Changes of objectives,expressed within domains of knowledge,abilities,emotion and attitude and values,of physics curriculum issued since the founding of the People Republic of China were analyzed and reasons for these changes were elaborated.The changs were sketched out from knowledge-based and subject-based physics curriculum to the student-development-based one. Several important issues about physics curriculum were also discussed. One is about value of physics education from the view of three dimensions which are knowledge and skill, process and method, emotion and attitude and values. Another is about orientation of the compulsive physics curriculum for middle school students in China. Still another is about diversities of the physics curriculum in order to meet the varied needs of students and their development and different demands of the society.


Thermal requirements of Amblyseius sp. fed with Tetranychus urticae at five constant temperatures (17, 20, 24, 27 y 31°C) were studied. The stages of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult egg corresponded to temperature thresholds of 12,6; 13,1; 11,6; 13,4 and 12,7 °C, and thermal constants of 26,6; 10,2; 16,1; 13,3 and 66,1 °D, respectively.


The paper offers an explanation for the structure of ownership rights in franchising networks which emphasize the role of intangible assets. By applying the incomplete contracting theory of the firm we argue that the structure of ownership rights depends on the distribution of intangible assets between the franchisor and the franchisee. The higher the franchisor's (franchisee's) intangible assets relative to the franchisee (franchisor), the more ownership rights should be transferred to him. This hypothesis was tested by using data from the Austrian franchise sector. The empirical results are supportive of the hypothesis.


Objective To research the similarities and differences of volatile components of Chuanxiong from different growing areas in Sichuan. Methods Solvent ultrasonic extraction process; GC- MS technique. Results 47 ingredients from 15 samples growing in 5 areas were detected,including 2 types of ligustilide. There were 12 mutual constituents from 15 samples from 5 growing areas. In addition,some different volatile components among those samples,especially in different growing areas. But the relative amounts of main components are similar such as( 3- butenyl) ester of cyclopent- 2- en- 1- ylidene- carboxylic acid A,( Z)- ligustilide,( E)- ligustilide of Chuanxiong from same growing areas. The highest relative average content of( Z)- ligustilide was found in sample from Shiyang town,Dujiangyang city- a genuine producing area of Chuanxiong——followed by Yihe village and Xiuwen village in Meishan city. Conclusion Samples from genuine producing area have little changes in types of chemical constituent and high similarity among different samples compared with samples from other growing areas. It is an effectual method to explore geo- herbalism of traditional Chinese medicine by analyzing pre- crude drugs substance.


Skinless fillets were prepared from Pacific saury Cololabis saira of varying degrees of freshness and then stored at −20 and −40C for 12 months to investigate the effects of lipid oxidation on quality deterioration. Peroxide value and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal levels increased with storage temperature (−40 < −20C) and corresponded with freshness. Peroxide value and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal levels increased remarkably in frozen-thawed Pacific saury skinless fillets in comparison with raw Pacific saury; vitamin E was reduced for only 3 months. Lipid oxidation was inhibited when antioxitant-treated skinless fillets were stored at −20C for 12 months, immersed in 0.8% vitamin E or packed with an oxygen absorber. The 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal content was strongly correlated with propanal, a decomposition product of lipid oxidation that yields a fishy odor.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study introduces processing techniques for high quality of skinless fillets from Pacific saury and evaluates the lipid oxidation levels of skinless fillets stored in freezer for 12 months. Results of this study will contribute to prevent fish product such as skinless fillets from lipid oxidation and to improve the quality of skinless fillets from fatty fish such as the Pacific saury.


Summary We investigated the frequency of hypertension (sustained diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) in 112 patients given HLA‐identical marrow grafts. Patients were conditioned with 2 × 60 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and 6 × 2 Gy of total body irradiation and randomized to receive as graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis either the standard methotrexate regimen (n= 61) or cyclosporine (n= 51), starting on day −1 as 12.5 mg/kg/d orally or as 3 mg/kg/d i.v. and later converting to p.o. when oral intake was tolerated. Kaplan‐Meier estimates indicate a 60% incidence of hypertension in the first 120 d in patients given cyclosporine (median time to onset: 4 d post transplant) compared to 20% in patients given methotrexate (P<0.0001). Multifactorial analysis using a Cox regression model showed that cyclosporine was the most significant risk factor for developing hypertension (relative risk: 32.1, P<0.0001). In addition, glucocorticoids, used for treatment of GVHD, were associated with an increased risk for hypertension (relative risk 7.2, P<0.0001). Age, sex, underlying disease, cyclosporine trough levels, and renal function had no significant association with hypertension. Early therapy of hypertension in cyclosporine‐treated patients appears to be indicated.


The invention is applicable to the technical field of communication and provides an Android-based application program upgrading method, an Android-based application program upgrading system and an application development platform. The method comprises the following steps of: releasing a corresponding difference packet from a terminal according to different attributes; and downloading and installing a difference packet matched with the attribute of the terminal through the terminal. In the process of upgrading an application program, difference packets of the application program corresponding to the terminal with different attributes can be rapidly released, namely that the same application program adapts to the terminal with different attributes can be met, while whole application development and release of different versions are not needed to be performed. Moreover, the terminal can upgrade the installed application program only by downloading and installing the difference packet without downloading and installing the whole application program of related versions. Therefore, the Android application program can be efficiently and conveniently upgraded at low cost.


A number of reports in the recent cytochemical literature have dealt with the use of the basic dye methyl green as a specific and quantitative stain of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Pollister and Leuchtenberger (1949) first demonstrated by photometric methods the high degree of reproducibility of nuclear methyl green staining in mouse liver and discussed the impairment of stainability caused by pretreatment of slides with hot water. Kurnick (T950a) concluded from test tube experiments that methyl green combines specifically with highly polymerized DNA only. He used the stain for quantitative determinations of DNA in fixed histological material (1950b; Kurnick and Herskowitz, 1951) and to measure depolymerase activity of serum (1950c). Vercauteren (1950) and Devreux ct al. (1951) also tested the dye-binding capacity of DNA solutions under various conditions and concur with Kurnick's opinion. The methyl green stainability of some types of degenerating chromatin was investigated by Leuchtenberger (1950), Klemperer ct al. (1950) and Korson (1951), and the influence of x-radiation on stainability of nuclei was tested by Moses ct al. (1951) and Harrington and Koza (1951). Impairment of methyl green stainability as it was found to occur in some instances, and as it can be induced by treatment of slides with hot water or mild acid hydrolysis, would, according to Kurnick's view, be due to a depolymerization of the DNA. Pollister and Leuchtenberger (1949) have also used the term "depolymerization" to designate an unspecified change in the configuration of the DNA molecule without implying that depolymerization in the chemical sense (breakage of internucleotide linkages) was necessarily involved. Although methyl green has long been regarded as an exclusive nuclear stain, there are some indications that it does not possess absolute specificity for DNA, since its ability to distinguish DNA from ribonucleic acid (RNA) depends on the type of fixation used : following fixation in acetic alcohol, staining is entirely restricted to nuclei in many types of tissues, while after fixation in formalin, specificity is often lost and cytoplasmic RNA also binds methyl green strongly. Furthermore, in some tissues RNA is methyl green stainable even after acetic alcohol fixation.


Introduction: Refractory GERD is seen in up to 40% of patients who experience persistent symptoms despite optimal therapy with acid-suppressing agents, including proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and H2 blockers (H2B). Such individuals may be candidates for invasive interventions. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) is a minimally invasive intervention, which can be performed alone or in conjunction with laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair (HHR). Our study aimed to evaluate the technical and clinical success of TIF performed at a quaternary center in the management of refractory GERD. Methods: This is an IRB approved retrospective chart review of patients who underwent TIF alone or TIF with HHR (TIF 1 HHR) for refractory GERD from 2018 to 2021. Technical success was de fi ned as completed procedures without major complications. Clinical success was measured by reduction in PPI and/or H2B use as well as symptom resolution quanti fi ed by the GERD HQRL Questionnaire. Results: A total of 58 patients with a mean age of 55.7 years were included of whom 62.7% were female. 19.0% underwent TIF only, while 81.0% underwent TIF 1 HHR. Hill grade I, II, III, and IV was respectively present in 9.3%, 32.6%, 44.2%, and 9.3% of patients with a mean hiatal hernia length of 2.36 cm. The technical success rate was 98.3% - there was only one patient in whom the procedure could not be completed as the TIF device was not able to be inserted even after esophageal dilation. At 12 months, 85.7% of patients reported reduction in PPI use of whom 76.2% stopped completely and 9.6% reduced dosing by $ 50%. Similar results were seen in those with H2B use with 85.7% of patients stopping completely. Preop mean HQRL score was 29.59 which decreased signi fi cantly to 6.56 and 3.27 at 6 and 12 months, respectively. At 12 months, 81.8% reported satisfaction with their condition, whereas 9.1% were neutral and 9.1% were dissatis fi ed. Complications occurred in 4 patients, including self-resolving oozing and super fi cial mucosal tears not requiring intervention. Conclusion: Our study con fi rms that TIF is a viable treatment option in the management of refractory GERD. Similar to prior studies, we experienced high technical success rates with no major complications as wellas clinical successwitha majorityofpatients being abletoreduceorstopPPIand/or H2Bcompletely.Inthosewhowere unabletobetitratedo ff acidsuppression,postop evaluationsuggestedalternative diagnoses such as esophageal hypersensitivity or functional dyspepsia.


