in Chinese population as well as in other ethnic groups, suggesting the direct role of HLA-DQ genes in IDDM.
There are many genes resided within the MHC region on the short arm of chromosome 6. The presence of the linkage disequilibrium between these loci render it difficult to establish the role of individual genes. We have characterized a diallelic polymorphism of heat shock protein 70 gene on the chromosome 6 (HSP70-2 and HLA loci contribute to IDDM independently although these loci are in linkage disequilibrium.
In conclusion, molecular typing of HLA class II genes allows us to re-examine the role of HLA in IDDM. Other genetic and environmental factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of IDDM.


The invention relates to a method for discharging a carbonized fluid catalyst, mainly solving the problem that when the conventional carbonized fluid catalyst is discharged, deposited carbon cannot be burned off in the prior art. The method for discharging the carbonized fluid catalyst mainly comprises the following steps: (1) before the catalyst is discharged, a charcoal burning medium and regenerating smoke gas are introduced into a catalyst charcoal burner, and the temperature of the catalyst charcoal burner is kept at 580-680 degrees centigrade; (2) a flow control valve of a regenerator catalyst discharging line is opened, the carbonized catalyst enters the catalyst charcoal burner, the deposited charcoal amount in the catalyst after the charcoal burning process is less than 0.5 percent by mass, and gas generated in the charcoal burning process is separated by gas-solid separating equipment and then enters a dilute phase section of the regenerator; and (3) the catalyst subjected to the charcoal burning enters a catalyst storage tank under the conveying of a conveying medium. By the technical scheme of the method, the problem is solved well; and the method can be applied to evaluation on the fluid catalyst in a laboratory.


There are a number of feed-related factors that need to be considered when trying to produce smaller eggs more consistently, and the key to success is broadly twofold. Firstly, aim to promote a rapid increase in egg weight in early lay so that the necessary profile of egg grades in relation to market requirements is achieved quickly, and then try to prevent excessive increases in egg weight thereafter.


In this paper, minimum gain of an operator is introduced. Moreover, some of its properties are presented. It is proved that the minimum gain of a strictly proper, stable, LTI system is zero. It is also shown that the minimum gain of an operator fails to satisfy the triangular inequality. Finally, the so-called large gain theorem is stated and a new stability condition for feedback interconnection of nonlinear systems is derived.


Ink jet printing apparatus, the plurality of line heads arranged in a printing direction from which, without replacing the line head, it is possible to make the printing density of the nozzle row direction becomes a high density. Other than the at least one other line head so that the plurality of line heads (3) are capable of moving each of the line head a fraction of the nozzle pitch in the nozzle row direction.


In this article, we consider an anomalous diffusion model in a planar polymeric matrix as a space fractional diffusion problem with moving boundary conditions. An iterative implicit finite difference method with variable time‐steps is established to solve the proposed problem. The stability and consistency of the numerical method are proved and the estimation of the numerical error is conducted. The numerical results are compared with the scale‐invariant and homotopy perturbation solutions when the diffusion coefficient is a constant. Furthermore, the numerical results for a test case with time‐dependent diffusion coefficient are reported.


The discovery of nucleosomes as a basic repeating unit of the chromatin structure organizing the major part of eukaryotic DNA greatly catalyzes the expansion of our knowledge on chromatin. Several lines of experimental evidence have led to the formulation of the nucleosome conception: the observation of chains of globular particles in electron micrographs of chromatin (Olins & Olins, 1974); the demonstration that DNA is released as a set of discrete sizes upon digestion of chromatin with endogenous nucleases (Hewish & Burgoyne, 1973); the isolation of discrete nucleoprotein particles upon digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease (Rill & Van Holde, 1973).


A novel scheme based on current L2 MPLS VPN is proposed for solving problems of Qos and network security in optical network,the theory result shows that router information of MPLS-based VPN network diminish remarkably;the router transitions are more efficient and network capacity are enhanced hereby.Simultaneously,clients are safer while doing data processes in VPN.


In the year 1922, Philip Larkin was born in Coventry, which is located in England. In addition to finishing with First Class Honors in English, he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from St. John's College, Oxford, where he also became friends with the author and poet Kingsley Amis. After completing his undergraduate degree, Larkin went on to pursue professional courses in order to become a librarian. He began his career in Shropshire and Leicester, continued it at Queen's College in Belfast, and ended it as the librarian at the University of Hull. He worked in libraries the whole of his life. Not only did Larkin produce volumes of poetry, but he also wrote and published two novels, Jill (1946) and A Girl in Winter (1947), as well as jazz music criticism, essays, and review articles. The latter were compiled into two books: All What Jazz: A Record Diary 1961-1968 (1970; 1985) and Required Writing: Miscellaneous Pieces 1955-1982. Both were published in 1970 and 1985 respectively (1984). Before his death in 1985, he was considered by many to be "England's other Poet Laureate." He was one of the most well-known poets to emerge from England in the decades after World War II. In point of fact, when the post of laureate became available in 1984, numerous poets and critics advocated for Larkin's election to the position; nevertheless, Larkin chose to stay out of the spotlight.


The term metabolism generally refers to the chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes with activities and new materials being assimilated to repair the waste. Substances, both endogenous and exogenous, that intervene or are by-products of the metabolic processes are called metabolites. The ability to continuously monitor metabolic activities or metabolites is of some importance in critical care or in physiological assessment studies, where measurements are of prognostic significance. Analyses have to be performed by rapid and robust methods to provide real time information. However, most of the standard clinical methods for metabolite analysis are based on enzymatic assays using photometric or electrochemical detection and not easily adapted for continuous monitoring. Near infrared (NIR) region, which was long thought to be too complex to be useful for analyses, has been found to be useful for monitoring the brain, muscles, the liver and other organs. Furthermore, important advantages such as simplicity and the low cost of instrumentation have made NIR spectroscopy an accepted method for routine monitoring at the patient's bedside. This article will focus on recent advances made in the field of metabolic measurements by NIR spectroscopy. After discussing the spectral properties of the molecules of interest, the techniques used to do NIR measurements will be described. An overview of the different patents granted and the physiological studies that use NIR technique are then given.


Objective:To evaluate the longtime therapeutic effect for tuberculosis with positive sputum cured by intravenous Capreomycin Sulfate. Methods: The tuberculosis with positive sputum were randomly divided into two groups test group (intravenous) and control group (intramuscular). These were given the chemotherapy (2CHRZE/6H 3R 3E 3) containing capreomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Results: The negative conversion rate of sputum in the end of the finish of therapy course were 83.33% and 80.82% for two groups respectively. The tuberculosis reinfection rate of the case cured during the four years were 4.8% and 5.5% for two groups respectively. The incidence of adverse drug reaction were 21.8% and 47.1% respectively. There was significant difference in two groups ( P 0.01). Conclusion: The therapy efficacy of test group was higher than control group, but the tuberculosis retreated rate was lower. The capreomycin sulfate used by intravenous is better than intramuscular for the tuberculosis retreated patients with positive sputum.


This study aimed to analyze the differences Return on Assets and Capital Adequacy Ratio between Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking in Indonesia. Results are expected to be used as consideration or decision-making reference for investors and bank management. The object of this research is Islamic banking and banking companies konvensioanal. The company, among others, PT Bank Syariah Mandiri Tbk and PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk. Quantitative data used in this study of the financial statements. Bank Syariah Mandiri Tbk and PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk 2011 - 2013. This research uses analytical techniques using different test models to obtain a comprehensive picture of the differences Return on Assets and Capital Adequacy Ratio between Islamic and conventional banking company. Based on the analysis we concluded that there is a difference Return on Assets (ROA) between the Islamic Bank and Conventional Banks in Indonesia, so that H1 is accepted, it means the ability of conventional banking company in Indonesia in generating income from assets used better when compared with Islamic banking. There are differences in the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) between the Islamic Bank and Conventional Banks in Indonesia, so that H2 is accepted, it means the ability of conventional banking company in Indonesia to bear the risk of any credit/risk assets which are better when compared with Islamic banking.


