Sialic acid (Sia) linked glycoproteins are the classical influenza receptors for influenza virus haemagglutinin to bind. The distribution of Sia on cell surfaces is one of the determinants of host tropism and understanding its expression on human cells and tissues is important for understanding influenza pathogenesis. Previous research has shown the differences in apical versus basolateral infection and release of different influenza virus from polarized epithelial cells [1] and correlated this with sialic acid distribution in the human respiratory tract. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis was recently employed to elucidate the glycans present in the tissue in a higher resolution in human lung [2]. The objective of this study was to examine in detail the distribution of these Sia-linked glycans at the cellular level by the use of confocal microscopy.


This study investigates the usefulness of an Australian accounting work‐readiness program as perceived by international accounting graduates. Using logistic regression, the study reports the results of a survey of 186 graduates who completed the program in the period 2010–2013 and are now employed in either accounting or non‐accounting roles. The results show that graduates who were employed in an accounting role perceived internships and critical thinking skills to be the most useful curriculum components of the work‐readiness program in obtaining their employment. The findings have implications for various stakeholders, in particular educators and professional bodies involved in the curriculum design of the work‐readiness program. The government also has an interest in the value of this program as they grant visas for international students to study in Australia and fill a skills shortage in the profession. The results also provide insights for other Western economies that attract large numbers of international graduates as skilled migrants.


Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of a Community Health Worker (CHW) intervention within HIV primary care on patient outcomes. Methods We evaluated a 10-site initiative integrating CHWs into HIV care, examining changes in three outcomes: viral load suppression, a prescription for ART, and appointment attendance. We also assessed the relationship between the three outcomes and the number of CHW encounters. Results Of 397 participants, most were male and African-American. The mean days of encounters over the first 6 months was 11 per participant. All outcomes improved in the first 6 months: percent with a primary care visit from 49.9 to 84.7% (p < .000); percent with an active ART prescription from 66.9 to 91.3% (p < .000); percent virally suppressed from 22.4 to 43.7% (p < .000). No statistically significant relationship between number of encounters and improvement in outcomes was found. Conclusions CHW interventions in HIV primary care can lead to improvements in HIV outcomes.


Why do it? Coronary rehabilitation, which is popular in many Western countries, is not widely available in the United Kingdom. Although most cardiologists and general physicians support the concept, few are sufficiently interested to initiate rehabilitation programmes. Such treatment is, however, of great value in helping patients who have had an infarct or bypass graft to cope with the problems that face them. They are usually physically unfit, partly because few will have been taking regular exercise and partly because the period of rest necessary after the acute event produces further deconditioning. Patients are often depressed by the threat to their future and security and nearly always anxious about the chance of a recurrence. They suffer various symptoms such as "missed beats" and niggling left sided chest pains, which further undermine their battered self confidence. Angina or breathlessness may appreciably impair their exercise tolerance. A return to work provides an immense hurdle for many manual workers for whom a degree of physical fitness may be vital to the retention of their jobs. Despite these difficulties most patients recover from their infarction or cardiac surgery and return to a reasonable level of functioning, though this is usually well below their optimal peformance. The rate of return to work of patients who have had coronary artery bypass is disturbingly low, and a substantial minority of patients who have had an infarct do poorly because of continued depression or anxiety. (Half of those who are not back at work six months after the attack are suffering from cardiac neurosis rather than physical disability.) A well organised rehabilitation programme can tackle all these problems and also provide a setting for other secondary preventive measures such as giving up smoking, changing the diet, and so on.


K. L. Gillion has written two books on the Indian migrants who went to the small Island of Fiji. This island is off the north-eastern coast of Australia and used to produce sugar as the main item of export. The Indian migrants went to work in Fiji mostly as &dquo;coolies&dquo; on the sugar plantations, but sometimes they went also as free emigrants in their capacity as lawyers, clerks, traders, teachers etc. Gillion's first book, Fiji's Indian Migrants came in 1962 and it covered the whole of &dquo;indenture period,&dquo; keeping in focus the &dquo;coolies&dquo; on Fiji's sugar plantations, specially those who were employed by the C.S.R. (Colonial Sugar Refining Company), a huge corporation run from Sydney. His latest book, The Fiji Indians-Challenf!,e to European Dominance, is a sequal to the first one as it covers the period 1920-46. This later period was a much turbulent period in Fiji than the earlier one. It was a period of mounting labour trouble when labourers struck against plantation owners as well as against C.S.R., it was a period of rising Indian nationalism with all its inner tensions replicated in the microcosm of Fiji. It was also a period of articulation of separate identity on the part of the native Fijians as they perceived


Excentricities ? « literature », Seen from Quebec. ; Particularity as the core of the development of literature in French Canada is now well documented. But the situation of literature in Quebec, and its analysis, can also refresh and relocate both French literature and its study.


Cary Serif is a partner with Arthur Andersen's North American Financial Services e-bnsiness practice. His e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.com T he market is drawing a line through the financial services industry. On one side are companies that are committed to and aggressive in learning how to use the Internet to transform how they create value. On the other side are those that are taking the learning process more slowly— and even some that still don't see how the Internet will affect the way they do business or why they need to learn at all. Life is going to be very different on the two sides of the line. On one side will be world-class competitors—fast, agile, and aligned with the demands of a whole new kind of consumer. On the other side will be companies that find themselves squeezed into the market's least desirable positions, assuming they can find any position at all. Such companies will learn that the e-businessdefined future will not be kind to those that go to market with less than the best practice. The reason the outlook is so tenuous for these sub-par competitors is the swift, harsh judgment of the new online consumers. They simply are not like the consumers of the past. They are connected to their world by cell phone, and their lives travel with them in a Palm Pilot. They move fast and decide quickly. They understand the value that electronic commerce promises, and they know how to find it. If they don't find that value with you, they know their next choice is just a mouse click away. Because value alternatives have never been more plentiful or easier to access, customer loyalty has never been harder to maintain. But what separates the world-class competitor from the rest? How does a company gain world-class status? How does being world class grab the attention of these new consumers and keep them coming back? Becoming world class (Figure 1) takes both vision and execution, which must be in a careful balance. Some firms create an exciting vision, then short-change the vision it with a lack of preparation and investment. Other competitors focus on execution—particularly in building a technological infrastructure—at the expense of vision. They may create a very sophisticated technology model, but then fail to integrate it with the rest of the business.


Background
Autophagy is a degradative process that cells dispose of cytosolic proteins and organelles, then enter into vacuole, fuse with lysosomes and form autolysosomes for degradation. Neuropathic pain is a direct consequence of an injury or disease affecting the somatosensory system, which can be caused by injury or disease to peripheral or central nervous system. It plays an important role in neuropathic pain.

Objective
The role of autophagy in neuropathic pain was reviewed.

Content
The effects of activation or inhibition of autophagy on neuropathic pain, the mechanisms of autophagy mediated neuropathic pain and the effects of neuropathic pain on autophagy.

Trend
Autophagy may provide theoretical foundation for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Key words:
Autophagy; Neuropathic pain


In this report several methods to determine the presence of fog or to estimate the visibility from camera images during daytime are implemented and evaluated. The landmark discrimination method by using edge detection and visibility estimation from contrast attenuation require selection of objects at known distances. Results of the landmark discrimination method during fog conditions are good, but are affected by inhomogeneous visibility conditions, which can be identified as such. The contrast reduction method is very sensitive to the availability of suitable objects. The visibility range covered by these methods is limited by the distances of the available objects. Global image features can also be used to obtain information on visibility. A decision tree using the mean number of edges and the variation of the horizontal averages of the transmission has been constructed to determine the presence of dense fog. A linear regression model including also the mean brightness of an image has been considered to estimate the visibility. Both these methods show promising results. However, further refinement of the methods and more extensive validation against other image data sets is required.


In sports measurement, repeated measurement will reduce random errors and increase reliability of the measurement. However, increased measurement times involve bigger costs. In addition, some factors have to be taken into consideration in these measurements, such as examinees' physiology and psychology and objective conditions. To ascertain accurately the measurement times needed is the first problems to be solved in sports measurement, which is what this paper attempts to explore.


There are many APIs for connecting and exchanging data between network peers. Each interface varies wildly based on metrics including performance, portability, and complexity. Specifically, many interfaces make design or implementation choices emphasizing some of the more desirable metrics (e.g., performance) while sacrificing others (e.g., portability). As a direct result, software developers building large, network-based applications are forced to choose a specific network API based on a complex, multi-dimensional set of criteria. Such trade-offs inevitably result in an interface that fails to deliver some desirable features. In this paper, we introduce a novel interface that both supports many features that have become standard (or otherwise generally expected) in other communication interfaces, and strives to export a small, yet powerful, interface. This new interface draws upon years of experience from network-oriented software development best practices to systems-level implementations. The goal is to create a relatively simple, high-level communication interface with low barriers to adoption while still providing important features such as scalability, resiliency, and performance. The result is the Common Communications Interface (CCI): an intuitive API that is portable, efficient, scalable, and robust to meet the needs of network-intensive applications common in HPC and cloud computing.


"There was a serious lack of objective outcome measures (especially in relation to measuring physical activity levels), no explanation of the likely impact on self-report outcome questionnaires (where those receiving the Lightning Process® may well have been aware of the alleged benefits), and the specialist medical care 'control' seemed to involve a 'pick and mix' approach that was not at all standardised.