Given a sequence ξ:Z+→C , we find a simple spectral condition which guarantees the angular equidistribution of the zeroes of the Taylor series Fξ(z)=∑n⩾0ξ(n)znn!.This condition yields practically all known instances of random and pseudo‐random sequences ξ with this property (due to Nassif, Littlewood, Chen–Littlewood, Levin, Eremenko–Ostrovskii, Kabluchko–Zaporozhets, Borichev–Nishry–Sodin), and provides several new ones. Among them are Besicovitch almost periodic sequences and multiplicative random sequences. It also conditionally yields that the Möbius function μ has this property assuming 'the binary Chowla conjecture'.


Let G be a connected graph with a set of vertices V (G) and a set of edges E(G). The interval I[u, v] between u and v to be the collection of all vertices that belong to some shortest u-v path. A vertex s ∈ V (G) is said to be strongly resolved for vertices u, v ∈ V (G) if v ∈ I[u, s] or u ∈ I[v, s]. A vertex set S ⊆ V (G) is a strong resolving set for G if every two distinct vertices of G are strongly resolved by some vertices of S. The strong metric dimension of G, denoted by sdim(G), is defined as the smallest cardinality of a strong resolving set. In this paper, we determine the strong metric dimension of an antiprism An graph, a king Km,n graph, and a Km Kn graph. We obtain the strong metric dimension of an antiprim graph An are n for n odd and n+ 1 for n even. The strong metric dimension of King graph Km,n is m+ n− 1. The strong metric dimension of Km Kn graph are n for m = 1, n ≥ 1 and mn− 1 for m ≥ 2, n ≥ 1.


The goal of this paper was to examine affect-related factors and its relationship with student learning while tutoring an agent called SimStudent. These affect-related factors are the negativity of student self-explanations, the incidence and persistence of student affective states. Secondary school students who were part of this study were asked to teach their SimStudents solve algebra equations and make them pass all the quizzes. Results revealed that students failed to learn which led us to investigate other factors that could have attributed to this failure. Although the non-negatively valenced self-explanations did not have significant relationships with the students' learning gains, the self-explanations were helpful in terms of mathematical content and they generally exhibited positive attitudes when giving the self-explanations. Students also tended to perform better with higher levels of good confusion. Higher levels of boredom were associated with poorer learning. Boredom and confusion were the most persistent but both did not have significant relationships with student learning. Though the negative correlations of the negative self-explanations, incidence and persistence of boredom vis-à-vis learning were not significant, the findings imply that negativity is linked to students' poor performance.


Abstract : Early phases of this design procedure were performed for the small, unmanned, tethered, underwater vehicle. The linear equations of motion for small perturbations about an equilibrium condition were developed, and the values of the hydrodynamic coefficients were determined. After the transfer functions were developed to relate the vehicle motion in each of the six degrees of freedom to small deflections of the rudder or stern planes, computer programs were written to determine the poles and zeros of the transfer functions. The vehicle's response in the time domain to one degree deflections of the rudder and stern planes was determined and plotted. The vehicles response indicated that the vehicle was stable and that the size of the control surfaces could be reduced to minimize drag while maintaining vehicle stability. The nonlinear equations representing the vehicle's motion in six degrees of freedom were incorporated into a computer model of the vehicle. Outputs of this model (linear and angular velocities in six degrees of freedom) are the state variables which will be needed during later phases of the control system design.


Objectives/Hypothesis: Sensory impulses from the pharynx induce contraction of the upper esophageal sphincter CUES), relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and inhibition of peristalsis. To determine 1) the magnitude of UES contractile response to threshold volume of fluid that induces LES relaxation and 2) the effect of rapid pharyngeal air stimulation on LES resting pressure and its concurrent influence on the UES and progression of esophageal peristalsis. Methods: Eleven healthy volunteers (age, 31 ± 2 y) were studied by concurrent UES, esophageal‐body, and LES manometry. Results: At a threshold volume of 0.3 ± 0.05 mL, injections of water into the pharynx directed posteriorly, resulted in complete LES relaxation. Duration of these relaxations averaged 19 ± 1 seconds. In 10 of 11 subjects, these relaxations were accompanied by a simultaneous increase in UES resting tone that averaged 142% ± 27% above preinjection values. Pharyngeal stimulation by rapid air injection resulted in complete LES relaxation in ft of the 11 subjects (threshold volume, 14 ± 6 mL). Five of 8 developed a concurrent mild increase in resting UES pressure (17% ± 6% above preinjection values) (P < .05). Pharyngeal water injection inhibited the progression of the peristaltic pressure wave at all tested sites and in all subjects, but pharyngeal air injection in only 2 of the 11 studied subjects. Conclusions: The inhibitory effect of pharyngeal water injection on LES resting pressure is accompanied by a substantial contractile effect on the UES. Although stimulation of the pharynx by rapid air injection may induce LES relaxation, its inhibitory effect on esophageal peristalsis and stimulatory effect on UES pressure are negligible compared with that of water injection.


Dynamic modeling of the utility boiler is the basis of operation optimization of the coal-fired power plant. In this paper, the boiler-side whole process dynamic models of the subcritical coal-fired unit are established based on the dynamic mass and energy balance. The models cover the important heat transfer facilities on the boiler side, including the evaporation system, superheaters, reheaters, and economizer. The energy storage or release in the metal wall of these facilities and all the heat losses are also considered in the models. At last, the pseudo-online simulation based on presented models is carried out with the history data captured by the distribution control system of a real coal-fired power plant. It is found that model-based calculated total input energy is in good agreement with the offline assay value, which suggests the effectiveness of the presented models. The models have the potential for online process monitoring and operation optimization of the unit.


Recent years,radiofrequency ablation(RFA) has been applied more frequently for the colorectal liver metastases(CRLM).RFA can increase the efficacy of unresectable CRLM separately or in combination with other therapies,especially for 3 cm metastases.RFA improves the overall efficacy of unresectable CRLM,but large random samples of Cochrane evidence are needed.The efficacy of RFA depends on the improvement of technologies and the accumulation of medical experience.


Several different aircraft have been used in aviation search and rescue mission. The use of the aircraft in such mission has been mostly for common purpose of scouring the sea or land to identify and locate the victims. In addition, they are also utilized for rescue mission with some specialized equipment onboard. This study aims to identify the myriad of aircraft that have been used in the aviation search and rescue mission, and perform the simplistic analysis on their common and uncommon denominators. Based on the results, it has been established that these aircraft often have a small capacity and perimeter coverage, with low flight pace and rate of climb performance capabilities.


International relations in the 21th century are experiencing the systemic crisis marked by an increase in the number of local conflicts and hybrid confrontations, as well as by the geopolitical rivalry. Transformations require the development and application of an effective mechanism to combat violations of international law. One of the mechanisms actively used today by participants in international relations is the application of sanctions. The paper analyses different types, purpose, specifics and other characteristics of international sanctions regarded as a tool of modern international policy. There is no certain definition of "sanctions" in international legal instruments. Along with the term, the terms "coercive measures", "international legal responsibility", "countermeasures", etc. are used. International organizations and states are guided by their own advanced documents (i.e., international treaties, laws, etc.) which prescribe the mechanisms for international sanctions application. International sanctions are the form of international legal responsibility applied to a violator of international agreements. Sanctions as a tool of foreign policy are aimed to put pressure on the violating state to halt illegal actions. Sanctions can be imposed in several dimensions: diplomatic, economic, political, etc. Diplomatic sanctions are aimed at expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction with a certain action of the violating state through the international political isolation of the state. The application of the international sanctions involves the use of political means aimed at counteracting the illegal actions of violating countries allowing in such a way the use of the mechanism of international condemnation, partial isolation etc., which leads to negative changes in the image of the violating state. Economic sanctions are the measures of an economic nature directed at the violating state. In modern international relations, the practice of imposing economic sanctions is quite common, which outweighs the quantitative indicators of the total number of sanctions imposed. At the same time, modern international sanctions are mostly targeted as opposed to comprehensive sanctions which separate those responsible for pursuing a particular policy or taking certain actions against the country's citizens.


This paper presents a unifying approach to obtain an a priori L∞-estimate for bounded solutions for the nonlinear parabolic problem whose prototype is where v = v(x, t) is a nonnegative, meausurable weight function satisfying certain conditions. So we may drop the essential condition p ≥ 2 in [5] here.


It is increasingly clear that the three RAS genes, N-. H- and K-RAS, encode 21 kDa proteins which act as intracellular switches, play a signal transduction pathway in controlling cell growth and differentiation. The three genes are highly homologous, yet recent evidence suggests they may have distinct functions in different cell types and have a central role in many human diseases. This article reviews briefly the regulation of signaling mechanisms.


Training plays an important role in man-power development even at the level of industrial unit. Training comes next to recruitment and selection. It is necessary, useful and productive for all categories of workers and supervisory staff. Training is practical in nature and is useful in order to create sense of confidence in the minds of the newly recruited workers. It is for developing skills among workers. Training is necessary due to technological changes rapidly taking place in the industrial field.


Soil-water resource zoning is the foundational basis of evaluation and utilization of soil-water resource.Topography,vegetation and soil texture in Hebei province is complex.In this paper,four evaluation indexes,such as topography,soil texture,aridity,and vegetation,were chosen and self-organizing feature map(SOM) neural network was applied for soil-water resource zoning of Hebei province,which was classified into 8 soil-water resource sub-zones.The result showed that the sample could be classified automatically without supervision by using the method of SOM neural network,which has strong self-learned ability,self-adaptive ability and error-permissive ability.The zoning result was accorded with the actual condition of Hebei province and could be used for further soil-water resource evaluation.


