Law and Economics literature has dealt with the issue of heterogeneous propensity to su®er harm [Landes and Posner (1987), Shavell (1987), Schwartz (1989), Miceli (1997)], Edlin (1998), and also with the strategic interaction in sequential torts settings [ Wittman (1981), Kornhauser and Revesz (1991), Miceli (1997)]. The simple analysis of the strategic interaction in a simultaneous choice of care situation when victim's costs di®er has not been object of speci ̄c attention in the literature, despite the real-world signi ̄cance of heterogeneous costs of care among types of victims (children, handicapped persons, consumers instead of  ̄rms). In the paper we characterize the optimal regulation of a standard bilateral accident setting, but where there are two di®erent types of victims. Harm resulting from the accident is the same for the two types, but the cost of the precaution e®ort di®ers across them. The injurer and the victim precaution e®orts are substitutes, with the implication that with perfect information ( ̄rst-best), the e±cient e®ort level exerted by the injurer must be higher the higher is the precaution e®ort cost of the victim. This  ̄rstbest solution cannot be implemented by direct legal regulation, when the injurer cannot observe the victim's type. Speci ̄cally, it cannot be implemented with the use of a negligence rule based on the  ̄rst-best levels of care. The second-best solution leads the injurer to exert an intermediate level of precautionary e®ort, and to the two types of victims to choose the best response to that intermediate level. This second-best solution can be easily implemented by legal rules using a negligence formula with second-best level of care as due care level. Courts cannot (and, therefore, they should not attempt to do it) implement this second-best, however, using a negligence rule based on the  ̄rst-best levels of care. We explore some rationales for the use by courts of di®erentiated standards of care for the injurer based on the type of the actual accident victim.


Mechanical properties of SUS 321 (18 Cr-9 Ni-Ti steel) and 347 (19 Cr-9 Ni-Nb steel) aged at 700°C×75hr were studied at the temperatures below the room temperature, especially at liquid helium temperature. Cr rich carbides, M23C6, precipitated at grain boundaries in the both steels during aging whether the both were stabilized at 900°C beforehand or not. The distributions of grain boundary precipitates, however, were different. The aged SUS 321 showed both connected precipitates along grain boundaries and fine TiC scattered uniformly. On the other hand the aged SUS 347 presented isolated ones along boundaries as well fine Nb (CN) distributed uniformly. The degradation of tensile properties at 4K was small but that of fracture toughness was very large. The degree of degradation of SUS 347 was much smaller than that of SUS 321. Moreover 4K JIC specimens of SUS 347 fractured transgranularly while those of SUS 321 did intergranularly. The results make it clear that the degradation of 4K fracture toughness due to aging could be suppressed by controling morphology of precipitates and that niobium addition is effective to make the morphology advantageous.


In this day and age, the internet is the new resource tool for the masses. It has changed the way we live in society and the way people interact with each other. There are about nine hundred million people, who are using internet now a day. They can use the internet to communicate with each other from all over the world, business can do their work over the internet, and students can take online classes and many more. Therefore, the availability of internet is very critical for the socio economic growth of the society. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is one of the major threats for the current Internet because of its ability to create a huge volume of malicious data. As a result of it services of internet are severely degraded. One of the biggest challenges before researchers is to find the details of such attacks because due to damaging reputation issues, most of the commercial sites do not even disclose that they were blitzed by such attacks. In this project work, we have used the real time attack and legitimate traces in order to perform the simulation of DDoS attacks. We have simulated the network topology and attach the real time traces with the topology. The impact of attack is measured in terms of metrics such as throughput and percentage link utilization.


ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the present study was to quantify the intensity, perceived exertion and enjoyment of participation in walking football (WF) for elderly men and women compared to traditional small-sided running football (RF) and walking (W). Methods: 32 men and women aged 60–83 from recreational football teams performed a 5-min W, followed by 10-min WF and RF games in a counterbalanced order, separated by an 8–10 min break. The men and women played 5v5 and 6v6, respectively, on small-sided football pitches (men: 40 × 16.5 m; women 40 × 30 m) with medium-sized goals (3 × 1.5 m). Heart rate (HR) and locomotor activities were monitored throughout sessions and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) scores were determined immediately after sessions. Results: During RF, mean HR was higher (P  0.05) compared to WF and W for both men aged 60+ (126 ± 23 vs 112 ± 19 and 98 ± 19 beats/min) and women aged 60+ (144 ± 24 vs 133 ± 30 and 112 ± 20 beats/min), and higher (P < 0.05) during WF than W. During RF, more distance (P < 0.05) was covered at >8 km/h compared to WF and W for both men aged 60+ (134 ± 73 vs 36 ± 27 and 6 ± 7 m) and women aged 60+ (119 ± 89 vs 39 ± 38 and 1 ± 1 m), with more distance (p < 0.05) during WF compared to W. Both men and women had higher PACES and RPE scores (P < 0.05) for RF compared to WF. Conclusion: WF for elderly men and women results in higher heart rates and more distance covered in more intense speed zones than W, but less than in traditional small-sided football. Future studies should elucidate the hypothesis that WF is more effective in relation to fitness and health benefits compared to W, but less effective compared to small-sided traditional football.


To investigate the factors and methods to extract clear configuration in the topological optimization of continuum structure,a topological optimization model using nodal density as the design variable is established.Checkerboard patterns are naturally avoided based on the continuous density field.Combined with density filtering technique to improve the smoothness of density field,the mesh-dependence phenomenon is overcome.Solid isotropic microstructures with penalization(SIMP) density-stiffness interpolation and a modified two-step filtering scheme suggested not only to eliminate the image diffuse phenomena,but also to decrease the number of nodes composed of gray level images.Density contours are adopted to interpret the topological optimization result and continuous contour thus obtained.The validity of the proposed methods are substantiated by some typical two-dimensional examples.


Here, we examined the role of conspiracy mentality and motivated reasoning in the endorsement of fake news and rejection of science in two samples: one recruited from an online marketing panel (N=513). Although conspiracy mentality may not always predict rejection of science, we find it is strongly linked to believing that fake science news headlines are true. Moreover, we show that not all conspiracies are believed by those with high conspiracy mentality. Instead, people will believe conspiracies and fake news when the explanations align with their world views.


The Agent Construction Method (ACM) is similar with the General Contracting Method and Project Management Contracting Method in mechanism. However, it can be concluded through comparison that ACM is actually most similar with the traditional method. The primary innovation of ACM beyond the traditional method is the break and reallocation of owner's responsibility which is expatiated in the agreement among the buyer, the user and the agent contractor. So it is highly important to ensure the rights of the agent contractor as the owner in the construction phase, thus, some related laws and regulations need to be amended.


Tree nitrogen, assessed as foliar % N, phloem-cortex free amino acids, and leaf color all increased with tree fertilization, indicating an increase in nitrogen availability to pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. Free amino acid levels in psyllids increased with tree fertilization rate in orchard and growth room tests. Protein levels, however, were higher in psyllids from seedlings of medium nitrogen content than in those from low- or highnitrogen seedlings. Psyllids from low-nitrogen seedlings weighed more than those from medium-nitrogen seedlings. Psyllid feeding rate, estimated by honeydew production, was compared on low- and high-nitrogen seedlings. Nymphs on very-low-nitrogen leaves produced more honeydew, suggesting a compensatory feeding response to low dietary nitrogen. Physiological, morphological, and ecological ramifications for pear psylla include effects on (1) adult protein content, (2) adult body size, and (3) nymphal developmental rate.


In its decision adopted on 27 March 2013, the Italian Competition Authority ("ICA" or the "Authority") found Poste Italiane S.p.A. ("Poste" - the Italian incumbent operator in the postal sector) to…


To protect the reservoirs in block of Yubei Tarim basin that are of high alkali and water sensitivity,the temporary sealing additives,bloomless asphalt and ultra-low penetration additives are applied to form a drilling fluid formulation,which the HTHP filtration rate is less than 12 mL,the core penetration recovery rate is over 85%,and the relationships between temporary sealing particle size distribution and fracture width are ultra-fine calcium carbonate can be used while the largest fracture width is less than 150 um,and if the largest fracture width is more than 150μm,the bloomless asphalt and ultra-low penetration additives can be applied.The applications in well Yubei5 and Yubei9 show that the core penetration recovery rate is over 87%,which can protect the reservoirs effectively.


Ulysses measurements of the solar wind electron heat flux as a function of heliographic latitude are presented. The latitudinal variations in the electron heat flux presented have been normalized by the radial gradient in the electron heat flux obtained during the in-ecliptic phase of the Ulysses mission (qe~-3.0). We find no significant variation in electron heat flux with latitude.