Despite what the title suggests, this paper is not solely about Hindustani; the language often posed as a possible national language of India during late colonialism. Rather, it is about what Hindustani was unable to be in the making of the post-colonial Indian nation and what its 'death' enabled in the linguistic imagination of independent India. Long before he returned to India from South Africa, Gandhi spoke of a common language for the Indian people; a language of political community and populist agitation. Posed as an alternative to the foreign English, Hindustani was seen as an amalgam of the Hindu Hindi and the Muslim Urdu. It was a language that promised to serve the nation on many different registers; a language of secular everyday life that connected multi-lingual India without recourse to a foreign lingua franca: English. In his discussions about language, Gandhi proposed a new linguistic economy in India that would make English redundant. This economy of languages comprised of regional mother tongues, which would form the basis of provincial politics, and a national language that would allow regional parties to transcend the parochial. This article explores Gandhi's dual commitment to what Anne Berger has called the vernacular and the vehicular in language. In doing so, I examine why the lives of the 'vernacular' mother tongues in India were institutionalized even as the nationalist elite failed to establish Hindustani as an Indian vehicular language.


Despite the importance of teachers' conception of effective problem-solving instruction, limited attention is given to this area in the current literature. In this study we examined 96 preservice teachers' (PSTs) views on effective problem-solving instruction and how their conceptions are related and reflected in their views on problem solving and problem solving performance. Analyses of survey responses revealed that our PSTs seem to develop narrow views on effective problemsolving instruction. In addition, we found a positive association between PSTs' conceptions of effective problem-solving instruction and problem solving. However, no such connection exists between PSTs' views problem-solving instruction and their performance.


Differential scattering cross sections for electron excitation of the three lowest excited electron states of carbon monoxide are obtained experimentally using low-energy electron energy-loss spectroscopy and theoretically using the R-matrix method. The incident electron energies range from near-threshold of 6.3 eV to 20 eV. Experimental scattering angles range from 20° to 120°. The normalization of the experimental cross sections is made to available experimental elastic scattering data (Gibson et al 1996 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29 3197). The R-matrix calculations use three distinct close-coupling models and their results are compared to available experimental and theoretical cross sections. The overall comparison leads to significantly improved description of the excitation cross sections for this target.


We derive moment conditions for dynamic, AR(1) panel data models when values of the outcome variable are missing. In this context, commonly used estimators only use data on individuals observed for at least three consecutive periods. We derive moment conditions for observations with at least three non-consecutive observations for estimation of the parameters by GMM.


The invention relates to a tyre (1) having a tread (40) comprising a peripheral reinforcement (42) consisting of a rubber mixture with a higher rigidity than the rubber mixture of the remainder of thetread, the tyre having an outer side and an inner side, and the peripheral reinforcement comprising a pointed reinforcing element (11.1, 12.1) placed in the tread pattern elements which are arrangedaxially on the outside in relation to one of the first (11) and second (12) peripheral grooves of the tread, from the outside towards the inside, and axially close to the peripheral groove.


This paper is concerned with the global adaptive stabilization of a nonlinear axially moving string. The adopted model is of Kirchhoff type and with variable density. The aim is to formulate a control in case no velocity feedback is available. We show that the suggested control is able to stabilize asymptotically the system in spite of the longitudinal movement of the string. The proof is based on LaSalle's invariance principle.


In this paper I frame systemic, narrative informed, group work practice as an act of solidarity; and narrative inquiry as an act of resistance and activism. I describe research I have been part of as an intervention into (and a resistance against) discourses of individualised psychopathology that exist within the mental health services (where I have worked for the last decade) and colonising practices that can and do exist in academia. Part of the narrative is my own story of movement from research informed practitioner to practice based researcher which includes an exploration of an evolving relationship with power. I also describe how I have devised a five-step process to inquire into my own group work practices – a process I have called a responsive, temporally framed narrative inquiry. Responsive because it has been designed to be adaptive and attuned to the inevitable movement between research 'material' and people involved in any such inquiry. Temporally framed, and with an emphasis on narrative, because it pays attention to past stories (of abuse and oppression), present feelings in relation to those stories and narratives that develop through inquiry that are 'future forming' and speak to 'preferred futures'.


ABSTRACT The effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) vary with their mode of inoculation, location, and dose of inorganic fertilizers applied. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the proper PGPR along with its mode of inoculation for each soil–plant system. Here, six combinations of PGPRs applied through root dip of onion seedlings were used with both 75% NPK and 100% NPK. Their performance was compared with a biofertilizer commercialized by Punjab Agricultural University as soil application (T9), two biofertilizers from Indian Agricultural Research Institute used as root dip of seedlings (T7 and T8), and two uninoculated controls [100% NPK (T0) and 75% NPK (T16)] at three locations of Punjab, India. Since interaction (PGPR × location) effects were significant, only one out of six PGPR treatments, viz. T6 (100% NPK + Azotobacter + Sphingobacterium + Burkholderia), performed consistently well across locations and gave maximum 20-bulb weight, bulb yield, net returns, and benefit:cost ratio. This treatment (T6) yielded at par with T7 and T8 but was superior to T9, which in turn yielded at par with T0 and T16 at all locations. Colonization of onion roots by beneficial natural resident arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was higher in T6 than in control and penetration was higher when PGPRs were integrated with 75% NPK than with 100% NPK. Utilization of PGPRs with 100% NPK in light textured soils having low fertility along with poor water holding capacity and with 75% NPK in heavy textured soils having high fertility coupled with high moisture holding capacity is advocated.


Surfactant protein A (SP-A), the major lung surfactant-associated protein, mediates local defense against pathogens and modulates inflammation in the alveolus. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proi...


vary inversely with the domain G, in the sense that a decrease in the domain G will increase the eigenvalues of (1). Physically, we may think of (1) as determining the standing waves of an elastic membrane embedded in a medium which exerts a force — c(x)u on each point of the membrane. If the membrane is tied down on dG, then a decrease in G will increase the fundamental frequency of the membrane. If the membrane is not tied down on dG but satisfies some other selfadjoint boundary condition then the above results need not carry over. Specifically, consider the case of a free membrane — Am + cu = Xw in G, du/dv = 0 on dG, (1')


Measurements of UV response between 2000 and 3000 A of Kodak films 2415, Aerocon II 3412, and SO-415 are reported. The short wavelength cutoff of the response of all films studied lies near 2100 A, occurring as a gentle falloff starting near 2500 A. The sensitivity of the films appears to remain roughly constant from 2500 to 3000 A. Estimates of UV Gamma for 2415 and the effect of hard UV on the optics in the experiment are also discussed.


Recently, the ocean acoustic tomography (OAT) has been used for investigation into the phenomenon of global warming.It has become seroius problem in OAT to discriminate refracted and bottom-reflected pulses in received pulse series.The characteristics of sound propagation for bottome-reflected pulse are analyzed in time-domain on the ocean model which consisted of an isovelocity water layer over an isovelocity halfspace bottom (Pekeris Waveguide). The effects of sound-speed in a seabottom, number of additional modes and hydrophone depths are investigated.We comfirm that the bottom-reflected pulses have the same waveform as refracted pulses which consisted of three sets of pulses when the source and hydorophone are set at the same depth, and that the characteristics of sound propagation is effected by the oceanic conditions very much.It is very important in OAT investigation to understand exactly the difference between refracted and bottom-reflected pulses.


The Dagu River is the largest river flowing into Jiaozhou Bay;it brings large amounts sediment into the bay every year.In this paper,a 3-D hydrodynamic,sediment numerical model called ECOMSED is used to simulate the Dagu River during the flood season.The distribution of the residual current during and after flood,the change of salinity in each layer and sediment concentration for upstream,middle,and downstream of the Dagu River with time and the influence of fresh water discharge and of sediment on Jiaozhou Bay is obtained.


A large scale direct hydrothermal method has been used to prepare face-centered cubic (FCC) Co/C nanocapsules with a core of FCC-Co nanoparticles and a shell of amorphous C. The size distribution is 5-20 nm. The TB of FCC-Co/C nanocapsules is determined as 85 K, indicating that FCC-Co/C nanocapsules are superparamagnetic at 300 K. For FCC-Co/C nanocapsules-paraffin composite, an optimal reflection losbs (RL) of -33.4 dB is observed at 9.6 GHz for the 2.6 mm thick layer. RL values exceeding –20 dB in the 7.4 –15 GHz range are obtained by choosing an appropriate absorption-layer thickness between 1.7 and 3.3 mm. The good microwave absorbing properties of FCC-Co/C nanocapsules is considered to result from the excellent synergetic effect of the multi-dielectric relaxation loss and the multi-magnetic resonance loss. Quantitative calculation demonstrated that not only RL peak position but also the number of the peaks are determined by the quarter-wavelength cancellation model.