The present invention provides a processing engine IF, IF carrier removal method, and the GNSS receiver. Wherein the processing engine for the intermediate frequency GNSS receiver, comprising: local oscillator means generates a plurality of carriers having different frequencies; intermediate frequency converter, respectively, the plurality of intermediate frequency signal with a local carrier oscillator unit generated by the mixer, IF carrier signal has been removed and a buffer section, the intermediate storage generated by the inverter; signal segments to generate a plurality of IF carrier removed; time division multiplexing controller, the mixing operation scheduling each intermediate frequency converter . IF processing engine of the present invention provides, IF carrier removal method, and the GNSS receiver, by the common spread signal having a different carrier frequency of an intermediate frequency processing engine having a plurality of intermediate frequency IF carrier signals of different frequencies removed .


The contemporary world is under a prudent development revolution. The 20 th century wasmarked as information era and 21 st is the era of knowledge where Information CommunicationTechnology for Development (ICT4D) confluence dramatically interlinked with interplayknowledge as an avenue of eco-friendly smart living society formation and fast-forwards topublic sector reforms. This article tried to answer "Is digital government is a policy fashion orreally it worth measurable effects on good governance to public sector organizations".Reference was made on evidence collected from Federal Document Authentication andRegistration Agency (DARA) of Ethiopia. The study applied a quantitative research approachusing multiple linear regression models analysis to test the proposed hypothesis. The study foundthat successful E-government implementation has a significant effect on improving andpromoting good-governance 3 in public sectors. E-government implementation enhances publicsectors capacities to ensure equality and fairness in public service delivery, improvesaccountability and transparency of experts and/officials. Maladministration in public sectorssignificantly decreases as digital platform usability increases, digital public service deliveryeases to access information, and customers/citizens get informed about service requirementsearlier. Furthermore, E-government enables public sectors to get connected withcustomers/citizens and they actively involved in policy decision-making processes.


Measurements are reported of the thermal conductivity above 1.1 deg K for the two solid phases of He/sup 3/. The lowerdensity lower-pressure phase ( alpha ) is body-centered cubic;, the higher-density higher-pressure phase ( beta ) has a hexagonal close-packed structure as does solid He/sup 4/. The thermal conductivity in the beta phase is similar to that of solid He/sup 4/ and is in reasonable agreement with that expected from Peierls' theory for umklapp scattering. The thermal conductivity as a function of reciprocal temperature for the density is given, which clearly indicates that there is a discontinuity and a change in the slope of the curve that occurs at the alpha - beta phase transition. In the alpha phase a change in the slope of the curve occurs at 1.3 to 1.6 deg K. The results in the beta phase are consistent with the assumption that the thermal resistance of the crystal arises principally from phonon-phonon umklapp interaction. Several mechanisms are considered to explain the behavior in the alpha phase. (B.O.G.)


Preface The Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments: Historical Perspectives for Congress The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments: Contemporary Issues for Congress Index.


Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia, the incidence of which increases in parallel with the progressive aging of the population. Atrial fibrillation worsens the prognosis of patients and significantly reduces the quality of life. Improvement of the technical and methodological aspects of catheter procedures leads to their widespread introduction into clinical practice both for the prevention of embolic events and for rhythm control. The need to provide access to the main vessels, more often to the femoral veins, the use of large bore introducers, as well as aggressive regimens of antithrombotic therapy in the postoperative period, bring to the fore local complications of catheter procedures and necessitates to maintain a horizontal position to achieve stable hemostasis. The use of ultrasound imaging can significantly reduce the number of vascular events. However, long-term immobilization often leads to back pain, urinary retention, and infectious complications, which is more pronounced in the older patient population. In order to reduce the immobilization time, many hemostasis systems have been developed, which have disadvantages and require additional costs for the treatment of patients. In this regard, the development and introduction into clinical practice of novel vascular access types to improve the quality of life in the early postoperative period seems relevant. For this purpose, a randomized study is conducted, which compares the efficacy and safety of the distal femoral access, which makes it possible to activate patients as soon as possible after surgery.


This paper presents a literature review about solar energy which will and will have a great scope in electrical engineering.


A theoretical study of the magnetization curves of quasiperiodic magnetic multilayers is presented. We consider structures composed by ferromagnetic films (Fe) with interfilm exchange coupling provided by intervening nonferromagnetic layers (Cr). The theory is based on a realistic phenomenological model, which includes the following contributions to the free magnetic energy: Zeeman, cubic anisotropy, bilinear, and biquadratic exchange energies. The experimental parameters used here are based on experimental data recently reported, which contain sufficiently strong biquadratic exchange coupling.


We investigate the effect of a scanning gate tip on the nonlinear quantum transport properties of nanostructures. Generally, we predict that the symmetry of the current-voltage characteristic in reflection-symmetric samples is broken by a tip-induced rectifying conductance correction. Moreover, in the case of a quantum point contact (QPC), the tip-induced rectification term becomes dominant as compared to the change of the linear conductance at large tip-QPC distances. Calculations for a weak tip probing a QPC modeled by an abrupt constriction show that these effects are experimentally observable.


I examine the effect of option listings on underlying stock prices during 1973 - 1992. In accordance with previous studies, I find that option listings increase stock prices between 1973 and 1980. While some authors attribute this price increase to market completion, I show that this increase is only temporary, and is more likely attributed to market manipulation. As a result of new federal regulations introduced at the end of 1980, I find no evidence of stock price manipulation for options listed between 1981 and 1992. Surprisingly however, during this later period the price effect of option introductions does not merely vanish, but becomes negative, and remains persistent over the 200 trading days following option listings. A longer term negative effect is documented even for options listed prior to 1980, suggesting that the real price effect of option introductions is negative throughout the entire sample period.


Testing is an effective practice to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2. PCR is an accurate method to detect SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, but PCR lab test kits are scarce and expensive resources. Therefore, their usage should be optimized. Testing in batch (pooling) is a procedure that merges individuals' swabs, allowing group diagnosis without affecting the accuracy of the results. Savings on test kits depend on the prevalence of the disease, pool composition and size. We propose a novel approach for optimizing pooling to minimize the usage of lab test kits. We show that estimating the probability of an individual being infected by means of a binary classifier leads to improvements in the efficiency of pooling strategies. We use simulation to select the components of a new pooling strategy based on a classifier and evaluate our approach using a real dataset. © 2021 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.


MANY methods of investigation of the loudness function have been developed since the significance of the recruitment phenomenon for the differential diagnosis of deafness has been established. These _methods jnay be divided into two groups. The first group is based on a direct determination of loudness, and the second group on an indirect investigation of the behaviour of loudness. To the first group belongs Fowler's method of the binaural loudness balance, in which the loudness of two tones of identical frequency are compared with one another, and the monaural loudness balance, in which the loudness of two tones of different frequencies is compared (Reger). To the jsecond group belong the masking test of de Bruine-Altes, the determination of short duration fatigue (Gardner), the determination of adaptation (Liischer and Zwislocki), and the various determinations of the intensity difference limen (Bekesy, Liischer and Zwislocki, Denes and Naunton).


By using Karman's plate theory of large deflection, the nonlinear equation of motion of a thin metal plate with the coaction of a transverse uniform magnetic field and a transverse load is established. These equations consider the magnetic Lorentz force induced by the eddy current. Based on the Bubnov-Galerkin method, the nonlinear partial differential equation is transformed into a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. By using the sub-harmonic orbit Melnikov function method, the criterion of the Smale-horseshoe chaos is also acquired. Furthermore, the chaotic motion is numerically simulated with Matlab. The bifurcation diagram, the phase curve, the Poincare map and the evolution curve are calculated. The digital characteristics of the chaotic motions are provided based on the analysis. The analysis results show that the magnetic induction intensity and the external load may affect the vibration of the system.


A ditch system was designed, constructed, and evaluated on a 1-km2 experimental plot in peat-covered wetland in Slave Lake Forest, Alberta, Canada, during 1981–1985. The purpose of the experiment w...


The collection contains records of the Pine Island Camp, a summer camp for boys in the Belgrade Lakes region of Maine. The records include correspondence, applications from campers, and financial records. The collection also contains an extensive group of photographs of campers and camp activities.


Objective To study the change of serum prostate specific antigen( PSA) concentration in patient with chronic prosratitis and its significance in diagnoses and treatmtnt. Methods A total of 60 out patients with chronic prostatitis, entered our study, 22 - 55 yeats old (mean 42. 6 years old), were measured for serum PSA concentration. According to the relationship between compenent of whitte blood cells(WBC)in express prostatic secretion and the serum PSA elevation and the effects of prostatitis on the other PSA related targets,the patients were divided into nild group(WBC10"HP),moderate group(10/HPWBC30/HP) and severe group (WBC30/HP). We compare to WBC,PSA and prostatitis symptom score before and after treatment.30 of 60 patients had been cultured for bacterium in the express prostatic secretion,Result 28 of 60 patients had been elevated for serum PSA concentration (46.7%).The elevated rate of the PSA in mild, moderate and severe group were 10.0%,10.0% and 26. 7 % respectively. Comparing to PSA between mild and moderate group were no significantly defference(P 0.20) .while comparing to the PSA between mild and severe group,moderate and severe group existed significantly difference (P0.001 ,P 0.05 respectively) .The serum PSA concentration was higher in nonbacteriai prostatitis than that in bacterial prostatitis. Conclusion The serum PSA conventration in patients with chronic prostatitis had been elevated accounting for 50% or so. It was a important indication that the PSA was used to identify severity of the disease and effect of treatment.