Biotinylated bait molecules can be immobilized on biotinylated sensor chips by formation of biotin–avidin–biotin bridges which are very stable when using wild-type (strept)avidin. Stable immobilization of biotinylated baits is important for monitoring reversible binding and dissociation of prey molecules. For measurements with another bait molecule, however, it is desirable to replace all immobilized proteins by fresh (strept)avidin and new biotinylated bait. In this study, five avidin mutants have been characterized with respect to their ability to form switchable biotin–avidin–biotin bridges on biotinylated chip surfaces, as needed for complete chip regeneration. All five mutants formed stable


Pre-eminent features of physiological hormone release include both pulsatile and nyctohemeral elements, which are modulated in normal physiology and often disrupted in pathological states. The pulsatile nature of neurohormone signaling is critical to long-term activation and physiological regulation of many neuroendocrine axes, such as the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)–luteinizing hormone (LH)–gonadal axis in men and women. Indeed, a pulsatile but not continuous GnRH signal to gonadotrope cells will preserve physiological biosynthesis and secretion rates of the gonadotropins, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and, in turn, maintain gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. For the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)–somatostatin/growth hormone (GH)/insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis, pulsatile GHRH release by hypothalamic neurons is also believed to organize episodic GH secretion, as coordinated by prior and concurrent hypothalamic somatostatin tone. Moreover, the pulsatile GH signal activates organ-specific secondmessenger signaling pathways, such as the STAT5b signaling cascade in the liver, with subsequent induction of specific genomic responses in relevant target tissues, which are not induced equivalently by a constant GH stimulus. Non-pituitary hormones (e.g. parathyroid hormone (PTH), insulin, renin) also exhibit a distinctly pulsatile time-course of release. Furthermore, neurohormone secretion often partakes of a nyctohemeral and, in some specific cases, circadian rhythmicity. The 24-h rhythms are assembled in part from day-night amplitude and frequency control of the underlying ultradian (shorter-term) pulsations (1). Recent modeling strategies suggest possible mechanisms linking physiological pulsatility and circadian rhythmicity (2), but far more study will be required to establish the bases for such connectivity in health and disease.


Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the lateral tarsal strip procedure in the treatment of lacrimal pump dysfunction related to lower lid laxity. Methods: This study investigated 46 eyes of 35 patients diagnosed with dysfunction of the lacrimal pump on which the lateral tarsal strip procedure was performed between June 2001 and February 2004. We retrospectively reviewed patients' medical records for information including age, gender, history, follow-up period, change of fluorescein dye disappearance test (DDT), tear meniscus height (TMH), symptoms, and complications. Results: Improvement of tearing was noted in 26 patients (78.8%). Thirty-seven eyes (80.5%) were improved by more than 1 grade on DDT. Significant improvement above 2 grades was observed in 16 eyes (34.7%). With respect to age, 62.5% of 3rd-decade patients improved most effectively by more than 2 grades on DDT. Postoperative TMH compared with preoperative TMH measures were significantly lower according to statistics. The most common complication was discomfort or tenderness over the orbital rim (13.0%). Conclusions: Performance of the lateral tarsal strip procedure for tearing caused by dysfunction of the lacrimal pump and related to lower lid laxity improved patients' tearing, DDT and TMH status. We therefore expect the lateral tarsal strip procedure to be effective in the surgical treatment of lacrimal pump dysfunction secondary to lower eyelid laxity.


The dynamic characteristics of liquid line systems have been a subject of interest to many researchers for a long time. The most popular mathematical model seems to be the one given in matrix form in A. F. D'Souza and R. Oldenburger's paper. This model is based on unsteady laminar flow of a viscous and compressible liquid . It is well known that the numerical calculations obtained using the above-mentioned model are in good agreement with experimental results. But the model contains hyperbolic functions and Bessel functions and is so complicated that one usually needs a digital computer to obtain numerical results. Therefore, many papers have been published on approximation methods of these numerical calculations from an engineering view point But all approximation methods are still considerably complicated and it is almost impossible to estimate immediately the characteristics of liquid line systems for arbitrary load conditions_ Referring to a method which is often used in the field of an electrical wave transmission line with distributed parameters, the author proposes a graphical calculation method of the frequency characteristics of liquid line systems with arbitrary boundary conditions. In the proposed method, reflection coefficients and mapping play very important roles_ The frequency characteristics of liquid line systems can be easily calculated with only arithmetical operations and a chart without the need of a computer. Furthermore, the trends of frequency characteristics that have been almost impossible to obtain up to now, can be grasped both qiiAlitalively and quantitatively.


BENIGN BILIARY STRICTURES (BBS) have various etiologies, including intraoperative injury, postoperative stenosis, chronic pancreatitis, and primary and secondary cholangitis. Stasis of the bile juice causes abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice. At present, endoscopic biliary stenting or balloon dilatation is considered to be the first-line treatment for BBS. Recent advances in endoscopic techniques and various accessories have allowed successful treatment of most BBS cases. However, a consensus regarding the adequate management of BBS has not yet been reached. Moreover, various etiologies of BBS may confuse the choice of adequate treatment. Weber et al. reported interesting long-term follow-up results after endoscopic stent therapy for BBS depending on the various causes of the stricture. Intraoperative injury-induced stricture and postoperative stricture showed good follow-up results, whereas chronic pancreatitis-induced stricture revealed poor follow-up results. In terms of pathological findings, chronic pancreatitis was accompanied by not only fibrosis but also by swelling of the pancreas and calcification of the pancreatic parenchyma. These pathological conditions induce the formation of a difficult-to-resolve stricture. Single plastic stent placement is mainly used for the management of BBS. However, the single plastic stent does not usually achieve effective bile duct stricture resolution, and good long-term follow-up results. In addition, single plastic stents have short-term patency rates only, limited stent diameter, and a requirement for multiple endoscopic sessions. Moreover, most of the previous studies on single plastic stents are retrospective and have different patient selection criteria, dilatation methods, stent diameters, follow-up periods, and definitions of success. For these reasons, more aggressive treatments such as multiple plastic stent and covered metal stent insertions have been carried out. The concept of these treatments is to achieve larger dilatation of the stricture site. Costamagna et al. used multiple plastic stent insertion to obtain stricture resolution. They reported no recurrence of symptoms caused by a relapsing biliary stricture in 89 patients during a mean follow-up period of 48.8 months (range: 2–11.3 years). Catalano et al. treated symptomatic distal common bile duct stenosis and reported their prospective series compared with historical controls, together with a comparison of single versus multiple simultaneous plastic stents. Twelve consecutive patients with chronic pancreatitis and common bile duct stricture underwent endoscopic placement of multiple simultaneous plastic stents and were followed prospectively. Results were compared with a group of 34 patients in whom a single stent was placed. In the 12 patients with multiple stent placements, the diameter of the distal common bile duct stenosis increased from a mean of 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm post-treatment; no change in diameter was noted in the patients treated with a single stent. Theoretically, multiple stents have a larger boogie effect for stricture resolution than a single plastic stent. However, multiple plastic stent placement requires a longer procedure time and, in cases of tight strictures, it is difficult to pass and place multiple stents across the stricture. Another option for treating BBS is the placement of a metallic stent, which was first done in 1990. Unfortunately, an uncovered metallic stent was used which produced unsatisfactory results as the stent was difficult to remove because of endoluminal hyperplasia. To address this problem, covered self-expandable metallic stents (CSEMS) were used for BBS. CSEMS, particularly fully covered metallic stents (FCSEMS) can be reliably removed. Kahaleh et al. used CSEMS in 79 patients with BBS and confirmed stricture resolution in 90% of the patients. Although the dilating and stenting method has achieved successful resolution in most cases, 10–40% of BBS do not respond well. Moreover, stricture relapse may occur in 10–30% of cases after the initial resolution. Currently, the management of refractory BBS remains uncertain. In this issue of Digestive Endoscopy, Bing et al. report the most aggressive therapy for BBS using intraductal bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The treatment concept is aimed at using ablation power and treating the stricture rather than using the boogie effect. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and RFA therapy were carried out in nine patients. Among these patients, the causes of BBS included post-cholecystectomy injury in four patients, anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation in three, chronic inflammation in one and chronic pancreatitis in one. After RFA and balloon dilatation, stenosis of all the patients significantly improved and five patients (55%) met stricture resolution. Of the nine patients, three required no


It has been documented that Cervical lymphadenopathy is the most frequent site of regional lymphadenopathy.Cervical Tuberculous lymphadenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis.A single observer cross sectional prospective study was conducted in the department of Pathology of Rajiv Gandhi Medical College attached to a tertiary level Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Hospital over the period of 1stof August 2011 to 31st of January 2012 total 250 cases of Cervical lymphadenitis were assessed clinically and by FNAC.In the cytological diagnosis, tubercular lymph-adenitis was most prevalent diagnosis (40.40%). Among the metastatic secondaries, squamous cell carcinoma was most common . Tuberculous lymphadenopathy was most common in third decade with a female preponderance. Posterior triangle (level V ) groups of Lymph nodes were found significantly more involved by reactive and non specific lymphadenitis whereas Jugulo-diagastric (level II) were more commonly involved in TB. . The clinico-pathologicalstudy of cervical lymphadenopathy will help clinicians in better mamagements of patients.


A survey designed to elicit the subjective effect of specific influences on sleep duration and sleep quality was carried out. The sample consisted of 400 individuals selected in a random manner from the general population and a further 400 individuals representing consecutive attenders at the outpatient department of a large teaching hospital. The response rate for the two groups was 97% and 99% respectively. In a question regarding habits which aid in sleep onset, four-fifths of those exercising with a frequency of at least twice per month spontaneously reported exercise as a factor in promoting sleep.