Method for facilitating wireless communication, the method comprising first cognitive station receives a message with a candidate list of at least one candidate frequency from cognitive central station, where each frequency in the candidate frequency, the communication terminal terminals located within a configured frequency as CCS, and each primary station is operating. Furthermore, measuring the availability of frequencies in said frequency list to generate a first transmission parameter, based on the transmission parameter can be used to communicate between the terminal and the CCS, the candidate list of determining a target frequency list representing the frequency or frequencies, said terminal to provide an assignment message to identify the at least one frequency of the target frequency list to communicate with the CCS to the terminal, the including. .The


The splitting and Russian roulette approach, suggested by von Neumann [1], is one of possible ways to increase the efficiency of stochastic computer simulation of random processes. The idea of the approach consists in a parallel simulation of several independent paths of a random process corresponding to the behavior of a complex system number investigation. To each path procedures of splitting and roulette are applied. In most versions described in the literature (see, f.e., [2] or [3]) strong restrictions on transition probabilities are assumed. However, in [4] a more general technique was introduced and a corresponding mathematical theory was developed. The present paper is devoted to a brief review of the theory for the case of simulating finite Markov chains. We also suggest an illustrating example. Let us consider a finite Markov chain with the state space Ω = {0, 1, . . . ,m}, a transition matrix P and a stationary distribution π = (π0, . . . , πm) . Assume that for an integer number N all elements of the matrix PN are positive. The problem is to evaluate the vector π by simulation. As the immediate simulation method we will consider the well known regenerative approach [5]. Let {i∗} be the initial state. The method consists in the simulation of several paths of the chain beginning in {i∗} till return to this state. As the estimator of πi (i = 0, 1, . . . ,m) the number of hits to the state {i} by all paths divided by the number of all steps by all paths is used. To describe the branching technique which is a formalization of the splitting and roulette approach let us introduce the notion of experimental design. Let β0, . . . , βm be arbitrary fixed nonnegative numbers and it is possible that βi = 0 if the state {i} is a state in which every path will be cancelled. When a path transits from a state i to a state j, i ∈ Ω, j ∈ Ω\{i∗} when βj ≤ βi we will simulate additionally η paths beginning in the state j where


A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2007-08 and 2008-09 at R.B.S. College, Agricultural Research Farm, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) on a sandy loam soil to study the effect of biofertilizer, nitrogen and sulphur on the growth and yield of linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) . The experiment was carried out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of 4 lavels of N (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha –1 ) with and without biofertilizer and biofertilizer alone in main plots and 4 levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha –1 ) of sulphur in sub plots. The results showed that in both years of experimentation, significantly higher plant height was obtained with 75 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer as compare to all other treatments except 50 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer and 75 kg N ha –1 and other growth parameters (number of primary and secondary branches plant –1 and dry matter accumulation (g plant –1 ) and all the yield attributes viz . capsule/plant, weight of capsule/ plant, seeds/capsule and weight of seeds/plant (except shelling percent) increased significantly with the application of 50 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer as compared to all other treatments except 75 kg N ha –1 and 75 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer. Seed yield (Pooled basis) of linseed (1322.29 kg ha –1 ) increased significantly with the application of 50 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer as compared to all other treatments; however, it was at par with 75 kg N ha –1 and 75 kg N ha –1 + biofertilizer. Application of sulphur increased all growth as well as all yield parameters (expect selling percent) significantly with every increase in the level of sulphur up to 40 kg ha –1 during both the years.


The invention provides a method and device for recovering jammed paper. The method comprises the steps that the state of a printing system is monitored in real time; a new page dot matrix is stopped from being sent to the printing system when the phenomenon that the card jamming state happens, and the jammed paper page number is obtained from the printing system; after the phenomenon that the paper jamming state is removed is monitored, a page dot matrix behind the actual page number corresponding to the jammed paper page number in the working process is sent to the printing system. According to the method, automatic recovering of the printing system in the card jamming process can be achieved, and the printing speed is improved.


Due to its uniqueness in geology and geographical position,the high mountain region in Taiwan preserves diverse ecosystems.Nonetheless,human activities in road construction,farming,and man-made structures have accelerated the alteration of the environment in the high mountain region.This research investigates the land resources in the high mountain region of the Taroko National Park over a period of time by employing the remote sensing images of developed areas,which are geographically corrected at different stages. Our study indicates that the utilization of lands is strongly related to geomorphology and accessibility.The developed areas are mostly along the roads,among which the west of Da-Yu-Lin is the most developed.The Taroko National Park was formally established in 1986 to have the environmental damages under control,and to build up a long term monitoring system for national parks in general on destructive land management.


Objective To link the gene of Trepanema pallidum(TP') antigen TpN17 with that of TpN15 together and to clone and express the recombinant embedded antigen. Methods The gene of TpN17 and TpN15 were cloned respectively by PCR and then linked together by using T4 DNA ligase. The linked DNA was inserted into the pRSET B plasmid and expressed in BL21 (DE3)induced by IPTG. Results The linked gene's sequence TpN17-15 DNA was identical with that gotten by dealed with the dates from the GenBank. Conclusion There are good agreement between the predict size and experiment date gotten by SDS-PAGE of the recombinant embedded antigen.


Mutation testing is an effective but costly testing technique. Several studies have observed that some mutants can be redundant and therefore removed without affecting its effectiveness. Similarly, some mutants may be more effective than others in guiding the tester on the creation of high‐quality test cases. On the basis of these findings, we present an assessment of C++ class mutation operators by classifying them into 2 rankings: the first ranking sorts the operators on the basis of their degree of redundancy and the second regarding the quality of the tests they help to design. Both rankings are used in a selective mutation study analysing the trade‐off between the reduction achieved and the effectiveness when using a subset of mutants. Experimental results consistently show that leveraging the operators at the top of the 2 rankings, which are different, lead to a significant reduction in the number of mutants with a minimum loss of effectiveness.


MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer-3) to the decoder STB (Set Top Box) as well as by having an MP3 encoder encoding the predetermined audio signal to the user selects an MP3 file, and stores in the PVR (Personal Video Recorder). By having an MP3 encoder to STB encoding the predetermined audio signal according to a user's instruction or reservation instruction to the MP3 file, stores the encoded one MP3 file to the PVR, you can listen to the MP3 decoder to decode MP3 files stored on the PVR and so, also PVR and can be moved to each other the MP3 files stored in the external storage device, it is possible to listen to the MP3 decoder decoding the MP3 files stored in the external storage device. The set-top box, STB, MP3, MP3 encoder, MP3 decoder,


Recently, the efforts in solid-state materials include developing technologies capable of producing ZnO wafers in large dimensions and good quality based device applications. High quality bulk crystals are obtained by growing from high purity the melt. However, the thermochemical properties of ZnO (high melting point and high vapor pressure) make the growth of single crystals difficult. The thermodynamic calculations show that ZnO crystals can be grown from the melt if a suitable dynamic atmosphere composition is used. The oxygen requirement with increasing the temperature can be fulfilled by adding the NO-NO2 gases into the CO2 atmosphere. At ZnO melting point, the oxygen partial pressure of gas mixtures containing CO2-NO-CO-NO2 at Pt = 5 atm reaches to PO2 = 0.29 atm. According to this new thermodynamic result, it would be expected that ZnO crystal could be grown from the melt at lower total pressure comparing to pure CO2.


Digital transformation (DT) is a challenging issue for all companies and organizations whatever different is their business environments. DT is about business process, customer experience and business models; it relies on strong and lasting digital capabilities. Conducting DT projects in companies requires the evolution of existing information systems (IS). As Enterprise Modeling is an essential tool for managing the evolution of IS, we hypothesize that it can play an active role in guiding DT endeavors. The goal of this paper is to investigate this proposal through a case study conducted in a large financial firm. The study shows the essential role Enterprise Modeling plays in identifying the most important and relevant places to make changes in the IS in order to accommodate the ongoing DT in the company.


Abstract. Operators of a CO2 EOR asset need to know the relative performance level of their asset against its peers. The ongoing relative performance evaluation method is appropriate for this purpose. We first choose 52 CO2 assets around the world as the peer group, and then define the four ranking levels in terms of CO2consumption ratio. Only the final values of CO2consumption ratio for the group are obtained, and therefore cannot be used for an ongoing evaluation during a CO2 EOR asset's life circle. Consequently, numerical reservoir simulation is employed to quantify the process values corresponding to the four ranking levels. Type curve plots are generated on the basis of the process values and utilized for the ongoing relative performance evaluation of a CO2 EOR asset in China.


Industrial boiler from a broad range of industrial, commercial, and institutional operations commonly fail due to overheating caused by the deposition of water-borne mineral scales inside the boiler tubes. It is estimated that the major cause of steam generator downtime is due to failure of tubular components [1]. The growth of water-borne deposits results from the combination of precipitated mineral matter and tubemetal oxidation products. If allowed to grow unchecked, eventually these deposits can lead to an insulating deposit layer with reduced heat transfer, causing tube bulging and eventual failure due to stress rupture [2]. In addition, underdeposit concentration of acidic or caustic species can rapidly pit or gouge tube metallurgy.


The utility model provides a multistage gear drive device. The multistage gear drive device comprises a box body, a parallel gear mechanism and a planet gear mechanism, wherein the parallel gear mechanism and the planet gear mechanism are located in the box body, and the planet gear mechanism is a three-stage planet gear mechanism. According to the multistage gear drive device, the three-stage planet gear mechanism is connected with the parallel gear mechanism in series, and from the characteristics of the planet gear mechanism, it can be known that the drive ratio of the three-stage planet gear mechanism can be larger than the drive ratio of a two-stage planet gear mechanism; obviously, compared with an existing two-stage planet gear mechanism adopted in the prior art, the large drive ratio can be achieved through the three-stage planet gear mechanism, and therefore the requirement for the large drive ratio can be met; the structure is compact, and the required installation space is small; meanwhile, a bevel gear mechanism connected with an input gear of the parallel gear mechanism is arranged, and therefore an input shaft can be parallel to an output shaft and can be perpendicular to the output shaft.