The shock vibration such as machine vibration, blasting vibration etc. has effect on nearby structure as well as human body. The purpose of this study is to predict allowable limit distance of vibration about human body. First of all, vibration velocity such as PPV, PVS was measured by shock vibration experiment, and vibration level was calculated by conversion formula of vibration velocity. And then, allowable limit distance was analyzed by converted vibration level. The results are as follows : Firstly, the correlation coefficient of converted vibration level was over R=0.94, and vibration level caused by PVS was usually represented to high curve line. Secondly, the cross point of vibration level between ground and concrete condition was represented to 66.68dB(V), and allowable limit distance was represented to difference over three times when vibration regulation was raised from 65dB(V) to 80dB(V).


The invention relates to a design scheme of a lubricating type flange tread for a railway vehicle. A tread is an abrasion type tread which is a cambered surface having a concave middle part and matched with the rail top of a steel rail; and the contact surface of the flange and the steel rail is a concave circular arc surface which is matched with the side surface of the steel rail. The contact part of the flange is provided with a lubricating mechanism. The invention has the outstanding characteristics that by adopting a design method of the abrasion type tread, the appearance of the tread and the rail top of the steel rail are well matched for mainly bearing vertical and longitudinal loads of a vehicle; the flange part is a concave circular arc so that the flange and the side surface of the steel rail can well matched for mainly bearing a transverse load when a vehicle curve passes; and the contact part of the flange carries out lubrication, which can effectively lighten the abrasion of the flange and the rail side, prolong the service life of the wheel rail, improve the adhesive utilization of the wheel rail and reduce the noise of the wheel rail and a derailing risk.


In researches of basic theory of TCM, the Luoshu has direct relationship with the Jiugong bafeng theory. In this paper based on analysis of mathematical relations among the Fibonacci sequence, the Fibonacci rectangle and golden rectangle, according to geometric properties of the golden rectangle as well as numeric distribution rules implied in Luoshu, relationship between the Fibonacci sequence including its modular series by 10 and Luoshu is studied, and inherent and consistent mathematical relationship between them is found in spatial orientation, digital running sequence, numeric grouping and generating rules, etc. The study results of this paper can help to build up close mathematical association between Luoshu and the Fibonacci sequence, which can lay key theoretical foundation for the ultimate breakthrough for scientific mysteries containing in Luoshu and the Jiugong bafeng theory in TCM.


A recently issued revenue ruling (Rev. Rul. 2011-29) provides accrual-method employers with a potential planning opportunity to secure a current deduction for accrued bonuses paid within 2 1/2 months of their tax year-end. This opportunity can apply even though the bonus plan includes a contingency, that is, a requirement that the employee actually be employed on the date the bonuses are paid. The ruling appears to be in response to the IRS' position outlined in Chief Counsel Advice (CCA) 200949040, which concluded that an accrual-method corporation's liability arising from bonus compensation paid to employees pursuant to an incentive compensation plan is taken into account in the year that bonuses are paid. In the CCA, the taxpayer paid bonuses to its employees under a bonus plan that requires employees to still be employed by the taxpayer on the date that bonuses are paid in order to receive the compensation. Under the terms of the bonus plan, any amounts not paid to employees because they have left the company revert back to the taxpayer. The IRS advised in the CCA that, because the taxpayer did not know at the end of the year in which the employees performed the related service whether it owed bonus compensation to any employee, the liability to pay the bonus was not a fixed liability in that year but became fixed only when the contingency was satisfied that is, when the employee was still employed on the date of payment and received the bonus. The requirement that an employee actually be employed on the date a bonus is paid is not a provision that many employers want to remove from their bonus plans. Rev. Rul. 2011-29 provides a planning opportunity to secure a current deduction for accrued bonuses paid within 2 1/2 months of year-end, provided the aggregate amount of the bonus payable is fixed across a group of employees, even though the amount per employee is not determined until the date of payment. In the facts discussed in the revenue ruling, the minimum aggregate amount of bonuses payable under a plan to the employees as a group is calculated either through a formula that is fixed at the end of the tax year, or through a corporate action (for example, a board resolution) made before the end of the tax year. The employee must perform services during the tax year and be employed on the date of payment to be eligible to receive a bonus. Bonuses are paid within 2 1/2 months of the end of the tax year in which the services are performed to avoid their being treated as deferred compensation. …


There is an increasing visibility of mobile social games in Japan. The radical growth of item-purchasing in mobile social games provides a new perspective for service engineering. The author comes to recognize that the know-how in mobile social games provides lessons for further general service engineering. The author proposes the concept of virtual-world alchemy for parsing the new paradigm of service engineering.


This essay reconsiders the panels in the Rijksmuseum's collection depicting the St Elizabeth's Flood of 1421. When they were removed from the church, the panels – once the outsides of the two wings of an altarpiece – were taken out of theiroriginal context, and the subsequent separation of the panels' obverse and reverse further obscured the original arrangement. The image itself provides important clues to its meaning with visual references to images of the Deluge, Christ's Passion and Last Judgement. Most importantly, the flood panels should be studied in close relation to the life of St Elizabeth of Hungary, once depicted on the inside of the wings. Painted several decades after the flood, the panels do not render the catastrophe realistically. Instead, the image focuses on charity after the flood disaster when Dordrecht gave shelter to the victims and so followed the virtuous example of St Elizabeth. As an image of Dordrecht's charity, the flood panels perfectly fit the religious context of the Grote Kerk for which they were once designed.


Dielectric films with anti‐reflective sub‐wavelength structures are applied to thin‐film silicon solar cells to improve the light incoupling at the front surface. It is verified that modification of the refractive index of the incident medium using dielectric films with sub‐wavelength structures is beneficial to reduce the average reflectivity of Si solar cells with an anti‐reflective coating based on optical interference. It is also shown that the sub‐wavelength structure must be combined with a proper light‐trapping texture to enhance the absorption within thin‐film silicon solar cells. The effectiveness of dielectric films with sub‐wavelength structures is demonstrated by an increase of the short‐circuit current density of a microcrystalline silicon cell from 29.1 to 30.4 mA/cm2 in a designated area of 1 cm2. The optical interplay between the dielectric films and the light‐trapping textures is also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Communications between maintenance workers who work with nonmetallic optical cables must be conducted through optical fibers. Conventional communications were conducted by cutting the fiber at the cable joint. However, this reduces both operational efficiency and reliability. Based on the bending loss characteristics of optical fibers, we found that the light propagating in an optical fiber can be intensity modulated by U-bending the fiber and changing the bending radius slightly. Then a nondestructive optical fiber talk-set was developed without having to cut these fibers. In this paper, the relationship between the bending loss and modulation characteristics is investigated experimentally and the optimal bending width is determined. A talk system has been designed using terminal and intermediate talk-sets. the required minimum modulation index and the insertion loss of the intermediate talk-set are discussed considering the difference among fibers. the maximum line length and the allowable number of the intermediate talk-sets are calculated based on the parameters. It is found that the allowable line length from terminal talk-set to intermediate talk-set and from intermediate talk-set to intermediate talk-set can be extended up to 80 km by adding repeater functions to the terminal talk-sets.


In the present paper, a new high-order simple-input analytical method is used to study thick laminated composite straight tubes subjected to combined axial force, torque and bending moment. The most general displacement field of elasticity for an arbitrary laminated composite straight tube is obtained to analytically calculate stresses under combined loadings based on a layerwise method. The accuracy of the proposed method is subsequently verified by comparing the numerical results obtained using the proposed method with finite element method (FEM) and experimental data. The results show good corresponded. The proposed method provides advantages in terms of computational time compared to FEM.


Water is a resource with the capacity to generate power in many forms whether be it access to drinking water or use as hydropower or steam power to produce electricity. Renewable recourses open issues where environmental protection meets different requirements: to protect the quality and national potential of water, but to develop the use of emission-free hydropower; to strengthen constitutional and legal guaranties to access to water but to provide adequate type of rights to use hydropower. The right to use water for hydropower must be weighed with its impact on the quality and quantity of water courses. In comparative law we may find different approaches that should guarantee the right to water. The concept that the right to water might be protected only if water is recognized as a legal person (exercised in recent cases the Amazon River, Ganges and Yamuna rivers, Whanganui river) will be challenged with EU approach where measurement on different interests of environmental protection is the base for water protection. The article outline elements that provide minimum guarantees for including the both rights in decision-making process singled out in practice of jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The article points out the most important case under the Serbian Administrative Court on small hydropower licensing in 2018. The aim of the article is to examine if the conclusions from EU may be find in Serbian law and to suggest legal changes that could lead to full transposition of environmental acquis.