For better utilization of ocean and coastal space, hydrocarbon products can be stored in the floating tanks, which can be enclosed by barge system. The barge system can be moored through pile foundations. The tanks are moored through marine fenders connected to barges. In the system, hydrodynamic and mechanical interaction problems are involved. Different scenarios including two barge, three barge and four barge systems are investigated. In addition, one tank plus four barge system are also studied. Hydrodynamic interactions between different bodies are firstly studied to investigate the significance of interaction. Different barge configurations are then considered in terms of mechanical interaction significance. Tank dynamic responses with and without hydrodynamic interaction are evaluated.


There is a substantial scientific interest on Mars because it is the most earth-like planet in our solar system. The Mars Orbiter Mission of Indian Space Research Organisation took off with a precise Earth-Orbital launch on 5th November 2013 handling all the complex nonlinear interactions of the launch systems. Subsequent successful orbit raising operations and insertion of the spacecraft into Mars Transfer Trajectory augur a journey to Mars Orbit of a great significance. In this broad survey paper we address the complex dynamic interactions of a space launch and the future challenges of aerothermodynamics of Mars atmospheric entry, descent and landing. While a number of complex orbiter and rover missions to Mars have already taken place, the past missions cannot be scaled to larger masses. The paper highlights the current technological limitations in this context, with particularreference to the intrinsic topography and the relatively highly rarefied atmosphere around Mars. The aerothermodynamics challenges and solutions to Mars Entry, Descent and Landing are unique and require development of new technological solutions. The current trends in the development ofthese technologies and the future directions are highlighted.


From the objective of SD, the paper find analyzes the contradictions among surplus population and resources scarcity, then designs an index system of population scale and provides a population scale model according to the actual conditions of China.


of an unidentified substance on surface of thalli closest to the smelter, tendency to become detached from the substrate, cracks appearing in the outer surface of the thalli, a reduction in the number of isidia in Parmelia squarrosa, reduction in biomass and a progressive loss of chlorophyll; data on sulphur dioxide levels obtained and compared with the results.] the saxicolous lichens based on three calcareous substrates at 61 main sites; positive correlation between pH and species numbers on west-facing walls; a substrate corrected 'Index of Lichen Abundance' was used to distinguish four zones which were strongly negatively correlated with sulphur dioxide but not smoke levels; 'high relative humidity con-ditions found in Atlantic climates may be implicated in the increased sensitivity to sulphur dioxide' some species may show in Dublin and similar sites; the sulphur content of Xanthoria parietina is shown to increase with the air pollution.] [Four species fumigated for six hours at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ppm nitrogen dioxide; a significant reduction in chlorophyll concentration occurred in the 4 and 8 ppm fumigations; 'on the basis of these results it is probable that nitrogen dioxide is a relatively insignificant phytotoxic agent to lichens because ground level concentrations rarely exceed 1 ppm' but caution due to criteria for injury used expressed; the first experiments using nitrogen dioxide to be reported.] X-ray fluorescence with that Hypogymnia physodes same or adjacent trees distance roads; contents both species highly correlated; lead content of P. furfuracea increased significantly as road approached.] better reproducibility than usual analytical techniques; the iron and sulphur in Arctic were comparable with those in lichens in the periphery of the Sudbury pollution zone but much lower than those from near the Sudbury nickel smelter itself; a linear relationship between metal concentration and the reciprocal of the distance from the Sudbury smelter was confirmed.]


To support teachers in their quest to incorporate reasoning as a mathematical proficiency as espoused in the Australian Curriculum: Mathematics, a professional learning research project using demonstration lessons was carried out. This paper reports on the impact of demonstration lessons on one participating teacher's pedagogical knowledge about reasoning. The growth in this teacher's knowledge was analysed using a phenomenographic framework established to evaluate teachers' development in mathematical reasoning. The results show that demonstration and subsequent trial lessons contributed to her growth.


to American official and newspaper reports cited by Gholi Majd, the resignation was an exclusively British initiative. By September 1941, the authorities in Great Britain were allegedly concerned with the growing unrest among the Iranians who, it was believed, intended to overthrow the shah: after the Allied invasion, the latter was deprived of his traditional means of political control and coercion. As a result, August 1941 argues that the British and Soviet governments compelled Reza Shah to resign in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Thus they saved the ruling dynasty and prevented the political situation in Iran from deteriorating further. Soviet, Iranian and, partly, British sources give a different picture. First of all, they confirm that the abdication of the shah was initiated by London with the tacit support of Moscow. Yet the British and Soviet motives were different from those described by Gholi Majd. As stated by the then-ambassador of the USSR in Iran, Andrey Smirnov (1905–82), both the British and the Soviets mistrusted Reza Shah and sought to replace him with a more reliable and controllable figure. The British government intended to restore the Qajar dynasty whereas the Soviet authorities wanted to establish a democratic republic in Iran. Both sides were insisting on their model of the future Iranian government. Under these circumstances, Mohammad Reza Shah suddenly became a compromise figure, and the Pahlavi dynasty was accidently saved. However, the above-mentioned comments concerning the personality of Reza Shah and the circumstances of his resignation should not be taken as criticism. They only call to mind the possible alternative approaches to the issue and by no means undermine the importance of this excellent book. To sum up, August 1941 is a thorough and informative work broadening our knowledge about Iranian history in the first half of the twentieth century. This book by Gholi Majd is highly recommended for both professional historians and regular readers interested in Iran and its past.


Our universe appears to be expanding away from every point in the universe. The measurements of this phenomena is seen in the red-shifting of light. No mechanism for this expansion has been proven. This paper proposes that there is a mechanism that causes this expansion and it all takes place in a spinning sphere universe that is infinitely old, but it always rejuvenates.


Disclosed is a suspension arm attachment structure provided with a cylindrical vibration-damping bush which is attached to the side of a vehicle body via a core member. Specifically disclosed is an attachment structure provided with: a suspension arm (14) which has an attachment tube part (41) fitted with a vibration-damping bush (52); and a retaining member (46) which regulates the movement of the attachment tube part (41) in the axial longitudinal direction. The retaining member (46) is provided with: a facing wall (71) on one side and a facing wall (72) on the other side which respectively face end surfaces (64, 65) of the vibration-damping bush (52); a linking part (73) which integrally links the facing wall (71) on one side and the facing wall (72) on the other side; and an attachment part (74) on one end and an attachment part (75) on the other end which respectively extend in the axial longitudinal direction of a core member (51) from the facing surface (71) on one side and the facing surface (72) on the other side and which are attached to the side of a vehicle body (11).


A new approach based on antenna theory is presented to describe the lightning returnstroke process. The lightning channel is approximated by a straight and vertical monopole antenna with distributed resistance (a so-called lossy antenna) above a perfectly conducting ground. The antenna is fed at its lower end by a voltage source such that the antenna input current, which represents the lightning return-stroke current at the lightning channel base, can be specified. An electric field integral equation (EFIE) in the time domain is employed to describe the electromagnetic behavior of this lossy monopole antenna. The numerical solution of EFIE by the method of moments (MOM) provides the time-space distribution of the current and line charge density along the antenna. This new antenna-theory (or electromagnetic) model with specified current at the channel base requires only two adjustable parameters: the return-stroke propagation speed for a nonresistive channel and the channel resistance per unit length, each assumed to be constant (independent of time and height). The new model is compared to four of the most commonly used "engineering" return-stroke models in terms of the temporal-spatial distribution of channel current, the line charge density distribution, and the predicted electromagnetic fields at different distances. A reasonably good agreement is found with the modified transmission line model with linear current decay with height (MTLL) and with the Diendorfer-Uman (DU) model.


Several recent texts suggest that fiction is a concept which should be distinguished from the narrative. Even prescriptive discourse (rules, instructions, etc.) can be used to create a possible fictional world, without narration or characters. The example of Santiago Eximeno's zombie fiction The Moment of Truth (2003) shows that the introduction of fantastic elements in a normative discourse can contribute to the shaping of a whole fictional universe. This presents dystopian features in the above-mentioned work, as it indicates the repressive mechanisms exercised through the prescriptive power of the State.


Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein‐binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.


The aim of this master thesis is to investigate how the public libraries in the city of Malmo in Sweden, work with and towards babies under the age of one and their parents, with a specific focus on multilingual families. We also aim to investigate the awareness amongst the librarians in their meeting with this group. For this we use critical theory and an intersectional perspective using mainly the work of Paulina de los Reyes and Diana Mulinari. The method being used is a qualitative case study and we have collected our material from four different libraries in Malmo. We use interviews with librarians, observations of the library rooms and have analyzed the means of communication towards multilingual families with babies under the age of one.

The intersectional perspective is being used to get a complete overview of a heterogeneous group and to see how different aspects such as ethnicity, class and gender all work together. Part from this, we use concepts about early childhood literacy, family literacy and multilingualism.

The conclusions that were made are that even though we can see a mostly high awareness about the heterogenous group multilingual families with babies under the age of 1 among the librarians, there are still a couple of changes that could make the libraries more accessible for this target group. These things are for example a higher use of translated signs and material from the International library in Stockholm or the use of pictograms in the library rooms. When it came to the means of communication there were problems in who and where racialized people were being represented in pictures and in text.

An important factor is the importance of continuing education amongst the librarians when it comes to critical thinking in their work. Without critical thinking and an inclusive attitude from the libraries, our conclusion is that they cannot be accessible to everyone, which is their purpose according to the library law in Sweden, IFLA and leading documents for the city of Malmo.