There are many adverse factors in the development of local colleges and universities such as lack of resources,homogenization development and so on.To form a strategic alliance is a wise choice to enhance the competitiveness of local colleges and universities,and promote their development as soon as possible.Based on the main problems of the development of local colleges and universities,this paper analyzes the necessity,feasibility and concrete ideas of local universities' strategic alliances.It expounds the path of improving the comprehensive competitiveness of local colleges and universities in the view of strategic alliance theory,which includes:to choose suitable alliance members,to prompt alliance from one key point,and to construct and deepen the collaborative and normalized mechanism of universities' alliance.


Third‐harmonic generation has been measured in poly(2,5‐dimethoxy p‐phenylene vinylene) thin film. The third‐order optical susceptibility, χ(3), was evaluated to be 5.4×10−11 esu at 1.85 μm wavelength. This χ(3) value is about one order higher than that for poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) and almost the same value as for poly(n‐BCMU diacetylene) which possesses the highest χ(3) value among processible (solvent castable) polymeric materials.


Diel dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements can be used to estimate water metabolism of aquatic systems, in particular, lakes, lagoons and streams in terms of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem re- spiration (Reco) and net ecosystem production (NEP). One of the main assumptions in the calculation of lake metabolism is that Reco is the same for daytime (Rdaytime) and nighttime (Rdarkhr). This study aimed at testing the equal Rdaytime and Rdarkhr assumption to estimate GPP, Reco and NEP in a littoral zone of a temperate shallow lake (Lake Yenicag˘ a) in northwestern Turkey with and without the assumption. Based on the equal Rdarkhr and Rdaytime assumption, values calculated for GPP and Rdaytime were different than those based on the different Rdarkhr and Rdaytime assumption (P< 0.001). GPP was lower by 7.5% in July, 49.6% in September and 14.9% in October, while Reco was lower by 5.9% in July and 55.8% in September. GPP was higher by 8.9% in August and 55% in November, while Reco was higher by 7.8% in August and 23.9% in November.


Tea polyphenols is a kind of natural compound extracted from the green tea,with 30 polyphenois variety.According to its chemical structure,it is classified into catechins,flavone and flavonol,anthocyanidin,phenolic acid and condensed phenolic acid.Polyphenols are most definitely antioxidants,which means that they could reduce free radicals and improve immunity,as well polyphenols could reduce odor as a deodorant.So,polyphenols additive play important roles during swine production.Tea polyphenol supplement of 400 mg/kg could improve pork quality and immune system,also can reduce stink in the pig house.


In the LSA oscillation mode, a transferred-electron diode behaves capacitively at any frequency. Theoretical calculations suggest that the equivalent capacitance decreases, and therefore the oscillation frequency increases, when either the bias or the temperature is increased. This is proposed as a criterion for determining whether the oscillation is of the LSA type.


Credit feasibility analysis is important for lenders to avoid the risk among the increasement of credit applications. This analysis can be carried out by the classification technique. Classification technique used in this research is instance-based classification. These techniques tend to be simple, but are very dependent on the determination of  K values. K is number of nearest neighbor considered for class classification of new data. A small value of K is very sensitive to outliers. This weakness can be overcome using an algorithm that is able to handle outliers, one of them is Mutual K-Nearest Neighbor (MKNN). MKNN removes outliers first, then predicts new observation classes based on the majority class of their mutual nearest neighbors. The algorithm will be compared with KNN without outliers. The model is evaluated by 10-fold cross validation and the classification performance is measured by Gemoetric-Mean of sensitivity and specificity. Based on the analysis the optimal value of K is 9 for MKNN and 3 for KNN, with the highest G-Mean produced by KNN is equal to 0.718, meanwhile G-Mean produced by MKNN is 0.702. The best alternative to classifying credit feasibility in this study is K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm with K=3.Keywords: Classification, Credit, MKNN, KNN, G-Mean.


This article explores the use of conjunctions and abverbials in the East Anglican oral tale, "Tom Tit Tot." Specifically, the use and meanings of "well," "and," and "so" are explored, and the absence of the conjunction "because" is considered. Then the differences in coordination between oral and printed tales (specifically several Grimm tales) is commented upon. The author concludes that coordination in tales often marks causality in implicit and ambiguous ways rather than in explicit and precise ways, thus "opening up" the tales, allowing them room for various interpretations and modes of development.


This paper describes technology and equipment which will materially reduce emissions from a cement manufacturing facility to make it meet the most stringent environmental standards. The equipment described is proven technology and can, in many cases, be retrofitted into existing facilities. The paper also demonstrates that a cement manufacturing facility equipped to meet stringent environmental standards is also a more cost effective facility. Specifically, the paper describes energy efficient quarrying, fuel and power efficient pyroprocessing systems with high efficiency recuperation clinker coolers and raw grinding systems that utilize all of the waste heat available. This allows design of a pyroprocessing system with only one source of emissions, which can safely be controlled and monitored. This paper also briefly describes a new sorption filter which essentially traps all of the gaseous emissions from a pyroprocessing system, including the highly volatile mercury, with the exception of carbon dioxide. Finally, the paper describes energy efficient finish grinding systems which only use 55% of the power used in conventional systems.<<ETX>>


Lidar measurements of stratospheric aerosol layers over Nagano-shi (36.7°N, 138.2°E) have been made for 38 months since the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines on June 15, 1991. At the initial stage until September, 1991, the non-uniform volcanic aerosol layer above 20 km was observed, which moved slowly toward to high latitudes in the easterly wind region. The integrated backscattering coefficient (IBC) reached the maximum value in December, 1991 and then decreased gradually with the decay time of 7.5 months although the re-increase was observed in November, 1992. The time variation of temperature deviation from the averaged value calculated from rawinsonde data at Wajima shows that stratospheric warming and tropospheric cooling happened in April to May, 1992 and 1993. The comparison of the surface temperature between four cities, Nagano, Matsumoto, Shizuoka and Niigata, during those tropospheric cooling periods demonstrates that inland cities were 0.6-1.0 deg. cooler than coast cities.


A basic property of an electronegative plasma is its separation into two distinct regions: an ion‐ion region far from boundaries, where the densities of positive and negative ions are higher then electron density, and a near‐boundary electron‐ion region, where negative ions have practically negligible density. This is due to the influence of the ambipolar electric field, which depends on electron (not negative ion) plasma parameters. This electric field "holds off" negative ions from the boundary, as the ions have lower mobility and temperature compared to the electrons. Therefore, negative ions will be repelled by any object inserted into the plasma. This can lead to errors in measurements of negative ion and electron parameters by any invasive method. Numerical modeling of electric probes in an argon‐oxygen plasma clearly demonstrates possible errors of direct measurements of negative ion probe current. This can also affect results from the photo‐detachment method and direct measurements of negative ion energy distribution (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Geological and statistical studies were made of the distribution of manganese in the waters of two productive horizons: the Maestrichtean-Eocene water-pressure complex of the Crimean Plain (gas and gas-condense fields occur here in Paleocene-Eocene sediments) and the Lower Cretaceous water-pressure system of the Western Cis-Caucasus. Absolute concentrations of manganese in subsurface waters of neutral background (beyond the influence of oil and gas pools) range from fractions to 2.3 mg/1 in the waters of the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Western Cis-Caucasus and from traces to 1.1 mg/1 in the waters of the Maestrichtean-Eocene of the Crimean Plain. More or less half of the samples from both areas contained no manganese. Comparison of the content of manganese with the total salts dissolved in the formation waters shows that this component is accumulated parallel with increase in total mineralization. See Fig. 1. In waters that are in contact with gas and gas-condensate pools, the absolute amount of manganese is greater (in comparison with waters of the neutral zone), reaching 1.3-7.7 mg/1 in waters of the Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Western Cis-Caucasus and 1.2-4.0 mg/1 in waters of the Maestrichtean-Eocene of the Crimean Plain. An the a hyperbola. a sulfate content of analyses of four gas fields


The efficiency of fungicides in the control of sugar disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) was evaluated in a seed production field of the sorghum hybrid BR 304. The following fungicides and doses   (g a.i./ha) were evaluated : captan (1250.0), fenarimol (80.0), fentin hydroxide (166.7), prochloraz (450.0), chlorothalonil (1500.0), iprodione (750.0), azoxystrobin (150.0), thiabendazole (360.0), procimidone (750.0), ziram (1500.0) and tebuconazole (200.0). A control plot without fungicide application was included in this assay. Applications were performed with a back sprayer, covering the whole panicle, and using 4 days intervals between applications at the anthesis. Seven days after the end of the applications, the percentage of diseased panicles varied of 5.4 for the fungicide tebuconazole and 100 for the most of the other treatments. For the percentage of diseased flowers for panicle, the values varied from 0.3 to 65.0 for the fungicide tebuconazole and check, respectively. No significant difference among the percentages of diseased flowers for panicles in the treatments tebuconazole (0.3), chlorothalonil (2.5) and prochloraz (3.0), being those the most efficient fungicides in the control of the "ergot". However, the fungicide prochloraz was the most efficient in the control of foliar disease casel by Colletotrichum graminicola, while for the fungi Puccinia purpurea, and  Cercospora  fusimaculans  the  best  control  were obtained with the tebuconazole. There was not an increase of the germination in none of the treatments,  however  the  increase  in  the  weight of a thousand seeds was significant for the treatments with prochloraz, chlorothalonil and tebuconazole.