From studying the distribution of axial force and friction along the DX pile under the vertical load, the developing process through which the load is distributed on expanded bodies and shared by them is analyzed by the numerical simulation of FEM. The characteristics of axial force of different piles are compared. Thus the load transmission mechanism is proved, and the basis for the reasonable of DX pile are provided.


Abstract Sage plants (Salvia offcinalis) were self-pollinated for three consecutive generations. The essential oil composition of 70 plants of the third generation, originating from four different mother plants, was analyzed. The content of α-pinene showed higher variation than all other compounds. The plants segregated into three distinct groups regarding the content of α-pinene: a low-level group around 2% α-pinene, a mid-level group around 9% and a high level group around 15%. This clear segregation into three groups proves the polymorphism (chemotype formation) of α-pinene in sage. Furthermore, the enantiomeric composition of α-pinene shifted from 35:65 [(−)-α-pinene:(+)- α-pinene] in the low level to 15:85 in the mid- and high level.


Objective:To explore the mechanisms of Pinellia ternate polysaccharide United Capecitabine Tablets on the Inhibition of subcutaneous tumor of the mice CT-26.Methods:To investigate Pinellia ternate polysaccharide United Capecitabine Tablets on the Inhibition of subcutaneous tumor of the mice CT-26.Testing the expression of MHC-Ⅱ with Flow Cytometic instrument.Results:The expression of MHC-Ⅱ in Pinellia ternate polysaccharide United Capecitabine Tablets group compared with the Pinellia ternate polysaccharide group, Capecitabine Tablets group and NS group, the change was significantly (P0.05).Conclusion:Pinellia ternate polysaccharide United Capecitabine Tablets can promote the expression of MHC-Ⅱ.This result can explain the high tumor inhibition rate.


Figure 1. Richard Bostwick, in Tucson, holding his Fluorescent Mineral Society Hall of Fame plaque. Tema Hecht photo (2020).Bostwickite is a hydrated calcium manganese silicate with the formula CaM...


With the widening scale of wireless sensor networks,hierarchical topology is becoming dominant.Therefor,this paper proposes a multi-key space q-composite key pre-distribution scheme for hierarchical wireless sensor networks.The performance analysis by secure connection between nodes and nodes resist captured probability show that this scheme can increase the threshold of captured nodes,which is better resilient against attack,and improve the security of network..


In two field experiments, the effect of some weed control treatments (citric acid at the rate of 10, 15 and 20%, acetic acid at the rate of 20, 30 and 40%, oxadiargyl, oxyflurfen, rice straw mulch, hand hoeing and an unweeded check control treatment) on weed growth and onion productivity in sandy soils at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Research Centre, Egypt was studied. The results indicated that all weeded treatments reduced the dry weight of broadleaf, grassy and total weeds as compared with the weedy check. Oxadiargyl, followed by two hand hoeing, rice straw mulch and acetic acid 40% recorded the greatest weed control efficiency. Insignificant differences were noticed between these treatments. Applying rice straw mulch increased bulb length, bulb diameter, bulb weight and onion yield by 67.52, 57.55, 45.74 and 66.22% over the weedy check, respectively. The highest values of N, P and K were obtained from rice straw mulch treatment followed by hand hoeing, oxadiargyl and acetic acid 40% treatments. It may be concluded that farmers can certainly depend on mulching or acetic acid at 40% instead of using chemical herbicides especially in organic farm systems for controlling onion weeds.


The dexterity of a nation like India vastly depends upon the substantial growth of economy where the real flow of accomplished tasks is truly comparable with the available financial affluence in deed. That is why all the trained organizational leaders are absolutely concerned regarding the same, and they are undoubtedly advisable to enhance the productivity, and prior to that, they are largely aiming at the eight pieces of marketing, such as price, product, place, promotion, people, process, performance and positioning. That is how they are trying to measure the present stature of economy and they will be regulating upon the production accordingly. But the fact is that they have already been obstructed by "Murderous COVID- 19". On the other hand, this uneven situation can never stop this everlasting process of business which depends upon buying and selling, respectively. That is the reason why they are searching the best solution and converting the same as per online methodology where the business strategies will be remained the same but the process will be invariably different. As a matter of the fact would be both leaders and followers will be more refined from the perspective of exclusive implementation, and they will be really alert about the execution as well. In other words, this process needs the modern technology and high-end global networks which shall be truly advantageous not only to ensure the noticeable business promotions but to elevate the sound financial growth and their impactful utilization for successful global commercial elasticity of demand.


Malaria is considered the deadliest disease in human history, killing hundreds of thousands annually. A hallmark of severe malaria is the breakdown of blood-organ barriers, such as in the lungs and brain, but the precise mechanism of how this occurs remains unknown. We determined that, unlike wildtype mice (C57BL6), mice with platelet alpha-granule deficiencies (Nbeal2−/−) did not die of malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) when infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65-Edinburgh (PbE). While wildtype mice exhibited significant alveolar-capillary breakdown by 6 days post-infection, as measured by alveolar protein concentrations and Evans blue permeation, Nbeal2−/− mice did not develop severe pathology. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that PbE-infected Nbeal2−/− mice had reduced CD8 T cell lung recruitment and activation compared to wildtypes. From this data, we concluded that a component of platelet alpha granules is crucial for activating CD8 T cells that subsequently damage the alveolar barrier. We hypothesized that the enzyme hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2) is that crucial component and plays a 2-fold role: 1) that it directly contributes to barrier breakdown by cleaving hyaluronan (HA) from the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), and 2) that the HA fragments released after eGC cleavage promote inflammation via CD44-binding. We found that HA is elevated in the plasma of infected mice. Preliminary data suggest that CD44 splice variants are differentially expressed in the lungs of naïve vs. PbE-infected mice, which could alter the binding kinetics with HA. Together, these data support the hypothesis that platelet HYAL2 is a critical mediator of MA-ARDS.


Prothrombin time (PT) is routinely used to monitor oral anticoagulant treatment in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). The fact that PT is a phospholipid (PL)-dependent coagulation test raises the possibility that lupus anticoagulant (LA) might interfere with this test, thus complicating the control of anticoagulant treatment. The effect of 6 affinity-purified preparations of anti- (a)b2glycoprotein I (GPI) antibodies with LA activity on the PT was tested. Instead of prolonging PT as expected, the ab2-GPI antibodies reduced the PT of both normal plasma and anticoagulated plasma by a mean of 2.4 seconds and 5.6 seconds, respectively. This effect was also observed using other 5 commercially available preparations of thromboplastin. The ab2-GPI‐mediated reduction in PT was dosedependent and was lost upon removal of b2-GPI. The failure of ab2-GPI antibodies to express LA activity in PT was found to depend on the fact that calcium ions were added together with PL at the beginning of the assay. In fact, modification of the standard diluted Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) test by adding calcium ions together with PL resulted in a loss of ab2-GPI anticoagulant activity. The procoagulant effect was not as evident in an assay that used stimulated monocytes as a source of thromboplastin. These results show that ab2-GPI antibodies exhibit an 'in vitro' procoagulant effect in PT and an anticoagulant effect in dRVVT only when the interaction with their antigen and PL occurs in the absence of calcium ions. r 1999 by The American Society of Hematology.


We have developed a method to estimate driver distraction by mean of involuntary eye movement of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR) by using a driving simulator. This paper presents a practical application of the method to the real vehicle situation. The main concern was whether we can measure the eye movement of VOR and OKR caused by the road surface vibration in the situation. The experiments were conducted with participants sitting on the passenger seat for safety reasons. The results have shown that our method can be applied for evaluating cognitive distraction not only in a driving simulator but also in actual vehicles.