An increasingly popular technique for applying plant growth regulators (PGRs) to floriculture crops is to dip or soak the root medium of a transplant in a chemical solution before transplanting. This PGR application method, termed a ''liner dip,'' can be an effective height-control strategy for greenhouse crop production. However, few studies have quantified how bedding plant species respond to different chemicals and application rates. Argyranthemum (Argyranthemum ·hybrida 'Sunlight'), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ·hybrida 'Callie Dark Blue'), petunia (Petunia ·hybrida 'Cascadias Vivid Red'), scaevola (Scaevola albida 'Jacob's White'), and verbena (Verbena ·hybrida 'Rapunzel Red') liners were dipped in paclobutrazol at 4, 8, or 16 mg L or in uniconazole at 2, 4, or 8 mg L for 30 seconds and subsequently transplanted into 4.5-inch-diameter round pots. At 28 days after transplant, all rates of paclobutrazol and uniconazole inhibited subsequent stem elongation by 21% to 67% in calibrachoa, petunia, scaevola, and verbena. In argyranthemum, stems were 33% to 42% shorter in plants treated with paclobutrazol at 8 or 16 mg L or uniconazole at all rates. In some species, the liner dip delayed flowering and reduced flower number compared with that of nontreated plants. This pretransplant PGR application technique can be useful on vigorous ornamental species when grown together in the same container with less aggressive species without a PGR application.


Phosphorus is a very important constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids and most important constituent of ATP and other high-energy compounds. Hence, an effort was made to use the Rairu distillery effluent on an artificial ecosystem and to study the impact of distillery effluent on the phosphorus content in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum Linn. cv. 'HD-2285') grown on adjoining plots. The experiment which was organized at Nirawali village, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh Agriculture land in a completely randomized design had three replications with 25, 50 and 100% effluent concentration. Results showed that phosphorus content in leaves, stem, roots, inflorescence and grains of the wheat plants treated by 50% dilution value of effluent was enhanced.


The electricity generation in Switzerland is mainly based on hydropower (55% of total production). The exploitation of water in the hydropower sector can generate significant
 so-called resource rents. These are defined by the surplus return above the value of capital, labor, materials and energy used to exploit hydropower. In Switzerland, hydropower producers pay
 to the State a fixed fee per kW gross capacity. With this system the substantial differences in costs, revenues and in the production characteristics of the hydropower plants are not taken
 into account. In this context, the following paper has two main goals: 1) To discuss the introduction in the Swiss hydropower sector of a new payment system based on a resource rent tax; 2)
 To propose a combination of a RRT system with a benchmarking analysis of the production cost obtained through the estimation of a stochastic frontier variable cost function. We estimate a
 true random effects stochastic frontier variable cost function using panel data in order to overcome the asymmetric information problem. In addition, using the information on cost efficiency
 of the single companies, we show how to introduce in the RRT scheme a benchmark system which gives incentives to minimize the production costs.


The stage of the research is in implementation of merging algorithm of business vocabularies and rules that will allow to merge several business vocabularies and find conflicts that will be listed for the user for further actions. Online storage prototype for business process vocabularies and business rules are implemented for their management. Types of conflicts were identified that could occur during vocabularies merging.


The Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (BoBAS) rim countries comprising of India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore is a group that has the potential to emerge as one of the fastest growing regions in Asia and the world. These countries are tied together with a multitude of factors such as history, culture, demographics and technological development. This article seeks to evaluate if these countries can complement each other's growth strategy and the role that India can play to stimulate growth in this region. The article can broadly be divided into two parts: the first part discusses the evolution of development strategy and regional economic integration while the second part analyses the role that India can play in guiding the growth across these countries and the various key initiatives taken up by India in recent past to foster high and sustainable growth.


The racemic catalytic mechanisms of solid acid,solid base and metal complexes for the preparation of optically pure chiral compounds by dynamic kinetic resolution were summarized.The application of homogeneous racemic catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts in dynamic kinetic resolution process was also discussed.Based on this,the article focuses on the compatibility of transition metal complex catalysts and bio-enzyme catalysts for the preparation of chiral compounds by dynamic kinetic resolution in research and development trends.


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Popular music has been used since the colonial times as an instrument of criticizing the various levels of authority in Zimbabwe. It was used as an artistic vehicle for denouncing colonialism. After independence, the same medium was used to agitate for social justice. More than thirty years after independence the same genre is being used to denounce impunity and political violence. Through the years what has changed is the language, which migrated from euphemism to confrontational lyrics, not the message, which has consistently attacked the authorities. The paper begins by theorizing popular music as an arts genre. This is followed by an analysis of songs that were critical of the colonial governments and those that criticized the post-independence government. The music of Thomas Mapfumo was singled out as protest music, which consistently spoke to the authorities about their perceived shortcomings. This view is presented using Mapfumo's song titled Masoja Nemapurisa.


Background: Currently there is little research exploring patient or
clinician treatment decisions among older lung cancer patients.
Existing research has confirmed that variation in treatment
preferences exist between patients, and between patients and
clinicians, that could be influenced by perceptions of age and frailty.
Clinician's concerns about providing certain treatments to patients
deemed to be frail may influence an older person's decisions
regarding treatment. This was reported in a recent systematic
review 1 identifying the most common factor influencing older
adult's decision to accept or decline cancer treatment was physician
recommendation.

 Method: A prospective qualitative exploratory
study was undertaken. Semi-structured interviews conducted with
older patients with lung cancer (n=12); and a range of health care
professionals (n=12), including respiratory physicians, clinical nurse
specialists, oncologists. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed
verbatim and analysed using Framework Analysis.

 Result: Three themes illuminated factors influencing treatment decision making in
older people with lung cancer. Perceptions of frailty illustrates how
older people were able to recognise dimensions of frailty but did
not consider themselves to be frail. For the healthcare professionals,
frailty was not universally considered in treatment decision making.
Decision making conversations details the multiple factors
that facilitate or hinder the process. Aspects of service delivery
consider the wider context in which treatment decisions are made.
Conclusion: There is merit on drawing on the concept of frailty to
inform treatment decision making. In the current climate where
the use of standardised tools to assess frailty is being promoted 2,3,
we propose incorporating a series of trigger questions to be used
alongside existing assessment tools. In so doing there is potential
to capture a clearer impression of an older person's fitness for
treatment.


For power converters used in renewable energy systems, output-impedance design has become an important design consideration for minimizing the impacts of low-frequency harmonic current on the lifetime of ripple-sensitive energy sources such as fuel cells and photovoltaic cells. In the literature, various methods are proposed to tackle this design issue but they are frequently treated in isolation from each other and specific to the systems being discussed. In this paper, a systematic derivation of four basic modes of output-impedance shaping method is presented. These basic modes can be directly inferred from the Mason's gain formula and other methods are in essence derivatives or combinations of these basic modes. By using a fuel-cell-battery-powered single-phase inverter as an implementation example, their characteristics are discussed thoroughly and their performances in shaping converter's output impedance are evaluated experimentally.


Abstract This paper adds to the growing but still sparse body of psychoanalytic literature that explores the role of gender in transference and countertransference enactments. The author contends that gender inscription can create a kind of conflict of interest between certain female analysts and certain male patients, especially around attachment, autonomy, and authority. The result may be an undercurrent of anger in which both participants in the analytic dyad dissociate. Here, the focus is on how one female analyst found she dissociated anger because of internalized stereotypical gender restraints, and how her male patients likewise dissociated their anger at her. Using material from her male patients and attuning to her own personal experience, the analyst illustrates how she and her patients were ultimately able to acknowledge their angry feelings and then transform them into a more authentic and mature, hence therapeutic, dialogue.


Investigation of diamond turning on beryllium was made in anticipation of obtaining an optical finish. Although results of past experiences were poor, it was decided to continue diamond turning on beryllium beyond initial failures. By changing speed and using coolant, partial success was achieved. Tool wear was the major problem. Tests were made to establish and plot wear as a function of cutting speed and time. Slower speeds did cause lower wear rates, but at no time did wear reach an acceptable level. The machine, tools, and procedure used were chosen based on the results of preliminary attempts and on previous experience. It was unnecessary to use an air-bearing spindle because tool failure governed the best finish that could be expected. All tools of diamond composition, whether single crystal or polycrystalline, wore at unacceptable rates. Based on present technology, it must be concluded that beryllium cannot be feasibly diamond turned to achieve an optical finish. (22 fig.) (auth)


Background and Objectives Since 1970, Ecuador establishes mandatory rural health service as a requirement for licensing work. Medical education is based in the hospital with little contact with rural areas. There is little information on the training and skills needs of recent graduated doctors. The research focuses on the perceptions of rural doctors on obstetric skills needed in rural areas. The aim of our study was to describe how the basic doctor in rural areas addresses training and teaching in obstetric skills needed in rural areas during undergraduate medical education. Methods A qualitative research project was performed using focus group discussions involving 23 rural doctors who work in rural and marginal urban areas in Southern Ecuador.  We identified themes that came from the data collected in the focus group and we selected those which are of interest for the readers in a detailed analysis. Rural doctors responded the following question: How do you feel with obstetric skills training at the University where you studied?  Results The majority of participants describe two predominant themes: the undergraduate theoretical teaching process of obstetrical skills and the practice experiences during the clinical attachment. Not all required skills are taught and internalize during undergraduate rotations including internship. Discussion There is no definition of the recent graduate profile that determines a standard for medical education. Rural doctors expressed lack of knowledge and practice for the obstetrical skills that they were required to perform. There is an urgent need to identify a baseline undergraduate curriculum that meets the country needs.