Title of thesis: BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED NAVIGATIONAL STRATEGIES USING ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING PATTERNS Julia R. Ashkanazy, Master of Science, 2015 Thesis directed by: Professor J. Sean Humbert Department of Aerospace Engineering A source of accurate and reliable heading is vital for the navigation of autonomous systems such as micro-air vehicles (MAVs). It is desirous that a passive computationally efficient measure of heading is available even when magnetic heading is not. To confront this scenario, a biologically inspired methodology to determine heading based on atmospheric scattering patterns is proposed. A simplified model of the atmosphere is presented, and a hardware analog to the insect Dorsal Rim Area (DRA) photodetection is introduced. Several algorithms are developed to map the patterns of polarized and unpolarized celestial light to heading relative to the sun. Temporal information is used to determine current solar position, and then merged with solar relative heading resulting in absolute heading. Simulation and outdoor experimentation are used to validate the proposed heading determination methodology. Celestial heading measurements are shown to provide closed loop heading control of a ground based robot. BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED NAVIGATIONAL STRATEGIES USING ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING PATTERNS by Julia R. Ashkanazy Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2015 Advisory Committee: Professor J. Sean Humbert, Chair/Advisor Professor Inderjit Chopra Professor Robert M. Sanner c © Copyright by Julia R. Ashkanazy 2015


In order to increase the efficiency of ultrasonic clearing in baths with the distributed convert-ers, there should be provided optimal cavitation pressure, concentration surface acoustic wave (SAW), temperature conditions in detergent environments and the value of ultrasonic pressure.


Non-linear rectifier loads usually cause heavy distortion in the output voltage of single-phase inverters due to pulsating charging current of the rectifier direct current link capacitor. In this article, a predictive load current-based digital feedforward (PCFF) compensation method is proposed to decrease the inverter voltage distortion associated with the pulsating load current. PCFF control scheme works along with the basic inverter control structure that consists of a repetitive controller and a synchronous reference frame PI controller. The PCFF method further improves the single-phase inverter performance by enhancing its compensation dynamics. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively reduce the total harmonics distortion of the inverter voltage and improve the output voltage quality.


Segmentation of a touching component to separate its constituent text and nontext parts is always a very crucial but challenging task toward developing a comprehensive document image processing (DIP) system. This is because, irrespective of document types, either printed or handwritten, the nontext parts need to be suppressed first before processing the text parts through an optical character recognition (OCR) system. Although a good number of attempts have been made to address this issue for printed documents, the same for regular handwritten document images is almost none. However, the appearance of touching components where a nontext part gets joined with a text part is a common issue in freestyle handwriting. To this end, in this work, we tailor-make a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based model with a suitable loss function that we name tsegGAN. We also prepare an in-house data set by collecting touching components from different real-world handwritten documents to evaluate our model. The performance comparison of our model with state-of-the-art GAN models shows that tsegGAN has outperformed the others with a significant margin.


where p is the water density and T the temperature in °C. This expression agrees very well with the results of Wilson, Bragdon, and Kanner, as well as with the results of Antonov et al. (4) who made measurements at 23°C and 80°C. Using the above expression for the diffusion length and approximating it by a linear temperature dependence in the 10-30°C and 30-90°C temperature intervals, the temperature coefficient in the range 30-90°C is 0.0059 cm/°C, while in the range 10~30°C the value is 0.0049 cm/°C. This latter value is in somewhat better agreement than the Fermi prescription with the value of 0.003 cm/°C reported by Von Dardel and Sjostrand over a similar temperature range.


Tricky as they are to follow, especially in a chaotic year like this one, plant use rates are enormously informative on the state of the industry's health. At present, they provide a high-resolution x-ray of a patient in pain. With the usual generous help from experts all over the industry, who scarcely relish discussing the current scene, C&EN has put together its latest semiannual scan of capacity use, for mid-1982, in the most important U.S. basic chemicals and polymers. The results etch out somewhat the same stark pattern as six months ago but with some important differences. Plant use is still shockingly, historically low. However, the management reaction hinted earlier this year now is in full swing. Companies are applying stiff medicine in the form of plant shutdowns. Although conservative in counting these as permanent, C&EN's tally still shows an overall drop in the industry's production capability, possibly the first since World War II. This ...


Integration of biogas and microbial fuel cell for electricity generation was done in a small scale semi batch biogas reactor, carbon rods were inserted and connected through salt bridge to get maximum gas yield as well as electricity. In other such setups a proton exchange membrane such as nafion is used instead of salt bridge. Microbial fuel cell and biogas production were constructed by integrating both biogas and microbial electricity to get maximum electricity from integrated process. Followed by optimization and enhancement of bioelectricity from integrated process. Innovative reactor models for different reactor volumes (Home use, industries), and substrates of different waste sources, Temperature, pH optimization was done to maximize electricity production. Maximum electricity for luminous light generation and continuous production of biogas by fermentive reaction using an establishment of interface between microbial fuel cell and semi batch reactor was setup.


The Babcock & Wilcox Company (B&W) and McDermott Technology, Inc. (MTI) have had a continuing program over the past decade for characterizing and optimizing mercury control in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. These efforts have led to the characterization of mercury emissions control at two utility installations and full-scale demonstration (55 MW and 1300 MW) of the effect of a mercury control performance enhancement additive for wet FGD systems. This paper presents the results of the mercury emissions control testing conducted at these two sites. The performance is related to EPA Information Collection Request (ICR) data from an FGD system supplier's perspective, highlighting the need to consider the effects of system design and operation when evaluating mercury emissions control performance.


The knowledge of the pH and ionic strength dependence of kcat and Km for the hydrolysis of S2238 (HD-phe-pip-arg-pNA.2HC1) by alpha-thrombin is essential in determining optimal reaction conditions of residual enzyme in systems where also protease inhibitors and glycosaminoglycan catalysts play a role.We studied the kinetic behavior of S2238 in piperazine/glycylglycine/NaOH buffers from pH 6 to 11 and with a calculated ionic strength up to 0.7 M taking into account the pH-dependent concentration of the buffer species. The kinetic parameters of 60 Michaelis-Menten substrate functions were used for the setup of ionic strength and pH profiles. The kcat values are dependent upon the ionic strength, increasing steeply up to about 0.3 M and decreasing again at high ionic strength.The Km however,reflecting the affinity between enzyme and substrate,is nearly unaffected.The Km values at very alkaline pH are markedly elevated,indicating a conformational form which does not readily bind substrate.The pH profiles for kcat and kcat/Km are displaced towards the low pH side with increasing ionic strength.The ascending limb corresponds to the pK of the Asp-His charge relay system,decreasing with increasing ionic strength from 7.2 to 6.6 in the ES complex and from 6.8 to 6.6 in the free enzyme.Apparently substrate binding provokes a pK increase of the active His residue.The descending limb in the kcat profile could be described by a hypothetical pK varying from 11.5 to 10.7 but the activity decrease is probably due to enzyme inactivation.The alkaline limb of the kcat/Km profile is governed by a pK of 9.4 which is rather independent of the ionic strength and could be attributed to the B-chain terminal isoleucine ,forming a salt bridge with Asp 194 and stabilizing the active site conformation as proven for other serine proteases.Data analysis via a modified Debije function with appropriate estimates for the dielectric constant and the radius of the macro-ion can provide information on the charge density of the enzyme.


The invention discloses a structure of a face washing machine. The structure of the face washing machine comprises a bristle head, a shell, a transmission shaft piece and an eccentric wheel module, wherein a through hole is formed in the shell; the transmission shaft piece is arranged in the shell; the transmission shaft piece comprises a main shaft main body; the main shaft main body is provided with a swinging tail end and a convex block which extends along a shaft surface; the swinging tail end runs through the through hole in an axial direction and is connected to the bristle head; the eccentric wheel module is arranged in the shell; the eccentric wheel module comprises a motor and an eccentric wheel which is driven to rotate by virtue of the motor; and the side, corresponding to the eccentric wheel, of the convex block is abutted and is reciprocally moved along with rotation of the eccentric wheel, so that the swinging tail end is driven to swing relative to the shell. Therefore, the structure of the face washing machine has the advantages of being low in vibration and noise, long in battery service life, simple to assemble and the like.


The problem of planning for investment in transport over long timescales is considered concentrating particularly on demand forecasting. Market research data from the perspective of the individual (Reconstructive Interviews and Stated Preference) are considered. With reference to public transport the heterogeneity of user groups is noted and typical users of bus and rail services described. The use of buses according to age, sex and car ownership is considered in more detail based on the 1978/9 and 1985/6 National Travel Surveys. Underlying factors are discussed. The trends suggest that only teenagers will maintain their current levels of use of public transport and further analysis of demographic trends shows the number of teenagers to be in decline. Despite increasing environmental concerns a low density life style is expected to remain unchanged. The main challenge for public transport operators is to attract people normally accustomed to using their car. For the covering abstract see IRRD 857765.


Led by authors Coplin and O'Leary, 85 teams of analysts chart the ebb and flow of political risk on the basis of these critical judgments about the year to come.