The Earth's surface consists of different ground cover types. The spectral signature of these ground cover targets is unique and can be determined in the field through quantitative measurement of radiance and reflectance response by portable spectroradiometers. In this study, a field portable spectroradiometer, the GER 1500, covering the Ultraviolet, Visible and Near-infrared wavelengths from 350 nm to 1050 nm was used to record the spectral response reading of different ground cover types. The measurements were made at the time when the Sun was at several instant positions to find out the influences and impacts on the spectroradiometer observations. These instant positions of the Sun were determined via spherical computation. The outcome from the measurements made against selected target features by the spectroradiometer is an output file containing signature plot data that was generated in .sig and/or ASCII format. The attempt of the study was to convert that spectroradiometer data into a GIS-enable format. The development of a Spectro-GIS tool was customized using Visual Basic. Net programming language that enables the tools to run independently and automate the process of the conversion and generation of spectral library of the surface targets is highlighted. The results of this study will be benefited to the earth observation community in a way of providing alternative automation of spatial data archiving as well as the data integration and fusion of the land spectral signatures.


Molecular dynamics methods are used to investigate the effect of wall wettability and initial fluid density on the nucleation and growth of nanobubbles in a nanochannel with a groove. Surface wettability is controlled by adjusting the parameters of the solid-liquid potential energy and the results show that groove wettability greatly influences the bubble nucleation process. In the case of a groove with a weak solid-liquid interaction, fluid atoms in the groove are strongly affected by repulsive forces attributed to solid atoms, the density of the fluid atoms is low, and atomic collision frequency increases. The local activation energy is concentrated in the groove, resulting in bubble nucleation. In the case of a groove with a stronger solid-liquid interaction, the bubble is formed in the center of the nanochannel. In general, the bubble radius of curvature and contact angle remain unchanged during the growth process in the case of a uniform wettability nanochannel with a groove, while significant changes are observed for a nonuniform wettability nanochannel. The radius of curvature for the generated bubble increases with increasing fluid initial density, while the steady contact angle decreases.At the request of the authors this paper is being retracted. This action is taken because in the simulation cases of β=0.3 and β=0.4, the temperature control method is incorrect, resulting in flawed simulation results in Figs. 8 and 9. In addition, the number of atoms (and hence the density) in the simulation box is also not correct due to errors in the initialization phase of the simulation. Thus, the calculated phase diagram in Fig. 2 is incorrect. The authors sincerely apologize for these errors and omissions and regret any inconvenience they may have caused.Molecular dynamics methods are used to investigate the effect of wall wettability and initial fluid density on the nucleation and growth of nanobubbles in a nanochannel with a groove. Surface wettability is controlled by adjusting the parameters of the solid-liquid potential energy and the results show that groove wettability greatly influences the bubble nucleation process. In the case of a groove with a weak solid-liquid interaction, fluid atoms in the groove are strongly affected by repulsive forces attributed to solid atoms, the density of the fluid atoms is low, and atomic collision frequency increases. The local activation energy is concentrated in the groove, resulting in bubble nucleation. In the case of a groove with a stronger solid-liquid interaction, the bubble is formed in the center of the nanochannel. In general, the bubble radius of curvature and contact angle remain unchanged during the growth process in the case of a uniform wettability nanochannel with a groove, while significant change...


A improved differential protection technique based on empirical mode decomposition is implemented with a small microgrid model. This research proposes an improved differential protection method for microgrid based on differential energy content of sampled current signal data. A modified empirical mode decomposition technique is used to decompose the raw current signals. The instantaneous energy content of most informative intrinsic mode function is computed for current waveforms. Threshold for differential energy content is selected to discriminate fault and no-fault conditions with varying operating conditions and varying network topology. The efficacy of the proposed technique is tested in terms of speed, dependability, reliability and security. Simulation outcomes displays versatility of the suggested approach.


Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are important alternatives to lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries. Herein, microsized a Bi electrode delivers exceptional potassium storage capacity, stability, and rate capability by the formation of an elastic and adhesive oligomer‐containing solid electrolyte interface with the assistance of diglyme electrolytes. The kinetics‐controlled K–Bi phase transitions are unraveled combining electrochemical profiles, in situ X‐ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations. Reversible, stepwise Bi–KBi2–K3Bi2–K3Bi transitions govern the electrochemical processes after the initial continuous surface potassiation. The Bi electrode outperforms the other anode counterparts considering both capacity and potential. This work provides critical insights into the rational design of high‐performance anode materials for KIBs.


Depression in not uncommon in late life. Psychotic depression, a more severe form of depression is more common in late life than younger patients. Data indicate that approximately 25% of patients with depression in late life present with psychotic symptoms. In this review, we systematically searched four main databases; EMBASE, PsychINFO, Medline and Cochrane Collaboration on the pharmacotherapy of late life depression with psychotic features. Data for the treatment of psychotic depression in late life are scares although available evidence indicates efficacy for antidepressants, antipsychotic medications and mifepristone and electroconvulsive therapy. Based on the available evidence, we have provided a guideline for the appropriate treatment of this important disorder thus preventing undue suffering to the patients and their families.


The paper presents the analysis of the influence of various types of actual fire loads upon the given industrial structure - steel hall. The simulation included several different fire loads with different quantities of combustible material and different floor surfaces of the structure covered with combustible material. By applying the approximate model of zones, for different fire loads, obtained by varying the surface of ventilation openings, it was possible to obtain the temperature curves as a function of time which were used as the temperature influence upon the supporting steel structure. The obtained temperature curves were compared to a Standard temperature-time curve. It was proved that for large compartments the action of actual fire loads cannot be computed by applying the standard curve but by determining actual temperature curves as a function of time. The heat transfer through a basic material of the supporting steel structure has been modelled according to the obtained values of the temperature curves by applying a transient, non-linear model and the necessity for the protection of the steel structure has been established. These investigations of the actual temperature-time parameter curves, for large compartments and different fire loads have been carried out within the National Application Documents in the field of fire action.


Sm-Fe thin films are prepared on Cu(111) underlayers hetero-epitaxially grown on MgO(111) single-crystal substrates by using an ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy system. The Sm/Fe composition is varied from Fe-rich (10 at. % Sm - Fe) to Sm-rich (30 at. % Sm - Fe) region including SmFe5 stoichiometry. The influence of film composition on the film structure is studied by in-situ reflection highenergy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Metastable Sm(Fe,Cu)5 ordered phase formation is recognized in the Sm-Fe films with the investigated compositions. Cu atoms diffuse from the underlayer into the Sm-Fe film and substitute the Fe site in SmFe5 structure forming an alloy compound of Sm(Fe,Cu)5 . The Sm-Fe films with Fe-rich compositions consist of Sm(Fe,Cu)5 and bcc-Fe phases, whereas the Sm-Fe films with Sm-rich compositions consist of Sm(Fe,Cu)5 and amorphous phases. Cu atom diffusion into Sm-Fe film is assisting the formation of ordered phase.


Objective To study the clinical characteristics of dermatomycosis with diabe- tes.Methods Clinical data of 57 patients with dermatomycosis with diabetes were reviewed.Results Age at presentation for dermatomycosis with diabetes was more than 60 years,the glucose of patients with diabetes often was more than 11.1 mmol/L,the patients were often thin,crack doigt and croup often suffered infec- tion,and pathogen of dermatomycosis was often ringworm fungus.Local therapy could do well.Conclusion Dermatomycesis with diabetes has conspicuous clinical manifestation.


Scene text recognition has attracted great interests from the computer vision and pattern recognition community in recent years. State-of-the-art methods use concolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (RNN-LSTM) or the combination of them. In this paper, we investigate the intrinsic characteristics of text recognition, and inspired by human cognition mechanisms in reading texts, we propose a scene text recognition method with character models on convolutional feature map. The method simultaneously detects and recognizes characters by sliding the text line image with character models, which are learned end-to-end on text line images labeled with text transcripts. The character classifier outputs on the sliding windows are normalized and decoded with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) based algorithm. Compared to previous methods, our method has a number of appealing properties: (1) It avoids the difficulty of character segmentation which hinders the performance of segmentation-based recognition methods; (2) The model can be trained simply and efficiently because it avoids gradient vanishing/exploding in training RNN-LSTM based models; (3) It bases on character models trained free of lexicon, and can recognize unknown words. (4) The recognition process is highly parallel and enables fast recognition. Our experiments on several challenging English and Chinese benchmarks, including the IIIT-5K, SVT, ICDAR03/13 and TRW15 datasets, demonstrate that the proposed method yields superior or comparable performance to state-of-the-art methods while the model size is relatively small.