In the Fall 1978 issue of JPKE, Davidson presented an overview of monetary theory during the past half-century. While his article provides an interesting perspective on the development of monetary theory during this period, it underrates the prospects for complementarities between neoclassical microtheory and Keynesian monetary theory (as Davidson described it). In at least one important area-modeling of the firm's demand for money-an integration of Keynesian analysis and neoclassical theory may well improve existing models. Indeed, it is just such an integration that can explain the failure during the early seventies of the Federal Open


This book is an attempt to construct a classification (or division) of intangibles, consisting of a diversity of approaches that deals with this concept. It includes eleven papers which have been divided into three sections based on their approach and what we can learn from them: (1) regulation of intangibles for financial reporting, (2) the state of the art in literature and business practice, and (3) different approaches in classifying intangibles.


Linear registration to stereotaxic space is a common first step in many automated image-processing tools for analysis of human brain MRI scans. This step is crucial for the success of the following image-processing steps. Several well-established algorithms are commonly used in the field of neuroimaging for this task, but none of them has a 100% success rate. Manual assessment of the registration is commonly used as part of quality control. We propose a completely automatic quality control method based on deep learning that replaces human rater and accurately performs quality control assessment for stereotaxic registration of T1w brain scans. In a recently published study from our group comparing linear registration methods, we used a database of 9693 MRI scans from several publically available datasets and applied five linear registration tools. In this study, the resulting images that were assessed and labeled by a human rater are used to train a deep neural network to detect cases when registration failed. Our method was able to achieve 88% accuracy and 11% false positive rate in detecting scans that should pass quality control, better than a manual QC rater.


Imatinib mesylate, a BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is widely used in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although there are a few studies documenting ocular side effects of imatinib, there have been no reports of uveitis caused by imatinib in the literature. We present a case of imatinib-induced uveitis, in which a young male with CML developed bilateral pan-uveitis and cystoid macular edema as a side effect of imatinib. The ocular adverse effects were completely resolved upon withdrawal of drug. To the best of our knowledge, this might be one of the first cases of such kind.


The attitudes and expectations that a road user has when using the traffic system, are essential to road safety. There are manifold interactions between the user and the traffic system. If you change the system man is able to cancel out each technical safety measure due to his maladjusted attitudes, which can result, for example, in him increasing his speed. Everything depends on the values and attitudes of the road user. The better adjusted to the traffic situation these are, the better it is for traffic safety. That does not mean that technical safety measures are worthless, but they can only be effective if they meet with safety minded attitudes and behaviour. In which way can safety attitudes and safe behaviour be realized? Looking closely, it appears that nearly all nontechnical safety measures try to influence attitudes and behaviour. Strictly speaking there is no difference between general and special preventive measures. They only differ in the method of dissimination of the messages. Three driver improvement programs as special prevention used in Austria are presented in more detail and their efficiency is discussed. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 815404.


The traditional MapReduce paradigm lacks in expressivity. However it is popular for its fault-tolerance, automatic parallelism, and the ease of distributed computing. Our work aims to tackle this by introducing an expressive MapReduce framework. Expressivity has its theoretical foundations in description logics. It allows for reasoning tasks such as subsumption. We have picked description logic ελ+ for the expressivity due to its feasible computational complexity. In this work we will show how a tree structure be used as the basis for expressive ελ+ MapReduce. Trees will be pruned to sub-trees and re-assembled in parallel and distributed MapReduce framework. As a result, large scale linked data reasoning on MapReduce framework would be possible in the expressive MapReduce framework.


Recent developments in smart grid system open the new horizon in four quadrant sector of power system such as generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. In view of this, the smart metering concept is attracted and adopted in worldwide due to rapid development in Demand Response (DR) system. The DR system managed the customer consumption of electricity in response to changing supply conditions and balance between supply and demand. For such type of management the front and back end electronics is required. In this short communication, we report the hardware solution for DR system. The hardware solution consists of ZigBee transmitter and receiver which is communicated and controlled by PIC microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller is also used for controlling end devices using switching circuit. The front end VB and Microsoft SQL based database are used to store end devices electricity consumption at regular interval.


Dear Editor, A 35-year-old Chinese woman presented with a 9-month history of progressive loosening and wrinkling. For the preceding 3 years, she had suffered from urticarial eruptions which lasted several days, and were intractable to oral antihistamines. Physical examination revealed looseness and wrinkling of the eyelids, and around the mouth and chin (Fig. 1a). The earlobes were pendulous and loosened (Fig. 1b). Wrinkling with decreased elasticity was observed on the neck (Fig. 1c) and axillae (Fig. 1d). Edematous erythema without pruritus was observed on her arm (Fig. 1e) and abdomen. There was no hyperextensibility of the joints and fragility of the skin. Blood test and urine analysis were within the normal range. Chest X ray, chest and abdominal computed tomography, echocardiography and gastroscopy were normal. Histopathological examination from a urticarial eruption showed infiltrations of neutrophils around the blood vessels and between the collagen bundles (Fig. 1f). The histopathology of inelastic skin showed several clefts between the collagen bundles, and infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes around the blood vessels. There was no infiltration of mast cells both in an urticarial eruption and in elastic skin. Elastica van Gieson staining revealed that the elastic fibers were sparse and shortened (Fig. 1g). In electron microscopy, several elastic fibers were present in each field under a 94000 magnification. We observed the adherence of one neutrophil to one fiber in almost all elastic fibers in each field (Fig. 1h). The length of the elastic fibers was less than normal. We diagnosed the patient with acquired cutis laxa (CL) with urticarial eruption. Treatment was initiated with diphenyl sulfone (DDS) to alleviate the urticarial eruption. There has been neither urticarial eruptions nor progress of loosening for 5 years under the treatment. Acquired CL is characterized by a reduced number and abnormal properties of elastic fiber. The disease affects the


The development process in the present context where economic and governance reforms are emphasized tends at times to by-pass the concerns of the marginalized and the voiceless. It is precisely to bring to notice the concerns of these groups to policy makers that the tools such as advocacy are useful. Policy advocacy is an important tool to democratise the policy making process. In discussing the relation between policy process and policy advocacy this paper delineates the changing context for both. It looks at the nature of policy process, the connections between policy research and advocacy and also examines one method of policy advocacy, multi-stakeholder dialogue.


Carbohydrate crosslinked polymer, particularly based on polysaccharides and / or oligosaccharides and / or polyols. The invention relates to a crosslinked polymer of at least one type of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative comprising at least one primary alcohol function. This crosslinked polymer is particularly useful for the manufacture of a composition intended to be applied on a tissue of a subject for a clamping and / or firming effect on this tissue.


All plants have an absolute requirement for potassium,which must be taken up from the external medium. Potassium transportation in plants can be divided into two parts,high affinity and low affinity. Plant high-affinity transporters mainly include HAKs and HKTs. In the low K+ land environment,these high-affinity transporters play a key role on plant potassium uptake and transportation. Therefore,HAKs and HKTs' functions,mechnisms of potassium transportation and the newest studies were reviewed.


Running-time analysis of the continuous evolutionary algorithm is a difficult problem now existing in the field at home and abroad.To deal with this issue,the paper gave an in-depth studies about the running time of evolutionary programming based on Levy mutation(LEP).The procedure is as follows:First,LEP algorithm was modeled on the basis of an absorbing Markov process,which proved the optimal solution of the LEP convergence.Second,the expected first hitting time was used to evaluate the running time of LEP algorithm by taking its computational properties into consideration.Finally,based on the similar transformation of Levy distribution,an estimation equation of LEP running time was proposed.The research results indicate that the upper bounds for the running time are directly influenced by the Lebesgue measurement of the optimal space,its population scale and the searching range.


Objective:To develop a directed analysis of 6 phosphodiesterase 5(PDE5)inhibitors:sildenafil,tadalafil,acetildenafil,hydroxyhomosildenafil,aminotadalafil,pseudo-vardenfil in health food.Methods:Triple quadrupol MS with DART ion souce was used to perform the direct analysis.The DART sampler delivery rate was 0.2 mm·s-1.The temperature of carry gas of DART was 450 ℃.The capillary voltage was kept at 4 kV.The temperature of the drying gas of triple quadrupol MS was set at 350 ℃.The flow rate of the drying gas of triple quadrupol MS was set at 10 L·min-1,respectively.Product ion scan mode was used with scan range from 50-550 amu.The precursor ions were set as m/z 475.1(sildenafil),m/z 467.2(acetildenafil),m/z 505.1(hydroxyhomosildenafil),m/z 390.1(tadalafil),m/z 391.2(aminotadalafil),m/z 460.3(pseudo-vardenfil).The identification was performed by comparing the mass spectrum of detected peak in samples with the mass spectrum of peak in reference substance.Results:The limit of detection for each of 6 PDE5 inhibitors was under 1 μg·g-1.Sildenafil was detected in 6 samples,and tadalafil was detected in 1 sample.Conclusion:The method is employed to simultaneous detection of 6 PDE5 inhibitors in health food.


Existing T-wavelet boundary element method(BEM) uses Galerkin scheme to discretize boundary integral equations,in which the evaluation of double integrals is complication and time-consuming.A method for constructing T-wavelet using Dirac δ-function is first proposed.By adopting these new wavelets as test functions in weighted residual method,a T-wavelet collocation BEM is then established.The method only involves single-layer integrals,thus easy to realize.Two representative real-world examples clearly show the O(NlgN) computational time and O(N) memory requirements of the method.


Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have been isolated from the hive of Giant Honey Bee (Apis dorsata) origin from tropical climate. Information about the diversity of LAB from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village has not been found yet. The information is important as a preliminary study of the potential of biological resources for food functional development in the future. Therefore, it is needed to research on diversity of LAB that isolated from the hive of A. dorsata from the village of Benu as an area of semi-arid tropical climate. The purpose of this study is determine the diversity of LAB isolated from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village. This research is important because it provides preliminary information about the diversity of LAB species from the hive of A. dorsata from Benu Village as a representation of semi-arid tropical climate. Profile of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis showed the presence of seven LAB isolates from the hive of A. dorsata in Benu Village. This is an early indication that hive of A. dorsata from semi-arid tropic climate has the potential as a biological resources of LAB that important for food funtional development in the future.


viBORG station we all piled out of the railroad car to stretch our legs and take the air. It was midafternoon now, and we had been riding since ten in the morning on the train from Helsinki to Leningrad that crawls through the interminable pine forests of southern Finland. We had just crossed the new border. Viborg, which had been Finnish Viipuri before the war, had returned to its Swedish name Russified but not to a Swedish tidi-


This paper examines firms' adaptation to long-term changes in climatic conditions. Using detailed information on establishments owned by U.S. public firms, we show that higher abnormal temperatures over the previous five years in a county lead to a significant reduction in local employment and the number of establishments. The decline in employment and establishments is larger for firms in non-tradable and consumer-oriented sectors, suggesting that firms' adaptation is largely due to a decline in local consumer demand. Additional tests show that prolonged high temperatures lead to lower consumption, higher unemployment rate, lower wage, and more out-migration across regions.


To satisfy the requirement of controlling and protection of modern power grid, it is necessary to develop the fast switchgear switching quickly as the executive device. The advances of repulsion and permanent magnetic mechanism are combined fully, the hybrid fast operating mechanism constructed with electromagnetic repulsion and permanent magnetic mechanism was designed in the paper. The switching characteristics of fast mechanism were simulated. The mechanical structures of coil skeleton, shell and T-shaped armature were optimized for the mechanism, and the design to avoid closing bounce was conducted. Based on these, the fast mechanism was developed and the strength of vacuum interrupter was promoted. The prototypes of 12/40.5kV fast vacuum circuit breaker were assembled and the factory performance debugging was carried out. The technical specifications of manufacture were formulated according the current standard of circuit breaker. The technical parameters of devices were provided. Two prototypes have passed the performance verification tests which including insulation, machinery, temperature rise, short-time current endurance, breaking and making ability. All results have shown that the performance parameters of two prototypes both meet the requirements of the technical specifications.


Optical multiplexing is of great value in information acquisition due to its excellent signal encoding ability. However, the number of encoding channels is often limited by instruments or luminescent materials used as information carriers in practical applications. To provide a new option, an optical multiplexing method based on the tunable relationship between excitation power density and emission intensity of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs; P–I relationship), which can be regulated by the co‐doping ratio of sensitizer ions and activator ions, is developed. This method can be implemented on commonly used optical imaging equipment. Since the P–I relationship is only related to the energy transfer process of lanthanide ions in UCNPs, it has the potential to be combined with other dimensions of optical multiplexing such as wavelength and intensity to provide more robust encoding ability.


In order to manage the correct posture in daily life, it is necessary to evaluate the objective posture and appropriate prescription and management. The posture evaluation program is widely used as a method to evaluate posture relatively easily and safely. However, the existing posture evaluation program is evaluated by utilizing the position of the skeletal system, but lacks feedback on the result of the evaluation because the muscle information causing the posture is lacking and the efficiency of the program is decreased. Therefore, we will improve the existing posture evaluation program and design the system that helps the correct posture management by the appropriate exercise prescription based on the feedback that the server measures and stores the evaluation result through the SOAP message.


Craft-making has always been central to the African way of life and various forms of craft have been observed in many parts of Africa. Cape Town is a well-known destination for many immigrants who have adopted craft-making as a business and a form of employment. Most of these immigrants run survivalist and micro craft enterprises with very few of them having grown to reach the small to medium-sized business threshold. Even though numerous studies have attempted to explain immigrant entrepreneurship in general, few of them focussed on understanding the theories of immigrant entrepreneurship in the South African context. The present article was formulated to explore and explain theories of immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa. The methodology involved a systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the theories that best explained immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa.


Within the European Union's electricity grid the large penetration of renewable energy increases the need for balancing power. While secondary reserve energy quantities are dispatched in extending international cooperation (International Grid Control Cooperation, IGCC), tertiary energy remains purely nationally organized in Germany. Switzerland and Austria dispose of large amounts of hydropower and pumped storage capacities and thereby cooperation could provide benefits in providing balancing power for Germany and its neighbors. In the area of the secondary reserve the IGCC created significant cost reductions through more efficient dispatches than on a national basis. It stands to reason that such reductions may also be achieved on a joint tertiary reserve market. The paper examines this option by investigating four scenarios of different tertiary reserve market cooperations in a multistep GAMS model: A purely national scenario, two bilateral scenarios in which the German tertiary reserve market is unified with the Swiss or Austrian market respectively to create a common reserve market and finally a one-market scenario in which tertiary reserve energy flows are possible between all three countries in the so-called "Germalpina zone". Using a cost minimizing approach, a detailed electricity grid and empirical data on reserve energy demand from September 2011, a four step model simulates the process of the reserve market and spot market. Results are promising to lower overall system costs by about 10% in the case of one unified tertiary reserve market called "Germalpina", which seems to be preferable over the bilateral coalitions.


The purpose of this article is to analyze how the graphic novel potentiates reading learning, from a theoretical culturalist perspective, to seventh grade students of the Donmatias Educational Institution, Antioquia; as a reading acquisition. Therefore, the postulates that theoretically support the study are oriented in Cole (2003), Carlino & Martinez (2009), Cassany & Morales (2008), Garcia (2010), Artacho (2002), Vasquez (1980), Gomez (2013). In turn, its methodological route was supported by a qualitative approach applying a participatory action research design to students between 12 and 13 years old. Therefore, the results showed that the reading of graphic novels makes the student easily find and understand the structure of the text, both the global semantic sense and the thematic illation, facilitating reading comprehension through the integration of writing with the image, interpretation a visual competence and an interpretation that favors open meanings. Finally, it is concluded that the graphic novel has didactic potential and the description of the image brings a new referent of learning to youth, being a bridge between literature and the graphic novel, exploring new possibilities of language; This perspective has brought a cultural system that revalues ??the actions of the book as a continuous text.


Nucleic acid aptamers are ligands with high specificity and affinity for their targets,which are screened from large oligonucleotide pools by the SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX) technology. For their specific character,they have shown the great applicative prospects in the environment toxicology and related research fields. The recent related researches were reviewed in the present paper.


This paper gives a study on existing techniques for providing security in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. First, an overview of IoT is given and it is followed by the security concerns in IoT networks. Then, existing methodologies and techniques for security in IoT are discussed. From this study, it is found that Attribute Based Encryption schemes provide security in a network of resource limited end devices. Comparison of existing methods is done by considering the key security objectives. In order to overcome the disadvantages of a centralized environment, it is seen that IoT implementation supported with ABE in a distributed environment would be better. Finally, the feasibility of implementing such an environment using one of the latest paradigms, called blockchain is also discussed.


How to establish the disciplinary system of the first-grade subject of art theory? How to establish a disciplinary system with Chinese characters? We should make efforts to find out alikeness and similarities in different art fields.That is to say,to find out the universal law of art.Only in such sense could we begin to discuss the establishment of the disciplinary system of Chinese art theory.Chinese art plays an important role in the whole Chinese cultural history,and art has its own particular state in Chinese civilization.Except for all kinds of art such as painting,sculpture,architecture,music,dance,there still are specific kinds of art form in China.Chinese art system is a comprehensive and complex one.Therefore,it is an enormous and splendid project to establish Chinese art disciplinary system.Meanwhile,classical Chinese art creation,appreciation and art forms all distinctly take on a particular Chinese looking.Strengthening the research upon Chinese art science could perfect the establishment of art discipline.In the context of globalization,it is important for artists to both include global eyeshot and contemporary pursue in their creation and pay much attention to the essence of tradition Chinese culture.Only in such way could they create artworks with a particular Chinese spirit.So,it is not only a theoretical problem but also a practical problem to establish the disciplinary system of art theory.