This paper aims at a dynamic investigation of the validity of Quantity Theory of Money, which states that growth in price level is proportionately due to growth in money supply, in case of Pakistan. Annual Data on all the policy variables are taken for the period from 1961 to 2010. Stationarity Analysis is done through unit-root testing, to see that whether the variables are stationary at levels or not. As all the variables included in the study are found to be stationary at levels, Ordinary Least Squares Methodology is used which reveals that Inflation, being statistically significant, is positively dependent upon the growth in money stock, although not proportionately. Moreover, Engle Granger pair wise causality test is applied to see the direction of this causal relationship between money stock growth and the rate of inflation. Results reveal that there exists long-run positive relationship, between these two variables, operating from growth in money stock to the rate of inflation. Key w ords:- Inflation, Money Supply, Gross Domestic Product.


Significant reductions in the size and cost of a fusion power plant core can be realized if simultaneous improvements in the energy confinement time ({tau}{sub E}) and the plasma pressure (or beta {beta}{sub T} = 2 {mu}{sub 0} /B{sub T}{sup 2}) can be achieved in steady-state conditions with high self driven bootstrap current fraction. In addition, effective power exhaust and impurity and particle control is required. Significant progress has been made in experimentally achieving regimes having the required performance in all of these aspects as well as in developing a theoretical understanding of the underlying physics. The authors have extended the duration of high performance ELMing H-mode plasmas with {beta}{sub N} H{sub iop} {approximately} 10 for 5 {tau}{sub E} ({approximately}1 s) and have demonstrated that core transport barriers can be sustained for the entire 5-s neutral beam duration in L-mode plasmas. Recent DIII-D work has advanced the understanding of improved confinement and internal transport barriers in terms of E x B shear stabilization of micro turbulence. With the aim of current profile control in discharges with negative central magnetic shear, they have demonstrated off-axis electron cyclotron current drive for the first time in a tokamak, finding an efficiency above theoretical expectations. MHD stability has been improved through shape optimization, wall stabilization, and modification of the pressure and current density profiles. Heat flux reduction and improved impurity and particle control have been realized through edge/divertor radiation and understanding and utilization of forced scrape off layer flow and divertor baffling.


Indian reservations hold the highest rate of crashes that lead to fatal and incapacitating injuries across the United States. Limited resources, absence of coordination across jurisdictions, and limited crash data make it difficult for tribes to reduce the number of these fatal and serious crashes. A safety toolkit was developed in this work to identify the high-risk crash locations and determine low-cost safety improvement countermeasures. The toolkit serves as a guideline and provides information, field examples, and resources in key topic areas to lead the effort to improve safety via the use of a five-step methodology. These five steps are, namely, compile data and crash data analysis, Level I field evaluation, combined ranking, Level II field evaluation to identify countermeasures, and benefit–cost analysis. The objective of the toolkit is to assist tribes to reduce the number of fatal and serious crashes, and provides flexibility for the tribes to utilize the methodology compatible with the onsite data, preferences of the tribes, and other factors to meet demands. The methodology described was successfully implemented on the Wind River Indian Reservation, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Tribe, and the Yankton Sioux Tribe and showed great success in identifying high-crash locations.


We have investigated the effect of epitaxial strain on the electrical and magnetic properties of high quality Ca2RuO4 films on LaAlO3 (001) substrates. The films exhibit low temperature itinerant ferromagnetic ground state and significantly suppressed metal-insulator transition due to epitaxial strain. An anomaly in the in-plane resistivity was also observed near the Neel temperature. Symmetry analysis of anisotropic magnetoresistance suggests a phase coexistence of ferromagnetic metal and antiferromagnetic insulator in ground state.


This paper aims at exploring the hot topics of big data research in China in the past three years. We choose Big Data, one influential and representative Chinese academic journal as our data source, and download the bibliographic data of 195 articles published in the past three years on this journal from CNKI. In order to gain the general overview of Chinese big data research status quo, we count the high frequency words and distribution of publish years. From the high frequency words list, we can tell that the times of mentions of "data" is far more than that of other frequency words, which verifies the fact that data is the most important concept in big data research. In order to extract the hot topics of big data research, we adopt LDA model to generate topics of the 195 research articles. With several experiments, we set the topic number as seven for the best outcome quality. With expert suggestion, we label the seven topics as "Big data helps government decisions", "Internet and management"," Artificial intelligence helps public security"," Big data promotes information", "Big data governance", "Artificial intelligence and 5G"," Big data prediction" based on the high frequency words in each topic. Most of the topic labels are linked to 5G, artificial intelligence and other modern techniques, which implies that the big data plays a necessary role in empowering the future techniques. We hope this paper could contribute to further big data research in China.


The design of home interiors is important for an individual, especially in childhood, when one's character and psychological development is in progress. In this study, the aim is to explore the social and physical aspects of childhood homes of interior architects and their effects on their professional lives, and to understand the possible reflections of these special places on their current designs. Within this framework, the study was conducted with eight internationally recognised Turkish interior architects, with online interviews and sketchbooks, depending on the memories of the participants' childhood homes, and data were obtained regarding the interpretation of these special places, as well as their influence on their current design approaches and productions. Findings included understanding which aspects of the participants' homes were conveyed to their current productions in terms of preferences, approach and style. The results have implications on the interior architecture profession as well as interior architecture education.


Classified-vehicle counts are a critical measure for forecasting the health of the roadway infrastructure and for planning future improvements to the transportation network. Balancing the cost of data collection with the fidelity of the measurements, length-based vehicle classification is one of the most common techniques used to collect classified-vehicle counts. Typically, the process of classifying vehicles by length uses a pair of detectors in a given lane to measure effective vehicle length. While the calculation is simple and seems well-defined, this paper demonstrates that small changes in the calculations can lead to large differences in performance during challenging conditions. In particular, most conventional calculations assume that acceleration can be ignored, and this assumption simply is not the case in congested traffic. As a result, many operating agencies are reluctant to deploy classification stations on roadways where traffic is frequently congested. This study examined six variations of the conventional calculation of vehicle length and developed a seventh that also estimated constant acceleration. The study then highlighted two of these approaches that worked well in extreme conditions on freeways for speeds as low as 15 mph. This range should be sufficient for most applications. Then, with empirically collected data, the authors found that the extreme events were uncommon and even the conventional method did quite well in stop-and-go traffic because the slower that traffic moved, the lower was the flow during that period. In any event, the key to success is the use of well-tuned detectors.


The article discusses the issues that concern the active repentance in the historical aspect. Proved that active repentance has its legal nature, which confirmed the history of formation of this concept in the criminal law.


In Bakhtin's (1986) conception of carnivalesque the body, its contents and, by extrapolation, food, play a central role in a communication genre that acts as a form of resistance. As Cresswell and Teucher (2011) explain, the body is 'an embodied expression of community' (p. 107) and conveys participatory meaning without the need for mediation. In early childhood education contexts that are typically oriented towards 'free play,' mealtimes represent a special opportunity to understand the complex social struggles that take place through acts of the body which are typically located in the 'underground' of the educational setting (White, 2014). The 'feast of fools' marks out the significance of such events as a form of resistance and collusion between peers which utilise the teachers presence as an opportunity to resist authority and create dialogic tensions accordingly. In such cases the peer group thrives as an unmediated presence in the 'bonds of brotherhood' beyond the official, 'educative' realm in temporarily suspended moments of joy.


The thickness of functional layers in liquid crystal photonics devices is negligibly small compared to the substrates. New opportunities provided by multilayer 4G optical systems require minimizing the thickness of each layer. We report about our progress made by developing technology of thin flexible substrates, functional polymer films, solid electro-optical layers, and graphene oxide based electro-conductive coatings.


Standard Dutch has three vowels which are phonologically long but phonetically short. These are the high vowels [i], [y], and [u]. The fact that these vowels are phonetically short has hardly received any attention in the literature. In this paper I would like to show that shortness should be an essential ingredient of the phonological characterization of these vowels. On the other hand, however, the arguments that they are long are rather strong. Hence, length must be an essential part of their phonological characterization, too. This raises the question how to reconcile these conflicting pieces of evidence. Only one solution seems to be adequate. Adopting a proposal first made in Smith et al. (1989) I claim that the vowels [i], [y], [u] are located in a nucleus containing two positions on the X-line, the second of which is empty. Such a representation explains their ability to behave like a long vowel with respect to stress and syllable structure; the fact that the second slot is empty correctly characterizes these vowels as phonetically short. Furthermore, this representation also explains why with respect to certain phonological phenomena these vowels act as short.


Along with the advancing of intelligent grid construction, the information access inside substations has become increasingly flexible, and traditional in-substation wire communication could not meet such demand any longer. Through comparative analysis on the transmission bandwidth, QOS, reliability and safety of various wireless communication techniques in common use at present, and with IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) as in-substation wireless communication method and Mesh as networking technology, this paper has designed a set of whole-substation-through wireless communication systems. Such systems could realize overall coverage of communication in substations, make it convenient for the seamless access and interconnection of different communication equipments, and materialize the plug and play of communication equipments. In addition, in the electromagnetic environment of some 220kV substation in Nanjing, and based on the experiment and computational analysis on the anti-electromagnetic interference ability of secondary equipment in the substation, this paper has determined the feasibility of substation wireless communication systems.