This paper sums up the characteristics of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area dispute settlement by con-trast,and deeply analyzes international relations in the formation and the development direction.


Fabrication activated carbon/PANi electrode from coconut shell was successfully made using the simple heating method. Polymerization of PANi using chemical polymerization method showed the oxidation form was emeraldine salt. The highest specific capacitance was 289 F/g at the 1 mV/s for the 18 wt% of PANi. The stability of the electrode cycle of activated carbon/PANi lasted up to 20 cycles with a decrease of the capacitance value of 21.9%. The stability of this cycle indicates that the electrolyte accessibility is good. Alloys of activated carbon and PANi have been shown to strengthen the stability of PANi. Activated carbon has good cycle stability and PANi has good conductivity so that these two materials contribute to each other.


I t is human nature to believe, often in the unbelievable. The photography exhibit, The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult at the Metropolitan Museum of Art presents a wealth of information on photography's early role in the human examination of the paranormal. Evident throughout human existence is our predisposition to the allure of the unseen, a fascination and attraction for the ethereal present even today. This retrospective glimpse elicits ironic amusement from today's viewers. Certainly there is humor in the primitive cozenage of photographs like those of 'Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Fairies' but modern viewers of this dynamic exhibit are left to contemplate the possibility of our own "Cottingley fairies affair" of the present or even the future.


The teaching value of extracurricular reading chiefly lies in three aspects:extension of textbook contents,supplements of textbook and the development of students' personality.However,the actual extracurricular reading is not optimistic at present,because of the contradictions between Chinese literacy and Chinese exams,the disconnection between reading interests and knowledge connotation,the deviation from guidance orientation to reading content,etc.Therefore,the realization of the teaching value of extracurricular reading requires that we should establish a great language view and break through the narrow utilitarianism thought.Additionally,we also need to enhance the guidance to form effective reading habits,to select reading material in a precise way and to cultivate students' elegant aesthetic capacity.


it is possible to reach intelligent conclusions concerning what is happening in China without going into the elaborate and often unnecessary masquerade of esoteric wisdom which has so often and lamentably been regarded as a minimum requirement for serious Far Eastern scholarship. The presentation is a balanced and extremely sensible composite of the recent past and the immediate ' present. A first part provides an extremely succinct and fair-minded summary of what happened in China between 1840 and 1949. The second


The power management in smart grids can have various objective functions based on client preferences, equipment configured in smart grids, capacity of smart grids, geographical area, government policies, tariff etc. In this paper two algorithms are proposed for the generation of un-interrupted cost effective power supply along with optimization of running cost functions. In first algorithm collection of functions related to running cost e.g. load shedding cost, dissatisfaction cost, frustration cost etc. are considered and optimized using multi objective genetic algorithm while in second algorithm heuristic approach for cost estimation considering additional cost function is evaluated. Weights are assigned to costs functions to reflect user requirements and cumulative sum of weights is set to be one. Both the proposed algorithms give comparable results while the optimized heuristic algorithm takes less computational time. Consistent and cost effective power supply along with optimized running cost functions is generated. A graphic user interface has also been designed in Matlab to increase consumer feasibility. Consumers can use interface to assign weights to cost functions according to their requirements and system will generate the desired output respectively.


A guide on the research process for students of ENG100 Got a topic! Save time and energy and create a Research Game Plan!


A successful marriage not only indicates of a satisfied life but also generates a sense of well- being. Marriage is a union between two families and individuals. The present study was planned to understand the marital adjustment and psychological well-being among dual career couples. The sample of study involved 150 dual career couples (75 males and 75 females) of the state of Haryana with the age range of 30 to 45 years. The couples were administered marital adjustment questionnaire by Kumar and Rohatgi (1976) and psychological well-being scale by Philip H. Friedman (1994).


Optical/Stark measurements have been performed on the (0,0) bands of both the A″ 1Σ+–X 1Σ+ system (ν0≈12 643 cm−1) and the A′ 1Π–X Σ+ system (ν0≈13 196 cm−1) of platinum monocarbide. The PtC molecules were produced in a pulsed supersonic molecular beam source following the reaction of laser ablated platinum vapor with a mixture of a few percent of methane in argon. The newly determined permanent electric dipole moments obtained are 1.94(2)D (A″ 1Σ+) and 1.919(9)D (A′ 1Π). These results are discussed in terms of a proposed molecular orbital correlation diagram for platinum containing diatomics. The laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of the (0,0)A″ 1Σ+–X 1Σ+ transition of PtC has been re-recorded at high resolution (full width of half-maximum ∼40 MHz) and analyzed to yield rotational constants for the four most abundant isotopomers of PtC, extending the previous analysis [Appelblad, Nilsson, and Scullman, Phys. Scr. 7, 65 (1973)]. The anomalously large value (∼15 MHz) for the newly derived nuclear-spin rot...


The Barnes-Hut algorithm has been shown to be an effective technique for reduction of the computational complexity and memory requirements in the capacitance extraction problem for general three-dimensional interconnects. In this paper we discuss the effect of the layered substrate on the Barnes-Hut clustering approximation using the half-space example. The modified formula for center-of-charge location in half-space is derived and validated.


METHODS Total of 29 subjects were evaluated including 11 bedrest disuse (control) and 18 disuse plus vibration (VIBE) with low magnitude, high frequency daily treatment. SCAN was performed at calcaneus regions converged the ultrasound energy in the trabeculae, to calculate the ultrasound attenuation (ATT; dB), wave ultrasound velocity (UV), and the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA; dB/MHz). The longitudinal evaluation of bone quality is performed in 90-day continuous bedrest using SCAN and DXA in day 0 (baseline), day 60 and day 90. RESULTS QUS indicated that disuse alone induced -1.2+/-0.4% bone loss via UV, while disuse plus treatment increase bone mass at 1.3+/-0.4% with baseline. Longitudinal subtle changes were predicted by the UV and BUA comparing disuse plus treatment and disuse alone, i.e., 2.2% at 60 days and 3.3% at 90 days for UV, and 6.5% (60 days) and 19.2% (90 days). In disuse alone, strong correlation was observed between BUA at heel and pooled whole body (WB) BMD (r 2 =0.84), and between UV and BMD at calcaneus (r 2 =0.79). DISCUSSION QUS has demonstrated sensitivity to progressive change of bone quality, particularly in the trabecular bone region. Calcaneus QUS can be a good predictor of hip and pelvis for predicting longitudinal bone loss and recovery at particular treatment sites, which can be used for instant and follow-up measurement of bone demineralization occurring during long-term space flights, and ultimately provide a portable, noninvasive device for bone loss assessment in space and on Earth.


The double-positive disease is the co-occurrence of antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) and is an uncommon cause of renal failure. Our case of triple-positive disease is an even rarer cause of isolated renal failure, as it includes anti-GBM, antimyeloperoxidase (MPO), and antiproteinase 3 (PR3). We present a case of a 62-year-old Caucasian male with a history of multiple comorbidities, who presented to the emergency department (ED) with worsening dyspnea on exertion that started about one month prior to admission. He was found to be in renal failure secondary to triple-positive disease. We believe that the likely mechanism of our patient's triple-positive disease was a drug-induced ANCA vasculitis overlapping with Goodpasture's syndrome. We believe our case to be a valuable addition to the literature as it is a rare overlap syndrome without a previously established disease course or etiology.


The main purpose of library structure should be human-orientation,how to locate it scientifically,how to show its symbol and how decide the reasonable height of its buildings,how to optimize the room and the open style and how to make documents,information and readers transfer fluently, in order to make an academic atmosphere and embody humanism care.


The management of extracurricular training in universities and colleges bodybuilding Team plays more importment role in matches.By research into the theories,this paper gives some advice on the management of teams through four management processes.


Taking Tianjin University of Technology and Education as an example,the paper makes questionnaire investigation from the aspects including students′ basic knowledge on bilingual teaching,students′ learning situation,situation of the teachers,teaching effectiveness.Suggestions on the implementation of bilingual teaching in applied universities are put forward based on the investigation results.