A disaster management support program (DMSP) at ISRO has been undertaken at Space Applications Centre, ISRO under the 10 th plan (2002-2007). The program addressed the various stages of disaster like pre-disaster planning, during and post disaster. The program is being continued into the subsequent plan periods including the present 12 th Plan of the Government of India. An integrated approach of using Remote sensing and Communication system like disaster warning Radar system and many other portable communications systems with satel lite link developed at the Space Applications Centre of ISRO were found very suitable. The remote sensing applications were started with the use of Landsat data and aerial photos and later made use of the all weather Synthetic Aperture Radar. For example in flood damage assessment it was assessment in terms of the extent of flooding and progressive inundation using multi date data from Radarsat-1 Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Today with the launch of RISAT in 2012 by ISRO, an all weather indigenous capability to monitor and assess disasters in near-real time has been achieved. Bhuvan, a web based geoportal launched by ISRO to showcase the capabilities of Earth Observation from Indian Remote Sensing Satellites has enhanced the outreach of remote sensing observation for natural resources besides disasters amongst the users and decision


We design new serial and parallel approximation algorithms for computing a maximum weight $b$-matching in an edge-weighted graph with a submodular objective function. This problem is NP-hard; the new algorithms have approximation ratio $1/3$, and are relaxations of the Greedy algorithm that rely only on local information in the graph, making them parallelizable. We have designed and implemented Local Lazy Greedy algorithms for both serial and parallel computers. We have applied the approximate submodular $b$-matching algorithm to assign tasks to processors in the computation of Fock matrices in quantum chemistry on parallel computers. The assignment seeks to reduce the run time by balancing the computational load on the processors and bounding the number of messages that each processor sends. We show that the new assignment of tasks to processors provides a four fold speedup over the currently used assignment in the NWChemEx software on $8000$ processors on the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Lab.


Soft robotics is a part of relatively new branch of bio-inspired robotics. As the name suggest, bio-inspired robotics takes inspiration from nature and uses structures and mechanisms found in bodies of animals. We can see that animals evolved to be able to survive in very unstructured and random world and are able to do wide range of different tasks. Today robots are mainly used in highly structured environments of completing halls and factories and cannot work in the real world. Soft robots are made of soft materials or act softly to achieve higher dexterity, usability in inaccessible places, and provide safety for human users. In this paper we give overview of current state of the field, materials and techniques used, and also some examples of concrete soft robots.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Asset Diversification, Bank Risk, Bank Size and Bank Liquidity on the Efficiency of Sharia Banks Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). This research methodology uses eleven Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia that have been registered with the OJK for the 2014-2018 period. The results of the data obtained in the quarterly financial statements per December were analyzed using efficiency analysis using Frontier 4.1 and descriptive and statistical analysis through the SPSS 16.0 program.The results showed that ADIV-HHI, NPF, and FDR had a negative effect on efficiency. Whereas Total Assets has a positive effect on Efficiency. And ADIV-HHI, NPF, Total Assets, and FDR simultaneously have a significant effect.


Objective To evaluate the clinical feasibility and efficacy of extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy(ELRP) in the treatment of prostate cancer. Methods The clinical data of 10 patients with prostate cancer undergoing ELRP from October 2010 to September 2013 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed. Results All operations were successful without converting to open surgery. The operative time ranged from 315 to 495 min,(416±62) min in mean. The blood loss was 150~1 500 ml, with a mean of(546±135) ml. Three patients received postoperative transfusion of 4~6 U, and 6 patients received no transfusion. The bowel activity was recovered with 48 hours after surgery. All patients were ambulant 3 to 5 days postoperatively. No rectal injury was found. One case of urinary leakage was occurred in this group, and leakage of urine was disappeared after detained suction tube for 8 days, Positive margin was found in 3 patients. Urinary incontinence occurred in 3 cases and improved after supportive treatment.During the following period, three patients showed biochemical recurrence 6~12 months after operation, and no local recurrence or distant metastasis were found. Conclusion ELRP is safe and effective for the treatment of prostate cancer, with minimal invasion, less bleeding, and rapid recovery.


Simple Output Configurations and Applications Since the inverting inputs are available they can be arranged for nonunity gain, as shown in Figure 2. A LT5400-4 has 0.01% matching maintaining the precision of the LT6658. This example provides a precise 5 V and 2.5 V rail and can be used as a ±2.5 V regulator application with a split supply ground provided by the 2.5 V output. Nonunity gain can be applied to both outputs to generate any output voltage between 1 V and 6 V.


The purpose of this research is to present definitions or concepts and key strategies for the good understanding / management of communication and, especially, organizational communication. To facilitate the understanding of the same, the investigation is oriented in analyzing the internal and external communication in the companies or organizations. This research presents the various elements that make up the communication in organizations, their importance and functions. Likewise, the different factors that may influence the communication to be carried out correctly or not, and the message is perceived in the way expected.


Objective To evaluate the reliability of 3D-CT angiography(3D-CTA) in diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).Methods One hundred and ninety-two patients with acute SAH who underwent CTA in our department from December 2010 to November 2012 were included in this study.Their 3D-CTA images were reconstructed with 3D Slicer software and compared with digital subtraction angiography(DSA) images or intraoperative actual situation.The reliability of CTA was assessed in diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH.Results 3D-CTA showed aneurysm in 162 patients,cerebral vascular malformation in 12 patients,false negative aneurysm in 1 patient,and false-positive aneurysm in 1 patient,which were confirmed by DSA or surgery,with a sensitivity of 96.17% and a specificity of 94.11%.Conclusion 3D-CTA is the first choice of method in diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH.


The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil bacteria, soil organic matter and water stress on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and development as indicated by leaf area, Proline content, in cell sap, and relative water content in the leaves. The experiment was carried out in agricultural research station of Agricultural research directorate, Ministry of Sciences and Technology during the fall of 2018. The studied factors were randomly distributed in a factorial experiment in of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three Replicates. First factor was added with/without bacterial inoculate, second factor (Organic matter) was added at three levels viz. 0, 1.5 and 3% of the soil weight, and the third factor (Irrigation) at the water depletion of 50, 60 and 70% of available water. Results showed that both treatments of bacterial inoculation and the addition of organic matter at 3% level showed the highest significant values for the objective studied above at the rate of 5305 and 5438 cm plant and 79.06 and 80.95% and 56.17 and 59.84 μmol g respectively. Relative water content and leaf area were reduced by 68.75% and 4194 cm plant, under water stress respectively. Proline concentration in the leaves, was increased by 56.56 μmol g with the same increase of water stress The interference was significant between bacterial inoculate treatments and the 3.0% level of organic matter addition in reducing the effects of water stress on relative water content, leaf area and increasing the proline content in the plant leaves. as it gave a significant difference from the other factors of interference at a rate of 86.35% and 6060 cm plant on succession and under water depletion 50%, these values did not differ significantly with the treatment of interference and for the same study factors and under 60% water depletion, which gave an average of 85.81% and 5983 cm plant respectively. The treatment of bacterial inoculation and organic fertilization at the level of 3% and below the level of water depletion 70 and 60% of the available water resulted in recording the highest proline content in the leaves of the plants amounted to 74.12 and 64.22 μmol gm-1, respectively.


An apparatus for acquiring and outputting an image using a micro lens and an LCD array are provided to position plural cells matching at least one LCD pixel in a side of a transparent panel to acquire partial images and output the acquired partial images through an LCD pixel matching each cell, thereby outputting the image without a separate image processing procedure. A transparent panel transmits light between color panels of an LCD(Liquid Crystal Display). A micro lens(511) and a CCD(Charge-Coupled Device)(512) are positioned behind the transparent panel. A complete image is acquired by a combination of partial images collected from each CCD. Each lens acquires a mutually exclusive image by using a light blocking layer(513). A cell(51) comprises the micro lens, the CCD, and the light blocking layer. The CCD acquires the image from the light transmitted through the micro lens. The light blocking layer divids each cell.


This paper proposes a new data communication system for vehicles using laser and corner cubes. This bidirectional system is used for data communication between vehicles on the road and terminals over the road. The system consists of laser transceivers and respondent devices.


In recent years, much has been written about the challenging financial context faced by many European higher education institutions, and the pressures towards funding diversification. However, the evidence available indicates that funding diversification has seldom lived up to the rhetorical expectations of marketization and privatization that have often sprinkled policy reforms. We analyse a decade of funding changes in Portugal, looking at the emphasis on revenue diversification in legal changes, and comparing this with the observed trends in institutional funding structure. We also discuss what factors may be more significant in explaining the evolution of revenue diversification.


This technical report documents the procedure of a literature review conducted on usable ex post-transparency enhancing tools (TETs). The review of scientific literature serves the purpose of provi ...


The abscission zone development of tomato pedicels on two cultivars were anatomically compared. In 'Tiny Tim Red', the initial meristematic cells of the abscission zone appeared during the sepal differentiation in the flower bud. The first detectable morphological change was an increase in cell division in the inner cortical parenchymatous region of the pedicel. These meristematic cells formed about 15-20 layers from the apical surface cells of the flower bud. As the flower bud developed, cell division of the abscission zone gradually spread to the vascular bundle and cortex region, and finally to the epidermal region of the pedicel. At anthesis, the abscission zone is composed of 6 to 8 layers of small cells which traverse the pedicel at the site of an indentation of the epidermis. In contrast to the 'Tiny Tim Red', 'Furikoma' pedicels are jointless (j2) and the meristematic cells of the abscission zone do not differentiate until anthesis.


A decade after their introduction, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) are widely used sample preparation techniques for trace analysis of analytes in aqueous and vapor phases. Carlo Bicchi and colleagues from the University of Torino, Italy review these techniques ― their advantages and limitations and approaches to overcome the latter. This column focuses on efforts to extend the use of SBSE to low-volatility and polar analytes, including techniques such as analyte derivatization to change their polarity or volatility, modifying analyte solubility in the original matrix by varying its ionic strength, pH or salting out, modifying the polarity of polydimethylsiloxane coating, and replacing the coating with a polar sorbent.