The equipment management system (ems) is the support system which ensures that department equipment is available when it is required, is in proper operating condition, and is not operating at excessive cost levels. This paper outlines the essential components, data requirements and potential benefits of a model ems. (TRRL)


The first step in this comparison process is to gain a clear understanding of the term "professionallearning community." Ubiquitously used in current educational literature, there is an inherent need todefine a professional learning community's essential components (DuFour 2004). For the purposes ofthis piece, the concept of 'professional learning community' has four defining characteristics. Theseessential attributes are:(1) Supportive and collaborative conditions(2) Commitment to continuous improvement(3) Results orientation(4) Shared mission, vision, values and goalsWhile definitions that are more elaborate exist, narrowing the essential characteristics that this piecewill examine in light of the Constructivist Design Conference will allow subsequent reflections to bemore applicable to one's own professional development. Through the comparison of these two models,it is our intention to provide a framework for understanding other professional experiences.


While developed countries constantly pioneer new medical technologies, developing countries have been plighted with a lack of medical devices, resulting in poor health, poverty, and social inequality. Much of the medical equipment that these countries do have is broken, unusable due to a lack of electricity and infrastructure, or inappropriate for local needs. In 2000, the Global Forum for Health Research coined the term "10/90 Gap" to describe the fact that only 10% of health research funds are spent on the problems of 90% of the world's population. If the developing world is to acquire useful medical technologies, it must come from within, as the developed world has shown minimal interest in pursuing technologies for markets where the financial return is only nominal. If engineers in developed countries put their energy and resources into building the capacity of their counterparts in developing countries, they will be able to maximize their impact on the most relevant issues in global health. In order to succeed in their work abroad, biomedical engineers from developed countries must transition from being providers of solutions, to enablers of local innovation, thus contributing directly to both education and implementation. This paper addresses current challenges and appropriate solutions to tackle the lack of biomedical engineering education and innovation in developing countries.


w w w . n c l r . o r g The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act –the main federal law affecting education from prekindergarten through grade 12. Since its enactment in 2002, NCLB has significantly changed the way education takes place in our nation's schools. Briefly, it has provided schools with guidelines for closing the achievement gap that exists between low-income children and their more affluent peers. In addition, NCLB has provided parents with new rights and responsibilities. In fact, NCLB strongly relies on effective parent participation to make sure that the law is implemented properly in every school.


A longitudinal observation was made to exanine the changes in the three-year-old children's play during their first year in the kindergarten, over the second and third terms. 1. Type of play tSolitary play' decreased significantly from the second term through the third terms tparallel play', social play except in "mixed-sex group play with children' increased from the second term to the third term. 2. Interpersonal behaviour {Imitating a teacher' and tlooking at a teacher' decreased through the second term and third terms. tProximity to other children', tlooking at teacher', Cbody contact with a teacher', "body contact, with children', ttalking to children', tseeking attention from teacher, tseeking attention of children' and 'seeking contact with children' increased from the second term and through the third term. 3. 0ther behaviour tObject conflict', taggressive behaviour' and twandering' decreased through the second term and third terms.


Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) is a nonlinear process through which two photons with the same frequency, generate a new photon with twice the initial frequency [1]. Harmonic generation is on the basis of many of light technologies developed to date, for both commercial and research purposes. Currently new functionalities and applications are being realized for optical characterization and manipulation, sensing and control of light. This work is precisely devoted to such topics. We present a method that allow us to envisage nanodevices for control and generation of light at the nanoscale based on coherently combining different light harmonics.


The overwhelming majority of the large literature on coding for the relay channel has been dedicated to the low-SNR regime (binary signaling) and the half- duplex scenario. For non-binary full-duplex signaling, important challenges remain in the simultaneous design of coded modulation at the source and relay. Part of the difficulty is to design the codes with the requisite correlation prescribed by theory. This paper proposes a systematic code design methodology for the relay channel via multilevel coding (MLC). The main difficulty was that a straightforward extension of the chain rule MLC decomposition, as was previously used in the point to-point MLC, would result in many dependencies between the coded layers of the source and relay. A key contribution of this paper is showing that MLC joint source/relay code design can be implemented via standard binary code design procedures. Specifically, we outline a design process where the correlation between the source and relay codes are implemented purely via pairwise correlations between the binary codes of source and relay at each layer, without any other inter-layer correlations. Moreover, a specific design example is provided via a simple XOR operation on two conventionally designed codes. Numerical results show excellent performance for the proposed scheme.


The relationships of the vertical stratigraphic succession to areal depositional patterns was first observed by Johannes Walther and is known as Walther's Law of Facies. Each depositional unit in a vertical stratigraphic succession is the result of a particular sedimentary environment. When these units are complied vertically, they represent a sequence of environments produced by a specific over-all sedimentary process such as regression or transgression. These environmental successions are definite and recognizable and may be used to determine fundamental depositional sequences in ancient rocks. Therefore, depositional sequences may be used as reference frameworks (or models) for interpreting the sedimentary history of any stratigraphic section. Only a limited number of depositional sequences (or models) has been found in a comparative study of Recent and ancient sediments. The following sequences have been developed into models of sedimentation. Regressive marine 4. Marine shale or lagoonal deposits 3. Thick-bedded, wavy-bedded, well sorted sand 2. Thin-bedded sand/silt and shale 1. Poorly bedded shale Lowermost units are deposited below wave base; higher units close to sea-level. Fluvial (channel or valley-fill) 4. Ripple cross-laminated zone 3. Laminated, even-bedded sand/silt zone 2. Festoon cross-bedded zone 1. Basal conglomeratic zone Deltaic A regressive marine sequence overlain by nearshore fluvial, bay, and marsh deposits; characterized by extensive marine deposits and variable non-marine sediment distribution patterns. Transgressive marine 2. Marine shales or fragmental limestones 1. Sand or silt Widespread distribution and thinness are diagnostic; basal unit abruptly overlies shale in many places; gradation upward into marine shale is rapid. Bathyal-abyssal Widely distributed, thin-bedded; fauna and sedimentary structures characteristic of deeper water. Lacustrine Resemble regressive marine sequences, but are commonly developed on a smaller scale and lack marine fauna.


An image compression schemes that permits more effectiveness not only for the compression of image but also for the access into the code streams. The main stream supports a number of mechanisms for locating and extract ing regions of the compressed image level for the purpose of re-generation, storage, display, or editing. In order to decrease the storage space of images and communication of informat ion with limited bandwidth availability, Image compression exp lains a specific ro le by diminishing the size of image and to make use of the bandwidth in reasonable and valuable manner without mortifying the quality of image. This access permits storage space and retrieval of encoded image data appropriate for a given applicat ion, without decompression. In this recent mult imedia scenario, the significant motivations are the optimized use of storage area and bandwidth also. In this paper we exp lore the review of different compression of images with their pros and cons. The overall compression process supports to reach a acceptable level for image transmission in limited bandwidth over a telecommunication medicine application . We analyzed the performance of image compression technique using metrics Colorization Level (CL), Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Rat io (PSNR), Visua l Signal to Noise Rat io (VSNR), Mult i-Scale Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) and Noise Quality Measure (NQM). Index words: Colorizat ion Level (CL), Compression Ratio (CR), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Visual Signal to Noise Ratio (VSNR), Mult i-Scale Structural SIMilarity Index (MSSIM) and Noise Quality Measure (NQM).


e12511 Background: The optimal treatment regimen for patients with anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs) is not defined. Patients are treated at diagnosis with Radiation Therapy, Chemotherapy or similar to GBM with chemoradiation. Studies are underway to determine the optimal treatment for AA. We did a retrospective review of our patients with AA treated with the Stupp regimen to assess TTP and OS.

METHODS
We reviewed our database for patients diagnosed with an anaplastic glioma between 8/1/2003-6/15/2010 who were treated with chemoradiation followed by maintenance chemotherapy. Inclusion criteria were age > 18 yrs, newly diagnosed with no prior treatment and sufficient data/follow up. Those without sufficient data were excluded. Data was analyzed to determine PFS, TTP and OS.

RESULTS
There were 28 pts identified (14 M and 14 W) with a median age of 45 yrs (24-76) and KPS of 90 (70-100). All patients were treated with chemoradiation, 2 received arsenic trioxide during RT and 1 received bevacizumab during the maintenance phase of TMZ. Pathology was 23 AA, 3 AOA, and 2 with anaplastic glioneuronal tumor. Resection was as follows: GTR 25%, STR 57% and Biopsy 18%. Median # of cycles was 10.5 (0-24). The median time to progression was 18. 5 m and PFS-6, 12 and 24 was 96.1%, 73.1%, and 51.6%. Median OS was 34.4 m with OS at 12, 24 and 60 m of 92%, 63% and 53.2%.

CONCLUSIONS
There is no standard treatment for AA's. Treating with the Stupp regimen is one option but how it compares to other regimens is unclear. Our data appear comparable to that of NOA-04 where pts were initially treated with chemotherapy or RT at diagnosis.


Reaction of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate with a macrocyclic Ni(II) complex leads to a porous metal-organic framework, which displays a high selectivity for ethanol sorption.