This paper presents a methodology for alleviating peak demand using distribution network voltage control and tests the developed methodology using a comprehensive high-resolution bottom-up low-voltage closed-loop residential time-variant load modeling platform. The load model used is capable of capturing the time-variant voltage dependency of the load and the voltage response of closed-loop loads such as thermostatically-controlled appliances which exhibit inter-temporal response to supply voltages. This allows demonstration of the potential for distribution network operators (DNOs) to both achieve load reduction and load shifting through using a voltage reduction strategy during peak load periods. A primary substation on-load tap-changing (OLTC) transformer is modeled, capturing dead-band voltage regulation, and control logic for peak reduction is presented with and without end-of-line (EOL) voltage monitoring. The overall methodology is tested on the Irish residential sector on an urban distribution network and peak load reductions of over 2% are observed.


Pakistan and Afghanistan suffered a proxy war in the region on the behalf of the foreign interventions since 1979, especially after 9/11. Pakistan faced direct impact of Afghanistan?s internal and external conditions. India, Russia, USA and others countries? interventions, fragile Pakistan?s survival and breaches its security. Pakistan Geo Strategic interests demands to counter it security threat with the cooperation of common-border countries so that external forces would leave the region. Since great powers? strategic interests in Afghanistan to pitch against the potential threat of religious extremism, terrorism, drug trafficking and nuclear proliferation which substantiates the assertion that existing great powers in the region have potential to generate effects on Pakistan?s security dilemma. Instability of Afghanistan, fighting proxy war in the region and on the lame of extremism, would make Pakistan instable and weak, it could bring into disintegration. Pakistan?s geo-strategic interests need the re-establishment of peaceful, stable and friendly Afghanistan whose territory not use for external forces and no other country make its land for their on strategic depth.


In the framework of the AIRWATCH project we present an experimental set-up to measure the efficiency of the UV fluorescence production of the air using hard X-ray stimulus. The measures will be carried out at different pressure and temperature to emulate the same condition of the upper layers of the atmosphere where X-ray and gamma ray photons of Gamma Ray Bursts are absorbed.


Abstract Improvisation is a task which requires the problem solver to identify a situation, its constraints, and the capabilities of available objects. Since problem solvers rarely have specific information about the properties of the objects they see, they must somehow attribute "properties" to objects based on their experiences. In this paper, the relationship between the physical properties of an object, its functional representation, and its use in problem solving will be explored. A representation construct called a property attribute is used to represent functional properties attributed to an object in the context of successful functional application. Attributes can be used in problem-solving contexts to aid in object recognition. An overview of the Functional Ontology for Naive Mechanics (FONM) representation model and theoretical examples illustrating the application of attributes to object recognition and problem solving are presented.


In contrast to past findings for industrial firms, we posit that absent strong minority shareholder protections, banks pay out more to avoid equity discounts of retained liquid assets and, with dividends, to bond future disgorgement. We examine three forms of country-level protection: legal, investor, and control structure. In support of the discount hypothesis, we find that banks lacking one or more protections pay out more overall and with dividends. Differences in our findings from industrial firms may be driven by greater wealth transfer incentives or the optionlike character of bank stock given bank leverage. JEL Classification: G21, G28


【Objective】This study provides an important reference for sewage sludge composting treatment.【Method】The effects of two different initial C/N(25,7.13) sewage sludges gathered from the Yangling City Sewage Treatment Plant on spatial variation of compost pile temperature in aerated static pile composting device during composting were investigated.【Result】The results showed that in layers of upper and lower in the same C/N ratio material piles at initial stage,the law of material piles temperature of increasing and reducing was consistent.While,in the different C/N material piles,the change tendency of pile temperature,the maximum temperature and the duration of high temperature,the initial time of achieving the low temperature and the range of material piles temperature in the bottom layer were different.The temperature isograms were carried out by using semivariogram and Kriging methods.The temperature isograms showed that,in the different C/N material piles,there were a lot of differences in the temperature variation during the three fermentation times(heating period,high temperature period,falling temperature period).In the higher C/N material piles,there presented a convexity type at high temperature period and the temperature distribution area gradually rose during the composting process,and the apex of the higher temperature area was promoted from 0.47 m at the stage of heating to 0.66 m at the stage of cooling.Meanwhile,the temperature close to air blower was higher about 1-4 ℃ than that far away from the air blower.However,the shapes of the high temperature distribution area were different in the lower C/N material piles.There presented an asymmetric concave type area in heating period,and the temperature of material piles in all reactor areas at high temperature period was the highest,at the falling temperature distribution of the concave type appeared and its apex was as high as 0.50 m.【Conclusion】It is concluded that,in aerated static pile composting device,the temperature spatial distribution and changes of the material piles derived from sewage sludge with or without sawdust were obviously different in the different composting processes.


This paper introduces a novel metamorphic gripper proposed as a step towards the solution of the bin picking problem. This gripper makes uses of multiple poses while maintaining contact with the part allowing for in-hand manipulation without the use of finger gaiting. The gripper is analyzed using classical techniques of degrees of freedom and adjacency matrices. This analysis allows for a basic understanding of the motion of the gripper.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This study developed as a progressive focus on a design research process towards the inclusion of new environmental knowledge in teacher education. It is centred on the clarification of pedagogical content knowledge for the teaching of catchment and river management in Geography teacher education. The study was developed as a design research case study with three phases or iterations of experiential engagement and data collection during the teaching of Postgraduate Certificate in Education students at the University of KwaZulu-Natal where I lecture Geography Education. The study's iterative design was developed around pedagogical content knowledge refinement with curriculum knowledge analysis (phase 1) that was followed by lecture delivery and analysis (phase 2) and analysis of student engagement during fieldwork, and on teaching practice in rural classroom contexts (phase 3). Data and insights were generated across the successive stages of knowledge differentiation and teaching and learning interactions over time, and included reflection with students involved in the lectures, fieldwork and teaching practice programme. The analytical work covered a review of trajectories in new environmental knowledge, social-ecological systems, sustainability competencies, practice architecture and fieldwork pedagogy. This was done using three research lenses, namely social-ecological systems, social learning and practice architectures. All the design research and review processes served to develop, clarify and refine pedagogical content knowledge for sustainability-oriented teacher education. Thus the study conformed to the tenets of design-based research that was centred on clarification and review of pedagogical content knowledge that was carried into phases two and three. Research was focused at the nexus of pedagogical content knowledge and sustainability concerns that is necessary for the teaching of catchment and river basin management within a social-ecological systems perspective for integrated water resources management in South Africa and globally. The findings informed an illustrative model on how the research was carried out. Six design research insights and principles conclude the study and encapsulate the contribution it makes to new knowledge on how teacher education practice can be progressively aligned with new content knowledge teaching and the teaching of sustainability concerns. Specific findings in the form of six research insights indicated that the fieldworkbased teaching practice experience proved a successful learning crucible to develop sustainability competences. The cohort of student teachers passed their fieldwork teaching practice despite inadequate covering of foundational concepts in school and university. The teaching of a catchment management strategy case study was valuable in all three phases of research. A multi-contextual teaching and learning environment was successfully negotiated and navigated by the student teachers. The present Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement does not speak to the reality on the ground, particularly in deep rural environments. A compulsory virtual Geography teacher training experience is recommended. Lastly, varied and broad responses to the noted multi-contextual challenges are needed in order to prepare and equip student teachers for the demands of the new environmental knowledge in the curriculum. Based on the groundwork provided by this study, there is scope for further research especially regarding the varied and broad responses to this new environmental knowledge in the curriculum.


A method of determining immune receptor chains paired in a sample, the method comprising the steps of: (a) dividing a sample containing cells expressing pairs of chains immune receptor into a plurality of subsets; (B) determining the nucleotide sequences of a first string of each pair of chains immune cell receptor having such pairs in a portion of the plurality of subsets; (C) determining the nucleotide sequences of a second string of each pair of chains immune cell receptor with said pairs of the same portion of the plurality of subsets; (D) identifying as chains immune receiver matched pairs of first chains and second chains (i), for each subset portion or exist together or not exist and (ii) exist together in at least a subset of the portion and do not exist in at least a subset of the portion.