This is a report on whether adolescent drug abusers (N = 176) who report a relatively greater degree of psychiatric symptomatology at admission improve less in outpatient treatment, as had been reported for adult drug abusers. Improvement was measured by degree of reduction in substance use/abuse from pretreatment to follow-up, 15 months later. Greater psychopathology overall at pretreatment was not found to be related to less improvement for adolescents, except that for the male subsample (N = 112) greater paranoid trends predicted less reduction in substance abuse/use. Also, a trend was found for borderline psychotic symptomatology to predict to more improvement (reduction in substance use/abuse).


The Pb-free transition in the electronics industry has seen immersion silver emerge as a leading circuit board finish for RoHS compliant processes and products. It is utilized in a wide crosssection of end-use applications, both simple and technically sophisticated. The strengths of immersion silver are numerous; process simplicity at the fabrication level, contact functionality, and durability to multiple reflow cycles are some of the most noteworthy. Recently, the subject of solderjoint microvoiding has been linked to immersion silver processing, and studies of this phenomena have found microvoiding to present unacceptable risk to the reliability of electronic goods. This work is a continuation of previous publications which explained key root causes of microvoids, along with effective steps at preventing them. The work below presents a review of past findings, additional data confirming the proposed microvoid mechanism, and a substantial volume of production verification data. A direct comparison of this optimized process to an alternative immersion silver chemistry is also given. Introduction Environmental legislation and directives, most notably the RoHS and WEEE directives, have had significant effect on the materials and processes employed within the electronics industry in recent years. Corporate, governmental, and industry-based initiatives have been underway to move electronics products and processes into compliance with these standards, many of which became "official and active" in 2006. Printed circuit board finishing and subsequent component assembly are key segments within the broader electronics manufacturing chain. In these areas, new finishes and soldering materials have replaced their tin/lead counterparts. Silver, applied via an immersion silver plating process, has emerged as one of the most technically attractive and most-used Pb-free surface finishes. In 2001, the Pb-free movement was primarily in an "idea and evaluation" phase; utilization of silver as a board finish was less than 5% of total production. Today, estimates place immersion silver between 20 and 30% of total printed circuit board production worldwide. Microvoiding Definition The topic of microvoiding as it relates to immersion silver plating and subsequent component assembly has been active for two to three years. Despite this, a clear definition of microvoiding and the risk it poses is in order. Microvoiding is a phenomena which has been given many names, the most common alternatives are: champagne voids/bubbles, planar microvoiding, microbubbles, or simply "voids". Microvoiding can be viewed as a sub-category within a broader classification of solder joint voiding defects. Confusion between microvoiding and other forms of voiding can be eliminated by considering two key and defining characteristics of microvoids: First, microvoids are extremely small, normally between 5 and 40 microns in size. This contrasts with more common and traditional solder process voids, which are typically much larger. Secondly, microvoids always occur at the interface of the bulk solder and the copper substrate. The mechanism of the void formation will be discussed later, but the key point at this time is that the microvoids form in the molten soldering process. At this critical time, the thin silver coating is dissolved into the bulk solder and a thin layer of tin/copper intermetallic is formed. When microvoiding is observed, it is always in the same area as the intermetallic. Our initial microvoid findings, published in 2005, linked microvoiding with excessively thick silver deposits and reflow conditions. While informative and important to later work, these findings did not offer a thorough explanation to the phenomena. Since that time, others have proposed links to organic codeposition from the silver plating, oxidation of the plated pad, surface finishing variation, and flux effects among others 4, 5. Techniques for Identification and Measurement There are at least three basic techniques for identifying and measuring microvoids. Each has their own strengths and weaknesses. One technique involves the physical "prying" of components from an assembly, with subsequent visual inspection of the pad after prying. This technique has obvious shortcomings, one of which involves poor reproducibility associated with variability in prying. Another technique involves the use of X-ray inspection. Figure 1 shows an example of voiding as observed in soldered pads joint via X-ray equipment. With this technique, an assembled solderjoint can be non-destructively observed. On a negative side, there may be doubt as to whether a void exists within the bulk solder or at the copper interface. Additionally, X-ray equipment is costly and not present in many fabrication and assembly facilities. The second technique for identifying microvoids involves relatively simple cross sectioning. Figure 2 shows voiding observed in a BGA pad via cross-sectioning. It will be obvious to most that this technique is destructive, but also relatively simple and commonly employed. Lastly, it should be noted that the X-ray technique allows inspection of an entire pad surface, whereas the crosssection observations are limited to a "slice" of a given pad. Regarding Reliability Risk Recent studies and publications have shown that high densities of microvoids in solder joints do not affect assembly yields, but do present significant reliability risk. The key mechanism by which this risk is manifested is illustrated in figure 3. When subjected to the rigors of temperature cycling, assemblies exhibiting significant voiding failed via excessive crack Figure 2 Cross-section View of BGA Microvoiding Figure 1 X-ray View of Microvoiding in Soldered Pads propagation whereas those with little to no voiding did not. They key issue here is that the presence of microvoids enables the more rapid travel of cracks through the joint interface, resulting in electrical failure .


[Objective] The research aimed to determine the antifeedant activity of crude extracts from 14 species of Chinese herbal medicine to Pieris rapae L.and provide theoretical basis for developing new insecticidal plant.[Method] With ethanol as extracting solvent,active components were extracts from 14 kinds of Chinese medicinal plant and the non-selective antifeedant activity and selective antifeedant activity of crude extracts from 14 species of Chinese herbal medicine to 3rd-instar larva of Pieris rapae L.by by leaf disc method.[Result] Among 14 species of Chinese herbal medicine,the ethanol extraction rates of Magnolia officinalis,Foeniculum vulgare,Evodia rutaecarpa and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.were higher,being 12.80%,11.45%,10.54% and 10.24% respectively.Crude extracts from 14 species of Chinese herbal medicine had different antifeedant activities to 3rd-instar larva of P.rapae.And the effects of Scutellaria barbata,E.rutaecarpa and P.amurense were better,their average antifeedant rates in selective antifeedant test were 100%,96.07% and 84.46% resp.and that in non-selective antifeedant test were 100%,84.01% and 76.20%.[Conclusion] M.officinalis had better antifeedant effect on P.rapae and it had broad distribution,which could provide abundant materials for biological control of P.rapae.


Wegener's granulomatosis is rare disease of unknown etiology. It could be classified as vasculitis, which involves lungs, kidneys, skin and other organs with characteristic necrotizing granulomas. Ninety percent of patients with this disease have respiratory or renal symptomatology. We present a case of a male patient, 68 years old, with symptoms of pneumonia, bilateral conjunctivitis, hemoptysis, 10 kg weight loss and gradual development of chronic renal failure. The symptomatology was caused by granulomatous vasculitis accompanied with high serum levels of rheumatoid factor, which was recorded at the beginning of the disease, before introduction of therapy. This case report underlines possible role of rheumatoid factor in estimation of the patient's response to administered therapy.


It is estimated that the average engineering student will work 3000 "back of the book" style homework problems by the time that they graduate. While these problems can certainly help with the learning process, many do not mimic any type of real world systems that an engineer will encounter in their careers. Furthermore, most do not require the student to develop a physical model of the actual system that they attempt to analyze - this is already done for them in the problem. An example of this can be found in any dynamics book; the work-energy chapter invariably contains problems with springs attached to different slender rods in a variety of different contrived orientations. We have attempted to improve student analytical skills and to provide real world context to the study of rigid body dynamics by creating a catapult project. Students are given rubber bands, catapults, rulers, weights, and a scale. They must determine how to model the arm, the energy stored in the rubber bands (e.g., linear or non-linear springs), and the ensuing projectile motion. Their computations are then tested on launch day - when raw eggs are hurled 20 to 45 feet at a small picture of their instructor. There are a number of different dynamics aspects that can be incorporated into the catapult project. The fixed pin that holds the arm at the bottom can be analyzed using Newton's second law, and a stopper pin that the arm hits can be examined using impulse momentum principles. Students have even analyzed the internal axial stress at a point in the arm as a function of the arm angle as the arm rotates. The catapult project is easy to implement and provides a real world artifact that students must analyze. They make decisions about how to model a true physical system, what effects are negligible (e.g, drag and friction), and what measurements must be taken. We have found this to be a motivational and fun way to help students learn about rigid body dynamics.


In this work we describe phase modulators for several Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) on silicon nitride platform for telecomm wavelength (1550 nm). We obtained current-voltage and phase-voltage curves for these modulators. MZI are needed for experimental realisation of various quantum receivers that can distinguish weak coherent states of light with extremely low error. Thermo-optical (TO) modulation is ensured by microheaters on one of the arms of MZI, which enables the change of the refractive index of the material with temperature. This approach allows to apply the necessary voltage to the golden microheaters to obtain the required phase change. For the on-chip microheaters we demonstrate the dependence of the phase shift on the voltage applied to our on-chip microheaters.


This paper promotes the need of choosing some and integrating the large variety of Free and Open Source Softwares (FOSS) to provide an integrated solution for information technology management and process improvement. The main motivation is that the amount of FOSS that can be used in a working environment is so large that only very specialized companies can fully benefit from them in an integrated way. Hence, to allow smaller groups to efficiently use FOSS this work not only advocates the need of creating a complete package of tools, but presents a case study consisting of a set of tools for project management, access control, file sharing and other essential processes. For the sake of concreteness, the adoption of these tools by a group composed by approximately fifty people of a research laboratory, illustrates how they can improve the productivity of relatively small companies.