A multivariate kth divided difference is proposed and shown to lead to new error formulæ for polynomial interpolation on some standard multivariate point sets.


and symbolic, more technical, more densely packed with ideas and information, more inferential (not saying all it's meant to imply), more likely to be ambiguous, more apt to reflect a particular point of view than absolute fact. Poems contain symbols, 35 editorials express points of view, philosophical or political essays are drenched with implications that are never totally fleshed out for the reader" (Levine, 2002, p. 125). Gee (1999) writes that at school, children are engaged in learning new "social languages," which are different from the first form of language they acquire in life – their "home-based vernacular." Social languages connected to school call for cognitive and social support beyond what is required for the acquisition of one's native vernacular to ensure that students can master "academic content at high levels" (Gee, 1999, p. 365). Although this support has many components, both empirical research and findings reported by different foundations call attention to the connection between reading practices and academic performance. Thus, studies conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts (2007) and Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) report that more frequent reading correlates strongly with academic achievement. In addition, the National Endowment for the Arts (2007) report says that: • Voluntary readers are better readers and writers than non-readers. • Children and teenagers who read for pleasure on a daily basis score better on reading tests than infrequent readers. • Frequent readers score better on writing tests than non-readers or infrequent readers. 13 For instance, Gee (1999) writes about interactional talk as a crucial form of instructional support "for mastery of both the oral and written forms of social languages, as well as the forms of thinking and problem solving they involve" (p. 370). In his view, the most effective forms of interactional talk have three features: comprehensible input (Krashen, 1985), comprehensible output (Swain, 1985), and a focus on meta-reflection language and thinking (Bruer, 1993). 14 This and other examples that use data from standardized reading tests are provided not to promote them as a valid tool to evaluate reading abilities but to illustrate the relation between recreational reading and the development of more advanced language competencies.


The emergence of microsurgical technique is considered to be a far-reaching change in surgical history,and is viewed as the third leap in the history of reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial tissue defect following skin grafting and axial skin flap.With the application of microsurgical technique,the large-scale defect can be reconstructed once and for all.Vessel anastomosis is the foundation of microsurgery,which determines the success of the whole surgery,and it concludes such techniques as suture,mechanical method,bonding,laser and high frequency electrocoagulation.However,the traditional interrupted circular suture is clinically the most frequently used method of vessel anastomosis currently.Besides,vessel anastomat has already been clinically widely used.


It is a high-pressure gas discharge lamp motor vehicle headlight system (100) is provided for three different lighting functions. The headlamp system is formed by a single unit, which provides for a low beam, high beam and daytime running light (DRL) function. It uses two optical components to switch easily and effectively between the different modes of operation. The first optical component is a shutter (158) that selectively blocks a portion of the output light beam. Second, either a single lens (200) or are movable lens parts (180, 182) either within the light beam path or into the beam path in order to change the divergence.


Effects of Varying Doses of Plain Bupivacaine with Fentanyl in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Section: Haemodinamics and Neonatal Outcome Aim. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a three different regimes of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery as well the incidence and severity of maternal hypotension and its influence over neonatal outcome. Material and Methods. Sixty (60) term healthy (ASA I) parturients scheduled for elective or non-elective caesarean delivery without fetal distress under spinal anaesthesia were randomly divided in three groups: group SA F10 (n = 20) received plain bupivacaine 12 mg plus 10 μg fentanyl, group SA F20 (n = 20) received 11 mg plus 20 μg fentanyl and SA LD group (low dose, n = 20) received 8 mg bupivacaine plus 20 μg fentanil. Ephedrine 5-10 mg i.v. bolus was given when systolic blood pressure (SBP) was < 95 mmHg. Maternal blood pressures, efedrin dosage, sensory level of anaesthesia, Apgar scores and neonatal umbilical cord blood acid-base (Ua) status were evaluated. Results. Spinal block provided surgical anaesthesia in all patients. Peak sensory level was higher in the greatest bupivacaine group (4.9 ± 1.33, 5.0 ± 1.21 vs. 5.4 ± 1.55). Parturient who received 12 mg bupivacaine (SA F10 group) develop significantly decrease of SBP - 97.9 ± 8.9 mmHg (23.8%), after spinal blockade compared with low dose group SA LD - 125.0 ± 12.9, (6.0%, p<0.05) and 115.1 mmHg (17.5%) in the SA F20 group. The total amount of ephedrine to treat hypotension was significantly lower in the low dose group (SA LD) compared with two other group (1.75 ± 1.0 mg vs. 13.75 ± 6.5 mg (SA F10) and 11.75 ± 6.2 (SA F20, p<0.5). Neonatal Ua pH was significantly lower with SA F10 group than low dose spinal group-SA LD (7.22 ± 0.07 vs. 7.27 ± 0.04, p < 0.05; 7.23 ± 0.04 SA F20 group). Conclusion. spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery with a low dose bupivacaine of 8 mg in conjunction with 20 μg fentanyl leads to less hypotension and ephedrine requirements with better neonatal outcome when compared with 12 and 11 mg bupivacaine - fentanyl spinal anaesthesia.


ABSTRACT Immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy-chain gene enhancer activity is mediated by multiple DNA binding proteins. Mutations of several protein binding sites in the enhancer do not affect enhancer activity significantly. This feature, termed redundancy, is thought to be due to functional compensation of the mutated sites by other elements within the enhancer. In this study, we identified the elements that make the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein binding sites, μE2 and μE3, redundant. The major compensatory element is a binding site for interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and not one of several other bHLH protein binding sites. These studies also provide the first evidence for a role of IRF proteins in Ig heavy-chain gene expression. In addition, we reconstituted the activity of a monomeric μ enhancer in nonlymphoid cells and defined the domains of the ETS gene required for function.


Glasses are generally produced from the highly undercooled liquid state by rapid quenching methods or quasistatically at slow cooling by the effective control of potent heterogeneous nucleation sites. For metallic systems the latter method recently has led to the development of bulk metallic glasses, so-called supermetals, with a complex multicomponent chemistry and advanced engineering properties. As long as crystallization can be prevented, the relevant thermodynamic properties of the metastable glassy and undercooled liquid phases can be measured below and above the glass transition temperature respectively. The data suggest that the glass transition corresponds to kinetic freezing triggered by an underlying entropic instability. Further measurements of the mechanical and wear properties of these new metastable materials point to unique engineering properties for technological applications.


This paper considers an one-item inventory system subject to random order lead times and random demand. The key parameter of the control policy is the objective inventory level. In each period, the order to be placed brings the inventory position as close as possible to the objective inventory level, and the variation of the quantity to be ordered from one period to the next one is kept bounded by some given upper and lower variation limits. We show that the inventory level remains finite along the time provided that the variation limits are positive. The average inventory cost is shown to be a convex function of the objective inventory level. A simulation-based approach is proposed for the determination of the optimal objective inventory. A method of dichotomy with derivative is then used to determine the optimal objective inventory level. Thanks to the particular structure of the problem, the average costs and the derivatives needed in various iterations of this method are estimated using a single sample path with respect to a given objective inventory.


The sensitivity of 66 gonococcus strains isolated from 35 men and 31 women suffering purulent secretion from the urethra was tested in vitro by determination of the inhibition zone to 3 antibiotics and to pure copper. Inhibition of gonococcus growth by copper were also studied in vivo in 15 women with positive cultures following the insertion of an IUD with pure copper. Observations following IUD insertion were very promising and gave completely negative results of the culture and the direct specimen in all but 1 case in which the disease had been localized in the cervical mucus. (author's)


Zirconium-89 (T1/2 = 78.41 h) is a positron emitter, which can be used for the diagnostic imaging of Positron Emission Tomography (PET). There are many routes to produce Zr. The Y(p, n)Zr reaction and the Y(d, 2n)Zr reaction can be quoted as their examples. The former is better known, as many experiments have been performed on this reaction during the last several decades. In contrast, only seven experiments with the latter could be found in the literature. The behaviors of the excitation functions of the latter disagree with each other and there are only a few previous experiments that show cross sections over 20 MeV. These facts are obstacles to deciding the most efficient way to obtain this radionuclide. Therefore, we performed an experiment on the Y(d, 2n)Zr reaction and measured the cross sections up to 24 MeV. We adopted the standard stacked-foil activation method for this experiment. The target consisted of Y foils (purity: 99.0%, thickness: 28.6 μm; Goodfellow Co., Ltd., UK) and Ti foils (purity: 99.6%, thickness: 20.3 μm; Nilaco Corp., Japan), which were used for the Ti(d,x)V monitor reaction. This stacked target was positioned in a target holder served as a Faraday cup and irradiated by a 23.6-MeV deuteron beam for 1 h at the RIKEN AVF cyclotron. The average beam intensity was 102.3 nA, which was measured by using the Faraday cup. The energies of the projectile going through each foil and their uncertainties were calculated by using the SRIM code. After a cooling time of approximately 1 h, we disassembled the stacked foils and measured the γ-ray spectra on each foil by using an HPGe detector. The 909.15-keV γ-line (Iγ = 99.04%) following the decay of Zr and the 983.525-keV γ-line (Iγ = 99.98%) following the decay of V were measured to derive the cross sections of the Y(d, 2n)Zr and Ti(d, x)V reactions, respectively. Keeping the dead time less than 5%, the distance between the measured foils and the HPGe detector was adjusted in every γ-ray measurement. The cross sections of the Ti(d, x)V reaction were derived, and it was confirmed that their values agree with the IAEA recommended values, which indicates the correctnesses of the thicknesses and beam parameters within the uncertainties.


Aracea is the common name for members of the aroid family of plants, sometimes known as the Philodendron or Arum family. This study is been done to prepare information about the distribution of Araceae in Gua Keris. Gua Keris was located Dabong area in Kuala Krai colony. The methods that being use for this study are species of Araceae identification,herbarium preparation, systematic plot sampling and Geographical Information System (GIS). From the primary data collection of Araceae in Gua Keris, about thirteen species of Araceae had been found and identified in Gua Keris. Amorphophallus prainii Hook.f. and Alocasia inornata Hallier.f. are the most abundant species found at Gua Keris. The map distribution of each Araceae species in Gua Keris also had been constructed for this study. Araceae was most likely to be found at the limestone area.