The extra-European theatres of World War I have received far less scholarly attention than the war in Europe. This state of affairs is hardly surprising given the sheer magnitude of the Western Front experience. Still, the violence of 1914-1918 also had profound consequences outside of Europe as well. This essay explores the relationship between extra-European theatres of war and Europe's battlefields, with the primary goal of showing how peoples from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East have been rendered largely invisible in popular understandings of the war's course and outcomes. Second, this essay argues for understanding campaigns fought in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East on their own terms, and not simply as "sideshows" to the war in Europe.


Palm oil collector traders are entities or individuals whose business activities are collecting oil palm plantation products in the form of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and selling them to industrial business entities or exporters engaged in the plantation sector. The purpose of the study was to determine the potential income tax, the steps that have been taken and the obstacles, the realization of tax revenue for the collectors of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) of oil palm at the Tax Service Office (KPP) ABC. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that the potential taxes of palm oil collectors are PPh Article 21, PPh Article 22, PPh Article 23, PPh Article 25/29, Final PPh Article 4 paragraph (2) including the MSME taxation provisions. Steps that have been taken are socialization and appeals to taxpayers. The obstacles are geography, human resources, and awareness of taxpayers. Meanwhile, the realization of tax revenue is quite good and shows an increase, especially in Article 22 Income Tax.


SUMMARY In the toad sartorius preparation Org NC 45 reduced the mean quanta] content of the end-plate potential both in magnesium and tubocuraine-treated preparations, as well as blocking post-junctional receptors. In a concentration which permits recording of the miniature end-plate current no channel block was demonstrated.


Abstract Implant associated infection remains a difficult medical problem in orthopaedic surgery. Here, we report on the fabrication of gentamicin loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating on porous magnesium scaffold (Gent-PLGA-Mg) for use as a type of controlled antibiotic delivery system bone scaffolds to achieve the sustained release of antibiotics in the local sites of bone defects. The drug loaded PLGA coating of Mg scaffold enable higher drug loading efficiency (28–33%) than non-coating gentamicin loaded Mg scaffold (Gent-Mg) (2–3%). The Gent-PLGA-Mg exhibited sustained drug release for more than 14 days, and this controlled release of gentamicin significantly inhibited bacterial adhesion and prevented biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC35984). Biocompatibility tests with human bone marrow stromal cells indicated that PLGA-Mg had better biocompatibility than Mg. Therefore, Gent-PLGA-Mg is potential to be used as a controlled drug delivery system bone scaffolds to prevent and/or treat orthopaedic peri-implant infections.


Objective: To evaluate transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosing Caesarean scar pregnancy. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with Caesarean scar pregnancy in a tertiary referral centre from March 2010 to February 2015. Patient demographics were retrieved from the hospital electronic patient record system. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound scans at the first visit to our centre were reviewed by two radiologists by consensus for the presence of five sonographic signs including empty uterine cavity, empty endocervical canal, gestational sac embedded in low uterine segment/hysterotomy scar, thin/absent myometrium between the gestational sac and bladder, and angular appearance of gestational sac. The sensitivity of each sign was compared using McNemar's test. Results: Fifteen patients (mean age 34.5 [28-40] years, mean gestational age 8 weeks 1 day [4 weeks 5 days to 15 weeks 0 days] were included in the analysis. The majority of patients had only one previous Caesarean section (73%). The most common presenting compliant was vaginal bleeding (87%). The ratio between viable and nonviable scar pregnancy was 2:1. Transabdominal ultrasound was inferior to transvaginal ultrasound at detection of thin/absent myometrium (20% vs. 87%, p = 0.002) as well as angular appearance of gestational sac (33.3% vs. 67%, p = 0.031). Subgroup analysis showed that transabdominal ultrasound was reliable for prediction of thin/ absent myometrium in the late first or early second trimester. Conclusions: Caesarean scar pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition and accurate diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Transabdominal ultrasound is a useful adjunct to transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of Caesarean scar pregnancy.


............................................................................................................................................ IV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................7 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................7 1.2 Statement of Problem..................................................................................................................8 1.3 Objectives .....................................................................................................................................9 1.4 Significance of Study ...................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................10 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................................15 3.1 Data Source ................................................................................................................................15 3.2 Factor Analysis. .........................................................................................................................17 3.2.1 Testing normality .................................................................................................................17 3.2.2 Correlation matrix. ...............................................................................................................18 3.2.3 Factorability of the correlation matrix .................................................................................21 3.2.4 Sample Adequacy and Sphericity ........................................................................................22 3.2.5 Mathematics of the factor analysis model. ..........................................................................24 3.2.6 How to decompose ...............................................................................................................26 3.2.7 Factor Analysis Extraction Methods ....................................................................................27 3.2.8 Factor Analysis and Inference for Structured Covariance Matrix. ......................................27 3.2.9 Covariance structure ............................................................................................................29 3.2.10 Covariance structure of a factor model (orthogonal) ...........................................................30 3.2.11 Non-Uniqueness of Factor Loadings ...................................................................................30 3.2.12 Principal Component Analysis. ...........................................................................................31 3.2.13 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors .............................................................................................32 VI 3.2.14 Factor loadings .....................................................................................................................33 3.2.15 Communalities .....................................................................................................................34 3.2.16 Factor rotation ......................................................................................................................36 3.2.17 Factor Scores ........................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ..........................................................................42 4.1 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................42 4.1.1 Normality Test .....................................................................................................................42 4.1.2 Correlation Matrix ...............................................................................................................43 4.1.3 KMO and Bartlett's test ........................................................................................................44 4.1.4 Eigenvalues ..........................................................................................................................45 4.1.5 Communalities .....................................................................................................................46 4.1.6 Factors ..................................................................................................................................49 4.1.7 Rotated Component Matrix..................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................52 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................53 APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................................................56


Deprivation of food is one of, if not the oldest method of punishment. Hunger and famine are described in the Bible as a way of retribution when God was offended. There are accounts of the use of forced imposition of hunger or starvation in places of detention and concentration camps worldwide. Surprisingly, however, the quantity and quality of academic research on the subject is unusually low. (Rubin, 2019). It is neither mentioned as a torture method in source handbooks (i.e. Rejali, 2009) nor in the Istanbul Protocol, which mentions it marginally concerning conditions of detention without any other mention or guidance within its pages (UNHCR, 1999). In this Editorial, we would like to update the medical and psychological research on the impacts of starvation as a torture method and suggest some tentative conclusions and avenues for further research.


To study effects of concentration of several ions in sedimentary water of oil tank to pitting corrosion on Q235 steel,hysteretic loops were measured by the electrochemical station CHI660. Results indicated that when the Q235 steel was most serious pitting-corroded,the concentrations of each ions were Cl-10 g/ L,SO2-41 g/ L,HCO-30. 75 g/ L,Ca2 +0. 35 g/ L,and Mg2 +0. 2 g/ L. Q235 steel was most likely pitting-corroded on those ion concentrations. With the concentrations higher,than those mentioned above,pitting-corrosions tended to decrease. Q235 steel was most likely pitting-corroded on 10 g/ L of Cl-concentration,with the increase of Cl-,more than 10 g/L,pitting-corrosions tended to decrease.With the increasing of SO2-4,more than 1 g/L,pitting on Q235 steel decreased. With HCO-3continued to increase,more than 0. 75 g/ L,pitting reduced. It was easy to produce pitting when Ca2 +was 0. 35 g/ L,with the increasing of Ca2 +,more than 0. 35 g/L,pitting declined. It was very easy to bring about pitting on Q235 steel when Mg2 +was 0. 2 g/ L,more than 0. 2 g/ L,pitting gradually reduced.