The assessment of the consistency of a numerical model is proposed by comparison to theoretical results. The surface tension modeling is tested thanks to two analytical test cases. The first problem consists in verifying the equilibrium of a cylindrical drop initially at rest. The pressure in the drop is defined analytically (Laplace law). In the second test, an initially square cylindrical drop is oscillating under surface tension forces. The viscous damping of drop oscillations around a cylindrical shape is studied in order to reach a steady cylindrical final state corresponding to the Laplace problem. The oscillation frequency is known theoretically. The aim of the the two cases is to estimate the discretization error on the curvature of a free surface leading to the generation of parasitic numerical currents.


cultural significance and its role in facilitating the very way of adaptation and survival of ethnic communities, we suggest the re-appropriation of the local heritage conducted by creative practitioners – the heritage that may provide new clues and directions to the vision of human-nature relationship in real-time mode.


Recent research on biomedical signal processing especially ECG analysis mostly focused on the use of Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The general aim of any signal segmentation method is to partition a given signal into consecutive regions of interest. In the context of the ECG then, the role of segmentation is to determine as accurately as possible the onset and offset boundaries, as well as the peak locations, of the various waveform features, such that the ECG interval measurements may be computed automatically and the study of waveform patterns will be facilitated (Sayadi & Shamsollahi, 2009). Ad hoc algorithms have been developed in order to help cardiologists to segment large amounts of ECGs. But these algorithms do not provide a precise segmentation, and repetitive corrections have to be made. Wavelet parametrisation is known to highlight discontinuities in the signal, and has proven to give good results for ECG segmentation (Kawaja et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2006). A statistical model helps to regularize the detection, resulting in a more robust delineation. One of the advantages of probabilistic models over traditional methods is that a confidence measure for each segmented signal is given by the log likelihood of the observed signal given the model (Thomas et al., 2006). The main focus of this chapter is to introduce some new and robust HMM associated with wavelet transform based methods for ECG analysis. The chapter begins with a review of the literature on the use of HMM to analyse ECG signals. We then consider in detail the suitability of HMM to provide a faithful statistical description of the ECG. In particular, we examine the validity of the various assumptions inherent in the HMM framework in the context of the ECG. Following this, we consider a number of specific issues in developing an HMM for ECG segmentation, including the choice of model architecture, type of observation models. Then a combination of HMM approach with wavelet properties will be explained.


China′s road transport market gradually forms and develops,experiencing five stages,which confirms the circulation from relaxing control and encouraging entrance to strengthening control and adjusting market structure,then to relaxing control,and then to strengthening control again.The purpose of summarizing the experience of developing road transport market in the past and recognizing the actuality is adopting farther measures in allusion to current problems to impel the better and faster development of road transport market.


The variable geometric dimensions of the magnetic circuit in the conical rotor induction motors in axial direction makes the magnetic flux non-uniform distribution in the length of the magnetic core. An analytical multisectional method for electromagnetic calculation has been developed accounting the special features of the motor design. It allows obtaining correct values of the magnetic flux density distribution and preventing oversaturation in some parts of the motor core. Numerical results for the non-uniform distribution of the magnetic flux density in the air-gap, teeth zone and yokes in longitudinal direction have been presented for two analyzed motors.


SUMMARY The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of epidural lidocaine and morphine on cardiovascular and respiratory systems in dogs anesthetized with halothane. A mixture of 0.26 ml/kg 2 % lidocaine and 2 mg morphine was introduced epidurally in 6 clinically healthy dogs anesthetized with halothane. The epidural administration of the mixture resulted in significant reduction in heart rate (HR; from 30 to 90 min intervals; P < 0.05), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (from 5 to 90 min intervals) and diastolic arterial blood pressure (DAP, from 30 to 120 min intervals) (P < 0.05). The cardiac output (CO) and the cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly between minutes 75 and 105 and minutes 75-90 respectively (P < 0.05). The changes in respiratory parameters were insignificant. In conclusion, the epidural application of a mixture of lidocaine and morphine was found to be a safe and effective method for achieving reliable anesthesia with minimal respiratory and moderate cardiovascular side effects.


[Objective] Investigate the quality of life(QOL) and social prejudice of the migrant children in Wuhan,and explore the relation between the quality of life and social prejudice,which can provide scientific evidence for promoting the children's physical and mental health. [Methods] 485 students from two primary schools of Wuhan,who were in Grade 3 to Grade 6,were investigated with Quality of Scale for Children and Adolescents and Scale of Social Distance. [Results] The migrant children's quality of life was worse than city children's (P0.05); The public-school migrant children's life quality was better than special migrant-children-school children's (P0.05),but no significant difference was found in social prejudice; Their social prejudice could negatively predict their quality of life. [Conclusions] The migrant children's quality of life is low,and is negatively affected by social prejudice.


This paper is challenging the previous studies in economic modelling related to airline performance studies. This research methodology paper is applicant for researcher and student to better to understand modelling in organizational studies especially in airline industry.


Application of the BCS theory to the proposed metallic modification of hydrogen suggests that it will be a high-temperature superconductor. This prediction has interesting astrophysical consequences, as well as implications for the possible development of a superconductor for use at elevated temperatures.


Fluorescent zinc blende structured pure and Mn2+ doped ZnS quantum dots were prepared by simple aqueous based technique at room temperature. Under UV-excitation the quantum dots show photoluminescence bands at 2.1 and 3.0 eV corresponded to Mn2+ and ZnS intrinsic defect emission, respectively. The photocatalytic activity was tested for the photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. The influence of the Mn2+ concentration on the dye decolorization efficiency was studied. The highest photocatalytic degradation rate of methylene blue was obtained for ZnS quantum dots in glutathione shell doped with 0.5 at.% of Mn2+. The mechanisms of photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity were discussed.


This paper focuses on efficiency levels for low power electric drive. In particular a domestic drive with a power of 1.1 kW is considered. After a general review of the applicable standards, the different specification on the efficiency levels is presented. In particular, the perspective of a motor manufacturer is adopted in order to understand which is the proper efficiency level of the motor in order to fulfil the efficiency requirements of the complete drive system.


DURING faculty discussions of the core curriculum, the teacher of English often raises many thoughtprovoking questions. He is concerned, and justly so, with the finished product, the student. Will he receive enough formal English to meet the academic requirements for entrance to college? Will he learn to spell so that his future employer will not unduly criticize the school? What will happen to his reading? Will his culture be impeded because of this new organization for learning? My purpose in writing this article is not to defend the core program nor even to answer the questions posed above. It is merely to show that the four phases of language arts need not be neglected in a core program and to illustrate this thesis by citing illustrations of the work in my own classes. Certainly the means of communication-reading, writing, speaking, and listening-are interrelated and should be taught in ways that show that relationship. However, by separating them, I can better illustrate that each has its place in a core program. The core curriculum is made up of learning activities that are considered basic to the education of all students.


Artificial intelligence can play an important role in manufacture for reducing costs and the enhancing production efficiency and product quality. In order to assist designers in the early stages of a product development, this paper develops an intelligent methodology for integration of design and assembly planning processes, including product design assembly evaluation and redesign, assembly process planning etc. A new unified class of object-oriented knowledge based Petri nets, incorporating knowledge based expert systems and fuzzy logic into ordinary place-transition Petri nets, is defined and used for the representation and modeling of the distributed design processes. Petri net system is capability of problem solving, learning and conflict resolution, using Petri net system, product design and assembly planning can be carried out simultaneously and intelligently in an entirely computer-aided concurrent design


OBJECTIVE:The safety and efficacy of Minimicrospheres, which are enteric-coated, delayed-release pancrelipase capsules, on fat absorption in pediatric/adolescent and adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients was assessed. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, common in CF patients, causes steatorrhea due to insufficient release of pancreatic enzymes.METHODS:In the open-label phase, 97 CF patients with pancreatic insufficiency and steatorrhea were stabilized on a high-fat diet and administered pancrelipase. Seventy-four patients with >80% coefficient of fat absorption received placebo or pancrelipase in the double-blind phase. Fat intake and excretion, stool frequency and consistency, and clinical global improvement were recorded.RESULTS:Average daily fat intake was comparable between treatment groups within each age group (adults vs pediatric/adolescent), but placebo patients had a significant (p < 0.001) mean decrease in coefficient of fat absorption (adult, 36.9 percentage points; pediatric/adolescent, 34.9 percentage points) from open-label to double-blind treatment compared to pancrelipase patients (adult, 2 percentage points; pediatric/adolescent, 3.25 percentage points); this difference was caused by a greater (p≤ 0.001) increase in mean fecal fat excretion (grams per day) in the placebo groups compared to pancrelipase groups (adult: 61.9 vs 2.3; pediatric/adolescent: 45.4 vs 4.1). Change in mean stool frequency from open-label to double-blind phases was significantly different (p≤ 0.002) between treatment groups, with increases in placebo groups and no difference (adult) or decrease (pediatric/adolescent) in pancrelipase groups. Pancrelipase patients' stool consistency remained about the same from open-label to double-blind. Placebo patients' stool consistency decreased (became softer) from open-label pancrelipase to double-blind placebo. Clinical global improvement data showed that ≥83% of pancrelipase patients improved or remained unchanged.CONCLUSIONS:Enteric-coated, delayed-release (Minimicrospheres) pancrelipase capsules are an effective treatment for steatorrhea associated with pancreatic insufficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis.