Using self-fabricated equipment, new type carbon films with unfamiliar properties, high hardness and good electric conductivity were deposited on 1Cr18Ni9Ti substrate under deposition parameters of ion energy 2keV, pressure 2Pa, and methane ratio in hydrogen 10%. Process review shows that the substrate material is the key factor for the carbon films deposition, and the parameters of ion energy, pressure and methane ratio are impotent also. The grain size is less than 100nm and the film is smooth, dense and uniform as tested by AFM. Raman spectra show that there is only one broaden peak around 1580cm(-1). The sheet resistance of the film is 1.6 x 10(4) Omega/cm(2) as measured with the ohmmeter. The micro-hardness of the film is 21.38GPa and the bulk elasticity is 420.65GPa as tested by nano-indenter. It is concluded that there may be carbon chain structure in this film.


We analyzed pathophysiological mechanisms of bacterial endotoxicosis at the strangulated intestinal obstruction. in 12 pedigreeless dogs and 20 Wistar rats by the method of scintigraphy with bacterial radiopreparation (E. Coli bacteria tagged by technecium-99m) made by original methodology. Quantitative assessment of processes of bacterial translocation was performed by the calculation of translocation index (TI). The results of the research showed that formation of bacterial endotoxicosis at the strangulated intestinal obstruction, in dogs and rats arose from the translocation of E. Coli bacteria from lumen of strangulated section of small intestine to the abdominal cavity with further development of system bacteriemia due to peritoneal resorption. So pathophysiological mechanisms and ways of development of bacteriemia in conditions of strangulated intestinal obstruction in small (rodents) and large (mammals) laboratory animals are similar that allows to consider these regularities universal.


The cosmic-ray intensity measured by the Fly's Eye reveals no statistically significant anisotropy when averaged over large solid angles. The sky is divided into six lobes of equal solid angle which are centered on the directions of the galactic coordinate axes. For each of nine logarithmic energy bands, we compare the number of detected cosmic rays in each lobe with the number expected from an isotropic intensity. The excesses and deficits are not large compared to statistical uncertainties in the expected numbers. Harmonic analysis of the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays is also reported for the different energy bands. Subject headings: cosmic rays: general galaxies: The Galaxy


High‐temperature diffusion of boron or phosphorus into silicon leads to the formation of spherical precipitates and/or dislocation loops in the diffused layer which influence electrical junction characteristics. These diffusion‐induced imperfections can be removed by high‐energy pulse laser treatment. The boron or phosphorus atoms previously contained in the precipitates become electrically active and the resulting dopant concentration can exceed the solid solubility limit.


Advanced Earth observation technologies nowadays produce more variety of huge datasets. To derive timely the information from such datasets, remote sensing scientists need to be equipped with a better and powerful computing and storage platform. Cloud computing platform can be a good option, since it provides the required computing power with lowest cost on pay-as-use basis. To see which existing platform shall be suitable for the complex analysis of huge remote sensing data, we present here a comparative study between the most commonly used cloud platforms, Amazon, Microsoft and CloudSigma. Based on the limiting factors that the satellite image-processing task requires, we considered flexibility, scalability, management and pricing. Flexibility means how resilient is the hardware architecture; Scalability describes how the application could utilize from available computing resources to continue well-functioning; Management looks at the availability of dashboards and control panels to manage cloud resources; and Pricing includes the cost of development and running cost of the service on top of cloud platform. Comparison showed that Amazon Web Services transcended all competitors especially in big data processing and scalability attainable options.


The metamorphic region of Madagascar has much in common with the "Mozam- bique Belt" of East and Central Africa, although the grade of metamorphism seen is often higher. No clear comparison can be drawn between the main subdivisions of the Madagascar Basement and those of the mainland; moreover, the unconformably overlying Crystalline Limestone Series has no known counterpart in Africa, while the major late Pre-Cambrian or Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary systems of the mainland, frequently but little altered or disturbed, are not represented in Madagascar, although there is a widespread Quartzite Series, ascribed to the Devono-Carboniferous, of somewhat different character. The principal metamorphism of the Basement rocks of Madagascar is ascribed to a major orogeny dated as 2600 m.y., but the older orogenies of the mainland, up to 3250 m.y., have not been recognized. The later Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments are in many respects closely comparable with those of the mainland, as may be expected from their position on opposite sides of a great geosyncline. While there are important differences in the associated older volcanic episodes, the Tertiary and post-Tertiary volcanism followed a similar course in both regions. Post-Tertiary rifting is present in Madagascar, but only locally and on a small scale. The geomorphological history of Madagascar compares closely with that of the mainland, the regions appearing to have responded similarly to the intermittent sinking of the intervening geosyncline. Intermittent uplift, with seaward tilting, has given rise to a step-like arrangement of erosion surfaces around a core of Basement highlands with maximum elevations ranging from 1000 to 2200 metres ; the ages of these surfaces, as determined mainly from their relations to fossiliferous sediments, range from Quaternary to the later Tertiary, mid-Tertiary, late Cretaceous and Jurassic.


Although there has been much written about the use of scenario analysis for long-term planning, particularly with respect to the decisions facing firms, the extant literature has few examples of scenarios explicitly applied to water resource issues. Fewer still have condidered short-fuse events such as floods and failure of water retention and conveyance stuctures in the context of longer-term scenarios for water resources planning. We report progress on an effort to develop a unified framework for constructing scenarios for water resource management. We place particular emphasis on semi-arid environments and forces external to the traditional water management process such as high-impact weather and climate events or unforeseen changes in government institutions that may drive unanticipated change in environmental systems. Most water resource scenarios are typically based on high, medium and low projections of demographics (gpcd), climate (precipitation, temperature), and perhaps institutional variables (conveyance infrastructure, legal issues). We discuss the relative merits of this with other approaches including: probabalistic scenarios, which explicitly weight the likelihood of different outcomes; anticipatory scenarios, which consider how to achieve or avoid some subjective future state; strategic scenarios, which seeks to identify the inconsistencies between disciplines in the way the environmental models are constructed. Modeling approaches In addition, we explore the interface between traditional long-term scenario planning in water resources, and the episodic events that characterize scenario work in the natural hazards literature. In particular, we discuss how the probability of the occurance of natural hazards vs. time scale of the scenario can be introduced. Of particular importance is how the occurance of extreme events may alter the specification of scenario variables ex post. Author Contact Information: Steven Stewart email@example.com


Woodhall Colliery, belonging to the Woodhall Coal Co., Ltd., lies on the N.B.R. about mid-way between Ormiston and Pencaitland stations, and is 14 miles N.W. from Haddington. The strata here belong to the Carboniferous Limestone series. A glacial gravel channel has been discovered in the underground workings which has some peculiarities, and it has been suggested that a short description of it would interest the members of this Society. The colliery lies in a small isolated basin of the Great Seam which crops out near the pit in a curve to the S. and W. along the Black Wood shown on 6-in: geol. map. The pit is 120 ft. 6 ins. deep to the Great Seam, which is of good quality here, 4 ft. 2 ins. thick, with a very strong sandstone roof. It does not contain parrot coal here. The following seams are proved by bores:— This Limestone is at the top of the Dunbar limestones. About 60 yds. to the E. of the shafts there is a big fault running nearly N. and S. This fault is a downthrow to the S.W. of 42 fms., and brings the Pencaitland Splint near the level of the Great Seam. The surface at the Great Seam outcrop is an old valley filled up by boulder clay and glacial gravels. The workings have shown that the Great Seam is in its proper position; the face of the fault where well exposed is clean cut and has proper hade. The roadways going uphill


The two-dimensional magnetic or electric field of a single isolated pole-piece consisting of a thick parallel plate terminated by a concave semi-circular cylinder is investigated theoretically. The method involves the use of conformal transformations and elliptic functions. The variation of the field strength along the edge of the pole-piece and along the external axis of symmetry is calculated and shown graphically.


In the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the cost of balance of plant (BOP) materials and their effect on PEMFC durability can retard commercialization. One opportunity to decrease these costs would be to use off-the-shelf materials rather than custommade materials if leachates from the less expensive materials do not affect performance and lifetime. To understand contamination mechanisms and their impacts on PEMFCs, experimental studies conducted and found the sensitivity of performance to the low levels of contamination. A model for contamination of a PEMFC which includes adsorption on the Pt catalyst, absorption into the membrane, and ion-exchange with ionomeric components is presented. The model predictions for three sources of voltage (i.e., performance) loss account for two-dimensional timedependent contamination along the channel and into the membrane as shown in Figure 1. The model is developed by considering the well-known chemical engineering concepts of Langmuir adsorption, partition coefficients, plug flow reactors (PFRs), and dimensionless analysis. The phenomena are shown to be controlled by three important dimensionless groups: a Damhkoler number for the contamination reaction rate, a capacity ratio, and a coverage ratio for each contamination mechanism. Also, techniques are presented for translating the liquid phase thin film rotating disk electrode measurements of isotherms to the required in-situ parameters of the gas-phase model. For typical parameters, the predicted voltage loss in the electrode by an ion-exchange mechanism shows slower reaction rates but greater performance losses than other mechanisms. More broadly, the model also provides a tolerance limits for contamination. (a)


The present situation of bioleaching of the cobaltiferous ores,including leaching conditions,reaction mechanism and influence factors for leaching has been described in this paper.Some problems and application prospects in the field were pointed out.