The geographic pattern of known igneous rocks and ore deposits on the Colorado Plateau suggests a zonal arrangement of several types of ore d.e:pos:i.ts around centers of igneous activityo Spectrographic analyses of rocks and ores on the Plateau have bee!.l obtained in an effort to determine the distr:ibution of elements a:rd to examine the relationships between types of ore deposits and. between the ore deposits and igneous rockso Over 170 analyses of r ocks and ores are given in th:is reporto A preliminary study of these analyses suggests that the proportion of uranium, vanadium$ copper~ a:rrd silver in the uranium ores varies geograph:i.cally, and that the pattern of variation may be in part concentric about some of the matjor 1acco1ithic in.trusion.s. It is also suggested that the following rat:i.os of metals contained in the uranium ores are possible guides to largertha:2-average ore deposits: (l) lead/uranium greater than 1, (2) lead./ zinc greater than 10, and (3) zinc/geometric mean of cobalt and nickel


We demonstrate that the experimental results reported by M. Shuker, O. Firstenberg, R. Pugatch, A. Ben-Kish,1 A. Ron, and N. Davidson, Phys. Rev. A {\bf 76}, 023813 (2007) as Dicke narrowing of electromagnetically induced transparency, does not match with theory.


Let D be a collection of D documents, which are strings over an alphabet of size σ, of total length n. We describe a data structure that uses linear space and and reports k most relevant documents that contain a query pattern P, which is a string of length p, in time O(p/logn+k), which is optimal in the RAM model in the general case where lgD = �(logn), and involves a novel RAM-optimal suffix tree search. Our construction supports an ample set of important relevance measures, such as the number of times P appears in a document (called term frequency), a fixed document importance, and the minimal distance between two occurrences of P in a document. When lgD = o(logn), we show how to reduce the space of the data structure from O(nlogn) to O(n(logσ+logD+loglogn)) bits, and to O(n(logσ+logD)) bits in the case of the popular term frequency measure of relevance, at the price of an additive term O(log " nlogσ) in the query time, for any constant e > 0. We also consider the dynamic scenario, where documents can be inserted and deleted from the collection. We obtain linear space and query time O(p(loglogn) 2 /logn+logn+kloglogk), whereas insertions and deletions require O(log 1+" n) time per symbol, for any constant e > 0. Finally, we consider an extended static scenario where an extra parameter par(P,d) is de- fined, and the query must retrieve only documents d such that par(P,d) ∈ (τ1,τ2), where this range is specified at query time. We solve these queries using linear space and O(p/logn + log 1+" n + k log " n) time, for any constant e > 0. Our technique is to translate these top-k problems into multidimensional geometric search problems. As an additional bonus, we describe some improvements to those problems.


Problem based learning (PBL) has been used for many years and it is one of the effective educational methodologies applicable for distinguished engineering disciplines. It is a widely used student-centric approach through which students get engaged to solve real world problems by research, continuous study, and regular practices along with knowledge utilization during implementation. This study explores the PBL with an advanced computer engineering course of pre-final year students. This study centers around the implementation of a system to solve one of the real-life problems and distinguishes a portion of the difficulties that lie ahead for PBL. Here, to examine the impact of PBL approach for the specified subject, the result of B.Tech. (CE and IT branches) sixth semester students (A.Y. 2019-20 and 2020-21) are considered with various known parameters. Students' feedback is taken at the end of course study. Problem title, hook of the problem, background or history of the problem, clarifying/providing constraints, list of deliverables, strategy to solve the problem, assessment criteria/rubric etc. are provided well in advance to the students to be comprehensible for the problem. Learning sequence sessions are also arranged on a regular basis during problem solving by the facilitator to fill out the gap. As a result, the PBL approach is found to be intended more strongly for engineering students than for other students; in contrast, with traditional MCQ based examination students mostly focus on mug up of concepts rather than implementation and critical thinking. Engineering students are able to work smartly along with hard work, and as a result students have developed their technical skills, collaborative skills, self-learning approach with advanced computer engineering courses. Assessment pattern has changed into advancement with the proposed PBL approach over a traditional MCQ based approach. Continuous assessment is performed on covering all segments of the exam. Results found with traditional approach are contrasted with results found with PBL approach and tracked down that a more prominent number of students had secured more than over average score (>=60%) with the proposed PBL approach and statistically proven for the same. This correlation shows that students are more noticeable and curious about the PBL approach as opposed to robbing up hypothetical ideas and choosing the appropriate answers with a traditional MCQ based approach. In Addition, student's feedback is observed to be very satisfactory. It has been seen that through PBL, students' retaining level has extremely increased and their learning abilities and understanding level too has improved altogether. PBL plays out a fundamental role for achieving the student's involvement and commitment towardslearning. Logical, critical thinking, teamwork, technical etc. skills for engineering students can be developed effectively with the PBL approach. Keywords— Problem-based learning, Continuous assessment, PBL, self-regulated learning, self-directed learning


opment of residential planning in larger cities, but also on the evaluation of the architectural profession. Kress offers precisely this sort of analysis while detailing how Adolf Sommerfeld's business concept held firm to the same principles from the First World War to the 1960s, standardizing and rationalizing the planning and construction of middle-income dwellings and single-family houses throughout some fifty years. Likewise, the concept of a 'Metropolitan Region' receives thoughtful treatment: during the interwar years, this new spatial concept developed in Berlin – a dense urban and varied tapestry that, with the help of an extensive public transport system, integrated various accommodation and functional environments. Kress highlights the spatial conception of the city's expansion and functionality that characterized the work of Adolf Sommerfeld and other property developers and planners during the Weimar period. The urban areas that were planned, built and sold were decentralized, but simultaneously characterized by clear ideas of a regional integration where the separation of functions, serial production and standardization of building units did not break the urban context. Kress shows great care in detailing how Sommerfeld helped shape German urbanism. With his participation in the construction of the Onkel-Toms-Hütte development in the garden suburb of Berlin-Zehlendorf, Sommerfeld played a crucial role in one of the most influential housing projects of the Weimar Republic. Sommerfeld found a suitable partner for the development of a large part of his land ownership in the cooperative housing society GEHAG. He was also able to integrate his company in the construction activities of city planner Martin Wagner. Even though the built settlement, finished in 1926, provoked criticism because of the modernist shape of mass housing in the bourgeois atmosphere of Zehlendorf, the settlement managed to avoid other suburban disadvantages, thanks to its careful integration in the expanding subway route. Kress' survey offers a plethora of rich perspectives and interesting connections between the architect's role in a dynamic market and an ever-changing urban fabric where new housing and new urban preferences emerged. Last but certainly not least, the book is illustrated with unique images, photos, and map data that allow the study to stand out as an independent reflection of Berlin and urban Europe during the twentieth century.


This paper deals with the state-of-the-art information on high-calcium, ASTM Class C fly ash use in cement-based construction materials, such as high-performance concrete, ready-mixed concrete, etc. The major topics included are: properties of fly ash, effects of fly ash inclusion on fresh and hardened concrete, and future research needs. The fresh concrete properties include workability, water requirement, bleeding, segregation, air content, time of set, and temperature effect. The hardened concrete properties include primarily durability-related properties such as permeability, freezing and thawing resistance, abrasion resistance, salt scaling resistance, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction, carbonation and corrosion of steel in concrete, and abrasion resistance.


Large areas of many developing countries have no grid electricity. According to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) World Energy Outlook (2015) report, 1.2 billion people lacked access to electricity in 2013, which is equivalent to more than 16 percent of the world population. The research reported by IEA (2015) showed that more than 95 percent of those living without electricity live in rural areas, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia where there is no distribution grid for electricity, and there are no prospects of the grid reaching them in the near future see Figure 1. Even in areas with grid power, the demand for electricity has outpaced supply resulting in unreliable electricity availability, insufficient for continuous refrigeration.


- Data growth and storage management are the two major challenges faced by both the organizations and the domestic users. The personal computing devices for accessing the data from anywhere have to rely on the cloud storage services. Cloud backup services is the core technology of the cloud storage, but while relying on cloud storage duplicates in the storage space becomes another issue. To overcome this, deduplication is the best solution in order to have a better utilization of the storage space available. Here a Genetic based approach is being introduced for removing the duplicates that are present in the storage environment. This Genetic Algorithm based approach significantly reduces the computational overhead and increases the data transfer efficiency.


The paper presents the results of the investigation of zinc leach residue (ZLR) processing by sulphatizing roasting with iron sulphates FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 followed by water leaching. The elemental and phase compositions of ZLR of JSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" were studied. Based on the thermodynamic calculations using HSC Chemistry 9.9 software, the temperature ranges of the sulphatizing roasting and the required amounts of iron sulphate additives for the sulphation of zinc and copper were determined. Subsequent experiments showed that recovery rates of zinc and copper reached 99.5% and 89.1% respectively, while iron remained in the leached residue. The results have indicated a high efficiency of sulphatizing roasting to transform zinc and copper contained in ZLR from ferrite to water-soluble sulphate.


spontaneous chylothorax is rare in children outside the neonatal period. In the absence of trauma this condition may be associated with osteolytic bone lesions (Gorham's disease), but it does not occur often enough to be readily recognized. A chylothorax occurs in less than 1 in 5 cases of Gorham's disease and carries a high mortality. The management of an infant with chylothorax complicating Gorham's disease is reported.