Abstract Stellar populations carry information about the formation of galaxies and their evolution up to the present epoch. A wealth of observational data are available nowadays, which are analysed with stellar population models in order to obtain key properties such as ages, star formation histories, stellar masses. Differences in the models and/or in the assumptions regarding the star formation history affect the derived properties as much as differences in the data. I shall review the interpretation of high-redshift galaxy data from a model perspective. While data quality dominates galaxy analysis at the highest possible redshifts (z > 5), population modelling effects play the major part at lower redshifts. In particular, I discuss the cases of both star-forming galaxies at the peak of the cosmic star formation history as well as passive galaxies at redshift below 1 that are often used as cosmological probes. Remarks on the bridge between low and high-z massive galaxies conclude the contribution.


The specific detection of biomolecules in biological samples is extremely important in medical diagnosis,1 single-cell analysis,2, 3 and monitoring disease recurrence.4 However, difficulty in measuring the inherent physical features of biological analytes means that label-based techniques—i.e., in which some sort of tag (or 'label') is attached to molecules, viruses, or cells to capture them—have primarily been used to date for biosensors. The label in this technique may be a metal nanoparticle, fluorophore-embedded bead, semiconductor quantum dot, or a particular antibody that can initiate an enzymatic reaction. In practice, however, the labels can physically and functionally interfere with the assay and they require a high degree of development. In contrast to label-based measurement techniques, label-free detection approaches are based on the use of a transducer to measure the physical properties of biological analytes. With such transducers it is possible to directly measure the bulk physical properties (e.g., electrical impedance, heat capacity, or refractive index) of a sample. Surface plasmons (SPs)—collective oscillations of conducting electrons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric—are thought to be theoretically ideal elements within transducers.5 The resonant frequency of SPs is strongly dependent on the shape and the refractive index of the surrounding media, and this remarkable property has already been exploited in SP resonance (SPR) biosensors. Metals such as gold and silver are commonly used for plasmonic applications.6–11 Although silver has better optical properties than gold, it has so far rarely been used for biosensing applications because of its high oxidation susceptibility. Gold (i.e., the popular choice), on the other hand, presents high losses at IR frequencies because of intraband transitions that limit the confinement of SPs and reduce their sensitivity. Moreover, gold does not Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed graphene plasmonic biosensor.


Cognitive radio has become an effective theory to solve the inefficiency of the spectrum usage,and cooperative spectrum sensing among the secondary users to detect the primary user accurately is broadly studied before. In this paper,we employ a double threshold method in energy detector to perform spectrum sensing,while a fusion center in the cognitive radio network collects the local decisions and observational values of the secondary users,and then makes the final decision to determine whether the primary user is absence or not.Simulation results will show that the spectrum sensing performance in AWGN channels is improved significantly under the proposed scheme as opposed to the conventional method.


A radical-mediated approach to the necine base 2-epi-rosmarinecine is described. The synthesis is based on the stereoselective formation of a highly substituted pyrrolidine ring from β-aminoacrylate, diastereoselective allylation and intramolecular cyclization.


distribution of simulations generated by the model with the historical catalog, within similar constraints. The significance of the result is tested using the χ 2 statistic. The second test compares the mean magnitude of a complete section of the catalog and number of events above the completeness magnitude, with the range of these two values obtained from simulations. The comparison can be made by means of contour plots. Examples are figure 17 in BGS2007 and figure 6 in Goda et al. (2013).


Tais disease, first described and designated by Sir Charles Clark, may be considered of rare occurrence; it is generally met with in females after the catamenial decline, but it is not exclusively confined to this period of life, as occasionally it manifests itself in young persons. Stout, leuco-phlegmatic women, of low power and nervous temperament, whose general health may have been impaired or broken down by frequent childbearing, mental anxiety, or intemperance, seem to be especially prone to the disease. The first symptoms which attract the patient's attention, are heat and slight irritation of the labium, especially after exercise; at this time there may be little or no swelling, but as the (lisease advances the labium enlarges, and becomes bathed with a clear ichorous discharge, producing constant and distressing smarting or itching of the vulva, and excoriating the surrounding parts; micturition also becomes painful, and sexual intercourse cannot be indulged in without severe sufferiing. This train of symptoms cannot exist for any lengthened period without increasing, to a great extent, the pre-existing constitutional derangement; and it is for the failing health, rather than the local disease, (unless severe,) that the patient generally seeks advice. The disease most frequently attacks one labium, but both labia may become involved, simply the effect of irritation, and not of any specific action. This tumour does not usually increase rapidly, or attain a large size, but exhibits a disposition rather to extend itself superficially, and seldom projects to any great elevation above the surrounding skin. The subjoined case is, however, an exception. When fully developed the labial tumour presents the following appearance :-Its colour may be slightly altered from that of the integuments of the adjacent parts, assuming a more dusky or tanned aspect, but this is by no means constant. The surface of the growth is very irregular and uneven, from the existence of numerous elevations and depressions, or, more correctly speakinig, small eminences appear to be caused by its being channeled or furrowed in different directions over its whole extent by shallow grooves, leaving elevated spots between them. It is within these sulci that the small fissures or chaps from which the exudation takes place are found; they are either transverse (as regards the labium) or crescentic, and appear to be lined with a delicate pseudo-mucous membrane, resembling that covering certain warty growths. The discharge (the peculiar and distinctive symptom of the disease) is clear and pellucid, and, as far as I have been able to ascertain, has no tendency to become purulent or sanguineous, unless as a result of the local treatment to which the growth has been subjected. If the surface of the tumour be sponged, and then wiped perfectly dry, the


Marine Parks in Malaysia receive almost 7.4 million tourists for the past ten years from all over the world. Continuous growth in the number of tourists and mass tourism has resulted in uncontrolled number of tourists, sometimes surpassing the carrying capacity of the site. Due to the lack of control and enforcement, many tour boat operators are bringing snorkelers to small fragile sites at the same timeframe. Such situation has resulted in reduced quality of tourist experience and satisfaction level, among others, as they need to cram in with others at the designated snorkeling areas. Taking Pulau Payar Marine Park for an example, this study evaluates the snorkeling experience of 259 selected respondents in the marine park. The results employed Importance-satisfaction analysis (ISA) and Gap analysis on both satisfaction and importance level. The research result showed that the perceived mean is less than the expected mean for all attributes except for 'lack of crowd' and 'fish feeding activity'. Over sixty eight percent were satisfied with their snorkeling experience but there are several issues need to be managed by the Marine Park Department. Suggestions, such as limiting the number of visitors to the park, improving public facilities and solid waste management of the park to protect the island and its sustainability were introduced. This study highlights the importance of site management in environmentally sensitive areas, for resort and tour operators towards developing better service quality for a better tourist experience.


The invention discloses a wet spinning technique for spun silk and flax blending. The technique specifically comprises the following steps: long hemp roving or short hemp roving of flax are fed together with spun silk on a wet spinning frame after scoured and bleached to obtain blended yarn of flax/spun silk, and then the obtained blended yarn of the flax/spun silk is scoured and bleached in an aqueous solution to obtain the spun silk and flax blending, wherein the aqueous solution contains zinc chloride and mercaptoethanol of which the molar concentrations is 5 to 7 mmol/L when the blended yarn is scoured and bleached in the aqueous solution, and the ratio of the molar concentrations of zinc chloride and mercaptoethanol is (4-6):1. The wet spinning technique provided by the invention can prepare the spun silk and flax blended yarn with excellent performance, and fabrics weaved by using the blended yarns have both the advantages of the spun silk and flax fibers, and are high in wearability.


Mildly elevated transaminase is seen in upto 1-9% of population. It signifies ongoing liver injury. There are varied common and uncommon hepatic and extrahepatic causes for this. Evidence regarding the corect approach of evaluation is limited and the expert consensus is for step based approach for this problem. Detailed history and examination is of paramount importance. With the ease of doing liver function test (LFT) due to availabilty of automated machines, more and more such tests are being asked for. In many such instances the result is mildly elevated liver enzymes. Mildly elevated liver enzymes in a seemingly normal individual trouble even an experienced physician.An estimated 1% to 9% of people who have no symptoms have high liver enzyme levels when screened with standard biochemistry panels.A US survey showed elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in 8.9% of surveyed people from 1999 to 2002, an increase from previous reports. Significance of Transaminases Both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ALT are present in hepatocytes and are released into the blood in greater amounts when hepatocytes are damaged. ALT is predominantly present only in liver while AST is also seen in myocyte and erythrocytes.Because of this elevations in ALT are more specific for liver injury. Normally these are present in serum at low levels, usually less than 30 to 40 U/L. Although the actual values may differ from laboratory to laboratory, normal serum levels are usually less than 40 U/L for AST and less than 50 U/L for ALT. Dr Vibhu V Mittal Vol. 11, Issue 4, October 2012 Dr Vibhu V Mittal


The article presents data on the amino acid composition and amino acid score of goat meat obtained from crossing of aboriginal goats bred in Kalmykia with goats-producers of the Boer breed of meat type.