The recent availability of low-cost RGB-D sensors and the maturity of machine vision algorithms makes shape-based parametric modeling of 3D objects in natural environments more practical than ever before. In this paper, we investigate the use of RGB-D based modeling of natural objects using RGB-D sensors and a combination of volumetric 3D reconstruction and parametric shape modeling. We apply the general method to the specific case of detecting and modeling quadric objects, with the ellipsoid shape of a pineapple as a special case, in cluttered agricultural environments, towards applications in fruit health monitoring and crop yield prediction. Our method estimates the camera trajectory then performs volumetric reconstruction of the scene. Next, we detect fruit and segment out point clouds that belong to fruit regions. We use two novel methods for robust estimation of a parametric shape model from the dense point cloud: (i) MSAC-based robust fitting of an ellipsoid to the 3D-point cloud, and (ii) nonlinear least squares minimization of dense SIFT (scale invariant feature transform) descriptor distances between fruit pixels in corresponding frames. We compare our shape modeling methods with a baseline direct ellipsoid estimation method. We find that model-based point clouds show a clear advantage in parametric shape modeling and that our parametric shape modeling methods are more robust and better able to estimate the size, shape, and volume of pineapple fruit than is the baseline direct method.


The measurement accuracy of nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) and dual microphone intensity measurement techniques are examined in terms of source identification capabilities and sound intensity level estimates. Inherent differences in the data acquisition and post processing methodologies are investigated. The techniques are applied according to their individual limitation to best evaluate the test structure. The variance of their respective results and how those results aid in engineering solutions is thoroughly discussed. _____________________________________________________________________________


The invention relates to novel piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives of formula (I) in which R , R , R , k, l, m and n have the meanings indicated in Claim 1, and their salts, novel intermediates and processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention. The compounds of formula (I) act as 5-HT1A receptor antagonists and exhibit 5-HT reuptake-inhibiting actions and can be used for the production of medicaments.


The Bio Austria General Standard has, in addition to the requirements of distance to roads and conventional fields, requirements for a fast preparation of fresh material, a fast and careful drying (normally not higher than 40 °C). The drying room should be a separate unit. The room may not contain any materials contaminated with harmful substances (e.g. treated particle board). It is forbidden to use direct heating with fuel oil, gas, coal, or wood, or dehydration through chemical additives. A batch record of drying temperatures is to be kept, which is to be made available during the annual inspection. The storage space must be protected from light, dry and as cool as possible. A humidity level of 60% and a temperature of 19 °C are recommended. Drugs must be inspected regularly and the storage areas kept clean. Storage areas are to be kept separate from processing areas. (BA-Rules chapter 4.2.2, 4.2.4, 4.2.5, 4.2.7, 4.2.8)


Over 30 years ago, Rutgeerts et al published a seminal paper detailing the endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum following ileocecal resection. The eponymous Rutgeerts scoring scale in that paper has been widely adopted and remains in wide clinical use today. The ability to directly visualise recurrent lesions prior to any symptoms or radiologic abnormalities has changed practice. Ileocolonoscopy within the first year after ileocecal or ileocolonic resection to assess recurrence and the Rutgeerts score is now standard of care (table 1). Crohn's disease recurrence is frequent but not universal and progresses over months to years, enough time to intervene, assuming an effective therapy. Indeed monoclonal antiTNF therapy has shown some ability to halt or prevent recurrence. However, even in this era of biological therapy, recurrence of Crohn's disease remains high, afflicting half or more patients after surgery. A better understanding of the sequence of events and pathogenesis of ileal tissue lesions is needed to better target therapies to prevent recurrence. For decades the progression of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum has been considered an excellent opportunity to study the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, as it seems to recapitulate the disease in a single accessible tissue, with aphthous lesions leading sequentially to small ulcers, larger ulcers and stenosis. Because manpower and available patients are constraints at any one medical centre, this 'human model' of Crohn's disease had been underused until a collaborative, multicentre group of investigators in France named by the acronym REMIND, was formed to tackle this issue. The most recent findings of the REMIND group is presented in this issue. Previously this group has identified oligoclonal expansions of T cells in the ileal mucosa which were increased in smokers and in patients with ileal recurrence, compatible with and adaptive T cell response to some antigen, possibly a microbiota antigen. Subsequently, the mucosaassociated microbiota was analysed in ileal biopsy samples taken at surgery and at ileocolonoscopy 6 months later. Surgery itself was found to change the ileal mucosal microbiota. The half of the patients with recurrence had greater changes, with significant reduction in diversity and expansion of proteobacteria (alpha and gamma), Ruminococcus gnavus group and Corynebacterium genera, and concomitant reduction in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus, the latter organisms known to produce beneficial short chain fatty acids important in homoeostasis. These results confirmed previous studies based on analysis of faecal samples. In the present report, Buisson et al have extended the above study to adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), a member of the gamma proteobacteria. AIEC has intrigued investigators since their discovery in Crohn's ileum by DarfeuilleMichaud et al. As indicated by the name, these bacteria are able to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells and to invade and replicate in epithelial cells and macrophages without killing them. AIEC forms a membrane enclosed vesicle within the cell, which might explain how the AIEC does not kill the host cell. These properties result in impaired epithelial barrier function and the production of large amounts of tumour necrosis factor by infected macrophages. AIEC is associated with microbiota dysbiosis and, in one mouse model, was able to alter microbiota composition. AIEC metabolism of fucose to proprionate has been shown to induce IL1β production and drive intestinal inflammation in mice. The prevalence of AIEC in patients with Crohn's disease has been based on faecal samples obtained at one point in time. This study is the first and largest prospective sampling of ileum mucosa AIEC. Two biopsies were taken from the ileum at surgery and at ileocolonoscopy 6 months after surgery. The authors applied a rigorous controlled process to recover AIEC, which involved growing E. coli and other enterobacteriaceae from the biopsies, screening the cultured bacteria for invasion of a human intestinal epithelial cell line, then documenting that the recovered E. coli were able to infect a human epithelial cell line and a human macrophage cell line without causing injury or death of the cells. This is a laborious and timeconsuming process, made necessary by the lack of any molecular markers that can reliably identify AIEC, and is not likely to be adopted by clinical laboratories. Using this method, biopsy samples could be assigned as positive or negative for AIEC; the numbers of AIEC in a given sample could not be assessed, nor could the location of the AIEC in the mucus or in tissue cells. There are a number of interesting findings from this study. AIEC detection in the ileum at either surgery (M0) or 6 months later (M6) was significantly associated with higher rates of recurrence compared with those patients negative for AIEC. However, only a minority of Crohn's patients with or without recurrence were positive for AIEC, 30% and 17%, respectively. Only 5% of patients were positive for ileum AIEC at both M0 and M6. This is a surprising finding in that AIEC would seem to have a survival advantage over other E. coli unable to adhere and invade. This remains to be explained, but AIEC is in competition with other E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae, and some of the medications used to treat Crohn's such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine, have been shown to suppress AIEC. AIEC might be a marker of dysbiosis of the microbiota, and it may be the dysbiosis that might result in recurrence. Supporting that possibility, ileum samples positive for AIEC had higher numbers of proteobacteria, such as Klebsiella, Enterococcus and Proteus and increased number of R. gnavus and Ruminococcus torque. The association of AIEC with recurrence in this study hinges on whether a Rugeerts score of i1 with <5 aphthous lesions is a recurrence. Clinically Rutgeerts i0 and i1 are not considered a recurrence. The authors acknowledge this but have named Rutgeerts i1 as 'very early ileal lesions', that is, recurrence. The i1 group had the highest frequency of AIEC positivity of any


Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, electrolytes and water. α -Amylase and α -glucosidase are the important enzymes required for the digestion of the carbohydrate. These enzymes plays a vital role in the breakdown of starch in the diet and its activity has been correlated to postprandial blood glucose levels, the control of which is essential for maintaining quality of life for diabetic patients. We report the synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of new substituted 2-phenoxynicotinaldehydes as α -amylase inhibitors. A new general method based on the aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-chloronicotinaldehyde with different substituted phenols in presence of K 2 CO 3 in dry dioxane was developed to furnish the corresponding substituted 2-phenoxynicontinaldehydes with 70-80% yields.


The calcium salt form of fosamprenavir, prodrug of amprenavir, and a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor with antiviral property. Fosamprenavir is converted to amprenavir by cellular phosphatases in the epithelial cells of the intestine. Then amprenavir binds to the active site of HIV-1 protease, thereby preventing the proteolytic cleavage of viral Gag-Pol polypeptide into individual functional proteins, thereby leading to the formation of immature non-infectious viral particles.


Read an exert from an essay by Susan Perabo, professor of creative writing and a writer-in-residence at Dickinson, that was inspired by her students and published in The Chronicle of Higher Education.