The opinions expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of the governments of its Member countries. Division in the Directorate for Education and it complements the analyses being undertaken by the participating countries and the OECD Secretariat. The objectives of the review are to examine how the organisation, financing and management of tertiary education can help countries achieve their economic and social objectives. The focus of the review is primarily upon national policies for tertiary education systems, rather than upon policies and practices at the institutional level. However the management of tertiary education institutions will be relevant to the extent that policies to improve institutional management can help to progress national policies. More specifically, the review will: (i) synthesise research-based evidence on the impact of tertiary education policies and disseminate this knowledge among participating countries; (ii) identify innovative and successful policy initiatives and practices; (iii) facilitate exchanges of lessons and experiences among countries; and (iv) identify policy options for participating nations. Detailed information about the activity is provided in the following internet site: 3 Executive Summary In recent decades, there has been rapid expansion of tertiary-level education across many countries. This report addresses what existing literature can say about the potential consequences of this expansion: Is there now 'over-supply' of graduates? Is there evidence of 'over-qualification' and skill mismatch? Are students studying the 'right type' of subjects at tertiary-level? Is there a shortage of science and technology graduates in particular? Finally, how does type of institution matter for labour market prospects? The labour market consequences of increasing supply can be considered within a simple demand and supply framework. Starting from a position whether the demand for and supply of graduates are equalised, a boost in the supply of graduates should, ceteris paribus, lead to a reduction in the wage premium because employers have a wider range of similarly qualified people to choose from. However, if for whatever reason, employers demand more tertiary graduates, then there may not be a fall in the wage premium. The wage premium depends on the interaction of demand and supply. In recent decades, there has been a big increase in both the demand for and supply of tertiary-educated graduates. There is a controversial literature on reasons for the former, but the predominant view is that 'skill biased technology change' is a …


Traditional collaborative filtering recommendation system suffers from some significant limitations, such as scalability and sparsity, which cause the speed and quality of recommendation system is unacceptable. To alleviate these problems, this paper proposes a novel algorithm based on probability model. Our algorithm can directly generate the preference prediction from database and at the same time has the ability to reflect the changes of users' interest incrementally. The effectiveness of the new algorithm is estimated by our experiments.


Opportunistic yeast infections have emerged as an increasing problem in immunocompromised and debilitated patients. Although Candida albicans is the yeast most commonly isolated from the body and that which most commonly causes candidiasis, several reports have documented the emergence of Torulopsis glabrata as an important pathogen. We describe cases of fungaemia caused by this yeast in compromised patients which illustrate noteworthy predispositions.


The etiological agent of, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Hantaan virus, was isolated by Lee et al in Korea in I976 for the first time, and the natural reservoir in the endemic areas of Korea was demonstrated as Apodemus agrarius coreae. The serological diagnosis of HFRS has also become available by means of the immunofluorescent antibody technique. Hemorrhagic fevers with similar syndromes to HFRS have been reported to occur as hemorrhagic fever with renal ssia, Songo fever or epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China, nephro oathi cariumavia, epidemic nephritis or epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Europe, hemorrhagic fever in Japan. Ently, serologic evidence for existance of Hantaan or related agent in India, Alaska, Columbia and Greece was also reported. The Hantaan virus grows well in Apodemus mice and in both A549 cells and Vero E6 cells. But the stability of the antigen of Hantaan virus and immunofluorescent antibcdies against the virus were not reported yet. The following results were obtained in this report: 1. Hantaan virus antigen fixed with acetone was less active than non-fixed antigen with acetone. Antigen preparation was preserved effectively for 3 months at -20C and for 2 weeks at 4C but antigenicity of the virus was lost rapidly in room temperature. 2. Merthiolate and sodium azide had no antiviral action to Hantaan virus and these materials could be used as preservatives. 3. The immunofluorescent (IF) antibodies against Hantaan virus were relatively thermostable and resistant to sodium azide and merthiolate. IF antibodies were preserved for 4 months at -40C and 1 month at 4C without loss of titer.


The purpose of this work is to study the dynamic properties of solutions to special systems of ordinary differential equations, called fully connected networks of nonlinear oscillators. Methods. A new approach to obtain periodic regimes of the chimeric type in these systems is proposed, the essence of which is as follows. First, in the case of a symmetric network, a simpler problem is solved of the existence and stability of quasi-chimeric solutions — periodic regimes of two-cluster synchronization. For each of these modes, the set of oscillators falls into two disjoint classes. Within these classes, full synchronization of oscillations is observed, and every two oscillators from different classes oscillate asynchronously. Results. On the basis of the proposed methods, it is separately established that in the transition from a symmetric system to a general network, the periodic regimes of two-cluster synchronization can be transformed into chimeras. Conclusion. The main statements of the work concerning the emergence of chimeras were obtained analytically on the basis of an asymptotic study of a model example. For this example, the notion of a canonical chimera is introduced and the statement about the existence and stability of solutions of chimeric type in the case of asymmetry of the network is proved. All the results presented are extended to a continuous analogue of the corresponding system. The obtained results are illustrated numerically.


This paper proposes a 1.5 V 12-b CMOS ratio-independent algorithmic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) based on a capacitor-mismatch insensitive technique. A novel switched-capacitor multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) with an accurate gain of two is proposed for an algorithmic ADC. The proposed MDAC architecture requires only one opamp in four phases to generate the next residue output voltage. It significantly suppresses the gain error caused by a capacitor mismatch. Furthermore, bootstrapped switches are used to achieve rail-to-rail signal swing at low-voltage power supply. This ADC design achieves a DNL and INL of 0.36 LSB and 0.45 LSB, respectively, while the SNDR is 61.8 dB and SFDR is 69.5 dB at an input frequency of 400 kHz. Operating at a 5 MS/s sampling rate using a single 1.5 V power supply, the power consumption is 4.8 mW in a TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M process.


Objective To research the relationship of anger model and γ-aminobutyric acid B2 receptor(GABABR2),and the intervention mechanism of jingqianping granule by observing the differential expression of GABABR2 in anger emotional model rats of cerebral cortex regions and hippocampus.Methods The anger model was induced in rats by resident-intruder.We analyzed the expression of GABABR2 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus by Western Blot and RT-PCR.Results The expression of GABABR2 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of model rats decreased obviously compared with the normal control group.Compared with the model group,the expression of GABABR2 increased after treated with Jingqianping graulne.Conclusion The Jingqianping granule can up-regulate the GABABR2 expression level of the model rats in cerebral cortex and hippocampus,which may be one of the mechanisms impacting rats with anger emotion.The expression changes of GABABR2 are tight related to rats with anger emotion.


This paper describes the results of ignition and combustion characteristics tests conducted on the residual oil produced by the commercial waste plastics oil reclamation system, from the viewpoint of studying its feasibility as a fuel oil for diesel engines. A fuel ignition analyzer (FIA) was used for the ignition test, and a medium-speed diesel engine with 200mm cylinder bore was used for the combustion test. The authors studied combustion performance at different blending ratios of new-reclaimed residual oil to marine diesel oil and at different fuel temperatures, to identify optimal conditions. It is found that the new-reclaimed residual oil (RRO) is distinctly better than MDO in FIA ignition characteristics. Additionally, the analysis results indicate the good correlation between FIA centane number and the centane index (JIS K2204) on blended test fuel oils of RRO.


We estimate the effects of unexpected changes in oil prices on output for the case of Venezuela, an oil-exporting economy. Following Hamilton (2003), Lee et al. (1995), and Mork (1989), we estimate measures of oil shocks and determine the effect of these shocks on the Venezuelan economy. Our results suggest that oil shocks have had positive and significant effects on output growth in Venezuela during the period 1984:1—2008:3. In line with previous findings for other countries, our results suggest that the Venezuelan economy is more responsive to increases in oil prices than to unexpected decreases. Our results are robust to an alternative measure of oil price shocks derived by using Kilian's (2009) exogenous OPEC oil production shock series.


This article describes the emergence of the dialectal differences in phonology that eventually led to the division of Western Karaim into two dialects. The study is based on manuscripts and manuscript editions covering the period between the 17th and 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the relative chronology of the phonological changes. A periodization of Western Karaim is also proposed. 1. Preliminary remarks In an article published in 2010 I contended that, based on the materials that were at our disposal at the time, it was not possible to say with any certainty whether the Karaims ever had a common literary language (Nemeth 2010: 199, fn. 1). Meanwhile, Radloff (1888: 179), Kowalski (1929: xlviii–xlix), and Dubinski (1968: 215) claimed quite categorically that the dialectal differences between Northand South-Western Karaim must have already existed prior to the first wave of migrations to the territories of Poland and Lithuania.1 Now, however, this view must be revised in light 1 Given the importance of these opinions and since it is difficult to gain access to some of these works I will quote the crux of the respective fragments: (1) Radloff (1888: 179): "[...] Beide Sprachen beweisen unumstosslich, dass die Karaimen, die vor Jahrhunderten in Luzk angesiedelt wurden, schon bei ihrer Einwanderung nach Volhynien eine andere Mundart des Krym-Dialectes sprachen, als die Karaimen von Troki." (2) Kowalski (1929: xlviii–xlix): "Fassen wir nun das bisher Gesagte zusammen, so konnen wir die oben gestellte Frage nach der beiden


Concerning the diversification and the geographical proximity of tourism resources, Nantong City is endowed with natural conditions to develop tourism clusters. What's more, the city's comprehensive connection with Shanghai has a positive influence on the development of tourism clusters. However, at the same time,Nantong City is faced with the increasingly fierce competition. Hence, the city should stick to the target of developing it as a famous tourist center in the northern part of the Yangtze River Delta and develop tourism around the three major themes—a coastal city, a blessed land and the birth place of ZHANG Jian, a great name in history. Meanwhile, Nantong City should integrate tourism resources, strengthen cooperation related to the tourism chain, and boost tourism clustered concentrations so as to promote the great-leap-forward development.